{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2007", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE\\nHISTORY\\nNEW JERSEY,\\nKIKIM ITS\\nDISCOVERY BY EUROPEANS,\\nTHE ADOPTIOJV\\nFEDERAL CONSTITUTIOJV.\\nBY\\nTHOMAS F. GORDON.\\nTrenton\\nPUBLISHED BY DANIEL FENTON.\\nJohn C. t lark, I ritUer, l liilu(lc l|iliia.\\n1834.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Entered by Thomas F. Gordon, according to tl.e Act of Congress, in the Clerk s Office of the District\\nCourt for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.\\nm^\\n1", "height": "3370", "width": "1887", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nAn attempt has been made in the following pages to narrate, suc-\\ncinctly, but fully, the history of New Jersey, from the time of its\\ndiscovery by Europeans, to that of the adoption of the constitution\\nof the United States. By the latter event, the individuality of the\\nState, as a historical subject, is merged in the history of the nation;\\nand the subsequent period of unvaried political prosperity, within\\nher borders, presents few matters for the historian.\\nThe story we have told, has, for the inhabitants of the State, the\\ninterest of their peculiar and proper affairs; but, like such affairs,\\nmay not prove attractive to strangers. Like Pennsylvania, this\\nState was founded by deeds of peace; and no community, in any\\ncountry, can have undergone less vicissitude. Her prudence and\\njustice preserved her from Indian hostility, and her distance from\\nthe frontier protected her from the inroads of the French. She has\\nknown, therefore, no wars, save those commanded by the king, or\\nundertaken in defence of her own civil liberty. To pourtray the\\npart, which, as a colony, she took in the one, and as an independent\\nState, in the other, it has been necessary to treat of the general\\ncolonial and revolutionary history; yet no further than was indis-\\npensable to exhibit the action of New Jersey.\\nIn the compilation of the work, resort has been had to all the\\nknown histories of the Anglo-American colonies, to the best writers\\non the American revolution, and to the minutes of the legislature\\nand the statutes, for a period of more than one hundred and twenty\\nyears. From these sources, it is believed, that a faithful and ample\\nnarrative has been obtained. More particulars of the horrors which\\nattended the revolutionary war, especially of those which were in-\\nflicted by furious tory partisans, might, perhaps, have been added,\\nif full reliance were due to the partial newspaper accounts, fre-\\nquently written under excitement unfavourable to truth. Yet,\\nenough of these scenes has been described to display the nature and\\nextent of the sufferings of tlie inhabitants; more would Iiave served\\nrather to disgust, than to entertain, the reader.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "IV PREFACE.\\nThe author suhinits the result of his labours to the many sub-\\nscribers by whom they have been encouraged, with an assurance of\\nhis readiness, in another edition, to supply such omissions, and to\\ncorrect such errors, as may be discovered in the [)rcsent.\\nMarch, 1834.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nComprising Events from the Discovery by Europeans, to the Grant from\\nCharles I. to James Duke of York. I. Ancient and Modern Principles of\\nColonization. II. Voyages of the Spaniards and Portuguese upon the East\\nCoast of North America. III. Voyages of the Italians, Verrazano, and the\\nCabots. IV. First English Attempts at Discovery. V. Efforts of Raleigh\\nto establish a Colony. VI. Gosnold opens a new Road London and Ply-\\nmouth Companies created. VII. Voyages and Discoveries of Hudson.\\nVIII. Intercourse of the Dutch East India Company with America, and\\nFormation of the Amsterdam Licensed Trading West India Company.\\nIX. Settlement of the Puritans at Plymouth. X. Formation of the Great\\nWest India Company in Holland. XI. Voyage and Proceedings of Cor-\\nnelius Jacobse Mey. XII. Measures of the Company to promote Emigra\\ntion; Purchases of large Tracts of Land from the Indians. XIII. Voyages\\nof De Vries; Colony planted The Delaware abandoned by the Dutch.\\nXIV. Minisink Settlements on the Delaware. XV. Settlements of the\\nSwedes on the Delaware first Project of a Colony first Colony increase\\nof Settlers. XVI. Colonial Government established Colonel Printz first\\nGovernor. XVII. English Settlements upon the Delaware prostrated by\\na united Force of Dutch and Swedes. XVIII. Swedish Government\\nunder Printz and his Successors. XIX. Swedish Colony subjected by the\\nDutch. XX. Dutch Colonial Government on the Delaware Possessions\\non the East of New Jersey. XXI. Account of the English Settlements\\nupon the Delaware previous to 1664 under Patent from Lord Baltimore\\nunder Grant to Sir Edward Ploeyden by Traders from New Haven.\\nXXII. Plans of New England Settlers for Conquest of the Dutch Colo-\\nnies. XXIII. Duke of York s Charter from the Crown and Grant to\\nBerkeley and Carteret. XXIV. Conquest of New Netherlands, by Co-\\nlonel Nicholls. XXV. English Government established on the Delaware.\\nXXVI. Condition of New Netherlands at the time of the Surrender page 1\\nCHAPTER II.\\nComprising Events from the Grant to the Duke of York, to the Division of the\\nColony, into East and West Jersey. I. Nature of the Estate acquired by\\nthe Duke of York, by the Grant from Charles I. l\\\\. Motives and Nature\\nof the Grant from the Duke of York, to Berkeley and Carteret. III.\\nBounds of the Country ceded. IV. Proceedings of the Proprietaries, to\\nsettle their Province of New Jersey, c. their Concessions. V. Re-\\nmarks on the Constitution. VI. Assumption of Government by Colonel\\nNicholls\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian Grants. VII. Philip Carteret appointed Governor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His\\nEfforts for Colonization Advantages enjoyed by the New Colonists. VIII.\\nUnhappy Effects of the Demand of Proprietary Quit Rents. IX. Recap-\\nture of New Netherlands by Holland and Restoration to the English.\\nX. Re-grant of the Province to the Duke Re-grant to Berkeley and Car-\\nteret. XI. Return of Philip Carteret to the Government Modification of\\nthe Constitution. Xil. Oppressive Conduct of Andross, Governor of New\\nYork. XIII. Division of the Province into East and West Jersey 23\\nCHAPTER III.\\nFrom the Division of the Province, into East and West Jersey, to the Purchase\\nof East Jersey, by Quakers. I. Motives of the Quakers for Emigration.\\nII. Sale of Lord Berkeley, to Bylhnge and Fenwicke. III. Assignment\\nof West Jersey to William Penn, and others in Trust, for the Creditors of\\nByllinge. IV. Concessions, or Constitution of West Jersey. V. Mea-\\nsures of the Proprietaries to promote Colonization. VI. ConmuHsioners\\na", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "VI CONTENTS.\\nappointed to Administer the Government of West Jersey\u00e2\u0080\u0094 their Proceed-\\nincrs. VII. Increase of Emigrants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Success of their Efforts. VIII. Death\\nof^Sir George Carteret\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Successful ElTorts of the Colonists, to procure\\nRelief from the Jurisdiction of New York. IX. Extraordinary Pretensions\\nof By Hinge. X. Resisted by the Proprietaries, in General Assembly-\\nSamuel Jennings elected Governor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Proceeds to England, as Deputy of\\nthe Assembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Right of Government, purchased by Doctor Daniel\\nCoxe, and subsequently transferred to the West Jersey Society. XII.\\nMeeting of the First Assembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Proceedings. XIII. Modification of the\\nLaw, relating to Religious Faith. XIV. Death of Carteret\u00e2\u0080\u0094 his Disposi-\\ntion of East Jersey. XV. Troubles at the Close of the Administration of\\nPhilip Carteret. XVI. Review of the Policy of the Proprietary Govern-\\nments. XVII. Comparison between the Laws of East and West Jersey 32\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nFrom the Purchase of East Jersey, by the Quakers, to the Surrender of the two\\nProvinces to the Crown, 1()82\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1702. I. Purchase of East Jersey by Penn\\nand his Associates\u00e2\u0080\u0094 They admit others, not Quakers, to participate in the\\nPurchase. II. Robert Barclay appointed Governor for Life Scotch Emi-\\ngrants Deputy Governors Foundation of Amboy Vain Efforts at Com-\\nmerce. III. Efforts of James II. to destroy Colonial Charter Defeated\\nby the Revolution. IV. Andrew Hamilton, Deputy Governor Death of\\nRobert Barclay Interregnum Andrew Hamilton, Governor-in-Chief\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSuperseded by Jeremiah Basse Reappointed Discontent of the Colonists.\\nV. Attempt of New York to tax the Colony. VI. Proposition from the\\nEnglish Ministers for the Surrender of the Proprietary Governments\\nNegotiations relating thereto. VII. Final and Unconditional Surrender\\nLord Cornbury appointed Governor Outline of the New Government.\\nVIII. Stationary Condition of New Jersey\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Causes thereof. IX. Condi-\\ntion of the Aborigines Purchases of their Lands Traditions of their Ori-\\ngin Tribes most noted in New Jersey Treaty at Crosswicks at Bur-\\nlington and Easton Final Extinction of Indian Title to the Soil of New\\nJersey. X. Review of the Title under the Proprietaries of East Jersey.\\nXI. Review of Title of Proprietaries of West Jersey. XII. Of the Parti-\\ntion Line between East and West Jersey .50\\nCHAPTER V.\\nComprising the Administration of Lord Cornbury. I. Arrival of Lord Corn-\\nbury Demands a large and permanent Salary being refused, dissolves\\nthe House. II. A new Assembly chosen Part of its Members arbitrarily\\nexcluded Measures of the Governor. III. Third Assembly convened\\nDetermines to Petition the Queen, and to remonstrate with the Governor\\nPublic Grievances Delivery of the Remonstrance, by Samuel Jennings.\\nIV. Reply of the Governor. V. Dispute on the Treasurer s Accounts.\\nVI. The Governor refuses the Message of the Assembly, which they enter\\nupon their Minutes. VII. The West Jersey Proprietors, in England, ad-\\ndress a Memorial to the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, against\\nCornbury Address of the Lieutenant-Governor, and Provincial Council,\\nto the Queen. VIII. Tlie Governor unable to obtain the gratification of\\nhis wishes, by the Assembly, first prorogues, and then dissolves them.\\nIX. Offensive Conduct of Lord Cornbury, in his Government of New\\nYork His Character. X. Is reluctantly removed by Queen Anne Im-\\nprisoned by his Creditors 76\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nComprising Events from the Removal of Lord Cornbury to the Close of the\\nAdministration of Governor Hunter, 1709 1719. I. Lord Cornbury suc-\\nceeded by Lord Lovelace His Conciliatory Address to the Assembly. II.\\nReady disposition of the House to provide for the Support of Government\\nChange in the Constitution of the Assembly Assembly obtain a Copy\\nof the Address of the Liuuleuaiit Governor and Council, to the Queen, in\\nfavour of Lord Cornbury Demand a hearing for their Defence before the\\nGovernor. HI. Death of Lord Lovelace and Accession of Lieutenant\\nGovernor Ingoldsby. IV. Promptitude of the Province to aid in reducing\\nthe French Possessions in North America V. Failure of the Expedition,", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. VU\\nand renewed Efforts of the Colonists to revive it Visit of the Chiefs of\\nthe Five Nations to England. VI. Capture of Port Royal, c. by Colonel\\nNicholson and the American Forces. VII. Governor Ingoldsby removed\\nGovernment administered by William Pinhorne as President of Council\\nsucceeded by Governor Hunter. VIII. Biog-raphical Notice of Gover-\\nnor Hunter. IX. Meets the Assembly, which prefers Charges against\\nMembers of Council. X. Expulsion of a Member of the House for his\\nConduct in Council Address to the Queen. XI. Bills proposed for the\\nRelief of the Quakers defeated by the Council. XII. New Efforts for the\\nConquest of the French Provinces Unfortunate Result. XIII. Con-\\ntinued Quiet of the Province. XIV. Division of the Assembly. XV.\\nGovernor Hunter returns to Europe Testimonials in his favour by New\\nJersey and New York Exchanges his Commission with William Burnet 84\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nContaining Events from the arrival of Governor Burnet, to the Death of Go-\\nvernor Morris, 1719 1746. I. Governor Burnet Notice of his Character.\\n11. Meets the Assembly Proceedings. III. Paper Currency an Account\\nof its Rise and Progress. IV. Bill proposed against denying the Trinity,\\nc. V. Governor Bernard removed to Massachusetts. VI. Is succeeded\\nby John Montgomery His Administration. VII. Death of Colonel Mont-\\ngomery, and Presidency of Colonel Lewis Morris Arrival of Governor\\nCosby Harmony of the Province during his Administration His Death.\\nVIII. Presidencies of John Anderson and John Hamilton, Esquires. IX.\\nLewis Morris, Governor of the Province of New Jersey, it being separated\\nfrom New York Gratification of the Province. X. He ceases to meet the\\nCouncil in Legislation. XI. Salaries of Officers. XII. Unpopular Con-\\nduct of Governor Morris. XIII. W^ar Avith Spain Aid required by Great\\nBritain, from the Colonies promptly afforded by New Jersey Further\\ndisputes between the Governor and Assembly. XIV. Disingenuous Con-\\nduct of the Governor, relative to the Fee Bill. XV. Opposes the Views of\\nthe House, on the Bill relative to the Paper Currency on that, circum-\\nscribing the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. XVI. Assembly refuse\\nto provide for the Salaries of the Public Officers. XVII. Efforts at accom-\\nmodation defeated by the discovery of the duplicity of the Governor\\nDeath of Governor Morris John Hamilton, Esq., President. XVIII. Bio-\\ngraphical Notice of Governor Morris. XIX. Application made by his\\nWidow, for arrears of Salary refused .93\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nComprehending Events from the Death of Governor Morris to the Death of\\nGovernor Belcher from 1746 to 1757. I. War with France Proposal of\\nGovernor Shirley to attack the French Settlements at Cape Breton New\\nJersey votes two thousand Pounds for the Service Favourable result of\\nthe Expedition. II. Proposed attack on Canada Now Jersey Regiment\\nraised and placed under the command of Colonel Philip Schuyler March\\nfor Albany Threatened Mutiny. III. Plan of tlie proposed Campaign.\\nIV. Treaty of Peace. V. Death of President Hamilton\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Devolvement of\\nthe Government on President Reading Arrival of Governor Belcher\\nHis Character. VI. Vexations arising from the Elizabethtown Claims\\nunder Indian Grants the Assembly disposed to palliate the Conduct of\\nthe Rioters Representation of the Council of Proprietors their grievous\\nCharge against the Members of Assembly, in a Petition to the King the\\nHouse transmits a counter Petition Disingenuous Conduct of the House.\\nVII. Disputes relative to the Quota Bill. VIII. Hostile proceedings of\\nthe French in America. IX. Difference between the French and English,\\nin their mode of cultivating Indian favour. X. Efforts of the French to\\noccupy the English Lands. XL Expedition of George Washington to\\nFort Venango. XII. Measures of the English Government to resist\\nFrench encroachments. XIII. Convention of the Colonies Plan of Union\\nproposed by Dr. Franklin Condemned by New Jersey Military Expedi-\\ntion of Lieutenant Colonel Washington is captured by the French under\\nDe Villiers. XIV. Extensive Military Preparations of Great Britain.\\nXV. Measures of New Jersey. XVI. Arrival of Major General Braddock.\\nXVII. Convention of Governors to determine the Plan of the Campaign.\\nXVIII. Acquisitions in Nova Scotia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cruel Treatment of the Neutrals.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "Vlll CONTENTS.\\nXIX. New Jersey raises a Regiment for tiie Northern Expedition Mr.\\nPhilip Schuyler named Colonel. XX. March of General Braddock on the\\nWestern E.xpedition Fastidiousness and Presumption of the General is\\nattacked and defeated. XXI. Universal Consternation on this Defeat\\nGovernor Belcher summons the Legislature Inroads and Cruelties of the\\nIndians the Inhabitants of New Jersey give aid to those of Pennsylvania.\\nXXII. Successof the Northern E.xpedition. XXIII. Provision against the\\nAttack of the French and Indians. XXIV. Plans proposed for the Cam-\\npaign of 1756 Exertions of the Colonies. XXV. War formally declared\\nbetween Great Britain and France. XXVI. General Shirley removed\\nfrom the supreme command General Abercrombie, and, subsequently,\\nLord Loudon appointed. XXVII. Suspension of Indian Hostilities.\\nXXVIII. Sluggish Military Efforts of the English Success of the French\\nin the North Capture of part of the Jersey Regiment, with Colonel\\nSchuyler, at Oswego Disastrous termination of the Campaign. XXIX.\\nRenewal of Indian Barbarities. XXX. Military Requisitions of Lord Lou-\\ndon New Jersey refuses to raise more than five hundred Men. XXXI.\\nUnsuccessful Attempt of Lord Loudon on Louisburg. XXXII. Success of\\nMontcalm New Jersey prepares to raise four thousand Men tiie remain-\\nder of the Jersey Regiment captured by the Enemy. XXXIII. Death of\\nGovernor Belcher Biographical Notice of. XXXIV. John Reading, Pre-\\nsident 106\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nContaining Events from the Presidency of Mr. Reading to the Repeal of the\\nStamp Act from the year 1746 to the year 1766. I. Influence of Mr. Pitt\\nand his Policy upon Colonial Affairs New hopes infused into the Colo-\\nnists. II. Successful Attack of the English upon the Northern Forts.\\nIII. Capture of Fort Du Quesne by General Forbes. IV. Cheerful and\\nready aid of the Colonies. V. New Jersey supplies one thousand Men,\\nand builds Barracks for the King s Troops. VI. President Reading super-\\nseded by the arrival of Governor Bernard His Treaty with the Indians\\nSucceeded by Thomas Boone He, by Josiah Hardy He, by William\\nFranklin, the last of the Royal Governors. VII. Efficient Preparations\\nfor the Campaign of 1759. VIII. Conquest of the French Colonies in\\nNorth America. IX. Honourable share of the Provincialists in this Re-\\nsult. X. Treaty of Peace with France and Spain. XI. New Confederacy\\nand Hostilities of the Indians Six hundred Troops raised by New Jersey.\\nXII. Impressions on the English Ministry, by the Wealth and Power dis-\\nplayed in America. XIII. Proposition of Mr. Grenville to tax the Colo-\\nnies. XIV. Consideration of the Principles relating to Colonial Taxation.\\nXV. Mr. Grenville communicates his purpose to the Colonial Agents in\\nLondon. XVI. Views taken by Colonies of this Proposition. XVII. Pro-\\npositions by several of the Colonies to raise Money, rejected by Mr. Gren-\\nville. XVIII. Act of Parliament for Tax on Colonial Imports and Exports.\\nXIX. Effect of the Measures in America Proceedings of Massachusetts\\nand Rhode Island. XX. Stamp Act passed Its reception in the Colonies.\\nXXI. Temporary Suspension of Legal Proceedings and of the publication\\nof Newspapers. XXII. Anti-Importation Associations. XXIII. Organi-\\nzation of the Sons of Liberty. XXIV. Proposition of Massachusetts for\\nassembling a Congress of Deputies from the Colonies Action of New Jer-\\nsey on this Proposition. XXV. Proceedings of the Congress Messrs.\\nRuggles of Massachusetts, and Ogden of New Jersey, refuse to join in a\\ngeneral Petition. XXVI. Tlic Assembly of New Jersey approve the Pro-\\nceedings of Congress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 adopts Resolutions condeiTinatory of the Stamp Act.\\nXXVIl. Efforts in England for Repeal of the Stamp Act. XXIX. Inquiry\\nbefore the House of Commons\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Repeal of the Stamp Act .129\\nCHAPTER X.\\nComprising Events from 1766 to 1769. I. Remaining Discontents in the Colo-\\nnies, after the Repeal of the Stamp Act. H. Dissatisfaction in Great Bri-\\ntain on account of the Repeal American Taxation again proposed in Par-\\nliament, by Mr. Townsend\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bill imposing Duties on Goods imported into\\nAmerica, passed. IV. Circular Letter of Massachusetts to the other Colo-\\nnies. V. Promptitude and Unanimity of the Colonies produced by the\\nFarmers Letters. VI. Resort to Non-importation Agreements. VIl.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. IX\\nThe Ministry condemn the Circular Letter. VIII. Menacing Resohitions\\nof Parliament against Massachusetts The other Colonies approve her\\nConduct. IX. Modified Repeal of the Imposts Consequent Modification\\nof the Non-importation Agreements. X. Numerous Law Suits The Peo-\\nple complain of the Fees of the Courts. XI. Disputes between the Go-\\nvernor and the Assembly. XII. Robbery of the Treasury of East Jersey\\nThe Assembly require the removal of the Treasurer He is protected by\\nthe Governor. XIII. Efforts of Governor Franklin to encourage the Cul-\\nture of Hemp, Flax, and Silk. XIV. New apportionment of Members in\\nthe Province. XV. Testimonial of the Northern Indians to the Justice of\\nthe Colony 144\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nComprising Events from the year 1773 to 1776. I. Committees of Correspon-\\ndence established in the several Colonies. II. The British Ministry en-\\ncourage the shipment of Teas to America, by the East India Company.\\nIII. Alarm of the Colonists Consignees of the India Company compelled\\nto forego their appointments. IV. Measures pursued in New Jersey. V.\\nReception of the Tea in America. VI. Indignation of the King and Par-\\nliament. VII. Violent measures adopted against Boston. VIII. Alarm-\\ning Act of Parliament, relative to the Provincial Government of Canada.\\nIX. Proceedings of the Inhabitants of Boston General Commiseration of\\ntheir Fate. X. New Jersey appoints Members to Congress. XI. Con-\\ngress assemble at Philadelphia Their proceedings. XII. The Assembly\\nof New Jersey approve the proceedings of Congress, and appoint Dele-\\ngates to the next Convention Instructions. XIII. The Provincial Go-\\nvernors instructed to impede the Union of the Colonies Efforts of Gover-\\nnor Franklin. XIV. Reply of the House. XV. Rejoinder of the Gover-\\nnor Address of the Council. XVI. The Assembly petition the King.\\nXVII. Reception of the proceedmgs of Congress in London. XVIII.\\nProceedings of Parliament Conciliatory Propositions of Lord North.\\nXIX. Sense of New Jersey upon this Proposition. XX. State of the Dis-\\npute with England. XXI. Second New Jersey Convention called En-\\ncourages Political Associations Organizes the Militia, and ptovides Funds.\\nXXII. Meeting of Congress at Philadelphia Its Measures. XXIII. Ap-\\npointment of Commander-in-Chief and subordinate Generals. XXIV.\\nCongress again petition the King Ungracious reception of the petition.\\nXXV. Address their fellow-subjects of Ireland, \u00c2\u00abS:.c. XXVL New Jersey\\nConvention re-assembles Proceedings Provision for the continuance of\\na Provincial Congress Committee of Safety appointed. XXVII. Meet-\\ning of the Assembly Address of Governor Franklin He claims assurance\\nof protection for himself and others, the King s Officers. XXVIII. Reply\\nof the Assembly. XXIX. Act authorizing the issue of Bills of Credit, for\\n\u00c2\u00a3100,000, approved by the King .153\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nComprising Civil Events of the year 1776. I. State of the Public Opinion at\\nthe commencement of the year 1776 Gradual growth of the desire of In-\\ndependence. II. Resolution of Congress for the establishment of Inde-\\npendent Colonial Governments. III. Provincial Congress re-assembles\\nProceeds to the Formation of a Colonial Constitution. IV. Review of\\nthe Constitution. V. Oath of Abjuration and Allegiance established. VI.\\nTories their motives. VII. Law relative to Treason. VIII. Imprison-\\nment and Relegation of Governor Franklin. IX. Measures adopted\\nagainst the Disaffected. X. Adoption of the Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence 178\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nI. Military Proceedings in Canada. II. Measures adopted in Great Britain.\\nIII. Objects proposed for the Campaign of 1776. IV. Operations against\\nNew York, and the surrounding Country. V. Proposals for accommoda-\\ntion, by the British Commissioners. VI. Condition of the American\\nForces, at New York Landing of Lord Howe, on Long Island. VII.\\nBattle of Brooklyn. VIII. Retreat of the American Army from Long", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "X CONTENTS.\\nIsland. IX. Unhappy Effect of the Defeat of the American Army. X.\\nLord Howe renews his Attempts for accommodation of the Quarrel Pro-\\nceedings of Congress. XI. Military Movement of the Armies, after the\\nBattle of Brooklyn. XII. American Army, by advice of General Lee,\\nquit York Island. XIII. Battle of White JPlains. XIV. Capture of Fort\\nWashington. XV. Abandonment of Fort Lee, and retreat of the Ameri-\\ncan Army Its condition Inhabitants join the British. XVI. Washing-\\nton crosses the Delaware The enemy possess themselves of the left bank.\\nXVII. Capture of General Lee. XVIII. New efforts of the Com-\\nmander-in-Chief The enemy retire into Winter Quarters. XIX. Battle\\nof Trenton. XX. The British re-open the Campaign. XXI. The Ame-\\nrican Army re-enters Jersey. XXII. Battle of Princeton. XXIII. The\\nAmerican Army retreat to Morristown Beneficial results of the late ac-\\ntions. XXIV. Firmness of Congress. XXV. Condition of New Jersey.\\nXXVI. The American Army inoculated for the Small Pox. XXVII.\\nMeasures for reclaiming the disaffected of New Jersey. XXVIII. License\\nof American Troops restrained 203\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nI. Organization of the New Jersey State Government. II. First Address of\\nthe Governor Other principal Officers. III. Condition of the State at\\nthis period. IV. State of the Northern Department Operations on the\\nLakes. V. The British seize Rhode Island. VI. Demonstration of Ge-\\nneral Heath, on Long Island Condition of the American Array, in New\\nJersey Skirmishing. VII. Early efforts of Sir William Howe, to destroy\\nthe American Magazines Stores burned at Peck s-kill at Danbury.\\nVIII. Successful enterprise of Colonel Meigs, against Sagg Harbour.\\nIX. Movements of General Washington, on opening the Campaign Re-\\nmoval of the Army to Middlebrook Disposition of the Troops. X. Ope-\\nrations of the Army under General Howe Feint to cross the Delaware\\nRetreat from New Jersey Returns, and attacks the American Army.\\nXI. Perplexity of Washington, caused by the Movements of the British\\nForces. XII. Capture of Major-general Prescott, by Major Barton. XIII.\\nGeneral Howe embarks for the southward Measures of Washington\\nthereon. XIV. Attempt of General Sullivan, with Colonel Ogden, upon\\nthe Tories on Staten Island. XV. Arrival of the British Army at Elk\\nRiver its Progress Operations of the American Army Battle of Bran-\\ndy wine. XVI. Subsequent movement of the Armies. XVII. Second en-\\ncounter of the hostile Armies they are separated by rain. XVIII. Af-\\nfairs of Paoli. XIX. The British enter Philadelphia. XX. Congress re-\\nmove to Lancaster, thence to York. XXI. Attack and defence of the For-\\ntifications on the Delaware. XXII. Battle of Germantown. XXIII. Ope-\\nrations in New Jersey. XXIV. Further proceedings on the Delaware.\\nXXV. Repulse of Count Donop, from Fort Mercer. XXVI. General\\nGreene despatched to New Jersey. XXVII. Capture of Fort Mifllin,\\nand abandonment of Fort Mercer. XXVIII. Attempt of General Dicken-\\nson on Staten Island. XXIX. American Army reinforced. XXX. At-\\ntacked at White Marsh, by the British. XXXI. The American Army re-\\ntires into Winter Quarters. XXXII. English plans for the Northern Cam-\\npaign. XXXIII. Condition of the American Northern Department.\\nXXXIV. Burgoyne captures the Forts on the Lakes, and disperses the\\nAmerican Army. XXXV. Recuperative measures of General Schuyler.\\nXXXVI. Repulse of St. Leger, from Fort Schuyler. XXXVII. De-\\nfeat of Colonel Baum, at Bennington. XXXVIII. Beneficial result of\\nthese fortunate Events. XXXIX. Battles on the Hudson, and Capture\\nof Burgoyne. XL. Movements of Sir Henry Clinton, in the Highlands.\\nXLI. Effect of the Capture of Burgoyne at home and abroad. XLII.\\nCongress refuse to execute the Articles of Capitulation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 their reasons 235\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nCampaign of 1778. I. Condition of the Army at the Valley Forge and at the\\ncommencement of the Campaign. II. British foraging excursions in New\\nJersey. III. Fortunate escape of an advance party under La Fayette.\\nIV. Effect of the American successes abroad\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Efforts of American Agents.\\nV. Measures for Foreign Alliances\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Duplicity of France\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Treaties with", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. XI\\nher. VI. War between Great Britain and France. VII. Opinions in\\nGreat Britain Ministerial measures. VIII. Reception of those measures\\nin America. IX. Arrival of a French Minister Plenipotentiary. X. The\\nBritish Army evacuates Philadelphia Marcli through Jersey. XI. Battle\\nof Monmouth British Army regains New^ York. XII. Arrival of the\\nFrench Fleet proceeds to Rhode Island. XIII. Attempt on Newport\\nAppearance of the English Fleet French and English Fleets put to Sea\\ndispersed by Storm. XIV. British Incursions in Connecticut. XV.\\nDisposition of the American Army. XVI. British Incursions into New\\nJersey. XVII. Movements of the adverse Fleets Detachment against\\nthe Southern States. XVIII. American Army retires to winter quarters\\nIts improved condition. XIX. Indian devastations Massacre at Wyo-\\nming. XX. Operations against the Indians. XXI. Discontent in the\\nJersey line. XXII. March of General Sullivan to the Indian country\\nEvents there. XXIII. Expedition under Colonel Broadhead by the Alle-\\nfheny River. XXIV. Expedition against the Cherokees under General\\nickens. XXV. Unprovoked Slaughter of the Indians at Muskingum 262\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nComprising a View of the War in the South. I. Inert state of the Country in\\n1779. II. The British Government adopts views of partial Conquest.\\nHI. Georgia overrun and Charleston threatened Unsuccessful Siege of\\nSavannah. IV. Sir Henry Clinton subdues South Carolina. V. His\\nmeasures induce Revolt. VI. General Gates assumes command of the\\nSouthern Army Battle of Camden. VII. Battle of King s Mountain.\\nVIII. Cornwallis reinforced. IX. General Greene appointed to the\\nSouthern Department Battle of the Cowpens Retreat to Virginia.\\nX. Cornwallis retires, is pursued Battle of Guilford Court House. XI.\\nCornwallis marches for Petersburg Greene for South Carolina Expedi-\\ntion of Arnold against Virginia Preparations against him Defence of\\nVirginia entrusted to La Fayette Cornwallis takes command of the Bri-\\ntish Forces in Virginia. XII. Progress of Greene in recovering the South-\\nern States. XIII. Sufferings of the Inhabitants 285\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\n1. Condition of the Armies in the North. II. British Expedition against the\\nForts on the North River. III. Expedition under Tryon, against Connec-\\nticut. IV. Capture of Stony Point, by Wayne. V. Attack of the Bri-\\ntish Post, on Penobscot river. VI. Major Lee assaults Paules Hook.\\nVII. Effects of the System of Paper Currency. VIII. Spain declares\\nWar against England. IX. Prospects of the Campaign of 1780. X. The\\nAmerican Army retires into winter quarters. XI. Marauding Parties of\\nthe Enemy in New Jersey. XII. The Army at Morristown supplied by\\nforced levies of Provisions. XIII. Washington attempts the British Post\\nat Staten Island XIV. Difficulties arising from the want of political\\npower in Congress. XV. Discontents of the Aimy Mutiny of the Con-\\nnecticut troops. XVI. Knyphausen invades New Jersey Murder of\\nMrs. Caldwell, and of her Husband. XVII. Battle of Springfield.\\nXVIII. La Fayette returns to the United States. XIX. Renewed efforts\\nfor the Defence of the Country. XX. Arrival of the French Fleet and\\nArmy Plans consequent thereon. XXI. Treason of Arnold. XXII.\\nAmerican Army retires into winter quarters. XXIII. European combina-\\ntions against Great Britain. XXIV. Revolt of the Pennsylvania line of\\nthe Jersey line Discontent of the Inhabitants of New Jersey. XXV.\\nGloomy Prospect for the year 1781. XXVI. Combined Operations of the\\nFrench Fleet and Allied Armies, against Cornwallis His Capture.\\nXXVII. New London taken and burned by Arnold. XXVIII. Condition\\nof the Country for the Campaign of 1782 Resolutions of the British Par-\\nliament in favour of Peace. XXIX. Malignity of the Tories Murder of\\nCaptain Huddy. XXX. Cessation of Hostilities Treaty of Peace.\\nXXXI. Disbanding of the Army. XXXII. Public Entry of Washington\\nto New York takes leave of his Officers Surrenders his Commission to\\nCongress 294", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "XU CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nPeculiar sufferings of tlic State of New Jersey from the War. II. Laws in\\nNew Jersey relative to the Militia. III. Council of Safety. IV. Mili-\\ntary efforts of New Jersey. V. State Representatives in Congress. VI.\\nEstablishment of the New Jersey Gazette. VII. Unhappy Condition of\\nthe States after the return of Peace. VIII. Inefficiency of the Articles of\\nConfederation Part of New Jersey in their Adoption. IX. Measures pro-\\nposed in Congress for maintaining Public Credit Efforts of New Jersey\\nupon this subject. X. She resorts to Paper Currency and Loan Office for\\nRelief. XI. Difficulties with Great Britain relative to the Execution of\\nthe Treaty. XII. Measures for regulating the Trade of the Union Re-\\nsult in a Proposition for Revision of the Articles of Confederation. XIII.\\nAdoption of the New Constitution Ratified by New Jersey 320", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE\\nHISTORY OF ]VEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nComprising Events from the Discovery by Europeans, to the Grant from Charles I.\\nto James Duke of York. I. Ancient and Modern Principles of Colonization.\\nII. Voyages of tlie Spaniards and Portuguese upon the East Coast of North Ame-\\nrica. III. Voyages of the Italians, Verrazano and the Cabots. IV. First Eng-\\nlish Attempts at Discovery. V. Efforts of Raleigh to establish a Colony. VI.\\nGosnold opens a new Road London and Plymouth Companies created. VII.\\nVoyages and Discoveries of Hudson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 VIII. Intercourse of the Dutch East In-\\ndia Company with America, and Formation of the Amsterdam Licensed Tradino-\\nWest India Company. IX. Settlement of the Puritans at Plymouth. X. For-\\nmation of the Great West India Company in Holland. XI. Voyage and Pro-\\nceedings of Cornelius Jacobse Mey. XII. Measures of the Company to promote\\nEmigration; Purchases of large Tracts of Land from the Indians. XIII. Voy-\\nages of De Vries Colony planted The Delaware abandoned by the Dutch.\\nXlV. Minisink Settlements on the Delaware. XV. Settlements of the Swedes\\non the Delaware first Project of a Colony first Colony increase of Settlers.\\nXVI. Colonial Government established Colonel Printz first Governor. XVII.\\nEnglish Settlements upon the Delaware prostrated by a united Force of Dutch\\nand Swedes. XVIII. Swedish Government under Printz and his Successors.\\nXIX. Swedish Colony subjected by the Dutch. XX. Dutch Colonial Govern-\\nment on the Delaware Possessions on the East of New Jersey. XXI. Account\\nof the English Settlements upon the Delaware previous to 1GG4 under Patent\\nfrom Lord Baltimore under Grant to Sir Edward Ploeyden by Traders from\\nNew Haven.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XXII. Plans of New England Settlers for Conquest of the Dutch\\nColonies. XXIII. Duke of York s Charter from the Crown and Grant to Berkeley\\nand Carteret. XXIV. Conquest of New Netherlands, by Colonel Nicholls.\\nXXV. English Government established on the Delaware. XXVI. Condition of\\nNew Netherlandts at the time of the Surrender.\\nI. A distinction has frequently been taken between ancient and modern\\ncolonization ascribing the former to military, and the latter to commercial\\nprinciples. But this classification does not embrace the various species of\\ncolonies, in present or past time. A more happy division of the subject\\nwould seem to be, into colonies founded by individuals, in their search of\\nhappiness and colonies planted by states, with a view to military or com-\\nmercial purposes. By the first, our race was originally spread over the face\\nof the globe. It has prevailed at all times, as well among the Egyptians,\\nAthenians, and other ancient people, as among the moderns, who instituted\\nthe communities of the North American confederacy. The early Greek\\ncolonies, generally, sprung from the desire of the citizens to ameliorate their\\ncondition; and the immediate impulse was, excess of population, the ambition\\nof chiefs, the love of liberty, or contagious and frequent maladies. The\\nbonds of filiation connected the colony with the parent state; and the en-\\ndearing names of daughter, sister and mother, sanctioned and preserved the\\nalliances between them. But in the Grecian colonies of latter date, we trace\\ncommercial and political views. The Carthaginians, also, seem to have\\nestablished colonies upon commercial principles and two treaties, recorded\\nA", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "2 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nby Polybius,* between them and the Romans, are in the true spirit of mo-\\ndern colonial policy. On the other hand, the Roman colonies were mihtary\\nestablishments, designed to maintain or extend their conquests; and their\\nagrarian allotments, to disbanded veterans and discontented and clamorous\\ncitizens, partook of the same character. Commercial motives seem rarely\\nto have blended with the policy of these haughty conquerors. Such, also,\\nin more recent days were the colonies of the Normans, in England, France,\\nand the south of Europe of the English, in Ireland and Indostan of the\\nPortuguese and Dutch in either India; and of a portion of the Spanish settle-\\nments in the New World.\\nIn general, the civil colonies of the ancients were independent of the au-\\nthority of the parent state; though, necessarily, influenced by the ties of cha-\\nrity which connected them with her. But, modern history, we believe,\\nfurnishes no instance of a colony independent in its inception; unless the\\nshort-lived religious communities of the Jesuits, in America, and of the Mo-\\nravians in the northern parts of both continents, be so considered. The co-\\nlonies of the western hemisphere were, generally, commenced under the sanc-\\ntion of, and in dependence upon, some European state. Even the ascetic\\nBrownists, in their torpid settlement of New Plymouth, began their labours\\nunder the auspices of James I. of England; and though for some years,\\nthey were urmoticcd by the crown, they claimed and enjoyed the protection\\ndue to English subjects.\\nThe colonization of America was prompted and directed by various pas-\\nsions. The Spaniards and Portuguese were inspired by visions of sudden\\nwealth, by the love of that fame which chivalric adventure gave, and by an\\napostolic desire of spreading their religious faith among the heathen. The\\nfounders of states in the northern continent, were actuated by more sober,\\nbut not dissimilar views. Raleigh and his associates sought wealth and\\nreputation, by extending the power and fame of their mistress and their\\ncountry and the provincial proprietaries, holders of large grants from the\\ncrown, were excited by ambition and avarice which in Calvert and Penn,\\nat least, were blended with a noble philanthropy, delighting to assure reli-\\ngious and civil liberty to their associates and their successors. The sub-\\ngrantees and settlers who subdued the wilderness, came with great diversity\\nof purpose. Many fled from religious, some, from political persecution but,\\nthe larger portion was induced by that well founded hope of ameliorating the\\ncondition of themselves and their posterity, which flowed from the unrestrict-\\ned possession of a rich and virgin soil, in whose fruits they were protected,\\nagainst lawful and lawless violence. The religious instruction of the savage\\nis a condition of every royal grant and afforded to the grantor, doubtless, a\\nfull extenuation of the injustice of invasion. The extensive grant of Charles\\nII. to his brother, of York, was moved by political causes, and designed,\\nprobably, also, to reward the services of others, which he could not, in a\\ndifferent manner, acknowledge. The immediate grantees of the Duke, were\\nwise enough to see, that their interest lay in the adoption of the most libe-\\nral principles of political association, which circumstances would permit and\\nthese circumstances were most fovorable, to civil and religious liberty.\\nThe period in which the foundations of the Anglo-American colonies were\\nlaid, was rifo with events, which sowed the indestructible seeds, and reared\\ninto strength the scions of human liberty. The integrity and infallibility of\\nclerical power, had been shaken to pieces by Luther and Calvin; and the\\ndivinity of kings had expired with the unhappy Charles. The religious\\ncontests, and the transition of power from one relio-ious sect to another,\\nLib. iii. c. 22.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 3\\nhad taught to Catholic and Protestant, the advantages, if not the necessity,\\nof religious toleration. Letters, the cause and power of religious freedom,\\nhad been equally serviceable to civil liberty; and the great truth which, for\\nages, had laid buried in the ruins of civilization, beneath sacerdotal palaces\\nand prisons, and the gothic gorgeousness of the feudal system, the great\\ntruth, that political power belonged to, and was made for, the people,\\nhad been rediscovered was proclaimed abroad, and had become generally\\nunderstood among men among Englishmen. That truth had wrenched\\nthe scepti-e from the grasp of an obstinate and bigoted despot, and borne\\nhim to the block had overthrown a monarchy and created a republic and\\nbecause of the abuse of republican forms, had again established a throne.\\nReligious and political freedom were in England terms as familiar as house-\\nhold words, and enforced, even from the hate of her princes, the most pro-\\nfound respect.\\nIt was vain, therefore, to think of the formation of new political societies,\\nwithout adverting to, and securing these great essentials. Kings and pro-\\nprietaries, who would establish colonies, were compelled to stipulate for\\nreligious toleration, and legislative power in the people. Hence, the first\\nCharles, who abominated a parliament, required the proprietary, Calvert,\\nto obtain all subsidies, by the assent of the people hence, the second\\nCharles introduced the same principle, in the grant of Pennsylvania hence,\\nthey, and the Carterets, and the Berkeleys, and the minor Proprietaries, were\\ncompelled to their liberal charters. All were results of improvement in\\nthe moral condition of our species, which individuals might promote, but\\ncould scarce retard. We are guilty, therefore, of the worst species of idola-\\ntry of man-worship, when we give to individuals the praise of creating\\nmeasures, of which they could only be the servants. Our plaudits for their\\nconcurrence in the good work, are, however, due and should be frankly and\\nfully paid, as the just incentive to virtuous actions.\\nIn this spirit, we adopt the expressions of a late writer upon colonial\\nhistory: A North American may feel grateful exultation in avowing\\nhimself the native of no ignoble land but of a land which has yielded as\\ngreat an increase of glory to God, and happiness to man, as any other por-\\ntion of the world, since the first syllable of recorded time, has had the\\nhonour of producing. A nobler model of human character could hardly be\\nproposed to the inhabitants of the North American States, than that which\\ntheir own early history supplies. It is, at once, their interest and their honour,\\nto preserve with sacred care, a model so richly fraught, with the instructions\\nof wisdom and the incitements of duty.\\nNo portion of the history of this great country is more filled with cause\\nfor this grateful exultation, than the State of New Jersey none can\\nboast greater purity in its origin none more wisdom, more happiness\\nin its growth. To develope her unpretending, but instructive story, is the\\nobject of the following pages in which, however, we must, necessarily, blend\\na portion of that of the adjacent states, which for half a century were identi-\\nfied with her.\\nII. Soon after the discovery of America, by Columbus, the Spaniards and\\nPortuguese explored the northern Atlantic coast, as high as Labrador; to\\nwhich, the latter gave its present name. As they approached by the West\\nIndies, they may have visited the shores of the Delaware and Hudson rivers;\\nbut possessed of the fine climates, and richer countries of the south, they had\\nno inducement to make permanent settlements in regions less attractive.\\nFloi ida was occupied by the Spaniards, in 1512; and its boundaries, as\\nGrahame s History of the American Colonies.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "4 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ngiven by the charter of Philip II. to Menendez, extended from Newfoundland\\nto the 22d degree of northern latitude.\\nIII. To the genius of the Italian navigators, the world is deeply indebted,\\nas well for the early exploration, as for the discovery, of America. John de\\nVerrazano, and the enterprising and skilful Cabots, were the worthy succes-\\nsors of Columbus and Americus Vcspucius. Verrazano, whilst in the ser-\\nvice of Francis I. of France, visited, it is supposed, the bay of New York.*\\nIt is certain, that, in 1523, he coasted the American continent, from the 30th\\nto the 50th degree of north latitude, landing and communicating with the\\nnatives in several places; and that by virtue of discoveries made by him,\\nand some French navigators, Henry IV. gave to Des Monts, the lands lying\\nbetween the 40th and 46th degrees of north latitude.f The loss of Verra-\\nzano, with his vessel and crew, on a subsequent voyage, (1524) procrasti-\\nnated, for ten years, the eflbrts of the French to establish colonies in Ame-\\nrica. The voyages and discoveries of Quartier, in 1535, directed their atten-\\ntion, particularly, to the shores of the bay and river of St. Lawrence.\\nIV. Under the patronage of Henry VII. of England, Sebastian Cabot dis-\\ncovered the islands of Newfoundland and St. Johns, and explored the coast\\nof the continent, from the 38th to the 67th degree of north latitude.:}: But no\\nfruit was, immediately, derived from his labours. During the reigns of the\\nvoluptuary, Henry VIII., of his son, Edward VI., and daughter, the bigoted\\nMary, no etTort was made to prosecute these interesting discoveries. It was\\nreserved for the maritime enterprise of Elizabeth s reign, to give to the\\nEnglish nation a fuller knowledge of the new world, and a proper sense of\\nthe advantages which might be drawn from it. Encouraged by the Earl of\\nWarwick, Martin Frobisher, in three successive voyages, visited the shores\\nof Labrador and Greenland. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in 1580, made two\\nunsuccessful attempts to establish a colony in North America, in the last of\\nwhich, he perished.\\nV. But the fate of Gilbert did not deter his half-brother. Sir Walter\\nRaleigh, alike distinguished for his genius and courage, from pursuing the\\nsame object which, indeed, had taken strong hold of the affections of the\\nprincipal men of the kingdom. He formed a company, under a charter,\\nobtained from the queen, granting them all the lands they should discover\\nbetween the 33d and 40th degrees of north latitude. Two vessels despatch-\\ned by them, under captains Armidas and Barlow,** visited Pamptico Sound,\\nand Roanoke Bay and on their return, reported so favourably of the beauty\\nand fertility of the country, that the company were excited to new exertions;\\nand Elizabeth gave, to the newly discovered region, the name of Virginia, as\\na memorial that it was discovered in the reign of a virgin queen. But the\\nsubsequent efforts of this company proved abortive. A colony was, indeed,\\nplanted at Roanoke, in 1585; but, having been reduced to distress by the\\ndelay of supplies, they returned to Europe, in the following year, with Sir\\nFrancis Drake who touched at their island on his way home, from a suc-\\ncessful cruise against the Spaniards. Undiscouraged by this ill success,\\nRaleigh despatched another colony to the same place, under the direction of\\ncaptain John White, f which perished by famine, or the sword of the natives\\nhaving been deprived, by the preparations of the Spaniards, for invading\\nEngland, of the succour which White had returned to seek.\\nDr. Miller s Discourse, 1 vol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N. Y. Historical Collection.\\nt 2 Hackluyt s, 1. N. Y. Historical Collection. Williamson s History of North\\nCarolina, vol. i. 1.^. Moulton s History of New York, vol. i. 134.\\nt 1498. A Mr. Hare is said to have followed Cabot, and to have brought to Henry\\nVIII, some Indians from North America.\\nIn 1576, 1577, 1.578. 26th March, 1584. Sailed, 27th April, returned,\\n15th September, 1584. tf March, 151)0.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 5\\nVI. Between the years 1590 and 1603, the English do not appear to have\\nmade any voyage for the purpose of settlement. In the latter year, Bartho-\\nlomew Gosnold, abandoning the circuitous route hitherto pursued by all navi-\\ngators, discovered, by steering due west, a more direct course to the northern\\ncontinent. He visited, and gave names to Cape Cod, and the islands of\\nEhzabeth, and Martha s Vineyard and taught his countrymen, that there\\nwere many attractions, far north of the lands they had attempted to colonize.\\nHis favourable reports, at first disbelieved, were confirmed by persons who\\nsailed, thither, in the service of some merchants of Bristol, the Earl of South-\\nampton, and Lord Arundel, of Wardour. By the zeal of Richard Hackluyt,\\nprebendary of Westminster, to whom England was more indebted than to\\nany man of his age, for her American possessions, an association, em-\\nbracing men of rank and men of business, was formed, with a view to\\ncolonization.*\\nTo this company, James I., on the 10th of April, 1606, granted letters\\npatent, dividing that portion of the continent which stretches from the 34th\\nto the 46th degrees of north latitude, into two, nearly equal, districts. The\\none, called the first, or south colony of Virginia, was allotted to Sir Thomas\\nGates, Richard Hackluyt, and their associates, mostly residents of London\\nthe othei to sundry knights, gentlemen and merchants, of Bristol, Plymouth,\\nand other parts of the west of England. Each company was empowered to\\nappi opriate to itself, fifty miles each way, along the coast, from the point of\\nits settlement, and one hundred miles of interior extent. From the places at\\nwhich the colonial councils were respectively established, were derived the\\ntitles of the London and Plymouth Colonies. f\\nUnder this and another charter, to the Plymouth company, given in 1620,\\nwhose provisions were not the most friendly to political freedom, nor the\\nbest adapted to promote the objects for which they were designed, the per-\\nmanent settlement of Virginia and New England was commenced and pro-\\nsecuted. It forms, however, no part of our present plan, to trace the various\\nfortune which attended their growth, from weak and sickly plants, to deep-\\nrooted and umbrageous trees.\\nVII. The hope of discovering a north-west passage from Europe to Asia,\\nwhich no disappointment seems to have power to extinguish, was the motive\\nof several voyages made by Henry Hudson, a distinguished English mariner.\\nIn his third voyage, failing to open a northern route, he explored the eastern\\ncoast of America, with the view of determining, whether a passage, to the\\nPacific Ocean, might not be found through the continent.:): He ran down the\\ncoast, from Newfoundland, to 35\u00c2\u00b0 41 northern latitude; and returning by\\nthe same course, entered the Delaware bay, on the 28th of August, 1609,\\nbut finding the water shoal, and the channel impeded by bars of sand, he\\ndid not venture to explore it. Following the eastern shore of New Jersey,\\nhe anchored his ship, the Half-Moon, on the 3d of September, within Sandy\\nHook. He spent a week in examining the neighbouring shores, and in\\ncommunication with the natives during which, one of his seamen, named\\nJohn Coleman, was killed. The boat in which he and several others had\\npassed the Kills, between Bergen Neck and Staten Island, being attacked by\\ntwo canoes, carrying twenty-six Indians, the unfortunate sailor was shot, by\\nan arrow, through the throat. Thus it would seem, that in the intercourse\\n2 Purchas, 5. Belknap s American Biography. N. A. R., (new series) vol. vi.\\np. 36.\\nt Modern Universal History, vol. xxx. Hazard s State Papers, 1. Stith, Beverly,\\nRobertson.\\nt Voyages undertaken by the Dutch East India Company. Hudson s Journal.\\nPurchas, 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N. Y. Hist. Col. 81, 162.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "6 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nbetween the European and Indian, in this part of America, the Indian\\ncommitted the first homicide. The sliores of the Delaware and Raritan\\nbays were, probably, the first lands of the .middle States trodden by Eu-\\nropean feet.\\nOn the 12th of September, Hudson entered New York Bay, through the\\nNarrows. He spent the time between that day and the 19th of the same\\nmonth, in exploring the North river.* He ascended, with his ship, as high\\nas the spot where the city of Albany now stands; and his boat proceeded to\\nthe sites of Waterford and Lansingburg. The decreasing volume of the\\nstream, and the shoals which obstructed his further way, depriving him of\\nall hope of reaching the Pacific Ocean by this route, he prepared to retrace\\nhis steps. Commencing his return on the 22d of September, he slowly de-\\nscended the river, and on the 4th day of October, put to sea. He reached\\nEngland on the 7th of November, 1609. His vessel, and part of the crew,\\nreturned to Holland but the jealousy of the king, James the First, forbade\\nhim, and his English sailors, to revisit that country.f\\nIn the following year, Hudson re-entered the service of the London com-\\npany, in which he had made his two first northern voyages; designing to\\nseek again, a north-west passage, through Davis Straits but his crew\\nmutinied, and abandoned him, his only son, and some half-dozen of his\\nmen, who continued faithful, to perish amid the fields of ice, in the vicinity of\\nthe bay which bears his name.:}:\\nWhilst in the North river, Hudson had much intercourse with the natives.\\nNear the coast, they were fierce and inimical at a distance from the sea,\\nmild and hospitable. But the superior power of the Europeans was exer-\\ncised upon friend and foe without mercy. Of the former, one was shot to\\ndeath, for a petty theft and of the latter, nine were more deservedly slain,\\nin an attack which they made upon the vessel. The first visit of the white\\nman, therefore, to the shores of the Hudson, was signaHzed by the violent\\ndeath of ten of the aboriginal inhabitants.\\nVIII. The Dutch East India Company, although disappointed in the\\nmain design of Hudson s voyage, found in the fur trade he had opened, suf-\\nficient inducement to cherish commercial intercourse with the Americans.\\nA second voyage, under their authority, in 1610, proving successful, was\\nrepeated but the competition of private adventurers reducing their profits,\\nthey endeavoured to monopolize the trade, by a decree of the States-Gene-\\nral, granting to all persons who had discovered, or might discover, any bays,\\nrivers, harbours, or countries before unknown, the right, beside other ad-\\nvantages, to the exclusive trade therein, for four successive voyages. Under\\nthis edict the Amsterdam Licensed Trading West India Company was\\nformed; proposing to maintain the acquisitions on the Hudson and to explore\\nthe circumjacent country.\\nIn the service of this company, Adrian Blok and Hendrick Christianse\\nsailed in the year 1614. Blok arrived first at Mannahatlan, where, his ship\\nhaving been accidentally burned, he built a small vessel, M ith which he\\npassed into Long Island Sound. He fell in with Christianse near Cape Cod.\\nTogether, they discovered Rhode Island and Connecticut river; and proceed-\\ning to Mannahattan Bay, they erected a fort on Castle Island, and four dwell-\\nings on the Greater Island. In the preceding year, a small trading house\\nwas built upon an island below Albany; and in the following, a redoubt was\\nthrown up on the right bank of the river, probably, at the present Jersey City\\nHudson s Journal. See Note (A.) Appendix.\\nt Lambrechsten, Moulton. Ebeling. June 21, IGll.\\nDe Laet, March 27, 1614; or as it is said 1611, 1612. Moulton, 340.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 7\\nPoint.* The most important event of this period, however, was the alliance\\nby formal treaty, between the Dutch and the Five Nation confederacy of In-\\ndians at the execution of which, it is supposed, the Lenape tribes were also\\npresent, and by the united instances of the Dutch and Iroquois, consented to\\nthe fatal assumption of the character of the ivoman, in the manner we shall\\nnarrate hereafter.f\\nThe Hollanders, directing their efforts at colonization, to their Asiatic,\\nAfrican and South American possessions, and restrained, perhaps, by the\\nclaim of the English, to the greater part of North America, had hitherto made\\nlittle effort to people the shores of the Hudson. It has been asserted, how-\\never, that between the years 1617 and 1620, settlements were made at Ber-\\ngen, in New Jersey, in the vicinage of the Esopus Indians, and at Schenec-\\ntady and it would seem, that Sir Thomas Dale and Sir Samuel Argal,\\nin the year 1614, returning from an expedition against the French at\\nAcadie, visited Mannahattan, and compelled the Dutch to acknowledge the\\nEnglish title, and to contribute to the payment of the expenses of their\\nvoyage. It would further seem, from the authorities cited in the margin,\\nbut which should be received with some allowance, that in 1620, the Dutch\\nWest Indian Company, upon application to James the First, of England,\\nobtained le ave to build some cottages upon the Hudson river, for the con-\\nvenience of the ships, touching there for fresh water and provisions, in\\ntheir voyage to Brazil under colour of which license, the company esta-\\nblished a colony; and that, upon complaint to Charles I. of these proceed-\\nings, he remonstrated with the States-General, who disowned the acts of the\\ncompany.:}:\\nIX. But, although the Dutch did not immediately, themselves, colonize the\\nNew Netherlands, (the name given to the country Irom the Delaware Bay to\\nCape Cod,) they were well disposed to aid others in such design encourao-ino-\\nthe Puritans, who, under the care of the Rev. John Robinson, had fled to the\\nlow countries from England, to seek a safe and more commodious asylum in\\nthe New World; notwithstanding these sectarians avowed an intention to\\npreserve their national character, and to hold the title for the lands they\\nshould inhabit, in dependence on the English government. This germ of\\nthe Plymouth colony, planted in 1620, was designed for the country between\\nNew York Bay and the western line of Connecticut. But the season at\\nwhich the adventurers arrived on the coast, adverse winds and currents, with\\nthe discovery of a portion of the country, whence the aborigines had been\\nlately swept, providentially, as the pilgrims supposed, by pestilence, induced\\nthem to land at a place, they termed Plymouth. The allegation, therefore,\\nthat Capt. Jones, with whom they sailed, had faithlessly, in consequence of\\na bribe from the Dutch, landed them at a distance from the Hudson, is not\\nentitled to credence.\\nX. In 1621 the great West India Company was formed in Holland, and\\nendowed with the wealth and power of the States-General. The Licensed\\nTrading Company which had hitherto conducted commercial operations in\\nthe Hudson, confining themselves to one river and a small portion of the\\ncoast, was merged in the new company, to whom we may properly ascribe\\nthe first efforts of the Dutch to plant colonies in North America.\\nThey immediately despatched a number of settlers duly provided with the\\nmeans of subsistence, trade, and defence, under the command of Cornelius\\nDe Laet, Moulton. t Heckewelder.\\nt Beauchanip Plantagenet s description of New Albion Moulton British Empire\\nin America Ogilby s America Elizabethtown Bill in Chancery.\\nRobertson. Dudley s letter. Moulton.\\nII See charter of this company in Hazard s Col.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "8 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nJacobse Mey who, with more enterprise and industry than his predecessoiv,\\nvisited the coast from Cape Cod to the Delaware river, where he proposed to\\ncstabhsh his own residence. He called the bay of New York, Port May\\nthat of the Delaware, New Port May its northern cape, Cape May and its\\nsouthern. Cape Cornelius. He built Fort Nassau at Techaacho, upon Sas-\\nsackon, now Timber Creek, which empties into the Delaware, a few miles\\nbelow the city of Camden. During the same year the forts New Amsterdam\\nand Orange, were also erected upon the sites, of the now great cities, of New\\nYork and Albany.\\nThe administration of the affairs of New Netherlands, was committed to\\nPeter Minuit; with whom came a colony of Walloons, who settled, 1624-5,\\nat the Walbocht, a bend of the Long Island shore, opposite to New Amster-\\ndam. In 1626, Minuit opened a friendly and commercial intercourse with\\nthe Plymouth pilgrims and prosecuted the fur trade with great advantage\\nto the company.\\nXII. In 1629 the West India Company endeavoured to excite individual\\nenterprise, to colonize the country granting by charter to the patroon or\\nfounder of a settlement, exclusive property, in large tracts of land, with ex-\\ntensive manorial and seignorial rights.* Thus encouraged, several of the\\ndirectors, for whose use, probably, the charter was designed, among whom\\nGoodyn, Bloemart, Pauuw and Van Renselaer were most distinguished,\\nresolved to make large territorial acquisitions and they sent out Wooter Van\\nTwiller, of Niewer Kerck, a clerk of the Amsterdam department, of the com-\\npany, to assume the management of its public affairs, and to select lands for\\nthe individual directors.\\nOne of the three ships which came over in 1629, visited an Indian village\\non the south-west corner of Delawai e Bay and the agents on board, pur-\\nchased from the three chiefs of the resident tribe, in behalf of the Herr\\nGoodyn, a tract of land, extending from Cape Henloop, in length thirty-\\ntwo, and breadth two, English miles. In the succeeding year, several other\\nextensive tracts were purchased; for Goodyn and Bloemai t, of nine Indian\\nchiefs, sixteen miles square, on the peninsula of Cape May for the director\\nPauuw, Staten Island, and a large plat on the western side of the Hudson,\\nin the neighbourhood of Hoboken and for Van Renselaer, a considerable\\nterritory, along the Hudson, in the vicinity of Fort Orange. f The impolicy\\nof these great and exclusive appropriations was, subsequently, discovered\\nand condemned and their ratification seems to have been obtained, only, by\\nadmitting other directors to participate in them.\\nXIII. In prosecution of their plans, these directors formed an association,\\nto which they admitted, on equal terms, David Pieterson de Vries, an expe-\\nrienced and enterprising navigator. Their immediate object was to colonize\\nth e Delaware river, to plant tobacco and grain, and to establish a whale and\\nseal fishery. The command of the vessel appointed to carry out the colo-\\nnists was given to De Vries; who left the Texel on the 12th Dec. 1630, and\\narrived in the Delaware bay in the course of the winter. The country was\\ndeserted by the Europeans, who had preceded him. Fort Nassau was in\\npossession of the Indians Captain Mey having left it, bearing with him the\\naffectionate regrets of the natives, who long cherished his memory. De\\nVries selected a spot for his settlement, on Lewis Creek, called by the Dutch,\\non account of the prostitution of the Indian women here, Hoornekill where,\\nunimpeded by the season, which was uncommonly mild, he erected a trading\\nSee the charter in Moulton s History of New York.\\nt See Moulton s History of New York. The territory of Goodyn was denominated\\nSwanwendael; tliat of Pauuw, Pavonia; and that of Van Renselaer, Renselaerwick.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 9\\nhouse and fort, giving it the name of Oplandt. The whole plantation, within\\nGoodyn s purchase, extended to the Little Tree Corner or Boompjes Hoek.*\\nReturning to Holland, he committed his infant colony to the care of one\\nGiles Osset; who, in evidence of the claim and possession of the Dutch, set\\nup the arms of the States-General, painted on tin, upon a column, in some\\nconspicuous station. An Indian, ignorant of the object of this exhibition,\\nappropriated the honoured symbol to his own use. The folly of the com-\\nmandant construed the trespass into a grievous national insult, and he be-\\ncame so importunate for redress, that the harassed and perplexed tribe\\nbrought him the head of the offender. This was a result which Osset had\\nneither wished nor foreseen, and he should justly have dreaded its conse-\\nquences. In vain he reprehended the severity of the Indians, and assured\\nthem that had they brought the delinquent to him, he would have suffered a\\nreprimand only. Though the death of the culprit had been doomed and\\nexecuted by his own tribe, they beheld its cause in the exaction of the\\nstrangers, and with the vindictivcness of their character, sought a dire retri-\\nbutiozi. At a season when the greater part of the garrison was engaged in\\nfield labour, distant from the fort, the Indians entered it, under the pretence\\nof trade, and murdered the unsuspicious Osset with the single sentinel who\\nattended him. Thence, proceeding to the fields, they massacred every other\\ncolonist, whilst tendering to them the usual friendly salutations. This con-\\nduct, with its extenuating circumstances, as related by the aborigines them-\\nselves to De Vries, is sufficiently atrocious but it is highly probable, that\\nthe desire of the white man s wealth was as powerful a stimulant to violence\\nas the thirst for vengeance.\\nIn December, 1632, De Vries returned from Holland, to mourn over the\\nunburied bodies of his friends, and the ashes of their dwelling. Attracted by\\nthe firing of cannon, the savages approached his vessel with guilty hesitation\\nbut at length, summoned courage to venture on board, and to detail the cir-\\ncumstances we have narrated. The object which De Vries had in view, led\\nhim to seek reconciliation and he was compelled to pardon, where he could\\nnot safely punish. He formed a new treaty with the Indians and in order\\nto obtain provisions, ascended the river above Fort Nassau, where he nar-\\nrowly escaped from the perfidy of the natives. Pretending to comply with\\nhis request, they directed him to enter Timmerkill or Cooper s Creek, which\\nfurnished a convenient place for attack but, the interposition of an Indian\\nwoman, so often recorded in favour of the whites, saved him from destruc-\\ntion. She warned him of the design of her countrymen, and that a crew of\\na vessel (supposed from Virginia) had been there murdered. In the mean\\ntime, Fort Nassau was filled with savages, and on the return of De Vries,\\nforty boarded his vessel, whom he compelled to retreat; declaring that the\\nManitou or Great Spirit, had revealed their wickedness. But, subsequently,\\nwith the humane and pacific policy which distinguished him, he consented to\\ntheir wishes of forming a treaty of amity which they confirmed with cus-\\ntomary presents, declining his gifls, however, saying, that they did not now\\ngive with the view of a return. f Disappointed in obtaining provisions, De\\nVries, leaving part of his crew in the bay, proceeded to Virginia M here, as\\nthe first visiter from New Netherlands, he was kindly received and his wants\\nsupplied. Upon his return to the Delaware, finding the whale fishery un-\\nsuccessful, he hastened his departure, and with the other colonists proceeded\\nto Holland, by the way of Fort Amsterdam. Thus, at the expiration of\\nCorrupted into Bombay Hook. De Vries, Moulton.\\nf De Vries Journal. Moulton.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "10 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntwenty-five years from the discovery of the Delaware Bay, by Hudson, not\\na single European remained upon its shores.\\nXIV. It is possil)le, however, that the Minisink settlements on the river,\\nabove the Blue Mountain, were made at or near this period. They extend\\nforty miles on both sides of the river, and the tradition, as rendered by\\nNicholas Depuis, a descendant of an original settler is That, in some for-\\nmer age, there came a company of miners from Holland, supposed to have\\nbeen rich and great people, from the labour they bestowed in opening two\\nmines one on the Delaware, where the mountain nearly approaches the\\nlower point of Pahaquarry Flat, the other, at the north foot of some moun-\\ntain, half-way between Delaware and Esopus; and in making the mine\\nroad from Delaware to Esopus, a distance of one hundred miles That\\nlarge quantities of ore had been drawn upon this road, but of what metal,\\nwas unknown to the present inhabitants That, subsequently, settlers\\ncame to the Minisinks from Holland, to seek an asylum from religious per-\\nsecution, being Arminians That they followed the mine road to the large\\nflats, on the Delaware, where the smooth cleared land, and abundance of\\nlarge apple trees, suited their views, and they purchased the improvements\\nof the Indians, most of whom, then, removed to the Susquehanna: And that\\nthe new settlers maintained peace and friendship with such as remained,\\nuntil the year 1755. These settlements at the Minisinks were unknown\\nto the government of Pennsylvania until 1729.\\nXV. It has been affirmed that the Swedes established a colony on the\\nDelaware, in the year 1627, or 1631. This is an error, arising from the\\nhistorian having mistaken the will for the deed; inferring that a colony had\\nbeen established, immediately after the proposition for forming it, had been\\npublished in Sweden. The design had, indeed, been fondly encouraged by\\nGustavus Adolphus, but was not effected during his life. This prince fell at\\nLutzen, in 1632 and several years elapsed, before the ministers of his\\ndaughter, Christina, gave encouragement to the enterprise. The success of\\nthe Dutch West India Company had excited the Swedes to form a similar\\nassociation, whose operations should extend to Asia, Africa, and America;\\nand William Usselinx, or Uaseling, a Hollander, who had been connected\\nwith the Dutch company, obtained the consent of Gustavus, to this measure.\\nDesigning to plant a colony on the Delaware, he prepared and published\\narticles of Association for that pui-pose, accompanied with a description of\\nthe fertility of the soil, and the commercial advantages of the country. The\\nking, by proclamation, exhorted his subjects to unite with the company ,:j:\\nand recommended its plan to a diet of the States, by whom it was confirmed.^\\nPersons of every rank, from the king to the hind, engaged in the scheme.\\nAn admiral, vice admiral, merchants, assistants, commissaries, and a mili-\\ntary force, were appointed, and the association received the name of the\\nSouth Company; but the intervention of a German wai suspended its\\noperations. |1\\nFrom 1633 to 1637, no effort was made by any European power, to peo-\\nple the banks of the Delaware, unless during this period, Sir Edward Ploey-\\nden, commenced his ephemeral palatinate of New Albion. It is probable,\\nhowever, that the Dutch visited the river, with a view to trade, and, occa-\\nsionally, spent some time at Fort Nassau. That, they vigilantly observed\\nthe approach of other nations to these shores, is obvious, from the prompti-\\nLetters of Samuel Preston, of Stockport, June 6th, and 14th, 1828, published in\\nthe Register of Pennsylvania, Vol. i. No. 28.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 July 12, 1828.\\nt 21st December, 1624. X July, 1626. 1627. Campanius, Aurelius,\\nMolten.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 11\\ntude of their remonstrances against the subsequent attempts of the English\\nand Swedes.\\nThe Swedish project, so far as it relates to colonization on the Delaware,\\nwas, at length, revived by the Dutch ex-governor, Minuit, (who had been\\nsuperseded by Vouter van Twiller,) under the immediate authority of the\\nSwedish government. In 1637 or 1638, an expedition, consisting of the\\nKey of Caiman, a ship of war, and a transport named the Bird Grip,\\n(Gryphon) carrying a clergyman, an engineer, and many settlers, with\\nnecessary provisions, and mei-chandise for trade with the Indians, sailed\\nunder Minuit s command.* The emigrants landed at Inlopen, the inner\\ncape on the western shore of the Delaware bay, to which they gave the name\\nof Paradise Point more, we must conjecture, from the pleasant emotions\\ncaused by the sight of any land, after a long sea-voyage, than from the\\nbeauty or fertility of the spot. They opened communications with the\\nnatives, on the bay and river, and purchased the soil, on the western\\nshore, from the capes, to the falls at Sanhikans, below the present city of\\nTrenton.\\nSoon after, in 1638, they laid the foundation of the town and fort of\\nChristina, on a site called by the natives Hopohaccan, north of the Minquas,\\nor Suspecough creek, and a short distance above its mouth.f Not a ves-\\ntige of this fort or town remains but a plan of both, drawn by the engineer,\\nLindstrom, has been preserved by Campanius. In 1747, during the war of\\nEngland against France and Spain, a redoubt was thrown up at this spot;\\nand at the distance of three feet below the surface, a Swedish coin of Chris-\\ntina was found, among axes, shovels, and other implements.:]:\\nThe author of Bescryvinge van Netherlands, asserts, that Minuit entered\\nthe Delaware, under pretence of procuring refreshment, on his way to the\\nWest Indies, but betrayed the deception, by erecting this fort. The Dutch\\nsoon discovered the intrusion and Kieft, who, about this time had succeeded\\nVan Twiller, as governor of New York, remonstrated with Minuit, by letter,\\ndated. May 6th, 1638 asserting, that the whole South river of New Nether-\\nlands, had been in possession of the Dutch, for many years, above and below\\nChristina had been studded by forts, and sealed with their blood. This\\nremonstrance was unreasonable and unwarrantable, if, as Campanius asserts,\\nthe Swedes had, in 1631, purchased the right of the Dutch. The allegation\\nof purchase, may have induced forbearance on the part of the Dutch au-\\nthorities, but did not deter them from erecting a fort soon after, at the\\nHoarkills.\\nDuring the year 1640, several companies of emigrants departed from\\nSweden, for the new world. Among the documents obtained from the\\nSwedish records, by Mr. Russel, minister from the United States, at Stock-\\nholm, we find, dated, January 24th, 1640, a passport to captain Jacob Pow-\\nelson, for a vessel under his command, named Fredenburg, laden with men,\\ncattle, and other things, necessary for the cultivation of the country, depart-\\ning from Holland to America, or the West Indies, and there establishing\\nhimself in the country called New Sweden. Two others were issued in\\nblank, for other captains and their vessels. We learn, also, from a letter of\\nthe same date, addressed by the Swedish ministers to the commandant, or\\ncommissary, and other inhabitants of Fort Christina, in New Sweden, that\\npermission had been granted to Gothbert de Rehden, William de Horst,\\nand Fenland, and those interested with them, to send out and establish a\\nBescryvinge van Virginie, De Laet, Acrelius.\\nt Swedish MSS. Records, communicated by the Rev. Nicholas Collin.\\nX Kalm s Travels.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "12 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ncolony on the north side of the South river. In a charter, or grant and\\nprivilege, as it is termed, of the same date, to this company, the name of\\nHenry Hochhanmer, is substituted for that of Lieutenant Horst. From this\\ninstrument we derive the Swedish principles of colonization. An indefinite\\nquantity of land is given to the company at least four German miles,\\n(about 15 English) from Fort Christina, in allodial and hereditary property;\\nthey paying to the crown of Sweden, three florins of the empire, for each\\nfamily established upon their territory. The company is empowered to\\nexercise, within their district, high and low justice to found cities and vil-\\nlages, and communities, with a certain police, statutes and ordinances to\\nappoint magistrates and officers, and to take the title and arms of a province\\nor colony conforming themselves, in the use of these rights, to the principles\\ndirecting the ordinary justice of fiefs. Reservation is made of full sove-\\nreignty to the crown and, especially, of appeals to it, and the governors\\nestablished by it, whose approbation was necessary to all statutes and ordi-\\nnances. Besides the Augsburg confession of faith, the exercise of the \u00e2\u0096\u00a0pre-\\ntended reformed religion was permitted, in such manner, however, that those\\nwho professed either, should live in peace, abstaining from every useless\\ndispute, from all scandal, and from all abuse. But the patrons of the colony\\nwere obliged, at all times, to maintain as many ministers and schoolmasters\\nas the number of inhabitants should require and to choose for this purpose,\\npersons who had at heart, the conversion of the pagan inhabitants, to Chris-\\ntianity.\\nPermission was given to the colonists to engage in every species of manu-\\nfacture and commerce, in and out of the country in vessels, however, which\\nshould be built in New Sweden. Gottenburg was made the depot for all\\nmerchandise transported to Europe; but merchants were not required to\\npass the Sound, when destined to some other part of Sweden. Entrance to\\nforeign ports, however, was prohibited, unless in case of necessity and even\\nin such case, merchants were required to repair to Gottenburg, to account\\nfor such entry, and to pay duty on merchandise, they might have sold else-\\nwhere and to equip their vessels anew. The colonists were exempted, for\\nten successive years, from every species of impost; but, after that period,\\nwere required to pay, in New Sweden, a duty of five per cent, on all im-\\nports, and exports, and such further charges as the expenses of government,\\nthere, might require. The discoverer of minerals, precious stones, coral,\\ncrystal, marble, a pearl fishery, means for making salt, or other like things,\\nwas permitted the unrestricted use thereof, for ten years, and to enjoy, sub-\\nsequently, a preferable right to possession, under an annual rent. Pro-\\ntection was promised to the colonies, in consideration whereof, fealty and\\nallegiance were exacted. But the government expressed the desire, that the\\ncolonists and their posterity might be always exempt from enrolments and\\ncompulsory military service. Confiscation of property was prohibited: and\\nfines, whatever might be the offence, were limited to forty rix-doUars every\\nother species of punishment, according to the quality of the offence, was re-\\nserved to the crown. And as the patrons of the colony designed, in a k^fr\\nyears, to transport other and more considerable colonies, liberty was given to\\nship, directly from Holland, whatever they might require.\\nWhilst the arrangements for this colony were in progress, due care was\\nhad, by the ministry of Sweden, for the scion they had already planted. One\\nJost de Bogardt was nominated, rather as an agent and superintendent of\\nthe colony of Christina, than as governor. He engaged, by an obligation,\\ncalled the counterpart of his commission, to be faithful and subject to her\\nmajesty and not only to aid, by his counsel and actions, the persons who\\nare at Fort Christina, and those who may be afterwards sent there from", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 13\\nSweden, but to employ his exertions to procure, as occasion may present,\\nwhatever will be most advantageous to her Majesty and the crown of Swe-\\nden; and, moreover, not to suffer an opportunity to pass of sending infor-\\nmation to Sweden, which may be useful to her Majesty and the crown.\\nThe reward of these services was stipulated to be two hundred rix-doUars\\nper annum.\\nXVI. The country, which had been settled, appears to have been pur-\\nchased, chiefly, by an association called the Navigation Company, who, en-\\njoying the soil, submitted to the political direction of the crown. John Printz,\\na colonel of cavalry in the Swedish service, was appointed governor. His\\ncommission bears date August 16, 1646. His instructions charge him to\\npreserve amity, good neighbourhood, and correspondence with foreigners,\\nwith those who depend on his government, and with the natives of the coun-\\ntry to render justice without distinction, so that there shall be injury to no\\none and if any person behave himself grossly, to punish him in a conve-\\nnient manner; and as regards the cultivation of the country, in a liberal\\nmanner to regulate and continue it, so that the inhabitants may derive from\\nit, their honest support, and even, that, commerce may receive from it a sen-\\nsible increase. As to himself, he was required so to conduct in his govern-\\nment, as to be willing and able, faithfully, to answer for it before God, be-\\nfore the Queen and every brave Swede, regulating himself by the instruc-\\ntions given to him. These instructions, remarkable for their simplicity, re-\\nmind us of the patriarchal era, to which the state of New Sweden, had some\\nresemblance. The salary assured to the governor, was 1200 rix-dollars\\nper annum; a portion of which, at least, was imposed on the colony in\\na tariff of compensations, which gave to the governor 800 rix-dollars;\\n(half from excise and half in silver;) to a lieutenant governor, sixteen\\ndollars per month; a sergeant major ten, a corporal six, a gunner eio-ht,\\ntrumpeter six, drummer five; to 24 soldiers, four, each; to a paymaster ten, a\\nsecretary eight, a barber ten, and a provost six. We must not infer from\\ncomparison of the wages of the secretary and barber, that the latter was the\\nmost valued though the most appreciated. The first had, doubtless, the most\\nhonour, though the second had a greater compensation in base lucre.\\nOn the 16th February, 1642-3, Printz, accompanied by John Campanius,\\na clergyman and subsequent historian of New Sv/eden, with many emi-\\ngrants, on board the ship Fame and Transport Swan, arrived in the Dela-\\nware. The governor established himself on the island of Tennekong, cor-\\nrupted into, Tinicum; which, in Nov. 1643, was granted him by the Queen\\nChristina, in fee where he built a fort called New Gottenburg, a convenient\\ndwelling for himself, denominated Printz Hoff or Printz Hall, and a church,\\nwhich was consecrated in 1646. Around this nucleus, the principal settlers\\nreared their habitations. Pursuant to his instructions, he recognised the\\nright of the aborigines to the soil, confirmed the contract made with them bv\\nMinuit, for land fronting the river, from the Cape to the Falls, and extending\\ninland, so far, as the necessities of the settlers should require. He refrained\\nfrom every species of injury to the natives, cultivated their favour by a just\\nand reciprocal commerce, supplying them with articles suitable to their\\nwants, and employed all friendly means to win them to the Christian faith.\\nThe result of these measures was such as they should have produced. The\\nsavage was disarmed by respect and gratitude for, when the presents from\\nthe Swedes were discontinued, and councils were holden by the discontented,\\nto weigh the fate of the strangers, the old and wise expatiated on their bene-\\nvolence and justice, and assured the young and violent, that no easy con-\\nquest, would be made, of men, who, whilst cherishing the arts of peace, were\\narmed with swords and muskets, and guarded by vigilance and courage.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "14 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nThe ire of the Indians on one occasion, it seems, was particularly directed\\nagainst the pastor, who s})caking alone, during divine service, was supposed\\nto exhort his audience to hostiUty against them.*\\nXVII. Before Printz left Sweden, it was luiown that an Enghsh colony\\nhad alighted on the eastern shore of the Delaware; sixty persons having\\nsettled near Oijtsessing, Assamohocking, Hog or Salem Creek, at the close\\nt)f the year 1640, or commencement of 1741, who were, probably, pioneers\\nof Sir Edmund Ploeyden, or squatters from the colony of New Haven. The\\nSwedes purchased all the lands from Cape May to Narriticon or Raccoon\\nCreek, for the purpose of bringing the English under their dominion and\\nPrintz was instructed, either to attach them to the Swedish interests, or to\\nprocure their removal without violence.f He disregarded his instructions\\non this occasion, since, we are told, that the Dutch and Swedes united to\\nexpel the English and that the latter, assuming the task of keeping out the\\nintruders, seized their possessions, and erected a fort which they called Elfts-\\nburg or Elsinborg.ij: But, Acrelius assures us, that this fort was reared in\\n1651, as a counterpoise to the Dutch power, acquired by the erection of\\nFort Casimer; and that, the guns of Elsinborg, compelling the Hollanders\\nto strike the flag from their vessels mast, gave mortal offence, and was the\\ncause of their subsequent wrath, so fatal to the dominion of the Swedes. Be\\nthis as it may, all authors agree, that the Swedes were driven out by an in-\\nvincible, and sometimes invisible, foe, that the moschettoes, in countless\\nhosts, alike incomparable for activity and perseverance, obtained exclusive\\npossession of the fort, and that the discomfited Swedes, bathed even in the\\nill-gotten blood of their enemies, were compelled to abandon the post, which,\\nin honour of the victors, received the name of MoscJiettoesburg.\\nThe Salem settlers were not the only Englishmen who endeavoured, at\\nthis time, to establish themselves in the vicinity of the Delaware. A colony\\nseated under the patent of Lord Baltimore, was discovered on the Schuylkill,\\nwhence they were driven by the watchful Kieft, governor of New Nether-\\nlands, without difficulty. His instructions, dated 22d May, 1642, to Jan\\nJansen Alpendam, commandant of the expedition, strongly assert the right\\nof the Dutch to the soil and trade there.\\nXVIII. The Swedish government anticipated, that, resistance might be\\nmade to their plans of colonization, by the Dutch West India Company, of\\nwhose pretensions to the shores of the Delaware, they were well instructed.\\nYet, Printz was authorized to protest against their claims, supported as they\\nwere, by the actual possession of Fort Nassau, now garrisoned by twenty\\nmen and in case of hostile efforts on their part, to contend to the uttermost.\\nPrintz conducted the affairs of New Sweden with due discretion, receiving\\nthe thanks and commendations of his sovereign, whose permission he soli-\\ncited, in 1647, to return to Europe. He remained in America, however,\\nuntil 1654, when he was succeeded in the government by John Papegoya,\\nhis son-in-law. Papegoya had come to the Delaware with the earliest Swe-\\ndish settlers, probably in 1638; but had returned to Sweden about the time\\nof Printz s departure. In 1643 he revisited New Sweden, bearing letters\\nrecommendatory, from the Queen, to the governor, whose daughter he subse-\\nquently married. He remained in the government two years; when embark-\\ning for Europe, he devolved the administration on John Risingh, who came\\nout, a short time before this period, clothed with the authority of commissary\\nThe Indians sometimes attended the religious assemblies of the Swedes; but\\nwith so little edification, that they expressed their amazement that one man should\\ndetain his tribe with such lengthened harangues, without offering to entertain them\\nwith brandy. Grakames Col. Hist. 2 vol. 200.\\nt Acrelius. t Beschryvinge van Virginia. Smith s New Jersey.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 15\\nand counsellor, and continued to preside over the Swedes until they were\\nsubjected by the Dutch. He renewed the treaties with the Indians and at\\na convention held in 1664, both parties engaged to preserve and brighten the\\nfriendly chain. The engineer Lindstrom, who accompanied Risingh, mi-\\nnutely explored several portions of the country, constructed plans for some\\nforts, aided in the fortification of others, and framed a map of the bay, river,\\nand adjacent tcri itory, remarkable for its correctnesss, and curious, as giv-\\ning the Indian names of the streams. A descriptive memoir, highly interest-\\ning, accompanied the map.*\\nThe country on the Delaware was, for some years, holden by the Swedes\\nand Dutch, in common. To the forts at Nassau and the Hoarkills, the lat-\\nter, in 1651, added Fort Casimer, at Sandhocken, the present site of New-\\ncastle. f This near approach to the primitive seat of their American domain,\\nbecame intolerable to the Swedes. Prinfz remonstrated, and Risingh for-\\nmally demanded, that Fort Casimer should be surrendered to him. This\\nhaving been refused, he manfully resolved to seize it by force or fraud. He\\napproached it in seeming amity, and after firing two complimentary salutes,\\nlanded thirty men, whom the garrison, unsuspectingly, admitted within their\\ngates. The Swedes suddenly mastered the place, seized the effects of the\\nWest India Company, and even compelled some of the conquered soldiers to\\nswear allegiance to Queen Christina. Not even Dutch phlegm would lie\\nquiet under this grievous insult. The redoubted Stuyvesant, then governor\\nof New York, though busily engaged in restraining the encroachments of\\nhis restless mercurial neighbours of Connecticut, resolved on instant and\\ndireful vengeance.\\nXIX. On the 9th September, 1654, he appeared in the Delaware, with seven\\nvessels, carrying between six and seven hundred men. He descended first\\nupon Elsinborg, where the patriotism of the Swedes had again led them, in\\ndespite of the moschettoes, and where it was their fate to become prisoners to\\nthe invaders. Next, he asailed the fort of the Holy Trinity, and having\\nlanded and intrenched his force, demanded its surrender, threatening, in case\\nof refusal, the utmost extreme of military severity. Whether the fort were\\ntaken by storm, or surrendered upon capitulation, history has, with repre-\\nhensive carelessness, omitted to state but certain it is, that the Dutch, also,\\nbecame masters of the Holy Trinity, and striking the Swedish colours, gave\\nfrom the towering flag-staff, those of the States-General, to the breeze. On\\nthe 16th, the fleet anchored in front of Fort Casimer, then commanded by\\nSven Scutz, or Schute, who, in reply to the summons, asked leave to con-\\nsult his superior, Risingh; which being denied him, he yielded, upon most ho-\\nnourable terms marching forth in military pomp, and retaining, not only the\\narms of his troops, but the battery of the fort. The stron2;er fortress of\\nChristina was held by Risingh, in person; but even he, unable to resist the\\ninvincible Stuyvesant, submitted on the 25th of September; and the fall of\\nNew Gottcnburg, with its fort, Printzhojf, and church, soon followed.\\nThus perished, never to be revived, the provincial power of New Sweden.:}:\\nStuyvesant issued a proclamation favourable to such of the Swedes as\\nchose to remain under his government. About twenty swore fealty to the\\nStates-General, the Lords, Directors of the West India Company, their\\nsubalterns of the province of New Netherlands, and the Director-General,\\nthen, and thereafter to be, established. Risingh and one Elfyth, a noted\\ntrader, were ordered to Gottcnburg.^ Among those who remained, was the\\nwife of Papegoya, to whom Tennehong had descended and who, subse-\\nh\\nMSS. Lib. of Am. Phil. Soc. t Campanius, Acrelius.\\nt Acrelius; Smith s N. Y.; Smith s N. J.; Dutch Records. S Smith s N. Y.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "16 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nquently, sold it to Captain Carr, the English governor, from whom the pur-\\nchase money, 300 guilders was recovered, by execution from the council at\\nNew York.* In March, 1656, the Swedish resident at the Hague, remon-\\nstrated against the conduct of the West India Company; but the United Pro-\\nvinces never gave redress. These wars of the Dutch and Swedes have been\\nmore minutely and worthily chronicled by the facetious and veracious\\nKnickerbocker. We will add, only, that they appear to have been wholly\\nunstained by blood, and admirably adapted to a country where restraint on\\npopulation was not needed.\\nDuring the government of the Swedes, several vessels, other than we\\nhave mentioned, arrived from Sweden with adventurers, who devoted them-\\nselves to agriculture. The last ship, thus freighted, through the unskilful-\\nness of her officers, entered the Raritan, instead of the Delaware, river, and\\nwas seized by Stuyvesant, then preparing for his campaign against Risingh.\\nMany improvements were made by this industrious and temperate people,\\nfrom Cape Henlopen to the falls of Alumningh, or Sanhikans. Beside the\\nplaces we have already named, they founded Upland the present Chester, at\\nMocoponaca; Korshol/n at Passaiung; Fort Manaiung at the mouth of the\\nriver, called by the Indians Manaiung, Manaijimk, Manajaske, Nitaba-\\ncong, or Matinacong; by the Dutch, Schuylkill, and by the Swedes, Skiar-\\nkillen and Landskillen; marked the sites of Nya Wasa and Gripsholm,\\nsomewhere near the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers,\\nStraiosio[jk and Nieu Causeland or Clauseland; (the present Newcastle)\\nand established forts, also, at Kinsessing, Wicacoa, (Southwark) Findlant,\\nMeulandael, and Lapananel. On the eastern shore of the Delaware, they\\nhad settlements at Swedesborough, at the site of the present city of Burling-\\nton, and other places. Most of these stations are marked on the maps of\\nCampanius and Lindstrom, and were, probably, little else than dwellings of\\nfarmers, with such slight defences, as might protect them from a sudden in-\\ncursion of the natives. Gold and silver mines are said to have been disco-\\nvered by the Swedes; and the latter are mentioned by Master Evelyn, in his\\ndescription of the country, reported by Plantagenet, in his memoir on New\\nAlbion. The ores were probably pyrites, which have so often proven de-\\nceptivcf\\nNew York Records.\\nt We are assured by Lindstrom, that a silver mine existed on the eastern shore of\\nthe Delaware, in the vicinity of the falls; and that scold was found in considerable\\nquantities higher up the river, on the Jersey side. Tlie shore before the mountain\\nis covered with pyrites. When the roundest are broken, kernels are found as large as\\nsmall peas, containing virgin silver. I have broken more than a hundred. A savage\\nUnapois beholding a gold ring of the wife of governor Printz, demanded, why she\\ncarried such a trifle. The governor replied, if you will procure me such trifles, I\\nwill reward yon with other things suitable for you. I know, said the Indian, a\\nmountain filled with such metal. Behold, rejoined the governor, what I will\\ngive you for a specimen presenting to him at the same time, a fatliom of red and a\\nfathom of blue frize, some wliite lead, looking-glasses, bodkins, and needles, declaring\\nthat he would cause him to be accompanied by two of his soldiers. But the Indian,\\nrefusing this escort, said, that he would first go for a specimen, and, if it gave satis-\\nfaction, he might he sent back with some of the governor s people. He promised to\\ngive a specimen, kept the presents and went away and, aftor some days, returned\\nwith a lump of ore as large as his doubled fist, of which the governor made proof,\\nfound it of good quality, and extracted from it a considerable quantity of gold, which\\nhe manufnctured into rings and bracelets. He promised the Indian further presents\\nif he would discover the situation of this mountain. The Indian consented, but de-\\nmanded a delay of a few days, when he could spare more time. Content with this,\\nPrintz gave him more presents. The savage, having returned to his nation, boasted\\nof his gifts, and declared the reason of their presentation. But he was assassinated by\\nthe sachem and liis companions, lest he should betray the situation of this gold mine\\nthey fearing its ruin if it were discovered by us. It is still unknown. Extract\\nfrom Lindstrom s MS. Jovrnnl. .1m. Phil. Soc.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 17\\nXX. The Dutch governed the newly recovered country on the Delaware,\\nby lieutenants, subject to the Director-General at New Amsterdam. Jo-\\nhannes Paul Jaquet was the first Vice-Director. His successors were Peter\\nAlricks, Hinojossa, and William Beekman. These officers were empowered\\nto grant lands and their patents make part of the titles of the present pos\\nsessors. Alrick s commission, of 12th of April, 1657, indicates the extent\\nof the Dutch claim, on the west of the Delaware. It constitutes him Di-\\nrector-General, of the Colony of South river, of New Netherlands, and the\\nfortress of Casimer, now called Niewcr Amstel, with all the lands dependent\\nthereon, according to the first purchase, and deed of release, from the na-\\ntives, dated, July the 19th, 1651 beginning at the west side of the Minquas,\\nor Christina Kill, in the Indian language named, Siispecough, to the mouth\\nof the bay or river called Boompt Plook, in the Indian language, Cannaress,\\nand so far inland, as the bounds and limits of the Minquas land, with all the\\nstreams, appurtenances and dependencies. Of the country north of the\\nKill, or south of Boompt Hook, no notice is taken. In 1658, Beekman\\nwas directed to purchase Cape Henlopen, which, for want of goods, was not\\ndone, until the succeeding year.* From the order and purchase of 1658, it\\nwould seem, that no regard was had, either by the Indians or Dutch, to the\\ncontracts made for Goodyn, in 1629, or by the Swedish governors.\\nUpon the eastern side of the present State of New Jersey, the Dutch had,\\nat this period, acquired several tracts of country. Beside the purchase of\\nStaten Island, for the Heer Pauw,f Augustine Herman purchased an exten-\\nsive plot, stretching from Newark Bay, west of the present site of Elizabeth-\\ntown and the Lord Director-General and Council, a large tract, called\\nBergen. And we may, justly, suppose, that, the road between the colonies,\\non the Hudson and Delaware, was not wholly uninhabited.\\nXXI. Although, for fifty years, these extensive possessions of the Dutch,\\nwere not disputed by the English government, still the claim of the English\\nnation, founded on the discoveries by Cabot, Hudson, and other navigators,\\nwas neither abandoned nor unimproved. The Puritans were making con-\\ntinued pretensions and encroachments upon the cast, and emigrants from\\nNew Haven settled on the left shores of the Delaware, so early as 1640\\nsome of whose descendants may, probably, yet be found, in Salem, Cumber-\\nland, and Cape May, counties. The adventurers of Maryland had penetrated\\nto the Schuylkill, and the agents or grantees of Sir Edward Ploeyden, had\\nattempted to people his palatinate. Of these efforts it is proper that we should\\nspeak more particularly.\\nIn 1642, as we have seen, the Dutch expelled the English, from the\\nSchuylkill, as intruders, on rights too notorious to be disputed. But in 1654,\\nColonel Nathaniel Utie, commissioner of Fendal, governor of Maryland, de-\\nmanded possession of the shores of the Delaware, by virtue of the patent\\nfrom the English crown, to Lord Baltimore visited New Castle to protest\\nagainst the occupation of the Dutch, to threaten the assertion of Baltimore s\\nright by force, and to offer his protection to the inhabitants, upon terms\\nsimilar to those given to other emigrants. Beekman proposed to refer the\\ncontroversy to the republics of England and Holland and Stuyvesant, by\\ncommissioners, at Annapolis, repeated the proposition asserting, however,\\nthe title of the India Company, by prior occupancy, and assent of the English\\nnation and protesting against the conduct of Fendal, as in breach of the\\nSmith s New York.\\nf Deed, dated, 10th August, 1630. Elizabethtown Bill in Chancery.\\ni Deed, 6th December, 1651.\\nDeed, 30th January, 1658.\\nC", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "18 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntreaties between the two nations. In the following year, Lord Baltimore\\napplied, through his agent, captain Neale, to the Dutch Company, for orders\\nto the colonists on the Delaware, to submit to his authority. A peremptory\\nrefusal was instantly given and a petty war in the colonies was prevented,\\nby the weakness of Maryland, and the hopes of redress from measures then\\ncontemplated by the English government against all the Dutch possessions\\nin America.*\\nWe learn, from a pamphlet, published in 1648, that a grant had been\\nmade by James the First, to Sir Edward Ploeyden, of the greater part of the\\ncountry between Maryland and New England, which was erected into a\\nprovince and county palatine, with very comprehensive, if not precise\\nboundaries.f\\nThe rights derived from this patent were unexercised during the reigns of\\nJames, and the first Charles but were acted on, during the revolution.\\nBefore 1648, a company was formed, under Sir Edward Ploeyden, for\\nplanting this province, in aid of which, our author wrote his description of\\nNew Albion. This little work compares New Albion with other countries\\nof the new world, giving all preference to the former, and contains a learned\\nexposition and defence of the rights of an earl palatine, who, among other\\nroyalties, having power to create barons, baronets, and knights, of his\\npalatinate, had bestowed a baronage upon our author, and others, as well as\\nupon each of his own children. Thus, there were, the son and heir ap-\\nparent, and Governor, Francis, Lord Ploeyden, Baron of Mount Royal, an\\nextensive manor, on Elk river and Thomas, Lord Ploeyden, High Admiral,\\nBaron of Roymount, a manor on the Delaware bay, in the vicinity of Lewis-\\ntown; and the Lady Winifrid, Baroness of Uvedale, in Webb s Neck, de-\\nriving its name from its abundance of grapes, producing the Thoulouse,\\nMuscat, and others.\\nFrom circumstances, it is probable, that this New Albion Company sent\\nout agents, who visited different parts of the province, some of whom esta-\\nblished themselves there; that the Palatine and some friends, of whom was\\nPlantagenet, sought temporary cover from the storms of civil war in England,\\namid the American wilds that a fort named Erewomec was erected at the\\nmouth of Pensaukin Creek, on the Jersey shore and that, there was a con-\\nsiderable settlement at Watcessi or Oijtsessing, the present site of Salem,\\nwhich was probably broken up, or reduced, by the united force of the Dutch\\nand Swedes. No known vestige of these settlements remains and all our\\nknowledge in relation to their fate is coniectural.:|:\\nXXII. In 1640, as stated by Trumbull, some persons at New Haven, by\\nCaptain Nathaniel Turner, their agent, purchased for thirty pounds sterling, a\\nlarge tract of land, for plantations, on both sides of the Delaware river; erected\\ntrading houses, and sent out near fifty families to settle them.\u00c2\u00a7 It is proba-\\nble, that this number is over-rated. But we gather from the complaints of\\nNew York Records. New York Hist. Col. vol. iii. p. 368. Smith s New York.\\nt This pamphlet is .iddresscd by Beauchamp Plantagenet, To the Right Honour-\\nable and mighty Lord I^dmnnd, by Divine Providence, Lord Proprietor, Earl Palatine,\\nGovernor, and Captain-General of the province of New Albion; and to the Right\\nHonourable, the Lord Viscount Monson, of Castlemain; the Lord Sherard, Baron of\\nLeitrim, and to all other, the Viscounts, Barons, Baronets, Knights, and gentlemen,\\nmerchants, adventurers, and planters, of the hopeful company of New Albion, in all\\nforty-four undertakers, and subscribers, bound by indenture, to bring and settle 3000\\nable, trained men, in our several plantations, to the said province.\\nt New Albion. Smith s N. J. Bcscryvinge van Virginie, New.Netherlandts. Penn.\\nRegister, 1828, vol. iv. See, for a further account of New Albion, Appendix, note\\nB, and Philadelphia Library, No. 1019, Oct.\\nTrumbull s Conn.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 19\\nthe Connecticut traders, that, they visited the Delaware for the purpose of\\nbarter, and were driven thence by the Swedes and Dutch, under Kieft, in\\n1642; that, their trading house was destroyed, their goods confiscated, and\\ntheir persons imprisoned. The commissioners of tlie United Colonies of New\\nEngland, upon an investigation of the facts, dii-ected governor Winthrop to\\nremonstrate with the Swedish governor, and to claim indemnity for the losses\\nsustained, amounting to one thousand pounds. Winthrop addressed letters\\nto Kieft and Printz, but received no satisfactory answer.\\nAt an extraordinary meeting of the commissioners, in 1649, the court of\\nNew Haven, proposed the speedy planting of Delaware Bay. But this, as a\\ngeneral measure, was deemed inexpedient, and the New Haven merchants\\nwere left to improve or sell their lands as they should see cause. The treat-\\nment of these merchants, by the Dutch, formed part of the grievances sub-\\nmitted to the delegates appointed by Stuyvesant, and the United Colonics, in\\n1650; when the latter claimed a right to the Delaware under their patents, as\\nwell as by purchase from the Indians. These delegates, from want of suffi-\\ncient light to determine the question, concluded to leave both parties at liber-\\nty to improve their interests upon that river.\\nEncouraged by this declaration, the inhabitants of New Haven and its\\nvicinity, in the following year, fitted out a vessel with fifty adventurers, who\\nproposed to establish themselves on the disputed lands. They put into\\nNew York and the object of their voyage being made known, Stuyvesant,\\nwho was wanting, neither in ability, nor resolution, immediately seized the\\nvessel, her papers, and crew, and extorted a promise from the last, to return\\nto their homes which they more readily gave as the Dutch governor threat-\\nened, that he would send to Holland, any of them whom he should find on\\nthe Delaware, and would resist their encroachments, in that quarter, even\\nunto blood.\\nBut, the colony of New Haven, with its characteristic pertinacity, was not\\ndisposed thus to abandon her pretensions. She brought the subject again\\nbefore the commissioners of the United Colonies, in 1654, who addressed a\\nmissive to Stuyvesant, in which, the rights alleged by the Dutch, are very\\nsummarily disposed of, as their own mistake, or at least, the error of them\\nthat informed them; whilst, the claims of the people of New Haven, appeared\\nso clear, that they could not but assert their just title to their lands, and de-\\nsire that they might peaceably enjoy the same. No effect was produced by\\nthis letter, and the colony of New Haven would have resorted to hostilities,\\ncould she have been assured of the protection of her sisters. But, they were\\ndeaf to her appeals, and the Plymouth colony shortly replied, that they did\\nnot think it meet, to answer their desire in that behalf, and that they would have\\nno hand in any such controversy. Thus deprived of all hope of effectual as-\\nsistance, from their neighbours, the traders of New Haven were compelled to\\nremain at peace. The country was soon after granted to the Duke of York,\\nand their claims were too feebly sustained by justice, to brave the Duke s power.\\nBut this, with other causes of dispute, had implanted in the colonists of\\nNew England, such animosity against their Dutch neighbours, that, in 1653,\\nthey formed the design to drive them from the continent, and applied to\\nOliver Cromwell for assistance. He, being then engaged in the two years\\nwar with Holland, which the Parliament had commenced, promptly acceded\\nto their request, by despatching a squadron to aid the colonial troops. The\\ndesign was, however, arrested, by intelligence of the peace that had been\\nconcluded between the Protector and the States-General.* And it is remark-\\nOldmixon i. 119. Chalmers 574. Trumbull i. 168. Hazard s Col. vol. ii. Gra-\\nhames Col. Hist, of North America.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "20 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nable, that the treaty has no direct reference to the possessions of either party\\nin North America but, stipulating for the restoi ation of peace, between the\\ndominions of the two countries in every part of the world, and the English\\nexpedition being countermanded thereon, the validity of the Dutch claim to\\nthe country, it is supposed, was manifestly implied and practically acknow-\\nledged.* Yet, the New England men, succeeded in impressing different\\nviews upon Richard Cromwell who, during his short protectorate, ad-\\ndressed instructions to his commanders, for the invasion of New Nether-\\nlands, and directed the concurrence of the forces of the English colonial\\ngovernments, in the enterprise but the subversion of his ephemeral power,\\nprevented the execution of his orders.\\nCharles II., however, from enmity to the States-General, certainly not\\nfrom love of his transatlantic subjects, entered into their designs. His senti-\\nments were enforced by the interest of the Duke of York, who had placed\\nhimself at the head of a new African company, with the view of extending\\nand appropriating the slave trade, and which found its commerce impeded\\nby the more successful traffic of the Dutch. Like the other courtiers, the\\nDuke had cast his eyes, on the American territorities, which his brother\\nwas about to distribute with a hberal hand; and to other reasons, which he\\nemployed to promote a rupture with the Dutch, he solicited a grant of their\\nNorth American possessions, on the prevailing plea, that they had been ori-\\nginally usurped from the territory, properly belonging to Britain.ij: The in-\\nfluence of these motives on the mind of the King, may have been aided by\\nthe desire to strike a blow that would enforce the arbitrary commission, he\\nwas preparing to send to New England, and to teach the Puritan colonists\\nthere, that he had power to subdue his enemies in America.\\nXXIII. Charles having failed in repeated attempts to provoke the resent-\\nment of the States-General, resolved to embrace the suggestion of his right\\nto the province of New Netherlands. In pursuance of this purpose, a roy\u00c2\u00bb.l\\ncharter, dated 20th March, 1664, was executed in favour of the Duke of\\nYork, containing a grant of the whole region, extending from the western\\nbank of the Connecticut river, to the eastern shore of the Delaware, together\\nwith the adjacency of Long Island, and conferring on his royal highness, all\\nthe powers of government, civil and military, within these ample boundaries.\\nThis grant disregarded alike, the possession of the Dutch and the recent\\ncharter of Connecticut, which, from ignorance or carelessness in the defini-\\ntion of boundaries, it wholly, but tacitly superseded.\\nAs soon as the Duke had obtained this grant, and before investiture, he\\nproceeded to exercise his proprietary powers in their fullest extent, by con-\\nveying to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, all that portion of the ter-\\nritory, which forms the present state of New Jersey. A military force,\\nhowever, had been prepared to compel possession and with some secrecy\\ntoo, although this was scarce necessary, since the Dutch, so far from appre-\\nhending an attack, had, but a ihw months before, sent to their colony, a\\nvessel laden with planters and the implements of husbandry.\\nXXIV. The command of the English troops in the expedition, and the\\ngovernment of the province against which it was directed, were given to\\nColonel NichoUs, who had studied the art of war under Marshal Turenne,\\nand who, with George Cartvvright, Sir. Robert Carr, and Samuel Maverick,\\nalso, had a commission to visit the colonies of New England, and investigate\\nOldmixon i. 119. Chalmers 574. Trumbull i. 168. Hazard s Col. vol. ii. Gra-\\nhatne s Col. History of North America.\\nt lb. ib. Thurloe s Collec. i. 721.\\nI Sir J. Dalrymple s Mem. ii. 4. Hume s England. Chalmers. Grahame, vol.\\nii.214.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 21\\nand determine, according to their discretion, all disputes and controver-\\nsies within the various colonial jurisdictions. After touching at Boston,\\nwhere an armed force was ordered to be raised and sent, to join the expedi-\\ntion, the fleet proceeded to the Hudson river, and anchored before the capital\\nof New Netherlands. The requisition from Boston was so tardily obeyed,\\nthat the enterprise was over, before the Massachusetts troops were ready to\\nmarch but governor Winthrop of Connecticut, with several of the principal\\ninhabitants of that province, immediately joined the King s standard.*\\nThe armament, consisting of three ships, with one hundred and thirty\\nguns and six hundred men, was too formidable to be resisted by a petty\\ntown, hastily and poorly fortified, and manned by peaceful burghers, or\\nmere plodding planters. Yet the spirited governor was exceeding loth to\\nsurrender without, at least, having attempted its defence although the favour-\\nable terms offered to the inhabitants disposed them to immediate capitulation.\\nAfter a few days of fruitless negotiation, during which, Stuyvesant pleaded,\\nin vain, the justice of the title of the States-General, and the peace existing\\nbetween them and the English nation, the province was surrendered upon\\nthe most honourable terms to the vanquished, who preserved their arms, am-\\nmunition, and public stores, with leave to transport them, within twelve\\nmonths, to Holland the inhabitants were free to sell their estates and return\\nto Europe, or retain them and reside in the province such as remained,\\nwere to enjoy their ancient laws relative to the descent of property, liberty\\nof conscience in divine worship, and church order, and perpetual exemption\\nfrom military service and what was yet more extraordinary, all Dutchmen\\ncontinuing in the province, or afterwards resorting to it, were allowed free trade\\nwith Holland ;t but this privilege being repugnant to the navigation act, was\\nsoon afterwards revoked. Notwithstanding these very advantageous condi-\\ntions, the mortified commandant could not be brought to ratify them, for two\\ndays, after they had been signed by the commissioners.:]: Immediately after-\\nwards. Fort Orange also surrendered. In honour of the Duke, the city of New\\nAmsterdam received the name of New York, afterwards extended to the\\nprovince, and Fort Orange, that of Albany. The greater part of the inhabi-\\ntants submitted, cheerfully, to the new government; and governor Stuyvesant\\nretained his property and closed his life, in his beloved city.\\nXXV. Sir Robert Carr, with two frigates, and the troops not required at\\nNew York, was sent to compel the submission of the colony on the Delaware\\nwhich he effected with the expenditure of two barrels of powder and twenty\\nshot. By articles of agreement, signed Garret Saunders, Vautiell, Hans\\nBlock, Lucas Peterson, and Henry Cousturier, it was stipulated, that the\\nburgesses and planters submitting themselves to his Majesty, should be pro-\\ntected in person and estate; that, the present magistrates should continue in\\noffice; that permission should be given to depart the country, within six\\nmonths, to any one that all should enjoy liberty of conscience in church\\ndiscipline, as formerly and that any person taking the oath of allegiance,\\nshould become a free denizen, and enjoy the privilege of trade in his Ma-\\njesty s dominions, as freely as any Engh shman. From this separate con-\\nvention, it would seem, that the capitulation of New York was not deemed\\nconclusive upon the Delaware settlements; whose affairs were henceforth\\nconducted, until 1768, by their ancient magistrates, under the supervision of\\nCaptain John Carr, aided by a council consisting of Hans Block, Israel\\nHolme, Peter Rambo, Peter Cock, and Peter Aldrick, from whom an appeal\\nlay to the governor and council of New York.||\\nTrumbull i. 2GG. t Smith s N. J. Grahame s Col. Hist.\\ni August 27, 1664. 1st October. |1 New York Records.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nXXVI. Thus, by an act of flagrant injustice and tyranical usurpation,\\nwas overthrown the Dutch dominion in North America, after it had subsist-\\ned for more than half a century. The actual condition of their possessions\\nwas depreciated by Col. Nichols, in his letters to the Duke, from the humane\\nview, it is supposed, of deterring his master from burdening or irritating the\\npeople, by fiscal impositions. Early travellers and writers unite in describ-\\ning the Dutch colonial metropolis, so admirably chosen, as a handsome well\\nbuilt town and Josselyn declares that the meanest house in it, was worth\\n\u00c2\u00a3100.* Indeed, the various provisions introduced into the articles of sur-\\nrender, to preserve the comforts of the inhabitants, attest the orderly condition\\nand plentiful estate they had acquired, and explain the causes of their unwar-\\nlike spirit. If their manners corresponded with those of their countrymen in\\nthe parent state, they were probably superior to those of their conquerors.\\nOf the colonists, who had latterly resorted to the province, some had enjoyed\\naffluence and respectability in Holland, and had imported with them, and dis-\\nplayed in their houses, costly services of family plate, and well selected pro-\\nductions of the Dutch school of painting.f No account has been preserved\\nof the total population of the province and its dependencies; but the metro-\\npolis, at this time, is said to have contained about 3000 persons, of whom,\\none half returned to Holland. Their habitations, however, were soon occu-\\npied by emigrants, partly from Britain, but chiefly from New England.\\nUpon the North river, throughout the present county of Bergen, Dutch set-\\ntlers were numerous, and both shores of the Delaware were studded with\\nplantations of Dutch and Swedes. Three Dutch families were settled at\\nLazy Point, opposite Mattinicunk Island, the site of Burlington, and four\\nyears later, one Peter Jegow, in 1668, (such was the intercourse between the\\ntwo rivers) received license for, and kept a house of entertainment, for\\naccommodation of passengers, travellers, and strangers, on this point of the\\nDelaware. :j:\\nThe captiu e of New York and its dependencies, led to an European war,\\nbetween Great Britain and Holland, ending in the treaty of Breda, of July,\\n1667. Happily, for the prosperity of the colony, which Nicholls, with the\\naid of the other English provinces, would have defended to the last extremity,\\nneither the States-General, nor the Dutch West India Company, made any\\nattempt to possess themselves of New York during this war; and at the\\npeace, it was ceded to England, in exchange for her colony of Surinam,\\nwhich had been conquered by the Dutch. This exchange was no otherwise\\nexpressed, than by a general stipulation in the treaty, that each nation should\\nretain what it had acquired by arms, since the commencement of hostilities.\\nThe Dutch had no reason to regret this result, since they could not long have\\npreserved New York against the increasing strength and rivalry of the inha-\\nbitants of New England, Maryland, and Virginia.\u00c2\u00a7\\nColonel Nicholls governed the province, for nearly three years, with great\\njustice and good sense. He settled the boundaries with Connecticut; which,\\nyielding all claim to Long Island, obtained great advantages on the main,\\npushing its line to Mamoroneck river, about thirty miles from New York\\nprescribed the mode of purchasing lands from the Indians, making the con-\\nsent of the governor, and public registry, requisite to the validity of all con-\\ntracts with them for the soil and incorporated the city of New York, under\\na mayor, five aldermen, and a sheriff; and although he reserved to himself\\nall judicial authority, his administration was so wise and impartial, that it\\nenforced universal praise.\\nJosselyn s Second Voyage, p. 154. Oldmixon i. 119.\\nt Grant s Memoirs of an American Lady, c. vol. i. p. 11. Grahame s Col. Hist,\\nvol. ii. 225. t Elizabethtown Bill in Chancery. New Jersey Records.\\nGrahame s Col. Hist. vol. ii 231.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 23\\nCHAPTER 11.\\nComprising Events from the Grant to the Duke of York, to the Division of the\\nColony, into East and West Jersey. I. Nature of the Estate acquired by the\\nDuke of York, by the Grant from Charles I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 II. Motives and Nature of the\\nGrant from the Duke of York, to Berkeley and Carteret. III. Bounds of\\nthe Country ceded. IV. Proceedings of the Proprietaries, to settle their Pro-\\nvince of New Jersey, c. their Concessions. V. Remarks on the Constitu-\\ntion. VI. Assumption of Government by Colonel Nicholls Indian Grants.\\nVII. Philip Carteret appointed Governor His Efforts for Colonization Ad-\\nvantages enjoyed by the New Colonists. VIII. Unhappy Effects of the De-\\nmand of Proprietary Quit Rents. IX. Recapture of New Netherlands by Holland\\nand Restorationto the English. X. Re-grant of the Province to the Duke\\nRe-grant to Berkeley and Carteret. XI. Return of Philip Carteret to the\\nGovernment Modification of the Constitution. XII. Oppressive Conduct of\\nAndross, Governor of New York. XIII. Division of the Province into East and\\nWest Jersey.\\nI. We have seen, in the precedmg Chapter, that James, Duke of York,\\neven before he had obtained seizin of his newly granted fief, had conveyed\\na considerable portion of it to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The\\ncharter to the duke, though less ample in its endowments than those previ-\\nously granted to the proprietaries of Maryland and Carolina, resembled them\\nby conferring the powers of government on the grantee and his assigns.\\nAnd thus, even with the light which had been stricken forth by the extraoi\\ndinary political concussions of the passing century, the allegiance and obe-\\ndience of freemen, were made transferable as if they were serfs attached to the\\nsoil. Nor was this proprietary right merely potential. Instances in the his-\\ntory of the Carol inas, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, demonstrate, that the pro-\\nprietaries regarded their functions less as a trust, than as an absolute property\\nsubject to every act of ownership, and in particular, to mortgage and aliena-\\ntion. It was not until after the British revolution of 1688, that the legality\\nof this power was disputed when the ministers of William III. maintained\\nits repugnance to the laws of England, which recognised (an absurdity not\\nless) a hereditary, but not a commercial transmission of office and power.\\nThe point was never determined by any formal adjudication; but, the evil\\nin process of time, produced its own remedy. The succession and multipli-\\ncation of proprietaries became so inconvenient to themselves, that, they\\nfound relief, in surrendering their functions to the crown. In Carolina and\\nNew Jersey the exercise of the right of assignation, materially, contributed\\nto shorten the duration of the proprietary government.*\\nII. Berkeley and Carteret were already proprietaries of Carolina. Not\\nsatisfied with this ample investiture, nor yet certified by experience, of the\\ntardy returns fi om colonial possessions, they had been induced, by the re-\\npresentations of a projector acquainted with the domain assigned to the Duke\\nof York, to believe, that a particular portion of it would form a valuable\\nacquisition to themselves. This person, we are assured by Colonel Nicholls,\\nhad been an unsuccessful applicant for the patent which the Duke had ob-\\ntained, and revenged his disappointment by instigating these courtiers to\\nGrahame s Col. Hist. vol. i. 315.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nstrip him of a most desii able portion of his territory.* But the claims which\\nthe grantees of the duke had upon the royal family, together with the political\\nmotives of colonization, may have been sufficient reasons for the grant of a\\nnewly acquired, and almost unexplored wilderness in America and we in-\\ncline to the opinion, which we think is confirmed by the promptitude with\\nwhich it was made, after the title of the Duke had accrued, that, the transfer\\nto Berkeley and Carteret was an understood consideration of the grant to the\\nDuke. Both were favoured courtiers Berkeley was of the Privy Council,\\nand Carteret, Treasurer of the Navy, and Vice Chamberlain of the royal\\nhousehold.!\\nIII. The cession from the Duke was made by deeds of lease and release,\\ndated, respectively, 23d and 24th June, 1664, and conveyed to the grantees,\\ntheir heirs and assigns, in consideration of a competent sum, That tract of\\nland adjacent to New England, lying westward of Long Island, and Man-\\nhattan Island and bounded on the east, part by the main sea, and part by\\nHudson s river; and hath upon the west, Delaware Bay, or river; and\\nextendeth southward to the main ocean, as far as Cape May, at the mouth of\\nDelaware Bay and to the northward as far as the northernmost branch of\\nthe said bay, or river Delaware, which is in 41\u00c2\u00b0 40 of latitude and\\ncrosses over, thence, in a straight line, to Hudson s river, in 41 degrees of\\nlatitude which said tract of land is hereafter to be called Nova Ccesaria,\\nor New Jersey. The name was given in compliment to Carteret, who\\nhad defended the island of Jersey against the long Parliament, in the civil\\nwar. But the powers of government, which had been expressly granted\\nto the Duke, were not in terms conveyed, though it would seem, that both\\nparties deemed them to have passed by the grant.\\nIV. The first care of the proprietaries was to invite inhabitants to their\\nprovince and their exertions for this purpose, though pursued with more\\neagerness than perseverance, were marked by political sagacity, and held\\nforth those assurances of civil and religious rights which had proven so at-\\ntractive in New England. They prepared a constitution which they pub-\\nlished under the title of The concessions and agreement of the Lords Pro-\\nprietors of New Jersey, to and with all and every of the adventurers, and all\\nsuch as shall settle and plant there. We deem it our duty to give much\\nin detail, the provisions of this instrument; since from it, have sprung, many\\nof the existing institutions of the state.\\nItpi ovided; 1. That the governor of the province should have })ower,\\nwhen occasion required, to appoint a substitute, and to nominate a council, in\\nnumber, not less than six, nor moi-e than twelve, by whose advice he should\\ngovern 2. That the proprietaries or governor should nominate a secretary\\nor register, to record all public affairs, and all grants or leases for more than\\none year, of land, fi om the proprietor, or from man to man the execution\\nof which, should be acknowledged before the governor or a judge; and\\ngiving to such recorded grants, preference to other conveyances 3. That\\nThe name of this individual was Scot. Whether it was he, or another with the\\nsame name, who afterwards pubhshed an account of East New Jersey, we are uncer-\\ntain. Colonel Nichols acquits Berkeley and Carteret of a design to defraud the Duke.\\nBut Carteret did not always enjoy an unspotted reputation. In 16G9 he was expelled\\nthe House of Commons for covfascd accounts as chamberlain. Grahame s Col. Hist.\\nSmith s JViw Jersey.\\nt Clarendon.\\nt The date of this instrument, as given in Scot s model of the province of East\\nNew Jersey, in Smith s History of New Jersey, and in Leaming and Spicer s Collec-\\ntion of State Papers, is lOth February, 1664. This date precedes not only that of the\\ngrant to Berkeley and Carteret, but, also, that of the grant to the Duke of York. The\\ndate is, therefore, erroneous, unless we suppose the instrument was prepared before\\nthe charter from the king", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 25\\na surveyor-general, appointed in the same manner as the secretary, should\\nsurvey the lands granted by the proprietary, and those of individuals when\\nrequested certifying the same for record, to the register 4. That all\\nofficers should swear (and record their oaths) to bear allegiance to the King,\\nto be faithful to the proprietaries, and duly to discharge their respective\\ntrusts; persons subscribing a declaration to like effect without oath, being\\nsubject to the same punishment, as if they had sworn and broken their\\noaths: 5. That all subjects of the King of England, swearing allegiance to\\nthe King and faithfulness to the Lords, might become freemen of the pro-\\nvince: 6. That no person so qualified, should, at any time, be in any way\\nmolested, punished, disquieted, or called in question for any difference in\\nopinion or practice, in matters of religious concernment, who do not actually\\ndisturb the civil peace of the said province but that all persons may freely\\nand fully have and enjoy his and their judgments and consciences in matters\\nof religion, they behaving themselves peaceably and quietly, and not using\\nthis liberty to licentiousness, nor to the civil injury or outward disturbance\\nof others any law, statute, or clause contained, or to be contained, usage\\nor custom of the realm of England, to the contrary thereof, in anywise not-\\nwithstanding 7. As a restraint upon the right of advowson, claimed by\\nthe proprietaries, under their grant, that the Assembly should have power to\\nconstitute and appoint such and so many ministers or preachers as they\\nshall think fit, and to establish their maintenance, giving liberty beside, to\\nany person or persons to keep and maintain what preachers or ministers\\nthey please.\\nThe concessions further provided 8. That, the inhabitants being free-\\nmen, or chief agents to others, should immediately choose twelve repre-\\nsentatives, to unite with the governor and council in making laws; but, so\\nsoon as the proper territorial divisions should be made, that the inhabitants or\\nfreeholders thereof, respectively, should, annually, elect representatives who,\\nwith the governor and council, should form the General Assembly of the\\nprovmce; the governor or his deputy being present, unless he refused, when\\nthe Assembly might appoint a president. The Assembly was to ha-ve power\\nto meet and adjourn at pleasure, and to fix their quorum at not less than one-\\nthird of their number to enact all necessary laws, as near as may be, con-\\nveniently agreeable to the laws and customs of England, and not against\\nthe interest of the Lords Proprietors, nor against these concessions, and\\nparticularly, not repugnant to the article for liberty of conscience such\\nlaws to be in force for one year, unless contradicted by the Lords Proprie-\\ntors within which time to be presented to them for ratification, and being\\nconfirmed, to remain in force until expired by their own limitation, or be\\nrepealed to constitute courts, and all that shall pertain to them to levy\\ntaxes on goods or lands, except such of the latter as were unsettled, belong-\\ning to the Lords Proprietors to erect manors, with their courts and juris-\\ndictions, and to divide the province into such districts as they might think\\nproper: to create ports, and harbours; build castles, incorporate cities,\\ntowns, and boroughs create a military force naturalize foreigners and\\nprescribe the quantity of land to be allotted, from time to time, to every head,\\nfree or servant, within the proportions granted by the concessions to\\nprovide for the maintenance and support of the governor, the necessary\\ncharges of government, and the collection of the Lords rents and lastly,\\nto enact all such other laws, as may be necessary for the prosperity and\\nsettlement of the province, conforming to the limitations expressed in the\\nconcessions.\\nThe governor and council were empowered 9. To see that all courts\\nand officers performed their duties, and to punish infraction of the laws\\nD", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nto nominate and commission the judges and other officers, according to the\\nconstitution of the General Assembly, appointing none but freeholders, ex-\\ncept by assent of Assembly, and their commissions to revoke at pleasure\\nto have charge of all places of defence, and direction and officering of the\\nmilitary force, appointing none but freeholders without assent of the Assem-\\nbly: to reprieve criminals until the pleasure of the Lords, who reserved the\\npower to pardon, was known to issue writs for supplying vacancies in the\\nAssembly and to grant warrants for land. They were required, not to im-\\npose, nor silver to be imposed, any tax upon the province or inhabitants,\\nother than that imposed by the General Assembly to take care, that lands\\nquietly held, seven years after survey by the surveyor-general, should not\\nbe subject to review by the proprietaries, or their agents.\\nAnd that the planting of the province might be the more speedily promoted,\\nit was further provided 10. That, there should be granted to all persons\\nwho had already adventured, or should transport themselves or servants,\\nbefore the 1st Jan. 1665, lands in the following proportions, viz. to every\\nfreeman, going with the first governor, armed with musket, ten pounds of\\npowder and twenty pounds of bullets, with bandeliers and matches conve-\\nnient, and with six months provision, for his own person, arriving there,\\none hundred and fifty acres and like quantity, for every able bodied ser-\\nvant, so armed, whether taken by the master, or sent thither, by him and\\nfor every weaker servant, or slave, male or female, exceeding fourteen years,\\nwhich any one should send or carry, arriving there, seventy-five acres;\\nand to every Christian servant, exceeding such age, seventy-five acres,\\nfor his own use: to the master or mistress going before 1st January, 1665,\\none hundred and twenty acres, and like quantity for an able bodied male\\nservant, taken with, or by, them; and for other servants or slaves, as\\nabove, sixty acres, with sixty acres for the servant s own use, when able, and\\nforty-five acres when of the weaker class. Where the party emigrating\\narrived, from January 1666 to January 1667, armed and provided as afore-\\nsaid, he became entitled, for self and able servant, to sixty acres of land for\\neach, and such servant to like quantity, and weaker servants or slaves, thirty\\nacres each. All lands were to be taken up by warrant, from the governor,\\nand confirmed, after surve)^, by the governor and council, under a seal to be\\nprovided for that purpose. All lands were to be divided by general lot, none\\nless than two thousand one hundred, nor more than twenty-one thousand,\\nacres, except cities, towns, c., and the near lots of townships; and of such\\nlots, towns, c., one seventh, was reserved, by lot, for the proprietaries.\\nConvenient portions of land were to be given, for highways and streets, not\\nexceeding one hundred feet in breadth, in cities, towns and villages; for\\nchurches, forts, wharves, keys and harbours, and for public houses and to\\neach parish for the use of their minister, two hundred acres, in such place\\nas the General Assembly might appoint. A penny, or half penny, per acre,\\naccording to the quality of the land, was reserved to the proprietaries, an-\\nnually, as quit rent.\\nV. Such was the first constitution of New Jersey, almost as democratic as\\nthe one she enjoys and certainly a greater safeguard of her liberties, since\\nthis was, truly, a constitution, an unalterable paramount law, prescribing and\\nregulating the duties and powers, of the agents of the government, whether\\nlegislative, executive, or judicial whilst all the provisions of the instrument\\nof 1776, save three, are placed at the will of the legislature. What more\\nwas necessary, save the perpetuity of the laws, to assure to the people, all\\nthe blessings of political union? No laws were in force, save for one year,\\nwithout the assent of the Lords Proprietors. But, laws which did not in-\\nfringe their interests, would, commonly, receive their assent; and when it", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 27\\nwas refused, at the worst, the Assembly was compelled to re-enact such\\nlaws, annually. It was, indeed, a singular competition, which these pi o-\\nprietary governments produced, in which despotic sovereigns, and specula-\\ntive legislators, were compelled, by interest, to vie with each other, in the\\nproduction of models of liberty, and in offering to their subjects, the most\\neffectual securities against arbitrary government. The competition was,\\nthe noble, though compulsory sacrifice to the great and divine principle,\\nthat man, in the aggregate, is competent to promote his own happiness.\\nVI. Upon the conquest of New Netherlands, Col. Nicholls assumed the\\nadministration of the whole territory, as governor for the Duke of York.\\nWhile yet unacquainted with the grant to Berkeley and Carteret, he formed\\nthe design of colonizing the district which they had acquired and for this\\npurpose, granted licenses to various persons, to make purchases of lands\\nfrom the aboriginal inhabitants a measure, however wise in its conception,\\nfraught, ultimately, with perplexing consequences to the Duke s grantees,\\nby the creation of a pretence for an adverse title. Three small townships\\nwere speedily formed, in the eastern part of the territory, by emigrants,\\nchiefly, from Long Island, who laid the foundation of Elizabethtown, Wood-\\nbridge, and Piscataway and Nicholls, who entertained a very favourable\\nopinion of this region, bestowed on it the name of Albania, in commemora-\\ntion of one of the titles of his master.* It is uncertain, whether Middletown\\nand Shrewsbury had not been previously settled by Dutch and English.\\nAbout this time, however, many respectable farmers, comprising almost all\\nthe inhabitants from the west end of Long Island, removed to the neighbour-\\nhood of Middletown and to Shrewsbury, there came many families from\\nNew England. t\\nSmith s N. J. Grahame s Col. Hist.\\nt The petitioners for the Elizabethtown tract, 26th Sept. 16G4, were John Bailey,\\nDaniel Denton, Thomas Benydick, Nathaniel Denton, John Foster, and Luke Watson.\\nTlie parties to the deed, from the Indians, dated 28th Oct. 16G4, are Mattano, Mana-\\nwarne, and Conascomon, of Staten Island, and John Bailey, Daniel Denton, and Luke\\nWatson: the tract conveyed, is described, as one parcel of land, bounded on the\\nsouth, by a river, commonly called the Raritan, and on the east, by the river which\\nparts Staten Island and the main, and to run northward up Arthur Cull Bay, till we\\ncome to the first river, which sets westward out of the river aforesaid; and to run\\nwestward, into the country, twice the length that it is broad, from the north to the\\nsouth, of the aforementioned bounds. The consideration given for this broad tract,\\nwas twenty fathom of trading cloth, two made coats, two guns, two kettles, ten bars\\nof lead, twenty handfuls of powder, and four hundred fathoms of white, or two hun-\\ndred of black, wampum, payable in one year from the day of entry, by the grantees,\\nupon the lands. The whole valued at thirty-six pounds and fourteen shillings sterling.\\nOne of the grantors attests the conveyance, perhaps the first Indian grant made with\\ntechnical form, by a mark opposite to his name. This, subsequently, became the\\ncommon mode of signature and the illiterate sons of the American forest, like the\\nunlettered noble of the European feudal states, adopted as a sign manual, occasionally,\\nthe picture of a bird, or oiher object, that captivated his fancy. Mattano was the\\nonly grantor who signed, and his mark was v..x,v^.- or waved line; and, unfortu-\\nnately for his business character, he had executed a deed, for the same lands, to Au-\\ngustus Herman, already mentioned. The grant, however, is duly confirmed, probably,\\nin entire ignorance of preceding events, by governor Nicholls. t The wampum was\\nthe current money of the Indian tribes, the precious material of which their orna-\\nments were made, and the sacred sanction of their contracts, public and private. The\\nname is derived from an Indian word, meaning mjwc/c. It was called by the Dutch,\\nseicant. It was worked from shells into the form of beads, and perforated, to string\\non leather. Six beads were formerly valued at a stiver, twenty stivers made a guilder,\\nGd. currency, or 4d. sterling. The white was fabricated from the inside of the great\\nconchs, the black or purple, from the clam or muscle shell. Several strings, increased\\nin number with the importance of the occasion, formed the belt of wampum. Before\\nSee Elizabethtown Bill in Chancery.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "28 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nBut the hope, which Nicholls had conceived, of rendering the district a\\nvaluable appendage of the Duke s possessions, was destroyed by intelligence\\nof the grant to its new proprietaries. He remonstrated, with his master, on\\nthe impolicy of thus multiplying statistical divisions, and disjointing, from\\nhis own province, a portion distinguished for the fertility of its soil, the com-\\nmodiousness of its rivers, and the richness of its minerals and while he\\nurged the Duke, to revoke a grant, so prejudicial to his interests, he pre-\\ndicted, truly, that the attempt of his grantees, to colonize the vacant terri-\\ntory, would disapi)oint their expectations of profit, and involve them in\\nexpenses, of which their remote posterity, only, could hope to gather the\\nfruits.*\\nVII. Whatever effect this remonstrance may have had upon the Duke, it\\nwas too late to revoke the grant; and Nicholls was compelled to surrender\\nthe government of New Jersej to Philip Carteret, who arrived with a com-\\npany of thirty settlers, from England, and established themselves at Eliza-\\nbethtown, regarded as the capital of the infant province. At this period,\\nhowever, there were only four houses here, and the name was given by him\\nin honour of Lady Elizabeth Carteret.:}: Soon after his arrival, he despatch-\\ned emissaries to New England, and other adjacent colonies, to make known\\nthe proprietaries concessions, and to invite settlers whose efforts were\\nattended with extraordinary success. Among those who came on this in-\\nvitation, were the founders of Newark, who, in consequence of the inability\\nof the governor, to pay the consideration required by the Indians, took, by\\nhis license, an Indian title, which was afterwards vexatiously set up against\\nthat of the proprietaries.\\nIt was the happy peculiarity in the lot of these colonists, that establishing\\nthemselves in the vicinity of countries already cultivated, they escaped the\\ndisasters and privations which had afflicted so severely, the first inhabitants\\nof most of the other provinces. Their neighbourhood to the commex ce of\\nNew York was considered highly advantageous during the infancy of their\\nsettlement though, in process of time, it was less favourably regai ded, as\\npreventing the rise of a domestic mart, which might give more effectual\\nencouragement to their trade. Like the other colonists of North America,\\nthey enjoyed the advantage of transporting the arts, and habits of industry,\\nfrom an old country, where they had been carried to high perfection, into a\\nnew land, which afforded them more liberal encouragement, and more unre-\\nstricted scope. Their exertions for raising cattle and grain were speedily\\nand amply rewarded, by a grateflil soil; and their friendly relations with\\nthe Indians enabled them to prosecute their labours, in undisturbed tranquil-\\nlity, and to add to them a beneficial trafhc, in peltry, with the roving tribes,\\nby which the adjacent forests were inhabited. Their connexion with New\\nYork, also, gave them the advantage of the alliance, which subsisted between\\nthat colony, and the powerful confederacy of the Five Nations, whose influ-\\nence extending to all the tribes of the new settlement, procured its inhabi-\\ntants entire exemption from Indian war. Recommended by the salubrity of\\nthe climate, as by its many other advantages, it is not surprising that New\\nJersey was soon celebrated by the early writers, with higher commendations\\nthe advent of the Europeans, the Indians made their strings and belts, of small pieces\\nof wood, stained black or white. For want of proper tools, few were made of sheik,\\nthough highly valued. But the Europeans soon manufactured them of the latter ma-\\nterial, neatly and abundantly. The value of this Indian money, was raised by pro-\\nclamation, in 1673, from the governor and council of New York, commanding that,\\ninstead of eight white and four black, six white and three black, should pass for a\\nstiver, and three times so much, the value in silver. Neio York Records.\\nGrahame s Col. Hist. t August, 1665. Elizabethtown Bill.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 29\\nthan any other of the colonies. The proprietaries, stimulated by the hope of\\na rich revenue, industriously proclaimed its advantages in Europe and Ame-\\nrica, and, from time to time, despatched from England, vessels freighted\\nwith settlers, and stores, to reinforce the numbers, and supply the wants of\\ntheir people.\\nVIII. But the period to which they had looked, for the fruition of their\\nhopes, demonstrated their fallacy and the peace of the province was un-\\nhappily interrupted by the arrival of the day fixed for the payment of the\\nproprietary quit rents. The first demand of this tribute excited universal\\ndisgust among the colonists, who expressed greater unwillingness, than in-\\nability, to comply with it. A party among them, including the few settlers\\nwho had seated themselves under the authority of Colonel NichoUs, refused\\nto acknowledge the title of the proprietaries, and in opposition to it, set up\\nthe Indian title, which we have already noticed, and also, the right of\\ngovernment within the tract, thus conveyed to them. And the better to sup-\\nport this pretence, they prevailed on James Carteret, a weak and dissolute\\nnatural son of Sir George, to assume the government, as by their election,\\nand under an alleged proprietary title, which, he asserted, he was not obliged\\nto show.* For two years, the governor, Philip Carteret, maintained an in-\\neffectual struggle, to enforce the claims of his employers until, at length,\\nthe popular discontent broke forth into insurrection his officers were im-\\nprisoned, their estates confiscated and he was compelled to fly from the\\nprovince, and to seek redress in England, leaving John Berry, as deputy\\nGovernor, and James Bollen, Secretary of the Province.f His return, with\\nstrengthened authority, was retarded by the unexpected events of the follow-\\ning year, when New York, being reconquered by Holland, New Jersey was\\nagain united to the province of New Netherlands.\\nIX. The second war with Holland, most wantonly and unjustly provoked\\nby the dissolute Charles, in subserviency to the ambition of Louis XIV., was\\ndeclared, March 17th, 1672. A small squadron despatched from Holland,\\nunder the command of Binkes and Evertzen, to destroy the commerce of the\\nEnglish colonics, having performed that service, with great effect on the\\nVirginia coast, was induced to attempt a more important enterprise, by in-\\ntelligence of the negligent security of the Governor of New York. The\\nDutch had the good fortune to arrive before this, their ancient seat, while\\nLovelace, the Governor, was absent, and the command was exercised by\\nCaptain Maiming, who, by his own subsequent avowal, and the more credible\\ntestimony of his conduct, was a traitor and a coward. Now was reversed\\nthe scene, which had been presented on the invasion by Nicholls. The\\nEnglish inhabitants prepared to defend themselves, and offered their assist-\\nance to Manning but he obstructed their preparations, rejected their aid,\\nand on the first intelligence of the enemy s approach, struck his flag, even\\nbefore their vessels were in sight. As the fleet advanced, the gamson de-\\nmonstrated their readiness to fight, but in a transport of fear, he forbade a\\ngun to be fired, under pain of death, and surrendered the place, uncondition-\\nally, to the invaders. After this extraordinary and unaccountable conduct,\\nManning had the impudence to repair to England, whence, he returned, in\\nthe following year, after the province had been given up, by the Dutch. He\\nwas tried, by a court martial, on a charge of treachery and cowardice, ex-\\npressed in the most revolting terms; which, confessing to be true, he re-\\nceived a sentence almost as extraordinary as his conduct; that, though\\nhe deserved death, yet, because he had, since the surrender, been in England,\\nand seen the King and the Duke, it was adjudged that his sword should be\\n1670. t 1672.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "30 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nbroken over his head, in public, before the city hall and himself rendered\\nincapable of wearing a sword, and of serving his majesty for the future, in\\nany public trust. The old maxim, that, grace was disi)ensed by the mere\\nlook of a king, was respected on this occasion. The Dutcli commanders, in\\ntheir triumph, imitated the moderation and prudence of NichoUs; and assur-\\ning the citizens of their rights and possessions, gratified the Dutch colonists,\\nand left the English cause of complaint, only against their pusillanimous\\ncommander. Like moderation being tendered to the other districts of the\\nprovince, on condition of sending deputies, to swear allegiance to the\\nStates-General, induced the whole to submit.f The Dutch dominion was\\nrestored more suddenly than it had been overthrown, and the name of\\nNew Netherlands was once more revived but was not destined to long\\nendurance.\\nGreat consternation prevailed in the adjoining English colonies. The\\ngovernment of Connecticut, with apparent simplicity, that ludicrously con-\\ntrasts with the ordinary astutia of her people, sent a deputation to the Dutch\\nadmirals, to x-emonstrate against their usurpation of dominion, over the terri-\\ntory of England, and the property of her subjects; to desire them to explain\\nthe meaning of their conduct, and their further intentions, and to warn them,\\nthat the united colonies of New England, entrusted with the defence of their\\nsovereign dominions, in America, would be faithful to their trust. The\\nDutch commanders, as they well might, expressed surprise at the terms of\\nthis message, but declared, that commissioned by their country, to assail her\\nenemies, whilst they applauded the fidelity of the English, to their sovereign,\\nthey would imitate the good example, and endeavour to prove equally faith-\\nful to the States-General. Active preparations for war, were, forthwith,\\nmade by Connecticut, and the confederate colonies; but, as each party\\nstood on the defensive, only a few insignificant skirmishes took place,\\nbefore winter suspended military operations. Early in the following spring,\\nthe controversy was terminated, without further bloodshed, by the treaty\\nof peace, concluded at London, and the restoration of New York, to the\\nEnglish.:]:\\nX. Doubts had been raised, as to the validity of the Duke of York s title,\\nbecause granted whilst the Dutch were in full and peaceful possession of the\\ncountry and which, though originally good, seemed to have been impaired\\nby the subsequent conquest. The Duke deemed it prudent to remedy this\\ndefect, and to signalize the resumption of his proprietary functions, by a new\\npatent. Another cause, however, may have contributed to this measure.\\nHe probably, supposed, that it would afford him an opportunity of dispensing\\nwith his grant, to Berkeley and Carteret. It was pretended, that the Dutch\\nconquest, had extinguished the proprietary rights, and that the country had\\nbeen acquired, de novo, to the crown. A new charter recited the former\\ngrant, and confirmed to him the whole which that had covered. The mis-\\nfortune, and evident incapacity of Lovelace, precluded his re-appointment to\\nthe office of governor, which was conferred on Edmund Andross, who dis-\\ngraced his superior talents, by the unprincipled zeal and activity, with which\\nhe devoted them to the arbitrary designs of his master.\\nIn him, and his council, were vested all the functions of government,\\nlegislative and executive, and their power was extended over New Jersey.\\nIt seems, however, that the Duke wanted either resolution or authority, to\\neffectuate his iniquitous intentions; for, on the application of Sir George Car-\\nteret, he promised the renewal of his charter, which, after some delay and\\nhesitation, he performed. Previous to this second grant, it would seem, that\\nSmith s New York. t July, 1673. 28th February, 1674.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 31\\nLord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, had agreed upon a partition of the\\nprovince, since the country described therein, was bounded, on the south-\\nwest, by a Une drawn from Barnagat Creek to the Rancocus. But, though\\nhe finally consented to restore New Jersey, he endeavoured to evade the\\nfull performance of his engagement, pretending to have reserved certain\\nrights of sovereignty over it, which Andross seized every opportunity of\\nasserting.\\nXI. In the commencement of the year 1675, Philip Carteret returned to\\nNew Jersey, and resumed the government of the settlements, in the eastern\\npart of the province. The inhabitants, who had experienced the rigours of\\nconquest, and the arbitrary rule of Andross, readily received him; and as\\nhe postponed the payment of their quit rents, to a future day, and published\\na new set of concessions,^ by Sir George Carteret, a peaceable subordina-\\ntion was once more established in the colony. These new concessions,\\nhowever, restricted the broad grant of political freedom, originally framed,\\nby giving to the governor and council, the power of naturalization, the right\\nto approve such ministers as might be chosen by the several corporations,\\nand to establish their maintenance granting liberty, however, to all per-\\nsons, to keep and maintain what preachers they pleased. They authorized\\nthe governor, also, to appoint the times and places of meeting of the General\\nAssembly, and to adjourn them at pleasure, and to separate the counsellors\\nand delegates into two chambers.*\\nXII. Yet, the only disquiet, during several years, arose from the efforts\\nof Andross, from time to time, to enforce the unjust pretensions of the Duke.\\nGovernor Carteret, in hope of procuring to his people, a share of the advan-\\ntages, which the neighbouring colony derived from her commerce, attempted\\nto establish a direct trade between England and New Jersey. But Andross\\nearnestly opposed this proper measure, as one injurious to New York and\\nby confiscating vessels engaged in such trade, extinguished the New Jersey\\ncommercial enterprise in its infancy. In addition to this outrage, he endea-\\nvoured, by various exactions, to render the colonists tributary to his govern-\\nment; and even had the insolence, by a force despatched to Elizabethtown,\\nto arrest governor Carteret, and convey him prisoner to New York. When\\ncomplaints of these proceedings were made to the Duke, he evinced the same\\nindecision and duplicity, that had characterized all his recent conduct. He\\ncould not, he said, consent to depart from a prerogative which had always\\nbelonged to him; yet, he directed the relaxation of its exercise, as a matter\\nof favour to his friend, Sir George Carteret.f But the province had now\\nbeen divided into two proprietary jurisdictions and it was in the western\\npart, where Carteret had ceased to have an interest, that the Duke most exer-\\ncised his prerogative. The circumstances which attended this pai tition,\\nare not the least interesting of the provincial histoiy of the state.\\nLearning and Spicer s Col.\\nt Douglas ii. 272. S. Smith 68, 77. Chalmers, GIG, 618. Smith s N. Y. 45.\\nGrahame s Col. Hist.", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "32 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nFrom the Division of the Province, into East and West Jersey, to the\\nPurchase of East Jersey, hy Quakers.\\nI. Motives of the Quakers for Emigration. II. Sale of Lord Berkeley, to Byllinge\\nand Fenwicke. III. Assignment of West Jersey to William Penn, and others\\nin Trust, for the Creditors of Byllinge. IV. Concessions, or Constitution of\\nWest Jersey. V. Measures of the Proprietaries to promote Colonization. VI.\\nCommissioners appointed to Administer the Government of West Jersey their\\nProceedings. VII. Increase of Emigrants Success of their Efforts. VIII.\\nDeath of Sir George Carteret Successful Efforts of the Colonists, to procure\\nRelief, from the Jurisdiction of New York. IX. Extraordinary Pretensions of\\nByllinge. X. Resisted by the Proprietaries, in General Assembly Samuel\\nJennings elected Governor Proceeds to England, as Deputy of the Assem-\\nbly The Right of Government, purchased by Doctor Daniel Coxe, and subse-\\nquently transferred to the West Jersey Society. XII. Meeting of the First\\nAssembly Proceedings. XIII. Modification of the Law, relating to Religious\\nFaith. XIV. Death of Carteret his Disposition of East Jersey. XV. Troubles\\nat the. Close of the Administration of Philip Carteret. XVI. Review of the\\nPolicy of the Proprietary Governments. XVII. Comparison between the Laws\\nof East and West Jersey.\\nI. Soon after the restoration of Charles II., the Quakers became objects\\nof suspicion and dread, to his government, from a mistaken supposition,\\nthat, like the Fifth Monarchy men, or Millenarians, they held themselves\\nentitled to overthrow, even by force, every temporal authority, which ob-\\nstructed the advent of their cherished spiritual dominion. This suspicion\\nwas increased by the insurrection of the Millenarians, in the first year of the\\nrestored monarchy; and the refusal of the Quakers to give assurance of\\nfidelity to the king, by taking the oath of allegiance. In consequence of this\\nerror, they were assailed witli a rigour and reality of persecution, which\\nhitherto they had never experienced, in England. They were, first, in-\\ncluded with the Millenarians, in a royal proclamation, forbidding either, to\\nassemble under pretence of worship, elsewhere, than in the parochial church-\\nes but were soon afterwards, distinguished by the provisions of an act of\\nparliament, that applied exclusively to them.selves.* This statute enacted,\\nthat all Quakers refusing to take the oath of allegiance, and assembling to\\nthe number of five persons, above sixteen years of age, should, for the first\\nand second offences, incur the penalty of fine, and imprisonment; and for\\nthe third, skould cither abjure the realm, or be transported beyond it. Nay,\\nso cordial was the dislike entertained by the court, against them, that, in-\\nstead of using their complaints as cause of quarrel, v/ith the obnoxious pro-\\nvince of Massachusetts, the enmity in this province against the Quakers,\\nwas sustained and the authorities there, were invited to a repetition of the\\nseverities, which had been, at one time, prohibited. We cannot be under-\\nstood, said the king s letter of 1662, after urging general toleration, hereby,\\nto direct or wish, that any indulgence should be granted to Quakers, whose\\nprinciples, being inconsistent with any kind of government, we have found it\\nneces.sary, with the advice of our parliament here, to make a sharp law\\nagainst them and are well content, that you do the like, there.\\nThese unfavourable and erroneous sentiments, it is true, were shortly\\nafter exchanged by the king, for a more just estimate of Quaker principles.\\nBut, the alteration in his sentiments, produced no relaxation of the legal\\nGrahame s Col. Hist. vol. ii. p. 332.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 33\\nseverities to which the Quakers were subjected and was attended with no\\nother consequence, than a famihar and apparently confidential intercourse,\\nbetween him, and some of their more eminent leaders, together with many-\\nexpressions of regard and good will, on his part, which he was unwilling or\\nunable to substantiate. In the persecution, now commenced against all\\nclasses of dissenters, the Quakers were exposed to a more than equal share\\nof severity, from the unbending zeal, with which they refused to conform,\\neven in appearance, to any one of the obnoxious requisitions, and the eager-\\nness with which they seized every opportunity of manifesting their forbidden\\npractices, and signifying their peculiar gifts of patient suffering, and untiring\\nperseverance. In every part of England, they were hai-assed with fine and\\nimprisonment, and great numbers were transported to Barbadoes, and to the\\nAmerican settlements;* where, they formed a valuable addition to the\\nEnglish population, and quickly discovered, that their persecutors, in expell-\\ning them from their native land, had, unconsciously, contributed to ame-\\nliorate their condition. Instead of the wild enthusiasts who had rushed\\nwith headlong zeal to New England, in quest of persecution, there was now\\nintroduced into America, a numerous body, of wiser and milder, professors\\nof Quakerism, whose views were confmed to the enjoyment of that liberty of\\nworship, for the sake of which, they had been driven into exile.\\nIn several of the American provinces, as in the island of Barbadoes, they\\nexperienced full toleration, and friendly r ception from the governments,\\nand inhaliitants; and, even in those provinces, where they were still objects\\nof suspicion and severity, they rendered their principles less unpopular, by\\ndemonstrating with what useful industry, and peaceful virtue, they might be\\ncombined. Contented with the toleration of their worship, and diligently\\nimproving the advantages of their new lot, many of the exiles obtained,\\nin a few years, to plentiful and prosperous estates and so willing were they\\nto reconcile their tenets, with existing institutions of the countries, in which\\nthey were established, that they united in the purchase and employment of\\nnegro slaves. Perhaps, the deceitfulness of the human heart, was never\\nmore strikingly exhibited, than in this monstrous association of the charac-\\nters of exiles, for conscience sake, and the principles of luiiversal peace and\\nphilanthropy, with the condition of slave owners and the exercise of arbi-\\ntrary power. Yet, in process of time, much good was educed from this\\nevil and the inconsistency of one generation of Quakers, enabled their suc-\\ncessors, to exhibit to the world, a memorable example of disinterested re-\\ngard, for the rights of human nature, and a magnanimous sacrifice to the\\nrequirements of piety and justice.\\nThe principles of the sect continued, meanwhile, to propagate themselves,\\nin Britain, to an extent, that more than supplied the losses occasioned by the\\nbanishment of their professors. Almost all the other sects had suffered an\\nabatement of piety and reputation, from the furious disputes, and vindictive\\nstruggles, that attended the civil wars; and while the Quakers were exempted\\nfrom this reproach, they were no less advantageously distinguished, by a\\nseverity of persecution, which enabled them to display, in an eminent de-\\ngree, the primitive graces of Christian character. It was, now, that their\\ncause was espoused, and their doctrines defended, by writers, who yielded\\nto none of their contemporaries, in learning, eloquence, or ingenuity, and\\nwho have not been equalled, nor even approached, by any succeeding\\nQuaker authors. The doctrines that had floated, loosely, through the\\nIn one vessel alone, which was despatched from England, in March, 1664, sixty\\nQuaker convicts, were shipped, for America. Williamson s North Carolina, i. 82.\\nt Grahame s Col. Hist.\\nE", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "34 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nQuaker society, were collected and reduced to an orderly system the disci-\\npline necessary to preserve from anarchy, and restrain the fantastic sallies,\\nwhich the genuine principle of Quakerism, is peculiarly apt to beget, was\\nexplained and enforced and in the midst of a persecution that drove many\\nof the Presbyterians of Scotland to despair and rebellion, the Quakers began\\nto add to their zeal and resolution, that mildness of address and tranquil\\npropriety of thought, by which they are universally characterized. Yet,\\nit was long before the wild and enthusiastic spirit, which had distinguished\\nthe rise of the society, was banished entirely from its bosom and while it\\ncontinued, a considerable diversity of sentiment and language, prevailed\\namong the brethren. This diversity was manifest, particularly, in the senti-\\nments entertained relative to the duty of confronting persecution. While all\\nconsidered it unlawful to forsake their ordinances, on account of the prohi-\\nbition of their oppressors, many held it, a dereliction of duty, to abandon\\ntheir country, lor the sake of their enjoyment in a foreign land. Consider-\\ning Quakerism as a revival of primitive Christianity, and themselves as fated\\nto repeat the fortunes of the first Christians, and to gain the victory over the\\nworld, by evincing the fortitude of martyrs, they had associated the success\\nof their cause with the infliction and endurance of persecution, and deemed\\nretreat, to be flight from the contest between truth and error. The promul-\\ngation, rather than the toleration, of their principles, seemed their great\\nobject; and their success was incomplete, without the downfall of the esta-\\nblished hierarchy. But others of more moderate temper, though willing to\\nsustain the character of the primitive Christian, believed it not inconsistent\\nwith the exercise of that liberty, expressly given to the apostles, when per-\\nsecuted in one city, to flee to another. Disturbed in their religious assem-\\nblies, harassed and impoverished by fines and imprisonments, and withal,\\ncontinually exposed to violent removal from their native land, they were led\\nto meditate the advantages of voluntary expatriation with their families and\\nsubstance; and, naturally, to cast their eyes on that country, which, not-\\nwithstanding the severities once inflicted on their brethren, in some of its\\nprovinces, had always presented an asylum to the victims of persecution.\\nTheir regards were further directed to this quarter, by the number of their\\nfellow sectaries, who were now established in several of the North American\\nstates, and the freedom, comfort, and tranquillity, which they were there ena-\\nbled to enjoy. f\\nII. Such was the situation of the Quakers when Lord Berkeley, alarmed\\nby the insubordination of the planters of New Jersey, and dissatisfied with\\nthe pecuniary prospects of his adventure in colonization, offered his share of\\nhis province for sale. He soon received the otfer of a price, that was satis-\\nfactory, from two English Quakers, John Fenwicke and Edward Byllinge\\nand on the 18th March, 1673, in consideration of one thousand pounds, con-\\nveyed his interest in the province, to the first, in trust for the other. A dis-\\npute arising between these parties, respecting their proportions of interest to\\navoid the scandal of a law suit, it was submitted to William Penn, who now\\nheld a conspicuous place in the society of Friends. With some diffi-\\nculty, he succeeded in making an award satisfactory to both parties. Fen-\\nwicke, in 1675, sailed from London, for the new purchase, in the ship Grif-\\nSee Appendix, C.\\nt Gough and Sewell s History of the Quakers, vol. i. chap. 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8, vol. ii.\\nchap. 4. Neal s History of the Puritans, vol. iv. Grahame s Col. Hist. From the\\nlast work I have drawn, principally, the preceding viev/ of the Quaker motives for\\nemigration. It has, however, suffered such modification, in my hands, as to render\\nme responsible for it.", "height": "3339", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 35\\nfith, with his family and several Quaker associates.* This was the first\\nEnglish vessel that came to New Jersey with emigrants. After a prospe-\\nrous voyage, she landed her freight, at a rich and pleasant spot on a branch\\nof the Delaware, to which Fenwicke, on account, probably, of its peaceable\\naspect, gave the name of Salem.\\nIII. Further, immediate, efforts, at colonization, were prevented b}^ the\\ncommercial embarrassments of Byllinge, who had sustained such losses, in\\ntrade, as rendered it necessary for him to assign his property for the indem-\\nnification of his creditors, with a resulting trust, in whatever balance there\\nmight be, for himself. Penn, unwillingly, at the solicitation of some of the\\ncreditors, became joint assignee, with Gawn Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas,\\n(Quakers and creditors) of Eyllinge s interest, in New Jersey. These trus-\\ntees, under the pressure of circumstances, sold a considerable number of\\nshares, of the undivided moiety, to different purchasers, who, thereby, be-\\ncame proprietaries, in common, with them.\\nIV. As all men, when, now, emigrating to America, sought, not only re-\\nligious and civil freedom, but, also, the security which these could receive in\\nthe form of permanent records or constitutions, the proprietaries of West\\nNew Jersey, published their \u00e2\u0080\u00a2concessions, comprising many of the provi-\\nsions of the instrument formed by Berkeley and Carteret, together with others,\\noriginating with themselves. The management of the estate and affairs of\\nthe province, was committed to the commissioners, appointed by the proprie-\\ntaries, with power to divide and sell the lands, to lay out towns, and, gene-\\nrally, to govern the province according to the concessions, until March,\\n1680; at which time, and thence, annually, ten commissioners were to be\\nelected by the people, until a General Assembly should be chosen. The\\nterritory was to be divided into one hundred lots, or proprietaries, ten of\\nwhich, to be assigned to Fenwicke, and the remainder to the assignees of\\nByllinge; and the hundred proprietaries were to be divided into ten divi-\\nsions or tribes, and the inhabitants of each, were empowered to elect a com-\\nmissioner; and, for the avoidance of noise and confusion, all elections were\\ndirected to be by ballot. Lands were given to settlers upon principles analo-\\ngous to those adopted in the concessions of Berkeley and Carteret.\\nThe instrument then sets forth, the charter or fundamental laws, and de-\\nclares, that, they shall be the foundation of the government, not to be altered\\nby the legislative authority: that every member of the Assembly, who shall,\\ndesignedly, wilfully, and maliciously move anything subversive of such con-\\nstitution, on proof, by seven honest and reputable persons, shall be proceeded\\nagainst, as a traitor to the government that, such constitution should be\\nrecorded, in a fair table, at the Assembly house, and read at the commence-\\nment and dissolution of every Assembly, and be, also, written in fair tables\\nin every common hall of justice, and read, in solemn manner, four times\\nevery year, in presence of the people, by the magistrates: that, as no men,\\nnor number of men, upon earth, had power to rule over men s consciences,\\nno one should, at any time, be called in question, or hurt in person, privilege,\\nor estate, for the sake of his opinion, judgment, faith, or worship, towards\\nGod, in matters of religion that, no inhabitant should be deprived of life,\\nlimb, liberty, privilege, or estate, without due trial and judgment, passed by\\ntwelve good and lawful men of his neighbourhood and in all trials, the\\nThere came passengers, with Fenwicke, Edward Champness, Edward Wade,\\nSamuel Wade, John Smith and wife, Samuel Nicholls, Richard Guj Richard Noble,\\nRichard Hancock, John Pledger, Hypolite Lefever, and John Matlock. These, and\\nothers with them, were masters of families. Among the servants of Fenwicke, were\\nJohn Adams and Samuel Hedge, who, subsequently, married his daughters. Smith", "height": "3351", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "36 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\naccused might peremptory challenge thirty-five jurors, and for cause shown,\\nthe whole array that, in civil cases, no inhabitant of the province should\\nbe arrested, until after summons and default of appearance; and imprison-\\nment for debt, on surrender of the property of the debtor was prohibited\\nthat, every court should consist of three justices or commissioners, who,\\nsitting with the jury, should assist them in matters of law, but should pro-\\nnounce such judgment, only, as the jury should give; to whom, only, the\\nright of judgment belonged, in all causes civil and criminal and should the\\ncommissioners refuse, then judgment to be pronounced by one of the jury that,\\nin all causes, civil and criminal, proof should be made by the solemn and\\nplain averment of, at least, two honest and reputable persons and perjury, in\\ncivil causes, was punishable by the penalty the one witnessed against might\\nsuffer, and in criminal cases, by fine, disqualification from giving evidence,\\nand from holding otHce that, in criminal cases, not felonious, the injured\\nparty might compound the offence before, or remit the penalty after, judg-\\nment: that, theft should be punished, by twofold restitution, and for lack of\\nmeans, by the labour of the offender, until such restitution should be made,\\nor as twelve men of the neighbourhood should determine, not extending to\\nlife or limb and that breach of the peace, should be punished according to\\nthe nature of the offence, at the discretion of twelve men of the neighbour-\\nhood, appointed by the commissioners.\\nMuch providence was displayed in the care of the estates of decedents.\\nWills were to be registered, and inventories filed, and security given, by\\nexecutors, before administration. In case of intestacy, like provision was\\nmade in regard to administrators and to secure two parts of the estate,\\nfor the children, and one-third to the wife; and if there were no child, half\\nto the next of kin, and half to the wife and guardians were appointed, of\\nthe persons and estates, by the commissioners. Where parents died, leaving\\nchildren and no estates, the commissioners were to appoint persons to\\ntake care for the children, to bring them up at the charge of the public stock\\nof the province, or a tax to be levied by twelve men of the neighbourhood.\\nNo forfeiture was incurred, by suicide, or by way of deodand; and in cases\\nof murder and treason, the sentence, and way of execution thereof, was lefi\\nto the General Assembly to determine, as they, in the wisdom of the Lord,\\nshould judge meet.\\nAs soon as the divisions or tribes, or such like distinctions should be\\nmade, the inhabitants, on the first of October, yearly, were to elect one pro-\\nprietor or freeholder, for each proprietary, to be deputies, trustees, or\\nrepresentatives, for the benefit, service, and behoof of the people and whose\\nnumber was a hundred, corresponding to the number of the proprietaries.\\nProvision was made for the purity of elections, which were not to be deter-\\nmined by the common and confused way of cries and voices but by putting\\nballs in balloting boxes, for the prevention of all partiality, and whereby\\nevery man might freely choose, according to his own judgment and honest\\nintention. This supreme legislature was empowered, to meet and adjourn\\nwithin the year, at pleasure to fix the quorum for business, at not less than\\none-half of the whole, and the votes of two-thirds of the quorum were re-\\nquired for determination. The question frequently agitated, relative to the\\nobligation of the representative, to obey the instructions of his constituents,\\nwas, here, fully decided. He was holden, justly, to be their deputy or agent\\nand they were required, at his election, to give him their instructions at large,\\nand he, to enter into indenture, under hand and seal, covenanting and oblig-\\ning himself, in that capacity, to do nothing, but what should tend to the fit\\nservice and behoof of those that sent and employed him and on failure of\\ntrust, or breach of covenant, he might be questioned in that or the next", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 37\\nAssembly, by any of his electors; And further, each member was allowed\\none shilling, per day, payable by his constituents, not in compensation of his\\nservices, but that he might be known, as the servant of the people. The\\nAssembly was, also, authorized, to constitute and appoint, ten commissioners\\nof estate, for managing the affairs of the province, during the adjournments,\\nand dissolution of the General Assembly To enact all laws for the well-\\ngovernment of the province To constitute all courts, together with the limits,\\npower and jurisdiction thereof: To appoint the judges for such time as they\\nmay deem meet, not more than two years, their salaries, fees, and appella-\\ntions To appoint commissioners of the public seals, treasurers, and chief-\\njustices, embassadors, and collectors. But the justices of the peace, and\\nconstables, were to be chosen by the people.*\\nThe faults of this system of government are radical and glaring. A\\nmany-headed executive, possessing a temporary, and reflected portion only,\\nof political power, necessarily engendered jealousy, division and favouritism\\nand distracted councils, produced contempt and disobedience. The legisla-\\nture, composed of one house, was exposed to the evils of precipitation and\\nchoosing from itself the executive, and the greater proportion of the officers\\nof the commonwealth, to intrigue and corruption. Courts, without perma-\\nnent judges with juries, determining, in all cases, the law, as well as the\\nfact, would disi egard the established rules of jurisprudence, and produce\\nuncertainty in the administration of justice; whilst the limited tenure of\\noffice, made incumbents unskilful and rapacious. Yet, this instrument con-\\ntained many excellencies, and revealed principles of political science, which\\nthe enlightened philosophy of the present age, has not yet fully developed.\\nThus, the most entire liberty of conscience, was established and the politi-\\ncal power was emphatically in the people, who were absolutely free to pursue\\ntheir own happiness; the right of suffrage was universal the personal\\nliberty of the citizen was cherished, and the barbarism of imprisonment for\\ndebt, whether upon initiatory or final process, was abolished. The punish-\\nment of crimes, had in view, the reparation of injury, rather than the inflic-\\ntion of vengeance and in no instance, did it extend to the loss of life or limb.\\nThe evidences of property were secured by registering offices and rules\\nfor the treatment of the aborigines, were framed upon principles of justice\\nand humanity. The love of the proprietaries, for civil and religious freedom,\\nand democratic rule so thoroughly established in the Quaker societies, was\\ncertainly conspicuous in their concessions, and had they possessed as much\\nexperience, as zeal, they would, probably, have framed a finished system.\\nV. With the publication of this instrument, the proprietaries gave a spe-\\ncial recommendation of the province, to the members of their own religious\\nfraternity, which produced an immediate display of that diversity of senti-\\nment, which had begun to prevail in the society. Many, with lively expec-\\ntations of future happiness, prepared to embark for the New Utopia whilst\\nothers regarded with jealousy, and vehemently opposed, a secession, which\\nthey deemed pusillanimous. To moderate the expectations of the one, and\\nappease the jealousy of the other, of these parties, William Penn, and his\\ncolleagues, addressed a circular letter, to Friends, solemnly cautioning\\nthem, against leaving their country, from a timid reluctance to bear testi-\\nmony to their principles, from an impatient, unsettled temper, or from any\\nmotive inferior, to a deliberate conviction, that the God of all the earth,\\nopened their way, and sanctioned their removal. And admonishing them,\\nto remember, that, although Quaker principles were established, in the pro-\\nvince, only Quaker safeguards could be interposed for their protection and\\nSee Appendix, D.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "38 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthat, religious toleration must depend for its continuance, on the aid of the\\nBeing, with whose will they believe it to concur, and could never be defend-\\ned by force, against the arm of the oppressor. To this admonitory letter,\\nthere was annexed, A Description of West New Jersey, correcting some\\ntrivial exaggerations, which had been bruited abroad, of the excellence of the\\nsoil, and climate but conveying, in the main, a most inviting representation\\nof the country. This neither did, nor was intended, to repress the ardour\\nof Quaker emigration. Numerous purchases of colonial land, were made\\nby Quakers, in various parts of England and in the course of the year\\n1677, upwards of four hundred persons of this persuasion, transported them-\\nselves to West New Jersey many of whom, were persons of property and\\nrespectability, who carried with them, their children and servants.\\nThe first care of the assignees of Byllinge, was to make a partition of the\\nprovince, between them and Sir George Carteret, which was effected by a\\ndeed, quintipartite,* comprehending, Sir George, William Penn, Gawn\\nLawrie, of London, merchant, Nicholas Lucas, of Hertford, malster, and\\nEdward Byllinge, of Westminster; directing a straight line to be drawn,\\nthrough the province, from north to south, from the most southerly point of\\nthe east side of Little Egg Harbour, to the most northerly point, or boundary\\non the Delaware. To the portions thus separated, were given the names of\\nEast and West Jersey, respectively.\\nSoon after,:]: letters were addressed by the West Jersey proprietaries, Penn,\\nLawrie, Lucas, Byllinge, (who had still an equitable interest,) and John\\nEldridge, and Edmond Warner, who had become the assignees of Fenwicke s\\nportion, to Richard Hartshorne, Richard Guy, and James Wasse. The\\ntwo first were Quakers, resident in East Jersey, and the last, an agent, sent\\nout specially, from Europe. They were instructed to resist and control\\nsome irregular proceedings of Fenwicke, in the disposition of lands, to pre-\\npare for the many emigrants about to depart for the colony, to purchase\\nlands from the natives, and to select a site for, and lay out a town of four or\\nfive thousand acres.\u00c2\u00a7 Among the purchasers of West New Jersey, were\\ntwo companies, one, of Friends from Yorkshire, and the other of Friends\\nfrom London, who contracted for very considerable shares, for which they\\nreceived patents.\\nVI. In 1677, the pi omised commissioners were sent out, by the proprieta-\\nries, to administer the government, pursuant to the concessions.** They\\nembarked on board the Kent, Gregory Marlow, master, the second ship\\nfrom London, to West Jersey. Whilst on the Thames, Charles II., in his\\npleasuring barge, came along side, and observing the number of passengers,\\nand learning whither they were bound, asked if they were all Quakers, and\\ngave them his blessing. After a tedious passage, they arrived at New\\nCastle, on the 16th of August; and soon after, two hundred and thirty, land-\\ned at the mouth of Raccoon creek, where the Swedes had some habitations.\\nNotwithstanding their number, the greatest inconvenience which they suffer-\\ned, was want of room for lodgings; and some terror, from the abimdance of\\nDatedlst July, 1676.\\nt Learning and Spicer s Collection.\\nX 26th August, 1676.\\nThe surveyot proposed for this duty, was a certain Augustin, of Maryland, or\\nWilliam Elliot, of York river, Virginia.\\nII See Appendix, E.\\nThese commissioners were Thomas Olive, Daniel Wills, John Kinsey, John\\nPenford, Joseph Helmsley, Robert Stacy, Benjamin Scott, Richard Guy, and Thomas\\nFoulke. Richard Guy came in the first ship. John Kinsey died at Shackamaxon,\\nKensington, soon after his landing; his remains were interred at Burlington, in\\nground appropriated for a burial ground, but now a street. Smith s J^ cw Jersey.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 39\\nsnakes, which were occasionally seen in their chambers, or crawling over\\nthe low roofs of their dwellings.* The vessel on the passage had dropped\\nanchor at Sandy Hook, whilst the commissioners proceeded to New York,\\nto exhibit their commission to Andross. He treated them civilly, but demand-\\ned, if they had any communication from the Duke, his master. This mea-\\nsure, obviously requisite, the commissioners had strangely neglected, and\\nwhen Andross declined to recognise their authority, instead of extenuating\\ntheir imprudence, they strenuously insisted upon their rights, under the assign-\\nment of Lord Berkeley. Andross cut short the controversy, by pointing to\\nhis sword and as this was an argument, which they could not retort, they\\nsubmitted to his jurisdiction, until they could obtain redress from England;\\ntaking magistrate s commissions from him, and conducting the land affairs\\naccording to their instructions. Fenwicke, who neglected to take a like pre-\\ncaution, in relation to his tenth, was twice seized, and detained, some time,\\nprisoner, in New York.\\nUpon their arrival in the Delaware, the commissioners obtained, from the\\nSwedes, interpreters, by whose agency they conducted their negotiations\\nwith the Indians, and purchased the lands from Timber Creek to Rancocus,\\nfrom Oldman s Creek to Timber Creek, and from Rancocus to the Assun-\\npink, by three several conveyances. f Not having sufficient goods to make\\npayment for the land last purchased, they covenanted not to settle any por-\\ntion of it, until full payment should have been made. After examination of\\nthe country, the Yorkshire commissioners, Ilelmesly, Emley, and Stacy, on\\nbehalf of their constituents, chose the tract between Rancocus, and the Falls,\\nwhich hence was called the first tenth; whilst the London commissioners,\\nPenford, Clive, Wills and Scott, selected that below Timber creek, which\\nwas called the second tenth. Disastisfied, however, with this separation,\\nthe Yorkshire men proposed to the Londoners, that, if they would unite in\\nestablishing a town, the latter should have the larger proportion, in conside-\\nration, that the Yorkshire men had the better land in the woods. These\\nterms were embraced, and one Noble, a surveyor who came in the first\\nship, was employed to lay out the town plot, running the main street and\\ndividing the land on either side, into lots, giving those on the east, to the\\nYorkshire, and those on the west, to the London, proprietors. The town\\nthus founded, was first called New Beverly, after Bridlington, but the name\\nwas soon changed to Burlington, which it now bears.\\nThese pioneers having arrived late in the autumn, the winter was much\\nspent, before they could erect permanent dwellings. In the mean time, they\\nlived in wigwams, built after the manner of the Indians, and subsisted chiefly\\non Indian corn and venison, suppUed by the natives. These simple people,\\nless corrupted, than they afterwards became, from the use of ardent spirits,\\nwere kind to their guests, notwithstanding some malicious insinuations, that\\nthe strangers had sold to them the small pox in their match coats; that\\ndistemper having attacked them at this period.\\nVII. In the same year arrived two other vessels. The Willing Mind,\\nJohn Newcomb, commander, with about seventy passengers, dropped anchor,\\nat Elsinburg, in November. She was soon after followed, by the fly boat,\\nMartha, of Burlington, Yorkshire, with one hundred and fourteen. On the\\n10th December, 1768, came The Shield, from Hull, Daniel Townes, com-\\nmander. When passing Coaquanock, the site of the present city of Phila-\\ndelphia, she ran so close to the shore, that in tacking, her spars struck the\\nSmith s N. J.\\nt Dated, respectively, 10th September, 27th September, and 10th October, 1677.\\ni Smith s N. J. See Appendix, F.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntrees, and some one on board remarked, how fine a spot this was for a town.\\nA fresh gale brought her to Burhngton, being the first vessel that came so\\nfar up the Delaware. She moored to a tree, and the next morning the pas-\\nsengers came ashore on the ice. About the same period, another ship\\narrived from London, freighted with passengers.*\\nAlthough compelled to endure the hardships inseparable from the occupa-\\ntion of a desert land, these were quickly surmounted, by the industry and\\npatience of the emigrants. Their town soon assumed a thriving appearance,\\nand was rapidly enlarged by increasing members. In this, as in other, infant\\nsettlements of America, the success of the colonist was commonly propor-\\ntioned to the original humility of his condition; and he, who emigrated as a\\nservant, was frequently more prosperous than his master. Persevering in-\\ndustry, temperance, and self-reliance, always reaped a full reward, whilst\\nself-indulgence, and dependence upon hirelings, terminated in poverty.\\nVIII. Sir George Carteret, proprietary of East Jersey, died in 1679;\\nhaving derived so little benefit from his American territory, that he found it\\nnecessary to bequeath it to trustees, to be sold for the benefit of his creditors.\\nThe exemption, this district enjoyed, from the jurisdiction of the Duke ot\\nYork, had not contributed to moderate the discontent of the inhabitants ot\\nWest New Jersey, with his assumed illegal authority. They, incessantly,\\nimportuned him for redress, and were, at length, provoked by a tax of five\\nper cent., which Andross imposed, on the importation of European merchan-\\ndise, to additional vehemence of complaint, and urgency of solicitation.\\nWearied, at length, with the importunity of these suitors, rather than moved\\nby the justice of their complaint, the Duke referred the subject to commis-\\nsioners, by whom, it was finally submitted to Sir William Jones.f\\nThe argument, in behalf of the colonists, on this occasion, prepared\\nby William Penn, George Hutchinson, and others, chiefly Quakers,\\nbreathes a firm, undaunted spirit of liberty, worthy the founders of a North\\nAmerican commonwealth; and contains traces of those principles, which,\\nsubsequently, led the colonies to full emancipation.:}: Thus then, they say,\\nafter a deduction of their title, we came to buy that moiety, which belonged\\nto Lord Berkeley, for a valuable consideration and in the conveyance he\\nmade us, powers of government are expressly granted for that, only, could\\nhave induced us to buy it and the reason is plain, because to all prudent\\nmen, the government of a place is more inviting than the soil. For what is\\ngood land without good laws the better the worse. And if we could not\\nassure people, of an easy, and free, and safe government, both with respect\\nto their spiritual and worldly property, that is, an uninterrupted liberty ot\\nconscience, and an inviolable possession of their civil rights and freedoms,\\nby a just and wise government, a- mere wilderness would be no encourage-\\nment; for it were madness to leave a free, good, and improved country, to\\nplant in a wilderness, and there adventure many thousands of pounds, to\\ngive an absolute title to another person, to tax us at will and pleasure.\\nStating the tax imposed by Andross, they proceed This is one grievance;\\nand for this, we make our application to have speedy redress, not as a burden\\nonly, with respect to the quantum or the way of levying it, or any circum-\\nstance made hard by the irregularity of the officers, but as a wrong; for\\nSee Appendix, G. t Grahame s Col. Hist. vol. ii. 344.\\ni This document, found in Smith s History, is unnoticed by Chalmers and is im-\\nperfectly abridged by Winterbotham (vol. ii. p 287). Grahame (vol. ii. p. 346) admits\\nthat Penn concurred in its presentation, and, probably, assisted in its composition;\\nbut denies that he was the sole author, as some of his biographers have insisted; sup-\\nposing this pretension to be refuted, by the style of the document; in which, not the\\nslightest resemblance is discernible, to any of his acknowledged productions.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 41\\nwe complain of a wrong, done us, and ask, yet, with modesty, quo jure?\\nTell us the title, by what right or law, are we thus used, that may a little\\nmitigate our pain Your answer, hitherto, hath been this. That it was a\\nconquered country and that the King, being the conqueror, has power to\\nmake laws, raise money, c. and that this power jure regale, the King\\nhath vested in the Duke and by that right and sovereignty, the Duke de-\\nmands that custom we complain of. Natural right and humane prudence,\\noppose such doctrine all the world over for what is it, but to say, that peo-\\nple, free by law, under their prince at home, are at his mercy in the planta-\\ntions abroad and why because he is a conqueror there, but still at the\\nhazard of the hves of his own people, and at the cost and charge of the\\npublic. We would say more, but choose to let it drop. But our case is\\nbetter yet; for the King s grant, to the Duke of York, is plainly restrictive\\nto the laws and government of England. Now the constitution and go-\\nvernment of England, as we humbly conceive, are so far from countenancing\\nsuch authority, that it is made a fundamental in our constitution, that the\\nKing of England cannot, justly, take his subject s goods without their con-\\nsent. This needs no more to be proved than a principle; his jus indigene,\\nan home-born right, declared to be law by divers statutes. To give up\\nthe power of making laws, is to change the government, to sell, or rather, to\\nresign, ourselves to the will of another and that for nothing. For, under\\nfavour, we buy nothing of the Duke, if not the right of an undisturbed co-\\nlonizing, and that, as Englishmen, with no diminution, but expectation of\\nsome increase of those freedoms and privileges enjoyed in our own country\\nfor the soil is none of his tis the natives, by the jus gentium, the law of na-\\ntions and it would be an ill argument to convert them to Christianity, to\\nexpel, instead of purchasing them, out of those countries. If then, the coun-\\ntry be theirs, it is not the Duke s he cannot sell it then what have we\\nbought? To conclude this point, we humbly say, that we have not lost\\nany part of our liberty, by leaving our country; for we leave not our King,\\nnor our government by quitting our soil but we transmit to a place given\\nby the same King, with express limitation to erect no polity contrary to the\\nsame established government, but as near as may be to it; and this varia-\\ntion is allowed, but for the sake of emergencies, and that latitude, bounded\\nby these words, for the good of the adventurer and planter. After this, as\\nthey term it, the point of law of the case, they proceed to insist upon the\\nequity of it protesting that the tax is not to be found in the Duke s con-\\nveyances that it was an after business, a very surprise to the planter.\\nThis, in plain English, is under another name, paying for the same thing\\ntwice over. Custom, in all governments in the world, is laid upon trade;\\nbut this, upon planting, is unprecedented. Had we brought commodities to\\nthese parts to sell, made profit out of them, and returned to the advantage\\nof traders, there had been some colour or pretence for this exaction but to\\nrequire and force a custom, from persons, for coming to their property, their\\nown terra fnna, their habitations in short, for coming home, is without a\\nparallel. This is paying custom, not for trading, but for landing; not for\\nmerchandising, but planting. Besides there is no end of this power; for\\nsince we are, by this precedent, assessed without any law, and thereby ex-\\ncluded our English right of common assent to taxes what security have we\\nof any thing we possess 1 We can call nothing our own, but are tenants at\\nwill, not only for the soil, but for all our personal estates. We endure\\npenury, and the sweat of our brows, to improve them, at our own hazard,\\nonly. This is to transplant, not from good to better, but from good to bad.\\nThis sort of conduct has destroyed government, but never raised one to any\\ntrue greatness; nor ever will, in the Duke s territories, whilst so many coun-\\nF", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "42 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntries, equally good, in soil and air, surround, with greater freedom and\\nsecurity. Lastly, the Duke s circumstances, and the people s jealousies,\\nconsidered, wc humbly submit it, if there can be, in their opinion, a greater\\nevidence of a design, to introduce an unlimited government, than both to\\nexact such unterminated tax from English planters, and to continue it, after\\nso many repeated complaints. And on the contrary, if there be any thing\\nso happy to the Duke s present affairs, as the opportunity he has to free that\\ncountry with his own hands, and to make us all owers of our liberty, to his\\nfavour and justice: So will Englishmen, here, know what to hope for, by\\nthe justice and kindness he shows to Englishmen there and all men, to see\\nthe just model of his government in New York, to be the scheme and draught\\nin little, of his administration in Old England, at large, if the crown should\\never devolve upon his head.\\nUnpalatable as this argument must have been to the British court, and the\\ncounsellors of the Duke, at this period, it was triumphant. The commis-\\nsioners were constrained to pronounce judgment, in conformity with the\\nopinion of Jones, that as the grant to Berkeley and Carteret, had reserved\\nno profit or jurisdiction, the legality of the tax could not be defended. The\\nDuke, therefore, without further delay, abandoned all claims on West Jersey,\\nconfirming the territory, or soil of the province, in the fullest terms, to Wil-\\nliam Penn, Gawn Lawry, and Nicholas Lucas, trustees for Byllinge, and to\\nJohn Eldridge, and Edmund Warner, assignees of Fenwicke, according to\\ntheir several interests, whilst he conveyed, expressly, the government to Ed-\\nward Byllinge, his heirs and assigns.* And soon after, he made a like\\nconfirmation, in favour of the representatives of his friend. Sir George\\nCarteret.f\\nThe forcible and spirited pleading, we have noticed, derives special inte-\\nrest, from the recollection of the conflict, then waging between the advocates\\nof liberty, and the abettors of arbitrary power. Probably, none of the\\nwritings of which that period Avas, abundantly, prolific, was characterized by\\na more magnanimous effort, for the presei-vation of liberty, than this first\\nsuccessful vindication, of the rights of^ New Jersey. Its most remarkable\\nfeature, is the strong and deliberate asseiiion, that no tax could be justly\\nimposed upon them, without their consent. The report of the commissioners,\\nand the relief that followed, was a virtual concession of this principle, which\\nsubsequently triumphed more signally, in the independence of the United\\nStates.:}:\\nIndenture, dated 6th August, 1680.\\nt 14th March, 1682. Learning and Spicer s Collection.\\nt The case lietween the proprietaries and the Duke, relative to the government, is\\nof some complexity; and from inspection of the documents alone, his pretensions\\nhave better grounds than his advocates appear to have assumed for him. The char-\\nters of Charles II., to him, in addition to a full fee simple estate, in land, contain an\\nexpress grant of the powers of government; whilst the deeds from the Duke to\\nBerkeley and Carteret, convey a tract of land, specifically bounded, as in the\\ntransfer of a private estate. There is not the slightest allusion to the powers of\\ngovernment in them; and the special care taken to give such powers, in the one\\ncase, and to omit tlicm in the other, would lie a strong argument, that they were\\nnot designed to be granted, if such argument were needed, in the total absence of a\\ngrant. It certainly never can be maintained, that, a fee simple, in land, carried with\\nit a political power of government. In all cases where this power was intended to be\\nconveyed, apt words were employed, as in the grants to the Duke of York, to Balti-\\nmore, and Penn. Berkeley could convey no other right than he possessed, nor did\\nhe attempt it, since that is not asserted in the plea of the New Jersey proprietaries.\\nNor in the deed, quintipartite of partition, between Carteret, and the grantees of\\nBerkeley, is there any reference to the powers of government. So far, then, the case\\nwould seem to be clearly, that the Duke had retained the integrity of his political\\npowers, as granted him by the crown. But against this paper case, there is strong\\ncircumstantial evidence. 1. The assumption, and undisputed exercise of political", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 43\\nIX. But, if we condemn, severely, the tenacious hold of power, on the\\npart of the Duke, how shall we characterize the pretensions of Byllinge,\\nsubsequent to the exclusive grant of the government to him His conduct\\naffords an additional instance of the corrupting force of power, and of human\\ninconsistency. He asserts, as grantee of Berkeley, that he became the par-\\nticipant of political power, even by a deed for lands only; but, when that\\npower was expressly and unequivocally conveyed to himself, he denies the\\ngrant of similar power, to his assigns, though he is a party to the conces-\\nsions, by which it was clearly conveyed; under the pretence, it would\\nseem, that as such power was not then with him, he could not grant it, and\\nthough he had himself, taken the office of governor, by the election of the\\nproprietaries. That his exclusive gubernatorial power might be known and\\nfelt, he proposed to remove Jennings, whom he had appointed his deputy,\\nunder his delegated powers, in 1679.\\nX. The proprietaries, in General Assembly of the province, in June, 1683,\\nmet this pretension with due firmness and spirit; resolving, that they had\\npurchased the land and government together that, in their deeds, Byllinge,\\nthe grantor, had covenanted, within seven years, to make further assurance\\nof titlcj and was now bound, as they were, to fulfil his contracts that the\\nconcessions were adopted by proprietaries and people, as the foundation\\nof the government of West New Jersey, by which they were resolved to\\nstand and that an instrument be drawn up and sent to some trusty friends\\nin London, for Edward Byllinge to sign and seal whereby, to confirm his\\nfirst bargain and sale, he made to the freeholders of this province, of land\\nand government together. They further resolved, that upon such confir-\\nmation, they were willing to testify their gratitude, as their ability would\\npermit and should Byllinge visit the province, to show their free and unani-\\nmous acceptance, and acknowledgments of his care and diligence in the\\npremises. This subject, it would seem, had been some time under dis-\\ncussion, before the Assembly was wrought to these resolutions and Wil-\\nliam Penn had recommended that the people should secure themselves, by\\nthe election of Jennings, to the office of Governor, and his promise to exe-\\ncute the place, with fidelity and diligence, according to the laws, concessions,\\nand constitutions of the province. This expedient, certainly not flattering to\\nByllinge, the Assembly adopted, and proclaimed Jennings governor, by\\nvirtue of the power vested in six parts in seven, of their body, to alter their\\nconstitution and they bestowed the right to six hundred acres of land, to\\npay the charges of the office. Upon this occasion, the governor, and all the\\nofficers, under the. government, signed written engagements, faithfully to\\nperform their duty.*\\npower, by Berkeley and Carteret, openly promulgated in their concessions. 2. The\\nsurrender of the government, by Nicholls, the agent of the Duke, to them, after remon-\\nstrance, against such a measure, by that agent. 8. The re-grant of the soil, and the\\nsuffrance of the resumption of political power, by the Duke, after the conquest, and re-\\nconquest, by the Dutch and 4th, the continued and unquestioned exercise of such\\npower, by Byllinge, and his assigns, and by Carteret, after partition made. These\\nare facts strangely at variance, with the deeds, and no one can suppose their exist-\\nence, against an adverse claim, on the part of the heir apparent to the crown. And it\\nis not the least singular part of the case, that whilst the Duke claims a partial politi-\\ncal right, that of laying taxes, he suffers undisturbed, the e.xercise of independent\\ngovernments, in East and West Jersey. We must, therefore, believe, that there was\\nan implied grant of political power, in the conveyance of the soil, which was too\\nstrongly confirmed by more than twenty years enjoyment, to be defeated. Yet, under\\nthese circumstances, the ready acquiescence of the Duke, in the award of the com-\\nmissioners, is extraordinary, when his love of power, and his tyrannical measures,\\nagainst other colonial governments, are considered.\\nSee Appendix, H.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nSubsequently, at an Assembly, convened on the 29th of March, 1684,\\nGovernor Jennings, and Thomas Budd, were deputed to negotiate this matter,\\nin England and two hundred pounds were voted for their expenses, which\\nwere advanced by governor Penn, then in Philadelphia; for the repayment\\nof which, three thousand acres of land, were appropriated, above the falls of\\nthe Delaware. Upon his departure, Jennings nominated Thomas Clive, his\\ndeputy, who was duly elected governor, in May, 1684, and May, 1685.\\nThese measures, on the part of the Assembly, seem to have been attended\\nwith the desired effect. A new charter, the precise nature of which, we are left\\nto conjecture, was given by Byllinge, and deposited by the Assembly, in the\\ncustody of Clive and Gardiner, their treasurer, and directed to be recorded.\\nThis instrument, probably, restored the government to the footing of the\\nconcessions; and John Skeine was received as the deputy governor, of\\nByllinge, although the Assembly had, before, rejected Welsh, who had been\\nappointed to the office. Skeine died in February, 1688.*\\nXI. Upon the death of Byllinge, in 1687, Dr. Daniel Coxe, of London,\\nalready a large proprietary, at the instance of other proprietaries, purchased\\nthe interest of Byllinge s heirs, in the soil and government. Soon after,\\n(September 5, 1687) he addressed a letter to the council of proprietors in\\nNew Jersey, communicating this matter, and reviving the repudiated claim\\nof Byllinge declaring, that the government of the province was legally\\nin him, as that of Pennsylvania in Penn, or East Jersey in the proprieta-\\nries; and that he was resolved, by the assistance of Almighty God, to exer-\\ncise the jurisdiction to him conveyed, with all integrity, faith, fulness,\\nand diligence, for the benefit and welfare of those, over whom. Divine Pro-\\nvidence had constituted him superintendent, or chief overseer. But as he\\nconfirmed the concessions, and thereby, in fact, transferred, as Jennings\\nhad done, the full right of government, to the proprietors, jointly, his naked\\nassertion of exclusive right, appears to have excited no uneasiness in the,\\nprovince. Smith informs us, that, Coxe received the appointment of governor\\nfrom the proprietaries, and continued in that station until the year 1690;\\nthat, in the interval, Edward Hunloke was, at one time, his deputy and\\nthat a like commission had been sent to John Tatham, who, being a Jacobite,\\nwas rejected by the Assembly. In 1691, Dr. Coxe conveyed the government\\nto a company of proprietaries, called the West Jersey Society, in considera-\\ntion of nine thousand pounds sterling, who, in 1692, appointed Andrew Ha-\\nmilton governor. This view of the governmental question, has carried us\\nin advance of other portions of our subject, to which we now return.\\nXII. West Jersey, now filled apace with inhabitants the greater portion\\nof whom were Quakers. Jennings convened the first Assembly, on 25th\\nNovember, 1681. This body enacted cerVain fundamental constitutions,\\nand many laws. Pursuing the spirit of the concessions, they, in the first,\\nprovided, for the annual election and meeting of the Assembly the obliga-\\ntion of the laws by them enacted the appointment and removal by them, of\\nall officers of trust that no tax or custom should continue longer than one\\nyear and that no one should be incapable of office, by reason of his faith\\nand worship. They prohibited the governor and council, from enacting\\nlaws, laying any tax, sending ambassadors, or making treaties, and from\\nproroguing or dissolving that house; and declared, that, upon Jennings\\nacceptance of these conditions, they would recognise him as deputy go-\\nvernor. These constitutions were duly signed by Samuel Jennings, de-\\nputy governor, and Thomas Clive, speaker. It would be difficult to find\\nThe salary of Clive was thirty pounds; of Skoine, thirty bushels of rye, beside\\nhi\u00c2\u00bb fees.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 45\\nany instrument, in representative government, more democratic, or more\\nliberal, in matters of religious faith. Not even belief in the Deity, was neces-\\nsary to human equality, whilst the constitution of the state of New Jersey,\\nexcludes from office all who do not profess belief in the faith of some Pro-\\ntestant sect.\\nThirty-six acts embraced, and enforced, most of the provisions of the\\nconcessions. Among them, however, was one authorizing the levy of two\\nhundred pounds, in coin, or skins, or money, for defraying public debts\\nand other public charges of the province. For this great sum, Thomas\\nBudd and Thomas Gardiner, were appointed receivers-general, with power\\nto constitute and appoint all inferior or sub-collectors, or otherwise, for the\\nbest and easiest way of raising the amount, throughout the province of West\\nJersey. Another enacted, that, if any person shall presume to offer affront\\nto the public authority, or any officiating in that capacity, he shall be punish-\\ned and fined at the discretion of the court an offence certainly indefinite,\\nand a latitude of punishment, which, in some governments, would have been\\nvery alarming. A third, which was, however, soon after repealed, raised the\\nvalue of the current coin fifty per cent.: a fourth, directed the making of a\\nhighway from Burlington to Salem; and two others, appropriated twenty\\npounds to the governor, and five to the speaker, for their services. But\\namong the most meritorious, was that imposing a heavy penalty upon the\\nsale of strong liquors to the Indians.\\nAt the next session, holden in May, 1682, the Assembly authorized each\\nof the ten proprietaries, to dispose of five hundred acres of land, within their\\nrespective tenths, for defraying the public expenses, in such tenth made the\\nhalf-pence, coined by one Mark Newbie, a member of council, and called\\nPatrick s half-pence, current coin of the province; with condition, however,\\nthat no one should be obliged to receive more than five shillings of it, in one\\npayment: established Burlington and Salem as ports: empowered justices to\\nsolemnize marriages on fourteen days notice, and consent of parents direct-\\ned ten bushels of corn, necessary apparel, two horses, and one axe, to be\\ngiven, as freedom dues, to servants subjected land to the payment of debts\\nprohibited the imprisonment of debtors, surrendering their estates and de-\\nclared the town of Burhngton, the chief city of the province.\\nAt the next session. May, 1683, some modification of the fundamental\\nlaws was made. The governor and council, were empowered to prepare\\nbills for laws, promulgating them, twenty days, in the most public place of\\nthe province, before the meeting of the General Assembly. The governor,\\ncouncil, and Assembly, met together, were declared the General Assembly;\\nwho might affirm, or deny, bills so prepared; and of this Assembly, the go-\\nvernor was declared speaker, with a double voice. During the recess of the\\nAssembly, the government of the state, was lodged with the governor and\\ncouncil.\\nWe have already noticed the proceedings of the Assembly, in relation to\\nthe claim of Byllinge beside which, there were no subjects of interest, in\\nthe history of the succeeding decade of years. The planters appeared to\\nhave pursued, undisturbed, the noiseless tenor of prosperity. Some efforts,\\nhowever, were made during this period, by the proprietaries of East and\\nWest Jersey, for running the line between their provinces. But of this\\nvexed and still unsettled question, we shall treat fully, in our exposition of\\nthe land system of the state.\\nXIII. In 1693, however, the religious toleration, granted by the laws, was\\nsomewhat restricted by an act, which, though declaring that conscientious\\nscruples, against taking oaths, should not incapacitate for office, required from\\nthe incumbent, a declaration of fidelity to the King, renunciation of popery", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "46 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand the following profession of the Christian faith I, A B, profess faith\\nin God, the Father, and Jesus Christ his eternal Son, the true God,\\nand in the Holy Spirit, one God blessed for ever more and do acknoxo-\\nledge the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament, to he given by\\ndivine inspiration*\\nCan this be deemed a confession of faith, by Quakers? The question derives\\ngreat interest from the wide schism, at this time existing in the society of Friends, in\\nwhich the two parties, alike, claim to hold the original faith; one professing that in\\nthe text the other, belief in the unity of the Deity, the humanity of Christ, with a\\nmodified view of divine inspiration in the Scriptures. Upon the true solution of the\\noriginal faith of the Quakers, much property, and a greater value, (if I may thus ex-\\npress myself,) in sentiment, at this moment depends. It is said, that no formal decla-\\nration of the Quaker faith, is to be found in the records of the society; and courts of\\njustice have been compelled to seek it, in the partial, equivocal, and unsatisfactory\\ndeclarations of esteemed preachers, and polemical writers. The best evidence which\\nthe nature of the subject admits, is the formal declaration of faith, by the yearly meet-\\ning. But an attempt of this kind was one of the immediate causes of the present\\ndivision. The next best evidence, would be a declaration of faith, by a body of Qua-\\nkers, at a period when no division existed, among the sect, and when an attempt to\\nforce a declaration of faith upon them, would have been resisted, as firmly, to say the\\nleast, as at any time, since the ministry of Fox. Was the Assembly of West New\\nJersey, of the year 169G, such a body If it was, their declaration of The Christian\\nFaith is entitled to profound respect and unlimited confidence; having been made\\nwhen the zeal of the church was most lively, during the life of many of its dis-\\ntinguished primitive apostles, such as Barclay and Penn, and within seven years after\\nthe death of its founder, George Fox. This Assembly consisted of about fifty mem-\\nbers. It is perhaps impossible, at this day, to declare that every member was a Quaker.\\nThis, however, is probable, since the Quakers composed vastly the greater proportion\\nof the population. It is certain, however, that the majority of the Assembly were\\nFriends, and might, therefore, have arrested the promulgation of this creed. That\\nthey would have done so, cannot be doubted, had it not been their faith for they\\ncame to the province, that they might enjoy that faith, without molestation. They\\nhad purchased the soil, and the government, that they might live under laws of their\\nown enactment. But this act, had it declared a faith different from that, which the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Quakers professed, would have disqualified them from participating in the govern-\\nment, and would have placed them at the mercy of the very few Swedes and Dutch,\\nwho were in the province. We are, therefore, constrained to believe, that this statu-\\ntory confession of faith, was the faith of the Quaker church. See Learning and Spicer s\\nCollection, p. 514. Jlnd see the Jlct, in the Appendix, I.\\nThe confession of faith set forth in the New Jersey act of 1693, is copied in words,\\nfrom the English toleration act, passed in 1689, (1 William and Mary). The follow-\\ning account of which, is given by George Whitehead. Works, page 635. Yet to\\nprevent any such (Friends) from being stumbled or ensnared, by some expressions in\\nthe aforesaid profession or creed, (which appeared unscriptural,) in the said Bill, we,\\ninstead thereof, did propose and humbly offer, as our own real belief of the Deity of\\nthe Father, Son and Holy Ghost; the form we have given in the text. Which\\ndeclaration, he continues, John Vaughton and I, delivered to Sir Thomas Clergis,\\nwho, with some others, were desirous we should give in such confession, of our Chris-\\ntian belief, that we might not lie under the unjust imputation of being no Christians,\\nand thereby be deprived of the benefit of the intended law, for our religious liberty.\\nWe were, therefore, of necessity, put upon offering the said confession, it being, also,\\nour known professed principle, sincerely to confess Christ, the Son of the living God,\\nhis divinity, and that he is the eternal Word, and that the Three which bear record in\\nheaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost, are one; one divine Being, one\\nGod, blessed forever.\\nIn what sense the words of this confession were accepted, by Friends, it would, per-\\nhaps, be difficult to say. They were, probably, understood by the framers of the\\ntoleration act, to be equivalent to the belief in the Trinity, as expressed by the Church\\nof England. But this sense, if not denied, is certainly not conceded by the Quaker\\nwriters, generally, who, in relation to this mysterious subject, express themselves with\\ngreat mystery, and allege that they take up the doctrine as expressly laid down in\\nthe Scripture, and are not warranted in making deductions, however specious. It\\nhas been supposed, too, that in framing this confession of faith, an outward con-\\nformity to the requisition of Parliament, only, was designed and that every Friend\\n^was at perfect liberty to construe the words of his confession, in such sense as the\\nispirit within him should direct. If so. we have advanced nothing in determining", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nXIV. By the deed of partition of July, 1676, Sir George Carteret became\\nseized of East New Jersey, in severalty. By his testament, December 5th,\\n1678, he named his wife, Elizabeth, his executrix, and guardian of his heir;\\nand devised the province to trustees, to be sold for payment of his debts.*\\nHe died in the following year, but his death made no change in the govern-\\nment, which continued to be administered by his brother Philip, until about\\nthe end of the year 1681, or beginning of 1682, .when he was superseded by\\nthe transfer of the province to other proprietaries.\\nXV. The latter part of his administration, was embittered by the revival\\nof the disputes which had once rendered him a fugitive from his government,\\nand by the unjust and violent assumption of authority, over his province, by\\nthe profligate Andross, governor of New York. The pretension of this ready\\ntool of despotism, was sustained by that portion of the inhabitants, who had\\nderived their land titles through governor NichoUs, from the Duke, and who\\nbehoved that his Grace would render valid their advantageous purchases\\nfrom the Indians. Andross seems, first, formally, to have disputed the right\\nof Carteret, in March, 1680, when, by proclamation, he claimed the submis-\\nsion of the inhabitants for the Duke of York. Threats of invasion followed;\\nto resist which, Carteret prepared his military force, amounting to one hun-\\ndred and fifty men. Andross, however, visited Eliza bethtown, attended by\\na civil suite, only, where he ostentatiously displayed the Duke s title, and his\\nown commission and, utterly disregarding his master s double grant to Sir\\nGeorge Carteret, demanded the recognition of his authority. This being re-\\nfused, he retired but soon after, April 31, 1680, despatched a party of soldiers,\\nwho rudely dragged Carteret from his bed, and conveyed him, prisoner, to\\nNew York, where he was tried, upon the information of the attorney-general,\\nwith having riotously and routously, with force of arms, endeavoured to\\nmaintain and exercise jurisdiction and government over his Majesty s sub-\\njects, within the bounds of his Majesty s letters patent, granted to his Royal\\nHighness. In despite of the efforts of Andross, who presided at the trial, the\\njury, though several times sent out by him, magnanimously acquitted the\\nprisoner. The court, however, adjudged, that if Carteret returned to New\\nJersey, he should engage not to assume any authority there.\\nAndross met an Assembly at Elizabcthtown, on the 2d June, 1680, where\\nhe again exhibited the documents of his authority, together with a copy of\\nthe laws enacted at New York, which he proposed as the rule of action for\\nNew Jersey. Although the Assembly were indisposed, or dreaded, to ques-\\ntion the authority of the Duke, they were not unregardful of their rights, nor\\nbackward in proclaiming them. They replied, As we are the representa-\\ntives of the freeholders of this province, wc dare not grant his Majesty s let-\\nters patent, though under the great seal of England, to be our rule or joint\\nsafety; for the great charter of England, alias, magna charta, is the only\\nrule, privilege, and joint safety of every free born Enghshman. What we\\nhave formerly done, we did in obedience to the authority that was then esta-\\nblished in this province, and that being done according to law, they needed\\nno confirmation. They declared, also, their expectation, that, the privileges\\ngranted them, by virtue of the concessions of Lord Berkeley and Sir George\\nCarteret, would be confirmed to them and they re-enacted former laws, and\\ndemanded their approval.\\nthe faith of Friends, since they have adopted the remainder of the Scriptures, giving\\nto them, in many cases, a meaning widely different from that assigned by Orthodox\\nChristians.\\nThe trustees were John Earl of Sandvirich, John Earl of Bath, Bernard Granville,\\nbrother of the latter, Sir Thomas Crew, Sir Thomas Atkins, and his brother, Edward\\nAtkins.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "48 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nComplaints against the proceedings of Andross were despatched to Eng-\\nland with an appeal to the King. The Duke disavowed the acts of his\\nminion, yet no instructions appear to have been given to rescind them. For,\\nafter the departure of Andross, for England, Captain Brochholts, his substi-\\ntute, maintained his assumption, refusing to recognise the authority of Carte-\\nret, until he exhibited a new commission, notwithstanding the Assembly of\\nNew Jersey had declared the conduct of Andross illegal. No further forci-\\nble effort, however, was made to control the province; the Duke having,\\nin truth, agreed to confirm his former grants with the right of government\\nand, soon after, by release of this contested power, terminated these troubles.\\nDisgusted by these contentions, and perceiving that they were not likely to\\nderive either emolument or satisfaction, from their province, the trustees and\\nexecutrix of Sir George Carteret, offered it for sale to the highest bidder.*\\nXVI. The sessions of the Assembly, during the administration of Carteret,\\nwere commonly holden at Elizabethtown, frequently at Woodbridge, and\\nsometimes at Middletown and Piscataway.f Many laws were enacted\\nduring this period, but most of them were local or ephemeral in their cha-\\nracter. Those of a more general nature, provided; That, contemners of\\nauthority should be punished by fine, or corporal infliction, at the discretion\\nof the court that males above sixteen, and under sixty, years of age, failing\\nto furnish themselves with arms, should be fined, two shillings per week, for\\nneglect that, one guilty of arson, should repair the iiijury done, and in case\\nof inability so to do, be, at the mercy of the court, condemned to death or\\nother corporal punishment: that, murder, false witness, with design to take\\naway life, crimes against nature, witchcraft, stealing away any mankind,\\nshould be punished by death burglary or highway robbery, the first offence\\nwith burning in the hand, the second in the forehead, and in both cases,\\nwith restitution; and the third offence with death: larceny, the first offence\\nby treble restitution and so the second and third, with such increase of\\npunishment, even unto death, as the court might direct, if the offender were\\nincorrigible otherwise, and if unable to make restitution, to be sold for\\nsatisfaction, or to receive corporal punishmezit conspiracies or attacks upon\\ntowns or forts, smiting or cursing of parents, unless in self defence, upon\\ncomplaint of the parent, were also subjected to the penalty of death rape\\nwas punishable with death, or otherwise, severely, at the discretion of the\\ncourt; fornication, with marriage, fine, or corporal punishment; adultery,\\nwith divorce, corporal punishment, or banishment, either, or all of them, as\\ncircumstances should determine the mind of the judge night walking and\\nrevelling, after nine o clock, with arrest, and punishment, at the discretion\\nof the court That, the members of Assembly should be chosen on the\\nfirst of January, and their sessions be holden on the first Tuesday in Novem-\\nber, annually, or oftener, if the governor and council should deem neces-\\nsary that, no marriage should be had without the consent of parent, guar-\\ndian, or master, as the case might require, unless upon notice, thrice\\npublished, at some meeting or kirk, near the parties abode, or set up in\\nwriting, at some public house, for fourteen days previous nor then, unless\\nsolemnized by some approved minister, justice, or chief ofiicer, who was\\nforbidden, under penalty of twenty pounds, and dismission from office, to\\nmarry any, who had not fulfilled these requisitions.\\nXVII. In comparing the laws of East and West Jersey, we are much\\nstruck with the difference of the spirit which dictated them. The genius of\\nCalvinism, which rules by terror, and the ever suspended sword, in this and\\nGrahame s Col. Hist. vol. ii. 350. See Appendix K.\\nt The first Assembly was holden 26th May, 1668, at Elizabethtown.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 49\\nin the future world, is strongly impressed upon the one, whilst a prudent\\nreserve in naming crimes, and a humane forbearance in their punishment,\\ncharacterize the other. The ancient lawgivers prescribed no punishment\\nfor parricide, deeming the oftence impossible the Quaker legislators, had\\nno enactment against arson no prescribed punishment for murder or trea-\\nson, and other heinous offences and yet, during four-and-twenty years, of\\ntheir administration, no instance of such crimes was known within their\\nterritories. In East Jersey, there were thirteen classes of offences, against\\nwhich, the penalty of death was denounced; and amongst these, were sim-\\nple larcenies, and the impossible crime of witchcraft; whilst in West Jersey,\\nsuch punishment was unknown to the law. The sentence, and mode of its\\nexecution, in cases of treason and murder, were by the Concessions, com-\\nmitted to the Assembly but that body never prescribed a general rule, nor\\nhad occasion to apply their powers to a special case. The legislators of\\nWest Jersey, in injuries of every kind, sought reparation, and the reclama-\\ntion of the offender. Thus, the spoiler of projjerty was condemned, in all\\ncases, to make a fourfold restitution, and to suffer imprisonment at labour;\\nand the perpetrator of personal injuries, might be pardoned by the sufferer.\\nIn all cases, mercy presided over the justice-seat. But in East Jersey, the\\ngreat object of the law seems to have been vengeance. Like to Draco, the\\nlegislator deemed small crimes worthy of death, and could find no severer\\npunishment for the greatest. But, though from the enactments against\\nwitchcraft, the progress of intellectual light seemed less in East, than in West\\nJersey, there was an earnest care for the instruction of the people. This\\nwas particularly evident in an act, of 1693, providing, that, the inhabitants of\\nany town might, by warrant from a justice, elect three men to establish and\\nlevy a rate for the maintenance of a schoolmaster, payment of which, might\\nbe enforced by distress. Upon the whole, we may remai-k, that, though the\\nlegislators of East and West Jersey, drew their principles from the same\\nvolume, they were from different sources the first were oppressed, enslaved,\\nby the vengeful God, who prescribed the Levitical law; the others sought\\nand found, a well regulated freedom, in the merciful monitions of a Re-\\ndeemer.\\nIn East Jersey there was no law for the public support of religion yet,\\nevery township maintained its church and its minister. The people, by the\\ntestimony of the first deputy of the Quaker sovereigns, were, generally,\\na sober, professing people, wise in their generation, courteous in their beha-\\nviour, and respectful to those in office. And Gawn Lawrie, the second\\ndeputy, assures us, that there was not, in all the province, a poor body, or\\nthat wants. Relying on this view, we might impute the dissentions which\\nhad prevailed, to the injudicious conduct of the government. But there is\\nreason to believe, that, the blame of these dissentions is chargeable, in a con-\\nsiderable degree, upon the people. A headstrong and turbulent disposition\\nappears to have prevailed among some classes, at least, of the inhabitants\\nvarious riots and disturbances broke forth, even under the new government,\\nand the utmost patience of the rulers, were necessary to govern them. A\\nlaw, enacted about four years after this period, reprobates the frequent oc-\\ncurrence of quarrels and challenges, and interdicts the inhabitants from\\nwearing swords, pistols, or daggers.f\\nThe servants work not so much, says Lawrie, by a third, as they do in Eng-\\nland, and I think, feed much better; for they have beef, pork, bacon, pnddinfj, milk,\\nbutter, and good beer and cider to drink. When the}- arc out of tlieir time, they have\\nland for themselves, and generally turn farmers. Servants wages are not under two\\nshillings a day, besides victuals. S. Smith, p. 117, 181.\\nt Smith, pp. 162, 163. 169, 171, 175, c. Grahame s Col. Hist.\\nG", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "50 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nFrom the Purchase of East Jersey, by the Quakers, to the Surrender of the two\\nProvinces to the Crown, 1682-1702. I. Purchase of East Jersey by Penn and\\nhis Associates. They admit otlicrs, not Quakers, to participate in the Purchase.\\nII. Robert Barclay appointed Governor for Life Scotch Emigrants Deputy\\nGovernors Foundation of Amboy Vain Efforts at Commerce. III. Efforts of\\nJames II. to destroy Colonial Charter Defeated by the Revolution. IV. An-\\ndrew Hamilton, Deputy Governor Death of Robert Barclay Interregnum\\nAadrew Hamilton, Governor-in-Chief Superseded by Jeremiah Basse Re-\\nappointed Discontent of the Colonists. V. Attempt of New York to tax the\\nColony. VI. Proposition from the English Ministers for the Surrender of the\\nProprietary Governments Negotiations relating thereto. VII. Final and un-\\nconditional Surrender Lord Cornbury appointed Governor Outline of the new\\nGovernment. VIII. Stationary Condition of New Jersey Causes thereof.\\nIX. Condition of the Aborigines Purchases of their Lands Traditions of their\\nOrigin Tribes most noted in New Jersey Treaty at Crosswicks at Burlington\\nand Easton Final Extinction of Indian Title to the Soil of New Jersey.\\nX. Review of the Title under the Proprietaries of East Jersey. XI. Review of\\nTitle of Proprietaries of West Jersey. XII. Of the Partition Line between East\\nand West Jersey.\\nI. The success of their experiment in West Jersey, encouraged the Qua-\\nkers of Gi eat Britain, to avail themselves of the opportunity, that was now\\nafforded, in the proposition for tlie sale of Ea.st Jersey, of enlarging the\\nsphere of their enterprise, by the acquisition of that province. In February,\\n1682, William Penn, with eleven others of his religious faith,* purchased\\nthe colony from the devisees of Sir George Carteret. This territor}^, then,\\ncontained about five thousand inhabitants, the great majority of whom were\\nnot Quakers. There were jiopulous settlements at Shrewsbury, Middle-\\ntown, upon the Raritan and Millstone rivers; at Piscataway, Woodbridge,\\nand Elizabethtown at Newark, and upon the banks of the Passaic and\\nHackensack rivers; at Bergen, and along the bay and bank of the Hud-\\nson. Whether to allay the jealousy, with which, the inhabitants might\\nhave regarded a government, wholly composed of men who.se principles dif-\\nfered greatly from their own, or for the purpose of fortifying their interest at\\ncourt, by associating influential men with their enterprise, the twelve pur-\\nchasers hastened to assume twelve other partners, among whom were the\\nEarl of Perth, Chancellor of Scotland, and Lord Driimmond, of Gilston,\\nSecretary of State for that kingdom. f Tn favour of the twenty-ibur, the\\nDuke of York executed his third and last grant of Ea.st Jersey, 14th March,\\nThe associates of Penn were Robert West, Thomas Rudyard, Samuel Groome,\\nThomas Hart, Richard Mew, Thomas Wilcox, Ambrose Rigg, Hugh Hartshorne,\\nClement Plumstead, Thomas Cooper, and John Hayward.\\nt The names of the additional twelve, were James, Earl of Perth, Sir George\\nM Kenzie. John Drummond, Robert Barclay, David B.arclay. Robert Gordon, Robert\\nBurnett, Peter Sonmans, James Braine, Gawen Turner, Thomas Nairne, Thomas\\nCox, and William Dockwra.\\nt From the dedication of Scott s model of East Jersey, it appears that Viscount\\nTarbet and Lord M Leod, two other powerful Scotch nobles, became, shortly after,\\nproprietaries. Sir George M Kenzie, Lord Advocate of Scotland, whom his cotem-\\nporaries justly denominated, the bloody M Kenzie, was infamously distinguished as\\na witness for the crown, on the trial of Lord Russell. Grahwmcs Col. Hist. vol. ii.\\np. 351. n.\\nt Grahame s Col. Hist.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 51\\n1682, with full powers of government. To facilitate the exercise of their\\ndominion, they, also, obtained from the King, a. royal letter, addressed to the\\ngovernor, council, and inhabitants of the province, stating, the title of the\\npurchasers to the soil and jurisdiction, and requiring due obedience to their\\ngovernment.*\\nAmong the new proprietaries of East Jersey, was the celebrated Robert\\nBarclay, of Urie, a Scottish gentleman, who had been converted to Quaker-\\nism, and, in defence of his adopted principles, had published a series of\\nworks, which elevated his name, and his cause, in the esteem of all Europe.\\nAdmired by scholars and philosophers, for the stretch of his learning, and\\nthe strength and subtlety of his understanding, he was endeared to the mem-\\nbers of his religious fi aternity, by the liveliness of his zeal, the excellence of\\nhis character, and the sei vices which his pen had i-endered to them. To the\\nKing and the Duke of York, he was recommended, not less by his distin-\\nguished fame, than by the principles of passive obedience, professed by the\\nsect of which he was leader and with the royal brothers, as well as with\\nsome of the most distinguished of their Scottish favourites and ininisters, he\\nmaintained a friendly and confidential intercourse. Inexplicable, as to\\nmany, such a coalition of uncongenial characters may appear, it seems, at\\nleast, as strange a moral plienomenon, to behold Barclay and Penn, the vo-\\ntaries of universal toleration and philanthropy, voluntarily associatino-, in\\ntheir labours, for the education and happiness of an infant community, such\\ninstruments as Lord Perth, and other abettors of royal tyranny and eccle-\\nsiastical persecution, in Scotland.\\nII. By the unanimous choice of his colleagues, Robert Barclay was ap-\\npointed, for life, first governor of East Jersey, under the new proprietary\\nadministration, with dispensation from personal residence, and authority to\\nnominate his deputy. The most beneficial event of his presidency, was the\\nemigration of many of his countrymen, the Scotch, to the province; a mea-\\nsure, effected, it is said, with much diiliculty and importunity. For, although\\nthe great bulk of the nation was suflcring the rigours of tyranny, for their\\nresistance to the establishment of pi elacy, they were reluctant to seek relief\\nin exile from their native land. The influence of Barclay and other Scotch\\nQuakers, however, co-operated with the severities of Lord Perth, and the\\nother royal ministers, to induce many, particularly, from Aberdeen, the\\ngovernor s native county, to seek this asylum. In order to instruct the\\nScotch, more generally, of the condition of the colony, and to invite them to\\nremove thither, an historical and statistical account of it was published, with\\na preliminary treatise, combatting the prevailing objection to expatriation.\\nThis work was, probably, composed, in part, by Barclay but was ascribed\\nto George Scott, of Pillochie, and was eminently successful.:}: As a farther\\nrecommendation of the province, to the favour of the Scotch, Barclay, sub-\\nsequently, displaced Lawrie, a Quaker, whom he had appointed deputy, and\\nconferred this office on Lord Neil Campbell, uncle of the Marquis of Argyle,\\nwho resided some time in the province as its lieutenant governor.^ The\\nLearning and Spicer s Col. Grahanmc, vol. ii. p. 351.\\nf Grahame s Col. Hist. vol. ii. p. 354. See Appendix, L.\\nt It bore the title of The Model of the Government of the Province of East New\\nJersey, in America, and contains a minute account of the climate, soil, institutions,\\nand settlements of the province. See Appendix, M.\\nGrahame s Col. Hist. vol. ii. p. 358. Oldmixon and Smith concur, in relating\\nthat Lord Neil Campbell succeeded Barclay as governor. But this seems an error of\\nOldmixon, which Smith has incautiously copied for, from a document, preserved by\\nSmith himself, (p. 196) Barclay, in 1688, as governor of East Jersey, subscribed an\\nagreement of partition between it and West Jersey.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nmore wealthy of the Scotch emigrants, were noted for bringing with them a\\ngreat number of servants, and in some instances, for transporting whole\\nfamilies of poor labourers, whom they established on their lands, for a term\\nof years, endowing them with competent stock, and receiving in return, one\\nhalf of the agricultural produce.\\nThe first Deputy Governor, under Barclay, was Thomas Rudyard, an\\nattorney of London, noted for his assistance at the trial of Penn and Mead,\\nwho arrived at his government, early in 168.3. He was superseded, how-\\never, at the close of the year, by Gawn Lawrie, also of London, who had\\nbeen one of Byllinge s trustees, for West Jersey. The efforts of Rudyard,\\nof Samuel Groome, who was the surveyor of the proprietaries, and of Law-\\nrie, were strenuously directed to create a city, at Amboy Point; a plan for\\nwhich, the proprietaries had published, with an invitation to adventurers.\\nThey laid the ground out in lots, with out-lots, or small tarms, appendant to\\nthem, put up houses on account of the proprietaries, in order to entice settlers,\\nand proclaimed the advantages of its situation, in England and America.\\nThe town at fii st called Amho, the Indian name for point, received soon\\nafter, the addition of Perth, in honour of the Earl, and was thenceforth\\nknown, as Perth Amboy. The endeavours of the proprietaries, in this re-\\nspect, were crowned with very partial success; nor were their equally ear-\\nnest efforts to establish foreign trade with their city, more happy. New\\nYork possessed, in her more advantageous position, and greater capital, the\\nmeans of suppressing all rivalry, to which her governors did not hesitate to add\\nforce seizing, in the very poi t of Amboy, vessels engaged in foreign trade,\\ncanying them to New York, for adjudication, upon alleged breach of com-\\nmercial regulations.\\nThe new proprietaries do not appear to have deemed any modification of\\nthe civil polity of the country necessary. In their description of the pro-\\nvince, they commended the concessions of Berkeley and Carteret, and pro-\\nmised to make such additions to them as might be found necessary. Their\\nadministration for several years seems to have been satisfactory to the in-\\nhabitants and with some inconsiderable exception, the discord arising from\\nopposing titles, was stilled.\\nIII. But James II., who had now ascended the throne,* had little respect\\nfor the engagements of the Duke of York. Nor could his seeming friend-\\nship for Barclay, nor the influence of the Earl of Perth, and the other cour-\\ntier proprietors, deter him from involving New Jei sey in the design he had\\nformed of annulling all the charters and constitutions of the American colo-\\nnies. A real or pretended complaint was preferred to the English court,\\nagainst the inhabitants of the Jerseys, for evasion of custom-house duties.\\nThe ministers, eagerly seizing this pretext, issued writs of quo warranto,\\nagainst both East and West Jersey and directed the Attorney-General to\\nprosecute them with the greatest possible expedition. The reason assigned\\nfor this proceedir^g, was, the necessity of checking the pretended abuses in\\na country, which ought to be more dependent upon his majesty. Aroused\\nby this blow, the proprietaries of East Jersey presented a remonstrance to\\nthe King; reminding him, that, they had not received their province as a\\nbenevolence, but had purchased it, at the price of many thousand pounds, to\\nwhich they had been encouraged, by his assurances of protection; that they\\nhad already sent thither several hundreds of the people from Scotland and\\nthat, if satisfactory, they would propose to the New Jersey Assembly, to\\nimpose the same taxes there, that were paid by the people of New York.\\nThey entreated, that if any change should be made in the condition of the\\nOn the death of Charles II,, Otii February, 1685.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 53\\nprovinces, it might be, by the union of East and West Jersey, to be ruled by\\na governor, selected by the King from the proprietaries. But James was\\ninexorable, and gave to their remonstrances no other answer, than that he\\nhad resolved to unite the Jerseys, New York, and the New England colo-\\nnies, in one government, dependent upon the crown, and to be administered\\nby Andross. Unable to divert him from his arbitrary purpose, the proprie-\\ntaries of East Jersey, not only abandoned the contest, for the privileges of\\ntheir people, but consented to facilitate the execution of the King s designs,\\nas the price of respect, for their interest in the soil. They made a formal\\nsurrender of their patent, which being accepted by the King, the proceed-\\nings on the quo warranto were stayed, with regard both to East and West\\nJersey.* Seeing no resistance to his will, the King was less intent on con-\\nsummating his acquisition and while the grant of the soil to the proprieta-\\ni ies, which was necessary for this purpose, still remained unexecuted, the\\ncompletion of the design was abruptly intercepted by the British revo-\\nlution.\\nIV. Upon the departure of Lord Neil Campbell, from Jersey, after a hw\\nmonths residence only,f Andrew Hamilton, Esq., a respectable Scotch gen-\\ntleman, became Deputy Governor; which office he continued to exercise,\\nuntil June, 1689, when, by his return to Europe, it was vacated, and so re-\\nmained, until his second arrival, in August, 1692. During this interval,\\nthere appears to have been no regular government in New Jersey. The\\npeace of the country was preserved, and the prosperity of its inhabitants\\npromoted, by their honesty, sobriety, and industry. In the mean time,\\nRobert Barclay died having retained the government in chief, during his\\nlife. At his death, this power reverted to the proprietaries; who having, by\\nsales and subdivisions of their rights, become too numerous, readily to ex-\\npress their will, some delay occurred in filling the vacancy. In March,\\n1692, Andrew Hamilton, received the commission of Governor-in-chief;\\nwhich, the proprietaries were, nevertheless, compelled, very reluctantly,\\nto revoke in March, 1697, in consequence of a late act of parliament,\\ndisabling all Scotchmen, from serving in places of public trust and profit,\\nand obliging all colonial proprietors to present their respective governors to\\nthe King, for his approbation. In his place, they appointed Jeremiah Basse,\\nwho arrived in the province, in May, 1698 but, who, though instructed by the\\nministers of the King, had not the royal approbation in the form prescribed,\\nnor it seems, the voice of a majority of the proprietaries. These circum-\\nstances, added to the hostility borne to the proprietary government, by such\\nof the settlers, as held their lands by adverse title, occasioned disobedience\\nto his authority; to enforce which, he imprisoned some of the most turbulent\\nmalcontents. This energetic measure served but to increase the public dis-\\nsatisfaction to allay which, Colonel Hamilton M-as reappointed, notwithstand-\\ning the statute, which was now construed, not to extend to the provinces,\\nand without the royal sanction. A new pretence for disobedience was\\nthus afforded, which was immediately seized; and a petition and remon-\\nstrance was sent, by the disaffected, to the King, complaining of their griev-\\nances, and praying redress. This document betrayed the source of these\\ncommotions to be the claims of the proprietors to the exclusive possession of\\nthe soil under the Duke of York s grants, their demand of quit-rents, and\\nrepudiation of the title alleged to have been derived from Indian grants and\\nthe approbation of Colonel Nicholls. The petitioners close their remon-\\nApril, 1688. Smith, App. 558, c. Grahame s Col. Hist.\\nt From 10th Oct. 1686, to March, 1687. MSS. Records, Secretary s Office, Amboy.\\nSmith s Hist. App. 558.\\nt M October, 1690.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "54 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nstrance, with a prayer, that if the rights of government be in the proprieta-\\nries, his Majesty would compel them to commission for governor, some one\\nqualitied by law, who, as an indifferent judge, might decide the controver-\\nsies, between the proprietaries and the inhabitants.*\\nV. To these causes of uneasiness, another was at this period superadded, af-\\nfecting alike, the proprietaries and the people, in the renewed assumption by\\nJVew York, of supremacy over New Jersey, manifested in an attempt to levy\\ntaxes by law upon that province. This effort, though encouraged by King\\nWilliam, was as unsuccessful as those which had preceded it. The Crown\\nlawyers, to whom the complaint of the Jersey proprietors was referred, re-\\nported, that no customs could be imposed on the Jerseys, otherwise, than by\\nAct, of Parliament, or their own assemblies.f\\nVI. At length, the proprietaries of East and West Jersey, embarrassed by\\ntheir own numbers, and by the searching and critical spirit of their people,\\nfinding that their seignoral functions tended only to disturb the peace of their\\nterritories, and to obstruct their own emoluments from the soil, hearkened to an\\noverture from the English ministers, for the surrender of their gubernatorial\\npower to the Crown. They were further induced to this measure, by the de-\\nsire to avoid a tedious and expensive lawsuit, with which they were threatened:\\nthe Lords of Trade havina; resolved to controvert their ria;hts of Government\\nby a trial at law, in which they would probably have taken the broad ground,\\nthat the King was not competent to subdivide and alienate the sovereign\\npower. The determination of the Lords on this head had prevented the con-\\nfirmation of the appointment of Col. Hamilton to the office of Governor of\\nEast and West Jersey, respectively, and such was the confusion in the pro-\\nvinces, consequent upon this rejection, that many of the proprietaries, whilst\\nprofessing their readiness to surrender the government upon such terms and\\nconditions as were requisite for the preservation of their properties and civil\\ninterests, earnestly prayed that Col. Hamilton might be approved, until the\\nsurrender could be effected.:}: But, whilst they seemed to make this approba-\\ntion almost a condition of their surrender, other proprietaries refused to join\\nin the petition to that effect, though expressing their readiness to yield the\\ngovernment. Under these circumstances, the Lords of Trade, upon consi-\\nderation, that, the disorders into which the province had fallen were so great,\\nthat, the public peace and administration of justice was intei rupted and violated,\\nand that no due provision could be made for the public defence, recommend-\\ned that his Majesty should appoint a Governor by his immediate commission,\\nwith such instructions as might be necessary, for the establishment of a\\nregular constitution of government, by a Governor, Council, and General\\nAssembly, and other officers; for securing to the proprietors and inhabit-\\nants, their properties, and civil rights; and for preventing the interference\\nof the Colony with the interests of his Majesty s other plantations, as the pro-\\nprietary governments in America had generally done.\\nVII. The proprietaries were desirous to annex special conditions to their\\nsurrender, which they inserted in several memorials. Ir was finally, however,\\nmade, absolutely and unrestricted, by all parties interested in both provinces,\\nbefoi-e the privy council, on the 17th of April, 1702; and Queen Anne pro-\\nceeded forthwith to reunite East and West Jersey into one ])rovince, and to\\ncommit its government, as well as that of New York, to her kinsman Edward\\nHyde, Lord Cornbury, grandson of the chancellor. Earl of Clarendon. The\\ncommission and instructions which this nobleman received, formed the con-\\nSmitli s Hist. App. 500. 1 Grahames Col. Hist. vol. ii. p. 3G1.\\nX Smith s N. J. App. No. 12, 13, 14.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 55\\nstitution and government of the province, until its declaration of independence.\\nThe confidence of the proprietaries in the crown, exemplified by the uncon-\\nditional surrender, was not misplaced. The greater part of the provisions they\\nwere desirous to obtain, were inserted in the instructions, which were sub-\\nmitted to, and approved by, them, before confirmation in council. Indeed, so\\nmuch regai d was paid to their wishes, that they might have nominated the\\nfirst governor, could they have united on any individual. All the measures\\npreparatory to the surrender, had been completed prior to the death of King\\nWilliam,* but were not perfected until nearly a year after that monarch s\\ndeath, by his successor Anne.\\nThe new government was composed of the governor, and twelve coun-\\nsellors, nominated by the crown, and an Assembly, of twenty-four mem-\\nbers, to be elected by the people, for an indefinite term, whose sessions\\nwere to be holden, alternately, at Perth Amboy, and Burlington.f Five, or\\nin case of necessity, three members of council made a quorum and they pos-\\nsessed the right to debate and vote on all subjects of public concern brought be-\\nfore them. Their number was neither to be augmented nor diminished nor any\\nmember to be suspended, without sufficient cause, when report was to be made\\nto the commissioners of trade and plantations. The Assembly was constituted\\nof two members from Amboy, two from Burlington, two from Salem, and two\\nfrom each of the nine counties, into which the whole province was then di-\\nvided.:}: No person was eligible to the Assembly, who did not possess a free-\\nhold in one thousand acres of land, within the division for which he Avas\\nchosen, or personal estate to the value of five hundred pounds sterling; and\\nthe qualification of an elector was a freehold estate in one hundred acres of\\nland, or personal estate to the value of fifty pounds sterling. The house was\\nto be convened by the governor from time to time, as occasion might require,\\nand to be prorogued, or dissolved at his pleasure. The laws enacted by the\\ncouncil and Assembly were subject to the negative of the governor; and when\\npassed by him, were to be immediately transmitted to England, for confirma-\\ntion or disallowance by the crown. The governor was empowered to suspend\\nmembers of council from their functions, and to fill vacancies occurring by\\ndeath; and with consent of this body, to constitute courts of law, but not other\\nthan those established, except by royal order; to appoint all civil and military\\nofficers, and to employ the forces of the province in hostilities against public\\nenemies He was commanded to communicate to the Assembly, the royal\\ndesire, that, they would provide means, for a competent salary to the governor,\\nto themselves, to the members of councils, and for defraying all other pro-\\nvincial expenses He was empowered, with advice and consent of council,\\nto regulate salaries and fees of officers, and such as were payable on emer-\\ngencies He was directed to have especial care, that God Almighty be de-\\nvoutly and duly served, the book of common-pra5^er, as by law established,\\nread each Sunday and holiday, and the sacrament administered, according to\\nthe rights of the church of England that churches already built, should be\\nwell and orderly kept; that more should be built, as the colony improved, and\\nthat beside, a competent maintenance to be assigned to the minister of each\\northodox church, a convenient house should be built at the common charge,\\nfor each minister, and a competent proportion of land, granted him for a glebe,\\nand exercise of his industry and that the parishes be so limited, as should be\\nmost convenient for the accomplishment of this good work He was to per-\\nmit liberty of conscience to all persons (except papists), so they be contented\\nMarch 8, 1701 t See note N.\\nI Bergen, Essex, Somerset, Middlesex, Monmouth, BurUngton, Gloucester, Salem,\\nCape May.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "56 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwith a quiet and peaceable enjoyment thereof, not giving offence or scandal\\nto the government and he was vested with the right of presentation to all\\necclesiastical benefices.\\nIf, on the death or absence of the governor, there were no lieutenant go-\\nvernor commissioned, the eldest counsellor, nominated by the crown, exer-\\ncised his powers.\\nQuakers were declared to be eligible to every office, and their affirmation\\naccepted in lieu of oaths.\\nDue encouragement was directed to be given to merchants, and, particu-\\nlarly, to the Royal African Company, in England, lately established for pro-\\nsecuting the accursed slave trade, and special care to be taken that they\\nwere duly paid for the negroes they should import and vend in the province.\\nLaws were also to be enacted, protecting the slave against inhuman severity,\\npromoting his conversion to Christianity, and punishing his wilful murder,\\nby death.\\nFrom the courts of the province, where the value in controversy exceeded\\none hundred pounds, an appeal lay to the governor in council, excluding\\nsuch members as might have, previously, sat upon the cause and where the\\nvalue exceeded two hundred pounds, the cause might be carried before the\\nprivy council in England. And,\\nPredicating, that great inconveniences might arise by the liberty of print-\\ning in the province no printing press was permitted, nor any book or other\\nmatter allowed to be printed, without the license of the governor.\\nThe former proprietaries were confirmed in their rights to the soil and\\nquit-rents, as they had enjoyed them before the svirrender, with power to\\nappoint their surveyors, and the exclusive right to purchase lands from\\nthe Indians.\\nThe constitution thus framed, gave to New Jersey, a polity similar to that of\\nother royal governments in America but it fell far short of the uncontrolled\\npolitical freedom enjoyed under the pi oprietary concessions. The great and\\nessential principle of political happiness, the popular will, was deprived of its\\nenergy, and circumscribed in its action, by the subjugation of the Assembly,\\nin the times of its convention and duration of its sessions, to the pleasure\\nof the governor and by the double veto of him and the crown upon the\\nlaws. The means were thus created, not only of marring the most beneficial\\nmeasures, when conflicting with the partial interests of the prince or his\\ndeputy but when such measures were indifferent to them, of selling their\\napprobation for selfish considerations. When these consequences of the\\nsurrender were felt, and they were not long delayed, the proprietaries and\\npeople contended by an ingenious, but alas by a fallacious reasoning, that,\\nthey had reserved, and by the nature of things were entitled to, the privi-\\nleges of their first and palmy state. Among these privileges, they enume-\\nrated, absolute religious freedom; exemption from every species of imposi-\\ntion, not levied by their Assemblies; the establishment of the judiciary by the\\ngovernor, council, and Assembly exemption from military duty of those\\nconscientiously scrupulous against bearing arms the solemnization of mar-\\nriage, as of other contracts, in presence of disinterested witnesses merely\\nthe determination of all causes, civil and criminal, by jury, and in criminal\\ncases, the right of peremptory challenge, to the number of thirty-five and\\nthe right of the Assembly alone, to enact laws, provided, they were agreea-\\nble to the fundamental laws of England, and not repugnant to the conces-\\nsions. Some of these claims were so entirely incompatible with the right of\\ngovernment, as understood by the crown, that we cannot be surprised that\\nthey were disregarded.\\nVIII. The attractions which the neighbouring province of Pennsylvania,", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 57\\npresented to the English Quakers, and the cessation, which the British revo-\\nlution produced, of the severities that had driven so many Protestant dis-\\nsenters from both England and Scotland, undoubtedly, prevented the popula-\\ntion of New Jersey from advancing with the rapidity which its increase, at\\none period, seemed to promise. Yet, at the close of the seventeenth century,\\nthe province is said to have contained twenty thousand inhabitants, of whom,\\ntwelve thousand belonged to East, and eight thousand to West, Jersey.* It\\nis more probable, however, that the total population did not exceed fifteen\\nthousand the great bulk of whom, were Quakers, Presbyterians, and Ana-\\nbaptists. There were two Church of England ministers in the province, but\\ntheir followers were not sufficiently numerous and wealthy to provide them\\nwith churches. The militia, at this period, amounted to fourteen hundred\\nmen. This province, like several others of the continental colonies, witnessed\\na long subsistence of varieties of national character among its inhabitants.\\nPatriotic attachment and mutual convenience, had, generally, induced the\\nemigrants, from different countries, to settle in distinct bodies, whence their\\npeculiar national manners and customs were preserved. The Swedes appear\\nto have been less tenacious of these, than the Dutch, and to have copied,\\nvery early, the manners of the English. The distinction arising too, from\\nthe separation of the province into governments and two proprietaryships,\\nwas long continued, and is now scarce wholly obliterated. Yet, the inhabi-\\ntants of the eastern and western territories, were strongly assimilated by the\\nhabits of industry and frugality, common to the Dutch, the Scotch, the emi-\\ngrants from New England, and the Quakers and the prevalence of these\\nhabits, doubtlessly, contributed to maintain tranquillity and harmony among\\nthe several races, which were alike distinguished by the steadiness and\\nardour of their attachment to those liberal principles which had been incor-\\nporated with the foundations of political society in the province. Negro\\nslavery was, unhappily, established in New Jersey, though, at what precise\\nperiod, or by what class of planters it was introduced, cannot now be ascer-\\ntained. In spite of the royal patronage which this baneful system received,\\nit did not become inextricably rooted. Yet the Quakers, here, as in Penn-\\nsylvania, became proprietors of slaves but they always treated them with\\nhumanity; and so early as the year 1696, the Quakers of New Jersey,\\nunited with their brethren, in Pennsylvania, in recommending to their own\\nsect, to desist from the employment, or at least from the further importation\\nof slaves.f\\nThe trade of the province was even at this time considerable. Its exports\\nconsisted of agricultural produce, among which, mistakenly, we think, rice\\nhas been enumerated, with which it supplied the West Indian islands; furs,\\nskins, and a little tobacco, for the English market; and oil, fish, and other\\nprovisions, which were sent to Spain, Portugal, and the Canary islands.:}:\\nBurlington, at this time, gave promise of becoming a place of considerable\\ntrade; and the comfort and neatness of its buildings, are commended by\\nseveral writers of this era.\u00c2\u00a7 It possessed a thriving manufactory of linen\\nand woollen cloth, which was soon smothered by the jealous policy of the\\nmother country. In 1695, the governor s salary, in East Jersey, was one\\nhundred and fifty pounds; in West Jersey, two hundred pounds; and those\\nof other officers, at proportionate moderate rates.\\nGrahame s Col. Hist vol. ii. 3(1(). Holmes Ann. vol. ii. p. 45, c.\\nt Kalm s Travels, vol. i. and ii. Winterbotham, ii. 279. Warden, vol. ii. 38.\\nClarkson s History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade, vol. i. 131, 130.\\nt Gab. Thomas Hist, of West N. J. 13, 33. 01dmi.\\\\on, i. 141. Blome celebrated\\nthe excellence of the New Jersey tobacco.\\nThomas. Blome, who wrote in 1G86.\\nH", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "58 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nIX. Having thus brougfit our history to the termination of the proprietary\\ngovernments, it may be proper, before we proceed to a narration of events,\\nunder the I oyal administration, to consider the condition of the aborigines,\\nthe manner in which their intei*est in the soil was extinguished, and the prin-\\nciples adopted by the proprietaries, in disposal of their acquisitions.\\nThe strong ai e every where masters of the weak. In all ages, and with\\nall people, the power to subdue has been accompanied with the pretension of\\nright. The European, eminently endowed with this power, mentally and\\nphysically, over the untutored savage of America, unhesitatingly, appropri-\\nated to himself, all that the latter possessed, comprehending his labour and\\nhis life. From the first landing of Columbus, at Guannahane, or San Salva-\\ndor, to the present era, the right by discovery has been the right of conquest.\\nThe ambition of princes, stimulated by the most sordid motives, was dignified\\nby the approval of grave and politic counsellors, and sanctified by the fathers\\nof the church, who in the plenitude of spiritual arrogance assumed, to dispose\\nof all countries of those inhabited by Christians, because the inhabitants, as\\nmembers of the church, were subjects of the supreme Pontiff of other coun-\\ntries, because the church would be advanced by the estates and services of\\ninfidels. So long as colonization was prompted by state policy, and was\\neffected by the sword, the rights of the original possessors of the soil, what-\\never they may have been, were wholly disregarded. The most sacred, most\\nvenerated spots, endeared to their inhabitants by the long occupancy of them-\\nselves and their ancestors, were seized with the same ruthless indifference, as\\nthe untrodden wild and the fruits of cultivation, with the same license, as the\\nspontaneous productions of nature. All the principles of property, growing\\nout of occupancy and manipulation, which society in its simplest form must\\nrecognise, were utterly prostrated, in the subjugation of the newly discovered\\ncountries of the West. When, however, these countries were sought, not\\nwith the view of increasing regal power, or of gratifying the insatiate long-\\nings of avarice, but as an asylum against princely misrule and clerical tyranny,\\nthat justice which the colonist would obtain for himself, was in a measure,\\nextended to the owner of the soil he would possess. The emigrant did not,\\nperhaps could not, and ought not, divest himself of the idea of right, ac-\\nquired by discovery of sparsely peopled land, to participate in the occupancy\\nof an uncultivated soil, with the indigene, who exercised over it the slightest\\nof all species of appropriation, that of occasional hunting upon it. But he re-\\ncognised in this occupant also, a right impeding that full and separate property\\nwhich his convenience required, and which his conscience forbade him to ex-\\ntinguish without a colour of compensation. The requisitions of conscience,\\nhowever, in these cases, wei e easily appeased. In some instances, perhaps,\\ntheir very existence may be attributed to the fears caused by the fierce, war-\\nlike, and indomitable character of the North American savage. The veriest\\ntrifles which could be imposed on the ignorance and vanity of the native were\\ndeemed adequate compensation for scores of miles of fertile lands; and such\\ncontracts of sale, whose nature was not comprehended by the vendors, were\\nenforced by the vendees with as much confidence in the legality and equity of\\ntheir title, as if a court of chancery had passed upon the adequacy of the\\nconsideration.\\nIt has been erroneously supposed, that, the first instance of purchase from\\nthe aborigines of America, was given by William Pcnn and modern histori-\\nrians and essayists, delighted to contrast the humanity and justice of his con-\\nduct with the violence and devastation of other European agents, have by the\\ninflation of his deeds, obscured and almost hidden the scarce inferior merit\\nof others. The Dutch, Swedes, and Fins on the Delaware, the English in\\nMassachusetts, in New York, and New Jersey, had given examples of this", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 59\\njust and prudent policy, which Penn gladly followed, but which he dared not\\nreject. He has the merit of conforming to this established practice, with a\\nkindness of spirit and humane consideration, which have made an indelible\\nimpression on the Indian race.\\nCompared with the value of the lands acquired, the sums paid for them\\nwere generally inconsiderable and consisted, but too frequently, of articles\\nof destructive luxury, serving to debase and destroy those who received them.\\nThis consideration, small and personal and perishable in its nature, was soon\\nconsumed leaving the vendor, only, vain regrets, which frequently hurried him\\ninto imprudent and unjustifiable hostilities. Had it been practicable in the early\\nperiod of the intercourse between the whites and Indians of North America,\\nto have adopted the annuity system, which has been, in part, pursued by the\\nUnited States, the Indian race might, possibly, have been improved, en-\\nlightened, and preserved.\\nThe Indians inhabiting the country between the great lakes and the\\nRoanoke, belonged, it would seem, either to the Lenni Lenape, or the Meng-\\nwe nations. The former, known among their derivative tribes, also, by the\\nname of the Wapanachki, corrupted by the Europeans into Opennaki, Ope-\\nnagi, Ahenaquis and Apenakies, and among the whites by the name of\\nDelawares, held their principal seats upon the Delaware river, and were ac-\\nknowledged by near forty tribes as their grandfathers, or parent stock.\\nThey relate, that many centuries ago, their ancestors dwelt far in the western\\nwilds: but emigrating eastwardly, they arrived after many years peregrina-\\ntion, on the NamcBsi Sipu (Mississippi), or river of fish, where they encoun-\\ntered the Mengwe, who had also come from a distant country, and had first\\napproached the river, somewhat nearer its source. The spies of the Lenape\\nreported, that the country on the east of the river was inhabited by a power-\\nful nation, dwelling in large towns, erected upon their principal rivers.\\nThis people were tall and robust, some of them were said to be even of\\ngigantic mould. They bore the name of AUigewi, from which has been\\nderived, that of the Alleghany river and mountains. Their towns were de-\\nfended by regular fortifications, vestiges of which are yet apparent, in greater\\nor less preservation. The Lenape, requesting permission to establish them-\\nselves in the vicinity, were refused; but obtained leave, to pass the river, in\\norder to seek a habitation farther to the eastward. But, whilst crossing the\\nstream, the AUigewi, alarmed at their number, assailed and destroyed many\\nwho had reached the eastern shore, and threatened a like fate to the remain-\\nder, should they attempt the passage. Fired by this treachery, the Lenape\\neagerly accepted a proposition from the Mengwe, who had hitherto been\\nspectators of their enterprise, to unite with them, for the conquest of the\\ncountry. A war of great duration was thus commenced, which was prose-\\ncuted with great loss on both sides, and eventuated in the expulsion of the\\nAUigewi, who fled from their ancient seats, by way of the Mississippi, never\\nto return. The devastated country was apportioned among the conquerors\\nthe Mengwe choosing their residence, in the neighbourhood of the great\\nlakes, and the Lenape in the lands of the south.\\nAfter some years, during which, the conquerors lived together in much\\nharmony, the hunters of the Lenape, crossed the Alleghany mountains,\\nand discovered the great rivers, Susquehanna and Delaware. Exploring the\\nSheyichbi country (New Jersey) they reached the Hudson, to which they,\\nsubsequently, gave the name of the Mahicannittuck river. Upon their\\nreturn to their nation, they described the country they had visited, as abound-\\ning in game, fruits, fish, and fowl, and destitute of inhabitants. Concluding\\nthis to be the home destined for them, by the Great Spirit, the tribe esta-\\nblished themselves upon the four great rivers, the Hudson, Delaware, Sus-", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "60 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nquehanna, and Potomac, making the Delaware, to which they gave the name\\nof the Lenapc wihittuck, (the river or stream of the Lenape) the centre of\\ntheir possessions. J\\nThey say, however, that all of their nation who crossed the Mississippi, did\\nnot reach this country; and that a part remained west of the NamtBsi\\nSipu. They were finally divided into three great bodies the larger, one-\\nhalf of the whole, settled on the Atlantic the other half was separated into\\ntwo parts; the stronger continued beyond the Mississippi, the other remained\\non its eastern bank.\\nThose on the Atlantic were subdivided into three tribes the Turtle or\\nUnamis, the Turkey or Unalachtgo, and the Wolf or Minsi. The two\\nformer inhabited the coast from the Hudson to the Potomac, settling in small\\nbodies, in towns and villages upon the larger streams, under chiefs subordi-\\nnate to the great council of the nation. The Minsi, called by the English,\\nMuncys, the most warlike of the three tribes, dwelt in the interior, forming\\na barrier between their nation and the Mengwe. They extended themselves\\nfrom the Minisink, on the Delaware, where they held their council seat, to\\nthe Hudson on the east, to the Susquehanna on the south-west, to the head\\nwaters of the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers on the north, and on\\nthe south to that range of hills now known, in New Jersey, by the name\\nof the Musconetcong, and by that of Lehigh and Coghnewago, in Pennsyl-\\nvania.\\nMany subordinate tribes proceeded from these, who received names either\\nfrom their places of residence, or from some accidental circumstance, at the\\ntime of its occurrence remarkable, but now forgotten.\\nThe Mengtve hovered for some time on the borders of the lakes, with their\\ncanoes, in readiness to fly should the Alligetci return. Having grown bolder,\\nand their numbers increasing, they stretched themselves along the St. Law-\\nrence, and became, on the north, near neighbours to the Lenape tribes.\\nThe Mengwe and the Lenape, in the progress of time, became enemies.\\nThe latter represent the former as treacherous and cruel, pursuing, pertina-\\nciously, an insidious and destructive policy towards their more generous\\nneighbours. Dreading the power of the Lenape, the Mengtve resolved, by\\ninvolving them in war with their distant tribes, to reduce their strength.\\nThey committed murders upon the members of one tribe, and induced the\\ninjured party to believe they were perpetrated by another. They stole into\\nthe country of the Delawares, surprised them in their hunting parties,\\nslaughtered the hunters, and escaped with the plunder.\\nEach nation or tribe had a particular mark upon its war clubs, which,\\nplaced beside a murdered person, denoted the aggressor. The Mengive perpe-\\ntrated a murder in the Cherokee country, and left with the dead body, a war\\nclub bearing the insignia of the Lenape. The Cherokees, in revenge, fell\\nsuddenly upon the latter, and commenced a long and bloody war. The\\ntreachery of the Mengive was at length discovered, and the Delawares turned\\nupon them with the determination utterly to extirpate them. They were the\\nmore strongly induced to take this resolution, as the cannibal propensities of\\nthe Mengwe had reduced them, in the estimation of the Delawares, below\\nthe rank of human beings.*\\nHitherto, each tribe of the Mengwe had acted under the direction of its\\nparticular chiefs; and, although the nation could not control the conduct of\\nits members, it was made responsible for their outrages. Pressed by the\\nLenape, they resolved to form a confederation which might enable them\\nThe Iroquois or Mengwe sometimes ate tlie bodies of their prisoners. Hccke-\\nwelder, h. N. Y. Hist. CoT. 55.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 61\\nbetter to concentrate their force in war, and to regulate their affairs in peace.\\nTkannmvage, an aged Mohawk, was the projector of this alliance. Under\\nhis auspices, five nations, the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagoes, Cayugas, and\\nSenecas, formed a species of republic, governed by the united counsels of\\ntheir aged and experienced chiefs. To these a sixth nation, the Tuscaroras,\\nwas added in 1712. This last, originally dwelt in the western parts of North\\nCarolina, but having formed a deep and general conspiracy, to exterminate\\nthe whites, were driven from their country, and adopted by the Iroquois con-\\nfederacy.* The beneficial effects of this system, early displayed themselves.\\nThe Lenape were checked, and the Mcngwe, whose warlike disposition soon\\nfamiliarized them with fire arms, procured from the Dutch, were enabled, at\\nthe same time, to contend with them, to resist the French, who now at-\\ntempted the settlement of Canada, and to extend their conquests over a large\\nportion of the country between the Atlantic and the Mississippi.\\nBut, bein pressed hard by their new, they became desirous of reconcilia-\\ntion with their old, enemies and, for this purpose, if the tradition of the\\nDelawares be credited, they effected one of the most extraordinary strokes\\nof policy which history has recorded.\\nThe mediators between the Indian nations at war, are the women. The\\nmen, however weary of the contest, hold it cowardly and disgraceful to seek\\nreconciliation. They deem it inconsistent in a warrior, to speak of peace with\\nbloody weapons in his hands. He must maintain a determined courage, and\\nappear, at all times, as ready and willing to fight as at the commencement\\nof hostilities. With such dispositions, Indian wars would be interminable,\\nif the women did not interfere, and persuade the combatants to bury the\\nhatchet, and make peace with each other.\\nTheir prayers seldom failed of the desired effect. The function of the\\npeace maker was honourable and dignified, and its assumption by a coura-\\ngeous and powerful nation could not be inglorious. This station the Mengwe\\nurged upon the Lenape. They had reflected, they said, upon the state\\nof the Indian race, and were convinced that no means remained to preserve\\nit, unless some magnanimous nation would assume the character of the\\nWOMAN. It could not be given to a weak and contemptible tribe such\\nwould not be listened to but the Lenape and their allies, would at once pos-\\nsess influence and command respect.\\nThe facts upon which these arguments were founded, were known to the\\nDelawares, and, in a moment of blind confidence in the sincerity of the\\nIroquois, they acceded to the proposition, and assumed the petticoat. The\\nceremony of the metamorphosis was performed with great rejoicings at Al-\\nbany, in 1617, in the presence of the Dutch, whom the Lenape charge with\\nhaving conspired with the Mengwe for their destruction.\\nHaving thus disarmed the Delawares, the Iroquois assumed over them\\nthe rights of protection and command. But, still dreading their strength,\\nthey artfully involved them again in war with the Cherokees, promised to\\nfight their battles, led them into an ambush of their foes, and deserted them.\\nThe Delawares, at length, comprehended the treachery of their arch enemy,\\nand resolved to resume their arms, and, being still superior in numbers, to\\ncrush them. But it was too late. The Europeans were now making their\\nway into the country in every direction, and gave ample employment to the\\nastonished Lenape.\\nThe Mengwe deny these machinations. They aver, that they conquered\\nthe Delawares by force of arms, and made them a subject people. And,\\nSmith s New York. Douffl. Summ.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "G2 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthough it be said, they are unable to detail the circumstances of this con-\\nquest, it is more rational to suppose it ti ue, than that a brave, numerous, and\\nwarlike nation should have, voluntarily, suffered themselves to be disarmed\\nand enslaved by a shallow artifice or that, discovering the fraud practised\\nupon them, they should, unresistingly, have submitted to its consequences.\\nThis conquest was not an empty acquisition to the Mengwe. They claimed\\ndominion over all the lands occupied by the Delawares, and, in many in-\\nstances, their claims were distinctly acknowledged. Parties of the Five\\nNations occasionally occupied the Lenape country, and wandered over it, at\\nall times, at their pleasure.\\nWhatever credit inay be due to the traditions of the Lenape, relative to\\ntheir migration from the west, there is strong evidence in support of their\\npretensions to be considered the soui ce, whence a great portion of the In-\\ndians of North America was derived. They are acknowledged as the\\ngrandfathers, or the parent stock, of the tribes that inhabited the extensive\\nregions of Canada, from the coast of Labrador to the mouth of the Albany\\nriver, which empties into the southernmost part of Hudson s Bay, and from\\nthence to the Lake of the Woods, the northernmost boundary of the United\\nStates; and a,lso by those who dwelt in that immense country, stretching\\nfrom Nova Scotia to the Roanoke, on the sea-coast, and bounded by the\\nMississippi on the west. All these nations spoke dialects of the Lenape lan-\\nguage, affording the strongest presumption of their derivation from that\\nstock. The tribes of the Mengwe, interspersed throughout this vast region,\\nare, of course, excepted. They were, however, comparatively, few in\\nnumber.\\nWe have no data by which to determine the number of Indians in New\\nJersey, at the advent of the Europeans. It is certain that it was very in-\\nconsiderable. The tribes were small, and scattered over the country and\\nconsisted then, or soon after, of portions of the Mengwe and Lenape nations.\\nThese petty hordes were commonly distinguished in their intercourse with\\nthe whites, by the names of creeks, or other noted places, near which they\\ndwelt. Thus, there were the AsmnpinJc,* the Rankokas,^^ the Mingo, the\\nAndastaka; about Burlington, the Mantas;X the Raritans, the Navidnks,\\n;c. The most noted nations, who occasionally inhabited the ])rovince, and\\nclaimed lands within it, were the Naraticongs, on the north side of the\\nRaritan river the Capitinasses, the Gacheos, the Muncys, or Minidnks,\\nthe PoTnptons, the Senecas, the Maquas, or Mohawks, and perhaps others,\\nof the confederates of the Five Nations. These tribes were frequently at\\nwar with each other, and the heads of their arrows and javelins, are even\\nnow occasionally discovered in the battle-fields and near the falls of the\\nDelaware, on the Jersey side, and at Point-no-Point, in Pennsylvania, and\\nat other places, entrenchments were made against hostile incursions. At\\nsome seasons of the year, the country, on the sea shore was probably more\\nthickly covered by swarms, who crowded from the adjacent provinces to\\nenjoy the pastimes, and partake the plenty of the fishing and fowling sea-\\nsons. And we may conceive, that they were Mengwe warriors, whom\\nHudson encountered in the Kill-van-Kuhl, and the New York Bay.\\nFrom the petty resident tribes, purchases of the soil of New Jersey, were\\nfrom time to time, made by the Dutch, the Swedes, and the English proprie-\\nStony Creek.\\nt Lamikas, or Chichequas, was the proper Indian name. The Indians did not use\\nthe r.\\nt Frogs. A creek or two, in Gloucester county, are called Manta, or Mantua, from\\na large tribe that resided there. The tribes were probably of the same stock.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 63\\ntors of East and West Jersey. Prior to the conquest of New York, by\\nNicholls, it is probable, that individuals were permitted to purchase from\\nthe natives, such tracts of land as they required. Subsequently to that\\nevent, a like practice was for a short time permitted, upon the express\\nlicense and confirmation of the governor. But after the grant to Berkeley\\nand Carteret was proclaimed, no purchase from the Indians, other than by\\nthe general proprietors, could be deemed lawful. These proprietors, appear\\nto have conducted themselves, with much equity and for nearly a century\\nto have maintained, with the remnant of the tribes, great cordiality and\\nfriendship.*\\nWhen the war of 1756, unbridled the evil passions of the western Indians,\\nsome of those who had usually resided in New Jersey, ungi atcfuUy, united\\nwith the enemy, and probably, in the year 1758, led the way to the massa-\\ncres of a few families on the Walpack. Upon the first evidences of Indian\\nhostility, the legislature of New Jersey appointed commissioners to examine\\ninto the treatment of those who dwelt within their boundaries, with whom a\\nconvention was holden, at Crosswicks, in the winter of 1756, and they were\\ninvited to unfold whatever grievances they might have. They complained\\nof some impositions, in grants of lands, to individuals, and in their private\\ntraffic, particularly, when intoxicated; of the destruction of the deer, by\\niron traps; and the occupation of some small tracts of land, the title to\\nwhich, they had not sold. At the session of 1757, the Assembly imposed a\\npenalty on persons selling them strong drink, so as to intoxicate them pro-\\nhibited the setting of traps weighing more than three pounds avoided all\\nsales and leases of land, made in contravention of the laws and appropri-\\nated sixteen hundred pounds, to the purchase of a general release of Indian\\nclaims, in New Jersey one-half to be expended for a settlement, for such\\nIndians as resided south of the Raritan, where they might dwell, and the\\nI emainder, to be applied to the purchase of any latent claims of non-\\nresidents. At a second convention, holden also at Crosswicks, in February,\\n1758, the Indians produced a specification of their claims, appointed attor-\\nneys, to represent them in future negotiations, and executed a formal release,\\nto all lands in New Jersey, other than those in their schedule, and also to\\nsuch of those as might have been before conveyed excepting the claims of\\nthe Minisinks and Pomptons, in the northern parts of the province; re-\\nserving the right to hunt and fish, on unsettled lands.f\\nThe last purchase from the Indians, entered in the East Jersey Records, was\\nmade by John Willocks, from the Indian Weequehelah, June 16th, 1703, of a tract of\\nland, in Monmouth county. Book F. 221.\\nt The Indians who retired to the west, had, to one of the messengers, from Penn-\\nsylvania, complained of the death of the sachem, Weequehelah; but this was a mere\\npretence, to colour their attempts with the appearance of justice; as that Indian was\\nknown to have been executed for actual murder, and to have had a legal trial. He\\nwas an Indian of great note, among Christians and Indians, of the tribe that resided\\nabout South river, where he lived, with a taste much above the common rank of In-\\ndians, having an extensive farm, cattle, horses and negroes, and raised large crops of\\nwheat; and was so far English in his furniture, as to have a house well provided with\\nfeather beds, calico curtains, t c. He frequently dined with governors and great\\nmen, and behaved well; but his neighbour, Captain John Leonard, having purchased\\na cedar swamp of other Indians, to which he laid claim, and Leonard refusing to take\\nit on his right, he resented it highly, and threatened that he would shoot him; which\\nhe accordingly took an opportunity of doing, in the spring, 1728, while Leonard was\\nin the day time walking in his garden, or near his own house. Smith s JVeto Jersey,\\npp. 440-441, n.\\nThe commissioners for treating with the Indians, were Andrew Johnston, and\\nRichard Salter, esquires, of the council and Charles Read, John Stevens, William\\nFoster, and Jacob Spicer, esquires. The Indians were, Teedyuscung, king of the\\nDelawares George Hobayock, from the Susquehannah Crosswiek Iiidians, Andrew", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "64 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nTowards the close of the summer of 1758, and after the inroads on the\\nWalpack, Governor Bernard, through the medium of Teedyuscung, king of\\nthe Delawarcs, summoned the Minisink or Muncy, and the Pompton Indians,\\nwho iiad joined the enemy, to meet him at BurHngton. Thither, they des-\\npatched deputies, who opened a council, on the 7th of August, 1758, at\\nwhich a Mingo attended, who, exercising the right of a conqueror, declared,\\nthe Muncys to be women, and, consequently, unable to treat for themselves;\\nand proposed to adjourn the conference, to the council fire, about to be lighted\\nat Easton to which, the governor readily acceded.* The great council\\nholden at this place, in October, 1758, had the general pacification of the\\nIndian tribes, for its chief object. A special conference was, however, had,\\nby Governor Bernard, with the chief of the united nations, the Minisinks,\\nWapings, and other tribes, on the 18th of that month; when he obtained,\\nin consideration of one thousand dollars, a release of the title of all the In-\\ndians, to every portion of New Jersey.\\nThe commissioners, subsequently, with the consent of the Indian attor-\\nneys, purchased a tract ol more than three thousand acres of land, called\\nBrotherton, in Burlington county, on Edgepeling creek, a branch of the\\nAtsion river, upon which, there were a cedar swamp, and a saw mill and\\nadjacent, many thousand acres of poor, uninhabited land, suitable for hunt-\\ning, and convenient for fishing on the sea shore. This j)roperty was vested\\nin trustees, for the use of the Indians, resident south of the Rai itan, so that\\nthey could neither sell nor lease any part thereof; and all persons, other than\\nIndians, were forbidden to settle thereon. Soon after the purchase, they\\nwere assisted by the government to remove to this spot, and to erect commo-\\ndious buildings. In 1765, there were about sixty persons seated here, and\\ntwenty more at Weekpink, on a tract secured, by an English right, to the\\nfamily of King Charles, an Indian sachem. But no measure has yet been\\ndevised, to avert the fiat which has gone forth against this devoted race.\\nThis feeble remnant having obtained permission to sell their lands, in num-\\nber between seventy and eighty, removed, in 1802, to a settlement on the\\nOneida lake, belonging to the Stockbridge Indians, who had invited their\\nGrandfathers to eat of their dish, saying, it was large enough for both;\\nand adding, with characteristic earnestness, that, they had stretched their\\nnecks, in looking towards the fire-side of their grandfathers, until they were\\nas long as those of cranes. The united tribes remained here until 1824;\\nwhen the encroachments of the whites induced them, with the Six Nations,\\nand the Muncys, to quit New Stockbridge, and to })urchase from the Meno-\\nmees, a large tract of land on the Fox river, between Winnebagoe Lake,\\nand Green Bay, and extending to Lake Michigan. In 1832, the New Jersey\\ntribe, reduced to less than forty, applied by memorial, to the Legislature of\\nthe State, setting forth, that they had never conveyed their reserved rights\\nof hunting and fishing, on unenclosed lands, and had appointed an agent, to\\ntransfer them on receipt of a compensation. This agent, a venerable chief\\nWooley, George Wheelwright, Peepey, Josepli Cnish, William Loulax, Gabriel\\nMitop, Zeb. Conchoe, Bill Nevvs, John Pembolus; Mountain Indians, Moses Totaniy,\\nPhilip; Raritan Indian, Tom Evans; Jlncocus Indians, Robert Kekott, Jacob Mullis,\\nSamuel Gosling; Indians from Cranbury, Thomas Store, Stephen Calvin, John Pomp-\\nshire, Benjamin Glaus, Joseph Wooley, Josiah Store, Isaac Still, James Calvin, Peter\\nCalvin, Dirick Quaquaw, Ebenczar Wooley, Sarah Stores, widow of Quaquahela;\\nSouthern Indians, Abraham Loques, Isaac Swanelae. John Pompshire, interpreter.\\nThe degradation of the Delawares, or Lenape, is apparent upon every occasion,\\non which the Mcngwe assemble with them. Benjamin, who on this occasion replied\\nto Governor Bernard, on behalf of the Muncy Indians, held a belt in his hand, but\\nspoke whilst sitting, not being allowed to stand, until the Mingo had spoken. Min.\\nof Treaty.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Smith s Hist. JV. J. 450.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 65\\nof seventy-one years of age, bore the name of Bartholomew S. Calvin. He\\nhad been selected by J. Brainerd, brother of the celebrated Indian mission-\\nary, and placed at Princeton College, in 1770; where he continued, until\\nthe revolutionary war cut otf the funds of the Scotch Missionary Society, by\\nwhom he M-as supported. He afterwards taught school, for a number of\\nyears, at Edgepeling, where he had as many white as Indian pupils. As all\\nlegal claim of the tribe, was even by its own members, considered barred by\\nvoluntary abandonment, the Legislature consented to grant remuneration, as\\nan act of voluntary justice; or rather, as a memorial of kindness and com-\\npassion, to the remnant of a once powerful and friendly people, occupants\\nand natives of the State, and as a consummation of a proud fact, in the his-\\ntory of New Jersey, that every Indian claim to her soil, and its franchises\\nhad been acquired by fair and voluntary transfer. By the act of 12th\\nof March, the treasurer was directed to pay to the agent, two thousand dol-\\nlars, upon filing in the secretary s office, a full relinquishment of the rights\\nof his tribe.\\nIn all the measures of the state for the extinction of Indian title, it will be\\nobserved that she was moved by principles of justice, humanity, and sound\\npolicy. No pecuniary benefit resulted directly to the treasury, as she pos-\\nsessed, in her own right, not a single acre of the soil. This, by every title,,\\nlegal and equitable, was fully vested in the proprietaries, respectively, of East\\nand West Jersey and we proceed to consider, concisely, the principles which\\nthey adopted for its disposal.\\nX. By the several Concessions of Berkeley and Carteret, and their\\ngrantees, the twenty-four general proprietors, lands were given to settlers,\\nmasters, and servants, males and females, in designated quantities, subject to\\nan annual quit-rent, and the extinction of the Indian title. This was the\\ncommon tenure until the 13th January, 1685,* and some kw instances\\noccur so late as 1701. Lands thus granted were denominated head lands.^*\\nThe mode of the grant was devised with due regai-d to the ease and safety\\nof the grantees. A warrant signed by the governor and major part of the\\ncouncil, was directed to the survey or- general, commanding him to survey a\\nspecific number of acres. Upon this warrant the surveyor endorsed his re-\\nturn; both were recorded by the register, and upon certificate from the\\ngovernor and council, he issued a patent, which receiving the signature of\\nthe governor and council, was, also, duly registered. A reservation, not\\nordinarily expressed in the patent, was made of all mines of gold and\\nsilver.\\nThere was, however, another source of legal title, to lands in the province,\\nin the Swedish and Dutch authorities; under the latter of which, many tracts\\nwere holden in East and West Jersey, accompanied with an Indian title,\\nobtained by the holders. Upon the English conquest, the principle was, im-\\nmediately, established, that no Indian right could be purchased, except by\\nlicense fi-om the English proprietors. Thus, that license was required for\\nthe Elizabethtown tract, and was given by Colonel Nicholls before, and in\\nignorance of, the transfer to Berkeley and Carteret. Governor Philip Car-\\nteret, also, gave such licenses, but, always subject to the Concessions,\\nwhich required the purchaser from the Indians, to take a proper and formal\\ntitle from the general proprietors. In such case, when the Indian grant\\ncovered more than the location of the grantee, he was entitled to contribu-\\ntion from all who were benefitted by it. Thus, when under his license, the\\nNewark settlers procured the Indian release for more lands than they had\\nappropriated to imported heads in 1685, they claimed, and in 1692 received,\\nElizabethtown Bill iu Chancery See ante, p. 26.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "66 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nIrom tlio council of proprietors, a full indemnity, in the grant of one hundred\\nacres of land more than the)^ were entitled to by the Concessions, for each\\nof the original settlers, at a quit-rent of six-pence sterling the hundred, instead\\nof four shillings and tv/o-pencc, per annum.\\nIn the year 1680, governor Andross, after his usurpation of authority in\\nNew Jersey, encouraged purchases from the Indians, in derogation of the\\nproprietary rights. But the Duke of York, on complaint, not only disowned\\nthe acts of his deputy, but removed him from oflice. Many of such pur-\\nchasers, afterwards, took title from the proprietors, in due form; but the\\ndanger of the practice, induced an act of Assembly, in 1683, prohibiting all\\ntreaties with the Indians, without license from the governor. During the\\nconfusion resulting from the rival claims of Mr. Basse and Mr. Hamilton\\nto the government, from 1698 to 1702, this act was disregarded, and\\npurchases were made from the natives. But, in 1703, as soon as the go-\\nvernment was resettled, another act annulled them, and required the pos-\\nsessor to take a proprietary title, within six months from its passage. This\\nact, also, prescribed the method by which the proprietaries, themselves, in-\\ndividually, should obtain license to treat with the natives; and imposed a\\npenalty of forty shillings per acre, upon every one who should purchase\\nwithout license.\\nWe have elsewhere spoken, particularly, of the Elizabethtown purchase.*\\nMany of the claimants under the Indian title, took patents from the proprie-\\ntors; but others have steadfastly relied upon it, resisting all efforts of the pro-\\nprietors to recover quit-rent, or locate warrants, and have repeatedly disturbed\\nthe public peace by their violence. This pertinacity has been maintained,\\nnotwithstanding the only plausible pretence of title, was in the sanction of\\nGovernor Nicholls, as the deputy of the Duke of York, given after the right\\nhad passed from the Duke to his grantees, and notwithstanding such sanction\\nwas formally disavowed by the Duke, 25th November, 1672. This claim\\npurchased for a i ew pounds, the very payment of which is uncertain, covered\\n400,000 acres, between the Raritan and Passaic Rivers. Irregular Indian\\ntitles were also set up in Middlctown and Shrewsbury townships, but were\\nearly abandoned the claimants taking patents from the proprietors, and re-\\nceiving an indemnity for their expenditure in the grant of 500 acres of land,\\neach. Some of the inhabitants of Newark, also pertinaciously claimed an\\nexclusive right under the Indian grant, refusing to pay quit rents, and play-\\ning a conspicuous part in the riots which were, from time to time, excited by\\nefforts to enforce proprietary rights. The adverse claims of the Newark peo-\\nple, were, probably, settled by arbitration and acquiescence. But although\\nmany suits have been brought at law, and a most ably drawn bill, containing\\nthe whole case has been filed in chancery, the proprietaries have been unable\\nto obtain an eflectual determination of the question arising out of the Eliza-\\nbethtown pretension. The quit rents throughout East Jersey, are due and\\ndemandable but the lapse of time, and the division of tracts and interests\\nrender it impossible to collect them. In one instance, only, that of the quit-\\nrent on the town of Bergen, of \u00c2\u00a315 sterling, per annum, a commutation after\\nsuit brought, has been made between the tenants and proprietors.\\nFor a short period after the purchase of the province, by the twenty-four\\nproprietaries, the grant of bounty or head lands, was continued. The pro-\\nprietaries soon after their acquisition, sold many small shares, to persons who\\ntransported themselves and families into the Eastern division. And they\\nSee page 27.\\nt See Appendix note O, for a copy of a letter from David Ogden, esq., 20lh February,\\n1767, and see Fhila. Lib. No. 1588, octavo.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 67\\nagreed to divide part of the lands remaining in common, among themselves\\nin proportion to their rights. Dividends were thus made irom time to time.\\nThe fii st consisted of 10,000 acres to each share, or twenty-fourth part, and\\nto fractions of a share in the same proportion. These dividends were to be\\nlocated in any place, not before appropriated. And to restrain the locations\\nwithin proper limits, a number of the proprietaries, resident in New Jersey,\\nconvened from time to time with the governor, to examine the rights of the\\nrespective claimants, in order to determine what was due to each; and upon a\\ncertificate of five of them, the governor issued the proper warrants of survey.\\nThis council first met on the 13tli November, 1684. In other respects, the mode\\nof location and of obtaining of title, was similar to that pursued by the first\\nproprietaries under their Concessions, except, that in patents to the proprietors,\\nno quit-rents were reserved. This mode continued until after the surrender\\nof the government, and the arrival of the first governor appointed by Queen\\nAnne.\\nUpon the 2d of December, 1702, two further dividends having been made,\\na general order was declared, that the surveyor-general should survey to\\neach proprietor his proportion without further particular warrant, by which\\nthe duty of inquiry into the rights of each proprietary, and ordering warrants,\\ndevolved upon that officer. At the same time, a former regulation was re-\\nnewed, directing that no survey should be made to any person, whose title\\nwas not upon record with the register who by means of an account opened\\nwith each proprietary, could certify the true condition of his share.\\nThe office of register, which was established by the Concessions, and was\\nalways in the nomination of the proprietaries, was recognised by Act of As-\\nsembly, 21st February, 1692. Upon the surrender of the government to the\\ncrown, it was agreed, that the governors to be appointed, should be instruct-\\ned to procure from the assembly, such acts, whereby the right of the pro-\\nprietaries to the soil might be confirmed to them, together with such quit-\\nrents as they had reserved, and that the particular estates of all purchasers,\\nclaiming under the general proprietaries, should be also confirmed and settled\\nand he was required not to permit any person, other than such pi-oprietors\\nand their agents, to purchase lands from the Indians. These instructions were\\nregularly continued to the respective governors.\\nIn 1719, the act for running, and ascertaining the division line between\\nEast and West Jersey, and other purposes, required, that the surveyor-gene-\\nral of the respective divisions, should keep by themselves, or deputies, a public\\noffice in the cities of Perth Amboy and Burlington, respectively, in which\\nshould be, carefully, entered and kept, the surveys of all lands, thereafter, made,\\nwhich should be of record, and pleadable in the courts. Authority was also\\ngiven to such officers, respectively, to collect, and preserve all muniments of\\ntitle, which might be of general use for proving the rights of the proprietaries,\\nor persons claiming under them and the officers were required to give bond\\nto the governor for the. use of the proprietors, in the sum of one thousand\\npounds, conditioned for the faithful performance of their duties.\\nAs the practice which now universally prevailed, of the proprietaries or their\\nvendees laying their warrants wherever they could, or supposed they could,\\nfind vacant lands, and as the surveys were not regularly recorded, many per-\\nsons not only surveyed lands which had been formally appropriated, but even\\nsettled and improved them, and were afterwards ousted. For remedy of this\\ngrievance, the same act provided, that all surveys theretofore made, the certifi-\\ncates of which were in the hands of any of the inhabitants of this or the neigh-\\nbouring province, which were not within two years, and such certificates as\\nwere in the hands of persons living beyond seas, which were not within three\\nyears, after the publication of the act, duly recorded, either in the recorder s", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\noffice, or in the surveyor-general s record of the division, in which such lands\\nwere surveyed, should be void; and any succeeding survey duly made and\\nrecorded, should be as good and sufficient, as if no former survey had been\\nmade.\\nAfter the surrender of the government, by which the governor ceased to\\nbe an officer of the proprietaries, no more patents could be made under the\\nseal of the province. The proprietaries of East Jersey, observing that those\\nof West Jersey had never used that method for appropriating their dividends,\\nbut had made all their divisions by warrants from their council of proprieta-\\nries, after inspection of the right of the claimant and survey thereon made\\nand certified by their surveyor-general and recorded, resolved to adopt the\\nsame form of obtaining their dividends in severalty. And this mode, since\\n1703, has continued to prevail in both East and West Jersey.\\nThe council of proprietaries of East Jersey, having devolved their princi-\\npal duties on the surveyor-general, they, after the surrender, ceased to meet,\\nunless on special occasions. But finding this inattention prejudicial to their\\ninterests, a majority of the general proprietors, their attorneys, and agents,\\nby an instrument, dated the 25th day of March, 1725, agreed, that, a cer-\\ntain number therein mentioned, having, in their own right, or by proxy,\\neight whole proprietaries, should make a council, with power to appoint the\\nreceiver of the quit-rents, the register, and the surveyor-general, declare\\ndividends, examine claims, grant warrants of survey, and, generally, to do\\nall things requisite for the management of proprietary affairs. The council\\ncommonly held two stated meetings, annually, at Perth Amboy, and con-\\nvened, also, when specially required. From 1725, to the present period, it\\nhas continued to administer the affairs of the proprietaries of East Jersey,\\nwithout intermission.*\\nThe whole number of dividends, made by the proprietaries of East Jersey,\\nare eleven of ^ood right and three of ^^pine right; the first, amounting\\nto thirty-eight thousand, and the second, four thousand, acres to each share.\\nA very great portion of these rights have been located, but the stock is not\\nyet exhausted. In Monmouth there is much vacant land, but it is not valua-\\nble; in the northern counties, Sussex, Bergen, and Morris, there is little un-\\nappropriated; but in Middlesex, Somerset, and Essex, there is none unlo-\\ncated.f\\nXI. Soon after the purchase by the West Jersey proprietaries, they re-\\nsolved to divide their territory into ten parts or precincts, and the whole into\\none hundred shares or actions. To this end, chapter first of the Conces-\\nsions, provided, that the commissioners, for the time being, should take\\ncare for the setting forth and dividing all the lands of the province, as were\\nalready taken up, or by themselves shall be taken up and contracted for,\\nwith the natives, and the said lands to divide into one hundred parts, as\\noccasion shall require; that is to say, for every quantity of land that they\\nshall, from time to time, lay out to be planted and settled on, they shall first,\\nfor expedition sake, divide the same into ten equal parts or shares and, for\\ndistinction sake, mark in the register, and upon some of the trees, belonging\\nto every tenth part, the letters A B, and so end at the letter K. The\\nMr. John Rutherford is now, or was lately, its president, and James Parker, Esq.\\nthe register. To the latter gentleman I express my obligation, for the readiness and\\nkindness, with which he has communicated much information relative to the eastern\\nland office, and other subjects of general interest. Its first president was Lewis\\nMorris, afterwards governor.\\n1 Proprietary rights of East Jersey have sold, since 1797, generally, at about one\\ndollar the acre, wholesale sometimes higher, if scarce, before a dividend. The retail\\nprice has been about one dollar and fifty cents the acre. The value in 1834, is stated\\nat one dollar, or seventy-five cents per the acre, in large quantities.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 69\\ncommissioners were .then instructed to give preference to certain individuals\\nof the county of York,* for themselves and friends, who were described, as\\na considerable number of people, who might speedily promote the planting\\nof the said province, in the choice of any one of such tenths. Afterwards,\\nany other person or persons, who should go over to inhabit, and have pur-\\nchased to the number of ten proprietaries, should have liberty to make\\nchoice of any of the remaining parts: and all other proprietaries who should\\ngo over to settle, and could make up amongst them the number of ten pro-\\nprietors, might elect to settle in any tenth, not before appropriated. The\\ncommissionei s were empowered to see such tenth part, so chosen, laid out\\nand divided into ten proprietaries, and to allot the settlers so many proprie-\\ntaries out of the same, as they had order for. And the commissioners were\\ninstructed to follow these rules, until they should receive contrary directions\\nfrom the major part of the proprietors.\\nTo encourage the settlement of the province, the proprietaries of West\\nJersey, also, adopted the plan of granting head lands, as in East Jersey, with\\nsome modification, of the conditions. Thus 1. To all persons, who, with\\nthe consent of one or more of the proprietaries, should transport themselves\\nor servants to the province, before the 1st April, 1677, there were granted,\\nfor his own person and for every able man servant, each, seventy acres and\\nfor every weaker servant, male or female, exceeding the age of fourteen\\nyears, fifty acres and to every servant, when free, fifty acres in fee 2. To\\nmasters and able servants, arriving before the 1st of April, 1678, fifty\\nacres, and to such weaker servants, thirty acres and to servants, after the\\nexpiration of their service, thirty acres 3. To every freeman, arriving in\\nthe province between the 1st of April, 1678, and the 1st of April, 1679, with\\nan intention to plant, forty acres for every able man servant the like quan-\\ntity, and for such weaker servant, twenty acres with twenty acres to each\\nservant at the expiration of service Upon lands of the first class, there was\\nreserved an annual quit-rent to the proprietor, his heirs and assigns, to whom\\nthe said lands belonged, of one penny an acre for what should be laid out in\\ntowns, and a half-penny an acre, for what should be laid elsewhere the\\nrent to commence two years after the lands were laid out: upon lands of the\\nsecond class, one penny farthing, the acre, when in tovvns, and three far-\\nthings the acre, elsewhere and on lands of the third class, one penny half-\\npenny the acre, in tovvns, and one penny the acre, elsewhere.\\nLands so granted and settled, were to be holden, on condition, that every\\nhundred acres should contain, at least, two able men servants, or three such\\nweaker servants, and so proportionately, for a lesser or greater quantity,\\nbeside what the master or mistress should possess, as granted for his or her\\nown pei son. On failure of which, on notice to the occupant or his assigns,\\nthree years time was given for completing the number of servants, or for\\nthe sale of such portion of the lands, as should not be so peopled. And, if,\\nwithin such three years, the holder should fail to provide such number of\\npersons, (unless the General Assembly, without respect to poverty, should\\njudge it to have been impossible, to keep such number of servants), the\\ncommissioners, upon verdict and judgment of a jury of the neighbourhood,\\nwere empowered to dispose of so much land, for any term not exceeding\\ntwenty years, as should not be planted with the due number of persons, to\\nsome other, that would plant the same reserving to the proprietor his rents.\\nIt was fiirthcr provided, that every proprietor, who should go over in person,\\nand inhabit, should maintain upon every lot he should take up, one person\\nThomas Hutchinson of Beverly, Thomas Pearson of Benwicke, Josopli Holmcsly\\nof Great Kelke, George Hutchinson of Sheffield, and Mahlon Stacy of Hemsworth.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfor every two hundred acres. And all other proprietors, that do but* go\\nover in person and inhabit, should keep upon every lot of land that should\\nfall to them, one person at least, and if the lot exceed one hundred acres,\\nthen, upon every hundred acres, one person. And upon neglect, the conni-\\nmissioners were empowered to dispose of the lands, as in the preceding\\ncase. This obligation for keeping servants upon lands was to continue in\\nforce for ten years, from the date of the Concessions unless where, in case\\nof default, the commissioners had let the lands for a longer period.\\nFor the regular laying out of lands, the register having recorded a grant\\nfrom a proprietor, for any quantity of acres, made out a certificate to the\\nsurveyor, or his deputy, enjoining him, to survey such quantity, from the\\nshare of such proprietor which done, the surveyor returned the survey to\\nthe register, and such return was duly registered in a book kept for that\\npurpose, and an endorsement of the entry was made on the back of the\\nwarrant.\\nThe commissionei s elected by the Assembly, in 1681, prescribed ad-\\nditional rules for the settlement of lands; by which, the surveyor was\\nrequired to measure the front of the river Delaware, beginning at Assunpink\\nCreek, and proceeding thence, to Cape May, that the point of the compass\\nmight be found, for running the partition line between each tenth. Each\\ntenth was to have its proportion of front, on the river, and to run so far back\\ninto the woods, as to give it 64,000 acres for first settlement, and for sub-\\ndividing the Yorkshire and London two-tenths Three thousand two hun-\\ndred acres, were allowed, where the parties concerned pleased to choose it,\\nwithin their own tenth, to be taken up in the following manner; one-eighth\\npart of a proprietary, and so for smaller parts, to have their full proportion\\nof the said land, in one place (if they pleased) and greater shares, not to\\nexceed five hundred acres, to one settlement. All lands, so taken up and\\nsurveyed, were to be seated within six months, after being taken up upon\\npenalty, that the choice and survey should become void in which case, they\\nmight be taken up by any other purchaser, he seating them, within one\\nmonth after they should be taken up No person was permitted to take up\\nlands on both sides of a creek, for one settlement, unless for special cause*\\nNor to have more than forty perches front, to the river or navigable creek,\\nfor every hundred acres, except it fell upon a point, so that it could not be\\navoided when the commissioners might exercise their discretion All lands\\nwere to be laid out, on straight lines, that no vacancies should be left between\\ntracts, except in special cases, to be determined by the commissioners All\\npersons were allowed their just proportion of meadow, at the discretion of\\nthe same officers Persons already settled, were at liberty to make their set-\\ntlements their choice, following the rules prescribed Every proprietor was\\nallowed four hundred acres to his proprietary, and proportionably to lesser\\nquantities, for town lot; over the 3200 above mentioned, which might be\\ntaken any where within his own tenth, either within or without the town\\nbounds No person having taken up a town lot, was permitted to leave it,\\nand take a lot elsewhere nor could any one take up more land within the\\ntown bounds, than belonged to his town lot, by virtue of his purchase No\\nperson, not a purchaser, to whom town lot, or lots, were given, was permit-\\nted to sell his lot of land, separate from his house, on penalty of the sale\\nbeing void, and the lot forfeited to the town of Burlington, to be disposed of\\ntherein, a:t the discretion of the commissioners No person, thenceforth, was\\npermitted, to take up any land without special order, from two or more\\nThe word but here is found in Learning and Spicer s Collection, and in Smith s\\nHistory. Sed quere whether the word not ought not to be substituted.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 71\\ncommissioners for the time being: All settlements were to be modified con-\\nformably with the preceding rules The proprietors in England, were to be\\nnotified, that it was necessary for the speedy settlement of the province, and\\nall concerned therein, that there should be allowed to each pi oprietary 3200\\nacres, for the first choice {first dividend); and in case of the arrival of\\nmany adventurers, who purchased no land in England, the commissioners\\nreserved the liberty to take up as much more land, as should give to every\\nproprietor, a quantity not exceeding 5200 acres, which had been allowed\\nfor the first settlement (dividend). But that no one should take up any such\\nportion of land, but as they should settle it and after the 3200 should have\\nbeen settled All public high-ways were to be laid out at the discretion of\\nthe commissioners, through any lands, allowing the owners reasonable satis-\\nfaction: All persons having taken up lands within the first and second tenth,\\nwere required to present their muniments of title, to certain of the commis-\\nsioners, for inspection and persons thereafter taking up lands, within such\\ntenth, wei e i-equired to declare, before such commissioners, upon the pains of\\nperjury, that the quantity specified in their respective deeds, did really, and\\nin good conscience, belong to them upon which such commissioners might\\ngrant a warrant to the surveyor, enjoining him to return such warrant and\\nsurvey, at the next court, after sui vey, that the same might be registered by\\norder of the court: The proprietors and purchasers, within the first and\\nsecond tenths, had liberty to take their full proportions, as before, within\\nmentioned, of the first and second choice, provided they did not, respectively,\\ntake up more than five hundred acres, in one settlement.\\nBy the subdivision of the proprietys, it soon became difficult to ascertain\\nthe sense of those interested; and great detriment arising to the business of\\nthe province, it was resolved by the proprietors, on the 14th of February,\\n1687, to constitute a proprietary council, consisting of eleven commissioners,\\nto be annually elected, from among themselves which number was in the\\nsubsequent year reduced to nine. These commissioners were empowered to\\nact and plead in all such affairs, as should concern the body of the proprie-\\ntors, as fully and effectually as if every pi oprietor were present; and two\\nshillings per day were allowed them as a compensation. In November,\\n1688, the commissioners gave the following instructions relative to the ex-\\namination of deeds, and granting of warrants, for taking up of lands. 1.\\nThat no warrants should be granted, but upon the production of good deeds,\\nauthentic copies, or an extract of the record of such deed, under the regis-\\nter s hand. 2. That the deeds signed by Edward Byllinge, only, before the\\nyear 1682, were insufficient to sustain warrants. 3. That there should be a\\nparticular warrant, for every separate deed or particular purchase. 4. That\\nthe president of the council should, from time to time, grant warrants for the\\ncommissioners for the taking up their own lands. 5. That warrants, for lay-\\ning out the lands of the surveyor-general, should not be directed to him, but\\nto some other person, at the discretion of the commissioner, issuing the war-\\nrant. 6. That every proprietor demanding a warrant, should engage to pay\\nhis proportionate share of expense of the management of the proprietary afl^airs.\\nUnder this council, the land affairs of West Jersey have been administer-\\ned, to the present day. The right to head lands, as we have seen, ceased\\nafter tlie first of April, 1678. From that period, all titles were derived from\\nindividual proprietors. Dividends were declared from time to time, and\\ncarried to the credit of each proprietor, who was then at liberty to locate, or\\nto sell unlocatcd, the quantity appropriated to his share, wherever it could be\\nfound unsurvcyed.\\nXII. The boundary between East and West Jersey, though of no political\\nimportance, was long a vexed, and still continues an unsettled question. The", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nline of partition was geographically fixed by the quintipartite deed, between\\nthe proprietors, of the first of July, 1676, confirmed by Act of Assembly, 27th\\nMarch, 1719. But some difficulties occurred, subsequently, in making the\\npartition, to the understanding oi which, we must take a review of the titles of\\nthe respective proprietors.\\nThe patent from Charles I. to the Duke of York, conveyed all the country\\nnow within the states of New York and New Jersey. The deed from the\\nDuke to Berkeley and Carteret, extended New Jersey, northward as far as\\nthe northernmost branch of the bay, or river Delaware, which is in 41\u00c2\u00b0 40\\nof latitude, and from thence in a straight line to Hudson s river in 41\u00c2\u00b0 of lati-\\ntude. Lord Berkeley conveyed his undivided moiety in fee to Fenwicke, in\\ntrust for Byllingc, and Fenwicke conveyed such moiety to Penn, Lawrie and\\nLucas, reserving a tenth to himself, which tenth he subsequently assigned to\\nEldridge and Warner, who conveyed it to Penn, Lawrie, and Lucas, the better\\nto enable them, in conjunction with Byllingc, to make partition of the entire\\nprovince with Sir George Carteret. These parties by the quintipartite deed,\\nafter expressly declaring, that, the province extended northward, as far as the\\nnorthernmost branch of the river Delaware, which is in 41\u00c2\u00b0 40 latitude, de-\\ntermine that the line of partition shall be a straight line drawn from the most\\nnortherly point or boundary on the Delaware, to the most southerly point of\\nthe East side of Little Egg Harbour. The confirmation of the Duke of York,\\n(6th August, 1680,) to the West Jersey proprietor, and his confirmation,\\n(14th March, 1682), to the twenty-four East Jersey proprietors, recognise\\nthe northern boundary as above described, and referring to the quintipartite\\ndeed, give the limits accordingly.\\nAs the country became populous, much uneasiness was excited by sundry\\nfruitless attempts for running the partition line, and the uncertainty relative to\\nthe point at which the designated latitude would fall. For remedy whereof,\\nthe Act of Assembly of 1719 was passed. This, after recognizing the quin-\\ntipartite deed, and prescribing that a straight and direct line from the most\\nnortherly point of New Jersey, on the northernmost branch of the river Dela-\\nware, to the most southerly point of a beach on Egg Harbour, should be the\\ndivision line, appoints commissioners to run the line and provides, that, which\\never board of proprietors had appropriated lands of the other, should give an\\nequivalent of lands, in satisfaction, and that the then settlers should be quieted.\\nPursuant to this act, and another for establishing the boundary line with\\nthe province of New York, Governor Hunter commissioned John Johnstone,\\nand George Willocks of the eastern division, Joseph Kirkbride, and John\\nReading of the western division, and James Alexander, surveyor-general of\\nboth divisions, in conjunction with commissiouers from New York, to discover\\nand determine which of the streams of Delaware is the noi thcrnmost branch\\nthereof, and also the place on such branch that lies in latitude 41\u00c2\u00b0 40\\nThese commissioners together with Robert Walter and Isaac Hicks commis-\\nsioners, and Allain Jarrat surveyor on the part of New York, after designa-\\nting the Fishkill branch, and fixing the point of latitude in the low land, in\\nthe Indian town called Cosheghton, on the east side of the river, executed an\\nindenture tripartite, certifying the above result of their labours. After which,\\nthe West Jersey commissioners retired, protesting that their business was\\ncompleted.\\nThe northern station point thus fixed, appears to have been recognised and\\nacquiesced in by both parties; yet the division line was not run for many\\nyears. But random lines were made along the whole distance of the extreme\\npoints, that the true line might be marked with the greater certainty and ease;\\nand such lines served to regulate future surveys.\\nThe assigns of Carteret and Berkeley were respectively entitled to a", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 73\\nmoietv of the province, and unacquainted with the true geography of the\\n)r, they imagined that the Hne given in the quintipartite deed, would\\neffect their intentions; and the idea of equality of partition seems to\\nprevailed, until about the year 1687, when its propriety was questioned\\ni. Daniel Coxe. Under this idea, in the year 1686 an agreement was\\no between Robert Barclay, and the proprietors of East Jersey, and Ed-\\nByllinge, and the proprietors of West Jersey, for running the partition\\no as to give as equal a division of the province as was practicable.\\n,ant to which. Lord Neil Campbell, Governor, and captain Andrew Ham-\\nand John Campbell of East Jersey, and John Skene, deputy governor,\\nSamuel Jennings and others of West Jersey, all of whom were proprie-\\ntors of their respective divisions, entered into bonds, to stand to the award of\\nJohn Reed and William Emley, who were appointed to determine the line,\\nand who directed that it should run from Little Egg Harbour, N. N. W. and\\nfifty minutes more westerly, which was more than twelve degrees westward\\nof the quintipartite line; and was so altered, because the umpires as well as\\nthe parties to the bonds, were better acquainted with the quantity of land in\\neach division, than the parties to the quintipartite deed. The line so award-\\ned, was actually run in the year 1687, by George Keith, surveyor-general\\nof East Jersey, from the south station point, to the south branch of the Rari-\\ntan and now forms the straight line, which in part, bounds the counties of\\nBurlington^ Monmouth, Middlesex, Somerset, and Hunterdon. This line\\nwas deemed by the West Jersey proprietors to be too far west, and was not\\ncontinued.\\nOn September 5, 1688, Governors Coxe and Barclay, entered into an\\nagreement for terminating all differences concerning the deed of partition;\\nstipulating that the line run by Keith, to the south branch of the Raritan,\\nshould be the bounds, so far, between the provinces, and directing the route\\nby which that line should be continued for perfecting the division.* But this\\nagreeinent was never carried into effect.\\nSubsequent to the determination of the north station point, in 1719, several\\nineffectual attempts were made by the parties to ascertain the line. At length,\\nJohn Hamilton, and Andrew Johnstone, commissioners under the Act of 1719,\\n(the latter named in 1740), at the request of the eastern proprietors, in the\\nyear 1743, appointed John Lawrence to run the line, pursuant to the act of\\nAssembly which was, accordingly, done in September and October of that\\nyear. And this line, the East Jersey proprietors allege, has been frequently\\nrecognised by the West Jersey proprietors, particularly, by the issue of war-\\nrants of relocation from the year 1745, to 1765, for lands which were found\\nto be east of this line; by directions given to survey and return for the use\\nof the proprietors of the fifth dividend, the gore, or angle formed by Keith s\\nand Lawrence s lines by numerous surveys inspected, approved and ordered\\nto be recorded, which are bounded by Lawrence s line and by other acts of\\nacquiescence, entered upon their minutes. To this line of Lawrence, the\\nEast Jersey proprietors still firmly adhere.\\nThe division line between the provinces of New York and New Jersey, re-\\nmained long unsettled, by reason that the latitude of forty-one degrees on\\nHudson s river, was not ascertained. From the zealous and violent preten-\\nsions of the border inhabitants in the respective provinces, such disorders\\narose, as to demand the interposition of their respective Legislatures and in\\n1764, acts were passed in both provinces, referring the subject to the King.\\nHis Majesty appointed seven commissioners, who, meeting at New York\\non the 18th July, 1769, determined that, the boundary should be a straight\\nSee Smith s Hist. N. J. pp. 1[)7, 198.\\nK", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "74 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand direct line, not from the station point in latitude 41\u00c2\u00b0 40 as fixed by the\\ncommission of 1719, hut from the mouth of the Mackhackamack, at its\\njujiction with the Delaware, in latitude 41\u00c2\u00b0 21 37 to the latitude of 41\u00c2\u00b0 on\\nHudson s river. The controversy with New York, then, and subsequently\\nto the year 1719, was deemed, only, to affect the property of the proprietors\\nof East Jersey, the Legislature rejecting their application to defray any\\nportion of the expense of settling the boundary line; and the West Jersey\\nproprietors refusing to join in their request alleging that their stations were\\nalready fixed, and must remain.\\nThe alteration of the boundary on the Delaware is supposed to have\\nbeen produced by corrupt influence over the commissioners who were all\\ncrown officers, and by the change, took from the proprietary government of\\nNew Jersey, and gave to the royal government of New York, large tracts j\\nof land, to be granted at its pleasure. The effect of the change was to take\\nfrom the East Jersey proprietors, near two hundred thousand acres, and to\\nproduce a new discussion relative to the partition between East and West\\nJersey.\\nThe new station point, at the confluence of the Mackhackamack with the\\nDelaware, now the most northerly point or boundary of the province, on the\\nnorthernmost branch of the river Delaware, with a line thence to the\\nstation point, at Little Egg Harbour, would make a gore or angle with Law-\\nrence s line, near ten miles wide in the northern part, naiTOwing in propor-\\ntion as it approached the point of contact, and containing about four hundred\\nthousand acres. On the 25th of January, 1775, the West Jersey proprietors\\nassuming, that, the new northern station point, was the true northerly boun-\\ndary of the province, from which the partition line should commence, and\\naltogether losing sight of the words of the quintipartite deed and its depen-\\ndencies, which assigned the point on the I iver, in latitude 41\u00c2\u00b0 40 as the\\nstation point, petitioned the legislature to pass a law for the final settlement\\nof the said line, either in aid of the act of 1719, or by the appointment of\\ncommissioners, out of the neighbouring province, for that purpose. This\\npetition was referred to the succeeding Legislature. On the first of December\\nfollowing, Daniel Coxe, president of the board of western proprietors, re-\\nquested leave, on their behalf, to bring in a bill for the appointment of com-\\nmissioners for the same purpose, suggesting the acquiescence of the eastern\\nproprietors to the mode proposed, (which acquiescence the eastern proprie-\\ntors deny). Leave was granted but the public commotions, which soon\\nafter took place, prevented the execution of the measure. In October, 1782,\\nthe application to the Legislature was renewed ,stating the object of the west-\\nei n proprietors to be, a recompense in value of lands, from the general\\nstock of the eastern proprietors: for which purpose, they say, they un-\\nderstand and believe, it is generally known, that, certain lands, called Rama-\\npoch, belonging to the general stock of the eastern proprietors, and specially\\nexcepted in all the warrants of the eastern proprietors, were particularly\\nallotted as an equivalent, in case the event should take place, which hath\\nsince happened, of the station point being fixed farther eastward than was\\nformerly expected. This allegation respecting the Ramapoch lands, the\\neastern proprietors, scouted as too void of truth and foundation to need com-\\nment; and resisting the application to the Assembly, contended, that the sub-\\nject was a private dispute between individuals, which should be decided by\\nthe courts of law or equity. The application of the western proprietors was\\nrejected by the Assembly, on a vote of twenty-one to eleven.\\nLawrence s line is now acquiesced in, by the greater part of northern\\nJersey but is yet disputed in Monmouth county, and in the region of the\\npines, where, under West Jersey rights, great destruction of timber is com-", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 75\\nmitted. These rights are sought having, hitherto, been sold at a much less\\nprice than those of East Jersey. The line run by Lawrence, in Sussex\\ncounty, forms the boundary between Byram and Greene, Newton and\\nGreene, and Stillwater, and between Walpack and Sandistone townships;\\ncrossing the Delaware into Pennsylvania, about fifteen miles below the pre-\\nsent northernmost point of the state, it strikes the Delaware again, in the\\nstate of New York, near thirty miles north of the mouth of the Mackhacka-\\nmack.*\\nThe authorities on which the foregoing statement is made, are 1. The several\\ndeeds cited 2. The Act of Assembly, 1719 3. The petitions of the respective parties\\nin 1782 4. The minutes in the land offices of East and West Jersey 5. Smith s\\nHistory; and G. Circular of West Jersey proprietors, in 1795. The following statis-\\ntical view is appended to the petition of the East Jersey proprietors, 1782.\\n1. The angle or gore of land which East Jersey lost in the controversy with New\\nYork, amounts to about 210,000 acres. The remaining quantity of land in New\\nJersey, being the whole amount of the state, is about 4,375,970 acres.\\n2. Therefore supposing a line was drawn, dividing the state into two equal half\\nparts, and which would be the line of partition between East and West Jersey, each\\ndivision would then contain about 2,187,985 acres.\\n3. Supposing Keith s line extended to Delaware river, to be the line of partition\\nbetween East and West Jersey, the quantity of land in East Jersey would, then, be\\nabout 2,214,930 acres the quantity in West Jersey 2,161,040 acres. And East Jersey\\nwould, then, contain 53,890 acres more than West Jersey.\\n4. Supposing Lawrence s line to be the line of partition, the quantity of land in\\nWest Jersey would, then, be about 2,689,680 acres the quantity in East Jersey,\\n1,686,290 acres. And West Jersey would, then, contain 1,003,390 acres more than\\nEast Jersey.\\n5. Supposing a line to be drawn from the Mackhackamack, to the line of partition,\\nthe quantity of land in West Jersey would, then, be about 3,119,260 acres: the quan-\\ntity in East Jersey, 1,256,710 acres. And West Jersey would, then, contain 1,862,550\\nacres more than East Jersey.\\n6. The angle or gore of land, between Keith s and Lawrence s line, contains about\\n528,640 acres. The angle or gore between Lawrence s line, and a line to be drawn\\nfrom the Mackhackamack would contain about 429,580 acres.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "76 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nComprising tlie Administration of Lord Cornbury, I. Arrival of Lord Cornbury\\nDemands a large and permanent Salary being refused, dissolves the House.\\nIL A new Assembly chosen Part of its Members arbitrarily excluded Mea-\\nsures of the Governor. IIL Third Assembly convened Determines to Petition\\nthe Queen, and to Remonstrate with the Governor Public Grievances De-\\nlivery of the Remonstrance, by Samuel Jennings. IV. Reply of the Governor.\\nV. Dispute on the Treasurer s Accounts. VI. The Governor refuses the Mes-\\nsage of the Assembly, which they enter upon their Minutes. VII. The West\\nJersey Proprietors, in England, address a Memorial to the Commissioners of\\nTrade and Plantations, against Cornbury Address of the Lieutenant-Governor,\\nand Provincial Council, to the Queen. VIII. The Governor unable to obtain\\nthe gratification of his wishes, by the Assembly, first prorogues, and then\\ndissolves them. IX. Offensive Conduct of Lord Cornbury, in his Government\\nof New York His Character. X. Is reluctantly removed by Queen Anne\\nImprisoned by his Creditors.\\nI. Lord Cornbury arrived in New Jersey, in August, 1703, and met the\\nGeneral Assembly, at Amboy, on the 10th of the succeeding November.\\nThe House prepared several bills, but passed, at this session, only, the act\\nprohibiting the purchase of land from the Indians, by any person except the\\nproprietaries. At the next session, holden at Burhngton, in September, 1704,\\nhis lordship recommended to the Legislature, to ascertain by law, the rights\\nof the general proprietors to the soil, and to establish some permanent fund,\\nfor the support of the government. A French privateer having committed\\ndepredations about Sandy Hook, he, thence, took occasion, also, to require a\\nmilitia law, and the erection of a watch-tower, on the Nevisink Hills. All\\nthese measures were beset with difficulties. The people had been accus-\\ntomed to pay, as they still are, small salaries to their officers, and were little\\ndisposed to gratify the wishes of his lordship, in this respect. Those who\\nclaimed lands under Indian grants, and held adversely to the pi oprietaries,\\nresisted the attempt of the latter to confirm their rights. And every military\\neffort was repugnant to the consciences of a large portion of the inhabitants.\\nAfter a dilatory discussion of these embarrassing topics, the House proposed\\na revenue of thirteen hundred pounds, per annum, to endure for three years.\\nBut this sum, being far short of the governor s expectation, he requiring two\\nthousand pounds, per annum, for a term of twenty years, was indignantly\\nrejected and in the hope of procuring an Assembly, more complaisant,\\nhe dissolved the present, and hastily commanded the election of another\\nHouse.\\nII. The people, who, in the very wantonness of freedom, had involved\\nthemselves in contentious strife, discovered that they had exchanged king\\nLog for king Stork. The precipitate and arbitrary measure of the governor\\nwas executed in the spirit with which it was conceived. By corrupt efforts,\\na House was obtained, with a large proportion, but not a majority, of the\\nmembers devoted to the governor. To obtain the entire control of this\\nbody, his lordship resolved, by the advice of his counsellors, to exclude a\\nportion of its members, under the false pretence, that they were not qualified\\nby the requisite quantity of estate. As the representatives appeared before\\nthe governor to take the prescribed oaths, without which, they could not\\nexercise their offices, he refused to administer them to Thomas Gardiner,\\nThomas Lambert, and Joshua Wright, distinguished delegates from West", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 77\\nJersey, by whose exclusion, he obtained a majority of one, in the House.\\nJohn Fretwell, of Burlington, was chosen speaker, by the casting vote of the\\nclerk, who, though nominated by the governor, was admitted by the Assem-\\nbly, to use the faculty of a member.\\nThe House, thus constituted, complimented his excellency, on conducting\\nthe affairs of his government, with great diligence, and exquisite manage-\\nment, to the admiration of his friends, and the envy of his enemies and\\ngranted him a revenue for the support of government, of two thousand\\npounds, for two years six hundred of which, were given to the lieutenant-\\ngovernor. Colonel Ingoldsby. Several other acts were passed, among which,\\nwe find one of amnesty, for offences during the late unsettled state of the\\nprovince, and another establishing a militia, which, by its unnecessary seve-\\nrity, gave much disquiet to the Quakers; but no effort was made to confirm\\nthe proprietary estates. Having obtained all that he immediately required,\\nthe governor adjourned the House, in December, to the succeeding year,\\nwith many encomiums on its conduct.\\nAt the next session, however, his power over it had ceased. The rejected\\nmembers, afler eleven month s exclusion, were admitted to their seats the\\ngovernor having been forced, by very shame, to recognise their qualification\\nwhich the title deeds of their estates had long before confirmed, to every dis-\\npassionate inquirer. But the most interesting object of his lordship, had\\nbeen obtained by the settlement of the revenue, and he was content that the\\nexisting House should continue, though he could entertain little hope of\\nservice from it, either to himself or the province. It convened again in No-\\nvember, 1705, and October, 1706, but did no business at either session,*\\nIII. When the term of the revenue had expired, the convocation of the\\nAssembly was indispensable for its renewal but it was impracticable, by\\nany means, to procure another House like to the last. Few of the members\\nof that, which met at Burlington on the 5th of April, 1707, were favourably\\ndisposed to the governor. Its most active leaders, Samuel Jennings, the\\nspeaker, and Lewis Morris, who had been twice expelled the council, for his\\nresistance to the governor s measures, were among the most respectable\\nand influential inhabitants of the province, intimately acquainted with its\\ninterests, and altogether adequate to sustain them. The House, therefore,\\nsoon after it met, resolved itself into a committee of the whole, with a clerk\\nof its own appointment, to consider of the public grievances of which it de-\\ntermined to complain, by petition to the Queen, and remonstrance to the\\ngovernor.*\\nIn the latter, prepared, most probably, by Morris, they express their regret,\\nthat, instead of granting to the governor the revenue required from them, it\\nbecame their duty, to lay before him the unhappy circumstances of the pro-\\nvince, which they attributed, in some measure, to his long and frequent\\nabsence from his government. They then proceeded to allege That, he\\nhad obstructed the course of justice, by suspending, for years, the execution\\nof the sentence of death, pronounced against some women, convicted of\\nmurder and that this delay was not only a very great charge, but that\\nthe blood of the innocents cried aloud for vengeance and just heaven would\\nnot fail to pour it down upon their already miserable country, if the guilty\\nwere not made to suffer according to their demerits That, in criminal cases,\\nthe accused were condemned to the payment of costs, even when no bill was\\nfound That, the sole office for the probate of wills, together with the secre-\\ntary s office, were holden at Burlington, to the great inconvenience of the\\ninhabitants, who dwelt in the remoter parts of the province That patents\\nSmith s New Jersey, 284. See Appendix, P.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "78 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfor the exclusive carriage of goods, on the road from BurHngton to Am-\\nboy, had been granted for a term of years, contrary to the statute of 21\\nJac. 1 against monopohcs That foes had been estabhshed without the au-\\nthority of the General Assembly And that the governor had put the re-\\ncords of the eastern division of the province into the hands of one, the pre-\\ntended agent of the proprietors,* who did not reside in the province. Some\\nof these grievances were certainly of a character to rouse public indignation,\\nwhilst others were, probably, more the result of circumstances, which would\\nhave been removed by the Legislative power, as they were offered for con-\\nsideration.\\nBut there were other grievances, which the Assembly deemed of higher\\nnature, and attended with worse consequences. Such were the prohibition\\nto the council of proprietors, to issue warrants for land in West Jersey,\\nand other unauthorised interferences with proprietary rights the exclusion of\\nthe three members from the last House and the corruption of the governor\\nin receiving large sums of money for the dissolution of the first Assembly, in\\norder that no act should be passed to compel the payment of proprietary quit-\\nrents, and to obtain such officers as the contributors should approve. This\\nHouse, continues the remonstrance, has great reason to believe, that the\\nmoney so gathered, was given to Lord Cornbury, and did induce him to dis-\\nsolve the then Assembly, and by his own authority to keep three members\\nout of the next Assembly, and put so many mean and mercenary men in\\noffice; by which corrupt practice, men of the best estates are severely ha-\\nrassed, her Majesty s good subjects in this province, so impoverished, that\\nthey are not able to give that support to her Majesty s government, as is de-\\nsired, or as they would be otherwise inclined to And we cannot but be\\nvery uneasy, when we find by these new methods of government, our liber-\\nties and properties so much shaken, that no man can say he is master of\\neither, but holds as tenant by courtesy and at will, and may be stripped of\\nthem at pleasure. Liberty is too valuable a thing to be easily parted with,\\nand when such mean inducements procure such violent endeavours to tear it\\nfrom us, we must take leave to say, they have neither heads, hearts, nor\\nsouls, that are not moved by the miseries of their country, and are not for-\\nward with their utmost power, lawfully to redress them.\\nWe conclude by advising the governor to consider what it is, that princi-\\npally engages the affections of a people, and he will find no other artifice need-\\nful, than to let them be unmolested in the enjoyment of what belongs to them\\nof right and a wise man that despiseth not his own happiness, will earnestly\\nlabour to regain their love.\\nThis free and unceremonious remonstrance lost nothing of its force, in the\\ndelivery by speaker Jennings. In vain did his lordship attempt to awe his\\nconstant and spirited temper, by assumed airs of greatness, and by repeated\\ninterruption, with the cry of stop! whafs that? as the most offensive\\npassages were read to him. Jennings, with an affectation of deep humility,\\nwhenever interrupted, calmly desired leave to read the passages again to all\\nof which, he gave additional emphasis, so that the second reading was greatly\\nmore offensive than the first.f\\nIV. The indignation of the governor, at this remonstrance, is strongly pour-\\ntrayed, in a long circumstantial, but not very successful, reply; in which he\\ndenied the truth of some of its charges, and sought to justify the others. On\\nthe dread, expressed by the house, of divine vengeance for punishments delayed,\\nPeter Sonmans.\\nt When the House had retired, Cornbury, witli some emotion, says the historian\\nSmith, told those with him, that Jennings had impudence enough to face the devil.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 79\\nhe remarked; I am of opinion, that nothing has hindered the vengeance of\\njust heaven, from falling upon this province long ago, but the infinite mercy,\\ngoodness, long-suffering, and forbearance of Almighty God, who has been\\nabundantly provoked by the repeated crying sins of a perverse generation\\namong us and more especially, by the dangerous and abominable doctrines,\\nand the wicked lives and practices of a number of people some of whom,\\nunder the pretended name of Christians, have dared to deny the very es-\\nsence and being of the Saviour of the world. The practice of extorting fees\\nfrom the accused against whom no bill was found, he defended on the ground\\nof established custom admitting, however, that if the juries of the country\\nwere such as they ought to be, a ditierent rule might be proper.\\nBut, he continues, we find from woeful experience, that there are\\nmany men, Avho have been admitted to serve upon grand and special juries,\\nwho have convinced the world, that they have no regard for the oaths they\\ntake; especially among a sort of people, who, under a pretence of conscience,\\nI efuse to take an oath: and yet, who, under the cloak of a very solemn affirm-\\nation, dare to commit the greatest enormities, especially, if it be to serve a\\nfriend, as they call him these are the designing men, and the vindictive\\ntempers of which all the Queen s good subjects ought to beware, and be pro-\\ntected from and these are the crying sins which will undoubtedly draw down\\nthe vengeance of just heaven upon this province and people, if not timely and\\nseriously repented of.\\nIn considering the more heinous charge of corruption, the truth of which\\nhe peremptorily denies, his lordship demands wlio would not, after such\\nassertions, expect to see the governor proved guilty, either of treason or be-\\ntraying the trust reposed in him, by the Queen, by depriving the subjects of\\ntheir lives, their estates, or their properties or, at least, denying them justice,\\nand perverting the laws to their oppression? These, or the like crimes,\\nmanifestly proved, are the only things that can justify men in the accusing a\\ngovernor of corrupt practice, and of shaking the liberties and properties of\\nthe people. But if none of these things can be proven, but on the contrary,\\nit does appear plainly, that no one act of severity, much less of injustice or\\noppression, has been done, since the government of this province come under\\nthe Queen, but there has been an impartial, just, and equal administration of\\njustice observed throughout the whole course of my government, and that\\nmany acts of mercy have been extended to persons who deserved to be se-\\nverely punished then what sort of creatures must these bold accusers appear\\nto be, in the eyes of all impartial and judicious men? That these are truths\\nbeyond all contradiction, and which all the people of this province know, I\\ndo challenge you, and every one of you, to prove to the contrary. And\\nthough, I know very well, that there are several unquiet spirits, in the pro-\\nvince, who will never be content to live quiet, under any government, but\\ntheir own and not long under that neither, as appears by their methods of\\nproceeding, when the government was in the hands of the proprietaries,\\nwhen many of these very men, who are now the remonstrancers, were in\\nauthority, and used the most arbitrary and illegal methods of proceeding,\\nover their fellow subjects, that were ever heard of; yet, I am satisfied, there\\nare very few men in the province, except Samuel Jennings and Lewis Morris,\\nmen known, neither to have good principles, nor good morals, who have\\nventured to accuse a governor of such crimes, without any proof to make\\nout their accusation; but they are capable of any thing but good.\\nV. New fuel was added to this flame, already unextinguishable, by a dispute\\nrelative to the accounts of Peter Fauconier, the provincial treasurer. In the\\nexamination of which the House found several objectionable items, paid upon\\nthe governor s order, merely, and without vouchers, which the treasurer re-", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "80 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfused to render without the governor s commands. Upon application for\\nthese, his lordship replied, that, he had already ordered them therein ex-\\nceeding his powers inasmuch as the Lord High Treasurer had appointed an\\nauditor-general, for the province, who had deputed one to settle the accounts\\nof the provincial treasurer he being responsible only to the Lord High\\nTreasurer. His lordship proffered to explain any articles with which the\\nAssembly were dissatisfied; but this, they very properly, decHned, as they\\nwould have sanctioned the preposterous claim of irresponsibility of the pro-\\nvincial treasurer to a provincial Assembly, for the funds of the province,\\nand would have placed them still more at the mercy of their extortionate\\nrulers.\\nVL In the temper which now prevailed among the officei s of the state,\\nthere was no prospect of joint and beneficial labours and the governor,\\nprobably, dreading a caustic rejoinder to his reply, prorogued the House on\\nthe 16th, to meet in the following September, at Amboy. A subsequent\\norder convened them in October, when they resolved to answer the go-\\nvernor s replication, and to raise no money unless their grievances were\\nredressed in which case, they proposed to grant, for the support of govern-\\nment, fifi:een hundred pounds. On the 28th, they informed the governor,\\nthat having seen his reply m print, they were disposed to answer it, and\\nrequested to know, when they might present their rejoinder. He promised\\nto receive them in due time but having waited for his message until next\\nday, and then concluding that he purposed to elude their request, they sent\\na committee with their message, which, he refusing to receive, they caused\\nto be entered on their journal.\\nIn this address the House reiterated and amplified their former complaints,\\nand spared no opportunity to give to his excellency the retort courteous.\\nFrom the following examples, the reader will, probably, agree with us, that,\\ntheir shafts were keen, if not polished. It is, say they, the General\\nAssembly of the province of New Jersey, that complains, and not the Qua-\\nkers, with whose persons (considered as Quakers) or meetings we have\\nnothing to do nor are we concerned in what your excellency says against\\nthem they, perhaps, will think themselves obliged to vindicate their meet-\\nings, from the aspersions which your excellency, so liberally, bestows upon\\nthem, and evince to the world how void of rashness and inconsideration your\\nexcellency s expressions are, and how becoming it is, for the governor of a\\nprovince, to enter the lists of controversy, with a people who thought them-\\nselves entitled to his protection, in the enjoyment of their religious liberties\\nthose of them who are members of this House have begged leave, in behalf\\nof themselves and their friends, to tell the governor they must answer him in\\nthe words of Nehcmiah to Sanballat, contained in the eighth verse of the\\nsixth chapter of Nehemiah; viz. There is no suck things done as thou sayest,\\nbut thoufeignest them out of thine oivn hea? t.\\nIn reply to the governor s boast, of the purity of his administration, they\\nask, are not his Majesty s loyal subjects hauled to gaols, and there lie\\nwithout being admitted to bail And those that are, they continue, is not\\nthe condition of the recognizances, that, if your excellency approves not of\\ntheir being bailed, they shall return to their prisons Are not several of her\\nMajesty s good subjects forced to abscond, and leave their habitations, being\\nthreatened with imprisonment, and having no hopes of receiving the benefit of\\nthe law, when your excellency s absolute will is the sole measure of it Has\\nnot one minister of the Church of England, been dragged by a sheriff, from\\nBurlington to Amboy, and there kept iti custody, without assigning any rea-\\nson for it, and at last hauled by force into a boat, by your excellency, and\\ntransported, like a malefactor, into another government, and there kept in a", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 81\\ngarrison, a prisoner and no reason assigned for it, but your excellency s\\npleasure? Has not another minister of the Church of England been laid\\nunder the necessity of leaving the province, from the reasonable apprehen-\\nsion of the same treatment 1 Is any order of men, either sacred or civil,\\nsecure in their lives, their liberties, or estates? Where these procedures vi ill\\nend, God only knows.\\nIf these, and what we have named before, be acts of mercy, gentleness,\\nand good nature if this be the administering laws, for the protection and\\npreservation of her majesty s subjects, then have we been the most mistaken\\nmen in the world, and have had the falsest notion of things calling that\\ncruelty, oppression and injustice, which is their direct opposite, and those\\nthings, slavery, imprisonments, and hardships, which are freedom, liberty,\\nand ease; and must henceforth take France, Denmark, the Muscovian,\\nOttoman, and Eastern empires, to be the best models of gentle and happy\\ngovernment.\\nVII. Beside these measures of resistance, in the province, to the usurped\\nauthority and irregular pi oceedings of the governor, the West Jersey pro-\\nprietors, residing in England, addressed a memorial condemnatory of his\\nconduct, to the lords commissioners of trade and plantations in which, they\\nexposed at length, the evils resulting from his interference with their lands.\\nThe governor sought to repel these attacks, by an address, from the lieuten-\\nant-governor, and his council, to the Queen. After partially stating the\\ndissentions in the province, they added, We are now obliged humbly to\\nrepresent to your majesty, the true cause which, we conceive, may lead to\\nthe remedy of these confusions.\\nThe first, is owing to the turbulent, factious, uneasy, and disloyal prin-\\nciples of two men in the Assembly, Mr. Lewis Morris, and Samuel. Jennings,\\na Quaker; men notoriously known to be uneasy under all government\\nmen never known to be consistent with themselves men to whom all the\\nfactions and confusions in the government of New Jersey and Pennsylvania,\\nfor many years, are wholly owing men that have had the confidence to\\ndeclare, in open council, that your majesty s instructions to your governors,\\nin these provinces, shall not oblige or bind them, nor will they be concluded\\nby them, further than they are warranted by the law, of which, also, they\\nwill be the judges; and this is done by them, (as we have all the reason in\\nthe world to believe,) to encourage, not only this government, but also the\\nrest of your governments in America, to throw off your majesty s royal pre-\\nrogative, and, consequently, to involve all your dominions, in this part of the\\nworld, and the honest, good, and well-meaning people in them, in confusion;\\nhoping, thereby, to obtain their wicked purposes.\\nThe remedy for all these evils, we most humbly pui-pose, is that your\\nmajesty will most graciously please to discountenance those wicked, design-\\ning men, and show some dislike to this Assembly s proceedings; who are\\nresolved, neither to support this your majesty s government, by a revenue,\\nnor take care to defend it, by settling a militia. The last libel, called The\\nReply, c. came out so suddenly, that as yet, we have not had time to\\nanswer it in all its particulars but do assure your majesty, it is for the most\\npart, false in fact and in that part of it which carries any face of truth, they\\nhave been malicious and unjust in not mentioning the whole truth; which\\nwould have fully justified my Lord Cornbury s just conduct.\\nIt might be questionable at the present day, whether the lieutenant-\\ngovernor, and his council, did not design to betray the cause they seemed to\\ndefend, when they charged it as a crime upon the citizens of a government\\nSee Appendix, Q., for names of Council.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof laws, that they preferred the la^s, as they understood them, to the in-\\nstructions of the Queen, and would obey the latter, so far only, as they were\\nconsistent with the former. But we have, here, only, an additional instance\\nof the subserviency, which the love of power and place, every where pro-\\nduces. It is the law of society, if not of nature, that men should strengthen\\nthe hand that feeds them. And ordinary men, like the beast of the stall,\\nlick the hand that fattens them, even for the shambles. The dispenser of\\nofficial favours, whether he be a prince or a president, will always find\\nminions, ever ready to maintain his prerogative above the law, and we are,\\ntherefore, not surprised, that such hoped for protection, from a daughter of\\nJames the Second.\\nVIII. Two days after Lord Cornbury had refused to receive the Address\\nof the Assembly, he prorogued that body, to the spring of the ensuing year\\nand thus avoided the necessity of a defence, which he found difficult to sustain.\\nThe house met in Burlington, on the 5th of May, 1708; and in the illness of\\nJennings, their former speaker, named Thomas Gordon to that office.* The\\ngovernor addressed them with the customary speech to which, they replied,\\nby repetition of former grievances, and recounting of new ones. Perceiving\\nthat nothing could be obtained, without the abandonment of the ground he\\nhad taken, he adjourned them, until September, to meet at Amboy; and in\\nthe interval, dissolved them.\\nIX. In his government of New York, the conduct of Lord Cornbury\\nwas, if possible, more offensive to the people, than in New Jersey and had\\nbeen productive of like results, universal dissatisfaction of the people, and\\nentire suspension of legislative action. His character is described as a com-\\npound of bigotry and intolerance, rapacity and prodigality, voluptuousness,\\nand cruelty, and the loftiest arrogance, with the meanest chicane. Whether\\nfrom real difference in sentiment, or from a policy, which in those days was\\nnot uncommon, whilst his father adhered to James, the son attached himself\\nto king William, and was among the first officers who deserted to him, on\\nhis landing at Tor bay. Having dissipated his substance in riot and de-\\nbauchery, and being obliged to fly from his creditors, in England, he obtain-\\ned from his patron, the government of New York, which was confirmed by\\nhis kinswoman. Queen Anne, who added the government of New Jersey.\\nHe first excited the odium of the people of the former province, by the into-\\nlerance he exercised against the Presbyterians, and every other religious\\nsect, except the protestant Episcopalians. Though the great body of the in-\\nhabitants, including the principal families of the province, were of the former\\npersuasion, he prohibited their ministers from preaching without a license\\nfrom himself; implying, that they officiated not of right, but by his indulgence.\\nHe, in one instance, fraudulently seized upon their church properly, and\\ndelivered it to the Episcopal party in another, he indicted two ministers\\nfrom Virginia, who preached without license, for a misdemeanor; but his\\nmalice was defeated, by the independence of the jury, who refused to con-\\nvict. In every part of the province, he tendered his assistance to the Epis-\\ncopalians, to possess them of the churches, which other sects had built.\\nHappily, his conduct in other departments of his government, by uniting all\\nparties against him, soon deprived him of the power of instigating one por-\\ntion of society to harass or oppress the rest. Not content with the liberal\\ngrants which the Assembly had made him, for his private use, he embezzled\\nlarge sums appropriated to the erection of public works, and unable to sub-\\nsist on his lawful emoluments, even with the addition of enormous pillage,\\nhe contracted debts, with every tradesman who would trust him, and set lii.^;\\nSee Appendix, R.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 88\\ncreditors at defiance, by means of his official station. The Assembly\\nproposed, in vain, to estabhsh a body of functionaries, to control the public\\nexpenditure, and to account to themselves; and, with as little success, did\\nthey transmit remonstrances, against him, to the Queen.* The only imme-\\ndiate result of the latter, was some private instructions to the governor. The\\nproposition, to control the public disbursements, was rejected; and, when\\nthey insisted on a scrutiny of his accounts, he warned them not to provoke\\nhim, to exert certain powers entrusted to him by the Queen, and to trouble\\nhim less about the rights of the House as the House possessed no rights,\\nother than the grace and good pleasure of her Majesty, suffered it to enjoy.\\nBy such declaration, and a line of policy strictly conformable therewith, he\\nalienated all his adherents and when he dissolved one Assembly, for its at-\\ntention to the public interest, he was unable to convoke another of different\\ncharacter. At length the Assemblies refused to vote the smallest supply for\\nthe public service, until he should account for all his past receipts and appli-\\ncations of public money, and perform the impossible condition of refunding\\nthe sums he had embezzled. His dissolute habits and ignoble tastes and\\nmanners, completed and embittered the disgust with which he was, now, uni-\\nversally regarded and when he was seen rambling abroad in the dress of a\\nwoman, the people beheld with indignation and shame, the representative of\\ntheir sovereign and ruler of their country.f\\nX. At length Queen Anne was compelled, in the year 1709, by the reite-\\nrated and unanimous complaints of New York and New Jersey, to supersede\\nhis commission. No sooner was he deprived of office than his creditors\\nthrew him into prison. And thus degraded from an honourable station, by\\nhis public crimes, and deprived of liberty by his private vice and dishonesty,\\nthis kinsman of his Queen, remained a prisoner, for debt, in the province he\\nhad governed, till the death of his father, elevating him to the peerage, enti-\\ntled him to liberation. He then returned to Europe, and died in the year\\n1723.^\\nSee Appendix, S., for resolutions of the Assembly of New York,\\nt Grahame s Col. Hist. vol. ii. 302. Smith s New York.\\nI Smith s New York, 144, 145, 146, 164. Grahame s Col. Hist. 306. Biograph.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Brit.", "height": "3361", "width": "1853", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "84 fflSTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nComprising Events from tlie Removal of Lord Cornbury to the Close of the Administra-\\ntion of Governor Hunter 170 J-17I9. I. Lord Cornbury succeeded by Lord\\nLovelace His conciliatory Address to the Assembly. H. Ready disposition of the\\nHouse to provide for the Support of Government Change in the Constitution of\\nthe Assembly Assembly obtain a Copy of the Address of the Lieutenant Governor\\nand Council, to the Queen, in favour of Lord Cornbury Demand a hearing for\\ntheir Defence before the Governor. HL Death of Lord Lovelace and Accession\\nof Lieutenant Governor Ingoldsby. IV. Promptitude of the Province to aid in\\nreducing the French Possessions in North America. V. Failure of the Expedi-\\ntion, and renewed Efforts of the Colonists to revive it Visit of the Chiefs of the\\nFive Nations to England. VL Capture of Port Royal, c. by Colonel Nicholson\\nand the American Forces. VH. Governor Ingoldsby removed Government\\nadministered by William Pinhorne as President of Council succeeded by Go-\\nvernor Hunter. VHL Biographical Notice of Governor Hunter. IX. Meets\\nthe Assembly, which prefers Charges against Members of Council. X. Expul-\\nsion of a Member of the House for his Conduct in Council Address to the\\nQueen. XL Bills proposed for the relief of the Quakers defeated by the Coun-\\ncil. XH. New Efforts for the Conquest of the French Provinces Unfortunate\\nResult. XIII. Continued quiet of the Province. XIV. Division of the Assem-\\nbly. XV. Governor Hunter returns to Europe Testimonials in his favour by\\nNew Jersey and New York Exchanges his Commission with William Burnet.\\nI. Lord Cornbury was succeeded in his governments of New York and\\nNew Jersey, by John, Lord Lovelace, Baron of Hurley, who met the council\\nof the latter province, at Bergen, December 20th, 1708, and a new Assem-\\nbly, at Perth Amboy, in the following spring.\\nThe principles which directed his administration, were the converse of\\nthose of his predecessor. He had more confidence in the melting power of\\nkindness and respect, than in that of haughtiness and reserve in the influ-\\nence of justice and frankness, than in force and fraud, to bend the people to\\nhis wishes. His address to the House was full of conciliation. He assured\\nthem, that he would not give them any just cause of uneasiness under his\\nadministration, and hoped they would bear with one another and that past\\ndifferences and animosities would be buried in oblivion, and the peace and\\nwelfare of the country, only, would be pursued by each individual. On\\nthe subject of the support of government and the establishment of a militia,\\nthe contrast is striking between his course and that of the infatuated Corn-\\nbury. Instead of peremptorily demanding a large and fixed annual sum,\\npayable for a long period he observed, that her Majesty would not be bur-\\ndensome to her people but there being an absolute necessity, that govern-\\nment be supported, he was directed to recommend that matter to their consi-\\nderation that they knew best what the province could conveniently raise\\nfor its support, and the easiest methods of raising it that the making a law\\nfor putting the militia on a better footing than it at present stood, with as\\nmuch ease to the people as possible, required their consideration that he\\nshould always be ready to give his assent to whatever laws they found ne-\\ncessary for promoting religion and virtue, for the encouragement of trade\\nand industry, and discouragement of vice and profaneness, and for any other\\nmatter or thing, relating to the good of the province.\\nn. These liberal and favourable sentiments were reciprocated by the\\nHouse; they passed a bill, appropriating a sum exceeding seventeen hun-\\ndred pounds, for the support of government; an act for settling the mi-\\nlitia of the province an act for the encouragement of the post-office and", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "HIS lrORY OF NEW JERSEY. 85\\nan act for explaining grants and patents, for land, in the eastern division of\\nthe province. They, also, availed themselves of the present opportunity of\\nchanging the constitution of the General Assembly, giving to it a more aris-\\ntocratical essence, than it received Ironi the royal instructions. The latter\\nrequired, that, the House should consist of two members elected by the\\nhouseholders and inhabitants of the towns of Amboy, Burlington, and\\nSalem, respectively, and five members, chosen by the freeholders of the re-\\nspective counties. The Assembly now directed that the electors, in all cases,\\nshould be freeholders, and that two members should be chosen for each of\\nthe above mentioned towns, and two for each county, and that the members\\nshould be freeholders of that division, for which they were, respectively,\\nelected. The freehold required for the elector and representative, was that\\nspecified in the instructions, and the House was made the judge of the quali-\\nfication of its members. This change was induced by the proprietaries to\\nwhom it was a matter of obvious and deep interest, that, every inhabitant\\nshould be an owner of land.\\nThe Assembly obtained from the governor, a copy of the address which\\nthe lieutenant governor and council had made to the Queen in favour of\\nLord Cornbury; and engaged him to hear their defence of the charges\\nagainst them, in presence of the addressers, but the latter contrived, for a\\nseason, to elude the inquiry.\\nIII. The prospect which the province now had of a happy administration,\\nin which the interests of the people were duly consulted, and the officers of\\ngovernment, liberally and satisfactorily maintained, were content with the\\nemoluments the law conferred, was unhappily obscured by the sudden death\\nof their popular governor, in a few days after the passage of the above-men-\\ntioned laws, and the devolvement of his power upon the Heutenant governor\\nIngoldsby.\\nIV. This officer, pursuant to his instruction from the ministers of the Queen,\\nlaid before the Assembly their demand for aid, in an attack upon the French\\nprovinces in North America. The French had actively prosecuted the war\\ndeclared against them by England, on the 4th May, 1702, and the northern\\nEnglish provinces of America, had suffered greatly from their incursions. In\\nthe preceding year, they had penetrated to Haverhill, on the Merrimack river,\\nand reduced the town to ashes. Upon the entreaty of the inhabitants of\\nNew England, the ministry adopted a plan proposed by Col. Vetch, for the\\nconquest of Arcadia, Canada, and Newfoundland. An attack upon Quebec\\nwas to be made, by a squadron of ships carrying five regiments of regular\\ntroops from England, and twelve hundred provincials, furnished by the zeal\\nof Massachusetts and Rhode Island whilst an army of fifteen hundred men\\nfrom Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, conducted by\\nColonels Nicholson and Vetch, should attempt Montreal, by way of the\\nlakes. The enterprise, however, was never prosecuted the exigencies of\\nthe war in Europe requiring all the forces of the allies. The quota of troops\\nrequired from New Jersey, was two hundred. The Assembly entered spi-\\nritedly into the views of the ministry; passed one act appropriating three\\nthousand pounds to aid the expedition, to be raised by the issue of bills of\\ncredit; another, for enforcing their currency, and a thii d for the encourage-\\nment of volunteers. The few Indian chiefs who Avere in the province, were\\nsummoned before the council, and incited to engage in the enterprise; and\\nCol. Schuyler was commissioned by the governors of Connecticut, New Yoi k\\nand Pennsylvania, to direct the efforts of these and of the Five Nations.\\nV. Upon failure of the expedition. Col. Nicholson returned to England to\\nsolicit further assistance, taking with him, five of the Indian sachems of\\nthe Five Nations, together with Col. Schuyler, whose influence over these", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "86 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwarlike savages was almost unbounded. It suited the ministry to make an\\nexhibition of these sons of the forest. The court being then in mourning\\nfor the death of the prince of Denmark, the American kings were dressed\\nin black under clothes, and their coarse and filthy blankets were exchanged for\\nrich scarlet cloth mantles, trimmed with gold. A more than ordinary solemnity\\nattended the audience they had of her Majesty; Sir Charles Cotteral con-\\nducted them in coaches to St. James s; and the Lord Chamberlain introduced\\nthem into the royal presence, where the chief warrior and orator addressed\\na speech, with the customary belts of wampum, to her Majesty.\\nVI. To the solicitations of Colonels Nicholson and Schuyler, the ministry\\nreturned the most favourable promises; but their execution was so long de-\\nlayed, that Nicholson resolved to attack Port Royal, with the means at his\\ndisposal in the colonies. With twelve ships of war and twenty transports,\\nhaving on board one regiment of marines, and four of infantry, raised in\\nNew England, he assailed and captured the place, and obtained full posses-\\nsion of Nova Scotia, on the 5th of October 1710.\\nVII. Lieutenant Governor Ingoldsby was, as we have seen, justly obnox-\\nious to the people of New York and New Jersey, and their remonstrances,\\nalso, procured his removal soon after the dismission of Cornbury. But\\nbefore the arrival of another governor appointed by the crown, the executive\\npowers were exercised in New Jersey, by Mr. William Pinhorne, one of the\\nmost unpopular of the council. He was, however, very soon superseded by\\nthe arrival of Brigadier General Hunter, on the 14th June, 1710, with the com-\\nmission of governor general of the provinces of New York and New Jersey.\\nVIII. Governor Hunter was a native of Scotland, and when a boy, was\\nput apprentice to an apothecary. But he deserted his master and entered the\\narmy, and being a man of wit and personal beauty, acquired the affections of\\nLady Hay, whom he afterwards married. He had been nominated in the\\nyear 1707, lieutenant governor of Virginia, under George, Earl of Orkney;\\nbut having been captured by the French, in his voyage to that colony, was\\ncarried into France. Upon his release, he was appointed to succeed Lord\\nLovelace. He was, unquestionably, a man of merit, since he enjoyed the\\nintimacy of Swift, Addison, and others, distinguished for sense and learning;\\nby whose interest, it is supposed, he obtained this profitable place. He min-\\ngled freely with the world, and was somewhat tainted by its follies had en-\\ngaging manners, blended perhaps, not unhappily, for his success in the pro-\\nvince, with a dash of original vulgarity. His administration of ten years\\nduration, was one of almost unbroken harmony, and consequently productive\\nof scarcely aught else, worthy of historical notice.\\nIX. He met the Assembly of New Jersey on the 6th of December, 1710;\\nto whom he delivered a fi-ank, soldierly, and acceptable speech, much in the\\nspirit of his predecessor Lovelace. The session continued more than two\\nmonths, during which the joint labours of the governor and House of Repre-\\nsentatives were unimpeded, save by the occasional refractoriness of the ob-\\nnoxious council. This led the House, nothing loth, to the consideration of\\nthe charges which a majority of the present council had made to the Queen,\\nagainst a former Assembly, whose vindication the present House assumed\\nnot the less eagerly, that it was composed, almost wholly, of other indi-\\nviduals.*\\nThey presented to governor Flunter a long memorial, in which, these\\nmembers of council were certainly not spared. And if we may judge of\\ntheir characters, from their sycophancy,- no terms of reprobation could\\nhave been too strong. It was scarce possible for the minions of the most\\ndespotic and profligate court, to flatter a monarch, more than the council\\nSmith s N. Y. Smith s N. J. See note T.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 87\\nof New Jersey did the good Lord Lovelace, in an address, which, say the\\nAssembly, for the peculiarity of the language, (and we might add, the un-\\ninteUigibleness of the terms), ought never to be forgotten. The address\\ncommenced thus Your lordship has not one virtue or more, hut a com-\\nplete accomplishment of all pei fcctions^ c. c. The address to the Queen,\\npurporting to be an act of the council, it appears had never been formally\\nconsidered before that body, but had been prepared at the instance of Lord\\nCornbury, and was signed by the counsellors at different times and places; and\\nmany of them, afterwards, becoming ashamed of its contents, alleged that they\\nhad signed it without having read it.\\nIn their defence, the Assembly charge upon the council an attempt to de-\\nfeat their endeavours, to aid the expedition against Canada, by conspiring to\\nnegative the acts which they proposed for that purpose. And they allege\\nsuch misdeeds against most of the counsellors, that we are driven to believe,\\nthat party spirit must have aided much in forming the accusation. Thus\\nMr. Hall is accused of extortion, of imprisoning and selling the queen s sub-\\njects, and of taking up adrift several casks of flour, denying them to the\\nowner, and selling them. Mr. Sonmans of being indicted for perjury, from\\nwhich, by a pack d jury he was cleai-ed, there lieing too much reason to be-\\nlieve he was justly accused, and of being a bankrupt, who at this time, and\\nfor some years past, has lived in open and avowed adultery in contempt of the\\nlaws. They allege also, that the courts of law, in which the gentlemen of\\nthe council were judges, instead of being a protection and security to her Ma-\\njesty s subjects, became their chief invaders and destroyers That though the\\ncourts were holden, alternately, at Amboy and Burlington, yet the causes\\nof one division were tried in the other, and juries and evidences carried for\\nthat end that the writ of habeas corpus, the undoubted right, as well as\\nthe great privilege of the subject, was by William Pinhorne, Esq. second\\nJudge of the Supreme Court, denied to Thomas Goi don, Esq. then speaker\\nof the Assembly and, notwithstanding the station he was in, he was kept\\nfifteen hours a prisoner, until he applied by the said Pinhorne s son, an attor-\\nney at law and then, not before, he was admitted to bail that, many per-\\nsons prosecuted upon informations, had been, at their excessive charo-e,\\nforced to attend, court after court, and not brought to trial, when there was\\nno evidence to ground such information on that, the people called Quakers,\\nwho are by her Majesty, admitted to places of the most considerable trust\\nwithin this province, are sometimes admitted to be evidences, as in a capital\\ncase, at a Court of Oyer and Terminer, holden by Chief Justice Mompesson,\\nColonel Daniel Coxe, Colonel Huddy and others, on which evidence the pri-\\nsoner was condemned to be executed and sometimes, they are refused to\\nbe jurors or evidences, either in civil or criminal cases so that their safety\\nor receiving the benefit of her Majesty s favour, seems not to depend upon\\nthe laws or her directions, but the humours and caprices of the gentlemen\\nwho were judges of the court: all persons not friends to the gentlemen\\nof the council, or some of them, were sure in any trial at law to suffer\\nevery thing was done in favour of those that were: justice was banish-\\ned, and trick and partiality substituted in its place: no man was secure\\nin his liberty or estate; but, both, subjected to the caprices of an incon-\\nsiderate party of men, in power, who seemed to study nothing more than\\nto make them as precarious as possible that all the original copies of\\nthe laws, passed in the time of the just Lord Lovelace, are somehow or\\nother made away with: Basse* offers to purge himself by his oath, that, he\\nMr. Jeremiali Basse, once deputy governor under the proprietaries of East Jersey,\\nat this time, secretary of state, clerk of council, and protlionotary of tlic Supreme\\nCourt.", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nhas them not, nor knows any thing of them and it may be so, for aught\\nwe know but in this province, where he is known, it is also known, that,\\nfew men ever beUeved his common conversation, and several juries have\\nrefused to credit his oaths. It is certain, that the secretary s office is the\\nplace these laws should have been. It does appear to have been the inte-\\nrest of the lieutenant governor and his friends, to destroy it, (the law appro-\\npriating eight hundred pounds to Lord Lovelace) for they had got an act\\npassed, which took from the Lord Lovelace three hundred and thirty pounds\\nof that money, and gave it to the lieutenant governor and two hundred and\\ntwenty pounds more of it was given to him for the support of the govern-\\nment. Had he sent the act, made in favour of the Lord Lovelace, to the\\nQueen, for her approbation or disallowance, it would not have served him,\\nhad her Majesty approved of it, as, in all probabiUty, she would have done\\nbut had the other gone home first, there was an expectation it might pass,\\nthe Queen knowing no more about the first act, than that a vote had passed\\nin favour of the Lord Lovelace.\\nWe are concerned, say the Assembly in conclusion, we have so\\nmuch reason to expose a number of persons combined to do New Jersey all\\nthe hurt that lies in their power. Her Majesty has been graciously pleased\\nto remove Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, from being lieutenant governor, and\\nwe cannot, sufficiently, express our gratitude for so singular a favour, and,\\nespecially, for appointing, your excellency, our governor we have all the\\nreason in the world to be well assured, you will not forget that you are her\\nsubject but will take care, that justice be duly administered to the rest of\\nher subjects here which can never be done while William Pinhorne, Roger\\nMompesson, Daniel Coxe, Richard Townley, Peter Sonmans, Hugh Huddy,\\nWilliam Hall, or Jeremiah Basse, Esquires, continue in places of trust, within\\nthis province nor can we think our persons or properties safe, while they\\ndo but if they are continued, must, with our families, desert this province,\\nand seek some safer place of abode.\\nThese representations are, without doubt, highly coloured but there must\\nhave been great cause for them since sustained by the governor, they were\\nattended with the desired effect; all the obnoxious counsellors being removed\\nby the Queen.\\nX. Major Sandford, one of the unfortunate counsellors, who had now been\\nelected a member of the Assembly, from Bergen county, was expelled the\\nHouse; it having resolved, that any one who had signed the false and\\nscandalous representation of the representative body of the province, was unfit\\nto sit in the House, unless he acknowledged his fault, which the offending\\nmember refused to do. An address to the Queen was, also, prepared, and\\nimmediately despatched.\\nXI. Since the surrender of the government, by the proprietaries, the ad-\\nministration of the province had been greatly embarrassed by the obstacles\\ncreated by the requisition of oaths from the Quaker inhabitants, who were,\\nthereby, precluded from sitting on juries, and from exercising other offices.\\nThis grievance had been foreseen, and, in some degree, provided for, by the\\ninstruction of the ministers to Lord Cornbury, directing that he should unite\\nwith the Assembly in passing an act, to the like effect as that of the seventh\\nand eighth of King William^ entitled, An act, that the solemn affirmation\\nand declaration of the people, called Quakers, shall be accepted, instead of\\noath, in the usual form. The disregard of this just and prudent provision,\\nenabled the governor, Cornbury, at will, to admit or reject, the services of\\nQuakers, and became one of the means by which he oppressed the people.\\nThe House proposed to provide against similar abuses, in future, by two\\nbills one for ascertaining the qualification of jurors, and the other for sub-", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 89\\nstituting affirmations, for oaths, where a party was conscientiously scrupu-\\nlous in taking them. But though laws, for these purposes, were subsequently\\nenacted, the opposition of the council, at this time, defeated the efforts of the\\nAssembly. And a bill for explaining the militia law, and relieving persons\\naggrieved thereby, met a like fate.\\nXII. Animated by his successes in Newfoundland, Colonel Nicholson\\nagain urged upon the ministry, the reduction of Canada, which had been\\nstrongly recommended by the Indian chiefs, as the only effectual means of\\nsecuring the northern colonies. The attempt having been resolved upon,\\ncirculars were addressed to the governors of the northern and middle colo-\\nnies, requiring them to meet and confer with Nicholson, and to prepare their\\nrespective quotas of men and provisions. Governor Hunter summoned the\\nAssembly of New Jersey in July, 1711; and informing them that the fleet\\nand army destined for this service, had arrived at Boston, demanded that\\nthey should provide three hundred and sixty effective men beside officers,\\ntogether with the means for their subsistence and pay. The service was\\none which this, together with the northern provinces, looked upon with\\ngreat favour. The House, therefore, promptly resolved to aid it, by appro-\\npriating twelve thousand five hundred ounces of plate (dollars) in bills of\\ncredit, to be sunk, together with the three thousand pounds formerly appro-\\npriated, by a subsequent tax and by measures for raising and supporting the\\nI equisite troops.\\nBut the expedition proved most disastrous. Colonel Nicholson, under\\nwhom served Colonels Schuyler, Whiting, and Ingoldsby, mustered, at Al-\\nbany, two thousand colonists, one thousand Germans from the Palatinate,\\nand one thousand of the Five Nation Indians, who commenced their march\\ntowards Canada, on the 28th of August. The troops from Boston, consisted\\nof several veteran regiments of the Duke of Marlborough s army, one bat-\\ntalion of marines, and two provincial regiments; amounting to six thousand\\nfour hundred men, commanded by Brigadier General Hill, the brother of the\\nQueen s favourite, Mrs. Masham. They sailed on board of sixty-eight vessels,\\nunder convoy of Sir Hoveden Walker, the 30th of July, and arrived off the\\nSt. Lawrence, on the 14th of August. In ascending the river, the fleet, by the\\nunskilfulness of the pilots, or the obstinacy and distrust of the admiral, was\\nentangled amid rocks and islands, on the northern shore, and ran imminent\\nhazard of total destruction. Eight transports, with eight hundred men, pe-\\nrished. Upon this disaster, the squadron bore away for Cape Breton and the\\nexpedition, by the advice of a council of naval and military officers, was\\nabandoned, on the ground of want of provisions, and the impossibility of pro-\\ncuring a seasonable supply. The admiral sailed directly for England, and\\nthe colonial forces for New England whilst Colonel Nicholson, thus de-\\nserted, was compelled to retreat from Fort George. The want of skill and\\nfortitude, were eminently conspicuous in the British commanders of this en-\\nterprise.*\\nThe ministry were, generally, censured by the Whigs for the project of this en-\\nterprise, and for the measures taken for its execution. It was never laid before Par-\\nliament, though then in session; on account, as it was said, of the greater secrecy;\\nand for the same reason the fleet was not victualled at home. They relied on New\\nEngland for supplies, and this defeated the design; for the ships tarried at Boston,\\nuntil the season for attack was past. According to Lord Harley s account, the whole\\nwas a contrivance of Bolingbroko, Moore, and the Lord Chancellor Harcourt, to cheat\\nthe public of \u00c2\u00a320,000. The latter of these, was pleased to say, No government was\\nworth serving, that would not admit of such advantageous jobs. Smith s JVew York,\\n131. From the manner in which this and other enterprises against the possessions of\\nFrance, in America, were conducted, we are almost prepared to agree in opinion with\\nM", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "90 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nXIII. During five years, nothing worthy of historical notice, occurred in\\nthe province. The Assembly was occasionally convened, and passed such\\nlaws as were required. These were few and simple, relating solely to the\\ninternal policy of the colony; the peace of Utrecht, 31st of March, 1713,\\nhaving put an end to hostilities between Great Britain and France, and termi-\\nnated a merciless war upon the American continent. Some leaven of the\\npolitical spirit, which had been engendered during the administration of Corn-\\nbury, still worked, at times, among the people, and in the Assembly. Gersham\\nMott, and Elisha Lawrence, members from Bergen, who had been of Corn-\\nbury s party, having entered on the minutes of council, reasons for voting\\nagainst aiding the expedition to Canada, were severally expelled the House\\nof which they had become members, for having arraigned the honour\\nof the representative body of the province. This would seem to have\\nbeen a party vote, scarce warranted by circumstances. In the interval, we\\nhave mentioned, one Assembly had been dissolved, by the demise of Queen\\nAnne, on the 1st of August, 1714; another, by the arrival of a new com-\\nmission to the governor, from her successor George I.; and a third, by some\\ncause which is not apparent. A new Assembly was convened at Amboy,\\non the 4th of April, 1716, in which there was a temporary majority,\\nagainst the late ruling party; and the party which had suffered for ad-\\nhesion to Cornbury, seemed about to regain its ascendency. Col. Daniel\\nCoxe was chosen Speaker, and several of the most odious members of\\nCornbury s council, were members of the House. They contrived to delay\\nthe business of the session, until the governor, wearied by their procrastina-\\ntion, prorogued them.\\nXIV. He summoned the House again, on the 14th of May, when nine, only,\\nout of twenty-four members appeared. These adjourned from day to day, for\\nfive days, receiving no accession to their numbers. When it became appa- .1\\nrent, that the absentees, intended by desertion to prevent the exercise of the\\nlegislative authority, now indispensable to renew the supplies for the support\\nof government, and to provide for the re-emission of the bills of credit, the j\\nnine applied to the governor to enforce, by some means, the attendance of the\\nabsent members. He issued writs to several of them, commanding their pre-\\nsence, as they would answer the contrary at their peril. Four immediately i\\nappeared, making a majority of the House, to whom he recommended the j\\nchoice of a new Speaker, (Col. Coxe being of the absentees), that they might\\ndespatch their sergeant-at-arms to enforce the attendance of others. Mr. John\\nKinsey of Middlesex, was placed in the chair, and the Assembly proceeded\\nwith its usual business. They also entered upon an examination of the\\nconduct of the Speaker and his associates, all of whom they expelled, for\\ncontempt of authority and neglect of the service of their country and re-\\nsolved that they should not sit, if returned on a new election, during the then\\nsession. Several of such members, however, were returned; but being re-\\njected, the electors were compelled to choose again.\\nA subsequent session of the same House, was holden at Crosswicks,* in\\nconsequence of the small pox being at Burlington, at which sixteen public and\\nprivate bills were enacted. The next session commenced on the 8th of April,\\n1718, but continued a few days only; being adjourned by the governor, at\\nthe request of the House, to the following January, a less inconvenient season\\nof the year; when, also, many acts were passed; among which were, one\\nfor ascertaining the division line bet^vixt New Jersey and New York, and\\nthe Swedish traveller, Kalm, that Great Britain was not earnestly disposed to drive\\nthat power from the continent, preferring to retain it as a check upon the colonists,\\nwhom, they feared, would otherwise become powerful and independent.\\nOctober 3d, 1716.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 91;\\nanother for running the line between East and West Jersey. The commis-\\nsioners under the first act, fixed the northern station point, on the 25th July,\\n1719, in latitude 41\u00c2\u00b0 40 in the manner we have already stated. But\\nnothing was done under the act for determining the fine between the East\\nand West Jersey proprietors.\\nXV. This was the last session of the Assembly during Governor Hunter s\\nadministration. He had grown tired of his residence in America, or was\\ncalled, thence, by his affairs in Europe; expressing his intention, however,\\nwith his Majesty s permission, to return. He left New York on the 13th of\\nJuly, 1719, and on his arrival at London, exchanged his government with\\nWilliam Burnet, Esq., son of the celebrated bishop of that name, for his\\noffice of comptroller of the customs. Perhaps none of the colonial governors\\nhave earned a more excellent or more merited reputation than Brigadier\\nHunter. Preserving all the firmness which the dignity of his station re-\\nquired, and maintaining the royal authority in full vigour, he conciliated\\nthe people of both provinces, in a very remarkable degree, and obtained\\nfrom both, in the form of legislative resolves, the most enviable testimo-\\nnials.\\nTlie last New Jersey Assembly declared to him in their Address, Your\\nadministration has been a continued series of justice and moderation, and\\nfrom your past conduct, we dare assure oui-selves of a continuation of it;\\nand we will not be wanting in our endeavours to make suitable returns, both\\nin pi oviding a handsome support of the government, and of such a con-\\ntinuation as may demonstrate to you and the world, the sense we have\\nof our duty and your worth. The Legislature of New York addressed\\nhim thus\\nSir, when we reflect upon your past conduct, your just, mild, and tender\\nadministration, it heightens the concern we have for your departure, and\\nmakes our grief such as words cannot truly express. You have governed\\nwell, and wisely like a prudent magistrate like an affectionate parent\\nand wherever you go, and whatever station the divine Providence may\\nplease to assign you, our sincere desires and prayers for the happiness of\\nyou and yours, shall always attend you. We have seen many governors,\\nand may see more; and as none of those who had the honour to serve in\\nyour station, were ever so justly fixed in the affections of the governed, so\\nthose to come will acquire no mean reputation, when it can be said of them,\\ntheir conduct has been like yours. We thankfully accept the honour you\\ndo us, in caUing yourself our countryman give us leave, then, to desire,\\nthat you will not forget this as your country, and if you can, make haste to\\nreturn to it. But, if the service of our sovereign \\\\v ill not admit of what we\\nso earnestly desire, and his commands deny us that happiness, permit us to\\naddress you as our friend, and give us your assistance, when we are oppress-\\ned with an administration the reverse of yours.\\nLike all other men, who have been in any way remarkable for political\\nsuccess. Governor Hunter selected his associates and agents, with much\\njudgment; and instead of forcibly opposing the public will, sought, suc-\\ncessfully, by gentle means, to guide it. In New Jersey, Colonel Lewis\\nMorris, a popular favourite, and chief justice, was his principal adviser and\\nin New York, he was sustained by that gentleman, and by Messrs. Robert\\nLivingston, De Lancy, and others, of high character, and influence. The\\nprovince of New Jersey gave him a salary of \u00c2\u00a3600, per annum; com-\\nmonly, by acts limited to two years. The whole expense of the govern-\\nment, about \u00c2\u00a31000, per annum, was raised by a levy upon real and per-,\\nsonal estate, by an excise on wines and spirituous liquors, and a duty on", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "92 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe importation of Negro and Mulatto slaves the last, laid, probably, as\\nmuch with design to prohibit the traffic, as for the sake of revenue. The\\nextraordinary expenses, such as those for the military expeditions, vi ere met\\nby bills of credit, or loans, payable from the surplus of the ordinary reve-\\nnue. The debt of the province at this time, amounted to eight thousand\\npounds.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 9*\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nContaining Events from the arrival of Governor Burnet, to the Death of Governor\\nMorris, 1719-1746.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I. Governor Burnet\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Notice of his Character.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 II. Meets\\nthe Assembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Proceedings.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 III. Paper Currency\u00e2\u0080\u0094 an Account of its Rise and\\nProgress.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IV. Bill proposed against denying the Trinity, c. V. Governor\\nBernard removed to Massachusetts. VI. Is succeeded by John Montgomery\\nHis Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 VII. Death of Colonel Montgomery, and Presidency of\\nColonel Lewis Morris\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Arrival of Governor Cosby\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Harmony of the Province\\nduring his Administration\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Death.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 VIII. Presidencies of John Anderson,\\nand John Hamilton, Esquires.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IX. Lewis Morris, Governor of the Province of\\nNew Jersey, it being separated from New York\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gratification of the Province.\\nX. He ceases to meet the Council, in Legislation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XI. Salaries of Officers.\\nXII. Unpopular Conduct of Governor Morris.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XIII. War with Spain\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Aid\\nrequired by Great Britain, from the Colonies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 promptly afforded by New Jersey\\nFurther disputes between the Governor and Assembly. XIV. Disingenuous\\nConduct of the Governor, relative to the Fee Bill. XV. Opposes the views of\\nthe House, on the Bill relative to the Paper Currency on that, circumscribing\\nthe Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. XVI. Assembly refuse to provide for the\\nSalaries of the Public Officers. XVII. EffiDrts at Accommodation defeated by\\nthe discovery of the duplicity of the Governor Death of Governor Morris\\nJohn Hamilton, Esq., President.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XVIII. Biographical Notice of Governor Mor-\\nris. XIX. Application made by his Widow, for arrears of Salary refused.\\nI. Governor Burnet, as we have already observed, vv as a son of the cele-\\nbrated Bishop Burnet, whose piety and erudition, but more especially, whose\\nzeal and activity, for the revolution and protestant succession, in Great\\nBritain, has rendered his name illustrious in English story. The son was a\\nman of sense and breeding, a well read scholar, and possessed a sprightly\\nand social disposition, which his devotion to study restrained from excess.\\nHe cherished, successfully, the arts of popularity had none of the moroseness\\nof the scholar, but was gay and affable, avoiding all affectation of pomp, and\\nmingled freely with the reputable families of his government, paying great\\nattention to the ladies, by whom he was much admired. His fortune was\\nvery inconsiderable, and had been impaired by adventuring in the South\\nSea scheme yet, he was not avaricious, nor importunate, as most colonial\\ngovernors were, with the people, for a permanent salary.* His intimacy\\nwith Mr. Hunter, enabled him, before his arrival, properly to appreciate\\nboth persons and things in the province, and thus to obtain many of the ad-\\nvantages of experience. He connected himself closely with Mr. Lewis\\nMorris, and with Dr. Golden, and Mr. Alexander, men of learning, good\\nmorals, and sound judgment. Mr. Hunter had recommended to him all his\\nformer friends and few changes, consequently, were made in the colonial\\noffices.\\nII. Governor Burnet met the Assembly of New Jersey, soon afler his\\narrival. The session was short, little business was done, and the House\\nbeing soon after dissolved, writs were issued for a new election. In this\\nrespect, the governor s policy, in New .lersey, differed from that which he\\nWhether an alteration in sentiment, or instruction, or both, was the cause,\\nmust be left to conjecture; but while governor of Massachusetts Bay, his conduct\\nwas different; there he insisted for several years with the greatest firmness, for an in-\\ndefinite support, and pursued it through the plantation board, and privy council, to\\nthe Parliament, when his death prevented its coming to a conclusion. Smith s Kew\\nJersey.", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "94 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\npursued in New York where he continued the Assembly, which he found\\nexisting at his arrival, until the people, apprehensive that their representa-\\ntives might be corrupted, by executive favour, clamorously demanded a\\ndissolution.\\nThe new Assembly met early in the spring of 1721, and chose Dr. John\\nJohnson, of Amboy, their Speaker. The House continued in being, during\\nthe whole of the administration of Governor Burnet, until December, 1727\\nchanges being made only in the Speakers first, consequent on the illness of\\nMr. Johnson, when Mr. William Trent was chosen and again on the death\\nof Mr. Trent, in 1725, when Mr. Johnson was re-elected.*\\nIII. The most remarkable acts of this Assembly, were, that for the sup-\\nport of government, in which the salary of the governor was fixed for five\\nyears, at \u00c2\u00a3500 per annum; and that, authorizing the issue of \u00c2\u00a340,000, in\\nbills of credit, with the view, principally, of increasing the circulating\\nmedium of the colony. The country, as the preamble to this act sets forth,\\nhad been wholly drained of a metaUic medium of exchange, and was without\\nany means of replenishment inasmuch, as the neighbouring colonies of New\\nYork and Pennsylvania, to which its produce was exported, had no other\\nthan paper currency and as this was not a legal tender, in the payment of\\ndebts, in New Jersey, much vexation and embarrassment of trade, was pro-\\nduced. The payment of taxes was occasionally made, in broken plate, ear-\\nrings, and other jewels and the law authorized their payment in wheat.\\nThe expedient of paper currency had been long since resorted to by Massa-\\nchusetts, New York, and South CaroHna but in these provinces, its benefits\\nhad been decreased by the want of due provision for its redemption, and by\\nover issues. In Pennsylvania, the measure was introduced in 1723, by Go-\\nvernor Keith, with signal success. New Jersey wisely adopted in the same\\nyear, the plan of the last, which preserved her currency from much deprecia-\\ntion. Yet, as from the limited nature of her trade, it was less convertible into\\ngold and silver coin, than that of the adjacent colonies, it was, at times, at a\\ndiscount in Philadelphia and New York. Small amounts had already been\\nissued to meet the expenses of the Canadian expedition, but the bills on these\\noccasions, were in form, treasury notes, based on the faith of the state, and\\nredeemable by taxation only.\\nForty thousand pounds in such bills, in value from one shilling, to three\\npounds, were issued by the government to borrowers, on the pledge of plate,\\nor real estate, at 5 per cent per annum. Loans on plate were made for one\\nyear, and on lands, lots, houses or other valuable improvements, for twelve\\nyears the applicant deposing that the estate offered, was held in his own\\nright, and had not been conveyed to him for the purpose of raising money on\\nloan for others and that it was free from all incumbrance. The amount\\nloaned to any individual was not less than twelve pounds ten shillings, nor\\nmore than one hundred pounds, unless there remained bills in the hands\\nof the commissioner, six months after issue; when two hundred pounds\\nmight be loaned, to be repaid in twelve annual instalments, with the in-\\nterest; or the whole, at any time, at the pleasure of the borrower. In de-\\nfault of payment, for thirty days after any instalment became due, the mort-\\ngage was to be foreclosed. All bills thus paid in, were to be destroyed, or\\nwhen prematurely paid in, to be loaned to others. The whole sum was spe-\\ncifically apportioned to the counties, in which, loan-offices were established,\\nunder commissioners named in the act, and created a body politic. The\\nbills were made current for twelve years were a legal tender in payment\\nof all debts and contracts, under penalty of extinction of the debt, or a fine\\nSee Appendix, U.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 95\\nfor refusal, of not less than thirty shillings, nor more than fifty pounds, as\\nthe case might be. Forgery of the bills was made felony, and punishable\\nwith death. If, at the expiration of the term, for which they were made\\ncurrent, any portion of the amount, respectively, allotted to the counties re-\\nmained unpaid, the county became responsible for it.\\nFor the better credit, and sooner sinking of these bills, and for the additional\\nsupport of the government, a tax of one thousand pounds a year, was imposed\\nfor ten years. Four thousand pounds of the product were appropriated to\\nthe redemption of the bills of credit formerly issued; and the interest on the\\nmoney loaned under the act was applied to the sinking of bills, thereby\\nissued and as the interest and principal of the sums loaned, when paid in,\\nwould much more than pay the bills, the balance was devoted to the support\\nof the government, in such manner as the governor, council, and General As-\\nsembly might direct.\\nIn 1730, another act added twenty thousand pounds to this medium,\\nwhich were made current for sixteen years; and in 1733, the act of 1723,\\nfor the issue of forty thousand pounds was renewed; the amounts being\\nloaned upon the same principles as under the first act, and kept in circula-\\ntion by re-issues, and subsequent issues of such sums as were necessary\\nto supply the place of torn bills. All these issues were fully and duly\\nredeemed.\\nAn additional and floating debt was subsequently contracted by the issue of\\nbills, from time to time, to defray the war requisitions of the British ministry,\\nand other exigencies. This debt bore heavily upon the province, as it was\\npayable solely by taxation; and the Legislature frequently sought relief by the\\nissue of new bills, the interest of which would supply the means of ordinary\\nexpenditure, and was cheerfully paid by the enterprising and industrious bor-\\nrower, who received an adequate consideration. But the English ministry,\\nfor many years, could not be prevailed upon to assent to this measure. At\\none period, they reluctantly consented to the framing a bill for the issue of\\nsixty thousand pounds, with condition that it should receive the sanction of\\nthe King but when the bill had passed the colonial Legislature, that sanction\\nwas refused. The governors were uniformly instructed to pass no such act,\\nunless with a clause suspending its operation, until confirmed by the crown.\\nIn 1758, a second bill for sixty thousand pounds was sent for the royal ap-\\nprobation, which was rejected by the board of trade on three grounds, which\\nobstructed the passage of every other bill of this character. 1st, That the\\nAssembly reserved to itself, not only a participation with the governor and\\ncouncil, in the disposal of the money granted by the bill for his Majesty s\\nservice but, also, the right to judge of the propriety of its application. 2d,\\nThat the surplus of interest from loans, after paying a specific grant to the\\ncrown, was appropriated to the redemption of bills before omitted, in lieu of\\ntaxes; and 3d, That the bills of credit were made a legal tender, in payment\\nof all debts and contracts. Without these conditions, the inhabitants of the\\nprovince did not deem the currency worth having, and with them, it could\\nnot be obtained so that no other money bills were issued for a long period,\\nunless based on taxes that would redeem them in five years.\\nSound policy certainly required that the paper currency should be kept\\nwithin narrow bounds, lest over issues should embarrass the commerce of the\\ncountry with the parent state. But this danger could scarce be dreaded from\\nthe small amount required by New Jersey, and we must look to other causes\\nfor the pertinacious refusals of the crown. These we shall, probably, find in\\nthe independence which the colony acquired by a certain and easy revenue,\\nwhich it as pertinaciously resolved to keep within its own control. Repeat-\\ned attempts were made, by the colonial Legislature, to bend the will of the", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "96 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nKing, but always without success, until the 20th of February, 1775 when an\\nact passed March 11th, 1774, near the close of the administration of Gover-\\nnor Franklin, authorizing the issue on loan of one hundred thousand pounds,\\nand divested of all the objectional features, was confirmed by the King in\\ncouncil.\\nAt one period the bills of New Jersey were at a discount of sixteen per\\ncent., in exchange for the bills of New York, and, consequently, all contracts,\\nespecially, in East Jersey, were based upon the New York currency. The\\nAssembly, with too much disregard for justice, directed, that all such con-\\ntracts should be discharged, by payment of their nominal value in Jersey\\nbills.\\nIV. Among the acts proposed at the session of the Assembly, in 1721,\\nwas one bearing the singular title, An act against denying the Divinity\\nof our Saviour Jesus Christ, the doctrine of the blessed Trinity, the truth\\nof the Holy Scriptures, and spreading Atheistical hooks. Assemblies\\nin the colonies, says Smith, have rarely troubled themselves with these\\nsubjects. It, probably, arose from the governor s motion, who had a turn\\nthat way, and had, himself, wrote a book, to unfold some part of the apoca-\\nlypse. The bill, however, was rejected, on the second reading, in the As-\\nsembly.\\nV. After a harmonious administration, of nearly seven years. Governor\\nBurnet was removed, much against his will, to the government of Massa-\\nchusetts Bay. His marriage, in New York, had connected him with a nu-\\nmerous family there and, besides, an universal acquaintance, he had con-\\ntracted with several gentlemen, a strict intimacy and friendship. The great\\nmerit of his administration consisted, in his effectual exertions to diminish\\nthe trade of the French with the northern Indians, and to obtain it for\\nhis countiymen and in the erection of forts, and other means, establishing\\nthe English influence over the savages. These were benefits, however,\\nnot immediately obvious to the public sense; and some contests with the\\nAssembly of New York, caused by private dissatisfaction, deprived him of\\nthat popularity, which his general conduct merited.\\nInsensible of his services, the undistinguishing multitude were taught to\\nconsider his removal as a fortunate event and until the ambitious designs\\nof the French monarch, with respect to America, awakened attention to the\\ngeneral welfare, Mr. Burnet s administration was as little esteemed as the\\nmeanest of his predecessors.\\nThe excessive love of money, a disease common to most of his predeces-\\nsors, and to some who succeeded him, was a vice from which he was entirely\\nfi ee. He sold no offices, nor attempted to raise a fortune by indirect means;\\nfor he lived generously, and carried scarce any thing away with him, but\\nhis books. These, and the conversation of men of letters, were to him inex-\\nhaustible sources of delight. His astronomical observations were useful but\\nby his comment on the apocalypse, he exposed himself, as other learned\\nmen have done, to the criticism of those who have not ability to write half\\nso well. t\\nVI. John Montgomery, his successor, received from him the seals of the\\nprovinces of New York and New Jersey, on the 15th of April, 1728. Colo-\\nnel Montgomery was a Scotch gentleman, bred a soldier, but who, in the\\nlatter years of his life, had l)een groom of the bed chamber to his Majesty,\\nGeorge the Second, before his accession to the throne. This station, and a\\nseat in Parliament, had paved his way to preferment in America. Good\\nnatured, unenterprising, and fond of his ease, his short administration of\\nSmith s New York, 172. i Ibid, 173.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 97\\nthree years, is unmarked with any event of historical interest. In 1727,\\nbefore the departure of Governor Burnet, a new Assembly had been elected.\\nWith settled salaries, and the means for support of government provided for\\nyears, the governors had few inducements to invite frequent sessions of the\\nHouse. Nearly three years had elapsed between the rising of the last, and\\nthe convocation of the present Assembly and in dread that their meetings\\nmight be even longer dispensed with, they passed an act providing, that, a\\nGeneral Assembly should be holden once in three years, at the least, alter-\\nnately, at Burlington and Amboy and lest, by long continuance in oftice, the\\nmembers should be improperly influenced by the executive, or cease to re-\\nmember their responsibility to, and dependence upon, the people, it was further\\ndirected, that, a new Assembly should be thenceforth chosen, triennially, and\\nthat the term of the present should expire on the 25th of October, 1727. By\\nthis act, the province gained a partial security for popular rights. And by\\nanother, it was relieved from the monstrous grievance of the practice, under\\nwhich the courts compelled parties acquitted upon indictment, to pay costs\\nof prosecution.*\\nVII. Upon the death of Colonel Montgomery, on the 1st of July, 1731,\\nthe government devolved on Colonel Lewis Morris, until the 1st of August,\\n1782; when William Cosby, Esq. arrived, with the commission of governor\\nof New York and New Jersey. He held these offices until his death, in 1736.\\nHis administration in New York was signalized by long and obstinate con-\\ntests with the Assembly. Some ditierences, appear, also, to have arisen,\\nbetween him and the Assembly of New Jersey the latter complaining, that,\\nthe council was filled with members from New York and the former, that,\\nhis maintenance had not been provided for, during a long protracted session.\\nWith this exception, the harmony, which had long prevailed, between the\\ngovernors and Assemblies of this province, was uninterrupted during his\\nadministration.\\nVIII. The executive power, on the demise of Governor Cosby, devolved,\\nfirst, on the president of the council, John Anderson, Esq., and on his death,\\nabout two weeks afterwards, upon John Hamilton, Esq., son of Andrew Ha-\\nmilton, governor in the time of the proprietaries who exercised it for nearly\\ntwo years, and until superseded by the appointment of Lewis Morris, by the\\ncrown.\\nIX. The provinces of New York and New Jersey, although wholly inde-\\npendent of each other, had, uniformly, been governed by the same officer,\\nsince the surrender of the proprietary governments of the latter unless for\\nshort periods, when the government was administered by the presidents of\\ntheir respective councils. Yet, New Jersey, the smaller and less important\\nterritory, was treated, almost, as a dependency of her greater neighbour.\\nThe governor, attracted by the pleasures, and enchained by the business\\nof the city, spent a small portion of his time in New Jersey. The chief\\nofficers of state were taken from New York, or upon their appointment,\\nremoved thither. Thus, Mr. Alexander, the secretary of New Jersey, was a\\ndistinguished practitioner of law of New York, and Mr. Morris held the office\\nof chief justice in both colonies; and hence, the executive and judicial duties,\\nwere fulfilled with much difficulty, and frequently, with vexatious delays.\\nAt their January session, 1728, the Assembly of New Jersey, petitioned the\\nKing, that when he should think proper to remove the then incumbent go-\\nvernor, Montgomery, he would separate the governments, and appoint a dis-\\ntinct governor for each colony. The application had been in the colonial\\noffice, probably, disregarded, for several years, when Mr. Morris obtained\\nSeo Appendix, note V, for the names of the members of council, in 1727.\\nN", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nits consideration. The lords of trade reported favourably upon it to the\\nprivy council, and Mr. Morris was so fortunate, as to receive for himself, the\\ncommission of governor of New Jersey, in severalty.\\nThis appointment was highly satisfactory to the people, as well, because\\nthe duty of the governor would be, exclusively, confined to the colony, as\\nthat the officer was greatly esteemed by them. To the Assembly, which\\nhe first met, after his elevation, on the 27th of October, 1738, he addressed\\na long speech, in which he took full credit for the services he had rendered\\nin separating the governments, and did not leave unnoticed nor unpraised,\\nthe qualities he possessed for his station. His self-applause was echoed by\\nthe House. We are, said they, more deeply sensible of our sovereign s\\ncare of us, when we consider, how exactly he has adapted the person to\\npreside, to the nature and circumstances of this province a person who\\nhas been long distinguished and highly preferred for his profound knowledge\\nof the law, and in that station has behaved, for a long tract of years, with\\ngreat candour and strict impartiality a person well known to ourselves, to\\nbe eminent for his skill in affairs of government, which we, more than once,\\nhave had experience of; and from his knowledge of the nature and constitu-\\ntion of this province, and other advantages of learning, if his inclinations\\nand endeavours to promote our welfare bear any proportion to his abilities,\\n(which we have no reason to doubt) every way qualified to render us a\\nhappy and flourishing people.\\nX. And we cannot, they continue, but observe with pleasure and\\nthankfulness, your excellency s candour and justice, in introducing among\\nus, in some measure, that noble economy so happily maintained in the Legis-\\nlature of our glorious mother country, by fixing the gentlemen of the council\\nas a separate and distinct part of the Legislature for all former governors\\nhave presided in that House, in a legislative capacity, which, not only very\\nmuch influenced their debates, but often produced very bad effects, and-\\ngreatly thwarted and obstructed the despatch of public business.\\nThis arrangement was certainly wise on the part of the governor. By it\\nhe relinquished no power, since his right of absolute negative upon all hills\\nwas not impaired but he avoided much trouble, and maintained more secure-\\nly, the dignity of his office, which, in the debates of a legislative council,\\nmust often have been in danger.\\nXI. With such favourable sentiments, and with full reminiscence of their\\nprofessions of ability, to maintain an exclusive governor, the House pro-\\nceeded, with cheerfulness, to appropriate five hundred pounds, as a compen-\\nsation to Mr. Morris, for his expense and labour in procuring a separation of\\nthe governments, and one thousand pounds per annum, for three years, for\\nhis salary together with sixty pounds a year for his house rent. They, at\\nthe same time, voted one hundred and fifty pounds per annum to the chief\\njustice forty pounds to the second judge forty pounds to the treasurers of\\nEast and West Jersey, respectively; thirty pounds to the clerk of council;\\ntwenty pounds to each of the clerks of the circuits, and eighty pounds to their\\nagent in Great Britain, whom they had a short time before appointed.\\nUnhappily, this good understanding did not long continue. The governor\\nwhose ardent, restless, and persevering temper, when engaged on the part\\nof the people, had gained him great popularity, was now as little disposed to\\nyield his lightest opinions to their wishes, as he formerly had been, to sub-\\nmit to the executive will. And such was the estimate of his own merits,\\nthat, although, he had now received double the salary allowed to former go-\\nvernors, and a considerable gratuity, he informed the Assembly that he\\naccepted their grants only as an earnest of what he expected and deserved\\nand he wantonly forbade the treasurer to pay them their wages, although", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 99\\nduly granted, and certified according to law. Flattered by the deference,\\nwhich had hitherto been paid him, and confident in his political skill and\\nexperience, which he held to be, incomparably, greater than that, of any\\nother person in his province, he was surprised and offended, at the presump-\\ntion of the Assembly, when it proposed measures which he did not approve,\\nand attained ends which he himself sought, by some unimportant variation\\nfrom the path he indicated. Passionately fond of argumentation, his addresses\\nto the House were, at times, political lectures, delivered with all the airs of\\nsuperiority, which he supposed his station, and greater intellect warranted\\nand at other times, revilings, alike unworthy of him and the House. He\\nrejected several important bills, passed by the Assembly, and to their com-\\nplaints of the inexpediency of this conduct, objected his power, as a consti-\\ntuent portion of the Legislature to exercise his veto, without question whilst\\nhe denied, practically, to the House, a similar right. And thus, although he\\nproposed no tyrannical or unlawful measures, he defeated, by his opinionated\\nobstinacy, several beneficial bills harassed the Legislature by repeated ad-\\njournments, prorogations, and dissolutions and became, with the exception of\\nCornbury, the most obnoxious governor who had, in this province, held a com-\\nmission under the crown. During the early years of his administration, few\\ninstances of this captious temper occur. The most memorable one, was in\\ngranting aid to a military expedition against the Spanish West Indies.\\nXII. A misunderstanding had arisen, in the year 1737, between Great\\nBritain and Spain, on account of injuries alleged to have been done, to the\\nEnglish logwood cutters at Campeachy, and salt gatherers at Tortugas.\\nThe Spaniards, not only denied them the privileges they exercised, but\\nclaimed, and used with insolence and cruelty, the right to search English\\nvessels, for contraband goods of which, large quantities were introduced\\ninto their colonies. Open war was, for a while, delayed, by a convention,\\nextremely unpopular in England, concluded in January, 1738; but which,\\nnot having been observed by Spain, letters of marque and reprisal were\\nissued by Great Britain, and general preparations were made for war;\\nwhich was finally declared, on the 23d of October, 1739. A fleet, under\\nAdmiral Vernon, having on board a body of troops, under Charles, Lord\\nCathcart, was despatched against the Spanish islands, and aid was required\\nfrom the several British colonies.\\nThe province of New Jersey showed the same alacrity, upon this, as upon\\nother hke occasions promptly passing a bill for raising, transporting, and\\nvictualling her quota of troops but, some oC its details were unsatisfactory\\nto Governor Morris, and he delayed his assent to the bill. Having despatch-\\ned all other business before them, the House begged his excellency, to in-\\nform them, when he would permit them to return to their homes. To this\\nreasonable request, he sullenly replied, When I think fit and he kept\\nthe representatives of the people, hanging upon his will, from day to day,\\nfrom the 25th to the 31st of July, before he sanctioned their bills, and pro-\\nrogued them.\\nXIII. This treatment, justly, gave offence, which was heightened by his\\nrefusal at subsequent sessions, to concur in several bills deemed essential to\\nthe welfare of the province, by the House and by his pertinacious demand\\nfor some unwelcome modification of the existing militia law. The fees of\\nthe various officers of the colony were not prescribed by law, but regulated\\nby the governor and council and were, frequently, exorbitant and oppres-\\nsive. A fee bill was, at length, proposed by the Assembly, but long resisted by\\nthe council and governor, and finally passed, on the 21st of October, 1743,\\nwith a clause suspending its operation, until his Majesty s pleasure in rela-\\n.tion thereto, should be known. When the sense of the several branches", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "100 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof the Legislature, had thus been obtained, the Assembly, very rationally,\\ninferred, that the inchoate law supplied a more satisfactory rule, than the\\nwill of the executive; and on the 5th of December, resolved, that, it ought to\\nhave due weight with the judges and all others concerned, and, to govern\\ntheir practice, until the royal pleasure should be declared. This expression\\nof opinion, awakened the indignation of the governor, who sternly demand-\\ned, By what authority the House ordered an act, not in force, to be printed\\nas a rule for the government of the people? or indeed, any act? And that,\\nif they had, or pretended to have, such authority, they would let him know\\nwhence they derived it, and how they came by it, that his Majesty might be\\ninformed of it. In reply to these queries, the House resolved, That as\\nthey had only given their opinion of an act, which had passed the three\\nbranches of the Legislature here, and had not assumed to themselves, any\\nunwarrantable authority, they think themselves not accountable for that\\nopinion and that it is not consistent with the honour and dignity of the\\nHouse, and the trust reposed in them, to give any further answer. And\\nthough the governor prohibited them from printing the act, it was published\\nwith votes of the Assembly. Notwithstanding the governor had sanctioned\\nthe law, and thereby concurred in opinion, with the Assembly, and the peo-\\nple, in the adequacy of the fees which it prescribed, he, with great duplicity,\\nrepresented to the ministry, that they were so inconsiderable, that no persons\\nof character or reputation, cared to accept of employments, in the several\\ncourts of judicature and the refusal of the royal assent to the bill, was\\ndelayed, only, by the exertions of Richard Partridge, Esq., the provincial\\nagent, at court.\\nXIV. There were three other measures which the people were desirous to\\neffect. 1st. The renewal of the act, making current forty thousand pounds,\\nin bills of credit, which was approaching its term 2d. An act to oblige the\\nseveral sheriffs of the colony, to give security for the faithful performance of\\ntheir duties, which had become highly necessary, from the improvident ap-\\npointments of the executive and, 8d. An act to prevent actions for small\\namounts, in the Supreme Court. All of which, whilst productive of the\\npublic weal, would impair the influence, and lessen the power, of the go-\\nvernor.\\nThe interest on the bills of credit, loaned, as we have already observed,\\nsupplied the treasury with ample funds, for the support of government, with-\\nout resort to taxation, unless upon special occasions, and rendered the As-\\nsembly in a measure independent of the governor. A clause in the act made\\na general appropriation of the interest to the support of government, but as\\nspecial acts were, from time to time, requisite to allot to the several officers,\\nsuch portions as the Assembly deemed proper, the amount and duration of\\ntheir salaries, depended on the pleasure of the Assembly. A full treasury,\\nbeyond the control of the executive, was reprobated as a mean of strength-\\nening the people, both by the governors in America, and the ministers of the\\ncrown and both desired, that specific and exhausting appropriations, should\\nbe made of the revenue, by the act which created it, which would, besides\\nstripping the Assembly of its power, make the executive independent of its\\npleasure, for the term assigned, to the currency of the bills. In a word, the\\nexecutive department was indisposed to continue an acknowledged benefit to\\nthe people, unless it received, in payment, what it deemed its full value.\\nUnder the pretence, therefore, that the colonial bills of credit had been in-\\njurious to English commerce, the royal instructions forbade the respective\\ngovernors to assent to any act, for issuing such bills, without a clause sus-\\npending its effect, until the act had been approved by the King. But, this\\nprohibition having been disregarded, a bill was, about this time, introduced", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "fflSTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 101\\ninto Parliament, making it unlawful for any governor, to assent to any act,\\nwhereby paper bills of credit should be made, or the time limited, for the\\nsinking of them, protracted and requiring, that all subsisting bills, should\\nbe sunk and destroyed, according to the tenor of the acts creating them.\\nThe Assembly of New Jersey prepared their bill, with the suspending\\nclause, yet the governor refused to sanction it, or more properly speaking,\\ninfluenced the council to refuse their concurrence; whilst he remonstrated\\nwith the House, on the unseasonableness of their bill, pending that before\\nParliament. The true cause of his opposition, was, that the Assembly\\nwould not fix the salaries of the officers, for a term concurrent with that of\\nthe bills.\\nThe refusal of the governor and council to confine the jurisdiction of the\\nSupreme Court, to actions in which the sum demanded exceeded fifl;een\\npounds, had a selfishness so naked, that they should have blushed to observe it.\\nThe compensation of the justices was partly dependent upon fees hence, it\\nbecame, indeed, the part of a judge to enlarge his jurisdiction,* to protract\\nthe pleadings, and to increase litigation. The chief justice, Robert Hunter\\nMorris, son of the governor, was a member of council, and his fees would,\\nobviously, be diminished by the hmitation.\\nXV. Justly irritated by these scarce gauze-covered attempts, to make the\\ncommonwealth a productive estate, regardless of the public weal, the Assem-\\nbly resolved, to apply for defence, to the passion that oppressed them and\\nby withholding the salaries of the officers, to make them feel, that, even in a\\npecuniary point of view, concession to the popular will would be more profit-\\nable than resistance. Between October, 1743, and April, 1745, three houses\\nhad been dissolved by the governor each of which had given him distinctly\\nto understand, that, they would pass no act for the support of government,\\nunless, concurrently, with the bills above-mentioned. In considering this\\noffer, the governor in his address to the House, sitting at Amboy, in April,\\n1745, observed\\nThe kings of England have, from time to time, immemorial, refused\\ntheir assent to many bills passed by both Lords and Commons, without as-\\nsigning any reason for their so doing; and so have the Lords to bills passed\\nby the Commons, though perhaps not so often and if it may be lawful to\\ncompare small things with great, should the House of Commons deny to\\nsupport the government, and assign these refusals as a reason for their\\ndenial, as is done here, and appeal to the populace upon it or, in an address,\\npropose to the King to pass their bills previous to their granting the support\\nof government, could it bear a milder construction, than an attempt to alter\\nthe constitution? And is it less so here?\\nI believe, with some reason, that the House was ashamed of that ridicu-\\nlous proposal of passing their bills, previous to their granting the support of\\ngovernment; and was willing for their sakes to forget it, and let it drop into\\nthe oblivion it deserved; but, since the late House have thought fit to men-\\ntion it, on the particular occasion they have done, I shall say a few words to\\nit. And, first, it is known to all, and themselves, in particular; that the\\nmoney in the treasury is appointed for the support of government, and ap-\\npropriated for that purpose and all that they have to do in it is, to agree\\nwith the council and myself, what quantity of it should be applied to that\\nuse and the council could, with equal propriety, have made the same pro-\\nposal, to pass their bills, that is, the bills of the proposers, previous to their\\ngranting their support. I thought, that, what I had said, when that proposal\\nBonis est judicis ampliare jurisdictionem. Law maxim.", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "102 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwas made, and the bills I then passed, left no room for a second mention of\\nit but since they have done it, on the occasion, they did, and thereby seem\\nto insinuate to the populace, that my passing of their bills, is a condition on\\nmy part, to be complied with, before they will agree to the support of the\\ngovernment, I take leave to say, that what they call a proposal, I esteem a\\nmost unmannerly threat, that, they would not support the government at all,\\nunless I passed all their bills, before they did it; and then would support it,\\nas they thought fit: To which, I say, that I will assent to none of the bills\\npassed by the Assembly, unless first assented to by the council, and I ap-\\nprove them But not even then if I think such not very necessary, unless\\nsufficient provision be made for the support of the government, previous to\\nthe passing of any bill, by me. And this, gentlemen, I desire you to take\\nnotice of, and govern yourselves accordingly.\\nTo this assertion of the governor s determination, the House, among other\\nthings, replied. As we met your excellency at this time, determined, as\\nin duty to his Majesty, we are bound, to support his government, so we enter-\\ntained hopes that we might at least, have been encouraged to proceed in pre-\\nparing some bills we think very necessary, and much wanted by the people,\\nwhom we represent. But, since your excellency hath been pleased to assure\\nus, that you will assent to none of the bills passed by the Assembly, unless\\nfirst assented to by the council, and you approve of them but not even then,\\nif you think such bill not very necessary, unless a sufficient provision be\\nmade for the support of government, previous to the passing of any bill by\\nyou; and this you have recommended to our particular notice, to govern our-\\nselves accordingly, it gives us some concern to be thus almost, peremptorily,\\nprecluded from proposing such bills as we should think very necessary; but\\nwe know this is a power, your excellency can make use of, to check our\\nproceedings. We shall, therefore, according to your prescription, defer such\\nbills until some more favourable opportunity, when reason and argument may\\nhave greater influence,\\nUrged by the necessity, so far as it regarded the crown, of preserving, at\\nleast, the appearance of providing for the support of government, the House\\npresented to the governor and council, a bill for granting less than half the\\nusual sums, which was of course rejected.\\nAt length, after several adjournments, and more than a year s delay, the\\nAssembly declared, that notwithstanding all the foregoing treatment, they\\nwere still fond of an accommodation, and solicited his excellency for two or\\nthree laws which the country have very much at heart; and they informed\\nhim, that they would willingly support the government with salaries as\\nlarge as had been given during his administration, on condition, that they\\ncould obtain those acts that would enable them to do it in a manner they\\ncould approve of; but this could not be done. They therefore begged leave\\nto be plain with his excellency, and hoped that he would not take it amiss,\\nthat they are so; they are now willing (if his excellency and council think\\nfit,) to pass the bills which they passed at the last meeting over again, but as\\nthey are discouraged from giving so large a support, as they would willingly\\nhave done, they are determined to assent to no longer applications, than what\\nin the late meeting they assented to, until they can have an assurance of\\nobtaining some acts they think they have a right to, and very necessary\\nto enable the colony so to do. From this determination, the House did not\\ndepart, and the governor equally unyielding, though in very bad health,\\nprorogued them from time to time, twice to Trenton, that they might be near\\nhis residence of Kingsbury; and, at length, after another year of fruitless\\naltercation, dissolved them.", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 103\\nXVI. But, the appeal to the people, by the convocation of a new Assembly,\\ndid not relieve the governor. The constituents oi the former House univer-\\nsally approved their conduct, and the same members were re-elected, two\\nonly excepted. The governor s infirmities increasing, the Assembly met at\\nTrenton, on the 26th of February, 1746. Both parties had now become\\nheartily weary of the unprofitable contention, and were disposed to unite by\\nsacrificing a part of their respective wishes. This desirable compromise was\\ninduced partly by the war, in which the empire was engaged with France\\nand Spain, and the dangers dreaded to the state from the rebellion in England\\nin favour of the Pretender. These circumstances served as a pretext, if they\\nwere not the reason, for accommodation. The leaders of the Assembly agreed\\nto pass the militia law, desired by his excellency, and he engaged to concur\\nin their bills for the paper currency, the requiring security from sheriffs, and\\ncurtailing the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court it being well understood,\\nthat the support of government should be provided for, as liberally as here-\\ntofore. These bills were all duly approved by the Assembly, and council,\\nand awaited only the signature of the governor, to become laws but that for\\nthe support of government, had not yet passed the House. The governor\\nrefused his assent to those before him, until the supply bill should also be pre-\\nsented. Neither party had confidence in the other; and it soon became ap-\\nparent, that the distrust of the House was but too well founded. For at this\\nperiod, they received a coinmunication from the provincial agent at London,\\ninforming that the fee-bill was about to be defeated, by the representations of\\nthe governor, notwithstanding he had given it his official sanction; and it\\nwas subsequently disapproved by the king. No reliance therefore, could be\\nplaced in the success of tliieir money bill, even when approved by all the\\nbranches of the Legislature; since the governor might, and probably would\\nuse his endeavours, successfully, under the suspending clause to prevent the\\nroyal approbation. The House resolved, therefore, whilst adhering to the\\nletter and spirit of the agreement for accommodation, and providing, as usual,\\nfor the compensation of the other officers, to make the governor s salary de-\\npend upon his good faith, and upon the final passage of their money bill, by\\nthe King.\\nXVn. With this view, a committee of the House informed him, that they\\nwere willing, upon giving his assent to the bills now before him, to vote to the\\ncommander-in-chief for the time being, five hundred pounds per annum, for two\\nyears, to commence the 23d of September, 1744, and to end 23d of Septem-\\nber, 1746 which, with the other salaries, should be paid out of the money\\nthen in the treasury. And as a grateful acknowledgment to his Majesty,\\nand his excellency, for the benefits they hoped the colony would receive from\\nsuch bills, they further assured him, that, provision should be made in the bill,\\nfor the support of government, for the payment of one thousand pounds to\\nhim or his representatives, out of the first interest money, arising from the\\nact making current the bills of credit, when his Majesty s assent should be\\nhad thereto. With these conditions, the governor refused compliance and\\nprorogued the House until the following day. The effect of prorogation was to\\nput an end to all business before the House, and oblige them to recommence\\ntheir labours. It had been repeatedly tried without any good effect, and was\\nprobably resorted to on this occasion, that the governor, whose illness daily\\nincreased, and incapacitated him for business, might obtain a short respite from\\na vexatious dispute. The House convened on the prorogation, and authorized\\nthe speaker, and any two members, to meet and adjourn from day to day.\\nOn the 21st of May, 1746, Governor Morris, after a severe illness, of\\nmore than two years, died at Kingsbury, near Trenton. By his deatli, the\\n..office of governor devolved upon John Hamilton, Esq., the eldest member", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "104 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof council, All the bills which had been so obnoxious to him, were passed\\nin February, 1748, by Governor Belcher, without hesitation. The cham-\\npions of the Assembly, in their long contests with the governor appear to have\\nbeen Mr. Richard Smith, Mr. Lawrence, Mr. Neville, and Mr. Eaton.\\nXVIII. The family of Mr. Morris, which for more than a century ex-\\nercised a controlling influence over the political events of New York, and\\nNew Jersey, was derived from Richard Morris who, wearied with the un-\\nsettled condition of affairs in England, consequent on the wars of Crom-\\nwell, in whose armies he is said to have been a distinguished leader,\\nturned his views to America, and came over first to the West Indies, and\\nshortly after to New York. He purchased an estate near Haerlem, ten miles\\nfrom the city, containing more than three thousand acres of land, which by\\nthe original grant was endowed with manorial privileges, and called Morris-\\nania. Richard died in 1673, leaving an only son, Lewis, the subject of our\\nstory, an infant and an orphan, his mother having died a few years before\\nhis father. Thus destitute, he became the ward of the colonial government,\\nwhich appointed a guardian to his person and estate. Soon after, however,\\nhis uncle, Lewis Morris, arrived from Barbadoes, and settling at Morrisania,\\ntook his nephew in charge, and finally made him heir to his fortune. The\\nearly years of the nephew, were wild and erratic. On one occasion, having\\ncommitted some folly, or extravagance, displeasing to his uncle, he strolled\\nto the southern colonies, and thence to the West Indies, where he maintained\\nhimself some time, as a scrivener. He soon tired of his vagai ies, and re-\\nturned to his uncle, by whom he was kindly received. Ambitious, and pos-\\nsessed of much intellectual power, he entered, at an early age, upon a public\\ncareer and though, indolent in the management of his private affairs, the\\nlove of power, rendered him active in those of a political nature. In New\\nJersey, he distinguished himself in the service of the proprietaries and the\\nAssembly; and by the latter was employed to draw up their complaint\\nagainst Lord Cornbury, and made the bearer of it, to the Queen. No man\\nin the colony equalled him in the knowledge of the law, and the arts of in-\\ntrigue. He was one of the council of the colony, and judge of the Supreme\\nCourt, in 1692. Upon the surrender of the government, to Queen Anne, in\\n1702, he was named as governor, before the appointment was conferred\\nupon Cornbury. He was several years chief justice of New York, and a\\nmember of Assembly; was second counsellor, named in Cornbury s in-\\nstructions; but was suspended by him, in 1704; restored by the Queen,\\nand suspended a second time, in the same year. He was a member of the\\nAssembly, in 1707, and was reappointed to the council, in 1708, from which\\nhe was again removed, by Lieutenant-Governor Ingoldsby, in 1709, but\\nreappointed in 1710, where he continued, until made governor, in 1738.\\nThe love of power was his ruling passion. Unable to gratify it, as a parti-\\nsan of the governor, he became a leader of the people and as their power\\nwas his, contended strenuously, for its preservation and enlargement; but\\nwhen that power was opposed to his will, he was not less active to control\\nand abridge it. There was nothing in his conduct or character, to sepaz ate\\nhim from the herd of politicians, who throw themselves into the public arena,\\nlike gladiators, to obtain by combat, with each other, their daily bread, and\\na few shouts of applause, from the spectators the memory of which, en-\\ndures, scarce longer than their reverberation. In his early life, he rendered\\nsome service to the colony, for which it was grateful and his name, borne\\nby one of the counties of the State, will attest, that he was, once, a popular\\nfavourite. In private life, he was highly respectable, and happy. Inherit-\\ning a large estate, and free from avarice, he was not tempted to increase it,\\nby indirect means. Blessed with the affections of an amiable wife, he be-", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 105\\ncame the father of a large family of children, many of whom, he lived to see\\nsuccessfully settled.*\\nXIX. His widow applied, soon after his death, to the Legislature, for the\\npayment of what she termed the arrears of his salary, at the rate of one\\nthousand pounds, per annum, for nearly two years; and the Assembly\\nhaving rejected her petition, she solicited the interference of the lords com-\\nmissioners for trade and plantations. That Board instructed Governor\\nBelcher, in November, 1748, to recommend, in the most earnest manner, to\\nthe Assembly, to make provision for the speedy payment of such arrears\\ndeclaring, that they earnestly interested themselves in behalf of the petitioner,\\nas the salary was represented to them to have been withheld, merely on\\naccount of his adherence to his duty, and obedience to the direction of the\\nboard. When this subject was thus brought before the Assembly, for con-\\nsideration, they replied, by a long enumeration of the political sins of the\\nlate governor; and for those causes, trusted that Governor Belcher would\\ndeem their conduct just and reasonable. But, they continued, to put\\nthe matter beyond dispute, although Governor Morris, in his life time, did,\\nand his executors, now, do, insist upon payment of what some are pleased\\nto term arrears, yet the House have his own opinion in a similar case, to\\njustify their not allowing them (Alluding to the case of Lord Cornbury,\\nin which, Mr. Morris had taken, as a member of the Legislature, the present\\nground of the House.) The subject, the Assembly further urged, was\\nso universally disliked in the colony, that there is none except those who are\\nimmediately concerned, in point of interest, or particularly, influenced by\\nthose who are, will say one word in its favour. And it is altogether un-\\nlikely, that, any Assembly in the colony, would look upon that to be a just\\ndebt, or apply any money for the discharge thereof; and that they could\\nnot conceive, that further recommendation of it, would be advantageous to\\nthe executors.\\nSee Appendix, W.\\no", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "106 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER VIIL\\nComprehending Events from the death of Governor Morris to the death of Governor\\nBelcher from 1746 to 1757. I. War with France Proposal of Governor Shirley\\nto attack the French Settlements, at Cape Breton New Jersey votes two thou-\\nsand Pounds for the Service Favourable result of the Expedition. II. Proposed\\nattack on Canada New Jersey Regiment raised and placed under the command\\nof Colonel Philip Schuyler March for Albany Threatened Mutiny. III. Plan\\nof the proposed Campaign. IV. Treaty of Peace. V. Death of President Ha-\\nmilton Devolvement of the Government on President Reading Arrival of Go-\\nvernor Belcher His Character. VI. Vexations arising from the Elizabethtown\\nClaims under Indian Grants the Assembly disposed to palliate the Conduct of\\nthe Rioters Representation of the Council of Proprietors their grievous Charge\\nagainst the Members of Assembly, in a Petition to the King the House transmits\\na counter Petition Disingenuous conduct of the House. VII. Disputes relative\\nto the Quota Bill. VIII. Hostile proceedings of the French in America. IX.\\nDifference between the French and English, in tlieir mode of cultivating Indian\\nfavour. X. Efforts of the French to occupy the English Lands. XI. Expedi-\\ntion of George Washington to Fort Venango. XII. Measures of the English\\nGovernment to resist French encroachments. XIII. Convention of the Colo-\\nnies Plan of Union proposed by Dr. Franklin Condemned by New Jersey\\nMilitary Expedition of Lieutenant Colonel Washington is captured by the\\nFrench under De Villiers. XIV. Extensive military Preparations of Great\\nBritain. XV. Measures of New Jersey. XVI. Arrival of Major General Brad-\\ndock. XVII. Convention of Governors to determine the Plan of the Campaign.\\nXVIII. Acquisitions in Nova Scotia Cruel treatment of the Neutrals. XIX.\\nNew Jersey raises a Regiment for the Northern Expedition Mr. Philip Schuyler^.,\\nnamed Colonel. XX. March of General Braddock on the Western Expedition\\nFastidiousness and Presumption of the General is attacked and defeated.\\nXXI. Universal Consternation on this Defeat Governor Belcher summons the\\nLegislature Inroads and Cruelties of the Indians the Inhabitants of New Jersey\\ngive aid to those of Pennsylvania. XXII. Success of the Northern Expedition.\\nXXIII. Provision against the Attack of the French and Indians. XXIV. Plans\\nproposed for the Campaign of 1756 Exertions of the Colonies. XXV. War\\nformally declared between Great Britain and France. XXVI. General Shirley\\nremoved from the supreme command General Abercrombie, and, subsequently,\\nLord Loudon appointed. XXVII. Suspension of Indian Hostilities. XXVIII.\\nSluggish military Efforts of the English Success of the French in the North-^\\nCapture of part of the Jersey Regiment, with Colonel Schuyler, at Oswego-yf\\nDisastrous termination of the Campaign. XXIX. Renewal of Indian Barbari-\\nties. XXX. Military Requisitions of Lord Loudon New Jersey refuses to raise\\nmore than five hundred Men. XXXI. Unsuccessful attempt of Lord Loudon on\\nLouisburg. XXXII. Success of Montcalm New Jersey prepares to raise four\\nthousand Men the remainder of the Jersey Regiment captured by the Enemy.\\nXXXIII. Death of Governor Belcher\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Biographical Notice of\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XXXIV. John\\nReading, President.\\nI. A masked war had been, for some time, carried on between France\\nand Great Britain; and hostilities were openly declared by the former, on\\nthe 20th, and by the latter, on the 24th of March, 1744. In the spring of\\n1745, Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, having conceived the design of\\nattacking the French settlements at Cape Breton, and the conquest of Louis-\\nburg, the capital, endeavoured to enlist the other colonies in the enterprise.\\nThe capture of this place was greatly desirable, inasmuch as it was the\\nlargest and most commodious position of the French in America affording\\nsafe harbourage for their largest vessels, and a rendezvous for their nume-\\nrous privateers, now infesting the western shores of the Atlantic. As the", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 107\\ndesign originated with the people of New England, and had not been sanc-\\ntioned by the crown, Commodore Warren, the English commandant on the\\nAmerican station, declined to join Shirley in the attack. The Legislature of\\nNew Jersey, to whom the plan was not communicated before the expedition\\nhad sailed, also, declined to aid it; because there was not a single vessel in\\nthe service of the pz-ovince, nor a ship belonging to private owners, that was\\nfit for sea; and because the expedition not having received the approbation\\nof the King, might disconcert the measures of the ministry. But when the\\nHouse was, soon afterwards, informed, that the siege of Louisburg was ear-\\nnestly prosecuted with his Majesty s consent, they unanimously voted two\\nthousand pounds of the interest money, then in the treasury, for his Ma-\\njesty s service, to be transmitted, in provisions, to General Shirley.\\nThe plan, when communicated to the British government, had been\\nwarmly approved. Wan-en was commanded to repair to Boston, and to\\nrender all possible aid to the views of Shirley. He did not arrive, however,\\nuntil after the provincial fleet had sailed, with six thousand men, under the\\ncommand of Mr. Pepperel, a trader of Piscataqua. The result of the enter-\\nprise was highly honourable to its projectors and executors. The town sur-\\nrendered after two months siege, during which, the provincial forces dis-\\nplayed courage, activity, and fortitude, that would have distinguished veteran\\ntroops. The English historians have, shamefully, endeavoured to strip the\\ncolonies of this early trophy of their spirit and capacity. Smollet makes an\\nequivocal statement of the facts, by which Warren is brought on the scene,\\nbefore the departure of the provincial troops from Boston; when, in truth,\\nthey sailed without any expectation of his assistance, having a knowledge of\\nhis refusal to join them. The English ministry, though sufficiently forward\\nto sustain the exclusive pretensions of their officers, was compelled by the\\nmerits of the provincials, to distinguish their leader, Pepperel, and to reward\\nhim with a baronetcy of Great Britain.\\nII. The ministry, having resolved to attempt the conquest of Canada, by\\na combined European and colonial force, communicated their instructions\\nto the provincial governors, at the close of the month of May, 1746. Presi-\\ndent Hamilton laid them before the Assembly of New Jersey, on the 12th of\\nJune. The House resolved to raise and equip five hundred men for this ser-\\nvice for facilitating which, they offered to the recruit, six pounds bounty. So\\npopular was the enterprise, that, in less than two months, six hundred and sixty\\nmen offered themselves for enlistment. From these, five companies were form-\\ned, and put at the charge of this province, and a sixth was transferred to the\\nquota of New York. These troops, under the command of Colonel Philip\\nSchuyler, reached the appointed rendezvous at Albany, on the 3d of Sep-\\ntember; where, the proposed invasion of the French provinces having been\\nabandoned, in consequence of the failure of the supply of forces from Eng-\\nland, they remained until the autumn of the next year, serving to overawe\\nthe Indians, and to protect the frontier. The pay promised by the crown,\\nwas tardily remitted, and the troops, at the rendezvous, became impatient\\nof the delay. In April, 1747, the Jersey companies mutinied, and resolved\\nto go off, with their arms and baggage, unless their arrears were paid up.\\nTo avert this evil. Colonel Schuyler despatched an express to President Ha-\\nmilton, with an account of the disposition of the troops. The president re-\\ncommended, to the Assembly, to provide for the pay, but the Flouse having\\nexpended more than twenty thousand pounds in equipping, transporting,\\nand victualling the detachment, declined to make further appropriations;\\nand it was detained in service chiefly by the generous aid of the colonel,\\nwho supplied the wants of the soldiers advancing many thousand pounds\\nfrom his private funds.", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "108 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nIII. The proposed attack on the French possessions, originated with Go-\\nvernor Shirley, whose solicitations, enforced by the brilliant success at\\nLouisburg, prevailed on the ministry to undertake it. A squadron of ships\\nof war, having on board a body of land forces, commanded by Sir John St.\\nClair, was, as early as the season would admit, to join the troops of New\\nEngland, at Louisburg whence they were to proceed by the St. Lawrence,\\nto Quebec. The troops from New York, and from the more southern pro-\\nvinces, were to be collected at Albany, and to march thence against Crown\\nPoint and Montreal. This plan, so far as it depended upon the colonies,\\nwas executed with promptness and alacrity. The men were raised, and\\nwaited, impatiently, for employment but neither general, troops, nor orders\\narrived from England and the provincial forces continued in a state of in-\\nactivity, until the ensuing autumn, when they were disbanded. This affair\\nwas one of the thousand instances of incapacity and misrule, which the\\nparent state inflicted upon her dependant American progeny.\\nIV. No further material transactions took place in America during the\\nwar. Preliminary articles of peace were signed on the 30th of April; but\\nhostilities continued in Europe and on the ocean, until October, 1748 when\\nthe definitive treaty was executed, at Aix-la-Chapelle in which the great object\\nof the war was wholly disregarded, the right of the British to navigate the\\nAmerican seas, free from search, being unnoticed. The Island of Cape\\nBreton, with Louisburg, its capital, so dearly purchased by provincial blood\\nand treasure, was given up under the stipulation, that all conquests should\\nbe restored and the Americans had great cause to condemn the indifference\\nor ignorance, which exposed them to future vexation and renewed hostilities,\\nby neglecting to ascertain the boundaries of the French and English territo-\\nries on the American continent.\\nV. President Hamilton, whose health was in a very precarious state, when\\nthe government devolved upon him, died about midsummer, 1747 and was\\nsucceeded by John Reading, Esq., the next eldest counsellor, who was soon\\nafterwards displaced by Jonathan Belcher, Esq., appointed governor, by\\nthe crown. He met the Assembly for the first time, on the 20th August,\\n1747. Between this gentleman and the Legislature, for the space of ten\\nyears, considerable harmony prevailed. He seems to have adopted as a rule\\nfor his administration, the most entire submission to the wishes of the Assem-\\nbly, where they did not interfere with the instructions from the king. In the\\nlatter case, he threw himself behind the royal will, as an impregnable rampart.\\nHe was sparing of words, and generally preferred, when required to commu-\\nnicate any matter to the House, to use those of the ministry, petitioner, or\\nagent, as the case might be; rarely adding comments of his own, or embark-\\ning his feelings deeply in the subject. He was never obnoxious to the\\nreproach of failing in his duty, and seldom displayed that indiscreet zeal\\nwhich creates resistance, by the well known law, i-uling alike in physics, as in\\nmorals; by which the reaction is always equal to the action. His temper\\nwas imperturbable, and though sometimes severely tried by the Assembly,\\nby suspension of his salary, a point in which most colonial governors were\\nextremely sensitive, he was unmoved.\\nVI. Two questions arising out of proprietary interests, vexed the whole\\nterm of his administration; and though he earnestly and successfully endea-\\nvoured to avoid becoming a party to them, he was made a sufferer in the\\ncontests between the council and Assembly. For more than thirty years,\\nthere had been no important controversy between the grantees of Carteret,\\nand the Elizabethtown claimants, under the Indian title. But this peace was\\naltogether consequent on the abstinence of the first, from enforcing their title", "height": "3359", "width": "1862", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 109\\nand attempting the recovery of their rents. A large quantity of East Jersey\\nlands, under the Carteret title, had gotten into the hands of Robert Hunter\\nMorris, and James Alexander, Esquires, who held important offices in the\\nprovince; the one being chief justice, the other secretary; and both, at times,\\nwere in the council. These gentlemen, with other extensive proprietors,\\nduring the life of Governor Morris, and towards the close of his administra-\\ntion, commenced actions of ejectment, and suits for the recovery of quit- rent,\\nagainst many of the settlers. These immediately resorted to their Indian title\\nfor defence and formed an association, consisting of a large proportion of\\nthe inhabitants of the eastern part of Middlesex, the whole of Essex, part of\\nSomerset, and part of Morris counties who were enabled, by their union\\nand violence, to bid defiance to the law, to hold possession of the lands which\\nwere fairly within the Indian grant, and to add to their party a great many\\npersons who could not, even under that grant, claim exemption from propri-\\netary demands. The prisons were no longer competent to keep those whom\\nthe laws condemned to confinement. In the month of September, 1745, the\\nassociators broke open the gaol of the county of Essex, and liberated a pri-\\nsoner, committed at the suit of the proprietaries; and during several conse-\\ncutive years, all persons confined for like cause, or on charge of high\\ntreason and rebellion for resisting the laws, were released at the will of the\\ninsurgents; so that the arm of government, was in this regard, wholly\\nparalyzed. Persons who had long holden under the proprietaries, were\\nforcibly ejected others compelled to take leases from landlords, whom they\\nwere not disposed to acknowledge whilst those who had courage to stand\\nout, were threatened with, and in many instances, received, pei sonal violence.\\nThe council and the governor were inclined to view these unlawful pro-\\nceedings in the darkest colours to treat the disturbers of the peace, as insur-\\ngents, rebels, and traitors, and to inflict upon them the direst severity of the\\nlaws. They prepared, and sent to the Assembly, a riot act, modelled after\\nthat of Great Britain, making it felony without benefit of clergy, for twelve\\nor more, tumultuously assembled together, to refuse to disperse upon the re-\\nquisition of the civil authoi ity, by proclamation, in form set forth in the act.\\nThe Assembly not only rejected this bill, but sought to give a more favoura-\\nble colour to the offences of the associators. The council of the proprietors,\\nin a petition to the king, signed December 23d, 1748, by Andrew Johnson,\\npresident, represented, that great numbers of men, taking advantage of a\\ndispute subsisting between the branches of the Legislature of the province,\\nand of a most unnatural rebellion at that time reigning in Great Britain,\\nentered into a combination to subvert the laws and constitution of this pro-\\nvince, and to obstruct the course of legal proceedings; to which end they en-\\ndeavoured to infuse into the minds of the people, that neither your Majesty\\nnor your noble progenitors, Kings and Queens of England, had any right\\nwhatever to the soil or government of America, and that their grants were\\nvoid and fraudulent and having by those means associated to themselves,\\ngreat numbers of the poor and ignorant part of the people, they, in the month\\nof September, 1745, began to carry into execution, their wicked schemes;\\nwhen in a riotous manner, they broke open the jail of the county of Essex,\\nand took from thence a prisoner, there confined by due process of law; and\\nhave, since that time, gone on like a torrent, bearing all down before them,\\ndispossessing some people of their estates, and giving them to accomplices;\\nplundering the estates of others, who do not join with them, and dividing the\\nspoil among them; breaking open the prisons as often as any of them are\\ncommitted, rescuing their accomplices, keeping daily in armed numbers, and\\ntravelling often in armed multitudes, to different parts of the province, for those\\npurposes so that your Majesty s government and laws have, for above three\\n^^BiM", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "110 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nyears last past, ceased to be that protection to the lives and properties of the\\npeople here, which your Majesty intended they should be.\\nThese bold and daring people, not in the least regarding their allegiance,\\nhave presumed, to establish courts of justice, to appoint captains and officers\\nover your Majesty s subjects, to lay and collect taxes, and to do many\\nother things in contempt of your Majesty s authority, to which they refuse\\nany kind of obedience That all the endeavours of the government to put the\\nlaws in execution, have been hitherto vain for, notwithstanding many of\\nthese common disturbers stand indicted for high treason, in levying war\\nagainst your Majesty, yet such is the weakness of the government, that it\\nhas not been able to bring one of them to trial and punishment That the\\npetitioners have long waited in expectation of a vigorous interposition of the\\nLegislature, in order to give force to the laws, and enable your Majesty s\\nofficers to carry them into execution But the House of Assembly, after\\nneglecting the thing for a long time, have, at last, refused to afford the go-\\nvernment any assistance for want of which, your petitioners estates are\\nleft a prey to a rebellious mob, and your Majesty s government exposed to\\nthe repeated insults of a set of traitors.\\nThis grievous charge was unknown to the Assembly, until a copy of the\\npetition of the proprietaries, was transmitted by the provincial agent. In\\nOctober, 1749, the House sent a counter petition to the King, with the design\\nof vindicating its conduct, in which it declared, that the proprietaries of\\nEast New Jersey had, from the first settlement, surveyed, patented, and\\ndivided their lands, by Concessions, among themselves, in such manner as\\nfrom thence many irregularities had ensued, which had occasioned multi-\\ntudes of controversies and law suits, about titles and boundaries of land\\nThat, these controversies had subsisted between a number of poor people on\\nthe one part, and some of the rich, understanding, and powerful on the other\\npart; among whom were James Alexander, Esq. a great proprietor, and an\\neminent lawyer, one of your Majesty s council, and surveyor-general for this\\ncolony, although a dweller in New York and Robert Hunter Morris, Esq.\\nchief justice, and one of your Majesty s council in the said colony: That the\\nsaid Alexander and Morris, not yielding to determine the matter in contest,\\nby a few trials at law, as the nature of the thing would admit, but on the\\ncontrary, discovering a disposition to harass those people, by a multiplicity\\nof suits, the last mentioned became uneasy (as we conceive) through fear,\\nthat those suits might be determined against them, when considered, that\\nthe said Chief Justice Morris, was son of the then late Governor Morris, by\\nwhose commission the other judges of the Supreme Court acted and by\\nwhom the then sheriffs, throughout the colony, had been appointed; and\\nshould a multiplicity of suits have been determined against the people, in-\\nstead of a few only, which would have answered the purpose, the extraordi-\\nnary and unnecessary charges occasioned thereby, would have so far weak-\\nened their hands, as to have rendered them unable to appeal to your Majesty\\nin council from whom they might expect impartial justice That these are,\\nin the opinion of the House, the motives that prevailed on these unthinking\\npeople, to obstruct the course of legal proceedings, and not any disaffection\\nto your Majesty s person or government.\\nIf the council of proprietors, supported by the Legislative council, was\\ndisposed to aggravate the offences of the insurgents into high treason, it is\\napparent, that the Assembly were not less resolved to consider them of a\\nvery venial character; and their conduct, upon this occasion, was highly\\ndisingenuous. The House could not refuse, from time to time, to condemn,\\nVotes of Assembly.", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Ill\\nin strong terms, the conduct of the rioters but, no representation of the\\ngovernor or council, could induce them, either to pass the riot act, or to arm\\nthe executive with military force, to capture the rioters, guard the prisons,\\nor protect the public peace. If, indeed, the insurgents possessed a coloura-\\nble title to the lands, and had been oppressed by a multiplicity of suits,\\nwhich they were disposed to render unnecessary by submission to the law,\\nas apparent on the decision of a few if they had been content, with defend-\\ning their own possessions, without disturbing those of others the represen-\\ntations of the Assembly might have been less reprehensible. But the title\\nof the insurgents was, on its merits, wholly unsustainable in an English\\ncourt of justice, where a mere Indian right could never prevail against the\\ngrant of the King. The true solution of the course taken by the Assembly\\nwill be found, most probably, in their sympathy for the rioters, and their\\nhostility towards the leading members of the council, who were large pro-\\nprietaries. The public peace, from this cause, continued unsettled, for seve-\\nral years.\\nVII. The other subject which perplexed the administration of Governor\\nBelcher, was a difference between the council and Assembly, on a bill for\\nascertaining the value of taxable property in each county, with the view to\\na new apportionment of their respective quotas. Among other property di-\\nrected to be returned by this Quota Bill, as it was termed, was \u00e2\u0096\u00a0the\\nwhole of all profitable tracts of land held by patent, deed, or survey,\\nwhereon any improvement is made. To this clause the council took ob-\\njection on two grounds, first, that it was in contravention of the royal in-\\nstruction, prohibiting the governor from consenting to any act to tax unpro-\\nfitable lands, and second, that it would be gross injustice, by taxing lands\\naccoi ding to their quantity and not according to their quality, since tracts of\\nland might, and, probably, would, be deemed profitable, when the greater\\nnumber of acres were wholly unproductive. The council, therefore, pro-\\nposed, to amend the act, by declaring, that nothing therein was intended, to\\nbreak in upon the royal instruction, or to warrant the assessors to include\\nany unprofitable lands in their lists. The House, roused by this attempt to\\nmodify what they deemed a money bill, denied the right of the council, to\\namend such bill, and I efused themselves to alter it, so as to remove the ob-\\njection.\\nThere is much reason to believe that the Assembly intended, at a season,\\nwhen taxation was becoming unusually heavy, to reach a portion of the un-\\nprofitable lands held by many of the rich proprietaries, but which had\\nhitherto been protected by the royal instruction and that they designed to\\nmake the whole of the lands pertaining to any improvement, whether wild\\nor in culture, liable to taxation. The council, some of whose members were\\nlarge proprietaries, were interested in firmly supporting the King s instruc-\\ntion and in the space of a little more than three years, from 1747 to 1751,\\nthey impeded the passage of seven bills of like tenor; and as the Quota\\nBill was an indispensable preliminary to an act for the support of govern-\\nment, all the officers of the state were, during this period, deprived of their\\ncompensations. It was certainly unjust to require exemption from taxa-\\ntion for lands which, though yielding no annual returns, were daily grow-\\ning in value, and increasing the wealth of the owner; yet there would\\nnot have been less injustice in exacting a tax proportioned on quantity\\nalone, since one fertile acre happily located, might be worth a thousand of\\npine barren.\\nWe extract from the minutes of the Assembly, parts of messages between\\nthe council and the Assembly, in order to show the manner in which these\\nbodies treated each other, and to give somewhat of the form and colour of", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "112 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe times. Thus the cuoncil, in their address to the Assembly of the 19th\\nof February, 1750, say\\nThe Assembly, in their message, and in their address to his excellency,\\naccuse us of having taken liberties upon us as to which we think we have\\ntaken none, but what were our just right to take. But the liberties the As-\\nsembly have taken with his Majesty, with his excellency, our governor, with\\nthe magistrates of this and other counties, and with us, by those papers, and\\nduring this and former late sessions, (as will appear by their minutes) and\\nby spreading base, false, scandalous, and injurious libels against us; we be-\\nlieve all sober and reasonable men will think unjustifiable God only knows\\nthe hearts and thoughts of men. They have, it seems to us, even not left\\nthat his province uninvaded for they take upon them to suggest our thoughts\\nto be not out of any great regard to his Majestifs instruction, that we have\\nbeen led to make our amendment; but to exempt our large tracts of land\\nfrom taxes; when they well knew, that a majority of this House, are not\\nowners of large tracts of land and those who have such, do declare, they\\nnever had the least thought of having their lands exempted from taxes, con-\\nsistent with reason and his Majesty s instructions.\\nThe House, in their democratic pride, did not deign to reply directly to\\nthis reproach. But they ordered an entry to be made upon their minutes,\\ndeclaring, That it would be taking up too much time, at the public ex-\\npense, for the House to make any particular answer thereto nor, indeed, is\\nit necessary, when considered, that the message itself, will discover the coun-\\ncil s aim, in having the improved part, only, of tracts of land taken an\\naccount of, in future taxation; which, if admitted, would exempt the unim-\\nproved part of such tracts, from paying any part of the public tax So that,\\nshould a gentleman be possessed of a tract often thousand acres of land, in\\none tract, worth ten thousand pounds, and only fifty acres of it improved;\\nand a poor freeholder should be possessed of a tract of one hundred acres,\\nonly, worth but one hundred pounds, and fitly acres of it improved the poor\\nfreeholder must pay as much as the gentleman and this we may venture to\\nsay, (without invading the province of God, which the council are pleased\\nto charge us with,) would be the obvious consequence of the bill, in questions.\\nif passed in the manner the council insist and why, a poor man, worth only\\none hundred pounds, should pay as much tax as a gentleman, worth ten\\nthousand pounds, will be difficult for the council to show a reason; but at\\npresent, we may set it down as a difficult and surprising expedient, indeed,\\nto favour the poor.\\nThe council, instead of making it appear, that they have a right to\\namend the bill, as they have repeatedly resolved they had, have unhappily-\\nfell into the railing language of the meanest class of mankind; in such a\\nmanner, that had it not been sent to this House, by one of their members,\\nno man could imagine that it was composed by a deliberate determination of\\na set of men, who pretend to sit as a branch of our Legislature. For, to-\u00c2\u00bb\\nwards the close of the above said message, they charge us with having taken\\nliberties with his Majesty, with his excellency, our governor, with the\\nmagistrates of this, and other counties, and with our having spread false,\\nscandalous, and injurious libels against them, the said council which, they\\nsay, they believe, all sober and reasonable men, will think unjustifiable..\\nWhat liberties we have taken with his Majesty, otherwise, than to assert our\\nloyalty to him, in our address to the governor, we know not What liberties\\nwe have taken with the governor, unless it be, to tell him, the true reason of\\nthe government s being so long unsupported, and to represent the public\\ngrievances to him, for redress, we know not What liberties we have taken\\nwith the gentlemen of the council, other than to tell them the truth, in modest,", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 113\\nplain English, we know not What liberties we have taken w ith the magis-\\ntrates of this and other counties, unless it bo to inquire into their conduct,\\nupon complaints, and after a fair and impartial hearing, to repi csent their\\narbitrary and illegal proceedings, for redress, we know not; and wherein\\nwe have been guilty of spreading false, scandalous, and injurious libels\\nagainst the council, we know not. Therefore, it will be incumbent on them,\\nto point out, and duly prove, some undue liberties we have taken, and libels\\nspread, before any sober and reasonable men, will be prevailed on to con-\\ndemn our proceedings, as unjustifiable; which we think they will not do,\\nupon the slender authority of the councifs insulting message to this House;\\nwhich, in our opinion, is so far from being likely to prevail on any sober\\nand reasonable men, to believe the false, scurrilous, and groundless charges,\\ntherein alleged against us; that it will rather discover the council to be men\\nat least under the government of passion, if not void of reason and truth\\nand, until they recover the right use of their reason again, it will be fruitless\\nfor this House to spend time in arguing with them.\\nAs it was now obviously impossible that the public business could pro-\\nceed, whilst these important branches of the government ceased to treat each\\nother with ordinary respect, the governor prudently dissolved the Assembly.\\nThe new House, which met on the 20th of May, 1751, consisted of a majo-\\nrity of new members, and was earnestly disposed to despatch the affairs of\\nthe province, as they evinced, by the passage of the quota bill, in a form,\\nwhich dissipated the objections, that had hitherto prevailed against it classi-\\nfying lands, according to their quality, and making all which could in any\\nway be deemed profitable, liable to taxation, at a rate depending on their\\nclass. This difficulty was scarce removed, before another, partaking of the\\nsame character, arose. In the adaptation of a new act, for the support of\\nthe government, to the principles furnished by the quota act, the council\\nassumed the right to amend the bill; though such right had always been\\nperemptorily denied them, by the House, in relation to all money bills, and\\nin the present case, their amendments were unanimously rejected. As this\\nwas a point which the Assembly were resolute to maintain, they sought to\\nget over the delay by making the governor a party to the bill, in their\\nfavour and for that purpose, after it had been returned by council, sent it\\nup directly, to him, that he might place it again before that body, accompa-\\nnied with his influence for its passage. This course would have brought\\nthe form of administering the government back to that which it possessed,\\nbefore the alteration made by Governor Morris, when the governor sat and\\ndebated with the council. But Mr. Belcher, declining to receive their bill,\\nthe House, unable to progress with it, was prorogued, and the public treasury\\nstill continued empty. Nor was it until February, 1752, after a delay of\\nnear four years, that a bill for the support of the government, received the\\napprobation of every branch of the Legislature.\\nVIII. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which, in Europe, was but a hollow\\ntruce, was scarce regarded by the French, in America. Eager to extend\\ntheir territories, and to connect their northern possessions with Louisiana,\\nthey projected a line of forts and military positions, from the one to the\\nother, along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. They explored, and occupied\\nthe land upon the Ohio; buried, in many places, through the country, metal\\nplates, with inscriptions declaratory of their claims;* caressed and threaten-\\ned the Indians by turns scattered liberal presents, and prepared to compel\\nby force, what should bo refused to their kindness.\\nIn 1750", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "114 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nIX. In their Indian relations, the enterprise and industry of the French,\\nwere strongly contrasted with the coldness and apathy of the English.\\nAfter the peace of 1748, the latter discontinued their attentions, even to\\nthose Indians they had induced to take up arms. They suffered the cap-\\ntives to remain long unransomed; their families to pine in want, and utterly\\ndisregarded the children of the slain whilst the former, attentive to the\\nvanity and interests of their allies, dressed them in finery, and loaded them\\nwith presents. Their influence over these untutored tribes, might have been\\ngreater, had they not sought to convert them to the Catholic faith for the\\nIndians fancied, that the religious ceremonies, were arts, to reduce them to\\nslavery.* The French had, by this policy, succeeded in estranging the\\nIndians on the Ohio, and in dividing the councils of the Six Nations draw-\\ning off the Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senecas. Their progress with these\\ntribes, was rendered still more dangerous, by the death of several chiefs, who\\nhad been in the English interest, and by the advances of the British in the\\nwestern country, without the consent of the aborigines.\\nX. In prosecution of their views of territorial acquisition, and seduction\\nof the Indians, the French attacked the Twightees, and slew many, in chas-\\ntisement of their adherence to the British and protection of English traders.\\nThe Ohio Company having surveyed large tracts of land upon the Ohio river,\\nwith the design of settlement, the governor of Canada remonstrated with the\\ngovernors of New York and Pennsylvania, upon this invasion of the French\\nterritories; and threatened to resort to force, unless the English traders\\nabandoned their intercourse with the Indians. These threats being disre-\\ngarded, he captured some traders, and sent them to France, whence they\\nreturned, without redress. He also opened a communication from Presqu isle,\\nby French Creek, and the Alleghany river, to the Ohio; and though the Six\\nNations forbade him to occupy the Ohio lands, he contemned the present\\nweakness of those tribes.\\nXI. Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, learning that the French designed\\nto pi oceed southward, from Fort Venango, on French Creek, resolved to\\ndespatch an agent, for the double purpose of gaining intelligence, and remon-\\nstrating against their designs. For this duty, he selected Mr. George Wash-\\nington, then a young man, under twenty years of age. He left the frontier,\\nwith several attendants, on the 14th of November, 1753, and after a journey\\nof two months, over mountain and torrent, through morass and forest, braving\\nthe inclemency of the winter, and the howling wilderness, and many dangers\\nfrom Indian hostility, he returned, with the answer of Legardeau de St.\\nPierre, the French commandant upon the Ohio, dated at the fort, upon Le\\nBoeufT river. The Frenchman referred the discussion of the rights of the\\ntwo countries to the Marquis du Quesne, Governor-in-chief of Canada by\\nwhose orders, he had assumed, and meant to sustain, his present position.\\nFrom De la Joncaire, a captain in the French service, and Indian interpreter,\\nWashington received full information of the French designs. They founded\\ntheir claim to the Ohio river, and its appurtenances, on the discovery of La\\nSalle, sixty years before; and their present measures for its defence, had\\ngrown out of the attempts of the Ohio Company to occupy its banks.\\nXII. The British ministry, instructed in the views and operations of the\\nFrench nation, on the American continent, remonstrated with the Court of\\nVersailles. But, whilst that court publicly instructed the Governor of Canada\\nto refrain from hostilities, to demolish the fortress at Niagara, to deliver up,\\nthe captured traders, and to punish their captors, it privately informed him,\\nthat strict obedience was not expected. Deceived and insulted, the English\\nMSS. Journals of Conrad Weiser. Penes mc.", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 115\\nmonarch resolved to oppose force to force; and the American governors\\nwere directed to repel the encroachments of any foreign prince or state.\\nThe English force in America, numerically considered, was much greater\\nthan that of the French; but divided among many and independent sections,\\nits combined efforts were feeble and sluggish, whilst the French, directed by\\none will, had the advantages of union and promptitude, and drew the hap-\\npiest hopes from the boldest enterprises. To resist them, effectually, some\\nconfederacy of the colonies was necessary, and common prudence required,\\nthat the affections of the Indians, towards the English, should be assured. A\\nconference between the Six Nations, and the representatives of the colonies,\\nwas ordered by the ministry under the direction of Governor De Lancy, of\\nNew York. Governor Belcher communicated this order to the Assembly of\\nNev/ Jersey, on the 25th of April, 1754. But the House refused on this, as\\nupon every other occasion, theretofore, to take part in the Indian treaties\\nassigning as a reason, that their province had no participation in the Indian\\ntrade; professing, however, their readiness to contribute their assistance to\\nthe other colonies, towards preventing the encroachments of the French, on\\nhis Majesty s dominions, but declaring their present inability to do aught, on\\naccount of the poverty of their treasury. The reluctance which the Assem-\\nbly displayed upon this subject, together with their rude reply to a remon-\\nstrance from the governor, provoked him to dissolve them.\\nThe Six Nations, although large presents were made them, were cold to the\\ninstances of the confederate council, which met on ihe 14th of June. Few\\nattended, and it was evident that the affection of all towai-ds the English had\\ndiminished. They refused to enter into a coalition against the French, but\\nconsented to assist in driving them from the positions they had assumed in\\nthe West, and to renew former treaties.\\nXIII. In this convention of the colonies, several plans for political union\\nwere submitted, and that devised by Mr. Franklin, of which the followino- is\\nan outline, was adopted on the 4th of July. A general colonial government\\nwas to be formed, to be administered by a president-general, appointed\\nand paid by the crown; and a grand council of forty-eight members to be\\nchosen for three years, by the colonial Assemblies, to meet at Philadelphia,\\nfor the first time, at the call of the President. After the first three years, the\\nnumber of members from each colony was to be in the ratio of the revenue,\\npaid by it to the public treasury the grand council was to meet, statedly, an-\\nnually, and might be specially convened, in case of emergency, by the presi-\\ndent. It was empowered, to choose its speaker, and could not be dissolved,\\nprorogued, nor kept together longer than six weeks at one time, without its\\nconsent, or the special command of the crown with the president-general, to\\nhold or direct all Indian treaties, in which the general interest of the colonies\\nwas concerned, and to make peace and declare war with Indian nations: to\\npurchase for the crown, from the Indians, lands not within particular colo-\\nnies: to make new settlements on such purchases, by granting lands in the\\nKing s name, reserving quit-rent to the crown, for the use of the general trea-\\nsury: to make laws regulating and governing such new settlements until\\nthey should be formed into particular governments, to raise soldiers, build\\nforts and equip vessels of war and for these purposes, to make laws and levy\\ntaxes To appoint a general treasurer, and a particular treasurer in each\\ngovernment disbursements to be made only on an appropriation by law, or\\nby joint order of the president and council the general accounts to be settled\\nyearly, and reported to the several Assemblies: Twenty-five members to\\nform a quorum of the council, there being present, one or more, from a ma-\\njority of the colonies The assent of the president-gpneral was requisite to", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nall acts of the council, and it was his duty to execute them: The laws\\nenacted were to be as like as possible to those of England, and to be trans-\\nmitted to the King in council for approval, as soon as might be after their\\nenactment, and if not disapproved within three years, to remain in force. On\\nthe death of the president-general, the speaker was to succeed him, and to hold\\nhis office until the King s pleasure should be known. Military and naval\\nofficers, acting under this constitution, were to be appointed by the president,\\nand approved by the council, and the civil officers to be nominated by the\\ncouncil, and approved by the president; and in case of vacancy, civil or miH-\\ntary, the governor of the province in which it happened, was to appoint, until\\nthe pleasure of the president and council should be ascertained.\\nThis plan was submitted to the board of trade in England, and to the As-\\nsemblies of the several provinces. Franklin* says, its fate was singular.\\nThe Assemblies rejected it, as containing too much prerogative whilst in\\nEngland, it was condemned as too democratic. Had it been adopted, the\\nprojector might have been famed as the forger of a nation s chains, instead\\nof the destroyer of a tyrant s sceptre. f As a substitute, the British ministry\\nproposed, that the governors of the colonies, with one or more members of\\nthe respective councils, should resolve on the measures of defence, and draw\\non the British treasury for the money required, to be refunded by a general\\ntax, imposed by Parliament, on the colonies. But this proposition was\\ndeemed inadmissible by the provinces. The plan of union, as adopted\\nby the Congress, was laid before the Assembly of New Jersey in October.\\nThe House voted that if it should be carried into effect, it might be preju-\\ndicial to the prerogative of the crown, and to the liberties of the people.\\nThey instructed their agent, at court, to petition the King and Parliament\\nagainst its ratification.\\nIn the mean time, Virginia had raised three hundred men, under the com-\\nmand of Colonel Fry and Lieutenant Colonel Washington. The latter\\nmarched with two companies, in advance, to the Great Meadows, in the\\nAlleghany Mountains where he learned, that the French had dispersed a\\nparty, employed by the Ohio company, to erect a fort on the Monongahela\\nriver were, themselves, raising fortifications at the confluence of that\\nriver with the Alleghany, and that a detachment was then approaching his\\ncamp. It was impossible to doubt of the hostile intentions of this party, and\\nWashington resolved to anticipate them. Guided by his Indians, under cover\\nof a dark and rainy night, he surprised the French encampment, and cap-\\ntured the whole party, save one who fled, and Jumonville, the commanding\\nofficer, who was killed. Soon after, the whole regiment, the command of\\nwhich had devolved on Mr. Washington, by the death of Mr. Fry, was\\nunited at the Gi-eat Meadows and reinforced by two independent companies\\nof regulars, the one from South Carolina, and the other from New Y ork.\\nIt formed an effective force of five hundred men. Having erected a stockade\\nfor protecting their provisions and horses, the troops marched to dislodge the\\nenemy from Fort Du Quesnc. But their progress was arrested by informa-\\ntion of the advance of twelve hundred French and Indians. As the Ameri-\\ncans had been six days without bread, had but a small supply of meat\\nremaining, and dreaded the enemy would cut them off from their stores,\\nthey resolved to retreat to their stockade, to which they gave the name of\\nFort Necessity. Colonel Washington began a ditch around this post, but\\nere he could complete it, he was attacked by the French force under Mon-\\nMemoirs,\\nf C(tli nripvk fiilmrn sce.ptnirnqnc tip /innis.", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 117\\nsieur de Villiers. The troops made an obstinate defence, fighting partly\\nwithin the stockade, and partly in the ditch, half filled with mud and water,\\nfrom ten o clock in the morning until dark, when De Villiers demanded a\\nparley, and offered terms of capitulation. During the night, articles were\\nsigned, allowing the garrison the honours of war, to retain their arms and\\nbaggage, and to return home unmolested. The last clause was not strictly\\nkept, the Indians harassing and plundering the Americans during their re-\\ntreat. The courage and conduct of Washington, on this occasion, were\\ngreatly applauded; and the Assembly of Virginia voted their thanks to him\\nand his officers. The French retired to their post on the Ohio.*\\nThe attack, on the part of Jumonville, without summons or expostulation,\\nwas deeply reprobated by the French. Whilst peace prevailed between the\\ntwo nations, hostility, they said, should not have been presumed. They have\\ncalled the death of that officer, an assassination, even in the capitulation of\\nFort Necessity the attack on which, they state to have been made, in con-\\nsequence of the outrage upon their advance party. These allegations are\\nrefuted, by a review of the conduct of the French, since the development of\\ntheir designs upon the Ohio. The capture of the persons and property of\\nthe settlers, at Logtown, and of the Indian traders, wherever found in the\\nwestern country, afforded conclusive evidence of their intention to try the\\ndisputed title by force and they could not, justly, complain of the reply to\\ntheir argument.f\\nWith great industry, the French completed Fort Du Quesne, at the\\nconfluence of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers, where the thriving\\ncity of Pittsburg now stands; garrisoned it with one thousand regulars,\\namply supplied with cannon, provisions, and other munitions and prepared\\nto occupy the country of the Twightees, with numerous settlers. The Six\\nNation Indians, now more numerous on the western waters, than in their\\nancient seats, indifferent to the English cause, and divided among them-\\nselves, barely maintained their neutrality. Some of them had removed to\\nCanada, preferring the protection of the active and enterprising French com-\\nmanders. The small body of British troops, collected on the frontiers, was\\nweakened by desertion, and corrupted by insubordination whilst the Indians\\nwho still adhered to their interest, retired to Aughwick, in Pennsylvania,\\nwhere they proclaimed their admiration of the courage of the enemy, and\\ntheir contempt of the sloth of their fi iends and were scarcely kept in quiet,\\nby the liberality of the Assembly of Pennsylvania to their families, and its\\nforbearance towards the license of their chiefs.\\nXIV. At length, however. Great Britain prepared to oppose, energeti-\\ncally, the growing power of her restless rival in the Western World. Two\\nregiments of foot from Ireland, under the command of Colonels Dunbar and\\nHalkett, were ordered to Virginia, to be there enforced and Governor Shir-\\nley and Sir William Pepperell were directed to raise two regiments, of a\\nthousand men each, to be officered from New England, and commanded by\\nthemselves. The provinces, generally, were required, to collect men for\\nenlistment, to be placed at the disposal of a commander-in-chief of rank and\\ncapacity, who would be appointed to command all the King s forces in Ame-\\nrica to supply the troops on their arrival with provisions, and to furnish all\\nnecessaries for the soldiers landed or raised within the province; to provide\\nMarshall s Washington. Bradford s Journal. Review of Military Operations in\\nKorth America. London, 1757.\\nt Colonel Washington, who was ignorant of the French language, was unable to\\nread the articles of capitulation, and was, therefore, obliged to rely on an interpreter,\\nwho rendered the word assassinat into the word death merely. Wash. Lett.", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "118 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe officers with means for travelling, for impressing carriages and quarter*\\ning troops. And as these were local matters, arising entirely within their\\ncolonies, his Majesty informed his subjects, that he expected the charges\\nthereof to be borne by them in their respective provinces, whilst articles\\nof more general concern would be charged upon a common fund to be,\\nraised from all the colonies of North America; towards which, the governors\\nwere severally requested to urge the Assemblies to contribute liberally, until a\\nunion of the northern colonies, for general defence, could be effected.\\nXV. The Assembly of New Jersey, before whom Governor Belcher laid\\nthese requisitions in February, and who were incited to prompt and liberal mea-\\nsures by the solicitations of their constituents, praying the House to pass such\\nbills as might be necessary (in proportion with the other colonies) to assist\\nhis Majesty in driving the French from their fortifications on the Ohio, and in\\ndefence of the frontiers, appropriated five hundred pounds for the subsistence\\nof the royal troops, during their march through the colony, and transporta-\\ntion of their baggage and also at the instance of Governor Shirley, passed an\\nact to prevent the exportation of provisions, naval or warlike stores to any of\\nthe French dominions. The House excused themselves from appropriating\\na larger sum, under pretence, that by a bill passed at a previous session, and\\nsent to England for the approbation of the King, they had granted for his\\nMajesty s service, ten thousand pounds. This bill provided for issuing in bills\\nof credit, the sum of seventy thousand pounds and the House had just reason\\nto believe, that it would receive the royal sanction, since they had the assent\\nof the board of trade and plantations, to issue sixty thousand pounds, and the\\nsurplus was given to the national use. But the objections to provincial paper\\ncurrency in England, could not yet be overcome.\\nXVI. Major-general Braddock, Sir John St. Clair, adjutant-general, and\\nthe regiments of Dunbar and Halkett, which sailed from Cork on the 14th of\\nJanuary, 1755, arrived early in March at Alexandria, in Virginia, whence\\nthey marched to Fredericktown, in Maryland. The place of debarkation\\nwas selected with that ignorance and want of judgment, which then distin-\\nguished the British ministry. The country could furnish neither provisions\\nrjor carriages for the army, whilst Pennsylvania, rich in grain, and well\\nstocked with wagons, could readily have supplied food and the means of\\ntransportation and from this source the general, with the aid of Mr. Benjamin\\nFranklin, drew finally the means of making the expedition against the French\\nin the West.\\nXVII. A convention of the Governors of New York, Massachusetts, Mary-\\nland, and Virginia, convened at Annapolis, to settle with General Braddock,\\na plan of military operations. Three expeditions were resolved on. The\\nfirst, against Fort Du Quesne, under the command of General Braddock, in\\nperson, with the British troops, and such aid as he could draw from Mary-\\nland and Virginia, the second, against Forts Niagara and Frontignac,\\nunder Genei-al Shirley, with his own and Pepperell s regiments and the third,\\noriginally proposed by Massachusetts, against Crown Point, to be executed\\naltogether with colonial troops from New England, New York, and New\\nJersey, under Major-general William Johnson.\\nXVIII. Whilst these measures were in embryo, an attack conducted by Lieu-\\ntenant-colonel Monckton, a British officer, and Lieutenant-colonel Winslow,\\na major-general of the Massachusetts militia, was made against the French\\nwho had possessed themselves of a portion of the country claimed by the\\nEnglish, for the province of Nova Scotia. In little more than a month, with\\nthe loss of three men, only, possession was obtained of the whole province\\naccording to the British definition of its boundaries. This easy conquest\\ndated the colonies, and produced sanguine anticipations of the results of their", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 119\\nfuture efforts. But their present success was disgraced by scenes of devasta-\\ntion and misery, scarce paralleled in modern history.\\nThe inhabitants of Nova Scotia were chiefly of French descent. By the\\ntreaty of Utrecht, (1713,) they were permitted to retain their lands, taking\\nthe oath of allegiance to their new sovereign, with the qualification, that they\\nshould not be compelled to bear arms against their Indian neighbours, or\\ntheir countrymen; and this immunity was, at subsequent periods, assured to\\ntheir children. Such was the notoriety of this compact, that, for half a cen-\\ntury, they had borne the name, and with few exceptions, maintained the cha-\\nracter of neutrals. But, now, excited by this ancient love of France, by their\\nreligious attachments, and their doubts of the English rights, some of these\\nfrugal, industrious, and pious people, were seduced to take up arms. Three\\nhundred were found in the fortress of Beau Sejour, at its capture, but it was\\nstipulated, that they should be left in the same situation, as when the army\\narrived, and should not be punished for any thing they had subsequently done.\\nYet, a council was convened by Lawrence, Lieutenant Governor of Nova\\nScotia, at which Admirals Boscawen and Moyston assisted, to determine the\\nfate of these unfortunate people. Their elders were required to take the oath\\nof allegiance to the British monarch, without the exemption, which, during\\nfifty years, had been granted to them and their fathers. Upon their refusal,\\nalthough, out of a population of seven thousand, three hundred only had borne\\narms, the council resolved to expel all from their country, to confiscate their\\nproperty, money and household goods excepted, to lay waste their estates,\\nand burn their dwellings. The public records and muniments of title, were\\nseized, and the elders of the people treacherously made prisoners. Governor\\nLawrence, with great presumption, and total disregard of the rights of the\\nneighbouring provinces, imposed a heavy and durable burden upon them,\\nin the reception and maintenance of this devoted race. In transporting them\\nto their several destinations, the charities of blood and affinity were wanton-\\nly torn asunder. Parents were separated from their children and husbands\\nfrom their wives. Among many instances of this barbarity, was that of\\nRene Le Blanc, who had been imprisoned four years, by the French, on\\naccount of his English attachments. The family of this venerable man,\\nconsisting of twenty children, and about one hundred and fifty grand-chil-\\ndren, were scattered in different colonies; and himself, with his wife and\\ntwo children only, were put on shore at New York.\\nXIX. The province of- New Jei-sey, in a continental war, dreaded most,\\nan attack from Canada, by the way of New York, and scarce felt any ap-\\nprehension of danger, from the French and Indians on the Ohio. The Assem-\\nbly cordially approved of the plan of operation adopted at Annapolis, and,\\nparticularly of the expedition against Crown Point and resolved, immediately,\\nto raise a battalion, of five hundred men, for the maintenance of which, they\\nissued bills of credit, for \u00c2\u00a315,000, redeemable within five years. The\\ngovernor nominated Mr. Peter Schuyler, with the rank of colonel, to the\\ncommand of this force and that gentleman s popularity was such, that the\\nbattalion was not only promptly filled, but a much larger number of men,\\npresented themselves for enlistment, than were required. The arms for\\nthese troops, of which the colony was almost wholly unprovided, were pro-\\ncured from Virginia, at the cost of the Assembly.\\nXX. General Braddock having removed his army to Fort Cumberland,\\non Wills s Creek, on his way to the west, received there, his wagons, and\\nother necessary supplies and being, at length, after many delays, amply\\nfurnished with all the munitions he required, and also reinforced by a con-\\nsiderable body of Americans and Indians, broke up his encampment on\\nI the 12th of June, and passed the Alleghany mountain, at the head of two", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthousand two hundred men. On reaching the Little Meadows, five days\\nmarch from Fort du Quesne, he convoked a council of war, to consult\\non future operations. Colonel Washington, who had entered his family,\\nas a volunteer aid-de-camp, and who possessed a knowledge of the coun-\\ntry, and of the nature of the service, had urged the substitution of pack\\nhoi ses for wagons, in the transportation of the baggage, now renewed his\\nadvice; and earnestly and successfully recommended, that the heavy artil-\\nlery and stores should remain with the rear division, and follow by easy\\nmarches, whilst a chosen body of troops, with a few pieces of light cannon\\nand stores, of absolute necessity, should press forward to Fort du Quesne.\\nTwelve hundred men, and twelve pieces of cannon, being selected, were\\ncommanded by General Braddock, in person. Sir Peter Halkctt, acted as\\nbrigadier, having under him Lieutenant-colonels Gage and Burton, and\\nMajor Spark. Thirty wagons, only, including those with ammunition, fol-\\nlowed the march. The residue of the army remained under the care of\\nColonel Dunbar and Major Chapman.\\nThe benefit of these prudent measures was lost by the fastidiousness and\\npresumption of the commander-in-chief. Instead of pushing on with vigour,\\nregardless of a little rough road, he halted to level every molehill, and to\\nthrow bridges over every brook, employing four days to reach the great\\ncrossings of the Youghiogany, nineteen miles from the Little Meadows. On\\nhis march, he neglected the advantage his Indians afforded him, of recon-\\nnoitering the woods and passages on the front and flank, and even rejected\\nthe prudent suggestion of Sir Peter Halkett, on this subject, with a sneer at\\nhis caution.*\\nThis overweening confidence and reckless temerity were destined to a.\\nspeedy and fatal reproof. f Having crossed the Monongahela river, within\\nseven miles of Fort du Quesne, wrapt in security, and joyously anticipating\\nthe coming victory, his progress was suddenly checked, by a destructive\\nfire, on the front and left flank, from an invisible enemy. The van was\\nthrown into confusion but the main body, forming thi-ee deep, instantly\\nadvanced. The commanding otEcer of the enemy having fallen, it was sup-\\nposed from the suspension of the attack, that the assailants had dispersed.\\nBut the delusion was momentary. The fire was renewed with great spirit,\\nand unerring aim; and the English, beholding their comrades drop around\\nthem, unable to see the foe, or tell whence their death arrived, broke and\\nfled in utter dismay. The general, astounded at this sudden and unexpected,\\nattack, lost his self-possession, and neither gave orders for a regular retreat,\\nnor for his cannon to advance and scour the woods. He remained on the\\nspot where he first halted, directing the troops to form in regular platoons\\nagainst a foe dispersed through the forest, behind trees and bushes, whose\\nevery shot did execution. The oflicers behaved admirably but distinguish-\\ned by their dresses, and selected by the hidden marksmen, they suffered\\nseverely; every one on horseback, except Washington, was killed or wound-\\ned; he had two horses killed under him, and four balls through his coat.\\nSir Peter Halkett was killed on the spot; and the general himself, having\\nbeen five times dismounted, received a ball through the arm, and lungs, and\\nwas carried from the field of battle. He survived only four days. On the\\nfirst, he was totally silent, and at night, only said, Who would have\\nthought it? He was again silent until a few minutes before his death,\\nwhen he observed, We shall better know how to deal with them another\\ntime.\\nThe defeat was total the carnage unusually great. Sixty-four, out of\\nMarshall, Wash Lett. i July J, 1755.", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 121\\neighty-five officers, and one-half the privates, were killed or wounded.\\nMany fell by the arms of their fellow soldiers. An absolute alienation of\\nmind, seems to have fallen upon the regular troops. In despite of the orders\\nof the officers, many gathered in squads of ten or twelve deep, and in their\\nconfusion, shot down the men before them; whilst the troops in line fired\\non the provincials wherever they saw a smoke, or heard a shot from behind\\ntrees. Captain Waggoner, of the Virginia forces, who had taken an advan-\\ntageous position on the flank, with eighty men, was driven from it by the\\nBritish fire with the loss of fifty.* Fortunately, the Indians were held from\\npursuit by the desire of plunder. The artillery and military stores, even the\\nprivate cabinet of the commander-in-chief, containing his instructions, fell\\ninto the hands of the enemy, whose whole force was computed at three\\nhundred men.\\nThe fugitives continuing their flight to Dunbar s division, so infected it\\nwith their ten or, that, though the enemy did not advance, all the artillery and\\nstores collected for the campaign, except those indispensable for immediate\\nuse, were destroyed, and the remnant of the army marched to Fort Cum-\\nberland. The loss in this engagement would have been still greater, but for\\nthe coolness and courage of the colonial troops. These, whom Braddock\\nhad contemptuously placed in his rear, so far from yielding to the panic\\nwhich disordered the regulars, offered to advance against the enemy, until\\ntlie others could form and bring up the artillery but the regulars could not\\nagain be brought to the charge, yet the provincials actually formed and\\ncovered their retreat. The conduct of the Virginia troops merits the great-\\nest praise. Of three companies brought into the field, it is said, scarce thirty\\nescaped uninjured. Captain Pcyroncy and all his officers, down to the cor-\\nporal, were killed. Captain Poison s company shared almost as hard a fate\\nthe captain himself being killed, and one officer only escaping. Of the com-\\npany of light-horse, commanded by Captain Stewart, twenty-five out of\\ntwenty-nine were slain. f\\nThis misfortune is solely to be ascribed to the misconduct of the general.\\nPresumptuous, arrogant, and ignorant, he had no quality save courage to\\ninsui-e success. Unacquainted with the country, and the Indian mode of\\nwarfare, he neglected the suggestions of the Duke of Cumberland, whose in-\\nstructions seem predicated on a prescience of his conduct, and the advice of\\nhis American officers, to employ his Indians in guarding against ambush and\\nsurprise. He neglected and disobliged the Virginians, and behaved with in-\\nsupportable haughtiness to all around him. With a lethargy in all his\\nsenses, produced by self-sufficiency, he led his troops to be defeated and\\nslaughtered by a handful of men, who intended only to molest their\\nmarch.:]:\\nDunbar proposed to return with his army, yet strong enough to meet the\\nenemy, to Philadelphia; but consented, on the remonstrance of the Assembly\\nof Pennsylvania, to keep the frontiers. He requested a conference with\\nGovernor Morris, at Shippensburg but Governor Shirley having succeeded\\nto the chief command of the forces in America, though at first he directed\\nDunbar to renew the enterprise on Fort Du Quesne, and to draw upon the\\nneighbouring provinces for men and munitions, changed his mind, and deter-\\nmined to employ his troops elsewhere, leaving to the populous provinces of\\nPennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the care of their own defence.\\nFenn. Records.\\nPenn. Gaz.\\nModern Univ. Hist. Marshall. Franklin. Richard Peters Report*to Council.\\nW. Shirley s letter to Governor Morris. See note Z, Appendix.\\nQ", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "122 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nXXI. The defeat of General Braddock, wholly unexpected, produced\\ngreat consternation throughout all the colonies. Upon receipt of intelli-\\ngence of this extraordinary event, as Governor Belcher properly termed it,\\nhe summoned the Assembly of New Jersey, to meet him on the 1st of Au*\\ngust; but it was not until the approach of winter, that they became fully\\naware of its disastrous consequences, and began to prepare against them.\\nThe enemy, long restrained, by fear of another attack, could scarce credit\\nhis senses, when he discovered the defenceless state of the frontiers; and\\nnow roamed, unmolested and fearlessly, along the western lines of Virginia,\\nMaryland, and Pennsylvania; committing the most appalling outrages, and\\nwanton cruelties, which the cupidity and ferocity of the savage could dictate.\\nThe first inroads were in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, whence, they\\nwere soon extended to the Susquehanna; and thence through Berks and\\nNorthampton Counties, across the Delaware, into New Jersey. New hor-\\nrors were given to these scenes, by the defection of the Shawanese and Dela-\\nware Indians, who had hitherto continued faithful, and had repeatedly\\nsolicited employment against the French and their allies, with threats, that\\nunless engaged with the English, they would take part against them. These\\nthreats had been humanely, if not wisely, withstood and now, irritated by\\nthe love of blood, and of plunder, and the hopes fed by the French, of re-\\ncovering the lands they had sold, these savages openly joined the foe. To\\nthe perversion of these tribes, the Delaware chiefs, Shingas and Captain\\nJacobs, were highly instrumental. They had been loaded with presents\\nand favours, by the provincial authorities of Pennsylvania, and the principal\\ninhabitants of Philadelphia and their defection and perfidy, justly awakened\\nthe anger of the citizens of that province who, with the approbation of the\\ngovernor, pi oclaimed a reward of seven hundred dollars for their heads.\\nIn the month of November, these barbarous wretches laid waste the set^\\ntlements in Northampton county, not sparing even those of the Moravians,\\nwho had ever treated them and their brethi-en, with the greatest kindness.\\nGnadenhutten, on the Lehigh, was attacked, and several of its inhabitants\\nslaughtered and the other Moravian stations soon shared a like fate. A\\nletter from the Union Iron Works, New Jersey, dated 20th December, 1755,\\nsays, the barbarous and bloody scene, which is now open in the upper-\\nparts of Northampton County, is the most lamentable, that has perhaps ever\\nappeared. There may be seen horror and desolation populous settlementsf\\ndeserted villages laid in ashes men, women and children, cruelly man-\\ngled and massacred some found in the woods, very nauseous, for want of v\\ninterment some just reeking from the hands of their savage slaughterers\\nand some hacked, and covered all over with wounds. To this letter was -li\\nannexed, a list of seventy-eight persons killed, and more than forty settle-\\nments burned.\\nA letter from Easton, of the 25th of the same month, states, that the\\ncountry, all above this town, for fifty miles, is mostly evacuated and ruined.\\nThe people have, chiefly, fled into the Jerseys. Many of them have threshed I\\nout their corn, and caiTied it off, with their cattle, and best household goods;\\nbut a vast deal is left to the enemy. Many offered half their personal efTects,\\nto save the rest; but could not obtain assistance enough, in time to remove,\\nthem. The enemy made but few prisoners murdering almost all that fell\\ninto their hands, of all ages, and both sexes. All business is at an end and\\nthe few remaining, starving inhabitants, in this town, are quite dejected and\\ndispirited.\\nThe panic, which foreran the savage monsters, seemed to deprive their r\\nprey, of the means of concerting defence and retaliation. And the farmers,\\nintoxicated with hope, or stupefied by fear, suffered the invader to approach", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 123\\ntheir solitary and undefended homesteads, without an effort to stop them on\\nthe way. This was the effect of a long period of peace, and the consequent\\ntotal inexperience of warfare, as well as of the manner by which the assail-\\nants conducted their attacks. They wandered over the country, in small\\nparties, concealing themselves, whilst danger was near, and pouncing, sud-\\ndenly, upon the unprepared, generally during the darkness of the night;\\nthey made undistinguished slaughter; and frequently consumed their vic-\\ntims, upon the funeral piles formed of their dwellings. This senseless, and\\nemasculating fear, seems to have spent itself, on the right bank of the De-\\nlaware.\\nThe inhabitants of New Jersey, roused by the sufferings of their neigh-\\nbours, prepared seasonably, not only to resist the foe, but to protect their\\nfriends. Among the energetic citizens of Sussex County, Colonel John\\nAnderson was most conspicuous. With four hundred men, whom he col-\\nlected, he scoured the country, marched to the defence of Easton, and pur-\\nsued the dastard enemy, unhappily, in vain. The governor promptly des-\\npatched troops from all parts of the province, to the defence of its western\\nfrontier and the wealthy inhabitants advanced the funds requisite for their\\nmaintenance, until the Assembly, in the middle of December, took such\\ntroops, upon the provincial establishment, and recalled their battalion, under\\nColonel Schuyler, from the northern service, where it was then idle; and\\nplaced them, also, on the frontier. To meet the expenses thus incurred,\\nthe House, though greatly chagrined, at the rejection, by the King, of their\\nbill, for a paper currency, voted \u00c2\u00a310,000, in such bills, redeemable at the\\nusual period of five years.*\\nXXII. The troops destined for the northern expeditions, assembled at\\nAlbany, on the close of June, but were not equipped for the field, until the\\nlast of August. General Johnson proceeded to the southern shore of Lake\\nGeorge, on his way to Ticonderoga, where he received information of the\\napproach of Baron Dieskau, at the head of twelve hundred regulars, and six\\nhundred Canadians and Indians. He detached Colonel Williams, with one\\nthousand men, to reconnoitre, and to skirmish with the enemy. Engaging\\nwith the foe, the detachment was overthrown, put to flight, and its com-\\nmander killed. A second detachment, sent to the aid of the first, experienced\\na like fate: both were pursued to the camp, where they found shelter, be-\\n*hind abreast-work of fallen trees, which the American army had thrown up,\\nin its front. The artillery, which had lately arrived, was served with effect;\\nand though the Baron advanced firmly to the charge, his militia and Indians\\ndeserted him, and he was compelled with his regulars tq retreat. In the\\npursuit, which was close and ardent, Dieskau, mortally wounded and aban-\\ndoned, was made prisoner. A scouting party, unde the command of Cap-\\ntains Folsom and Maginnis, from Fort Edward, fell on the baggage of the\\nenemy, routed the guard, and immediately after engaged with the retreating\\narmy; which, surprised by an enemy whose force it did not know, fled pre-\\ncipitately towards the posts on the lake. This repulse of Dieskau, though\\n1 not followed up by Johnson, was magnified into a splendid victory; served\\nI in some measure, to relieve the effect of Braddock s defeat, and procured the\\nj fortunate general, a present of five thousand pounds sterling, from the House\\nof Commons, and the title of baronet, from the King. This army was soon\\nI after discharged, with the exception of six hundred men, retained to garrison\\nForts Edward and William Henry. The French seized and fortified Ticon-\\ni deroga.\\nGeneral Shirley, at the head of the expedition against Niagara and Fron-\\nVotes.", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "124 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntignac, did not reach Oswego, on Lake Ontario, until late in August. His\\nforce consisting of about thirteen hundred regulars, and one hundred and\\ntwenty militia and Indians, he divided embarl^ing between six and seven\\nhundred men, for Niagara, and leaving the remainder at Oswego. But he\\nhad scarce embarked, before the rains set in with fury, and his Indians, dis-\\ncouraged, dispersed. It was apparent, that the season was now too far ad-\\nvanced for the accomplishment of his design, which, by the advice of a\\ncouncil of war, was abandoned. A garrison of seven hundred men was left\\nat Oswego, to complete the works, and the general returned to Albany.\\nXXIII. The marauding parties of French and Indians hung on the western\\nfrontiers during the winter. To guard against their devastations, a chain of\\nforts and block-houses, were erected by Pennsylvania, along the Kittatinny\\nor Blue Mountain, from the river Delaware to the Maryland line, command-\\ning the principal passes of the mountains. In New Jersey, forts and block\\nhouses were also erected along the mountain, and at favorable points on the\\neast bank of the Delaware river. Although the inroads of the savages across\\nthe river were infrequent, yet the fear which every one on the frontier felt,\\nthat his midnight slumbers might be broken by the warwhoop, or that his\\ndwelling and out-houses might be consumed before the morning s dawn, was\\nsufficient to disturb the repose of the most courageous. Many lefl their\\nhomes, and all called loudly upon the Assembly for additional means of de-\\nfence. And in the spring, when the Jersey regiment was again to proceed\\nto the north, the House authorized the enlistment of two hundred and fifty\\nvolunteers, to supply their place and that of the militia on the frontier. Two\\nhundred of this force were also destined to unite with any troops that might\\nbe organized by other colonies, for pursuing the brutal enemy to his den,\\nand making him, in the sufferings of his wives and his children, feel the\\nhorrors which he had delighted to inflict. The provincial force on the\\nfrontier was, subsequently, increased, and the whole was commanded by^\\nColonel De Hart.\\nXXIV. Governor Shirley, having been appointed commander-in-chief,\\nsummoned, in the spring of the year 1756, the governors of the northern\\nand middle colonies to settle the plan of the ensuing campaign. The council\\nresolved on raising ten thousand two hundred and fifty men to attack Nia-\\ngara, that the communication between Canada and Louisiana might be cut\\noff; to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, that the command of Lak^;\\nChamplain might be obtained, and New York be freed from the apprehen-\\nsion of invasion to besiege Fort Du Quesne and to detach a body of forces,\\nby the river Kennebeck, to alarm the capital of Canada. This plan was too\\nextensive for the means which General Shirley possessed and served only\\nto dissipate the strength, which more concentrated efforts might have ren-\\ndered serviceable.\\nIn enlisting troops for the approaching campaign, the recruiting parties in\\nPennsylvania and New Jersey, gave great offence to the inhabitants, by the\\nreception, if not, the seduction of their indented servants and the Assembly\\nof the latter province threatened to discontinue the regiment they had fur-\\nnished, unless this grievance were redressed. Circumstances, however, did\\nnot admit the discharge of such recruits to any great extent; of which the\\nHouse, becoming sensible, it appropriated \u00c2\u00a315,000, for the maintenance of\\nthat regiment for the ensuing campaign. Extraordinary inducements werei\\noffered at this time, for enlistment in the royal regiments. The recruits werei\\nexempted from service any where but in North America, and were promised\\na bounty of two hundred acres of land, free from quit-rents, for ten years,-\\neither in the province of New York, New Hampshire, or Nova Scotia, ati\\ntheir option; to be assured, in case fhey should be killed in the service, to^", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 125\\ntheir children. And to stimulate the provinces to liberal appropriations, as\\noccasion might require, Parliament voted \u00c2\u00a3115,000 sterling, to be distri-\\nbuted at the King s pleasure, among the northern and middle provinces, of\\nwhich New Jersey received five thousand pounds.\\nXXV. Though France and England had been engaged in the warmest\\nhostilities, in America, since 1754, the peace was not openly and avowedly\\nbroken in Europe, until May, of the present year. The events in America,\\nin 1754, had determined each to despatch considerable reinforcements to the\\ncolonies. The French, understanding that orders had been given to Bosca-\\nwen, to intercept their squadron, declared they would consider the first gun\\nfired as a declaration of war and their minister was recalled from London,\\nin consequence of an attack upon their fleet, by that admiral. The British\\ngovernment instantly issued letters of marque, under which a large number\\nof French merchant ships, and seven thousand French sailors, were captured.\\nA blow which had great effect upon the subsequent operations of the war, in\\nEurope and America.\\nXXVI. Either from want of confidence in the military talents of General\\nShirley, or that, he might give them information on American affairs, the\\nministry removed him from his command, and summoned him to England.\\n\\\\-General Abercrombie succeeded him with whom came out two additional\\nregiments. But the chief direction of the war was soon after given to the\\nEarl of Loudon, who was appointed governor of Virginia, and colonel of\\nthe royal American regiment, which had been lately formed from the\\nGerman emigrants.\\nXXVII. In the mean time, Sir William Johnson had succeeded, by the\\nmediation of the Six Nations, in disposing the Shawanese and Delawares to\\nan accommodation. Hostilities against them were suspended, and the treaty\\nof peace was soon after ratified at Easton. This was the withdrawal of one\\npainful thorn from the side of the colonies and the chastisement inflicted by\\nColonel Armstrong of Pennsylvania,* by the destruction of the den of the\\nhorde, at Kittanning, soon extracted another. The conflagration of that\\ntown, and slaughter of the Indian families there, was a severe stroke upon\\nthe savages. Hitherto, the English had not assailed them in their towns,\\nand they fancied, would not venture to approach them. But, now, though\\nurged by unquenchable thirst of vengeance to retaliate the blow, they\\ndreaded, that, in their absence on war parties, their wigwams might be re-\\nduced to ashes. Such of them as belonged to Kittanning, and had escaped\\nthe carnage, refused to settle again on the east of Fort Du Quesne; resolving\\nto place that fortress and the French garrison between themselves and the\\nEnglish.\\nXXVIII. Of the many enterprises resolved on by General Shirley, several\\nwere unattempted none were successful. Notwithstanding the exertions in\\nthe northern provinces, the recruiting service moved heavily. Much time was\\nlost by the change of commanders and the season for operation was nearly\\nhalf spent, before the arrival of Lord Loudon. No preparations were made\\nagainst Fort Du Quesne. The colonies of Virginia, Maryland, aad Penn-\\nsylvania, far from pursuing offensive measures, were unable to project them-\\nselves. The expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, was confided\\nto General Winslow, who had won golden opinions during his last campaign,\\nin Nova Scotia. Seven thousand provincialists had assembled near Lake\\nGeorge, but their number was reduced by subtractions for the garrisons in\\ntheir roar. Winslow refused to proceed without reinforcements; and though\\nsoon after strengthened by some British troops, under General Abercrombie,\\nSeptember 8th, 1756.", "height": "3376", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "126f HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nhe was perplexed and embarrassed by disputes relative to rank, which grew\\nout of this junction. The regulations of the crown, on this subject, had\\ngiven great offence in America and such was the reluctance of the provin-\\ncialisis to serve under British officers, that, in the present case, in order to\\nenable the troops to act, separately, the Americans were withdrawn from the\\ngarrisons to the army, and their places supplied with British forces. The\\nexpedition to Ontario was i-endered hopeless by the successes of the French\\nunder Montcalm, who had captured the forts of Ontario and Oswego, situate\\non either side of the Onondago river, at its junction with the lake. These\\nforts in the counti-y of the Six Nations, he, with sound policy, destroyed, in\\ntheir presence. At the capture of Oswego, Colonel Schuyler, and half the\\nJersey regiment, which formed part of the garrison, were made prisoners\\nand sent to Canada; from whence they were not released, until the end of\\nthe campaign, and then on parole, not to serve for eighteen months. The\\nregiment was, however, recruited to its original state of five hundred men,\\nat the expense of the province, early in the ensuing spring.\\nDiscouraged and disconcerted by these events, Loudon relinquished all\\noffensive operations, and disposed his troops for the defence of the frontier.\\nRenewed efforts to increase his force were rendered abortive by the appear-\\nance of tlie small-pox at Albany. The troops which were on the march\\nfrom New England, and the army at Lake George, were panic-struck by\\nthe iiTuption of an enemy more dreadful than the French and it became\\nnecessary to garrison all the posts with British troops, and to discharge the\\nprovincialists, excepting one regiment raised in New York. Thus termi-\\nnated, for a second time, in defeat and utter disappointment, the sanguine\\nhopes, fornjed by the colonists, of a brilliant and successful campaign. Much\\nlabour had been employed, and much money expended, in collecting, by\\nland, from a great distance, troops, provisions, and military stores, at Alba-\\nny, and in transporting them through an almost unsettled country, to Lake\\nGeorge jet not an effort had been made to drive the invaders even from\\ntheir ou iposts at Ticonderoga.\\nXXIX. The treaty with Teedyuscung, had neutralized the Delaware and\\nShaAvanese tribes on the Susquehanna, but the country was still exposed to\\nthe inroads of the French and western Indians, who, growing confident\\nfrom the late disasters of the English, roamed, in small parties, avoiding or\\nattacking the forts and armed provincialists, as they judged most safe. The\\ncounties of Cumberland, Lancaster, Berks, and Northampton, in Pennsyl-\\nvania, and, occasionally, a part of Sussex, in New Jersey, were, during the\\nspring and summer months of 1757, kept ih continual alarm, and some of\\nthe scalping parties penetrated to within thirty miles of Philadelphia. Many\\nof these wretches paid with their lives, the just penalty of their temerity.\\nBut their sufferings were not comparable with those of the unfortunate in-\\nhabitants. Incessant anxiety pervaded every family in the districts we have\\nnamed their slumber was broken by the yell of demons, or by dread of\\nattack, scarce less hori ible than their actual presence. The ground was\\nploughed, the seed sown, and the harvest gathered, under the fear of the\\ntomahawk and rifle. Women visiting their sick neighbours, were shot or\\ncaptured children, driving home cattle from the field, were killed and\\nscalped; whilst the enemy, dastardly as cruel, shrunk from every equality\\nof force. Many of the richest neighbourhoods were deserted, and property\\nof every kind abandoned extraordinary heroism was frequently displayed\\nby men, women, and children, in defence of themselves and their homes,\\nand in pursuit of, and combat with, the enemy. There was certainly great\\nwant of ability and energy in the constituted authorities, British and Provin-\\ncial. United councils, and well directed efforts, would have driven the bar-", "height": "3364", "width": "1815", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 127\\nbarians to their savage haunts, and repeated the chastisement, administered\\nat Kittanning, until they sued for peace. The Assembly of New Jersey,\\nhowever, was not regardless of the danger and sufferings of her frontier citi-\\nzens, and kept on foot, for their protection, a body of rangers, consisting of\\none hundred and twenty men, under Captain Gardiner who, though they\\ncould not prevent occasional invasions of the foe, gave as much security to\\nthe frontier as circumstances would admit.\\nXXX. Lord Loudon, in the middle of January, summoned the Governors of\\nthe New England provinces to New York. In no very good humour he attri-\\nbuted to them, the disasters of the late campaign. Their enterprise against\\nCrown Point, he said, had not been timely communicated to the ministry;\\ntheir troops were inferior to his expectations, disposed to insubordination, and\\nless numerous than had been promised the true state of the forts and gar-\\nrisons had not been reported to him, and the provincial Legislatures had\\ngiven him votes, instead of men and money. He concluded this reprimand\\nwith a requisition for additional troops from New England, New York, and\\nNew Jersey. The spirit of the colonists, however, was not to be broken by\\nmisfortune, caused by the incapacity of the ministry of the parent state, and\\nher delegated satraps, nor to be perverted by unmerited reproaches. His\\ndemands were, generally, complied with; and he was placed, in the spring,\\nat the head of a respectable army, to tempt his fortune under his own star.\\nThe New England provinces exerted themselves greatly at this time, and\\nauthorized a draft, or conscription, should their quotas not be completed by\\n^voluntary enlistment. The force required from New Jersey was one thousand\\nmen but the Assembly conceiving five hundred to be their full proportion,\\nrefused to do more than complete their regiment; and in an answer to the\\nproposal of Governor Belcher, that they should, also, authorize a draft, they\\nperemptorily declared by a Vote of 12, to 7, that they were determined not\\nto oblige or compel any of the inhabitants by force, to serve as soldiers.\\nXXXI. The failures of the past year were attributed to the multiplied ob-\\njects of the campaign, and the consequent division of the forces. Unity of\\ndesign, and concentration of the troops, it was presumed, would ensure suc-\\ntess. It was therefore resolved, that Louisburg should be attacked; and\\nHalifax was fixed as the rendezvous of the fleet and army. Early in July,\\n^Admiral Holburn arrived there with a large squadron of ships and five thou-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^sand land forces; and after many delays, was joined by Lord Loudon, with\\nsix thousand regulars. Much was properly anticipated from this formidable\\narmament, but the procrastination of the commander-in-chief doomed the\\ncountry to severe disappointment. For before his preparations were com-\\npleted, the French had occupied Louisburg with a superior force, despatched\\nfrom Brest, against which his lordship was not disi)osed to make an effort.\\nXXXII. The enemy, however, was not slow to avail himself of the ad-\\nvantages which might accrue to him by the withdrawal of the British troops\\nfrom the northern frontiers of New York. Montcalm, at the head of nine\\nthousand men, drawn principally from Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and the\\nneighbouring forts, witth some Canadians and Indians, invested Castle Wil-\\nliam on the southern shore of Lake George. The place was garrisoned by\\nthree thousand men, including the unfortunate Jersey regiment, was well for-\\ntified and su])plied with necessaries, but Colonel Monroe was compelled to\\nsurrender it witliin six days after its investment. Montcalm s triumph was\\nstained by the barbarities of his Indian allies, and though he exerted himself\\nto protect his prisoners, the massacre of many of them will ever be coupled\\nwith his name. Major-general Webb made strenuous exertions to relieve\\nthe fort by arousing the militia of New York and New Jersey. From the\\nlatter province, one thousand men were despatched, and three thousand were", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nput in readiness to march, should they be required. By these reinforcements\\nhe was enabled to hold Fort Edward, check the progress of the enemy, who\\nretired when he had learned the return of Loudon to New York. The New\\nJersey regiment with other prisoners were released, and returned to New\\nYork under parole, not to serve again during eighteen months, and being thus\\nrendered useless, were, at the instance of the Assembly, disbanded. This regi-\\nment, since the capture of Colonel Schuyler, had been commanded by Colo-\\nnel Parker.\\nXXXIII. On August 31, 1757, died Governor Jonathan Belcher, in the 76th\\nyear of his age. His health had been so infirm, during the preceding two\\nyears, that he summoned the Assembly to attend him at Elizabethtown, much\\nto their dissatisfaction. The House seemed apprehensive of being made a mere\\nsatellite of the Executive, to revolve around him, in whatever sphere he chose\\nto move, and they therefore attended Governors Morris and Belcher, even ^_\\nwhen illness prevented these officers from getting to Burlington, or to Amboy\\nwith great reluctance protesting at all times, that their acquiescence should\\nnot be drawn into precedent; and they explicitly refused to adjourn from\\nBurlington to Trenton, on the request of his successor Mr. Readington, al-\\nthough his health also required this indulgence.\\nGovernor Belcher was a native of New England, and inherited, in early\\nyouth an abundant fortune, which enabled him to visit Europe, and to mingle\\nextensively in good society, until lavish expenditure dissipated his wealth.\\nHe joined the popular side in the colony of Massachusetts, in the long con-\\ntest with Governor Burnet, on the question of fixing his salary, for an inde-\\nfinite time, and was sent as an agent of the Assembly to represent their\\nviews to the King. Upon the death of Governor Burnet he was appointed\\nto succeed him, and then maintained the pretension of his predecessor, which\\nhe had been employed to repel, and with the like ill success. His adminis-\\ntration at Boston was distinguished by his taste for ostentation, and his\\nimperious deportment, and he finally so disgusted the influential men of that\\ngovernment, by rejecting several respectable persons nominated to the coun-\\ncil, that they successfully united to effect his removal. He afterwards re-\\nmained several years unemployed, until he was named to the government of\\nNew Jersey. He was now advanced in age, yet lively, diligent in his sta-\\ntion, and circumspect in his conduct, religious, generous and affable. He\\naffected splendour, at least equal to his rank and fortune: but was a man of\\nworth and honour, and though, in his last years under great debility of body\\nfrom a stroke of the palsy, he bore up with firmness and resignation, and\\nwent through the business of his government, in the most difficult part of the\\nwar, with unremitting zeal in the duties of his office.\\nXXXIV. By the death of Mr. Belcher, the administration of the govern-\\nment again devolved on Mr. John Reading, the first named of the counsellors\\nwho being aged and infirm, at first refused, and finally assumed, its duties,\\nwith great reluctance. For the space of more than a month, the government\\nwas directed by the whole council, at whose instance, on the application of\\nLord Loudon, the Assembly voted one hundred rangers, to be employed on\\nthe frontiers during the winter season.f\\nSmith s Hist, of N. J. 438.\\nt The captain of this company received six shillings, the lieutenants five, Ser-\\njeants four, corporals three and six pence, and the private soldier three shillings per\\nday. And each officer and soldier was furnished at colonial expense, with a blanket,\\na half thick under jacket, a kersey jacket lapelled, buckskin breeches, two check\\nshirts, two pair of shoes, two pair of stockings, a leather cap, and a hatchet; and 20\\nshillings was allowed to the captain for each private he should enlist.", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY, 139\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nContaining Events from the Presidency of Mr. Reading to the repeal of the Stamp\\nAct from the year 174C to the year 17G6. I. Influence of Mr. Pitt and his\\nPohcy upon Colonial Affairs New hopes infused into the Colonists. II. Suc-\\ncessful Attack of the EngUsh upon the Northern Forts. III. Capture of Fort\\nDu Quesne by General Forbes. IV. Cheerful and ready aid of the Colonies.\\nV. New Jersey supplies one thousand Men, and builds Barracks for the King s\\nTroops. VI. President Reading superseded by the arrival of Governor Ber-\\nnard His treaty with the Indians Succeeded by Thomas Boone He, by Josiah\\nHardy He, by William Franklin, the last of the Royal Governors. VII. Effi-\\ncient Preparations for the Campaign of 1759. VIII. Conquest of the French\\nColonies in North America. IX. Honourable share of the Provincialists in this\\nResult. X. Treaty of Peace with France and Spain. .XI. New Confederacy and\\nHostilities of the Indians Six hundred Troops raised by New Jersey. XII. Im-\\npressions on the English Ministry, by the Wealth and Power displayed in Ame-\\nrica. XIII. Proposition of Mr. Grenville to tax the Colonies. XIV. Conside-\\nration of the Principles relating to Colonial Taxation. XV. Mr. Grenville\\ncommmunicates his purpose to the Colonial Agents in London. XVI. Views\\ntaken by Colonies of this Proposition. XVII. Propositions by several of the\\nColonies to raise Money, rejected by Mr. Grenville. XVIII. Act of Parliament\\nfor Tax on Colonial Imports and Exports. XIX. Effect of the Measures in\\nAmerica Proceedings of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. XX. Stamp Act\\npassed Its reception in the Colonies. XXI. Temporary suspension of legal\\nproceedings and of the publication of Newspapers. XXII. Anti-Importation\\nAssociations. XXIII. Organization of the Sons of Liberty. XXIV. Proposi-\\ntion of Massachusetts for assembling a Congress of Deputies from the Colonies\\nAction of New Jersey on this proposition. XXV. Proceedings of the Con-\\ngress Messrs. Ruggles of Massachusetts, and Ogden of New Jersey, refuse to join\\nin a General Petition. XXVI. The Assembly of New Jersey approve the Pro-\\nceedings of Congress adopts Resolutions condemnatory of tlie Stamp Act.\\nXXVII. Efforts in England for Repeal of the Stamp Act. XXIX. Inquiry be-\\nfore the House of Commons Repeal of the Stamp Act.\\nI. With the opening of the year 1758, a new era dawned upon the colo-\\nnies, which were roused from a state of apathy by the voice of William Pitt.\\nThe enterpri.se, judgment, and firmness, which had raised England from the\\ndepths of humility, were now employed for the reduction of the American\\ncontinent. The plan of the campaign was wisely matured, and committed\\nfor execution, to men who had reputations to lose and fortunes to gain.\\nLoudon was recalled. Abercrombie commanded in chief, with Amherst for\\nhis second, aided by Brigadiers Wolfe and Forbes. The fleet, consisting\\naltogether of one hundred and fifty sail, was commanded by Bo.scawen.\\nI!. The designated objects of the campaign were Louisburg, the forts on\\nthe lakes, and Fort du Quesne. Major-general Amherst, with twelve thou-\\nsand men, aided by the fleet, laid siege to the first, early in June; and cap-\\ntured it, after an obstinate defence of seven weeks. General Abercrombie,\\nwith seven thousand regulars and ten thousand colonial troops, undertook\\nthe expedition against the northern forts. He first attempted that at Ticon-\\nderoga, which had been reared by the French in 1756, on the narrow neck\\nof land dividing Lake George from Lake Champlain. Its position, strong\\nby nature, was well secured by art, and by a garrison of five thousand men.\\nRelying on his superior force, the British general made his attack without\\nartillery, which, from the badness of the roads, could not keep pace with the\\narmy. He was repulsed with the loss of two thousand men, chiefly killed;\\namong whom were Brigadier- general Lord Howe, and many other officers\\nof distinction. Though still superior to the enemy, he made a hasty retreat;\\nR", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nbut compensated for this ill-timed prudence, by the capture of Fort Fron-\\ntignac, situate on the north side of the river St. Lawrence, at its entrance\\nfrom Lake Ontario commanding the river, and serving as a magazine for\\nthe more southern castles. The garrison consisted of one hundred and ten\\nmen only but the fort contained a large stock of arms, stores, and provi-\\nsions for the western posts. Nine armed vessels, some of which carried\\neighteen guns, were also taken. The enterprise was projected and executed\\nby Lieutenant-colonel Bradstreet.\\nIII. The reduction of Fort Du Quesne was confided to Brigadier-general\\nForbes, with a detachment from General Abercrombie s army, strengthened\\nby the southern militia; the whole computed at seven thousand eight hun-\\ndred and fifty men.* He began his march from Carlisle in the middle of\\nJuly, to join Colonel Bouquet at Raystown who, with two thousand five\\nhundred men, was advanced to Loyal Hanna, fifty miles further to the west- I\\nward. The march of the main body was delayed until September, in con-\\nsequence of the difficulty in pi-ocuring carriages and military stores, and of\\nthe tardiness with which the orders to the Virginia regulars, under Colonel\\nWashington, had been given. In the mean time. Major Grant was detached\\nby Bouquet, with eight hundred men, to reconnoitre the fort and adjacent\\ncountry. He was attacked, surrounded by the enemy, and lost above three\\nhundred men, killed and taken, and was himself among the prisoners the\\nremainder retired in great confusion. f Colonel Bouquet still continuing at\\nLoyal Hanna, the enemy resolved to attack him, in his camp. A force, esti-\\nmated at twelve hundred French, and two hundred Indians, commanded by\\nDe Vetri, assailed him on the eleventh of October with great vivacity, but\\nwas compelled to draw off with considerable loss, after a warm combat of\\nfour hours. A second attack was made during the night, but some shells\\nthrown from the camp compelled them to retreat. The loss of Colonel\\nBouquet amounted to sixty-seven rank and file, killed and wounded. Upon\\nthe twenty-third or twenty-fourth of October, General Forbes proceeded from\\nRaystown to Loyal Hanna. He continued there until the seventeenth of\\nNovember. On the twelfth of that month Colonel Washington, being out\\nwith a scouting party, fell in with a number of the enemy about three miles\\nfrom the camp, whom he attacked, killing one, and taking three prisoners\\namong the latter was one Johnson, an Englishman, who had been captured\\nby the Indians in Lancaster county, from whom was derived full and correct\\ninformation of the state of the garrison at Du Quesne. A most unfortunate\\noccurrence happened to the provincials upon this occasion. The fire of\\nWashington s party being heard at the camp, Colonel Mercer, with a num-\\nber of Virginians, were sent to his assistance. The two parties approach-\\ning, in the dusk of the evening, reciprocally mistook each other for enemies\\na number of shot was exchanged, by which a lieutenant and thirteen or four-\\nteen Virginians were killed. On the thirteenth of November, a force of one,\\nthousand men, under Colonel John Armstrong, was pushed forward, and the\\ngeneral followed on the seventeenth, with four thousand three hundred effec-\\ntive men, leaving strong garrisons at Raystown and Loyal Hanna. For\\nwant of practicable roads, the whole march was tedious and difhcult the\\nadvance of ten miles a-day being deemed extraordinary progress. The\\n350 Royal Americans; four companies.\\n1200 Highlanders thirteen companies.\\n2600 Virginians.\\n2700 Pennsylvanians.\\n1000 Wagoners, sutlers, and followers of the army.\\nPenn. Gazette, 1758, No. 1553.\\nt 14th September.", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 131\\narmy was greatly afflicted by sickness, and weakened by desertion. Ne-\\nglecting the road formerly cut by Braddock over the mountains, General\\nForbes opened a new one, by which he approached the tort. The capture\\nof Frontignac, and the defection of the Indians from the French interest, had\\nalready prepared the way for his success. The garrison of Fort Du Quesne,\\nunsustained by their savage allies, and hopeless of reinforcements, the Cana-\\ndian force lately engaged at Loyal Hanna having retired, held the place,\\nonly, until the approach of the English army should justify its abandonment.\\nAccordingly, on the twenty-fourth of November, when Forbes was within a\\nday s march of the fort, they burned and abandoned it, and escaped, by the\\nOhio I iver, to the French settlements upon the Mississippi. The ruined fortifi-\\ncations were seized by the English, on the next day, and, being hastily repaired,\\nwere garrisoned by four hundred and fifty men, chiefly provincial troops,\\nfrom Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, under the command of Colonel\\nMercer. The remainder of the army was marched into the interior, and\\nquartered at Lancaster, Reading, and Philadelphia.\\nIV. In the preparations of the colonies for this campaign, we have new\\nevidence of the power which an energetic spirit, directed by wisdom, may\\nobtain, over the mass of mankind. The contributions of the provinces, to-\\nwards carrying on the continental war, had, for the last campaigns, been\\nmerely the cold returns of duty but in this, the people displayed all the zeal\\nwith which men pursue their interests, when animated by well founded hopes\\nof success. Their combined forces, they were now assured, would be ap-\\nplied to remove the enemy from the frontiers and instead of being required\\nto furnish a specific quota of troops, each colony was directed to raise as\\nlarge a force as was in its power, with the greatest possible despatch. To\\nrender such force effective, Mr. Pitt recommended to the respective gover-\\nnors, to commission popular men for officers, and in bestowing military ap-\\npointments, to have regard, solely, to the public service. Arms, ammuni-\\ntion, tents, and provisions, were to be furnished by the crown; and the\\nexpense of levying, clothing, and pay, was to be borne by the provinces.\\nBut, even these charges, he promised to recommend the Parliament to pay,\\nas the vigour and efforts of the provinces should merit.\\nV. Thus inspirited, the Assembly of New Jersey, instead of raising, re-\\nluctantly, five hundred men, doubled that number and to fill the ranks, in\\nseason, offered a bounty of twelve pounds, per man increased the pay of the\\nofficers, and voted a sum of fifty thousand pounds, for their maintenance.\\nThey, at the same sessions, directed barracks to be built at Burlington,\\nTrenton, New Brunswick, Amboy, and Elizabethtown, competent, each, for\\nthe accommodation of three hundred men. Nor, did the Assembly fail to\\nremark, on the constitutional method they had been called on to give\\nassistance to the common cause; being left at liberty to furnish to the\\ncrown, what their own ability and. sense of the occasion required. This\\ncomplement of one thousand men, New Jersey kept up, during the years\\n1758, 1759, and 1760; and in the years 1761 and 1762, furnished six hun-\\ndred men, beside in the latter year, a company of sixty-four men and officers,\\nespecially, for garrison duty; for which she incurred an average expense of\\nforty thousand pounds per annum.\\nVI. On the 13th of June, 1758, President Reading was superseded by the\\narrival of Francis Bernard, Esq., who continued to govern the province, in\\nunbroken harmony with the Legislature, until the 4th of July, 1760. The\\nprincipal service rendered by this gentleman, was the aid he gave in the\\npacification of the Indians, at the treaty of Easton, in October, 1758, of\\nwhich we have spoken fully elsewhere. Upon his transfer to Massachusetts,\\nhe was succeeded by Thomas Boone, who continued little more than a year", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "132 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nbeing removed to South Carolina, and his place in New Jersey supplied by\\nJosiah Hardy. Upon his dismissal, and appointment to the consulate at\\nCadiz, came in, William Franklin, the son of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, the\\nlast of the colonial governors. Thus, in the space of five years, New Jersey\\nhad seen five governors appointed by the crown. This frequent change\\nproved very unacceptable to the colony, which was fully content with the\\nthree first we have named; and would have been satisfied to have spared the\\nrepeated gift of five hundred pounds, usually made to the new governor, on\\nhis arrival, in consideration of the expense and trouble of his voyage. To\\nGovernor Franklin this present was not made. But as the cost of living had\\nconsiderably increased by the diminution of the value of money, consequent\\non the increased amount of the circulating medium, during the war, the\\nAssembly added two hundred pounds to the annual salary, making it twelve\\nhundred pounds.\\nVII. Great Britain, having resolved to annihilate the French power in\\nNorth America, made adequate preparations for the campaign of 1759. An\\narmy of eight thousand men, under General Wolfe, was destined to attack\\nQuebec; whilst General Amherst, with 12,000 regular and provincial troops,\\nshould reduce the forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, cross Lake Cham-\\nplain, and by the rivers Richelieu and St. Lawrence, join Wolfe; and General\\nFrideaux, assisted by Sir William Johnson, at the head of some friendly\\nIndians, should capture the fort at the falls of Niagara, and proceed by Lake\\nOntario and Monti eal, to unite with the other generals. To General Stan-\\nwix, was confided the southern department, with orders to watch the western\\nfrontier, and to erect proper forts for its defence.\\nVIII. This stupendous plan was, only, partly carried into execution.\\nQuebec was purchased with the life of the gallant Wolfe. General Amherst\\nobtained possession of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, but too late in the\\nseason, to permit him to accomplish the remainder of the plan assigned to\\nhim. General Prideaux invested Niagara, but was slain in the trenches by\\nthe bursting of a cohort. The fort was, however, captured by Sir William\\nJohnson, who succeeded him in the command. It was not until September\\nof the succeeding year, that the great object was entirely gained when, by\\nthe union of three British armies, before Montreal, the Marquis de Vaudreuil,\\nwas compelled to surrender, by capitulation, the whole of the French posses-\\nsions to his Britannic Majesty.\\nThus fell the great power of France in America. Possessed of the northern\\nand southern parts of the continent, her encroachments became formidable\\nto the British American empire, which she sought to confine, to a narrow\\nslip of sea-coast. She thus brought upon her the united power of England\\nand her colonies, which she baffled, when feebly directed; but which was\\niri esistible in the hands of a wise and energetic minister.\\nIX. The share of the provincials in this result, gives lustre to the colonial\\nhistory of the American States. They had kept in the field an average force\\nof twenty-five thousand men during the war; had lost thirty thousand of\\ntheir young men, and contributed three millions five hundred thousand\\npounds sterling, to the payment of its expenses.* Four hundred privateers,-\\nfrom their ports, ravaged the French West India islands, and distressed the\\ncommerce of France, in all parts of the world. Their troops preserved the\\nremains of the army wrecked by the folly of Braddock and under Monckton,\\ncaptured Beau Sejour, in Nova Scotia. Commanded by Sir William John-\\nson, they destroyed th(; army of Baron Dicskau and subsequently reduced\\nFort Niagara, one of tlie most important posts on the continent. The merit l\\nOf this Kum, Parliament reimbursed at several times, \u00c2\u00a31,031,666 sterling.", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 133\\nof these actions, is ascribable to them, solely. In all the marches and battles\\nthey were principal sufferers and wliere honour was to be gained, the pro-\\nvincial was distinguished, by his fortitude in adversity, and his promptitude\\nand courage in the hour of peril.\\nX. Spain became party to the war, in January, 1772; but the conflict\\nagainst the united house of Bourbon, was not of long continuance; peace\\nbeing made with France and Spain, on the 3d of November, of the same year.\\nWe are interested in the terms of the treaty, so far only, as they affected the\\ncolonies. France surrendered her pretensions to Nova Scotia, and ceded\\nCanada, including Louisiana. Spain yielded Florida. In exchange for this\\nmighty domain, France received the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, near\\nNewfoundland, with a restricted privilege of the fishery, and the islands of\\nMartinique, Guadaloupe, Mariegalante, Deseada, and St. Lucia. Spain\\nobtained the restoration of the Havana a price, more than adequate for\\nFlorida, which would not have been paid, but with the design of preserving\\nthe eastern shore of North America, from foreign influence.\\nXI. In exclusive possession of this immense territory, comprehending\\nnearly one-fifth of the globe. Great Britain and her colonies rationally looked\\nforward, to its peaceful enjoyment, in full confidence, that the aboriginal\\ninhabitants, no longer exposed to dangerous solicitations, nor supported by\\nalien power, would not dare to provoke the resentment of those upon whom\\nthey must entirely depend, for the gratifications supplied by the whites. But\\nthe cupidity of the savage had been highly excited, during the late conflict,\\n.and as deeply indulged. The present unprotected state of the frontier,\\nheld forth irresistible temptations to his whetted appetite for plunder. His\\nbarbarities had been rather rewarded than chastised. Every treaty brought\\nhim rich presents; and his detention of prisoners, whom he had again\\nand again promised to surrender, was overlooked, on slight apologies;\\nthough, obviously, done to afford opportunities for new treaties and additional\\ngifts. But, we must, perhaps, look deeper, for the cause of the wide extend-\\ned confederacy, which now took place among the aborigines, and which may\\nhave been dictated by profound policy. They beheld the French driven out\\nof the whole country, and themselves in danger of becoming wholly depen-\\ndent upon a power, which already commanded by its forts, the great lakes\\nand rivers and they may have felt, that an immediate and mighty effort\\nwas necessary to restrain the tide, which, if unimpeded, would spread itself\\nover the continent, overwhelming all their nations in its course.\\nA secret coalition was formed among the Shawanese, the tribes upon the\\nOhio, and its tributary waters, and about Detroit, to attack, simultaneously,\\nthe English posts and settlements, upon the frontier. The plan was delibe-\\nrately and skilfully projected. The settlements were to be invaded during\\nharvest the inhabitants, with their corn and cattle, to be destroyed and the\\noutposts to be reduced by famine. The Indians fell, suddenly, upon the\\ntraders, whom they had invited among them, murdered many, and plundered\\nthe effects of all, to an immense amount. The frontiers of Pennsylvania,\\nMaryland and Virginia, were overrun by scalping parties, committing their\\nusual enormities. The out-forts, even the most remote, were assailed about\\nthe same time and all, immediately, fell into the hands of the enemy, save\\nNiagara, Detroit, and Fort Pitt, which, being larger and better garrisoned,\\nwere enabled to stand a longer siege.\\nAs, in the preceding Indian contest, the frontier inhabitants were driven in,\\nand the enemy again penetrated into the thickly settled country; but more\\nskill and courage were generally displayed in resisting them. Niagara and\\nDetroit were protected by detachments sent to their relief by General Am-\\nherst, whilst Colonel Bouquet, after much fatigue and a bloody battle, sue-", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "134 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nceeded in succouring Fort Pitt. These distressing hostilities continued until\\nOctober, 1764, when they were terminated by Col. Bouquet, who, with fifteen\\nhundred men, overran the Indian country in Ohio, compeUing the submission\\nof the tribes, and releasing many white prisoners. The Indians, soon after,\\nentered into a final and satisfactory ti-eaty with Sir William Johnson, who\\nwas authorized for that purpose, by the crown.\\nGovernor Franklin, on the approach of the savages to the western fron-\\ntier of New Jersey, ordered out the militia, remanned the fortifications\\nwhich had been formerly erected, and built several new block-houses. Yet\\nsome parties of Indians crossed the Delaware, made their way through the\\nlines, and massacred several families. On the meeting of the House, 15th of\\nNovember, he recommended them to provide six hundred men, at the request\\nof General Amherst, to unite with other forces to invade the Indian country,\\nand to provide more effectually for defence of their own limits. The latter,\\nthe House undertook, directing two hundred men to be raised for this pur-\\npose, and appropriating ten thousand pounds for their support; but they de-\\nclined to furnish troops for general operations, until a general plan should be\\nformed, and a requisition should be made for aid to the other colonies. At\\ntheir next subsequent session, however, they passed a bill for raising six hun-\\ndred men, on condition, that a majority of the eastern colonies should come\\ninto the requisition and when this bill was rejected by the council, and the\\ngovernor prorogued the House, in order to give them an opportunity to bring\\nin another, they authorized the force required, provided New York should con-\\ntribute her full proportion. In this shape the bill passed, and the troops\\njoined the northern army.\\nXII. The great pecuniary advances of the colonies, in the late wars, dis-\\ncovered to the ministry of Great Britain, a mine of wealth, whose existence\\nthey had not hitherto suspected and with the knowledge came an inexpres-\\nsible longing to subject this wealth to the use of the parent state. But no good\\ngenius whispered, that, there existed, also, the spirit, as well as the means, to\\nmaintain the political freedom which had been, at once, the source of riches\\nand of colonial happiness. It was supposed, that, if in a few years, these long\\nneglected and distant provinces could pay, without apparent inconvenience,\\nmillions for defence, they might, also, be compelled to pay millions for tribute.\\nXIII. On this assumption, Mr. Grenville, first commissioner of the treasury,\\nflattered himself that he might establish a high financial character, in reliev-\\ning his country by the taxation of her provinces. To a superficial observer,\\nfew obstacles were apparent in such a course. Parliament had frequently\\nimposed duties upon the colonial trade which, as a part of a general system,\\nfor regulating the commerce of the empire, had been patiently borne. But,\\nno attempt had been, hitherto, made, avowedly, to raise a revenue from the\\ncolonies, for the use of the British treasury.\\nXIV. Upon the principles which have governed modern colonization, the\\ncolony is dependent, either upon the parent state, or upon its chief, as a dis-\\ntinct apanage or property. The first case was, that of the colonies of most\\nof the European states. The second, characterized those of Spain the king-\\ndoms of Mexico, Peru, c., being long considered as connected with those of\\nCastile and Arragon, through the monarch alone, who was the king of each,\\nrespectively. A different view, however, was taken in relation to these, by,-\\nthe Cortes, in framing the constitution of 1820, when, as integral parts of the\\nSpanish empire, they were admitted to representation in the national coun-\\ncils. The English colonies held their connexion with Great Britain, to be\\nsomewhat similar to that which had prevailed between Spain and her pro-/\\nvinces; claiming, however, for their governments, the important and cha-\\nracteristic principle, which animated the polity of the parent state, that the", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 135\\npeople should have a potential voice, in legislation, through their representa-\\ntives. This theory was universal, but the practice was variously modified\\nthe Legislative power, being more or less exercised by the people, according\\nto the provisions of the several charters from the crown. One right, how-\\never, which controlled all others the right of the purse, was every where\\nheld sacred to the people; and though the crown might create an almost in-\\nevitable necessity of disbursement, it could not without the form, at least, of\\npopular volition, take money from the pockets of the people.*\\nThe right of the Parliament to legislate, generally, for the colonies had not\\nbeen questioned since the year 1692, when Massachusetts and New York\\ndenied it by acts of their Legislatures.! These laws were annulled in England;\\nand in 1698 Parliament declared, that all laws, by-laws, usages and cus-\\ntoms, which shall be in practice, in any of the plantations, repugnant to any\\nlaw made, or to be made, in this kingdom, relative to the said plantations,\\nshall be void and of none effect.\\nBy the charter of Charles II, to Penn, the right of Parliament to lay duties\\non imports and exports, and to impose taxes or customs on the inhabitants of\\nPennsylvania, their lands, goods and chattels was clearly reserved. In 1739,\\nSir William Keith, in conjunction with some American merchants, proposed\\nto raise troops for the western frontier, to be supported by a duty laid by\\nParliament on stamped paper and parchment, in all the colonies. But the\\nsubject was then too inconsiderable to claim the attention of the government.\\nWhen efforts were made to unite the colonies in 1754, a plan for colonial tax-\\nation was suggested but the ministers finding the colonies averse to their\\nviews, did not venture to press it on the eve of a war, in which the cordial\\nand undivided exertions of the whole nation were required.:}:\\nA more favourable occasion seemed now to present itself. The war which\\nhad grown out of American interests, had been honourably terminated, and it\\nwas supposed, that the provinces, grateful for their deliverance, would cheer-\\nfully repay the care of a fostering mother. Nor would such anticipations\\nhave been disappointed, had the designs of the ministry no other consequences\\nthan a single pecuniary burden upon the people.\\nXV. Towards the end of the year 1763, Mr. Grenville communicated to\\nthe colonial agents in London, his purpose of drawing a revenue from Ame-\\nrica, by means of a stamp duty to be imposed by Act of Parliament, and di-\\nrected them to transmit this intelligence to their respective Assemblies, that\\nthey might suggest any more preferable duty, equally productive.^ The fol-\\nlowing view, briefly exhibited, was then taken of this subject, by all the\\nprovmces.\\nXVI. The colonies were considered as integral governments, of which the\\ncrown was the head, having exclusive political powei* within their respective\\nterritories, except in cases involving the general interests of the empire, in\\nwhich, from principles of convenience and necessity, they admitted the su-\\npremacy of the British Parliament. On these principles, they had submitted\\nto the general regulations of commerce, however restrictive of their exertions\\nat home and abroad and where the letter of the law pressed heavily on their\\nBy the Concessions of Berkeley and Carteret, and also of the West Jersey proprie-\\ntors, it was provided, that the governor and council are not to impose, or suffer to be\\nimposed, any tax, custom, or subsidy, tollage, assessments, or any other duty whatso-\\never, upon any colour or pretence, how specious soever, upon the said province, and\\ninliabitants tliereof, without their own consent, first had, or other than what shall be\\nimposed by the authority and consent of the General Assembly.\\nt Smith s N. Y. 75, 7( i.\\ni Marshall s Life of Washington.\\nOne hundred thousand pounds sterling, was the sum required by Mr. Grenville.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "136 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nnatural rights, murmurs were seldom heard, as such acts were not rigidly en-\\nforced. The mode of drawing aid from the colonists accorded with these\\npi inciples. The sovereign having well considered the occasion, in his privy\\ncouncil, directed his secretary of state to apply to each colony through its\\ngovernor, to grant him such sums as were suitable to its ability. And as the\\ncolonies had always made liberal grants on such requisitions, the proposition\\nto tax them in Parliament, was unnecessary, cruel, and unjust. Unjust, be-\\ncause it was diametrically opposite to the letter and spirit of their constitu-\\ntions, which had established as a fundamental axiom, that taxation and\\nrepresentation are inseparable, and that as the colonies were not, and from\\nlocal and political obstacles could not be, represented in the British Parlia-\\nment, it would be the very essence of tyranny to attempt to exercise an\\nauthority over them, which, from its nature, must inevitably lead to gross\\nabuse. For, when in absolute possession of the power now claimed, could\\nit be imagined, that Pai-liament would not rather vote away the money of the\\ncolonists, than of their constituents? By the constitution, their business in\\nmatters of aid was with the King alone they had no connexion with any\\nfinancier, nor were the provincial agents the proper persons through whom\\nrequisitions should be made. For these reasons, it was improper for the pro-\\nvinces to make propositions to Mr. Grenville, in relation to taxes, especially,\\nas the notice he had sent, did not appear to have been by the King s order,\\nand was perhaps without his knowledge.\\nXVII. These views certainly did not proceed from a desire to avoid con-\\ntribution, in relief of the public wants. Several of the colonial Legislatures\\ndeclared, that as they always had thought, so they always should think, it\\ntheir duty to grant aid to the crown. Copies of these votes were presented\\nto Mr. Grenville, and an opportunity was thus offered to him, to raise by\\nconstitutional means, more than a compulsory tax would produce. But he\\nhad resolved on measures, which should establish the absolute supremacy\\nof Parliament over the provinces, and open the way for its unrestrained\\nexercise.\\nXVIII. When forming his plan of American taxation, Mr. Grenville cer-\\ntainly did not apprehend all its consequences. But, aware that it would be\\nopposed, he was desirous of trying an old measure under a new aspect, and\\nproposed, in distinct terms, to raise a revenue, by taxes on colonial imports.\\nThis measure, sufficiently obnoxious in itself, was accompanied by a resolu-\\ntion of Parliament, that it may be proper to charge certain stamp duties in\\nthe colonies. The act of Parliament, based on the first proposition, was\\nextremely onerous to the American trade the duties thereby imposed amount-\\ning almost to a prohibition of commercial intercourse with the French and\\nSpanish colonies. f It is true, that this trade, previous to the passage of the\\nact of which we now speak, was unlawful but it was connived at, and was\\nVotes of the Assemblies of the several colonies. Franklin s Letters, March 8th,\\n1770. Provincial Remonstrances. Marshall s Life of Washington, vol. ii. 68, c.\\nt This act was entitled, An act for granting certain duties in the British colonies\\nand plantations, in America, for continuing, amending, and making perpetual, an act\\npassed in the sixth year of the reign of his late Majesty, King George the Second,\\n(entitled, an act for the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Majesty s sugar\\ncolonies in America,) for applying the produce of such duties, and of the duties to arise\\nby virtue of the said act, towards defraying the expenses of defending, protecting and\\nsecuring the said colonies and plantations, for explaining an act, made in the twenty-fifth\\nyear of the reign of King Charles the Second, (entitled, an act for the encouragement of\\nthe Greenland and Eastland trades, and for the better securing the plantation trade,)\\nand for allowing and disallowing, several drawbacks on exports, from this kingdom,\\nand those effectually preventing the clandestine conveyance of goods, to and from the\\nsaid colonies and plantations, and improving and securing the trade between the same\\nand Great Britain.", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 137\\nhighly profitable furnishing to the provinces, gold and silver for their re-\\nmittances to England. The minister, in his care to prevent smuggling, did\\nnot pause to consider the difference between an advantageous trade in the\\nwestern hemisphere, and the illicit commerce on the British coast. Con-\\nverting naval officers into officers of the customs, he nearly destroyed the\\nwhole colonial trade with the Spanish and French islands. The preamble\\nto the new impost law, declaring it to be just and necessary, that a revenue\\nshould be raised in America, and the resolution to follow it up, with a stamp\\nact, gave an unequivocal and odious character to the law, and sent it forth\\nto the colonies, the pioneer of a system of boundless oppression.\\nThe revenue act became still more unpopular, by the means used to en-\\nforce it. The penalties for breach of its provisions, were made recoverable in\\nthe courts of admiralty, without the intervention of a jury, before judges\\ndependent upon the crown, and drawing their salaries from forfeitures, ad-\\njudged by themselves. The duties were required to be paid in gold and\\nsilver, now scarce attainable, and consequently, the paper currency, more\\nthan ever necessary, was rejected and depreciated.\\nXIX. The impression, caused by these measures on the public mind, was\\nuniform throughout America. The Legislature of Massachusetts, whose\\npopulation, essentially commercial, felt most severely the late restrictions,\\nwas the first to notice them. That body resolved, That the act of Parlia-\\nment relating to the sugar trade with foreign colonies, and the resolution of\\nthe House of Commons, in regard to stamp duties, and other taxes proposed\\nto be laid on the colonies, had a tendency to deprive the colonists of their\\nmost essential rights, as British subjects, and as men particularly, the right\\nof assessing their own taxes, and of being free from any impositions, but\\nsuch as they consented to, by themselves or representatives. They direct-\\ned Mr. Mauduit, their agent in London, to remonstrate against the ministe-\\nrial measures, to solicit a repeal of the sugar act, and to deprecate the impo-\\nsition of further duties and taxes on the colonies. They addressed the As- _\\nsemblies of the other provinces, requesting them to unite in a petition against\\nthe designs of the ministry, and to instruct their agents to remonstrate\\nagainst attempts so destructive to the liberty, the commerce and prosperity,\\nof the colonies. The colony of Rhode Island, proposed to the provincial\\nassemblies, to collect the sense of all the colonies, and to unite in a common\\npetition to the King and Parliament.\\nXX. All the efforts of the American colonies to stay the mad career of the\\nEnglish ministry, proved unavailing. The stamp act was passed, with slight\\nopposition, by the Commons, and unanimity by the Lords.* Dr. Franklin,\\nwho had been despatched to Europe, in November, 1764, as the agent of\\nPennsylvania, laboured earnestly to avert a measure, which his sagacity and\\nperfect knowledge of the American people, taught him was pregnant with\\ndanger, to the British empire. But, even he does not appear to have enter-\\ntained the idea, that it would be forcibly resisted. He wrote to Mr. Charles\\nThompson, The sun of liberty is set, you must light up the candles of in-\\ndustry and economy. To which Mr. Thompson replied, He was appre-\\nhensive that other lights would be the consequence. To Mr. Ingersol, the\\nagent of Connecticut, the doctor said, Go home, and tell your people to get\\nchildren as fast as they can. Intimating that the period for successful re-\\nt sistance had not yet arrived.\\n1 1\\nThe stamp act was passed on the 22d of March, 1705. It was under the conside-\\nration of ParHament, in March, of the foregoing year, but was postponed, it was said,\\nJ by the exertions of Mr. Allen, chief-justice of Pennsylvania, at, that time on a visit to\\nj London.\\ns", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nThe ministry, desirous to render the stamp act as little obnoxious as pos-\\nsible, resolved to appoint the officers of distribution and collection, from\\namong the discreet and reputable inhabitants of the provinces. But, there\\nwere no means, by which to reconcile the people to a law, every where re-\\ngarded as the forerunner of political slavery. The stamp officers, either\\nvoluntarily or compulsorily resigned their offices some were hung or buried\\nin effigy, in several of the provinces, and violent outrages were committed\\non the person and property of the deputy-governor, and other officers, at\\nBoston. William Coxe, Esq., who had been appointed stamp officer, for\\nNew Jersey, voluntarily resigned his office in September, 1765. Subse-\\nquently, upon the application of the Sons of Liberty, of East Jersey, he pub-\\nlished a copy of his letter of resignation, which had been made to the com-\\nmissioners of the treasury and declared that he had appointed no deputy,\\nand would never act under the law. Towards the end of November, a\\nnumber of the inhabitants of Salem county, learning that a Mr. John Hatton\\nwas desirous to be employed in the distribution of stamps, compelled him to\\na similar declaration.\\nOn Saturday, the 5th of October, the ship Royal Charlotte, bearing the\\nstamped papers for Jersey, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, convoyed by a\\nstoop of war, arrived at Philadelphia. As these vessels rounded Gloucester\\nPoint, all those in the harbour hoisted their colours, at half mast the bells\\nwere muffled, and every countenance assumed the semblance of affliction.\\nAt four o clock, in the afternoon, many thousand citizens assembled at the\\nstate house, to consider of the means for preventing the distribution of the\\nstamps. Their deliberations resulted in forcing Mr. Hughes, the stamp\\nofficer, most reluctantly, to decline the exercise of his office, and in securing\\nthe stamps on board his Majesty s sloop of war. Sardine.\\nXXI. The universal refusal of the colonists to submit to the stamp act,\\noccasioned the entire suspension of legal proceedings. In some of the pro-\\nvinces, however, business was speedily resumed; and in nearly all, the\\npenalties of the act were braved before its repeal. The members of the bar\\nin New Jersey, met about the middle of February, 1766, at New Bruns-\\nwick, to consider of the propriety of continuing their practice; and being\\nwaited on by a deputation of the Sorts of Liberty, who expressed their dis-\\nsatisfaction at the suspension of law proceedings, they determined, at all\\nhazards, to recommence business on the first of the ensuing April. At the\\nsame time, deputies from the same self-constituted regulators of public\\naffairs, waited on Mr. White, prothonotary of the county of Hunterdon, who\\nwas induced by their polite and energetic instances, to promise that his office\\nshould be reopened at the same period. By law, the stamp duty was to-\\ncommence on the first of November. On the previous day, the newspapers,\\ngenerally, were put in mourning for their approaching extinction the editors\\nhaving resolved to suspend their publication, until some plan should be de-\\nvised to protect them from the penalties for publishing without stamps. The\\nterm of suspension, however, was short. On the 7th of November, a simi-\\nsheet issued from the office of the Pennsylvania Gazette, without title or\\nmark of designation, headed, iVo stamped paper to be had; and on the\\n14th, another, entitled ^Remarkable Occurrences.^^ Both were in form of\\nthe gazette, which, after the 21st, was again regularly published.*\\nXXII. To interest the people of England against the measures of admin-\\nistration, associations were formed in every part of the continent, for the\\nencouragement of domestic manufactures, and against the use of those im-\\nported from Great Britain. To increase their quantity of wool, they deter-\\nPennsylvania Gazette.", "height": "3354", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 139\\nmined to kill no lambs, and to use all the means in their power, to multiply\\ntheir flocks of sheep.\\nXXIII. While this determined and systematic opposition was made by\\nthe thinking part of the community, there were some riotous and disor-\\nderly proceedings, especially in the large towns, which threatened serious\\nconsequences. Many houses were destroyed, much property injured, and\\nseveral persons, highly respectable in character and station, grossly\\nabused. These violences received no countenance from the leading mem-\\nbers of society; but it was extremely difficult to stimulate the mass of\\nthe people, to that vigorous and persevering opposition, which was deemed\\nessential to the presei vation of American liberty, and yet to restrain all those\\nexcesses, which disgrace, and often defeat, the wisest measures. In Con-\\nnecticut and New York, originated an association of persons, styling them-\\nselves the Sons of Liberty which extended into New Jersey, and other\\ncolonies; who bound themselves, among other things, to march to any part\\nof the continent, at their own expense, to support the British constitution in\\nAmerica; by which, was expressly stated to be understood, the prevention\\nof any attempt, which might any where be made, to carry the stamp act\\ninto opei ation. A corresponding committee of these sons of liberty was\\nestablished, who addressed letters to certain conspicuous characters,\\nthroughout the colonies, and contributed materially to increase the spirit\\nof opposition, and perhaps the turbulence, with which it was in some places\\nattended.*\\nXXIV. On receipt of intelligence of the passage of the stamp act, several\\nof the colonial Legislatures, of which Virginia was the first, asserted the ex-\\nclusive right of the Assemblies to lay taxes and impositions on the inhabi-\\ntants of the colonies, respectively. But the House of Representatives of\\nMassachusetts, contemplating a still more solemn and effectual expression of\\nthe general sentiment, and pursuing the suggestion of Rhode Island, recom-\\nmended a Congress of deputies from all the colonial Assemblies, to meet at\\nNew York, on the first Tuesday in October, to consult on the present cir-\\ncumstances of the colonies. Circular letters, signed by the speaker, com-\\nmunicating this recommendation, were addressed, respectively, to the speakers\\nof the Assemblies in the other provinces. Wherever the Legislatures were\\nin session, this communication was immediately acted upon.\\nIt was laid before the Assembly of New Jersey, (20th June, 1765) on the\\nlast day of the session, when the House was thin; and the members, as Go-\\nvernor Franklin asserts, determined unanimously, after deliberate consi-\\nderation, against connecting on that occasion; and directed a letter to be\\nwritten at the table, to the speaker of Massachusetts Bay, acquainting him\\nwith their determination. The House, at a subsequent session, question, but\\nMarshall s Life of Washington, vol. i.\\nt June 27th, 1766. The staternent of the Assembly is curious, and evidently betrays\\na design to make the best of a circumstance, with the remembrance of which, they\\nwere not very content. They say, This House acknowledges the letter from the\\nMassachusetts Bay that it was on the last day of the session, some members gone,\\nothers uneasy to be at their homes and do assert, that, the then speaker agreed to\\nsend, nay urged, that members should be sent to the intended Congress but changed\\nhis opinion upon some advice that was given to him; that this sudden change of his\\nopinion displeased many of the House, who seeing the matter dropped, were indif-\\nferent about it; and as no minute was made, and no further notice taken of it, the\\nHouse is at a loss to determine whence his excellency could get the information, that\\nthe House took the same into deliberate consideration,^ determined (as his excellency\\nBays, from their own words) unanimousbj against connecting on that occasioyi: they\\nhave recollected the whole transaction, carefully examined their minutes, and can\\nfind nothing like it inserted therein; an answer to the Massachusetts letter was writ-\\nten, and if the expressions his excellency mentions, were made use of, in it, this\\nHouse is at a loss to know how they are accountable for it, when it does not appear", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ndo not disprove this statement. But, this determination was so highly con-\\ndemned by tlicir constituents, that the speaker found it necessary, in order to\\navoid the indignation of the people, and to preserve the public peace, to con-\\nvene the members by circulars, at Amboy and with them to proceed to the\\nnomination of delegates to the Convention of New York, consisting of Mr.\\nRobert Ogden, the speaker, Mr. Hendrick Fisher, and Mr. Joseph Borden.\\nThis measure was severely reprehended by the governor, and was the cause\\nof an angry contention between him and the Assembly.\\nXXV. Delegates fi om the Assemblies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,\\nConnecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,\\nand South Carolina, assembled at New York at the time appointed. New\\nHampshire, Georgia, Virginia, and North Carolina were not represented;\\nbut the two former gave assurances of their disposition to unite in petitions\\nto the King and Parliament. The Assemblies of the two latter not having\\nbeen in session, since the pi oposition for a Congress had been made, had no\\nopportunity to act upon the subject.\\nThis Congress adopted a declaration of rights and grievances, upon which\\nthey founded a petition to the King and a memorial to Parliament. In these,\\nthey claimed the full privileges of English subjects, averred the plenary\\nlegislative power of the colonial Assemblies, protested against taxation by\\nParliament, and the dispensation of the trial by jury and earnestly pressed\\nupon the attention of the parent state, the burdens imposed by the stamp and\\nother acts, with the utter impossibility of continuing the execution of the\\nformer, in consequence of the drain of specie it would produce. A difference\\nof opinion prevailed upon the question, whether the petitions and memorials\\nshould be signed and transmitted by the Congress, or be sanctioned and\\nforwarded by the provincial Assemblies, as their several acts. Messrs.\\nRuggles of Massachusetts, the chairman of the Convention, and Ogden of\\nNew Jersey, believing in the propriety of the latter mode, refused to sign\\nwith the other delegates but their conduct was censured by their constitu-\\nents: and Mr. Ogden, thereupon, resigned his seat in the Assembly, which\\nwas convened by the governor, at his special instance,* that they might con-\\nsider and adopt the best mode of expressing their sense of the obnoxious\\nmeasures.^\\nXXVI. The House received from Messrs. Fisher and Borden their report\\nof the proceedings of the Congress, and, unanimously, approved thereof;\\nvoting their thanks to those gentlemen, for the faithful and judicious dis-\\ncharge of the trust reposed in them. Mr. Courtlandt Skinner, the newly\\nelected speaker, Mr. John Johnson, Mr. John Lawrence, and Mr. David\\nCooper were appointed to correspond with the agent:}: of the colony in Great\\nBritain.\\nThe House then proceeded to adopt, unanimously, the following preamble\\nand resolutions Whereas, the late act of ParHament, called the stamp act,\\nis found to be utterly subversive of privileges inherent to, and originally\\nto be ajv act of the House but reflection on this passage, satisfies the House, that his\\nexcellency has more knowledge of the contents of the letter in answer, than the mem-\\nbers of the House themselves. votes. It is impossible not to perceive that the\\nmembers of this Assembly, had not that vivid sense of evil resulting from the stamp\\nact, which was displayed in other colonies, particularly, when we consider that this\\nwas the first opportunity for expressing their sentiments, upon the odious pretensions\\nof Parliament. Upon their return to their constituents, however, the members im-\\nbibed opinions and zeal more befitting the times and hence we have additional evi-\\ndence, that, resistance to British oppression, was not produced by the efforts of a few\\nleading and aspiring men, but was the spontaneous act of a high spirited people, well\\ninstructed in their rights, and resolutely determined to maintain them.\\n*27th November, 1765. f Note A A. X Joseph Sherwood, Esq.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 141\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0secured by, grants and confirmations from the crown of Great Britain to the\\nsettlers of tliis colony in duty, therefore, to ourselves, our constituents, and\\nposterity, this House thinks it absolutely necessary, to leave the following\\nresolves on our minutes: 1. That his Majesty s subjects inhabiting this pro-\\nvince, are, from the strongest motives of duty, fidelity, and gratitude, invio-\\nlably attached to his royal person and government and have ever shown,\\najid we doubt not, ever will show, the utmost readiness and alacrity, for\\nacceding to the constitutional requisitions of the ci own, as they have been,\\nfrom time to time, made to this colony 2. That his Majesty s liege subjects\\nin this colony, are entitled to all the inherent rights and liberties of his na-\\ntural born subjects, within the kingdom of Great Britain 3. That it is, in-\\nseparably, essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted right of\\nEnglishmen, that no taxes be imposed upon them, but with their own con-\\nsent, given personally, or by their representatives 4. That the people of\\nthis colony are not, and from their remote situation cannot, be represented\\nin the Parliament of Great Britain and if the principle of taxing the colo-\\nnies without their consent, should be adopted, the people here would be sub-\\njected to the taxation of two Legislatures a grievance unprecedented, and\\nnot to be thought of, without the greatest anxiety: 5. That the only repre-\\nsentatives of the people of this colony, are persons chosen by themselves;\\nand that no taxes ever have been, or can be, imposed on them, agreeably to\\nthe constitution of this province, granted and confirmed by his Majesty s most\\ngracious predecessors, but by their own Legislature 6. That all supplies\\nbeing free gifts for the people of Great Britain to grant, to his Majesty, the\\nproperty of the people of this colony without their consent and being repre-\\nsented, would be unreasonable, and render useless legislation in this colony,\\nin the most essential point: 7. That the profits of trade arising from this\\ncolony, centering in Great Britain, eventually contribute to the supplies\\ngranted there to the crown 8. That the giving unlimited power to any sub-\\nject or subjects, to impose what taxes they please in the colonies, under the\\nmode of regulating the prices of stamped vellum, parchment, and paper, ap-\\npears, to us, unconsitutional, contrary to the rights of the subject, and, appa-\\nrently, dangerous in its consequences 9. That any incumbrance which, in\\neffect, restrains the liberty of the press in America, is an infringement of the\\nsubject s liberty 10. That the extension of the powers of the court of admi-\\nralty, within this province, beyond its ancient limits, is a violent innovation\\nof tiie right of trial by jury a right which this House, upon the principles\\nof their British ancestors, hold most dear and invaluable: 11. That, as the\\ntranquillity of this country hath been interrupted through fear of the dreadful\\nconsequences of the stamp act; that, therefore, the officers of the govern-\\nment, who go on in their offices, for the good and peace of the pi ovince, in\\nthe accustomed manner, while things are in their present unsettled situation,\\nwill, in the opinion of this House, be entitled to the countenance of the Legis-\\nlature; and it is recommended to our constituents, to use what endeavours\\nlie in their power, to preserve the peace, quiet, harmony, and good order of\\nthe government that no heats, disorders, and animosities may, in the least,\\nobstruct the united endeavours, that are now strongly engaged for the repeal-\\ning the act abovementioned, and other acts affecting the trade of the colo-\\nnies.\\nXXVII. Whilst these efforts were being made on this side of the Atlantic\\nto obtain redress for American grievances, the colonial agents, the friends of\\nfreedom and equal rights, and the merchants interested in the American\\ntrade, were not idle in Great Britain. The refusal to import her manufac-\\ntures touched her in a vital part. The great diminution of orders for goods,", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nso honourable to the self-control of the colonists, compelled a powerful class of\\ntraders to advocate liberal principles, who, under other circumstances, would\\nhave gladly sustained any policy which might have lessened their burden of\\ntaxation. Powerful as this combination certainly was, it had to contend\\nagainst the most imperious passions, the pride and avarice of the people. The\\nlofty position assumed by the Americans was intolerable. They had long\\nbeen viewed as men of an inferior race. The arrogant philosophy of Europe\\nhad placed them and the animal productions of their country, low in the scale\\nof perfectibility. By the mass of the English vulgar, they were ranked with\\nsavages and negroes. The colonies, the dependencies of Great Britain, on\\nwhich she had, for years, poured forth the scourings of her prisons, had de-\\nnied her supremacy, and refused to submit to her Parliament, hitherto deemed\\nthroughout her vast empire, politically omnipotent. With the sin of a re-\\nbellious temper, they were also charged with ingratitude. Under the pres-\\nsure of accumulated debt and heavy taxation, the English people envied the\\ndisplay of wealth by the provincialists in the late war, and forgot that its ex-\\nhibition was made in the common cause, with a generosity which had enforced\\nfrom English justice, the return of more than a million sterling. Thus sup-\\nported, the ministry which sought relief for the people, by taxing American\\nindustry, would scarcely have been driven from their purpose. But other\\ncauses transferred the government to other statesmen, whom consistency\\nrequii ed, at least, to reverse measures which they had denounced with im-\\nqualified reprobation.\\nXXVIII. Under the new ministers an inquiry was instituted into the effects\\nof the colonial policy of their predecessors. The merchants and manufac-\\nturers gave ample testimony of the paralysis in trade, whilst Dr. Franklin,\\nas the representative of America, before a committee of the whole House of\\nCommons, demonstrated the impossibility of levying the new impositions, and\\nthe consequent necessity of their repeal. The majority of Parliament was,\\nnow, divided into two parties. The larger one affirmed the right to tax the\\ncolonies, but denied the expediency of its present exercise the other, led by\\nMr. Pitt, repudiated this right, on the ground that all aids are gifls from the\\npeople, and can never be legally obtained without their assent and that this\\nassent could not be had in Parliament, since the colonists were not there\\nrepresented. A repeal on these principles, however just, according to the\\nEnglish constitution, would not have saved the pride of the nation, and would\\nhave destroyed the hopes of future revenue at the will of Parliament. Hence,\\nthe repeal of the stamp act, which took place on the eighteenth of March\\nby a vote of two hundred and seventy-five, to one hundred and sixty-seven,\\nwas accompanied by a declaration of the right of Parliament to tax America.\\nIt was followed by an act indemnifying those who had incurred penalties on\\naccount of stamp duties. The tidings of this event were received in America\\nwith joy more temperate than might have been expected from the excitement\\nof the public mind. The prudence displayed on this occasion had been ear-\\nnestly recommended by a committee of merchants in London trading with\\nAmerica, and by others friendly to American interests.\\nAt the meeting of the Assembly of New Jersey in June, 1766, Governor\\nFranklin congratulated the House on the repeal of the odious stamp act to\\nwhich, however, he had been little accessory; and whilst he lauded, with the\\nwarmth becoming a dependent of the crown, the tenderness, lenity, and\\ncondescension, the wisdom, justice, and equity, which his Majesty and the\\nParliament had manifested on this signal occasion, he carefully refrained from\\nreminding the members of the obstacles he had endeavoured to raise, to their\\naction on the case, and the severity with which he reprehended them for", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 143\\nsending delegates to the New York convention, and their approval of its pro-\\nceedings. The Assembly did not fail to use so favourable an opportunity for\\nretaliation, rendered more poignant, that the moderation of the province had\\nreceived the commendation of the ministry; but the House would have en-\\njoyed its triumph with forbearance, had not the governor, by an angry mes-\\nsage, drawn forth a severe retort.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "144 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER X.\\nComprising Events from 17G6 to 1769. I. Remaining discontents in the Colonies,\\nafter the repeal of the Stamp Act. II. Dissatisfaction in Great Britain on ac-\\ncount of the repeal American taxation again proposed in Parliament, by Mr.\\nTownsend Bill imposing Duties on Goods imported into America, passed. IV.\\nCircular Letter of Massachusetts to the other Colonies. V. Promptitude and\\nUnanimity of the Colonies produced by the Farmer s Letters. VI. Resort to\\nNon-importation Agreements. VII. The Ministry condemn the Circular Letter.\\nVIII. Menacing Resolutions of Parliament against Massachusetts The other\\nColonies approve her conduct. IX. Modified repeal of the Imposts Consequent\\nmodification of the Non-importation Agreements. X. Numerous Law Suits\\nThe People complain of the Fees of the Courts XI. Disputes between the Go-\\nvernor and the Assembly. XII. Robbery of the Treasury of East Jersey The\\nAssembly require the removal of the Treasurer He is protected by the Gover-\\nnor. XIII. Efforts of Governor Franklin to encourage the culture of Hemp,\\nFlax, and Silk. XIV. New apportionment of Members in the Province. XV.\\nTestimonial of the Northern Indians to the Justice of the Colony.\\nI. Although the joy produced by the repeal of the stamp act, was com-\\nmon to all the colonies, the same temper did not prevail in all. In the com-\\nmercial cities, the restrictions on trade excited scarce less disgust than had\\nbeen created by the stamp act itself; and in the north, political parties had\\nbeen formed, which betrayed excessive bitterness in opposition to each other.\\nThe first mea.sures of Massachu.setts and New York demonstrated that the\\nreconciliation with the colonies was not cordial.\\nWith the circular of Mr. Secretary Conway, announcing the repeal of the\\nstamp act, came a resolution of Parliament, declaring, that those persons\\nwho had suffered injury by assisting to execute that act, ought to be compen-\\nsated by the colonies, respectively, in which such injury was done. This,\\nspecially, affected Massachusetts, where compliance with the resolution was\\ntardy, reluctant, and ungracious. An act of pardon to the offenders, and of\\nindemnity to the sufferers, was, however, passed but it was rejected by the\\nKing; because the colonial Assembly had no power under their charter, to\\npass an act of general pardon, but at the instance of the crown.\\nIn New York, where General Gage was expected with a considerable\\nbody of troops, the governor required from the Legislature, compliance\\nwith the act of Parliament, called the Mutiny Act^ which directed, the\\ncolony, in which any of his Majesty s forces might be stationed, to provide\\nbarracks for them, and certain necessaries in their quarters. The Legis-\\nlature, reluctantly and partially, complied with the requisition but at a sub-\\nsequent session, when the matter was again brought before them, they deter-\\nmined, that the act of Parliament could only be construed to require neces-\\nsaries for troops on a march, and not while permanently stationed in the\\ncountry on a contrary construction, they said, the colony might be griev-\\nously burdened, by marching into it several regiments. This reason ad-\\nmits the obligation to obey the act. Yet, its requisitions were, unquestiona-\\nbly, a tax and between the power of Parliament to levy money by its own\\nauthority, and, compulsorily, through the colonial Legislatures, no essential\\ndistinction can be drawn. A like requisition was made on the Legislature\\nof New Jersey, in April, 1768, by Governor Franklin, which was fulfilled\\nwith cheerful alacrity. Such were the inaccurate ideas, which even then\\nprevailed, in parts of the continent, relative to the control which Parliament", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "fflSTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 145\\nmight justly exercise over the colonies. The contumacy of New York was\\npunished and removed by prohibiting the Legislature from passing any act,\\nuntil the requisition of the Parliament had been, in every respect, complied\\nwith.*\\nSome troops having been driven, by stress of weather, into the harbour of\\nBoston, their commander applied to Governor Bernard, for the necessary\\nand usual supplies, which were granted by consent of the council, in pur-\\nsuance of the act of Parliament. But the general court which met soon\\nafterwards, (1767) disapproved, in pointed terms, the conduct of the gover-\\nnor, declaring, that, alter the repeal of the stamp act, they were surprised\\nto find, that this act, equally odious and unconstitutional, should remain in\\nforce. They lamented the entry of the reason for the advice of council, the\\nmore, as it was an unwarrantable and unconstitutional step, which totally\\ndisabled them from testifying the same cheerfulness they had always shown,\\nin granting to his Majesty, of their free accord, such aids as his service had,\\nfrom time to time, required.\\nII. The repeal of the stamp act, however grateful to the friends of liberty,\\nto the colonists, and to the English merchants trading with them, was not\\npopular with the nation at large. The supremacy of the Parliament was\\nmaintained by the mass of the people the hope of revenue from America\\nwas too fascinating to be surrendered without further exertion and the King\\nbeheld, with high indignation, the resistance to his authority, and the political\\nprinciples which his American subjects had displayed. Moved by these con-\\nsiderations, Mr. Charles Townsend, chancellor of the exchequer, in an ad-\\nministration formed by Lord Chatham, a man of splendid and versatile ta-\\nlents, invited the attention of Parliament, again, to the subject of American\\ntaxation. He boasted, that he knew how to draw a revenue from the\\ncolonies, without giving them oifcnce, and animated by the challenge of Mr.\\nGrenville, to make his vaunting true, he proposed and carried almost unani-\\nmously, a bill imposing certain duties on tea, glass, paper, and painters\\ncolours, imported into the colonies from Great Britain the pi oceeds of which\\nwere appropriated to the support of government in America, so far as should\\nbe necessary, and the balance to be paid into the British treasury.\\nThis measure was founded in the erroneous belief, that the colonists ob-\\njected rather to the mode than to the right of taxation. But though there\\nhad been some inaccuracies in expressing their views on the statutes regu-\\nlating trade, there should have been no misapprehension of their determination\\nto resist every attempt to tax them without their consent. The bill of Mr.\\nTownsend had the unequivocal character of a revenue law, and as such was\\navowedly enacted nor were the provincialists slow to declare their sense of\\nits true character.\\nIII. Petition and remonstrance were again resorted to by the colonial\\nLegislatures. The tone, generally taken, was not so high, as in case of\\nthe stamp act but the conviction that the one was as great a violation of\\npublic liberty as the other, soon became universal.\\nThe colony of Massachusetts, in addition to her other measures, addressed\\na circular letter (11th February, 1768,) to the Assemblies of the respective\\ncolonies, stating her own proceedings to obtain redress. This was laid be-\\nfore the House of Representatives of New Jersey by the speaker, Courtland\\nSkinner, Esq., on the 16th of April, and was referred to Messrs. Borden,\\nJ. Lawrence, and R. Lawrence, with instructions to draught an answer\\nthereto. The answer, signed by the speaker, remarks, sensible that the\\nlaw you complain of is a subject in which every colony is interested, the\\nMarshall.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "146 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nHouse of Representatives readily perceived the necessity of an immediate ap-\\nplication to the King, and that it should correspond with those of the other\\ncolonies but as they have not had an opportunity of knowing the sentiments\\nof any other colony, but that of the Massachusetls Bay, they have endea-\\nvoured to conform themselves to the mode adopted by you. They have\\ntherefore given instruction to their agent, and enjoined his attention on the\\nsubject of their petition. And it concluded, the House have directed me\\nto assure you, that they are desirous to keep up a correspondence with\\nyou, and to unite with the colonies if necessary, in further supplications\\nto his Majesty, to relieve his distressed American subjects. Pursuant to\\nthese sentiments, the House, May 7th, 1768, adopted a petition to his Ma-\\njesty, in which, after recounting the perils and labours of the primitive\\nsettlers, they declared, that the subjects thus emigrating brought with them,\\nas inherent in their persons, all the rights and liberties of natural born sub-\\njects within the parent state. In consequence of these, a government was\\nformed under which they have been constantly exercised and enjoyed by the\\ninhabitants, and repeatedly and solemnly recognised and confirmed by your\\nroyal predecessors, and the Legislature of Great Britain.\\nOne of these rights and privileges vested in the people of this colony, is\\nthe privilege of being exempt from any taxations, but such as are imposed on\\nthem by themselves, or by their representatives and this they esteem so in-\\nvaluable, that they are fully persuaded, no other can exist without it.\\nThen, after recalling to the remembrance of their sovereign, their past\\npromptitude in furnishing all necessary supplies required from them, and their\\ndisposition for the future, to evince their unfeigned affection for his Majesty s\\nperson, their distinguished duty to his government, and their inflexible reso-\\nlution to maintain his authority and defend his dominions, they proceed;\\nPenetrated with these sentiments, this, your people, with the utmost con-\\ncern and anxiety observe, that duties have lately been imposed upon them by\\nParliament, for the sole and express purposes of raising a revenue. This is\\na taxation upon them from which they concieve they ought to be protected,\\nby the acknowledged principles of the constitution: that freemen cannot be\\nlegally taxed but by themselves or by their representatives and that they are\\nrepresented in Parliament they not only cannot allow, but are convinced from\\ntheir local circumstances they never can be.\\nVery far is it from our intention, to deny our subordination to that au-\\ngust body, or our dependence on the kingdom of Great Britain in these con-\\nnections, and in the settlement of our liberties under the auspicious influence\\nof your royal House, we know our happiness consists, and therefore, to con-\\nfirm those connexions and to strengthen this settlement, is at once our interest,\\nduty, and delight. Nor do we apprehend, that it lies within our power by\\nany means more eflectually, to promote these great purposes, than by zeal-\\nously striving to preserve in perfect vigour, those sacred rights and liberties,\\nunder the inspiriting sanction of which, inconceivable difficulties and dangers\\nopposing, this colony has been rescued from the rudest state of nature, con-\\nverted into a populous, flourishing, and valuable territory; and has contributed\\nin a very considerable degree, to the welfare of Great Britain.\\nMost gracious sovereign, the incessant exertions of your truly royal\\ncares, to procure your people a prosperity equal to your love of them, en-\\ncourage us, with all humility, to prav, that, your Majesty s clemency will be\\ngraciously pleased to take into consideration our unhappy circumstances, and\\nto afford us such relief, as your Majesty s wisdom shall judge to be most\\nproper.\\nIV. The Legislature of Massachusetts, which convened early in January,\\n1768, addressed remonstrances to the King, to Parliament, and to the minis-", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 147\\nters, and a circular letter to the several colonies. The latter contained an\\nexposition of the subject of their remonstrances, a recapitulation of the argu-\\nments urged against the stamp act, and declared the taxes lately imposed, to\\nbe inequitable, because exacting a duty upon the importation into America,\\non British manufactures, in addition to that paid on exportation from Eng-\\nland and that, the proposed disbursements of the revenue, in the payment of\\nthe salaries of the governors and judges appointed by the crown, had a ten-\\ndency to subvert the jjrinciples of equity, and to endanger the happiness and\\nsecurity of the sidjject.\\nV. The promptitude and unanimity of the colonies, generally, on this oc-\\ncasion, has been, with great justice, ascribed to the judicious and eloquent\\nessays of Mr. John Dickerson, published as Letters from a Farmer in\\nPennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British colonies. These papers, in\\nwhich the rights of the colonists were ably maintained, were republished in\\nevery colony and the people of Boston, and other towns, in town meeting,\\nvoted a letter of thanks to their patriotic, enlightened, and noble spirited\\nauthor.\\nVI. In their controversy upon the stamp act, the colonists found their\\nmost effectual weapon in their non-importation agreements. Recourse was\\nagain had to them. But as New Jersey had little direct commerce, of im-\\nportation, she could not express her sense of injury, adequately, by this\\nmode but she was not precluded from giving to her commercial neighbours\\nthe stimulus of her approbation. Accordingly, in the October session of\\n1769, her Legislature resolved unanimously, That the thanks of the House\\nbe given to the merchants and traders of this colony, and of the colonies of\\nNew York and Pennsylvania, for their disinterested and public spirited con-\\nduct, in withholding their importations of British merchandise, until certain\\nacts of Parliament, laying restrictions on American commerce, for the ex-\\npress purpose of raising a revenue in America, be repealed.\\nEfforts being made in Rhode Island, to break through the non-importation\\nagreement, the freeholders, merchants and traders, of the county of Essex,\\nconvened at Elizabethtown, on the 5th of June, 1770, and resolved, that\\nsuch agreement was founded on the truest policy, and was a legal and con-\\nstitutional method of discovering their sense of the acts of Parliament, for\\nraising a revenue in the colonies; and therefore should be firmly adhered to,\\nuntil such acts were repealed That they would not themselves, or by others,\\nreceive, purchase, sell, or otherwise use, any of the manufactures or mer-\\nchandise, imported from Great Britain, contrary to the agreement; and that,\\nthey would not trade, nor have any commercial intercourse, with such pei*-\\nsons, who should import goods or cause them to be imported, or with any\\nperson, who shall purchase goods so imported but would use every lawful\\nmeans, to hinder the sale of such goods, in any way whatever That they\\nhighly approved the spirited behaviour of their JBoston, New York, and Phi-\\nladelphia brethren, in renouncing all commerce and intercourse with the\\ntraders and inhabitants of Newport, in Rhode Island, who had perfidiously\\ndeserted them in this struggle and that they would observe the same rules\\nof conduct they had so properly adopted, with respect to the traders and in-\\nhabitants of Newport. And at a meeting held at the same place, on the 16th\\nof July, when having learned, that the merchants and traders of the city of\\nNew York, had lately thought proper, contrary to their own agreement, and\\nin violation of their public faith, to break through the only measure that\\ncould have obtained redress, they declared that the signers to the late non-im-\\nportation agreement, at New York, had perfidiously betrayed the common\\ncause, deserted their countrymen, in their united struggles for the removal of\\nministerial oppression; and that every person who, contrary to the non-", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nimportation agreement, shall import, ought, by the friends of their country,\\nto be treated, not only in like manner, as they themselves set the example,\\nin the late case of the merchants and traders of Newport, but be held in the\\nutmost contempt by all the friends of liberty, and treated as enemies to their\\ncountry: And that they would strictly adhere to their resolutions, adopted\\nat a former meeting. The conduct of the New York importers was con-\\ndemned by the inhabitants of Woodbridge, and New Brunswick, and other\\nplaces, in terms still more energetic. Some of these importers, ventur-\\ning, soon after, to New Brunswick and Woodbridge, with their goods, were\\nseverely handled by the populace.\\nVII. On the first intimation of the measures taken by Massachusetts, the\\nEarl of Hillsborough, who, about the close of the year 1767, had been appoint-\\ned to the then newly created office of Secretary of State, for the department\\nof the colonies, addressed a circular letter to the several governors, to be laid\\nbefore the Assemblies, in vt hich he treated the circular of Massachusetts,\\nas of the most dangerous and factious tendency, calculated to inflame the\\nminds of his Majesty s good subjects in the colonies to promote an un-\\nwarrantable combination, to excite and encourage an open opposition to, and\\ndenial of, the authority of Parliament and to subvert the true principles of\\nthe constitution and he endeavoured to prevail upon them to treat with re-\\nsentment, such an unjustifiable attempt to revive thos-c distractions, which\\nhad operated so fatally to the prejudice of the colonies, and of the mother\\ncountry but in any event, not to take part with Massachusetts, by approv-\\ning such proceedings. Instructions accompanied this letter, to dissolve\\nsuch Assemblies as should refuse to comply with its recommendation. It\\ndoes not appear, that the Assembly of New Jersey took any order upon the\\ncircular of Massachusetts. But other colonies declared, that they could not\\nconsider as an unwarrantnble combination, a concert of measures to give\\nefficacy to their representations, in support of principles essential to the Bri-\\ntish constitution.*\\nThis circular of Massachusetts, together with the violent proceedings\\nwhich were subsequently had in that colony, were the cause of joint resolu-\\ntions of both Houses of Parliament, condemning in the strongest terms, the\\nmeasures pursued by the Americans. An address was agreed upon, approving\\nthe conduct of the crown, giving assurances of effectual support to such\\nfurther measures as should be found necessary to maintain the civil magis-\\ntrates in a due execution of the laws within the province of Massachusetts\\nBay; and beseeching his Majesty, to direct the governor of that colony, to\\nobtain and transmit to him, information of all treasons committed therein,\\nsince the year 1767, with the names of the persons who had been most\\nactive in promoting such offences, that prosecutions might be instituted\\nagainst them, within the realm, in pursuance of the statute of the 35th of\\nHenry VIII. t\\nVIII. The impression made by these menaces, directed specially against\\nMassachusetts Bay, in expectation that the other provinces would be, thereby,\\ndeterred from involving themselves in her dangers, was very unfavourable to\\nthe views of the mother country. The resolution to resist the exercise of\\nthe authority claimed by her, was not only unshaken, but manifested itself\\nin a still more determined form. The Assembly of Virginia, soon after the\\nreceipt of these resolutions, asserted, unanimously, the exclusive right of that\\nAssembly to impose taxes on their constituents, and their undoubted privi-\\nlege to petition for redress of grievances, and to obtain the concurrence of\\nthe other colonies in such petitions. Alluding particularly to the joint ad-\\nMarshall. t Ibid.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 149\\ndress of the two Houses of Parliament to the King, they also resolved, that\\nall persons charged with the commission of any otience, within that colony,\\nwere entitled to a trial before the tribunals, of the country, according to the\\nfixed and known course of proceedings therein; and that to seize such per-\\nsons, and transport them beyond seas for trial, derogated, in a high degree,\\nfrom the rights of British subjects as, thereby, the inestimable privilege of\\nbeing tried by a jury, from the vicinage, as well as the liberty of summon-\\ning and producing witnesses, in such trial, would be taken from the party\\naccused. This last resolution was also adopted, in terms, by the Assembly\\nof New Jersey.*\\nIX. Notwithstanding these sti ong measures on the part of Parliament, the\\nmass of the English trading population, feeling, severely, the consequences\\nof the non-importation agreement, strongly urged the abrogation of the new\\nduties. And the ministry, affected by the commercial distress, were desirous\\nto give relief, but were resolute to maintain the parliamentary right to tax\\nthe colonies.\\nWith criminal weakness they adopted a middle course, remarkable for the\\nignorance it displays of the state of the public mind, and the nature of the\\npublic character, in America. The earnest remonstrances and prompt and\\nenergetic resistance of the colonies, had failed to convince them, that the\\nassertion of the right, and not the amount of duty levied, was the true source\\nof complaint. The ministers persisted in believing that a reduction of the\\ntax would restore tranquillity. Under this delusion, assurances were given,\\nin 1769, that five-sixths of the taxes imposed in 1767, should be repealed:\\nand, in 1770, the whole were abolished.\\nAdhering strictly to their principles, the colonists modified their non-im-\\nportation agreements, to opei ate on tea alone. This they were better ena-\\nbled to do, as that article could be obtained from continental Europe, by\\nsmuggling, in sufficient quantities, and at less price, than if regularly im-\\nported from Great Britain. The anticipation of revenue, by continuance of\\nthe impost act, was, therefore, vain and its preservation on the statute book,\\nserved but to keep the jealousies and fears of the provinces in constant acti-\\nvity, and to familiarize the people with opposition to a power, which like the\\nsword of Damocles, threatened, momentarily, their destruction.\\nIn some of the colonies the non-importation agreements were partially vio-\\nlated; but, in the greater part, they were religiously observed. By the reve-\\nnue act, in its modified form, their rights were exposed to violation, yet their\\npreservation depended on themselves since, whilst no dutiable commodity\\nwas purchased, no duty was paid and whilst this commodity was, other-\\nwise, cheaply procured, no privation was sustained. Hence, a state of poli-\\ntical quiet ensued the repealing act of 1770. The ministry seemed disposed\\nto avoid further aggression, and the Americans, generally, ceased to remon-\\nstrate and complain although they continued to watch, with lynx-eyed vigi-\\nlance, every movement of the British government, and to discuss, publicly\\nand privately, the value of the union between the colonies and the parent\\nstate.\\nX. The period of four years, which succeeded the modification of the\\nrevenue act, contains few incidents of historical interest. The late war, by\\nthe great expenditure of money, and consumption of agricultural products,\\nhad caused an extraordinary appearance of prosperity in New Jersey, as in\\nother colonies. A ready market and advanced price for grain, increased\\nthe value of lands, and seduced the enterprising into improvident purchases.\\nThe causes of this excited state ceasing with the peace, great depression\\nDecember 6th, 1769.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "150 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof prices, and contraction of business, ensued. Debtors were unable to pay\\nbankruptcies and suits at law wore numerous, and the prosecuting creditor\\nand his attorney became odious to the debtor and his sympathizing friends.\\nIn popular distress, as amid aiws, the laws are silent. In January, 1770,\\nmany citizens of Monmouth county, assembled at Freehold, on the stated\\nday for holding the county court, and violently deterred the judges from exe-\\ncuting their office; compelling them to return to their respective homes; and\\na similar riot, in Essex, was suppressed, only, by the spirited conduct of the\\nsheriffs, magistrates, and the better disposed inhabitants. The cause alleged\\nfor these unwarrantable proceedings, was oppression by the lawyers, in their\\nexorbitant charges for costs. The governor, by the advice of his council,\\nissued a special commission for the trial of the offenders, adding to the jus-\\ntices of the Supreme Court, some gentlemen of distinguished character. In\\nEssex, the rioters were immediately tried, convicted, and punished; but, in\\nMonmouth, they were screened from chastisement, by the sympathy of their\\nfellow-citizens. The Assembly was specially convened as well to receive\\nand continue legal process, which had abated by the lapse of a term, as to\\nprovide additional means for the preservation of the public peace. And whilst\\neffecting these objects, they inquired strictly into the allegations against the\\nlawyers, acquitting them of extortion, but providing by law against exces-\\nsive costs, in the recovery of debts under fifty pounds. In suppressing these\\nseditions Mr. Richard Stockton was highly instrumental, supporting with\\ndignity the authority of government, and mildly assuaging the temper of the\\npeople.\\nXI. In the intercourse between Governor Franklin and the Assembly,\\nconsiderable harmony prevailed. But, occasionally, differences of opinion\\nled to intemperate altercation. Thus, a war of words grew out of the appli-\\ncation of the officers of the King s troops, for supplies and accommodations\\ngreater than the House was disposed to grant. For, although the statesmen\\nof New Jersey did not take the high ground of Massachusetts, upon this sub-\\nject, they were reluctant to expend any thing more than the strictest con-\\nstruction of the act of Parliament required. A lengthened discussion was\\nfinally terminated by mutual concession. But another dispute soon after\\narose, on the application of the Assembly, for the removal of the treasui er of\\nthe eastern division of the province. With singular policy, a treasurer was\\nretained and located in each of the ancient divisions of the colony and by\\npolicy not less singular, they were appointed by the governor, gave no secu-\\nrity for the faithful performance of their duties, but were responsible to, and\\nalways accounted with, the Assembly.\\nXII. Mr. Stephen Skinner was treasurer of East Jersey, and resident at\\nPerth Amboy. On the night of the 21st of July, 1768, his house was broken\\nopen, and the iron chest in which he kept the provincial funds, was robbed of ji\\nsixty-six hundred pounds, chiefly in bills of credit. The character of the^\\ntreasurer was fair, and his statement of circumstances was received without\\ninquiry, during two years; when no clue being discovered to the robbery,\\nthe Assembly, October, 1770, directed an investigation, and came to the\\nconclusion, that the loss was occasioned by the want of that care, which was\\nnecessary to the safe keeping of the money; and that the treasurer ought\\nnot to be allowed therefor in his accounts. But no further steps were\\ntaken in this matter, until September, 1772; when, the treasurer remon-\\nstrating against this vote, the then House approved the sentiment of its pre-\\ndecessor, and invited the governor to join them in some method to compel\\nthe treasurer to account for the sum, said to be stolen.\\nThe committee, addressing his excellency, complained, that though the\\ntreasurer did not apprehend himself accountable for that sum to the public,", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 151\\nas in the treasury, he was still continued in office, the public money still de-\\npended on his care, and nothing had been done to recover the deficiency.\\nNotwithstanding this broad intimation, th(? governor insisted, that if the\\nHouse desired the removal of the treasurer,%iey should tell him so, in plain\\nterms. He reproached them for their insinuation of neglected duty, and re-\\ntorted the charge, averring, that for several years, they had taken no order\\non the matter. The Assembly, thus urged, now left the governor no cause\\nto doubt their wishes, and closed a long argumentative reply, with humbly\\nrequestmg his excellency, that he would be pleased to remove the treasurer\\nfrom his oHice, appoint some other person therein, and unite with them in\\npassmg a law, authorizing the treasurer, so appointed, to commence suit for\\nthe deficiency against his predecessor. The governor did not object to a\\nsuit for determining the liability of the officer and a committee of the coun-\\ncil, in conference with one from the Assembly, proposed to file an informa-\\ntion against the treasurer; but the House rejected the mode, alleging, that a\\ncriminal prosecution would not attain their object. On the other hand, the\\ngovernor refused to commit the injustice of removing a public officer, who,\\nthough unfortunate, had not been convicted of malfeasance and whose con-\\nduct and character the Assembly, after examination, had declared unim-\\npeached. He pleaded, also, a royal instruction, forbidding him to displace\\nany officer or minister, in the province, without sufficient cause, to be signified\\nto the king; an instruction, he said, wisely calculated to guard against that\\narbitrary, despotic temper, which sometimes actuated governors, as well as\\nthat levelling, democratic disposition, whicli too often prevails in popular\\nassemblies.*\\nThis was a subject of angry discussion, between the governor and As-\\n^sembly, for nearly two years longer; in which the former was encouraged,\\nby the discovery of a gang of counterfeiters and forgers, one of whom, it\\nwas probable, from the evidence of his accomplices, had perpetrated the rob-\\nbery of the treasury. At length, the treasurer, who had repeatedly, but in\\nvain, prayed the Assembly to cause a suit to be instituted against him, re-\\nsigned his commission; and an act was passed by the Legislature, directing\\nMay we not here properly remark, that a clause in our republican constitutions,\\nprohibiting the removal of public officers, without good and sufficient cause, would pro-\\ntect useful public servants against the arbitrary and despotic temper, which some-\\ntimes actuates governors and presidents, as well as that capricious disposition and\\nprescriptive spint of party, which too often prevails in popular assemblies? Officers\\not state are created for the service of the people, as the state itself is constituted for\\ntl^ir benefit. The mdividual emolument which arises from the maintenance of the\\nofficer, is an accident, not the object, of the creation. Yet, a fatal misconstruction of\\nthe maxim, that offices are created for the people, has been so widely spread throuffh-\\nout our republics, as to threaten their safety and duration. Leaders of parties, in hth\\nstations, proclaim rotation in office; to be republican; tliat all citizens are entitled\\nto participate in official emoluments, and are competent to the performance of of-\\nhcial duties Such doctrines have a demorahzing effijct, tendino- to discourage\\nindustry, and to create numerous anxious, idle, venal, e.-pectants of office Their\\nabsurdity becomes apparent, by following them out to their proper results. Even\\nIt we limit the position, by saying, that all men duly qualified, are entitled to\\nparticipate in official emoluments, it will be obvious that an attempt to reduce it to\\npractice, however impossible, would produce a change every hour, in every office of\\nthe country The true principle is, that public officers are agents of the people, to\\nbe appointed, directly or indn-ectly, by the people, as they shall in their wisdom deter-\\nmine; and should be changed, only, when the public interests require. Like other agents\\nthey should receive a moderate, but just, compensation for their services, with the\\nassurance of Its contmuance, whilst those services are, faithfully, rendered. Towards\\ntheir public servants, the whole people, the state, should pursue the course whLh\\neach mdividual possessing common sense, adopts in his own affiiirs. No prudent man\\ndischarges a competent, experienced and faithful servant, to receive others in quick\\nZZ ^Z ^Yt ^TIT- ^^^y wages, and whose cap acity\\nfor service is to be acquired at his expense. i J", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "152 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nhis successor to sue lor the balance. One good effect resuhing from this\\ncontest, was the requisition on future treasurers, to give adequate security to\\nthe province for the faithful disbursement of public moneys.*\\nXIII. Governor Franklin sceims to have been truly solicitous to promote\\nthe welfare of the colony, by increasing its- agricultural and commei cial pro-\\nducts. At his instances, which in the present season of political quiet, he\\nearnestly renewed, the Assembly established bounties for the growth of\\nhemp, flax and silk considerable efforts were made to diffuse the culture of\\nthe mulberry tree, and had not this simple branch of industry been prostrated\\nby the war, silk would soon have become a staple commodity of the country.\\nAt the suggestion of the governor, also, means were taken by the Assembly,\\nto obtain a tlill census, and statistical account of the province; but these\\nwere rendered ineffective by the scenes of political disquiet which soon\\nafter arose,\\nXIV. Previous to the year 1772, the House of Representatives consisted\\nof twenty members. The cities of Perth Amboy and Burlington, and the\\ncovmties of Middlesex, Essex, Somerset, Bergen, Gloucester, and Cape May,\\neach sending two representatives, whilst Salem and Cumberland jointly, sent\\nonly two, and Hunterdon, Morris, and Sussex jointly, the same number.\\nBut in that year, an act of Assembly for increasing the number of represen-\\ntatives, had been approved by the King, and seems to have been a cause of\\ngratulation between the governor and Assembly. By this act, each county\\nwas entitled to two representatives, and the whole number was increased\\nto thirty. The representation which appears to have been based upon ter-\\nritorial divisions, merely, without regard to the essential principle of popu-\\nlation, was, thus, continued upon an erroneous basis, and has not been fully\\ncorrected, even at the present day.\\nXV. Governor Franklin, on the part of the province, contrary to the policy\\nwhich it had hitherto pursued, attended two conferences with the northern\\nIndians. The first was in 1769, at Fort Stanwix, at which he was accom-\\npanied by the chief justice and where the Six Nations having agreed upon\\na general boundary line, between them and the northern colonies, (the object\\nof the meeting) publicly acknowledged the repeated instances of the justice of\\nthe province, in bringing murderers to condign punishment and declared that\\nthey had no claim, whatever, upon the province, and in the most solemn man-\\nner conferred upon the government of New Jersey, the distinguishing name\\nof Sagorighuiiyogstha, or the great arbiter, or doer of Justice.\\nSee note B B.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 153\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nComprising- Events from the year 1773, to 177G. I. Committees of Correspondence\\nestablished in tiie several Colonies. II. The British Ministry encourage the ship-\\nment of Teas to America, by the East India Company. III. Alarm of the Colo-\\nnists Consignees of tlie India Company compened to forego their appointments.\\nIV. Measures pursued in New Jersey. V. Reception of the Tea in America.\\nVI. Indignation of the King and Parliament. VII. Violent measures adopted\\nagainst Boston. VIII. Alarming Act of Parliament, relative to the Provincial\\nGovernment of Canada. IX. Proceedings of the Inhabitants of Boston General\\ncommiseration of their fate. X. New Jersey appoints Members to Congress.\\nXI. Congress assemble at Philadelphia Their proceedings. XII. The Assembly\\nof New Jersey approve the Proceedino-s of Congress, and appoint Delegates to\\nthe next Convention Instructions. XIll. The Provincial Governors instructed\\nto impede the Union of the Colonies Efforts of Governor Franklin. XIV. Reply\\nof the House. XV. Rejoinder of the Governor Address of the Council. XVI.\\nThe Assembly petition the King. XVII. Reception of the Proceedings of Con-\\ngress ill London. XVIII. Proceedings of Parliament Conciliatory Propositions\\nof Lord North. XIX. Sense of New Jersey upon this proposition. XX. State of\\ntile Dispute with England. XXI. Second New Jersey Convention called En-\\ncourages Political Associations Organizes the Militia, and provides funds. XXII.\\nMeijting of Congress at Philadelphia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Its Measures. XXIII. Appointment of\\nCommander-in-Chief and subordinate Generals, XXIV. Congress again petition\\nthe King\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ungracious reception of the petition. XXV Address their fellow-\\nsubjects of Ireland, c. XXVI. New Jersey Convention re-assembles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Proceed-\\nings Provision for the continuance of a Provincial Congress Committee of Safety\\nappointed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XXVII. Meeting of the Assembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Address of Governor Franklin-\\nHe claims assurance of protection for himself and others, the King s officers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nXXVIII. Reply of the Assembly.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XXIX. Act authorizing the issue of Bills of\\nCredit, for \u00c2\u00a3100,000, approved by the King.\\nI. It is not our purpose to detail all the remote causes and immediate mo-\\nlives that led to the revokition, which dissolved the connexion between Great\\nBritain and her North American colonies; but to k P such a connected\\nnarrative of circumstances pertaining to that grc^ event, as will enable us\\nto exhibit the part which New Jersey bore in th- contest. We do not, there-\\nfore, enter upon the various causes of dissatisP-tion in Massachusetts, and the\\nmeasures resulting therefrom, which prese- ^d there a spn-it of opposition to\\nthe crown, whilst a general calm was el-^^here pervading the continent. It\\nmay be proper, however, to note, that n-om the commencement of the con-\\ntest, Massachusetts was particular! solicitous of uniting all the colonies in\\none .system of measures. In pr =5i-iance of this object, she devised the plan\\nof electing committees in the --veral towns for the purpose of corresponding\\nwith each other, and with ^*i^ colonies, which was adopted by the\\nother provinces. The Aonour of originating the Legislative committees of\\ncorrespondence in the several colonies, which after vvards became so essen-\\ntially useful, is claimed, by Mr. Jeflerson, for Virginia.\\nII. The general state of quiet which had been induced by the prudence of\\nthe European and American parties, the one forbearing to ship, and the oilier\\nto order teas, was, after three years continuance, terminated by the impolitic\\navarice of the British ministry. The East India company, the mo.st daring,\\nambitious, and .successful of commercial associations, had became embarrassed\\nby lavish expcndilurc, the peculations of their servants, and the diminution\\nof their trade in consequence of the American quarrel. Applying to the\\ngovernment for assistance, they propo.sed, that the duty of three pence per\\npound, payable on teas imported into the colonies, should be abolished, and", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthat six cents per pound should be imposed on the exportation. This fa-\\nvourable and honourable mode of removing the occasion for dispute between\\nthe parent and her offspring was, we cannot, now, say, unfortunately, rejected\\nby the administration; who, as if by extraordinary stimulus to accelertite the\\ncoming contest, proposed and carried a bill authorizing the company to ex-\\nport their teas altogether free of duty. Lord North, says the English histo-\\nrian, recommended this measure to Parliament with a twofold view to\\nrelieve the India Company and to improve the revenue. The latter was to\\nbe accomplished by tempting the Americans to purchase large quantities of\\nteas at a low price. But the Company would not venture to ship, until\\nassured by the ministry, that in no event they should suffer loss.\\nIII. The export of tea to America, under these circumstances, was, in\\nitself, sufficient to arouse opposition. But the occasion was eagerly seized\\nby those whose interests would be promoted by popular resistance. Mer-\\nchants in England, whose profits were endangered by this operation of the\\nIndia Company, and cis-atlantic smugglers, whose trade was threatened\\nwith extinction, laboured with the patriot, to convince the people of the im-\\nmutable determination of the parent state to tax the colonies and for that\\npurpose, to compel the sale of the tea, in despite of the solemn resolutions,\\nand oft declared sense of the inhabitants. The cry of endangered liberty\\nwas again heard from New Hampshire to Georgia. Town meetings wei-e\\nheld in the capitals of the different provinces, and combinations formed to\\nobstruct the sale of the fatal weed. The consignees of the Company were,\\ngenerally, compelled to relinquish their appointments, and substitutes could\\nnot be procured.\\nIV. The most determined spirit of resistance displayed itself, in New\\nJersey, upon the first favourable opportunity. On the eighth of February,\\n1774, the Assembly, on the proposition of Virginia, appointed from its mem-\\nbers, a standing committee of correspondence,* whom they instwcted to\\nobtain the most early and authentic intelligence of all the acts and reso-\\nlutions of the Parlia\u00c2\u00bbTient of Great Britain, or the proceedings of the adminis-\\ntration, which might ^iTect the liberties and privileges of his Majesty s sub-\\njects, in the British colo^jes of America to maintain a correspondence with\\nthe sister colonies, respecting tiigg,. important considerations, and to inform\\nthe speakers of the several c^ti^d^tal Assemblies of this resolution, request-\\ning, that, they would submit theu j^ their several Houses. They gave thanks,\\nalso, to the burgesses of Virginia,^^^. their early attention to the liberties of\\nAmerica.\\nV. On the approach of the tea shi^ destined for Philadelphia, the pilots\\nin the Delaware were warned not to coM^^^t them into harbour; and their\\ncaptains, apprized of the temper of the people ^i^gj^ij^g it unsafe to land their\\ncargoes, consented to return without making i^ g^^try at the custom house;\\nthe owners of goods, on board, cheerfully submit^CT to the inconvenience of\\nhaving their merchandise sent back to Great Britan^ The captains of ves-\\nsels addressed to New York, wisely, adopted the same resolution. The tea\\nsent to Charleston was landed and stored, but not offered for sale and being\\nplaced in damp cellars, became rotten, and was entirely lost. The ships de-\\nsignated for Boston entered that port, but before the tea could be landed, a\\nnumber of colonists, disguised as Indians, pursuont to a concerted plan,\\nentered the vessels, and without doing other damage, broke open three hun-\\ndred and forty-two chests, and emptied their contents into the sea. Such\\nConsisting of James Kinsey, Stephen Crane, Hendrick Fisher, Samuel Tucker,\\nJohn Wetheriil, Robert Friend Price, John Hinchman, John Mehelm, and Edward\\nTaylor.\\nJ", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 155\\nwas the union of sentiment among the people, and so systematic their oppo-\\nsition, that not a single chest of the cargoes, sent out by the East India\\nCompany, was sold lor their benefit.\\nVI. The conduct of the colonists, generally, in relation to the tea ships, and,\\nespecially, the daring trespass at Boston, gave great umbrage to the King.\\nIn his message to Parliament, he characterized the colonial proceedings as\\nobstructing the commerce of Great Britain, and subversive of her constitu-\\ntion. High and general indignation was excited in that body. His Ma-\\njesty s measures wci-e almost unanimously approved, and pledges were given\\nto secure the due execution of the laws, and the dependence of the colonies.\\nTo maintain that dependence, the whole nation seemed disposed to approve\\nand support the severest measures of the ministry. All consideration for the\\njust rights of the colonists, was lost in the desire to punish their audacity\\nand, for the moment, the patriot forgot his principles, and the merchant his\\ninterest, whilst fired with indignation at the bold resistance to the will of the\\nparent state.\\nVII. Upon Massachusetts the vials of wrath were first poured out. Before\\nthe magnitude of her guilt the offences of other colonies became insignificant.\\nBy one act of Parliament the port of Boston was closed, and the custom\\nhouse and its dependencies ti-ansferred to the town of Salem, until compen-\\nsation should be made to the East India Company, and until the King in\\ncouncil, should be satisfied of the restoration of peace and good order in the\\ntown of Boston By another act, the charter of Massachusetts was subvert-\\ned; the nomination of counsellors, magistrates, and other officers, being\\nvested in the crown, during the royal pleasure By a third, persons indicted\\nin that province, for any capital ofl ence, if an allegation were made on\\noath to the governor, that such offt-nce had been committed, in aid of the\\nmagistracy in the suppression of I iots, and that a fair trial could not be had\\nin the province, might be sent to any other colony, or to Great Britain, for\\ntrial. A bill was also passed for quartering soldiers upon the inhabitants.\\nBut these penal bills wei-e not wholly unopposed, in either house of Parlia-\\nment; in the Lords, the minority entered their protest against each.\\nVIII. An act passed simultaneously with the foregoing, making more\\neffectual provision for the government of the province of Quebec, excited as\\nmuch indignation and more dread among the colonies, than the severe mea-\\nsures against Massachusetts. The latter might be palliated as the result of\\nindignation, violent, but not causeless; while the former, vesting the legisla-\\ntive power in a council dependent on the crown, and subjecting the whole\\nrevenue to the King s disposal, bore strong indications of the resolution of the\\nministry to take from the colonies, generally, the right of self-government.\\nHad sympathy failed to unite the other provinces to the fate of Massachusetts,\\nregard to their common safety, so openly threatened, would have rendered\\ntheir union indissoluble. Both were intensely felt.\\nIX. The inhabitants of Boston had foreseen the present crisis, and they\\nmet it with undaunted spirit. Information of the passage of the port act was\\nreceived on the tenth of May, and on the thirteenth, the town resolved, that\\nif the other colonies would unite with them to stop all importations from\\nGreat Britain and the West Indies, until that act should be repealed, it would\\nprove the salvation of North America and her liberties but should they con-\\ntinue their exports and imports, there was reason to fear that fraud, power,\\nand the most odious oppression, would triumph over justice, right, social hap-\\npiness, and freedom. A copy of this resolution was transmitted to the other\\ncolonies, the inhabitants of which expressed deep sympathy in the sufferings\\n7th March, 1774.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "156 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof their brethren in Boston, endured in the common cause and concurring\\nin opinion with them on the propriety of convening a provincial Conoress,\\ndelegates for that purpose were gcnRrally chosen.\\nThroughout the continent, the first of June, the day on which the Boston\\nport act was to take etlect, on the resolution of the Assembly of Virginia,\\nwas adopted as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer, to implore the\\ndivuie uitcrposition to avert ihe heavy calamity which threatened destruc-\\ntion to their civil rights, and llie evils of civil war, and to give one heart and\\none mind to the people, firmly to oppose every invasion of their liberties.\\nX. Early in the month of July, the inhabitants of the several counties of\\nNew Jersey, assembled at their respective county towns, and adopted reso-\\nlutions strongly disapprobatory of the course of the ministry and of the late\\nacts of Parliament, closing the port of Boston, invading the charter rights of\\nthe province of Massachusetts, subjecting supposed otienders to trial in other\\ncolonies and in Great Britain, and sending an armed force to carry these in-\\njurious measures into effect. They nominated deputies, to meet in conven-\\ntion, for the purpose of electing delegates to the general Congress, about to\\nconvene at Philadelphia. The Convention, consisting of sevejity-two mem-\\nbers, selected from the most intelligent and respectable citizens of the colony,\\namong whom were many members of Assembly, met at New Brunswick on\\nthe twenty-first of July, 1774; and choosing Stephen Crane, chairman, and\\nJonathan D. Sergeant, clerk, proceeded to reiterate the sentiments of their\\nconstituents, and to nominate James Kinscy,* William Livingston, John De\\nHart, Stephen Crane, and Richard Smith to represent them in\u00c2\u00b0Congress, and\\nthe following gentlemen as a standing committee of correspondenceif Wil-\\nliam Pcartree Smith, John Chetwood, Isaac Ogdcn, Joseph Borden, Robert\\nKinsey left Congress in Noveml^er, 1775, refusing to take the republican oath of\\nallegiance.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 JoMjTMiZ of Congress, 2d Deccmher, 1775. He was highly esteemed not-\\nwithstanding the course he took at this time. He is a very o-ood man, says Go-\\nvernor Livingston, in a letter to Samuel Allinson, of the 25th of July, 1773 though\\nnot the best hand on dock in a storm. To Kinsey himself the governor wrote 6th\\nof October, of the same year: As I find myself engaged in writing to my old friend,\\nI cannot help embracing this opportunity to express my concern at your standino- so\\nmuch in your own light, as to forego your practice rather than submit to a test, which\\nall governments ever have, and ever will, impose upon those who live within the\\nbounds of their authority****. Your voluntary consent to take the test prescribed\\nby law, would soon restore you to the good opinion of your country, (every body\\nallowing you, notwithstanding unaccountable political obliquities, to be an honest\\nman) and your way to the magistracy would, doubtless, be easy and unincumbered\\nbomc years afterwards Mr. Kinsey became chief justice. Ho died about 1801\\nSedrrtoick s Life of Livingston, p. 16!).\\nu nY ^i- following minute in the votes of the Assembly, November 17, 1775.\\nMr. kinsey and Mr. De Hart, two of the delegates appointed by this House, to at-\\ntend the continental Congress, applied to the House for leave to resign their said ap-\\npointments, alleging that they are so particularly circumstanced, as ^to render their\\nattendance, exceedingly, inconvenient to their private affairs. On the 22d November\\ntheir resignations were, accepted, and the three remaining deletrates, or any two of\\nthem, were empowered to represent the colony in Congress.\\nt Mr De Hart appears to have soon grown weary in\u00c2\u00b0the race. On the organization\\not the state government he was elected a judge of the Supreme Court, but refused\\nine omce. Mr. Smith held out much longer, but his course was equivocal He was\\na representative from Burlington, in the first legislative council, but did not attend its\\nsession. Upon a requisition to perform liis duties, by the council, he tendered his re-\\nsignation, which was rejected, on the ground tliat the constitution did not warrant its\\nacceptance 1 ersevering in his refusal, the council, on the seventeenth of Mav, 1777,\\nresolved, that he had neglected and refused to perform the duties of his station, as\\nwiSlrnL 1, instances, and, particularly, by contumaciously\\nlilnf h J attendance at that sitting, thougli duly and repeatedly summoned\\nand that he be expelled. He was re-elected to council in the succeeding October\\nbut It does not appear that he served. He was elected state-treasurer, in joint meet-\\ning, September 5th, 1776, and performed the duties of that station for about six\\nml", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 157\\nField, Isaac Pierson, Isaac Smith, Samuel Tucker, Abraham Hunt, and\\nHendrick Fisher.\\nXL The delegates from eleven provinces assembled at Philadelphia, on\\nthe fourtii of September; those from North Carolina did not appear until the\\nfourteenth.* On the fifth, Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was unanimously-\\nchosen president, and Charles Thompson elected secretary. As the Con-\\ngress was composed of men who gave tone to the sentiments of the provinces\\nwhich they respectively represented, it was in course, that the prominent acts\\nof the colonics should be supported and enforced with the ability and dignity\\npertaining to their joint endeavours. Still there was a chivalrous disregard\\nof self, in tlie prompt and energetic approbation of the highest measures of\\nMassachusetts, which history rarely discloses among a temperate and calcu-\\nlating people, even amid the excitements of political revolution and which\\nleads us to believe, that even at this time, independence of Great Britain was\\na foregone conclusion, in the bosoms of most members of the Congress,\\nwhich yet, they scarce dared acknowledge to themselves, still less breathe to\\nothers.\\nWhilst expressing their sympathy in the sufferings of their countrymen\\nof Massachusetts, under the late unjust, cruel, and oppressive acts of the\\nBritish Parliament, Congress approved of the resolve of the county of Suf-\\nfolk, in which Boston lies, that no obedience was due from that province\\nto such acts, but that they should be rejected as the attempts of a wicked\\nadministration. They resolved, that contributions from all the colonies, for\\nsupplying the necessities, and alleviating the distresses of their brethren at\\nBoston, ought to be continued in such manner, and so long, as their occa-\\nsions might require. They requested the merchants of the several colonies\\nto refuse new orders for goods from Great Britain, and to suspend the execu-\\ntion of such as had been sent, until the sense of Congress, on the means to\\nbe adopted for the preservation of the liberties of America, should be made\\npublic. And soon after, they adopted resolutions prohibiting the importa-\\ntion, the purchase, or use, of goods from Great Britain, or Ireland, or their\\ndependencies, after the first day of the succeeding December; and directing\\nthat all exports to Great Britain and the West Indies, should cease on the\\ntenth of September, 1775, unless American grievances should be sooner re-\\ndressed. An association, corresponding with these resolutions, was then\\nframed, and signed by every member present. Never, says Mr. Mar-\\nshall, were laws more faithfully observed, than were the resolves of Con-\\ngress at this period, and their association was, of consequence, universally\\nadopted.\\nThe better to enforce these resolutions. Congress recommended the ap-\\npointment of committees in the several counties and towns, who, soon after\\ntheir appointment, under the names of committees of superintendence and\\ncorrespondence, assumed no inconsiderable portion of the executive power\\nand duties in the several colonies, and became efficient instruments in aidino-\\nthe progress of the revolution.\\nXII. The New Jersey delegates reported the proceedings of Congress to\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2the Assembly of that colony, on the 11th Januaiy, 1775, by whom they\\nwere unanimously approved; such members as were Quakers, excepting,\\nonly, to such parts as seemed to wear an appearance, or might have a ten-\\ndency to force, as inconsistent with their religious principles.\\nAnd the House resolved, that the same gentlemen should represent the\\ncolony in the fiiturc Congress, should report their proceedings therein to the\\nAssembly at its next session should propose and agree to every reasonable\\nCongress held their sessions in Carpenter s Hall.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "158 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand constitutional measure, for the accommodation of the unhappy differ-\\nences subsisting between the mother and her colonies. And having been\\ninformed that at the preceding Congress, an attempt was made to give\\nsome of tlie colonies a greater number of votes than others, in determin-\\ning questions before it, the Assembly, instructed their delegates not to agree\\nto a measure of that kind unless upon condition, that no vote so taken,\\nshould be obligatory on any colony, whose delegates did not assent thereto.\\nThe equality of the colonies in their deliberations was, hov^^ever, preserved,\\nand all questions were, throughout the contest, resolved by Congress, each\\ncolony having a voice alike potential.\\nXIII. The joint action of the colonies was, specially, obnoxious to the royal\\ngovernment; and the governors of the respective colonies threw every obsta-\\ncle in their power in the way of its accomplishment. To this end, Governor\\nFranklin relused to summon the Assembly, notwithstanding the petitions of\\nthe people; and the first delegates to Congress were consequently elected by\\na convention, and not by the House. On opening the session of the Assem-\\nbly, January, 1775, he observed. It would argue not only a great,jgant of\\nduty to his Majesty, but of regard to the good people of this province, were\\nI, on this occasion, to pass over in silence, the late alarming transactions in\\nthis and the neighbouring colonies, or not endeavour to prevail on you to\\nexert yourselves in preventing those mischiefs to this country, which, with-\\nout your timely interposition, will, in all probability, be the consequence.\\nIt is not for me to decide on the particular merits of the dispute between\\nGreat Britain and her colonies, nor do I mean to censure those who conceive\\nthemselves aggrieved, for aiming at a redress of their grievances. It is a duty\\nthey owe themselves, their country, and their posterity. All that I would\\nwish to guard you against, is the giving any countenance or encouragement\\nto that destructive mode of proceeding which has been unhappily adopted, in\\npart, by some of the inhabitants of this colony, and has been carried so far in\\nothers, as totally to subvert their former constitution. It has already struck\\nat the authority of one of the branches of the Legislature in a particular man-\\nner. And if you, gentlemen of the Assembly, should give your approbation\\nto transactions of this nature, you will do as much as lies in your power, to\\ndestroy that form of government, of which you are an important part, and\\nwhich it is your duty by all lawful means to preserve. To you, your con-\\nstituents have entrusted a peculiar guardianship of their rights and privileges,\\nyou are their legal representatives, and you cannot, without a manifest breach\\nof your trust, suffer any body of men in this, or any of the other provinces,\\nto usurp and exercise any of the powers vested in you by the constitution.\\nIt behooves you, particularly, who must be constitutionally supposed to speak\\nthe sense of the people at large, to be extremely cautious in consenting to\\nany act whereby you may engage them as parties in, and make them an-\\nswerable for measures which may have a tendency to involve them in diffi-\\nculties far greater than those they aim to avoid.\\nBesides, there is not, gentlemen, the least necessity, consequently, there\\nwill not be the least excuse for your running such risks, on the present occa-\\nsion. If you are really disposed to represent to the King any inconveniences\\nyou conceive yourselves to lie under, or to make any propositions on the\\npresent state of America, I can assure you, from the best authority, that such\\nrepresentations or pi opositions will be properly attended to, and certainly have\\ngreater weight coming from each colony in its separate capacity, than in a\\nchannel, the propriety and legality of which there may be much doubt.\\nYou have now pointed out to you, gentlemen, two roads one evidently\\nleading to peace, happiness, and a restoration of the public tranquillity the\\nother inevitably conducting you to anarchy and misery, and all the horrors", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 159\\nof a civil war. Your wisdom, your prudence, your regard for the true inte-\\nrests of the people, will be best known, when you have shown to which road\\nyou give the preference. If to the fonner, you will probably afford satisfac-\\ntion to the moderate, the sober, and discreet part of your constituents. If to\\nthe latter, you will perhaps give pleasure to the warm, the rash, and inconsi-\\nderate among them, who, I would willingly hope, violent, as is the temper of\\nthe present times, are not even now the majority. But, it may be well for\\nyou to remember, should any calamity hereafter befall them from your com-\\npliance with their inclinations, instead of pursuing, as you ought, the dictates\\nof your own judgment, that the consequences of their returning to a proper\\nsense of their conduct, may prove deservedly fatal to yourselves.\\nXIV. These persuasions were powerless, as we have seen, with the As-\\nsembly, who, unanimously approved and adopted the very measures which\\nthe governor condemned; and it may be proper to give their justification of\\ntheir conduct, in the reply of the House to his address.\\nWe should, have been glad, they say, that your excellency s inclina-\\ntions to have gweii us early an opportunity of transacting the public busi-\\nness, as yyha cbnsistent with our convenience, had terminated in a manner\\nmore agttjeable to your design, and more favourable to us, than it really has\\ndone, on the present occasion. If the petitions, which we understand have\\nbeen presented to you, had been granted, we should have had a meeting\\nmore convenient to us than the present and that meeting, perhaps, would\\nhave prevented some of those alarming transactions, which your excel-\\nlency s apprehensions of your duty leads you to inform us, as having hap-\\npened in this colony. We thank you for your intention to oblige us but\\nthat it may not be so entirely frustrated in future, permit us to inform you,\\nit will be much the most agi-eeable to us, that the meeting of the House, to do\\npublic business, should not be postponed to a time later than when the bill\\nfor the support of government expires.\\nWe are sorry to hear, that in your excellency s opinion, there has been\\nof late, any alarming transactions in this and the neighbouring colonies\\nour consent to, or approbation of which, may lead the good people we repre-\\nsent, into anarchy, misery, and all the horrors of a civil war. It is true\\nyou are pleased to tell us, that this destructive mode of proceeding has been\\nadopted, but in part, by some of the inhabitants of this colony. We as-\\nsure you, that we neither have, nor do intend to give our approbation to\\nmeasures destructive to the welfare of our constituents, and in which we shall\\nbe equally involved with them. Their interests and our own, we look upon\\nas inseparable. No arguments are necessary to prevail on us to endeavour\\nto prevent such impending calamities and if we should, at any time, mistake\\nour duty so much, we hope your regard to the public will induce you to\\nexert the prerogative, and thereby give them the choice of other representa-\\ntives, who may act with more prudence. The uncertainty, however, to\\nwhat alarming transactions, in particular, you refer, renders it sufficient\\nfor us to assure you, only, that we profess ourselves to be the loyal subjects\\nof the King, from whose goodness we hope to be relieved from the present\\nunhappy situation; that we will do all in our power to preserve that excellent\\nform of government, under which we at present live; and that we neither\\nintend to usurp the rights of others, nor suffer any vested in us by the\\nconstitution, to be wrested out of our hands, by any person or persons\\nwhatever.\\nWe sincerely lament the unhappy differences which at present subsist\\nbetween Great Britain and her colonies. We shall heartily rejoice to see\\nthe time, when they shall subside, on principles consistent with the rights and\\ninterests of both, which we ardently hope is not far off; and though we can-", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "160 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nnot conceive how the sepai-ate petition of one colony, is more Ukely to suc-\\nceed, than the united petitions of all, yet, in order to show our desire to pro-\\nmote so good a purpose, by every proper means, we shall make use of the\\nmode pointed out by your excellency, in hopes that it will meet that attention,\\nwhich you are pleased to assure us, will be paid to the representatives of\\nthe people.\\nThis was the language of men who had well weighed their measures, and\\nwere resolved to abide their consequences. Nor is such resolution rendered\\nless obvious, by the tone of irony and jyersifiage, which pervades their\\ncomments on the specious, but hollow assurances of the governor, of the\\nsuccess which might ensue a departure from the union entered into by the\\ncolonies.\\nXV. The rejoinder of the governor, was remarkable for good temper and\\nmoderation; evincing that his course was prompted, more by the duties of\\nhis station, than by his judgment, which would probably have united him\\nwith the people.\\nWere I to give such an answer, he said, to your address, as the pecu-\\nliar nature of it seems to require, I should be necessarily led into the expla-\\nnation and discussion of several matters and transactions, which, from the\\nregard I bear to you, and the people of this colony, I would far rather have\\nburied in perpetual oblivion. It is, besides, now vain to argue on the subject,\\nas you have with the most uncommon and unnecessary precipitation, given\\nyour entire approbation to that destructive mode of proceeding, which I so\\nearnestly warned you against. Whether, after such a resolution, the petition\\nyou mention, can be reasonably expected to produce any good effect and\\nwhether you or I have best consulted the true interests of the people, on this\\nimportant occasion, I shall leave others to determine.\\nThe language of the council, however, was in a different tone, and as\\nloyal as the governor himself could desire. We agree with your excellen-\\ncy, say they, that it would argue not only a great want of duty to his\\nMajesty, but of regard to the good people of this province, were we, on this\\noccasion, to pass over in silence, the present alarming transactions, which\\nare so much the objects of public attention, and, therefore, beg leave to as-\\nsure you, that feeling ourselves strongly influenced, by a zealous attachment\\nto the interests of Great Britain and her colonies, and deeply impressed with\\na sense of the important connexion they have with each other, we shall, with\\nall sincere loyalty to our most gracious sovereign, and all due regard to the\\ntrue welfare of the inhabitants of this province, endeavour to prevent those\\nmischiefs which the present situation of affairs seems to threaten and by our\\nzeal for the authority of government on the one hand, and for the constitu-\\ntional rights of the people on the other, aim at restoring that health of the\\npolitical body, which every good subject must earnestly desire.\\nYour excellency may be assured, that we will exert our utmost influence,\\nboth in our public and private capacities, to restore that harmony between\\nthe parent state, and his Majesty s American dominions, which is so essen-\\ntial to the happiness and prosperity of the whole empire. And earnestly\\nlooking for that happy event, we will endeavour to preserve peace and good\\norder, among the people, and a dutiful submission to the laws.\\nXVI. The committee appointed for the purpose, composed of Messrs.\\nWetherill, Fisher, Ford, Tucker, and Shepherd, reported a petition to his\\nMajesty, which was adopted by the House. This instrument contained, in\\na short compass, the black catalogue of the grievances of the colonies, and\\nprayed for that redress, which his Majesty s gracious assurances signified by\\ntheir governor, that the representations or propositions of the colc^nies would\\nbe attended to, led them to expect.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 161\\nIn England, the proceedings of the Americans were still viewed with great-TiT/\\nindignation by the King and his ministry. His Majesty, in his opening\\nspeech,* to a Parliament newly elected, declared, before intelligence had\\nbeen received of the course of the Congress, that a most daring spirit of\\nresistance and disobedience to the laws unhappily prevailed in the province\\nof Massachusetts, and had broken forth in fresh violences of a very criminal\\nnature and that these proceedings had been countenanced and encouraged\\nin his other colonies that unwarrantable attempts had been made to obstruct\\nthe commerce of his kingdoms by unlawful combinations; and that he had\\ntaken such measures, and given such orders, as he judged most proper and\\neffectual for carrying into execution the laws, which were passed in the last\\nsession of the late Parliament, relative to the province of Massachusetts an\\naddress, echoing the royal speech, was carried by large majorities in both\\nHouses of Parliament, but not without a spirited protest from some few lords\\nof the minority. f\\nXVII. The reception, in London, of the proceedings of Congress appeared\\nto have a momentary beneficial effect upon their cause. The administration\\nwas staggered, and the opposition triumphed in the truth of their predictions,\\nthat the measures pursued by the ministry would unite all the colonies in re-\\nsistance. The petition of Congress to the King was declared by the Secre-\\ntary of State, after a day s perusal, to be decent and proper, and was received,\\ngraciously, by his Majesty, who promised to lay it before his two Houses of\\nParliament. But the ministry had resolved to compel the obedience of the\\nAmericans. Hence every representation from America, coming through\\nchannels other than ministerial partisans, was unwillingly received, and de-\\nnied all credit. The remonstrances of the representatives of three millions\\nof men, made under the most awful and affecting circumstances, and the\\nmost sacred responsibilities, were treated, perhaps believed, as the clamours\\nof an unruly multitude. In vain did the merchants of London, Bristol,\\nGlasgow, Norwich, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and other places,\\nby petition, pourtray the evils which must result from such determination,\\nand predict the dangers to the commercial interests of the kingdom In vain\\ndid the planters of the sugar colonies, resident in Great Britain, represent,\\nthat the profits on British property in the West India islands, amounting to\\nmany millions, which ultimately centered in Great Britain, would be deranged\\nand endangered by the continuance of the American troubles In vain did\\nthe venerable Earl of Chatham, roused from a long retirement, by the dan-\\nger of losing these colonies, which his own measures had protected, and,\\nseemingly, assured to the parent state, apply his comprehensive mind and\\nmatchless eloquence to arrest the fatal course of the administration In vain,\\nfrom a prophetic view of events, did he demonstrate the impossibility of sub-\\njugating the colonies; and urge the immediate removal of the troops collect-\\ned by General Gage, at Boston, as a measure indispensably necessary to\\nopen the way for an adjustment of the differences with the provinces In\\nvain, when undiscouraged by the rejection of the motion, did he propose a\\nbill for settling the troubles in America. The period of American emancipa-\\ntion had approached, and the power which might have delayed it, was pro-\\nvidentially stultified.\\nXVIII. Both Houses of Parliament joined in an address to the King, de-\\nclaring that they find a rebellion actually exists in the province of Massa-\\nchusetts. This was followed by an act for restraining the ti-ade and com-\\nOctober 30th.\\nf Richmond, Portland, Rockingham, Stamford, Stanhope, Torrington, Ponsonby,\\nWycombe, and Camden.\\nX", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "162 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nAmerce of the New England provinces, and prohibiting them from carrying\\non the fisheries on the banks of Newfoundland, which was subsequently\\nextended to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina,\\nand the counties on the Delaware.\\nPending the consideration of this bill. Lord North introduced what he\\ntermed a conciliatory proposition. It provided that when any colony should\\npropose to make provision, according to its circumstances, for contributing\\nits proportion to the common defence, (such proportion to be raised under\\nthe authority of the General Assembly of such colony, and disposable by\\nParliament,) and should engage to make provision also, for the support of\\nthe civil government, and the administration of justice in such colony\\nit would be proper, if such proposal were approved by his Majesty and\\nParliament, and for so long as such provision should be made, to forbear\\nto levy any duty or tax, except such duties as were expedient for the re-\\ngulation of commerce the net produce of such duties to be carried to the\\naccount of such colony. This proposition was opposed by the friends of the\\nminister, as an admission of the correctness of the American views as to\\ntaxation by Parliament, and as a concession to armed rebels until it was\\nexplained, that the resolution was designed to enforce the essential pai t of\\ntaxation, by compelling the Americans to raise, not only what they, but what\\nParliament, should think reasonable. The minister declared, that he did\\nnot expect the proposition would be acceptable to the Americans but, that,\\nif it had no beneficial effect in the colonies, it would unite the people of Eng-\\nland by holding out to them a distinct object of revenue; that, as it tended\\nto unite England, it would produce disunion in America for, if one colony\\naccepted it, the confederacy, which made them formidable, would be\\nbroken.\\nThis avowal of the character and tendency of the resolution was not re-\\nquisite to enlighten the colonists. On its transmission to the provinces, it\\nwas unanimously rejected.\\nXIX. For the sole purpose of communicating this resolution. Governor\\nFranklin convened the Assembly of New Jersey, at Burlington, on the 15th\\nof May, 1775; when, by a long and elaborate speech, he sought to set it be-\\nfore them, in a light, different from that in which it had been viewed by the\\nLegislatures of the other colonies. Soon after the opening of the session, a\\ncircumstance occurred, illy adapted to prepare the House for any favourable\\nimpression from the governor. Mr. Tucker laid before the Assembly, a\\ncopy of The Parhamentary Register, No. 5, containing, among other\\nthings, an extract of a letter, from Governor Franklin to the Earl of Dart-\\nmouth, dated the 1st February, 1775, received February 28th; in which the\\ngovernor represents the House as divided in their approbation of the proceed-\\nings of the late Congress. The House sent the governor a copy of the ex-\\ntract, with a request, to be informed, whether it contained a true representa-\\ntion of the words or substance of the letter written by him, relative to the\\nproceedings of the last session of Assembly. His excellency complained of\\nthe course of the House, in entering the extract upon their minutes, and en-\\ndeavouring to inculpate him; but denied the correctness of the extract.\\nThe House was still dissatisfied, and referred his answer to a committee, to\\nreport thereon, at the next session, when the matter was suffered to fall,\\nwithout further notice. Under the excitement produced by this affair, the\\nHouse replied to the governor s address, delivered at the opening of the\\nsession.\\nAs the continental Congress, they said, is now sitting, to consider of\\nthe present critical situation of American affairs, and as this House has al-\\nready appointed delegates for that purpose, we should have been glad that", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY- 163\\nyour excellency had postponed the present meeting, until their opinion could jS*\\nbe had upon the resolution now offered for our consideration, and to which\\nwe have no doubt a proper attention will be paid; more especially, as we\\ncannot suppose you to entertain a suspicion, that the present House has the\\nleast design to desei-t the common cause, in which all America appears both\\ndeeply interested, and firmly united, so far as separately and without the\\nadvice of a body, in which all are represented, to adopt a measure of so\\nmuch importance. Until this opinion be known, we can only give your\\nexcellency our present sentiments, being fully of the opinion, that we shall\\npay all proper respect to, and abide by the united voice of the Congress on\\nthe present occasion. We confess that your excellency has put\\na construction on the proposition which appears to us to be new, and if we\\ncould be of the opinion that the resolution holds no proposition beyond the\\navowal of the justice, the equity, and the propriety of subjects of the same\\nstate, contributing according to their abilities and situation to the public bur-\\ndens, and did not convey to us the idea of submitting the disposal of all our\\nproperty to others, in whom we have no choice, it is more than probable, that\\nwe should gladly embrace the opportunity of settling this unhappy dispute.\\nMost Assemblies on the continent have, at various times, acknowledged\\nand declared to the world their willingness, not only to defray the charge of\\nthe administi ation of justice and the support of the civil government, but also\\nto contribute, as they have hitherto done, when constitutionally called upon,\\nto every reasonable and necessary expense for the defence, protection, and\\nsecurity of the whole English empire and this colony in particular, hath\\nalways complied with his Majesty s requisitions for these purposes And we do\\nassure your excellency, that we shall always be ready, according to our abili-\\nties and to the utmost of our power, to maintain the interest of his Majesty and\\nof the parent state. If, then, your excellency s construction be right, and if a\\nproposal of this nature, will, as you are pleased to inform us, be received\\nby his Majesty with every possible indulgence, we have hopes, that the decla-\\nration we now make, will be looked on by his Majesty and his ministers, not\\nonly to be similar to what is required from us, but also to be, a basis of a\\nnegotiation, on which the present differences may be accommodated an\\nevent which we most ardently wish for.\\nWe have considered the resolution of the House of Commons. We would\\nnot wish to come to a determination, that might be justly called precipitate,\\nin the present alarming situation of affairs. But if we mistake not, this reso-\\nlution contains no new proposal. It appears to us to be the same with one\\nmade to the colonies, the year preceding the passage of the stamp act. Ame-\\nrica then did not comply with it and though we are sincerely disposed to\\nmake use of all proper means to obtain the favour of his Majesty and the\\nParliament of Great Britain, yet we cannot in our present opinion, comply\\nwith a proposition, which we really apprehend to give up the privileges of\\nfreemen nor do we want any time to consider, whether we shall submit to\\nthat, which, in our apprehension, will reduce us and our constituents to a\\nstate little better than that of slavery.\\nBy the resolution now offered, if assented to, we think we shall be to all\\nintents and purposes, as fully and effectually taxed by our fellow subjects, in\\nGreat Britain, where we have not any representation, as by any of the late\\nacts of the British Parliament, under which we have been aggrieved, of which\\nwe have complained, and from which we have prayed to be relieved; and\\nthat, too, in a much greater degree perhaps, than by all those acts put to-\\ngether. We cannot consent to subject the property of our constituents to be\\ntaken away for services and uses, of the propriety of which Ave have no right\\nto judge, while to us, are only left the ways and means of raising the money.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "164 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nIfWe have always thought and contended, that, we had a right to disposeqf\\nour property ourselves, and we have always cheerfully yielded our assistance\\nto his Majesty in that way, when the exigencies of affairs required us so to\\ndo, and he has condescended to ask it of us. At this pei iod we cannot form\\nany judgment, either of the extent of the proposition, or of the consequences\\nin which the good people of the colony may be involved, by our assent to a\\nprovision so indeterminate, for it appears to us to be impossible to judge what\\nproportion or share the people can bear, until we know what situation they\\nwill be in, when any sum is intended to be raised.\\nUpon the whole, though sincerely desirous to give every mark of duty\\nand attachment to the King, and to show all due reverence to the Parliament,\\nwe cannot, consistently, with our real sentiments, and the trust reposed\\nin us, assent to a proposal big with consequences destructive to the public\\nwelfare, and hope that the justice of our parent country will not permit us to\\nbe driven into a situation, the prospect of which fills us with anxiety and\\nhorror.\\nIf the governor really supposed that he could prevail on the colony over\\nwhich he presided to separate from the union, he had egregiously mistaken\\nhis power but he laboured so earnestly to effect this object, that his defeat\\nshould not, and did not lessen his claim upon the favour of his royal master.\\nHe observed, however, that his labour was in vain, and had the good sense\\nto retire from further contest by a short and moderate rejoinder.\\nCongress had fixed on the month of May, for their next meeting, that\\nthe disposition of the parent state might be known previously to their deli-\\nberations. They entertained hopes, that their re-assembling might be un-\\nnecessary; that the union of the colonies, their petition to the King, and\\naddress to the people of Great Britain, might lead to the redress of their\\ngrievances. But these flattering delusions now gave place to the stern and\\ngloomy truth, that their rights must be defended by the sword, their quarrel\\nbe determined by the god of battles. For this appeal, the colonies, generally\\nprepared, as soon as the proceedings of Parliament, and the resolution of the\\nministry to send out additional troops were known. Means were every\\nwhere taken to organize and instruct the militia, and to procure arms and\\nmunitions of war.\\nXXI. The New Jersey committee of correspondence appointed by the\\nconvention, met at New Brunswick on the second of May, 1775; when\\ntaking into consideration the alarming and very extraordinary conduct of\\nthe British ministry for executing the acts of Parliament, as also the several\\nacts of hostility which had been actually commenced for this purpose by the\\nregular forces under General Gage, they directed their chairman, imme-\\ndiately, to call a second provincial convention, to meet at Ti enton on the\\n23d of May, to consider and determine on such matters as should then come\\nbefore them.*\\nThis important body met at the time and place appointed, and elected\\nHendrick Fisher their president, Samuel Tucker, vice-president, Jonathan\\nD. Sergeant, Secretary, and William Patterson, and Frederick Freling-\\nhausen, his assistants. On the resignation of Mr. Sergeant, soon after, Mr.\\nPatterson was chosen principal, and Mr. Frclinghausen deputy secretary.\\nUnder a deep and religious sense of the responsibility they had assumed,\\nthe members of the Convention declared, that, Inasmuch as the business\\non which this Congress are now assembled, and is likely to engage their de-\\nliberation, appears to be of the highest moment, and may, in the event, affect\\nthe lives and properties, the religion and the liberties of their constituents,\\nSee Appendix, note CC, for the names of the members.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 165\\nand of their I emotest posterity, it unquestionably becomes the representative\\nbody of a Christian community, to look up to that all powerful Being, by\\nwhose providence all human events are guided, humbly imploring his divine\\nfavour, in presiding over, and directing their present councils, towards the\\nre-establishment of order and harmony between Great Britain and her dis-\\ntressed colonies; and that he would be graciously pleased to succeed the\\nmeasures that may be devised as most conducive to these desirable ends It\\nis, therefore, ordered, that the president do wait on the ministers of the\\ngospel in this town, and in behalf of this Congress, request their alternate\\nattendance and service, every morning at eight o clock, during the session, in\\norder, that, the business of the day may be opened with prayer for the above\\npurposes.\\nThe president opened to the Congress, the important occasion of their meet-\\ning, recommending the utmost deliberation in determining on the measures\\nto be pursued in the defence of their rights and privileges, to which, by their\\nhappy constitution, the inhabitants of the province were justly entitled, and\\nthat due care might be taken to support the established civil authority, (so\\nfar as might consist with the preservation of their fundamental liberties) for\\nthe maintenance of good order and the undisturbed administration of justice.\\nThe restriction, which regard for the established civil authority, imposed\\non the power of the Congress, was, indeed, very inconsiderable. For the\\nConvention, reflecting the majesty of the people, assumed as occasion re-\\nquired, the full power of all the branches of government.\\nThey proceeded, to take into consideration the unhappy contest betv/een\\nGreat Britain and the colonies, which they determined was of such a na-\\nture, and had reached such a crisis, that the Convention had become abso-\\nlutely necessary, to provide such ways and means for the security of the\\nprovince as the exigencies of the times require and at the same time de-\\nclared, that they had assembled with the profoundest veneration for the per-\\nson and family of his sacred majesty, George III., firmly professing all due\\nallegiance to his rightful authority and government. And as a majority of\\nthe members of the Legislature, convened at Amboy, in the preceding Janua-\\nry, had been instructed by their constituents, to appoint deputies to the Con-\\ngress, and some of the counties had omitted so to instruct their representa-\\ntives, who, notwithstanding, had cordially joined in such appointment, the\\nConvention approved the nomination, and rendered thanks to the House, for\\nthe regard they had shown for the rights and liberties of the province, in\\ntimely adopting the continental association, and resolving in favour of the\\nresolutions and proceedings of the continental Congress. But the Conven-\\ntion, also, resolved, that whenever a continental Congress should again be\\nnecessary, that it would be most eligible, for the inhabitants of each county,\\nto apoint deputies for the purpose of electing delegates.\\nOn the twenty-fifth of May, a written message was addressed to the conti-\\nnental Congress, then, in session at Philadelphia, declaring that the provincial\\nCongress was convened with dispositions most heartily to concur, to the\\nutmost of their abilities, in the common cause of America, but that they did\\nnot deem it advisable to enter into any measures of consequence, until some\\ngeneral plan had been adopted by the general Congress That, in this first\\ninstance of such an assembly in the colony, without precedent for their\\ndirection, and anxiously desirous to make their provincial measures con-\\nsistent with that plan, they deemed it necessary, by a special deputation, to\\nrequest such advice and assistance as the Congress might be disposed to\\ngive.* This deputation reported on the thirtieth, that the Congress was not,\\nThis committee consisted of William P. Smith and Elias Boudinot.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "166 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthen, prepared to give any advice upon the state of the province, but promised\\ndue attention to the request.\\nThe Convention adopted the following form of association, which they\\ndirected to be sent to the committees of observation or correspondence in the\\nseveral counties, which had not already associated in a similar manner, in\\norder that it might be signed by the inhabitants.\\nWe, the subscinbers, freeholders and inhabitants of the township of\\nin the county of and province of New Jersey, having\\nlong viewed with concern, the avowed design of the ministry of Great\\nBritain to raise a revenue in America; being deeply atfecled with the cruel\\nhostilities, already commenced in the Massachusetts Bay, for carrying that\\narbitrary design into execution; convinced that the preservation of the\\nrights and privileges of America depends, under God, on the firm union of\\nits inhabitants; do, with hearts abhorring slavery, and ardently wishing\\nfor a reconciliation with our parent state, on constitutional principles,\\nsolemnly associate and resolve, under the sacred ties of virtue, honour,\\nand love to our country, that we will, personally, and so far as our in-\\nfluence extends, endeavour to support and carry into execution, whatever\\nmeasures may be recommended by the continental and our provincial\\nCongress, for defending our constitution and preserving the same inviolate.\\nWe do, also, further associate and agree, as far as shall be consistent\\nwith the measures adopted for the preservation of American freedom, to\\nsupport the magistrates and other civil officers in the execution of their\\nduty, agreeable to the laws of this colony, and to observe the direction of\\nour committee, acting according to the resolutions of the continental and pro-\\nvincial Congresses; firmly determined, by all means in our power, to guard\\nagainst those disorders and confusions to which the peculiar circumstances\\nof the times may expose us. Surely, no more effectual mode could have\\nbeen devised, of subjecting a people to the will of their leaders, than this\\nassociation and its written pledge. Happily, the leaders and the people had\\nthe same interest, which the former steadily pursued.\\nMr. Pierpoint Edwards, having been deputed from Connecticut to New\\nJersey, for the purpose of obtaining intelligence of the true state of the pro-\\nvince, and to communicate the actual condition of his own, the Convention\\ngave their state and purposes as we have detailed them; and they, also,\\nopened a correspondence with the provincial Congress of New York.\\nThe organization of the military force was, in every colony, an object of\\nthe first importance, and received from the provincial Congress of New\\nJersey, due attention. One or more companies of eighty men, each, were\\ndirected to be formed in each township or corporation, from the male inha-\\nbitants between sixteen and fifty years of age, under the supervision of the\\nrespective committees, with power to elect their commissioned officers The\\nofficers of the companies determined the number which should form a regi-\\nment, and named the officers. And as the inhabitants of Morris, Sussex,\\nand Somerset counties, had made spirited exertions in raising minute men,\\npledged to march to any point of the country whenever called on, the Con-\\ngress approved their conduct, and voted their thanks.\\nIn order to raise the necessary funds, the convention imposed a tax of ten\\nthousand pounds, which they apportioned, specifically, among the several\\ncounties and each county quota was apportioned among the townships, by\\nthe township committees, according to the act of Assembly, settling the quotas\\nof the several counties, to be collected by agents nominated by the township\\ncommittees, and to be paid to the treasurer of the county committees. Then,\\nafter appointing a committee of their body, any three of whom, together with", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 167\\nthe president or vice-president, were empowered to convoke them, the Con-\\ngress adjourned, upon the 3d day of June, after a session of eleven days.\\nXXll. Before the continental Congress again met,* hostilities between the\\ncolonists and the British troops in America, had commenced. The battle of\\nLexington was fought,f and Ticonderoga captured and soon after, the\\never memorable engagement at Breed s Hill,\u00c2\u00a7 gave confidence to the colo-\\nnists and the British army, under General Gage, was besieged in Boston,\\ninstead of contending against orations of ministers, votes and acts of Parlia-\\nment, by petition and remonstrance, addresses and resolutions. Congress was\\nnow to be employed, in developing the resources and directing the energies\\nof the colonies, to resist the military power of Great Britain.\\nPeyton Randolph was again chosen president, but being in a kw days\\ncalled to his duties, as speaker of the house of burgesses, of Virginia, Mr.\\nJohn Hancock, of Boston, was unanimously elected his successor. Mr.\\nCharles Thomi)son was re-appointed secretary. The leading patriots had\\nlong Ibreseen, that, the controversy must be decided by arms yet they were\\nanxious, that the odium of the war should fall on their oppressors. Care\\nwas, therefore, taken, to show that the royal troops had been the aggressors\\nat Lexington and the inhabitants of New York were advised to act, defen-\\nsively, on the arrival of British troops there to permit the forces to remain in\\nbarracks, but to sutler no fortifications to be erected, nor the communication\\nbetween the town and country to be impeded. To this cause, we must also\\nassign the resolution of Congress ascribing the capture of Ticonderoga, to\\nthe imperious necessity of resisting a cruel invasion from Canada, planned\\nand commenced by the ministry.\\nCongress promptly proceeded to further measures of offence and defence.\\nThey prohibited exports to such parts of British America, as had not joined\\nthe confederacy forbade the supply of provisions, or other necessaries, to\\nthe English fisheries on the coast, to the army and navy in Massachusetts,\\nand to vessels employed in transporting British troops and munitions of war;\\nand interdicted the negotiation of bills of exchange, drawn by British officers,\\nagents or contractors, and the advance of money to them, on any terms what-\\never. To secure the colonies against the forcible execution of the lafe ob-\\nnoxious acts of Parliament, they resolved, to put them immediately in a state\\nof defence; recommending to them, severally, to provide the munitions of\\nwar to prepare the militia; so classing them, that a fourth of their number\\nmight be drawn into action, at a minute s warning; and to form a corps for\\ncontinual service authorizing each colony, apprehensive of attack, to levy\\none thousand regulars at the expense of the confederacy. They organized\\nthe higher departments of the army, framed regulations for its government,\\nand issued three millions of dollars, in bills of credit, for its maintenance.\\nThey prepared an address to the army and the people, reviewing the conduct\\nof Great Britain, exposing the enormity of her pretensions, exhibiting the\\ndreadful alternative she had created, of unconditional submission, or resist-\\nance by arms, and asserting the justice of their cause, the competency of the\\nmeans to maintain it, and their fixed determination to employ, at every\\nhazard, the utmost energy of the powers granted them by their Creator, for\\nthe preservation of their liberties. This spirit-stirring manifesto closed with\\nthe following solemn protestation. In our native land, in defence of the\\nfreedom which is our birth-right, and which we ever enjoyed, until the late\\nviolation of it, for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the\\nhonest industry of our forefathers, and ourselves, against violence actually\\n10th May, 1775. t lOth April.\\nt 9th May. June 17th, 1775.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "168 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\noffered, we have taken up arms; we shall lay them down when hostilities\\nshall cease on the part of the aggressors, and all danger of their being re-\\nmoved, and not before.\\nXXIII. Under other circumstances, the selection of a commander-in-chief,\\namid opposing pretensions, would have been exceedingly ditficult. The\\nindividual best fitted for this important trust was now a delegate in Con-\\ngress, and had embarked a high character and splendid fortune, with his life,\\nin the perilous contest. Of mature age, and advantageously known to all\\nBritish America, by his military talents, sound judgment, firm temper, spot-\\nless integrity, and dignified person and demeanour, there could not exist a\\nsingle personal objection to his nomination. The middle and southern dis-\\ntricts possessed no man having superior claims to public confidence; and if\\nthe northern had a preference for an individual of their own section, policy\\nand gratitude required its sacrifice. The delegates of Massachusetts, there-\\nfore, nominated Colonel George Washington, of Virginia, who was unani-\\nmously appointed commander-in-chief of the united colonies.* His com-\\nmission, revocable by Congress, invested him with full power and autho-\\nrity to act as he should think for the good and welfare of the service;\\nsubject to the rules of war and the orders of Congress. By a resolution,\\nsimultaneous with his appointment, Congress declared, that for the main-\\ntenance and preservation of American liberty, they would adhere to him\\nwith their lives and fortunes. The reply of Mr. Washington, to the an-\\nnunciation of his appointment, by the president of Congress, was marked by\\nthat modesty, disinterestedness, and devotion to duty, which eminently dis-\\ntinguished him. As no pecuniary motive had excited him to assume the\\ndangerous honour, he declined all compensation for services that were in-\\nestimable; declaring that he would accept only the reimbursement of his\\nexpenses.\\nSoon after the nomination of the commander-in-chief, Congress created\\nand filled the offices of subordinate generals. Artemas Ward, Charles Lee,\\nPhilip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam, were appointed major-generals, ranking\\nin the order we have named them Horatio Gates, adjutant-general and\\nSeth Pomeroy, Richard Montgomery, David Wooster, William Heath,\\nJoseph Spencer, John Thomas, John Sullivan, and Nathaniel Greene,\\nbrigadiers.\\nXXIV. Although determined to resist to the uttermost the tyranny of the\\nparent state, the colonies had given no public indication of their desire to be-\\ncome independent of her government. Many provincialists, certainly, looked\\nto political independence as the possible result of the contest; some, perhaps,\\nwished and sought it, but none avowed such wishes. The American people\\nwere proud of their derivation, and exulted in their connexion with Great\\nBritain. Some of their most distinguished patriots could under no circum-\\nstances, resolve to break the bonds which bound them to her. It was cha-\\nractei istic, therefore, that, amid warlike preparations, renewed attempts\\nshould be made to propitiate the British government and people. Another\\npetition to the King was, however, opposed by several members of the\\nCongress, from a conviction that it would prove nugatory. But the influ-\\nence of Mr. Dickenson, by whom it was proposed and written, procured its\\nadoption.\\nThis address, replete with professions of duty and attachment, declared,\\nthat the provincialists not only most fervently desired the former harmony\\nbetween Great Britain and the colonies to be restored, but that a concord\\nmight be established between them upon so firm a basis, as to perpetuate its\\nJune 15th, 1775.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 169\\nblessings, uninterrupted by any future dissentions, to succeeding generations\\nin both countries. They, therefore, besought his Majesty to direct some\\nmode by which the united applications of his faithful colonists to the throne,\\nin pursuance of their common counsels, might be improved to a happy and\\npermanent reconciliation. These sincere professions of three millions of his\\nsubjects, were contemptuously treated by the King. The petition was pre-\\nsented through the secretary for American affairs, on the first of Septem-\\nber, by Messrs. Richard Penn and Henry Lee; and on the fourth, Lord\\nDartmouth informed them, that to it no answer would be given. And in\\na speech from the throne, the colonists were accused of designing to amuse,\\nby vague expressions of attachment to the parent state, and the strongest\\nprotestations of loyalty to their King, while they were preparing for a ge-\\nneral revolt; and their rebellious war was manifestly carried on for the\\npurpose of establishing an independent empire. Contumely so unwise and\\nundeserved, served but to confirm the scrupulous in America, in the course\\nof resistance removing the faintest hope of redress by the humble and\\npacific means of petition and remonstrance.\\nWhilst resorting to arms, respect for the opinions of their fellow subjects\\ninduced Congress to make an exposition of their motives in addresses to the\\ninhabitants of Great Britain, to the people of Ireland, and to the Assembly of\\nJamaica. They also published a declaration to the world, setting forth the\\nnecessity of assuming arms, and recapitulating the injuries they had sustain-\\n.ed. We are, they said, reduced to the alternative of choosing an un-\\nconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by\\nforce. The latter is our choice. We have counted the cost of this contest,\\nand find nothing so dreadful as voluntary slavery.\\nGeneral Washington, immediately after his appointment to the chief com-\\nmand, repaired to the army before Boston. With incredible difficulty he\\nwas enabled to maintain a show of force, which confined the British troops\\nto that town from the month of June, 1775, until the month of March follow-\\ning, when the Americans, having seized and fortified Dorchester Heights,\\nwhich overlooked and commanded the place. General Howe, who had suc-\\nceeded General Gage,* abandoned it, and sailed with his command for\\nHalifax.\\nThe capture of Ticonderoga had opened the gates of Canada, and the im-\\npetuous spirit of Colonel Arnold was eager to enter them. At his instance,\\nCongress resolved to invade that province and from the unprepared state of\\nits defence, and the friendly disposition of its inhabitants, well founded hopes\\nwere entertained of success. This step, which changed the character of the\\nwar from defensive to offensive, was justified by the obvious propriety of de-\\npriving the enemy, for such the parent state was now considered, of the\\nmeans of assailing the colonies from that quarter. The command of this en-\\nterprise was given to Generals Schuyler and Montgomery. The former,\\nhowever, soon retired, in consequence of ill health. The latter, with a force\\nof one thousand men, having captured the fort at Chamblee, and the post of\\nSt. Johns, proceeded to Montreal in despite of the opposing efforts of General\\nCarlton, governor of the province and, having obtained at this place many\\nnecessary supplies, led his gallant little army to the walls of Quejjec.\\nDuring the progress of General Montgomery, Colonel Arnold, with bold-\\nness and perseverance rarely surpassed, conducted a detachment to the St.\\nLawrence, by an unexplored course along the Kennebeck and Chaudiere\\nrivers, through a trackless desert of three hundred miles. His force origi-\\nnally consisted of one thousand men, one-third of whom were compelled to\\nOctober lOtb.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "170 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nreturn by the want of necessaries. The remainder persevered with unabated\\nresolution surmounting every obstacle of mountain and forest progressing\\nat times, not more than five miles a day whilst so destitute of provisions, that\\nsome of the men ate their dogs, cartouch boxes, breeches and shoes. When\\ndistant a hundred miles from any habitation, their whole store was divided,\\nyielding only four pints of flour per man and after having bailed and eaten\\ntheir last morsel, they had thirty miles to travel before they could expect\\nrelief. After a march of thirty-one days, they reached the inhabited parts\\nof Canada, where they were kindly received, and their wants supplied by the\\nastonished natives.\\nBefore Montgomery attained Montreal, Arnold had reached Point Levy,\\nopposite Quebec; and had it been possible lor the latter to cross the St.\\nLawrence, that important place would, probably, have been, immediately, sur-\\nrendered by the astonished and aflrighted garrison. But the want of boats\\noccasioned an indispensable delay of a few days, and the inhabitants,\\nEnglish and Canadians, alarmed for their property, united for its defence.\\nThe prospects of the Americans, however, were not desperate. The inhabi-\\ntants of Canada, many of whom were from the colonies of New England\\nand New York, were friendly to the colonial cause, and excited by the wis-\\ndom and humanity of General Montgomery, gave the most efficient aid.\\nThe united American forces laid siege to Quebec, but the paucity of their\\nnumber forbade any just expectations of reducing the place, unless by a\\ncoup de main. General Montgomery was induced, by various considera-\\ntions, to attempt it by storm. The depth of winter was approaching dissen-\\ntions had arisen between Arnold and his oilicers the specie of the military\\nchest was exhausted, and the continental bills were uncurrent; the troops,\\nwofn by toil, were exposed to the severities of the season the term for\\nwhich many had enlisted was near expiring, and their departure for home\\nwas apprehended and the brilliant success that had hitherto attended them\\nhad excited hopes, which their high-spirited and enthusiastic commander\\ndreaded to disappoint. He was not unaware of the danger and hazard of such\\nan attempt. Governor Carlton, who commanded in Quebec, was an expe-\\nrienced and able soldier; and the garrison, provided with every thing neces-\\nsary for defence, daily acquired firmness. But success had often crowned\\nadventures more hopeless than that which he proposed and the triumph of\\nWolfe, on this very field, taught him, that to the brave and resolute, difficult\\nthings were not impossibilities.\\nThe escalade of the town was made with a force of less than eight hun-\\ndred men.* Two feints were directed, one by Colonel Livingston, at the\\nhead of his regiment of Canadian auxiliaries, the other by Major Brown the\\nprincipal attacks were conducted by Montgomery and Ai nold, in person.\\nThe former advancing against the lower town, had passed the first barrier,\\nand was preparing to storm the second, when he was killed by the discharge\\nof a cannon fired by the last of its retreating defenders. His death so dispi-\\nrited the assailants, that Colonel Campbell, on whom the command devolved,\\nthought proper to draw them off. Arnold, at the head of about three hun-\\ndred and fifty men, with irresistible impetuosity, carried a two gun battery\\nbut in the conflict, receiving a wound from a musket ball, which shattered\\nhis leg, he was compelled to quit the field. His party continued the assault,\\nand mastered a second barrier. But, after a contest for three hours with the\\ngreater part of the garrison, finding themselves hemmed in, without hopes of\\nsuccess, relief, or retreat, they yielded themselves prisoners. This issue, so\\nunfortunate for the colonists, relieved the town from all apprehensions for its\\nDecember 31st, 1775.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ITt\\nsafety the invaders being so much weakened as to be scarce competent to\\ntheir own defence. iVrnoId encamped at three miles distance from Quebec,\\nand maintained his position amid many (hfficulties and great privations, until\\nthe spring, when he was joined by reinforcements.\\nThe fall of General Montgomery was deplored by friends and foes. He\\nwas an Irishman by birth, and though scarce thirty-eight years of age,\\na veteran soldier. He had shared in the labours and triumph of Wolte;\\nwas distinguished for talent and military genius, and blessed with a mild and\\nconstant temper, and dauntless courage. The highest honours of his profes-\\nsion awaited liim in the British service. These he abandoned for the enjoy-\\nments of domestic happiness in the country of his adoption. But, devoted to\\nfreedom, he engaged enthusiastically in defence of the American cause, and\\nby his early successes in the Canadian campaign, induced the highest antici-\\npations of future greatness. In Parliament, his worth was acknowledged,\\nand his fate lamented the minister himself joined in his praise, whilst con-\\ndemning the cause in which he fell, and concluded his involuntary panegyric,\\nin the language of the poet, crying, Curse on his virtues, they ve undone\\nhis country. In Congress he was mourned as a martyr to liberty, and by\\ntheir direction a marble monument, of beautiful simplicity, with emblematical\\ndevices, has been erected to his memory, in front of St. Paul s church. New\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2York.\\nXXVI. The provincial Congress of New Jersey re-assembled on the fifth\\nof August, 1775, and engaged in devising further means for the collection\\nof the tax they had imposed and for the organization of the militia. They\\ndirected fifty-four companies, each of sixty-four minute men, to be organized,\\nallotting to each county a specific number, and assigning the duty of ap-\\npointing their officers to the respective county committees. The minute\\nmen entered into the following engagement We, the subscribers, do vo-\\nluntarily enlist ourselves as minute men in the company of\\nin the county of And do promise to hold ourselves in constant\\nreadiness, on the shortest notice, to march to any place where our assistance\\nmay be required, for the defence of this and any neighbouring colony as\\nalso to pay due obedience to the commands of our officers, agreeable to the\\nrules and orders of the continental Congres, or the provincial Congress of\\nNew Jersey, or during its recess, of the committee of safe^ty. These troops\\nwere formed into ten battalions in Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, Monmouth,\\nSomerset, Morris, Sussex, Hunterdon, and Burlington, one each; in Glou-\\ncester and Salem one, whilst in the counties of Cumberland and Cape May\\nwere independent light infantry and rangers: They took precedence of the\\nother militia, and were entitled to be relieved at the end of four months,\\nunless in actual service. Congress, also, resolved, that two brigadier-gene-\\nrals should be appointed, but named, at the time, only Mr. Philemon Dicken-\\nson to that command. Mr. Livingston soon after received the other com-\\nmission. And as there were a number of people within the province,\\nwhose peculiar religious principles did not allow them, in any case to\\nbear arms the Congress declared, that they intended no violence to con-\\nscience; and, therefore, earnestly recommended it to such persons to con-\\ntribute the more liberally, in these times of universal calamity, to the relief\\nof tiieir distressed brethren; and to do all other services to their oppressed\\ncountry, consistent with their religious profession.\\nBut the chief measure of the provincial Congress was the perpetuation of\\nthe authority which they had assumed. To this end they resolved, that,\\nWhereas, it is highly expedient, at a time when this province is likely to\\nbe involved in all the horrors of civil war, and when it has become abso-\\nlutely necessary to increase the burden of taxes, already laid on the good", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\npeople of this colony, for the just defence of their invaluable rights and privi-\\nleges, that the inhabitants thereof should have frequent opportunities of re-\\nnewing their choice and approljation of the representatives in provincial\\nCongress Therefore, the inhabitants in each county, qualified to vote for\\nrepresentatives in General Assembly, shall meet together, (at places desig-\\nnated) on the twenty-first day of September next, and elect, not exceeding\\nfive substantial freeholders as deputies, with full power to represent such\\ncounty in provincial Congress to be holden at Trenton on the third of Octo-\\nber next: That during the continuance of the present unhappy disputes\\nbetween Great Britain and America, there be a new choice of deputies in\\nevery county, yearly, on the third Thursday of September That on the\\nsaid Thursday in every year, such inhabitants shall choose a sufficient num-\\nber of freeholders to constitute a county committee of observation and cor-\\nrespondence, with full power as well, to superintend and direct the necessary\\nbusiness of the county, as to carry into execution the resolutions and orders\\nof the continental and provincial Congresses That the inhabitants of each\\ntownship, so qualified, do immediately choose a sufficient number of free-\\nholders to constitute a township committee, and that on the second Tuesday\\nof March, thereafter, they make a like choice, to act as committee of observa-\\ntion and correspondence, in the townships, respectively, with power within\\ntheir precincts, similar to that conferred upon the county committees.\\nHaving appointed Jonathan D. Sergeant their treasurer, and a committee of\\nsafety to exercise their powers during the recess, the Congress adjourned to\\nthe twentieth day of the ensuing September,* at which session no important\\nmatters seem to have occurred. The Congress, elected in September, con-\\nvened in October, when they were employed chiefly in modifying the ordi-\\nnance for regulating the militia, and in collecting and preparing the scanty\\nstock of munitions of war which the country contained. At their rising, this\\nCongress, also, appointed a committee of safety from among themselves,\\nwho, in the vacation, continued the measures for the defence of the country.\\nThey called before them persons accused of disaffection to the American\\ncause, fined, imprisoned, or held them to bail, as they deemed meet; and\\nwhere the accused was an officer of the government, they suspended him\\nfrom the exercise of his functions. But having received several communica-\\ntions from tiie continental Congress, relative to raising of additional force\\nfor the general service, the establishment of a court of admiralty, and regu-\\nlations tor the continental troops, raised in the colonies, they summoned the\\nprovincial Congress to meet at New Brunswick, on the thirty-first of Ja-\\nnuary-t\\nThe procurement of arms and munitions was a labour of very great diffi-\\nculty. The policy of the continent, in its anterior warfare with the ministry,\\nhaving prohibited importation, the whole country was bare of these indis-\\npensable agents of war; and to equip even one battalion, that of Colonel\\nNames of committee of safety Hendrick Fisher, Samuel Tucker, Isaac Pearson,\\nJohn Hart, Jonathan D. Sergeant, Azariah Dunham, Peter Schenk, Enos Kelsey,\\nJoseph Borden, Frederick Freelinghausen, and John Schurman. Min. of Convention.\\nThis committee was changed, by the Congress holden in Trenton, in October. But I\\nhave not been able to find tlie minutes of the sessions of the provincial Congress of\\nSeptember and October, 1775. The proceedings, then had, do not seem to have been\\nconsidered important, since they were not printed, so far as my researches have ena-\\nbled me to dicover. The following are the names of the committee of safety ap-\\npointed in October; at least of such as attended the session of January 10th, 1770; the\\nproceedings of which have been published, viz. Samuel Tucker, president, Hendrick\\nFisher, vice-president, Abraham Clark, secretary, Azariah Dunham, Ruloffe Van-\\ndyke, John Dennis, Augustine Stevenson, John Pope, John Hart, Joseph Holmes.\\nt See Appendix, note D D, for the names of tlie members of provincial Congress,\\nelected in September, 1775.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 173\\nMaxwell, ordered to march to Canada, the provincial Congress was com-\\npelled to apply to the county committees, and to appeal to the patriotism of\\nindividuals.\\nOn the sixth of February, 1776, the Convention made a new appointment\\nof delegates, to the continental Congress, for the current year, consisting of\\nWilliam Livingston, John de Hart, Richard Smith, John Cooper, and Jona-\\nthan Dickenson Sergeant, who, or any three of them, were empowered to\\nagree to all measures which such Congress might deem necessary, and\\nin case of the adjournment of the continental Congress, to represent the pro-\\nvince in any other such Congress as might assemble during their delegation.\\nThe thanks of the Convention were given to their late representatives.\\nThis Congress, like its predecessors, exercised the whole power of the\\nstate, assuming control over its funds, and directing its physical energies. A\\nfirst measure was an endeavour to protect such points as they deemed most\\nexposed to the forces from the British fleet which, under the supposition,\\nthat New York was adequately defended, they believed to be Perth Am-\\nboy, and Swedesborough on the Delaware. For this object the conti-\\nnental Congress was solicited to take into pay two battalions and two com-\\npanies of artillery; but Congress were unable to do more than order the\\nprocurement of twelve pieces of small cannon, and to engage for the mainte-\\nnance of two companies of artillery, which were raised by the province. An\\nordinance was passed modifying the form of association, and delaring, that,\\nthough it was not the design of the Congress to offer violence to conscience,\\nyet it was highly necessary, that all the inhabitants should associate, so far as\\ntheir religious principles would permit and, therefore, directing, that all per-\\nsons, whose religious principles would not suffer them to bear arms, and to\\nsign the general association, might sign it with the following proviso. I\\nagree to the above association, as far as the same is consistent with my reli-\\ngious principles. All persons refusing to sign this modified form, were\\nto be disarmed, to give security for their peaceable conduct, and pay the\\nexpenses attending thereon. The township and county committees were\\ncharged with the execution of this ordinance, and appeal by a party aggrieved\\nwas permitted from the township, to the county, committee, and from the latter\\nto the Congress. These committees were also empowered to confine any\\nperson, notwithstanding his offer of security, whose freedom might prove\\ndangerous to the common cause. It was further declared, that all such\\npersons, between the ages of sixteen and fifty years, who should not attend,\\nproperly accoutred, and bear arms, on the times appointed for the general\\nmuster of the militia, should pay ten shillings for each default, to be reco-\\nvered by warrant of distress. And in order to encourage enlistment into the\\nservice of the United Colonies, the Congress granted to the soldiers, exemption\\nof person and goods from execution for small debts, and to pi ocure a sup-\\nply of nitre and common salt, they established a bounty on the manufacture\\nof both articles.\\nThe impending invasion of New York, filled that city with alarm, and\\nmany of its inhabitants actuated by various motives, disposed themselves in\\nthe neighbouring counties of New Jersey. So numerous was this emigration\\nthat the provincial Congress, doubting, whether it was caused by cowardice\\nor cunning, passed an ordinance to repress it. Providing, that whereas,\\nlarge numbers of people are daily removing from the neighbouring colonies\\ninto New Jersey, and it being unknown upon what principles such removals\\nare occasioned, whether to seek an asylum from ministerial oppression, or\\nthe resentment of their injured country, to whom they may have become ob-\\nnoxious, by adhering to the present system of tyranny, now endeavouring to\\nbe executed in America and it being inconsistent with the principles of per-", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "174 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nsons, properly attached to the cause of liberty, to desert thoir town or county\\nat a time their assistance may be absolutely necessary for its defence, unless\\nthe support and maintenance of their families may make such removal neces-\\nsary This Congress, therefore, think it advisable, that, although the inha-\\nbitants of this colony ought most cheerfully, to receive into their protection,\\nand aflbrd all the relief in their power, to all such as are helpless, and unable\\nto defend themselves, yet they ought to prevent the desertion of places in\\nimmediate danger of attack from the enemy, by all who are proper to re-\\nmain for the defence thereof, and also to prevent persons inimical to the\\nliberties for which the United States are contending, from taking refuge in\\nthis province For remedy whereof, they resolved, that all persons proper\\nto bear arms, who had removed, or should remove into the colony from any\\ncity or county of another province, in danger of being suddenly attacked,\\nshould immediately return to make that defence, becoming every good citi-\\nzen, unless they should produce permits from the committee of the precinct,\\nfrom whence they removed, to reside in this colony, or unless such residence\\nappeared necessary for the support of the resident s family, or he had no\\nvisible means of support whence he came, and could procure such support\\nby his industry in this colony. And they further resolved, that all suspected\\npersons removing into the colony, should be immediately returned to the\\nplace whence they came, unless their detention as delinquents should be\\nproper; or unless they produced certificates from the committee of the\\nprecinct, from which they came, that they had signed the association recom-\\nmended by Congress, and had not subsequently contravened it. The execu-\\ntion of this ordinance was consigned to the several county and township\\ncommittees.\\nSome irregularities having taken place in the election of the existing Con-\\ngress, this body resolved to dissolve itself, and to direct the election of another,\\non the fourth Monday of May, following, and thence annually and repealing\\na former ordinance, they passed one, for that purpose, in which the right\\nto vote was extended to all persons, who having signed the general associa-\\ntion, were of full age, had resided immediately preceding the election, for the\\nspace of one year, in the colony, and were worth fifty pounds in personal\\nestate.\\nXXVII. Governor Franklin convened the Legislature on the 16th of No-\\nvember, 1775, that they might have an opportunity of transacting such busi-\\nness as the public exigencies required. In his opening address he observed.\\nHaving lately said so much to you, concerning the present unhappy situa-\\ntion of public affairs, and the destructive measures which have been adopted\\nin the colonies under the pretence of necessity and as I do not see, that the\\nurging any more arguments on that head has a chance of producing any\\ngood effect, I shall not endanger the harmony of the present session by a\\nfurther discussion of the subject. He proceeded, however, to inform them\\nfrom his instructions, That his Majesty laments to find his subjects in Ame-\\nrica, so lost to their own true interests, as neither to accept the resolution of\\nthe House of Commons of the 20th of February, nor make it the basis of a\\nnegotiation, when, in all probability, it would have led to some plan of ac-\\ncommodation, and that, as they have preferred engaging in a rebellion, which\\nmenaces to overthrow the constitution, it becomes his Majesty s duty, and is\\nhis firm resolution, that the most vigorous efforts should be made, both by\\nsea and land to reduce his rebellious subjects to obedience. But it is hoped,\\nthat unfavourable as the prospects are at present, the time will come, when\\nmen of sense, and friends to peace and good order will see the fatal conse-\\nquences of the delusions which have led to the measures the people of America\\nare now pursuing, and that we may yet see the public tranquillity re-esta-", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 175\\nblished on the ground of the terms held out by his Majesty and the Parlia-\\nment.\\nAhhough, he continued, the King s officers in this province, have not,\\nas yet, (except in one or two instances,) met with any insults or improper\\ntreatment from any of the inhabitants yet such has been the general infatua-\\ntion and disorder of the times, that had I followed the judgment and advice of\\nsome^of my best friends, I should ere this, have sought, (as others of the\\nKmg s governors have done,) an asylum on board of one of his Majesty s\\nships. But, as I am conscious that I have the true interest and welfare of\\nthe people at heart, (though I am so unhappy as to difler widely in opinion\\nwith their representatives with respect to the best means of serving them, in\\nthe present crisis,) 1 shall continue my confidence in that affection and re-\\ngard which I have on so many occasions experienced from all ranks during\\nmy residence in this colony.\\n_ I have, indeed, the stronger inducement to run this risk and to use my\\nmfluence with the other crown officers to do the same, because our retreat\\nwould necessarily be attributed to either the effect, or well grounded appre-\\nhension of violence, and of course subject the colony to be more immediately\\nconsidered as in actual rebellion, and be productive of mischiefs, which it is\\nmy earnest inclination and determination to prevent, as far as may be in my\\npower. Let me, therefore, gentlemen, entreat you to exert your influence\\nlikewise with the people, that they may not by any action of theirs, give\\ncause for bringing such calamities on the province. No advantage can\\npossibly result from the seizing, confineiTient, or ill-treatment of officers, ade-\\nquate to the certain damage such acts of violence must occasion the province\\nto suffer.\\nHowever, gentlemen, if you should be of a different opinion, and will not,\\nor cannot, answer for our safety, all 1 ask is, that you would tell me so in\\nsuch plain and open language, as cannot be misunderstood. For as senti-\\nments of independency are, by some men of present consequence, openly\\navowed, and essays are already appearing in the public papers, to ridicule\\nthe people s fear of that horrid measure, and remove their aversion to repub-\\nlican government, it is high time, that every man should know, what he has\\nto expect. If, as I hope, you have an abhorrence of such a design, you will\\ndo your country an essential service, by declaring it in so full and explicit\\nterms, as may discourage the attempt. You may always rely on finding me\\nready to co-operate with you in every proper expedient for promoting peace,\\norder, and good government and I shall deem it a particular happiness to\\nhave an opportunity of being instrumental in saving this province from the\\npresent impending danger.\\nXXVIII. The prominent objects of this address, seem to have been to ob-\\ntam from the Assembly, an assurance of personal safety, and a disavowal of\\nall intention to proclaim independence. And in these, the governor was\\nsuccessful. For the House replied, your excellency s safety, or that of any\\nof the officers of government, we apprehend to be in no danger. We place our\\nown safety in that protection which the laws of our country and the execu-\\ntive powers of government afford to all the King s subjects. It is the only\\nasylum which we have to fly to, and we make no doubt that it will be, as it\\nhitherto hath been, found fully equal to the purpose, both of securing your\\nexcellency and others. And we hope to find, that the officers of government\\nwill conduct themselves so prudently, as not to invite any ill usage and that\\nthey will not make any supposed infatuation or disorder of the times, a pre-\\ntence to leave the province, and thereby endeavour to subject the inhabitants\\nto any calamities.\\nWe know of no sentiments of independency, that are, by men of any con-", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "176 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nsequence, openly avowed nor do we approve of any essays tending to encou-\\nrage such a measure. We have already expressed our detestation of such\\nopinions, and we have so frequently and fully declared our sentiments on\\nthis subject, and particularly, in our petition to the King, at the last session\\nof the Assembly, that we should have thought ourselves, as at present we\\nreally deserve to be, exempt from all suspicions of this nature.\\nThe dread of independence seems to have seized, at this time, others than\\nthe governor. Several petitions were presented from the freeholders of Bur-\\nlington county, pi-aying the House to enter into such resolves as might dis-\\ncourage an independency on Gi eat Britain. The petitioners were summoned\\nbefore the House, and stated, that they had been induced to address it,\\nfrom reports that some affected independency. Whereupon, it was re-\\nsolved, that reports of independency, in the apprehension of the House, are\\ngroundless That it be recommended to the delegates of the colony, to use\\ntheir utmost endeavours for obtaining a redress of grievances, and for restor-\\ning the union between the colonies and Great Britain, upon constitutional\\nprinciples and that, the said delegates be directed not to give their assent,\\nbut utterly to reject any propositions, if such should be made, that may sepa-\\nrate this colony from the mother country, or change the form of government\\nthereof. The spirit of these resolutions differed widely from that which ani-\\nmated the provincial Congress, which, in the succeeding February, instructed\\nthe delegates to agree to all measures which the continental Congress might\\ndeem necessary.\\nXXIX. At this session the governor communicated to the Legislature, the\\nroyal approbation of an act, for issuing on loan, bills of credit to the amount\\nof one hundred thousand pounds. For more than twelve years this had been\\na desirable object with the Assembly, who, as we have, elsewhere, observed,\\nfrequently passed bills for this purpose, which had hitherto been rejected by\\nthe crown but as if every concession to the wishes of the people, was a\\ngrant of property for which some consideration was due. Lord Dartmouth,\\nin remitting the approval, informed the governor, At the same time I am\\ncommanded by the King, to say to you, that it would have been more agreea-\\nble to his Majesty, if the Assembly, instead of a general appropriation of the\\ninterest of the loan to the support of government in such manner as shall be\\ndirected by future acts, had thought fit to make a settlement, during the\\nexistence of that loan, upon the civil officers of government, of salaries more\\nsuitable to their respective offices than they now receive and to appropriate\\na specific proportion of the said interest, to building houses for the residence\\nof the governor and the meeting of the Legislature, of which you say there\\nis a shameful want. Such an appropriation is no more than what they owe\\nto the dignity of their own government, and his Majesty s just expectations\\nand, therefore, it is his Majesty s pleasure, that you do require the Assembly,\\nin his Majesty s name, to make such provision accordingly, trusting that\\nthey will not make such an ill return to his Majesty s grace and favour, in\\nthe confirmation of this law, as not to comply with so just and reasonable a\\nrequisition. Thus, a measure was conceded by all parties, having power over\\nit, to be just and necessary, and yet, an individual, who, in all matters relating\\nto the public weal, should have been deemed but an individual, inflated by the\\nworship of crowds, dared to talk oi g7 ace and favour in the performance of a\\nsimple and imperious duty. But the age is passing away, when men will\\nmake themselves golden calves for worship, and when a feeble mortal shall\\nAssume the God,\\nAffect to nod,\\nAnd seem to shake the spheres.\\nBut the name of the King was no longer a spell sufficiently potent to open", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 177\\nthe purses of the people, for a prescribed series of years, in favour of royal\\nofficers. The Assembly declared, that though they entertained the most\\ngrateful sense of the attention shown to the wishes of the colony, in the\\nallowance of the loan act, and of his Majesty s gracious inclinations to give\\nevery indulgence consistent with the true principles of commerce and the\\nconstitution, and are sincerely disposed to grant his Majesty s requisitions\\nyet, at this time, the House cannot consider it prudent, to go into any in-\\ncrease of the salaries of the officers of government, nor do they apprehend\\nthat it will be beneficial for his government over us, to settle them longer\\nthan the usual time or expedient to erect buildings at present, better to ac-\\ncommodate the branches of the Legislature.\\nOn December 6th, 1775, the House was prorogued by the governor until\\nthe third day of January, 1776, but it never re-assembled; and thus termi-\\nnated the provincial Legislature of New Jersey.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "178 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nComprising Civil Events of the year 177(3. 1. State of the Public Opinion at the com-\\nmencement of the year 1776 Gradual growth of the desire of Independence.\\nII. Resolution of Congress for the establishment of Independent Colonial Go-\\nvernments. III. Provincial Congress re-assembles Proceeds to the Forma-\\ntion of a Colonial Constitution. IV. Review of the Constitution. V. Oath of\\nAbjuration and Allegiance established. VI. Tories their motives. VII. Law\\nrelative to Treason. VIII. Imprisonment and Relegation of Governor Frank-\\nlin. IX. Measures adopted against the Disaffected. X. Adoption of the Decla-\\nration of Independence.\\nI. For more than a year the whole country had been, not, only, in open\\nrebellion against the King, but its inhabitants had actually made war upon\\ntheir fellow subjects, who, unconscious of oppression, had preserved their\\nloyalty. Yet, during this period, the governments of the United Colonies,\\nrespectively, were administered in the King s name, and the people, every\\nwhere, professed affection for his person, and attachment to the parent state.\\nIn tlie first half of the year 1755, amongst the great mass of the people and\\nmany of their leaders, these sentiments were real. But the more daring and\\nambitious spirits had, not only foreseen that the continuance of political con-\\nnexion was not much longer possible, but had, successfully, sought to in-\\nspire the people with the desire of independence. And, probably, there was\\nnot a profoundly reflecting man in revolted America, who did not, in the\\ndepths of his heart, believe, that the severance of the ties between the parent\\nand daughters was, at no very distant period, inevitable; though many,\\nfrom various causes, such as timidity, selfish policy, and influence of family\\nrelations, were disposed to postpone the event.*\\nBut this inconsistent state of things could not continue, without the most\\nodious and useless hypocrisy, nor without the greatest injury to the cause of\\nthe colonists. Whilst the expectation of a reunion was suffered to delude the\\nminds of men, a reluctance to pursue those energetic measures which the\\ncrisis demanded, would paralyze the best efforts of the patriots who had\\nassumed the direction of aflJiirs. In effecting a change and demonstration of\\npublic opinion, perhaps, no single agent was more powerful, than a pamphlet\\nstyled Common Sense, written by Thomas Paine; which, in a clear, perspi-\\ncuous, and popular style, boldly pronounced a continued connexion with\\nEngland unsafe, as well as impracticable; and successfully ridiculed her\\nIn 1768 the following language was holden in the American TVJiig, a periodical\\npaper, published in New York, edited by Mr. William Livingston, afterwards, gover-\\nnor of New Jersey; and the article is said to have been written by him. Sedgwick s\\nLife of Livingston, p. 145. The day dawns in which the foundation of this mighty\\nempire is to be laid, by the establishment o? a regular American Constitution. All that\\nhas hitherto been done, seems to be little besides the collection of materials for the^\\nconstruction of this glorious fabric. Tis time to put them together. The transfer ofm\\nthe European part of the great family is so swift, and our growth so vast, that before\\nseven years roll over our heads, the first stone must be laid. Peace or war, famine or\\nplenty, poverty or affluence, in a word, no circumstance, whether prosperous or ad-\\nverse, can happen to our parent, nay, no conduct of hers, whether wise or imprudent;^\\nno possible temper on her part, will put a stop to this building*** What an era is\\nthis to America and how loud the call to vigilance and activity As we conduct, so\\nwill it fare with us and our children. Notwithstanding this prophecy and the spirit\\nwhich prompted it, and which filled the bosom of every leading man in every colony,\\nMr. Livingston was of those who believed, that the time for its fulfilment had not\\narrived, and that the declaration of independence, when made, was premature.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 179\\nconstitution, which had hitherto been deemed the masterpiece of political\\nworkmanship. This pamphlet was universally read, and among those who\\nwere zealous in the war, obtained, every where, friends to the measure of\\nindependence. The belief became general, that a cordial reconciliation with\\nGreat Britain was impossible that, mutual confidence could never be re-\\nstored that, reciprocal jealousy, suspicion, and hate, would take place of\\nthat affection, indispensably necessary to a beneficial connexion that, the\\ncommercial dependence of America upon Britain, was injurious to the former,\\nwhich must derive incalculable benefit from full liberty to manufacture her\\nraw material, and to export her products to the markets of the world; that\\nfurther dependence upon a nation or sovereign, distant three thousand miles,\\nignorant and regardless of their interests, was intolerable in the present ra-\\npidly increasing strength and power of the colonies; that the hazard in pro-\\nlonging the contest was as gi-eat as in the declaration of independence and\\nthat, since the risk of every thing was unavoidable, the greatest good attaina-\\nble should be made, in common justice and pi udence, the reward of success.\\nIt was urged, also, with great force, that foreign aid could be more certainly\\nobtained from the rivals of Great Britain, if they felt assured that such aid\\nwould tend to the permanent dismemberment of her empire. The bias\\ngiven by all these forces was confirmed among the people, on finding, that,\\nthey were declared to be in a state of rebellion; that foreign mercenaries\\nwere employed to forge their chains that the tomahawk and scalping knife\\nwere engaged in the British service and that their slaves were to be seduced\\nfrom their masters and armed against them.\\nII. The measures of Congress during this remarkable contest, took their\\ncomplexion from the temper of the people. Their proceedings against those\\ndisaffected to their cause became more vigorous their lano;uao;e relative to the\\nBritish government, less that of subordinate states general letters of marque\\nand reprisal were granted, and the ports were opened to all nations not sub-\\nject to the British crown. At length, the great and important step of inde-\\npendence was in effect, though not in fijrm, taken. On the 15th May, 1776,\\nCongress declared, that his Britannic Majesty, with the lords and commons,\\nhad, by act of Parliament, excluded the united colonies from the protection of\\nthe crown that, not only had their humble petition for redress and reconcilia-\\ntion been received with disdain, but the whole force of the kingdom, aided by\\nforeign mercenaries, was about to be exerted for their destruction that, there-\\nfore, it was irreconcilable with i-eason and good conscience for the colonists\\nto take the oaths for supporting any government under the crown of Great\\nBritain; and it was necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority\\nunder the crown should be suppressed, and that all the powers of government\\nshould be exercised by the people of the colonies for the preservation of inter-\\nnal peace, virtue, and good order, and the defence of their lives, liberties, and\\nproperties, against the hostile invasions and cruel depredations of their ene-\\nmies. And they resolved, That it be recommended to the respective Assem-\\nblies and conventions of the united colonies, where no government sufficient\\nto the exigencies of their affairs has been hitherto established, to adopt such\\ngovernment as shall, in the opinions of the representatives of the people, best\\nconduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents m particular, and\\nAmerica in general.\\nThis was virtually a declaration of independence. It was such almost in\\nterms. The renunciation of allegiance to the British crown, and the establish-\\nment of governments by the authority of the people, were made, certainly,\\nwith no hope of reconciliation, nor desire of re-union with the parent state.\\nWhen Massachusetts asked advice of Congress on the propriety of taking", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "180 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nup and exercising the powers of civil government, they recommended such\\nregulations, only, as were indispensable, and those to be conformed as nearly\\nas possible to the spirit of their charter, and to endure no longer than until a\\ngovernor of his Majesty s appointment should consent to govern the colony\\naccording to that instrument. This was in perfect accord with the profes-\\nsions of the colonies of respect and attachment, and dependence on Great\\nBritain. But the resolution now adopted spoke not of limitation to the powers\\nto be assumed by the people, neither as to their nature nor duration.\\nIn seeking redress from British taxation, and denying to Parliament the\\nright for its unlimited exercise, great unanimity had prevailed. The old\\nparties forgot their animosities, and united to oppose a common oppression.\\nWhilst bound with the band of loyalty to the King, this union appeared indis-\\nsoluble, but when armed resistance became necessary, still more, after it had\\ncommenced, strong repulsive qualities discovered themselves in the mass.\\nThe Quakers, opposed to every form of war, and strongly attached to the\\nparent state, and to their church, and family connexions therein, shrunk\\nwith deep sensibility from the unnatural contest, and with horror from perma-\\nnent separation and independence. The royal officers, their dependents and\\nconnexions, embracing a large proportion of the wealthy and distinguished\\nof the province, beheld in a change of government the loss of official emolu-\\nment and influence. The great body of the people, however, led by enter-\\nprising spirits, who were not only impatient of oppression, but who saw even\\nin the vicissitudes of war the excitement they loved, and in independence\\nsuccessfully maintained, bright visions of glory and wealth, hailed with rap-\\nture the recommendation of Congress to take the first irrevocable step towards\\npolitical emancipation.\\nFor these parties names were borrowed from English politics. The de-\\nvotees of American freedom and independence assumed the title of whigs,\\nwhilst they designated their opponents by that oftories.\\nIII. The provincial Congress of New Jersey, elected on the fourth Monday\\nin May, pursuant to the ordinance of the preceding Congress, convened at\\nBurlington on the 10th of June, 1776, and was organized by choosing\\nSamuel Tucker, Esq. president, and William Patterson, Esq. secretary. Before\\nthe 21st of that month, many petitions were received from East Jersey, for\\nand against the formation of a new government and on the day last men-\\ntioned, the convention resolved, that a government be formed for regulating\\nthe internal police of the colony, pursuant to the recommendation of the\\ncontinental Congress, of the 15th of May, by a vote of 64, against three mem-\\nbers. Messrs. Green, Cooper, Jonathan D. Sergeant, Lewis Ogden, Jona-\\nthan Elmer, Hughes, Covenhoven, Symmes, Condict, and Dick, were\\nappointed a committee to prepare a constitution on the 24th of June, who\\nreported a draught on the 26th, which, after a very short and imperfect con-\\nsideration, was confirmed on the 2d day of July.\\nAt this time Congress, impelled by the tide of public opinion, had gone far\\nbeyond their resolutions of the 15th of May; and had, actually, resolved on\\ndeclaring the colonies independent states, thereby severing forever, all politi-\\ncal ties which had connected them with Great Britain. Yet, the convention\\nof New Jersey was not disposed to abandon all hopes of accommodation;\\nproviding in the last clause of their constitution, that if reconciliation between\\nher and the colonies should take place, and the latter be again taken under\\nthe protection and government of the crown, the charter should be null and\\nvoid. This door of retreat was kept open by the fears of the president of\\nthe convention, who, in a few months after, claimed the clemency of the\\nJune, 1775.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 181\\nenemy, with whom this clause gave him an interest.* Other clauses of the\\nconstitution show also, that it was made for the colony. The laws were to\\nbe enacted, and all commissions, writs, and indictments, were to be in the\\nname of the colony. On the 18th of July, 1776, the provincial Congress\\nassumed the title of the convention of the state of New Jersey. And after\\nthe declaration of independence, in practice, the commissions and writs ran in\\nthe name of the state, the indictments concluded against the peace of the\\nstate, and an act of Assembly of 20th September, 1777, substituted the word,\\nstate, in all such cases for the word, colony.\\nThe collision between the views of the continental Congress, and the New\\nJersey convention did not escape the reprobation of some of the members of\\nthe latter, who moved to defer the printing of the constitution for a few days,\\nthat the last clause might be considered by a full House. The effort, how-\\never, was negatived, when not more than half the members were present. It\\nmust not hence be inferred, that New Jersey was timid or backward in en-\\ngaging in the contest. She had kept pace with the foremost, and her spirited\\nconduct was the more meritorious, that it had less of the excitement of imme-\\ndiate interest, inasmuch, as she had yet felt no burthen, and was not irritated by\\nthe vexations of commercial restrictions. She had no ships, no foreign com-\\nmerce. Her instructions to her delegates in Congress, chosen on the 21st of\\nJune, empowered them to join in declaring the united colonies independent of\\nGreat Britain. The convention consisted of sixty-five members, five from\\neach of the thirteen counties, and on the 2d of July when the motion for re-\\nconsidering the last clause was made, there were present only twenty-five\\nmembers of whom, Messrs. Camp, Hardenburg, Joseph Holmes, Mott, Sparks,\\nCooper, Clark, Elmer, Harris, Bowen, Leaming, Shaver, Shinn, Tallman,\\nFennimore, Shreve, and Covenhoven, voted in the negative. And Messrs.\\nFrelinghausen, Paterson, Mehelm, Josiah Holmes, Ellis, Sergeant, Symmes,\\nand Dick, in the affirmative. Had the House been full on this vote, the adop-\\ntion of the constitution would have, probably, been delayed, and the character\\nof an independent state, at once fearlessly assumed.\\nIV. This instrument is styled in the proceedings of the convention, and\\nwithin itself, a constitution. But it is not such, in the present political sense of\\nthis word, in America. A constitution of government may now be defined, a\\nwritten expression of the will of the people of a state, establishing and limiting\\nunalterably, except by themselves, the political powers therein created. Or\\nit may be deemed a power of attorney from the people to their agents, speci-\\nfying, distinctly, the powers assigned to each.f The constitution and the\\ngovei-nment are frequently confounded, and treated as synonymous whereas,\\nthey are essentially different; the former being the creator and the law of the\\nlatter. The difference between them is not less, than that, between the whole\\npower of the people, and that of their special delegates. Every country has\\na government, but few have a constitution. The government in England, is\\nby king, lords, and commons, but that nation has no constitution; that is,\\nno instrument restraining the political omnipotence of those agents. No act\\nof theirs can be compared with a designation of their powers, and be thereby\\ncorrected or annulled. But, whatever they may do, however oppressive and\\narbitrary, has necessarily the authority of law. A constitution may create\\nany form of government may give any quantum of power, less than the\\nwhole for if it give the whole, it destroys itself. And such is the defect,\\nV Votes of Assembly, 1776.\\nX It might be objected, tliat the convention which framed the constitution, exceeded\\ntheir powers, or had, in fact, no power to touch the subject that they mistook in sup-\\nposing themselves the people, and that it is essential to the existence of a constitution,\\nthat the people should formally and expressly pass upon it. But acquiescence must\\nbe deemed assent.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "182 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand such has been, partially, the fate, of the constitution of New Jersey. The\\nonly restriction it contains, upon the agents to which it gave being, is found\\nin the twenty-third article, requiring each member of Council and Assembly,\\nto declare, upon oath or affirmation, that he will not assent to any law,\\nvote or proceeding, which shall appear to him injurious to the public welfare;\\nnor that shall annul or reptal that part of the third section of the charter,\\nwhich establishes, that, the elections of members of the legislative Council\\nand Assembly, shall be annual; nor that part of the tiventy-second section,\\nrespecting the trial by jury; nor that shall annul, repeal or alter the\\neighteenth and nineteenth sections; which relate to the freedom of religious\\nworship. This specification of things, which the Legislature shall not alter,\\nadmits its power to change all others, and puts within its control, the whole\\nform of the government, with the partition of its powers.\\nThe powers of government are commonly divided into the legislative,\\nexecutive and judicial branches though the third is but a modification of the\\nsecond, since the making and executing the laws, comprise the whole duty of\\nevery government. Most of the constitutions of the States of North America,\\ndefine the manner in which these branches shall be constituted, the powers\\nthey shall, respectively, exercise, and protect each against the other. But,\\nby the constitution of New Jersey, the executive, and judiciary powers, may\\nbe remodelled in any way. The office of governor may be vested in an in-\\ndividual for life, or made hereditary the judges may be appointed for\\nmonths, for years, or for life their number be increased or diminished, and\\ntheir compensation varied, and the courts continued or abolished, at the\\npleasure of the Assembly in a word, all the ordinate branches are depen-\\ndent on, and at the mercy of, the legislative. And, with the very inconsi-\\nderable restrictions already noticed, the whole power of the people, for all\\npurposes, is in the hands of their representatives who are, thus created\\nuniversal and not special agents, and have no law but their own will.\\nWe have seen with what extraordinary haste this instrument was formed.\\nLess than two days were employed by the committee in framing, and less\\nthan six days by the convention, in considering and confirming, the govern-\\nment of the state. This would be deemed extraordinary and unprofitable\\nhaste, at the present day, when political science is more generally under-\\nstood, the several powers more orderly classified, and models of tried con-\\nstitutions abound. At that period, resort could be had to two models, only,\\nof free government those of England, and her colonies. In both, the pow-\\ners of the state were divided between the king, or his representatives, and\\nthe representatives of the people. But most of the powers which had been\\nexercised by the royal governors, were held by this convention to have been\\ntaken from the people, and were, by it, restored to their representatives;\\ndoubtless, in the conviction, that, they were thereby restored to the people.\\nThe government of Great Britain was deemed too exceptionable to copy\\nfrom; and its hereditaiy executive and hereditary branch of the Legislature,\\nwere not congenial with the habits and wishes of the people.\\nBy the constitution of New Jersey, the legislative power is vested in an\\nassembly and council, annually elected by, and from, the people.\\nThe council is composed of one representative from each county. This i\\nallotment seems based upon no political principle. It has regard, neither to\\nextent of territory, nor amount of population but would seem to be, wholly,\\narbitrary.\\nThe minimum number of the Assembly, was fixed at thirty-nine. Three\\nmembers were given to each county, with a like disregard of territorial\\nextent and population. But the Legislature was empowered to diminish", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 183\\nthe number or proportion of the representatives in the Assembly for any\\ncounty.\\nThe quahfication for a member of the Legislature is, that he should be\\nfor one whole year, before his election, an inhabitant and freeholder of the\\ncounty in which he is chosen. If for council, that he should be worth one\\nthousand pounds. If for the Assembly, five hundred pounds, in real or per-\\nsonal estate. Neither mature age, nor citizenship, nor oath of allegiance,\\nare required from the law-giver of the land. But notwithstanding the con-\\nstitution has thus defined the qualification of the representative, the Legisla-\\nture, exercising the power which it unquestionably possesses, but which\\nwould not pertain to it, if the constitution were obligatory upon it, have de-\\nclared, that no alien should hold office and that every officer shall take a\\nprescribed oath of allegiance. And it has, thus, by the requisition of qualifi-\\ncations not prescribed by the constitution, added to the instrument.\\nThat the Legislature may be preserved as much as possible from all sus-\\npicion of corruption, no judge, sheriff, or other person possessed of any post\\nof profit, under the government, other than justices of the peace, may sit\\nin the Assembly. But, on taking his seat, his office is vacated. This re-\\nstriction does not extend to the council, and was borrowed from the provin-\\neial laws.\\nThe electors are required to be of full age, worth fifty pounds, clear estate,\\nand to have resided within the county for twelve months previous to the\\nelection. This qualification also, has been found in practice too broad; ad-\\nmitting all inhabitants, bond and free, white or black, male or female, native\\nor foreign, citizen or alien; and the Legislature has again exercised its\\npower, over the constitution, by limiting, more narrowly, the qualification of\\nelectors; declaring that no person shall vote in any state or county election,\\nunless he be a free white male citizen of the state.\\nThe property qualification required in the electors and elected, is a\\nstriking, because the only aristocratic, feature in the constitution. It is\\ncopied from the law of the colony, and was introduced, probably, into the\\nconstitution, by proprietary influence, which still prevailed in both sections\\n\u00c2\u00a9f the province. But the people having since condemned the restriction, the\\nLegislature has removed it from the electors, by declaring, that, every person\\nwho shall, in other respects, be entitled to a vote, and who shall have paid a\\ntax for the use of the county, or state, and whose name shall be enrolled on\\nany duplicate list of the last state or county tax, shall be adjudged by the\\nofficers conducting the election, to be worth fifty pounds. In practice, the\\nproperty qualification of the elected, is almost wholly disregarded. Under\\nthe royal government, a freehold estate was required in the voter. In the\\nconvention, an effort was made to give this franchise to all who paid taxes,\\nand the qualification required by the constitution was probably a composition\\n^between the parties.\\nThe Assembly has power, under the constitution, to choose its officers\\nto judge of the qualification and election of its members to sit upon its own\\nadjournments prepare bills and to empower the speaker to convene the\\nmembers when necessary. Like powers are given to the council except,\\nthat, it may not alter any money bill. In this restriction, we have a striking\\nevidence of the haste, and confusion of ideas, under which the constitution\\nwas framed. In the British government, the right to grant money is claimed,\\nexclusively, by the commons, because the other branches of the Leofislature\\nare presumed to have an interest, and to be subject to an influence, foreign to\\nthe mass of the people. The principle was adopted in the colonies, and the\\nright of framing money bills reserved to the Assembly, for the same cause;\\nthe governor and council being creations of the crown. But the reason", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "184 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nceasing, wholly, with the change of government, the rule should have ceased,\\nalso. The members of council, in their relation to the people, differ in\\nnothing from the members of the Assembly. They are not like the senators\\nof the United States, the representatives of territorial divisions removed in\\na degree from the people by the mode of their creation, and less responsible\\nby the length of the term of office but are annually elected, by the same\\nelectors, at the same time, and in practice, from the same class, as the mem-\\nbers from the lower House. By the letter of the constitution a distinction is\\nmade. More property is requisite to qualify them for office. But this dis-\\ntinction makes them safer guardians of the public purse, because it gives\\nthem a deeper interest in it.\\nThe Assembly and council have power to make the great seal They\\nare required to meet, separately, on the second Tuesday next after the day\\nof election and the consent of both Houses is necessary to every law.\\nSeven form a quorum of the council and no law can pass, unless there be\\na majority of all the representatives of each body, personally present, and\\nagreeing thereto.\\nThe council and Assembly, in joint meeting, are empowered to elect the\\ngovernor, annually, by a majority of votes, at their first meeting after each\\nannual election to elect, in the same manner, the judges of the supreme and\\ninferior courts, justices of the peace, clerks of courts, the attorney general,\\nthe secretary of state, the treasurer, and all general and field officers of\\nmilitia.\\nIt is now a settled principle of political science, that, the legislative and\\nexecutive powers of government ought not to be in the same hands. That\\ngovernment in which they are blended is a tyranny in proportion to the\\nextent of the amalgamation because, responsibility for the execution of the\\nlaws is, proportionately, destroyed. Where the whole of the legislative and\\nexecutive powers are vested in the same person or persons, the government\\nis despotic and it may be the despotism of the one, or of the many. Every\\nexecutive act may be a new volition of the legislative power, and the law\\nmay, nay, will be, changeable and uncertain and ofttimes never proclaimed,\\nnever known, until its execution. In the classification of powers, that of\\nappointing the expounders and the subordinate executors of the law, is pro-\\nperly assigned to the executive branch of the government, co-ordinate with,\\nand independent of, the Legislature but the difficulty of producing a prompt\\nand adequate responsibility, of the executive to the people, has, in practice,\\noccasioned various restrictions on the exercise of this power. When the Le-\\ngislature appoints these officers, it assumes the functions of the executive.\\nBut experience would seem to teach us, that the danger of corrupt adminis-\\ntration is equal, where the ministrative or judicial officer depends, for the\\ntenure of his office, upon the chief executive, or upon the legislative Assem-\\nbly. The corruption most common, and most to be dreaded, in popular\\ngovernments, is subservience to party spirit. Thus, we daily see officers de-\\npendent upon the will of a single headed executive, a council of appointment,\\nor a legislative assembly, changing their opinions, modelling their conduct,\\nor losing their offices, with the mutations of party following all its phases,\\nor buried in the obscurity of forgetfulness. To preserve the Legislature,\\nwhose purity is indispensable to the public weal, from every temptation, to\\nact under any other inlluence, than that of sound reason and discretion, it\\nshould have, neither the power to appoint, nor remove, any other, than such\\nofficers, as are necessary to the exercise of its functions. It is, wisely, object-\\ned, that the power of appointment should not be exercised by a body com- 1\\nposed of several individuals; because responsibility for its deeds is diminished i\\nor destroyed, by comminution and because consociated assemblies, every", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 185\\nwhere, take a latitude in morals, from which unprotected, unsupported indi-\\nviduals, would shrink with dismay. If such power be vested in an indivi-\\ndual, although he be not elevated above the temptation to abuse it, he is not\\nonly legally responsible for its improper exercise, but he stands constantly\\nbefore the tribunal of public opinion, and may be instantly arraigned for\\nmalversation in this, as in every other department of his office and when\\nthe continuance of the appointee in office, is independent of the will of the\\nappointor, it would seem, that, the constitution, in this particular, possesses all\\npractical guarantees for honest administration.\\nBut the constitution of New Jersey vests in the legislative power, to an\\nalarming degree, all the powers of government. Thus, the incumbents of\\nchief executive offices, including the judiciary, are not only dependent upon\\nthe Legislature, for their commissions, but for the amount of their salaries,\\nM^hich is subject to enlargement, or diminution, at its pleasure. The place-\\nmen, therefore, moved by ambition or avarice, whether governor, judges,\\nsecretary, treasurer, clerks, or chief officers of the army, are the creatures of\\nthe Assembly, not of the people receiving from it, life and daily sustenance,\\nand following it, as the sunflower does the sun, whatever be its course.\\nOfficers actuated by such motives, are always attainable; and when the\\nLegislature may be corruptly influenced, its power will be despotic in the\\ndirect or indirect exercise of^ all the functions of the government. If the\\nconstitution were, indeed, the supreme law of the land, unchangeable by the\\nLegislature, it would present, in the prescribed tenure of office for some of\\nthe officers, a check upon legislative influence. Thus, judges of the Supreme\\nCourt, hold their offices for seven judges of the inferior courts, justices of\\nthe peace, clerks of courts, the attorney-general, and secretary, for five\\nyears. But the Legislature may alter the constitution, in this, as in other\\nparticulars, and make the term of office in these cases annual, as in case of\\nthe governor and treasurer; or at will, as in the case of the principal militia\\nofficers.*\\nThe following is given, by Judge Griffiths, as the actual result, in the state, of\\nthis commingling of powers. We cannot of our own knowledge, vouch for the truth\\nof the picture, but it has sufficient verisimilitude.\\nOne of the most threatening effects of the connexion of the legislative and execu-\\ntive in the same body, is its apparent tendency to corrupt the Legislature.\\nFirst. By placing the power of filling the offices of government in the Legisla-\\nture, and permitting the choice from their own body, a temptation of the most direct\\nkind is oftered to their virtue offices will be erected for no other purpose, but to\\ngratify the expectations or promote the private ends of popular and ambitions leaders\\nin the Assembly.\\nSecond. But the most pernicious effect of this executive power in the Legislature,\\nis seen in the intrigues and party purposes, which it promotes and cherishes in a body,,\\nthat ought to be free from every local and every interested consideration.\\nIt is impracticable here to enter into a detail of facts, to prove, that the virtue of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0the Legislature has been, and will be, constantly assailed and overcome, by commit-\\nting to it the nomination and appointment of the executive afficers. It shows itself in\\nthe very formation of the Legislature. No sooner does an election for a legislative\\nassembly and council approach, than the question is not, who are the wisest and most\\ndisinterested, and of most integrity; but who will best answer the views of party, of\\nprivate ambition, or personal resentment. In every county, there will be constantly\\na succession of people aspiring to appointments, civil or military some desire to be\\njudges, some justices, some majors, and some colonels; some have interests depend-\\ning in the courts of law, and some perhaps have resentments against existing officers,\\nand would fain oust them from their seats: all these, and a thousand more passions,\\nare set to work, parties are formed, and nominations to the Legislature will be direct-\\ned and supported, upon principles altogether beside those, which should form the\\nbasis for a rio-ht election of legislative characters; the result must, of course, be un-\\nliivourable to the public good. But this is not all; not only are elections rendered\\nvicious, and the morals of the people corrupted in these struggles for personal advan-\\ntages, but unhappily the candidates partake of the contamination They nuist promise\\n2 A", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "186 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nBy the constitution the governor has the supreme executive power; is\\ncaptain-general of all the militia and other military force; is chancellor, and\\nordinary and surrogate-general; and as president of council, is judge of the\\ncourt of appeals, in the last resort; presides in council, and has a casting\\nvote in their proceedings. The council choose a vice-president, who acts as\\npresident, and governor, in the absence of the governor; and any three\\nmembers of the council, are at all times a privy council, to advise the\\ngovernor, in all cases where he may find it necessary to consult them.\\nWhilst the proper powers of the executive are given to the Legislature,\\nthe governor is o])[)ressed with various heterogeneous duties, which have been\\nconferred upon him not because he is the proper organ for their exercise,\\nbut because the members of the convention were habituated to behold them\\nlodged with the colonial governors who engrossed them, that they might\\nincrease their emoluments. As chancellor, surrogate, and president of the\\ncourt of appeals, the governor is a high judicial officer, and as such, gives\\ndecisions, which as an executive officer, he may be called upon to enforce;\\nAs the president of council, he has a potential voice and influence in legisla-\\ntion, and, thus, exorcises, in a limited degree, to be sure, all the powers of\\ngovernment. Thus, in another of its branches, the government assumes\\nthe essence of tyranny. This combination of powers, might prove very\\ndangerous, were not the governor so ephemeral in his existence, that he\\nhas not space, in his official life, to mature and effectuate a plot; and is\\nwholly dependent upon the Legislature for his compensation, which is, not\\nunconmionly, a principal mean of his subsistence. But, he is not deterred\\nfrom making his powers subservient to the dominant party of the Legislature,\\nallegiance to their party you sliall be a judge, and you a justice you a major, and\\nyou a colonel you a clerk, and you a commissioner, I will solicit your cause in the\\ncourt of errors, and will vote for your friend to fill a seat in the judiciary. Thus the\\nexecutive authorities confided to an annual tegislature, lay the foundation of corrup-\\ntion at the threshold of its election; instead of being elected with a national view,\\nand for the purpose of forming general laws, for the more equal and salutary govern-\\nment of the people, the persons go there to represent the interests and gratify the de-\\nsires of a few partisans in their different districts, upon the performance of which will\\ndepend their reappointment at the ensuing election!\\nWhen the Legislature is formed, and a joint meeting agreed upon, then begins a\\nscene of intrigue, of canvassing and finesse, which bafiies all description, and is too\\nnotorious to require proof, and too disgusting for exhibition. The members of a\\ncounty, in which an office is to be disposed of, are beset by friends and partisans of\\nthe candidates their hopes and fears are excited, by all the arts whicii can be sug^\\ngested to influence their choice; from these, the attack extends itself, till it reaches\\nevery member of the Legislature and so strong and so general does the contest be-\\ncome, by the different repi esentations, having each particular objects to attain, that\\none grand scene of canvass and barter ensues; a vote for one, is made the condition\\nof voting for another, withoHt regard to qualifications; even laws which- are to affect\\nthe public interest, are made the price of these interested concessions; and not unfre-\\nquently almost the whole sitting of the Legislature is spent in adjusting the preten-\\nsions, and marshalling the strength of the respective candidates for ofiice. To such\\na pitch has this grown, that even the members of the Legislature complain of it, aa\\nan intolerable evil. These contests again, lay the foundation for new parties and\\nnew resentments at the next election. To counteract the opposition which may be\\nstirred up, all the appointments will be made, with a view to strengthen the interest\\nof the sitting members. New commissions, civil and military, judges and justices,\\ngeneral officers, general staff and field oflacers, will be made with a reference to the\\nstate of parties in the county, instead of being dictated by quite a contrary spirit.\\nThe result of all this, is seen and felt in every quarter. From hence proceed the\\njars and divisions which destroy the pleasures of social life in every neighbourhood\\nand village; and from hence arises the instability of laws, the multiplication of magis-\\ntrates, the weakness and divisions of the courts of justice, the heats and ill-directed\\nzeal at elections, and that general languor and dereliction of principle in every\\ndepartment, wliicli menaces the total depravation of the body politic. EumeneS\\npp. 130\u00e2\u0080\u009413^.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 1S7\\nand thus to submit himself to a corrupt influence. There is another point of\\nview in which this comminghng of powers is prejudicial to the state. It de-\\nmands qualities for their execution, which are so rarely found in the same\\nindividual, as to seem incompatible. The qualifications for a commander-\\nin-chief, are not those of the legislator, much less those of the judge.\\nIt is not the fault of the constitution of New Jersey, alone, to vest in the\\nchief executive oflicer, a portion of the legislative power. It is done by the\\nconstitution of the United States, and by many oi the states, with an ex-\\npediency, which daily experience renders less than doubtful. The feature\\nis borrowed from the English government, where its chief use is to preserve\\nthe prerogative of the Kizig, against the encroachments of the people.\\nThe inferior executive officers, beside those abovenamed, who are cre-\\nated by the constitution, are a sheriff, and one or more coroners, elected,\\nannually, fi-om each county; who are eligible three years, successively, but\\nafter which, not again for three years; and a constable, and commissioners\\nof appeal, in case of taxation, also, annually elected in each township.\\nBut in no particular, is the imperfection of this constitution more visible,\\nthan in its provisions relative to the judiciary. Neither the courts nor the\\nnumber of judges which shall respectively constitute them, are determined\\nby it. The power is given to appoint the judges of the Supreme Court, and\\nof the inferior courts of Common Pleas, of the several counties. These\\ncourts, and the chancery, were established by an ordinance of the King, re-\\ncognised and confirmecl by the acts of Assembly, and are continued under\\nthe new constitution, by articles twelve and twenty-two; declaring, that all\\nthe laws contained in Allinson s edition, and the common law of England,\\nand so much of the statute law, as had been theretofore practised, shall\\ncontinue in full force, until altered by the Legislature such parts only ex-\\ncepted, as were incompatible with the charter. If any difterence of opinion\\nmay exist, relative to the power of the Legislature over the constitution,\\nthere can be none, as to their power over the laws; consequently, they\\nmay alter or abolish, all or either of the courts, at their pleasure and there-\\nfore the constitution has made no provision for the permanence of the judi-\\nciary. The fixed term of office of the judges, supposing the constitution\\nunalterable by the Legislature, becomes no protection to their independence,\\nsince the laws upon which the courts depend, may be i-epealed, and the\\ncommissions of the judges fall with them. Of the manner in which the\\ncourts are at present constituted, there are many seemingly well founded\\ncomplaints, which it is no part of our province to examine or to judge. But\\nwe may remark, with regard to the Court of Chancery, that we cannot con-\\nceive, of a worse organization, than that, by which the highest law officer of\\nthe state, is not only subject to annual change, but is actually and repeatedly\\nchanged from year to year. The judge has no inducement to qualify him-\\nself for the duties of his place, since his labour will not be rewarded and\\nthe business of the court nnust be ignorantly, slovenly and sluggishly exe-\\ncuted, inasmuch, as more than one chancellor may frequently intervene be-\\ntween the hearings of the same cause.*\\nFor the manner in which the S3 6teni of the inferior courts works, we refer the\\nreader to the following remarks of Judge Griffiths observing that the judges of these\\ncourts are without limit as to number, have not a professional education, and receive\\nBo compensation, save some inconsiderable bench fees.\\nLet any man go into a county court in New Jersey, and one hour s observation\\nwill satisfy him, tliat it is neither a place of common sense, nor of common justice.\\nHe will see disputes maintained with great heat and prolixity, on questions which\\nnone would hear debated, but those who feel difficulty in every thing, from their\\ntotal ignorance of every thing, of a legal complexion; ho will sec the most prepos-\\nterous decisions, after those preposterous pleadings ho will see cause after cause", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "188 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nThe judges and othci- officers, chosen by the Assembly, are commissioned\\nby the governor, and may bo reappointed at the end of their several terms,\\nand dismissed when adjudged guilty of misbehaviour, by the council, on im-\\npeachment of the Assembly.\\nBy article ninth, the governor and council, (seven whereof shall be a\\nquorum,) form the Court of Appeals, in the last resort, in all cases at law, as\\ntheretofore; and have power to grant pardons to criminals, after condemna-\\ntion. By statute, this court has also been made the Court of Appeals in\\nequity cases.\\nThis feature is also copied from the colonial government, in which, it\\nwas analogous, somewhat, to the judicial power of the House of Lords;\\nwith this important and extraordinary difference, that in England, the execu-\\ntive, or the King, is not a member of the court; and the court there, is\\nalways aided by the great law officers of the state, and guided by their col-\\nlected wisdom and learning. Whilst in New Jersey, the executive forms a\\npart of the court, and the court consisting of members annually chosen, and\\nperhaps annually changed, whose education and pursuits do not qualify\\nthem to determine legal questions, sits to revise and perhaps, to reverse de-\\ncisions given under the best lights of the land.*\\nThe 18th and 19th articles of the constitution, which are exempted from\\nthe power of the Legislature, provide, that no person shall be deprived of the\\nprivilege of worshipping Almighty God, in a manner agreeable to the dic-\\ntates of his own conscience, nor under any pretence, compelled to attend any\\nplace of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment, nor be obliged to\\npay tithes, taxes, or any other rates, for the purpose of building or repairing\\nany church, or place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or\\nministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or has deliberately or\\nvoluntarily engaged himself to perform.\\nThat there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect, in prefer-\\nence to another and that no protcstant inhabitant shall be denied the enjoy-\\nment of any civil right, merely on account of his religious principles; but,\\nthat all persons professing a belief in the faith of any protestant sect, who\\nshall demean themselves peaceably under the government, shall be capable\\nof being elected into any office of profit or trust, or being a member of either\\ntorn by piecemeal from their foundations the judges perplexed or dismayed with\\nevery trifling occurrence, upon which a legal doubt arises he will see the judges\\ndivided in opinion, looking round for help; and finally, he will see the business of the\\nsession abandoned where it began, and put off upon frivolous pretexts to a more con-\\nvenient season; and when he has seen tliis at one court, at one term, he will have a\\nvery accurate sample of the dignity and ability, which pervades the judiciary system\\nof his enlightened country. Those who are best acquainted with the subject of this\\ndescription, will allow that it is not exaggerated; they know that there is little\\ndignity, and less ability in most of the courts, to which their professional pursuits call\\nthem; they know, it is sometimes a subject of ridicule, and oftener of serious regret,\\nthat the judges, instead of knowing the laws better than those who advocate them,\\nare generally ignorant of first principles, and instead of directing business with that\\nmanly confidence, which is always the attendant of knowledge, they are led away by\\ntheir deference to professional eminence, perhaps by the fallacious sophistry of a con-\\ncluding harangue. Far be it from me to apply this indiscriminately there are ex-\\nceptions and still farther it is from me, to place this general defection in the judi-\\nciary, to a depravity of personal character; quite the contrary. It would be difficult\\nto find more private integrity in any equal number of men but no qualities of the\\nheart, can compensate for the want of knowledge in any science; and in that of the\\nlaw, however paradoxical it may seem, mere goodness of heart is a dangerous pro-\\npensity. Eumcnes, pp. 107, 108.\\nMembers of the bar are frequently elected to council. To them, of course, the\\nforegoing remark is not applicable. An increase of business in this court, would pro-\\nbably render it as necessary to have the councillors all lawyers, as it is that the\\ngovernor should be one.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 189\\nbranch of the Legislature, and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege\\nand imnuinity enjoyed by others, their fellow subjects.\\nTins last clause, much less liberal than were the Concessions of the pro-\\nprietaries, stands a monument of British intolerance; for it is modelled on the\\nlaws of England, excluding Catholics from office; yet whilst in Great Britain\\nthis intolerance has ceased, it is continued here, and the Catholic christian,\\ntogether with all who do not profess a belief in the faith of a Protestant sect\\nare excluded from full participation in civil rights. This restriction is far\\nbehind the age, and calls loudly for removal although, to the honour of the\\nstate, in no instance, has it been enforced. Yet, it is a foul blot on the polity\\nof the country.\\nBy the 16th article of the constitution, all criminals were admitted to the\\nsame privileges of witness and counsel, as the prosecutor; and by the 18th,\\nthe estates of persons destroying their own lives, and chattels occasioning\\naccidentally, the death of any one, are declared not to be subject to forfeiture.\\nV\\\\ e have thus given all the provisions of the existing constitution, with a\\nrunning commentary upon its leading features, in which the deficiency of\\nthe instrument, as a constitution, has been chiefly considered. Compared\\nwith what such an instrument should be, it has many faults of expediency,\\nwhich have been frequently noticed by eminent citizens of the state; some of\\nwfiich have been, and others may be, amended, by the Legislature. But as a\\nconstitution, the instrument is radically defective; first, that it is not obliaa-\\ntory upon the Legislature, but may be, as it has been, altered, by the power\\nwhich makes the ordinary law; second, that it does not separate and define\\nthe powers of the several departments of the government; and third that it\\nhas made every department subject to, and dependent upon, the Legislature.\\nConsequently a despotic power lies in that body, which may be abused to\\nparty purposes, and to the subversion of political liberty. That this power\\nhas been so abused, is not less certain, than that ever/ cause in action must\\nproduce Its appropriate effect. That such abuses have not been intolerable\\n.may be ascnbed first, to the want of opportunity of working extensive evil\\nn for no great convulsion of the people has yet arisen, in which individuals\\ncould advance their interests, by the utter subversion of established i)rinciples\\ni and drawing to themselves as members of the Assembly, the actual exercise\\nI of all pohtical power; although a continued assumption of such power mio-ht\\n1 perhaps, be traced in the Legislature, from the establishment of the sTate\\ngovernment: 2dly, To the restraining power of public opinion, enlightened\\nM by that political science, which sends more or less of its rays into every part\\nf| of our country, and to which the annual election of the members of the Leo-is-\\nlature makes them amenable. But, that the state is subject to all the evils\\ni which may result from an unlimited and indefinite government, is as unques-\\ntionable, as that the man who dwells beneath the impending avalanche or on\\nthe slumbering volcano, is exposed to destruction from the fall of the one or\\nirruption of the other. That he has not already been overwhelmed, can be\\nno protection against the next convulsion of nature.\\nThe transition from a provincial to an independent state, was made with as\\nhttle pam and confusion, at the moment, as a modification micrht now he\\neffected in an American state, where the sense of a majority of^lhe neonle\\nforms the unresisted law. A simple resolution of the convention that the\\njudges, justices of the peace, sheriffs, coroners, and other inferior officers of\\nthe late government, proceed in the execution of the several offices under the\\nauthority of the people, until the intended Legislature, and the several officers\\nof the new government should be settled and perfected, havino- respect to the\\npresent constitution and the orders of the provincial Congresses and that\\nall suits of law should be continued, altering only the style and form thereof", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "ic)0 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwas sufficient to continue without much embarrassment, the whole machinery\\nof society-\\nV. After the adoption of the constitution, the provmcial Congress, pro-\\nceeded by an ordinance, to carry it into etibct. The second section of the\\ncharter appointed the second Tuesday in August, for the election of the mem-\\nbers of the Legislature, sheriffs, and coroners. The ordmance ascertained the\\nplaces and manner of election, and created a new qualification for the mem-\\nbers of council and Assembly, and for the electors, which may be considered\\nthe second violation of the constitution just established requirmg, from tfie\\nvoter and member, respectively, an oath or affirmation, that he did not hold\\nhimself bound to bear allegiance to George the Third, King of Great Britain,\\nand would not by any means, directly or indirectly, oppose the measures\\nadopted by the colony, or the continental Congress, against the tyranny\\nattempted to be established over the colonies by the Court of Great Britain;\\nbut would bear true allegiance to the government established in the colony,\\nunder the authority of the people. The council and Assembly, when elected,\\nwere directed to meet, the first time, at Princeton.\\nVI. The period of the revolution has been termed the time for trying\\nmen s souls; and this was emphatically true, at the moment of declaring\\nindependence. The unanimity with which resistance against the measures\\nof the parent state had been continued, was then broken. The timid, the\\ninterested, and the conscientious, were alike unwilling to sever irreparably,\\nthe ties which connected them with her. The professions of loyalty and de-\\npendence, were sincerely made by a large majority of the provincialists, and\\nthey were adhered to by many, with religious tenacity, who truly believed\\nthat political happiness and salvation existed, only, in the British empire, ihe\\ntimid, and especially the timid rich, shrunk from the disgrace and pains of\\ntreason\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the placeman, and the expectant of place, who looked upon the\\nrisincT sun, struggling amid clouds as a portentous, but evanescent, meteor,\\ncould not turn from the rays of meridian splendour, in which they had long\\nlived or hoped to bask; whilst others united with their fellow subjects of the\\nEuropean isles, by the tenderest charities of blood and affinity, of tastes and\\nbusiness could not summon resolution to break connexions, which were the\\ngreat pleasures of their existence. The wonder, therefore, is not that a great\\nmany valuable men preserved their loyalty and became distinguished as\\ntories but, that the declaration of independence had not more equally divided\\nthe country. But there was, also, a class of men of desperate character,\\nopposed to American independence, who, confident in the strength and suc-\\ncess of Great Britain, availed themselves of her protection to prey upon\\nthe country, and under pretence of loyalty and readiness to punish treason,\\n(to stratify their own malignant passions, their foul revenge, and cupidity.\\nBands of these marauders soon haunted the forests and shores of the eastern\\npart of the state, particularly of Monmouth, and the mountams of Morris and\\nSussex counties; breaking out from time to time, and doing far greater evi,\\nthan the recrular inimical soldiery. New York, one of the largest, richest,\\nand most powerful of the royal colonies, was the most divided on the question\\nof independence. The tories, there protected by the English forces, were\\nnumerous, wealthy, and active; they had many friends, relatives, and de-\\npendents in East jersey, over whom they exercised a dangerous mfluence.\\nDurino- the whole interval from the commencement of hostdities until the\\ntreaty of peace. New Jersey was a frontier state, and exposed to all the mise-\\nries of border warfare; at one time, the enemy lay upon her northern and\\nsouthern boundaries, and her losses in proportion to her wealth and popula-\\ntion, were probably greater than those of any other state, save South Care\\njina.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 191\\nUpon the arrival of -the British army in 177G, the disafiected in New York\\nand New Jersey, were embodied under officers selected from among them-\\nselves. Mr. Oliver Delancey, an influential officer of the late government,\\nin New York, was appointed brigadier-general, and empowered to raise\\nthree battalions, to consist of fifteen hundred men. But, notwithstanding\\ngreat exertions on his part, his command did not exceed six hundred. Mr.\\nCourtlandt Skinner, late attorney-general, and speaker of the Assembly\\nof New Jersey, his brother, the late treasurer, who had recently been re-\\nceived in the council, and every member of that family, adhered to the\\nenemy. Courtlandt was, also, appointed a brigadier, and directed to raise\\ntwo thousand five hundred men, but he could rarely bring into the field more\\nthan five hundred.\\nVII. With the assumption of independent sovereignty, came the duty of\\nsupporting it, by the denunciation of the pains and penalties of treason,\\nagainst such as should attempt its overthrow. An ordinance of the 18th of\\nJuly, 1776, therefore, prescribed, that, all persons abiding within the state,\\nderiving protection from its laws, owed allegiance to its government, and\\nwere members of its community and, that, sojourners receiving like pro-\\ntection,- owed like allegiance whilst within its limits; that all persons, so\\nowing allegiance, who should levy war against, and within, the state, or be\\nadherent to the King of Great Britain, oi- others, the enemies of the state\\nwithin the same, or to the enemies of the United States of North America,\\ngiving them aid or comfort, should be adjudged guilty of high treason, and\\nsuffer the pains thereof (death) as by the ancient laws. This act transmitted\\nthe cases of disafiected residents, en masse, to the ordinary tribunals.\\nVIII. To those opposed to the rising order of things, the loyalty of Go-\\nvernor Franklin aflxDrded countenance. The torrent of public opinion was\\ntoo strong, for him to attempt to turn its course, and he was compelled to\\nstand by, an almost idle spectator, whilst it swept away all the powers and\\nservices which, lately, pertained to him but which he was not disposed to\\nabandon without an effort for their maintenance. Before the resolution to\\n.establish a new government had been formally adopted, by this state, the\\nwhole political power had passed, by the voice of the people, to their dele-\\ngates in Convention which became the government de facto; and the\\npowers flowing from royal authority, were suspended by the exercise of\\nthose derived from the people. This, however, was a conclusion which the\\ngovernor was very unwilling to attain, and he resolved to determine whether\\nit were indeed true, by attempting to collect and set in action the component\\nparts of his Majesty s government. Could this be effected, a powerful effort\\nmight yet be made in the royal cause; and whatever might be the final\\nresult, disunion and distraction in the proceedings of the state would be inevi-\\ntable. Of the thirty members of Assembly, seven, only, were members of\\nthe Convention and the governor may, probably, have supposed, as some\\nof the former body were distinguished royalists, that he might array one\\npopular Assembly against another. He, therefore, by proclamation of the\\nthirtieth of May, summoned the House, in the name of the King, ta meet on\\nthe twentieth of June. The provincial Congress, instantly, foresaw the mis-\\nchief of this measure, and prepared to defeat it. On the fourth af the last\\nmonth, they resolved, by a vote of thirty-eight to eleven, that the proclama-\\ntion of William Franklin, late governor, ought not to be obeyed and on the\\nsixteenth, by a vote of thirty-five to ten, that, by such proclamation, he had\\nacted in direct contempt, and violation, of the resolve of the continental Con-\\ngress of the fifteenth of May had discovered himself to be an enemy to the\\nliberties of the country; and that, measures should be immediately taken to\\nsecure his person: And by a vote of forty-seven to three, they ftn-ther re-\\nI..", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "19^ HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nsolved, that all payments of money, on account of salary, or otherwise, to\\nhim, as governor, should thenceforth cease; and that the treasurers of the\\nprovince should account for the moneys, in their hands, to the provincial\\nCongress, or to the future Legislatui-e of the colony.\\nImmediately upon the adoption of these resolutions, the Congress issued\\nthe following order to Colonel Nathaniel Heard, of the first battalion of the\\nMiddlesex county militia. The provincial Congress of New Jersey, re-\\nposing great confidence in your zeal and prudence, have thought fit to entrust\\nto your care, the execution of the enclosed resolves. It is the desire of Con-\\ngress, that this necessary business, be conducted with all the delicacy and\\ntenderness which its nature can possibly admit. For this end you will find,\\namong the papers, the form of a written parole, in which there is left a blank\\nspace for you to fill up, at the choice of Mr. Franklin, with the name of Prince-\\nton, Bordentown, or his own farm at Rancocus. When he shall have signed\\nthe parole, the Congress will rely upon his honour, for the faithful perform-\\nance of his engagements but should he refuse to sign it, you are desired to\\nput him under strong guard, and keep him in close custody, until further\\norders. Whatever expense may be necessary will be cheerfully defrayed\\nby the Congress. We refer to your discretion, what means to use for that\\npurpose, and you have full power and authority to take to your aid, what-\\never force vou may require.\\nOn the seventeenth. Colonel Heard and Major Deare, waited on the gover-\\nnor at Amboy, and desired him to comply with the order of Congress, and\\nsign the parole. Upon his refusal, they surrounded his house with a guard\\nof sixty men, and despatched an express to report their proceedings to, and\\nask further instructions from, the Congress; who commanded, that Mr.\\nFranklin should be immediately brought to Burlington.\\nIn the mean time, Mr. Tucker addressed a letter to Mr. Hancock, presi-\\ndent of the continental Congress, in the following terms Sir, our colony\\nhas, of late, been alarmed with sundry attempts of disaffected persons, to\\ncreate disturbances. The proclamation of Mr. Franklin, our late governor,\\nfor calling together the Assembly, is one of those we have thought deserving\\nthe most serious attention. Enclosed, we have sent a copy of certain resolves\\nwhich we have thought necessary to pass on the occasion, together with a\\ncopy of our instructions to Colonel Heard. We, this minute, received, by\\nexpress from Colonel Heard, a letter, of which the enclosed is a copy. We\\nhave ordered down to this place, Mr. Franklin, under guard and now beg\\nleave to submit, to the consideration of the Congress, whether it would not\\nbe for the general good of the United Colonies, that Mr. Franklin should be\\nremoved to some other colony. Congress will easily conceive the reasons\\nof this application, as Mr. Franklin, we presume, would be capable of doing\\nless mischief in Connecticut or Pennsylvania, than in New Jersey. What-\\never advice Congress may think proper to give us, we shall be glad to re-\\nceive and would further intimate, that the countenance and approbation of\\nthe continental Congress, would satisfy some persons who might, otherwise,\\nbe disposed to blame us.\\nPresident Hancock replied, transmitting the following resolution In\\nCongress, June 19th, 1776\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Resolved, that it be recommended to the Con-\\nventfon of New Jersey, to proceed on the examination of Mr. Franklin and\\nif, upon such examination, they should be of opinion, that he should be con-\\nfined, to report such opinion to this Congress, and then this Congress will\\ndirect the place of his confinement; they concurring in sentiment with the\\nConvention of New Jersey, that it would be improper to confine him in\\nthat colony. n j i, r\\nOn the twenty-first of June, Mr. Franklin was, accordingly, called before", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 193\\nthe provincial council, to be examined, touciiing such parts of his conduct,\\nas were deemed inimical to the liberties of America. He refused to answer\\nall questions put to him denying the authority of this body, which he\\nalleged had usurped the King s government in the province. Whei-eupon,\\nthe Congress resolved, that as by this and his former conduct, in many in-\\nstances, he appeared to be a virulent enemy to this country, and a person\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0who might prove dangerous, he should be confined in such place and man-\\nner, as the honourable continental Congress should direct and that Lieu-\\ntenant-colonel Bowes Read, should keep him under safe guard, until further\\norder of the continental Congress. That order was received on the twenty-\\nfifth of June, directing that the deposed governor should be sent, under guard,\\nto Governor Trumbull, of Connecticut, who was desired to take his parole,\\nand in case he refused to give it, to treat him agreeably to the resolutions of\\nCongress, respecting prisoners. This request was immediately complied with.\\nOn his release, he sailed to England, where he received a pension for his\\nlosses.*\\nIX. Towards the disaffected the conduct of the patriots was, at first, truly\\nlenient. Those taken in arms were treated as prisoners of war and no\\nother proceeding was had against those not in arms, from whom danger\\nwas apprehended, than such as would prevent them from committing the\\nmischief they meditated. Congress had great confidence in the power of\\nreason and gentle treatment, on the presumption, that the disaffected were,\\ngenerally, the misinformed. Under this impression, resolutions were adopt-\\ned, second January, 1776, recommending to the several township and county\\ncommittees, and other friends of American liberty, to explain to the honest\\nand misguided, the nature of the controversy, and the many, but fruitless\\nefforts which had been made to effect an accommodation but, at the same\\ntime, to proceed with vigour, against active partizans from whom danger\\nmight be apprehended, disarming them, keeping them in safe custody, or\\nbinding them with sufficient sureties to their good behaviour. Strong mea-\\nsures were not, however, immediately taken against them, in those parts of\\nthe country where they were the most powerful. In Long and York islands,\\nwhere General Lee had been stationed, principally, to counteract their ma-\\nchinations, they maintained, even, afler the arrival of the commander-in-\\nGovernor Franklin was born about the year 1731. He was a captain in the French\\nwar, and served at Ticonderoga. After the peace of Paris he accompanied his father\\nto England. Going to Scotland he became acquainted with the Earl of Bute, on\\nwhose recommendation, to Lord Halifax, he was appointed governor of New Jersey,\\nin 1763; from which time he continued in office, until deposed in the manner above\\nstated. He died in England, November 17th, 1813, aged eighty-two years. By his\\nfirst wife, a West Indian, he had a son, William Temple Franklin, who edited the\\nworks of his grandfather, suppressing, as it is said, at the instance of the British go-\\nvernment, some very important memoirs. He died at Paris, May 25th, 1823. Go-\\nvernor Franklin differed, essentially, in temperament from his illustrious father, pre-\\nfering ease to action, and gained a life of inglorious comfort, by the sacrifice of an\\neternity of fame. His own conduct and the reputation of his father, had made him\\nrespected in New Jersey, and had he joined the popular party, he would, probably,\\nhave attained high distinction among American patriots. Governor Franklin, as well\\nas Governors Bernard and Hutchinson, were Americans, and though sons of the soil,\\ntheir devotion to the parent state, and the royal cause, was right loyal and such was\\nthe effect of the royal favour, on them, as to give us occasion to rejoice, that it had\\nnot been more bountifully dispensed among the patriots of 1776. To carry his points\\nin England, Lord North was profusely beneficent. Ten peers, at once, were called\\nup into the English House, and one day, the 22d of July, 1777, saw the Irish peerage\\nreinforced by eighteen new barons, seven barons furtlier secured by being created\\nviscounts, and five viscounts advanced to earldoms. It was, perhaps, happy for Ame-\\nrica, that, at the dawn of the rebellion, the griefs of the complainants had not been\\nmedicated by a patronage like this.\\n2B", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "194 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nchief, a regular intercourse witii Governor Tryon, and devised plans for co-\\noperating with the enemy. When the contest assumed the form of active\\nhostility, disaifection to the American cause took a decided shape, and its\\nenemies united as a party; still numbers followed with the body of their\\ncountrymen, and were not distinguishable until the declaration of indepen-\\ndence. That measure effectually separated the mass.\\nWhere the previous measures of the continental and local governments\\nhad been genei-ally and cordially suj)ported, the public mind was prepared\\nfor independence. In New England, Virginia, and South Carolina, there\\nwas scarce a dissentient voice. From New York to Maryland, inclusive, the\\npeople were more divided. In North Carolina an efficient majority was\\nfriendly, but there was a powerful minority, ready to seize the tirst oppor-\\ntunity to manifest their hostility. Georgia was weak and disunited.\\nIn New York and New Jersey the British were received with open arms,\\nby the disaffected, as their deliverers from oppression. The tories were so\\nnumerous, that, as the army advanced into the country, the militia of the\\nislands were embodied for their defence; and these states afforded corps of\\nregulars, equal to their quotas in the American army. Upon taking pos-\\nsession of Long Island, General Howe assured his army, that they were\\namong friends, and prohibited, under the severest penalties, every species of\\nviolence.* As he advanced to the White Plains, the state Convention enter-\\ntained fears of a dangerous insurrection, and seemed apprehensive of an\\nattempt to punish the disaffected, though actually engaged in enlisting men\\nfor the British service. Much dread was felt, that they would seize the im-\\nportant passes of the highlands and it was thought dangerous to march the\\nmilitia fi-om some of the neighbouring counties for their protection, lest\\ntheir absence should encourage the loyalists to assemble in ax ms.\\nOn entering the Jerseys, Lord Cornwallis gave orders similar to those of\\nGeneral Howe, on Long Island. The proclamation, offering protection to\\nthose who would come in and take the oaths of allegiance, within sixty\\ndays, also, contained assurances, that the obnoxious laws, which had occa-\\nsioned the war, would be revised. The effect of these measures, with the\\nmilitary success of tlie enemy, was to extinguish, nearly, the spirit of re-\\nsistance. A few militia, only, were in arms, under General Williamson;\\nwhose indisposition, compelling him to leave the service, they were after-\\nwards commanded by General Dickenson but the great body of the\\ncountry was either with the enemy, or had too little zeal for the cause, to\\nhazard their lives and fortunes in its support. When urged to take up arms,\\nthey answered, that General Howe promised them peace, liberty, and\\nsafety, and more they could not require.\\nThe articles of association of 1775, may be deemed the entering wedge of\\ndivision, between the parties in New Jersey, as in other parts of America.\\nThose who refused to sign, or having signed, disobeyed, their requisitions,\\nwere held enemies to their country, and as such, were not only denounced\\nby the county and township committees, but were fined and imprisoned, as\\nwell by the order of such committees, as by that of the provincial Conven-\\ntions and committees of safety. Notwithstanding these measures, counter\\nassociations Avere attempted, resolving to pay no tax levied by order of the\\nprovincial Congress, nor to purchase any goods distrained for such taxes, or\\nfor non-attendance at militia musters. These, and like demonstrations of\\nhostility, induced the committee of safety of the province, on the fifteenth of\\nJanuary, 1776, earnestly to recommend to the several county and toAvn com-\\nmittees, the execution of the resolve of the continental Congress, of the\\nFor violation of these orders some soldiers were condemned and executed.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 195\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0second of that month, recommending due moderation and prudence, and re-\\nquesting all officers of militia to lend their assistance. Under this resolu-\\ntion several persons, from different parts of the state, were brought before the\\ncommittee of safety, and the provincial Congress, Axhich sat from the thirty-\\nfirst of January to the second of March, 1776. Most of the prisoners con-\\nfessed their faults, craved pardon, and Avere either dismissed unscathed, or\\nsubjected to a small pecuniary mulct, and to give security, in various sums,\\nfor future good conduct. But with the progress toward independence, the\\nnumber of the disatfected, increasing rapidly, gave much employment to the\\nprovincial Congress, which assembled on the tenth of June and which\\nframed the state constitution and their proceedings assumed a greater de-\\ngree of severity. Memorials, from several counties, complaining of the hos-\\ntile intentions and proceedings of the disaffected, particularly, in Monmouth,\\nHunterdon, Bergen, and Sussex, called forth a reiteration of previous in-\\nstructions to the county committees, and formal summons to the inculpated,\\nto appear before the Convention. On the twenty-sixth of June, that body\\nhaving intelligence, that there were several insurgents in the county of Mon-\\nmouth, who took every measure in their power to contravene the regulations\\nof Congress, and to oppose the cause of American freedom, and that it was\\nhighly necessary, that an immediate check should be given to so daring a\\nspirit of disaffection, resolved, that Colonel Charles Read should take to his\\naid, two companies of the militia of the county of Burlington, and proceed,\\nwithout delay, to the county of Monmouth, to apprehend such insurgents as\\nwere designated to him by the president of the Convention. Authentic\\ninformation was, at the same time, received, that other disaffected persons\\nin the county of Hunterdon had confederated for the purpose of opposing the\\nmeasures of Congress, and had even proceeded to acts of open and daring\\nviolence; having plundered the house of a Captain Jones, beaten, wounded,\\nand otherwise abused the friends of freedom in the county, and publicly de-\\nclared, that they would take up arms in behalf of the King of Great Britain.\\nIn order, efiectually, to check a comljination so hostile and dangerous. Lieu-\\ntenant-colonel Abraham Ten Eick and Major Berry were directed, with the\\nmilitia of the counties of Hunterdon and Somerset, to apprehend these insur-\\ngents. On the first of July the provincial Congress resolved, that the seve-\\nral colonels of the counties, should, without delay, proceed to disarm all per-\\nsons within their district, who, from religious pi-inciples, or other causes, re-\\nfused to bear arms. Two days after the last, an additional order was given\\nto Colonel Charles Read, Lieutenant-colonel Samuel Forman, and Major\\nJoseph Haight, with two hundred militia of Burlington, and two hundred\\nof Monmouth county, to proceed, without delay, to quell an insurrection\\nin Monmouth, and to disarm and take prisoners, whomsoever they should\\nfind assembled, with intent to oppose the friends of American freedom; and\\nto take such measures as they should think necessary for this service. On\\nthe fourth of July, Congress resolved, that as divers persons, in the county\\nof Monmouth, who had embodied themselves, in opposition to its mea-\\nsures, had expressed their willingness to return to their duty, upon as-\\nsurances of pardon, alleging, that they have been seduced and misled, by\\nthe false and malicious reports of others; such persons as should, without\\ndelay, return peaceably to their homes, and conform to the orders of Con-\\ngress, should be treated with lenity and indulgence, and upon their good\\nbehaviour, be restored to the favour of their country providing, that such\\nas appeared to have been the leaders and principals in these disorders, and\\nwho, to their other guilt, had added that of seducing the weak and the un-\\nwary, should yet be treated, according to their demerits.\\nUnder these and like resolutions many persons, among whom were seve.", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "196 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nral of largo property and great respectability, were brought before Congress.\\nSome were imprisoned, sonic fined, and others suffered to go at lai ge upon\\ntheir parole others were compelled to enter into recognizance with security,\\nconditioned for their good behaviour; and others were relegated to such\\nplaces within the province, as the Congress supposed could give them the\\nleast opportunity of evil.*\\nWhen the state government was organized, under the constitution, the\\nLegislature enacted a law of like tenor, with the ordinance of the convention,\\nagainst treason; and further declared, that any one owing allegiance to the\\nstate, who should by speech, writing, or open deed, maintain the authority of\\nthe King and Parliament of Great Britain, should be subject, by the first of-\\nfence, to fine, not exceeding three hundred pounds, and imprisonment, not\\nexceeding one year; and for the second, to the pillory, and the like im-\\nprisonment; that reviling, or speaking contemptuously of the government\\nof the state, of the Congress, or United States of America, or of the\\nmeasures adopted by the Congress, or by the Legislature of the state, or\\nmaliciously doing any thing whatever, which would encourage disaffection,\\nor manifestly tend to raise tumults and disorders in the state; or spreading\\nsuch false rumours, concerning the American forces, or the forces of the\\nenemy, as would tend to alienate the affections of the people from the govern-\\nment, or to terrify or discourage the good subjects of this state, or to dispose\\nthem to favour the pretensions of the enemy, should, also, be punishable in\\nthe same manner. By the same act, two justices of the peace were empow-\\nered to convene by summons or warrant, any person, whom they should\\nsuspect to be dangerous or disaffected to the government and compel him\\nto take the oath of abjuration, and of allegiance, under penalty of being\\nbound with sufficient sureties to his good behaviour, or imprisoned until the\\nmeeting of the Quarter Sessions when, upon refusal, he might be fined or\\nimprisoned, at discretion of the court. This act drew the cords around the\\ndiscontented much more closely, than they had hitherto been. But it became\\nnecessary to strain them still tighter.\\nAn act of June 5th, 1777, declaring, that divers of the subjects of the\\nstate, having, by the arts of subtile emissaries from the enemy, been seduced\\nfrom their allegiance, and prevailed upon by delusive promises, to leave their\\nfamilies and friends, and join the army of the King of Great Britain, and had\\nsince become sensible of their error, and desirous of returning to their duty;\\nthat many of such fugitives and others, who had been guilty of treasonable\\npractices against the state, secreted themselves to escape the punishment of\\ntheir crimes and that, in compassion to their unhappy situation, the Legis-\\nWe could give a very long list of names of disafFected persons; but we refrain\\nfor very obvious reasons. Persons who are curious to revive the remembrance of\\nthese scenes, may have recourse to the journals of the convention, and the columns\\nof the newspapers of the period, where they may find many a name which has since\\nbeen distinguished for good service to the state. We may, however, make the follow-\\ning extract from the minutes of the Congress. The petition from sundry ladies,\\nfrom Perth Amboy, was read the second time, and ordered, that a copy of the follow-\\ning letter, addressed to Mrs. Franklin, one of the subscribers, be signed by the presi-\\ndent and secretary Madam: I am ordered, by Congress, to acquaint you, and\\nthrough you, the other ladies of Amboy, that their petition, in favour of Dr. John\\nL has been received and considered. Could any application have promised a\\ngreater indulgence to Dr. L you may be assured yours could not have failed of\\nsuccess. But, unhappily, madam, we are placed in such a situation, that, motives of\\ncommiseration to individuals, must give place to the safety of the public. As Dr.\\nL therefore, has fallen under the suspicion of our generals, we are under the\\nnecessity of abiding by the steps which we have taken; c. The doctor was tram-\\nferred to Morristown, on his parole, not to depart thence, more than six miles, without\\nleave of Congress.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 197\\nlature was desirous that no means should be left unemployed, to prevent the\\neifusion of blood, and to give those an opportunity of returning to their alle-\\ngiance, who should testily their desire to be restored to the inestimable rights\\nif freemen. To this end the act provided. That, such offender, on or before the\\nfirst of August, then next ensuing, might appear before a judge or justice of\\nthe peace, and take the oaths to the state; and should, thereupon, be pardoned\\nhis oftence, and restored to the privileges of a citizen That, if he were so far\\nlost to every sense of duty to his country, his family, and his posterity, as to\\ndecline the clemency so proffered, his personal estate should be forfeited to\\nthe state; and all alienations thereof, and of his real estate, subsequent to\\nthe act, were declared void; That commissioners should be appointed in the\\nrespective counties, to make inventories of such personal estate, to dispose of\\nperishable parts, or where in danger of falling into the hands of the enemy,\\nof the whole to keep the proceeds for the owner claiming the benefit of the\\nact, but paying the same to the treasurer for the use of the state, in case of\\nthe non-claim of the proprietor within the prescribed time.\\nThis act was followed by another of 18th April, 1778, directing the com-\\nmissioners of the several counties to make return to a justice of the peace, of\\nthe name and late place of abode of each person whose personal estate they\\nshould seize, and to obtain from the justice a precept for summoning a\\njury of freeholders, to inquire whether he had, since the date of the act\\nagainst treason, (4th October, 1776,) and before the 5th June, 1777, joined\\nthe army of the King of Great Britain, or otherwise offended against his al-\\nlegiance to the state. The jury finding against the accused, their inqui-\\nsition was returned by the justice, to the next court of Common Pleas; where\\nit might be traversed, either at the return, or the succeeding, term, by the\\nparty, on entering into recognisance, to prosecute with effect. But in de-\\nfault, judgment of forfeitures was rendered, and the commissioners empower-\\ned to sell all the personal estate of the fugitive, and to take possession of all\\nhis books of account, bonds, mortgages, c., in whose hands soever they\\nmight be; and to collect all debts due to him. Similar provisions were made,\\nrelative to persons committing like offences, subsequent to the act of pardon,\\nof the 5th of June, 1777. The commissioners were, also, empowered to take\\ninto their possession and management, all the real estate of the offender, and\\nlease the same for a term not exceeding a year, and to hold possession of\\nsuch estate, before inquisition found, when it had been abandoned by the\\nowner. Tenants in possession, were required to attorn to the commissioners.\\nAll sales of real or personal estate, by any person, against whom inquisition\\nwas found, made after the offence committed, were declared void.\\nThis severity was carried still further by the act of December 11th, 1778,\\ndirecting, that all the real estate of offenders at the time of the offence, or\\nthereafter, acquired, in fee or otherwise, against whom inquisition and judg-\\nment had been, or should be, rendered, should be forfeited to the state;\\nand that, every person, whether an inhabitant of this state, or of any other\\nof the United States, seized or possessed of real or personal estate, who\\nhad, since the I9th day of April, 1775, (the day of the battle of Lexington)\\nand before the 4^/t day of October, 1776, aided and assisted the enemies of\\nthe state, or of the United States, by joining their armies within the state, or\\nelsewhere, or had voluntarily gone to, taken refuge or continued with, or en-\\ndeavoured to continue with, the enemy, and aid them by council or otherwise,\\nand who had not since returned and become a subject in allegiance to the\\npresent government, by taking the prescribed oaths or affirmations when re-\\nquijpd, to be guilty of high treason, and on inquisition and judgment, his\\nwhole estate, real and personal, was forfeited to the state but such proceed-", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "198 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nings affected the estate only, not the person of the offender. The real estates\\nso forfeited were sold, and title made therefor, by the commissioners, and\\nno error in the proceedings affected the purchaser, nor did pardon relieve the\\nforfeiture. The forfeited estates were held liable lor the debts of the offender,\\nand some efforts, unsuccessful we believe, were made, to render them respon-\\nsible for such damages as the former owners might commit in their predatory\\nexcursions.\\nThe same act declared, every inhabitant of the state who had joined the\\nenemy by taking refuge among them, or affording them aid by counsel or\\notherwise, and who should be convicted of high treason, or otherwise forfeit\\nhis estate, pursuant to the act, or should be duly convicted of treason, felony,\\nor misdemeanour, for going to, taking refuge with, or affording any aid and\\nassistance to the enemy, incapable of holding any office of trust or profit, or\\nof exercising the elective franchise, and deprived all persons within the state\\nwho had suffered fine or imprisonment for refusing to testify their allegiance,\\nby taking the oaths, of the capacity to exercise any military office.\\nUnder these acts, a large mass of property was brought into the market\\nand sold for the benefit of the state, and also of many of the commissioners.\\nIn 1781, the market was probably glutted, and property was very greatly\\nsacrificed; when the act of June 26th, declaring, that the continuance of\\nthe sales might prove injurious to the interests of the state, directed their\\nsuspension until further order, and the authority of the commissioners to\\ncease. Another act of 1781, (20th December,) substituted a single agent, in\\nthe respective counties, for the commissioners; and the act of December 16th,\\n1783, directed such agents to proceed in the sale of such estates, and to I e-\\nceive in payment any obligation of the state. Subsequently, various provi-\\nsions were made for satisfying the claims of the creditoi s of the offenders.\\nDuring the greater part of the war, the tory refugees from New Jersey\\nwere embodied on Staten, Long, and York islands; and when the British\\nwere in force in the state, they collected on the eastern and south-eastern\\nborder, and occasionally appeared in other districts. Their hostility was\\nmore mafignant than that of the British soldiery, and being commonly\\ndirected by revenge, was more brutally practised, and more keenly felt.\\nIntimately acquainted with the country, they could more suddenly enter it,\\nstrike a barbarous stroke and retreat. This spirit was encountered by one\\nalmost as fierce and ruthless, in which, however, there was the redeeming\\nquality of patriotism. Many a tale of the romantic daring of the invaders,\\nand of the fearless devotion of the defenders, is yet told, along the eastern\\nshores, and amid the cedar swamps, and pine forests of the state.\\nThe entei prise of the refugee royalists was frequently directed against the\\npersons of the distinguished patriots of the state. Among their first success-\\nful attempts, was that on Mr. Richard Stockton. On the entrance of the\\nBritish army into New Jersey, after the capture of Fort Washington, that\\ngentleman withdrew from Congress in order to protect his family and pro-\\nperty, at his seat near Princeton. He removed his wife and younger children\\ninto the county of Monmouth, about thirty miles from the supposed route of\\nthe British army. On the 30th of November, he was, together with his friend\\nand compatriot John Covenhoven, at whose house he resided, dragged from his\\nbed by night, stripped and plundered, and carried by the way of Amboy to\\nNew York. At Amboy he was exposed to severe cold weather in the common\\njail, which, together with subsequent barbarity in New York, laid the founda-\\ntion of disease, that terminated his existence in 1781. His release was\\nprobably procured by the interference of Congress, in January.\\nWe camiot more fiilly, nor more truly justify the measures of severity", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 199\\nadopted against the disaffected, than by the following extract from the sj^eech\\nof Governor Livingston, to the Assembly, on the 29th of May, 1778.\\nI have further to lay before you, gentlemen, a resolution of Congress of\\nthe 23d of April, recommending it to the Legislatures of the several states,\\nto pass laws, or to the executive authority of each state, if invested with suffi-\\ncient power, to issue proclamations otfering pardon, with such exceptions and\\nunder such limitations and restrictions as they shall think expedient, to such\\nof their inhabitants or subjects as have levied war against any of these states,\\nor adhered to, aided or abetted the enemy, and shall surrender themselves\\nto any civil or military officer of any of these states, and shall return to the\\nstate to which Ihey may belong, before the tenth day of June, next and\\nrecommending it to the good and faithful citizens of these states, to receive\\nsuch returning penitents with compassion and mercy, and forgive and bury\\nin oblivion their past tailings and transgressions.\\nThough 1 think it my duty to submit this resolution to your serious con-\\nsideration, because it is recommended by Congress, I do not think it my\\nduty to recommend it to your approbation, because it appears to me both\\nunequal and impolitic. It may, consistently, with the proibundest veneration\\nfor that august Assembly, be presumed, that they are less acquainted with\\nthe particular circumstances and internal police of some of the states, than\\nthose who have had more favourable opportunities for that purpose. There\\nseems, it is true, something so noble and magnanimous in proclaiming an\\nunmerited amnesty to a number of disappointed criminals, submitting them-\\nselves to the mercy of their country; and there is in reality something so\\ndivine and christian in the forgiveness of injuries, that it may appear rather\\ninvidious to offer any thing in obstruction of the intended clemency. But as\\nto the benevolent religion to which we are under the highest obligations to\\nconform our conduct, though it forbids at all times and in all cases the indul-\\ngence of personal hatred and marlevolence, it prohibits not any treatment of\\nnational enemies or municipal offenders, necessary to self preservation, and\\nthe general weal of society. And as to humanity, I could never persuade\\nmyself that it consisted in such lenity towards our adversaries, either British\\nor domestic, as was evidently productive of tenfold barbarity on their part,\\nwhen such barbarity would probably have been pi-evented by our retaliating\\nupon them the first perpetration and consequently our apparent inhumanity\\nin particular instances, has certainly been humane in the final result. Alas\\nhow many lives had been saved, and what a scene of inexpressible misery\\nprevented, had we from the beginning treated our bosom traitors with proper\\nseverity, and inflicted the law of retaliation upon an enemy, too savage to\\nbe humanized by any other argument. As both political pardon and punish-\\nment ought to be regulated by political considerations, and must derive their,\\nexpedience or impropriety from their salutarj or pernicious influence upon\\nthe community, I cannot conceive what advantages are proposed by invitino-\\nto the embraces of their country, a set of beings from which any country, I\\nshould imagine, would esteem it a capital part of its felicity to remain for-\\never at the remotest distance. It is not probable that those who deserted us\\nto aid the most matchless connoisseurs in the refinenaents of cruelty, (who\\nhave exhausted human ingenuity in their engines of torture,) in introducing\\narbitrary power, and all the horrors of slavery; and will only return from\\ndisap])ointment, not from remorse, will ever make good subjects to a state\\nfounded in liberty, and inflexibly determined again,st every inroad of lawless\\ndominion. The thirty-one criminals lately convicted of the most flagrant\\ntreason, and who, by the gracious interposition of government, were upon\\nvery hopelul signs of penitence, generously pardoned, and then with hypo-\\ncritical cheerfulness enlisted in our service, have all to a man deserted to the", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "200 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nenemy, and are again in arms against their native country, with the accu-\\nmulated guilt of its being now not only the country that first gave them liie,\\nbut which hath, after they had most notoriously forfeited it, mercifully res-\\ncued them from death. Whence it is probable, that a real tory is by any\\nhuman means absolutely inconvertible, having so entirely extinguished all\\nthe primitive virtue and patriotism natural to man, as not to leave a single\\nspark to rekindle the original flame. It is indeed, against all probability, that\\nmen arrived at the highest possible pitch of degeneracy, the preferring of\\ntyranny to a free government, should, except by a miracle of omnipotence,\\nbe ever capable^of one single virtuous impression. They have, by a kind of\\ngigantic effort of villany, astonished the whole world, even that of transcend-\\ning in the enormities of desolation and bloodshed, a race of murderers before\\nunequalled, and without competitor. Were it not for these miscreants, we\\nshould have thought, that for cool deliberate cruelty and unavailing undeci-\\nsive havoc, the sons of Britain were without pai allel. But considering the\\neducation of the latter, which has familiarised them to the shedding of inno-\\ncent blood from the mere thirst of lucre, they have been excelled in their own\\npeculiar and distinguished excellence by this monstrous birth and offscouring\\nof America, who, in defiance of nature and of nurture, have not only by a\\nreversed ambition chosen bondage before freedom, but waged an infernal war\\nagainst their dearest connexions for not making the like abhorred and abo-\\nminable election. By them, have numbers of our most useful and meritorious\\ncitizens been ambushed, hunted down, pillaged, unhoused, stolen, or butchei\\ned; by them has the present contest on the part of Britain been encouraged,\\naided and protracted. They are therefore responsible for all the additional\\nblood that has been spilt by the addition of their weight in the scale of the\\nenemy. Multitudes of them have superadded perjury to treason. At the\\ncommencement of our opposition, they appeared more sanguine than others,\\nand like the craclding of thorns under a pot, exceeded in blaze and noise, the\\ncalm and durable flame of the steady and persevering. They have associ-\\nated, subscribed, and sworn to assist in repelling the hostile attempts of our\\nbowelless oppressors; they have, with awful solemnity, plighted their faith\\nand honour, to stand with their lives and fortunes by the Congress, and their\\ngeneral, in support of that very liberty, which, upon the first opportunity,\\nthey perfidiously armed to oppose, and have since sacrilegiously sworn, utter-\\nly to exterminate. This worthy citizen has lost a venerable father; that\\none a beloved brother; and a third, a darling son, either immediately by their\\nhands or by their betraying him to the enemy, who, from a momentary unin-\\ntentional relapse into humanity, were sometimes inclined to spare, when these\\npitiless wretches insisted upon slaughter, or threatened to complain of a re-\\nlenting officer, merely because he was not diabolically cruel.\\nX. From the actual assumption of political independence, to that of a formal\\ndeclaration, the interval could not be long. On the very day that Congress\\nadopted the resolution recommending to the colonies a change in their form of\\ngovernment; the convention in Virginia resolved unanimously, that their\\ndelegates in Congress should propose to that body, to declare the United Colo-\\nnies free and independent states, absolved from all allegiance to, or dependence\\non the King and Parliament of Great Britain. The public mind was now\\nfully prepared for this measure. The Assemblies of Maryland, Pennsylvania,\\nand New York, which had displayed the greatest reluctance and forborne the\\nlongest, at length assented to it. The proposition was made in Congress, on\\nthe 7th of June, 1776, by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, and seconded by\\nMr. John Adams of Massachusetts, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0that the United Colonies are, and of\\nright ought to he, free and independent states, and that all political con\\nnexion between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to he.", "height": "3395", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 201\\ntotally dissolved. This resolution was referred to a committee of the whole\\nCongress, where it was daily debated. In favour of the resolution, Messrs.\\nLee and Adams were the most distinguished speakers. The latter has been\\ncharacterized as the ablest advocate of independence. Its most formida-\\nble opponent was Mr. John Dickenson, whose Farmer s Letters, had sig-\\nnally served to awaken the resistance of the people to British oppression.\\nMr. Dickenson s views were those of a sincere, but timid patriot. He lived\\nto discover that his fears were groundless, and to give his aid in maturing and\\nperfecting the institutions of independent America. In resisting the declara-\\ntion of independence, he was actuated by no ignoble personal fears his appre-\\nhension was for his country. For at this period, no man could be more ob-\\nnoxious to British statesmen, than the author of the Farmer s Letters, who\\nnow, bore a colonel s commission, and was, in the month of July, 1776, upon\\nthe lines of New Jersey, and New York. The considerations which weighed\\nupon his mind atlccted the minds of others; among whom were Wilson of Penn-\\nsylvania, R. R. Livingston, of New York, E. Rutlcdgc, and R. Laurens, of\\nSouth Carolina, and William Livingston, of New Jersey; who, if they did\\nnot doubt of the absolute inexpediency of the measure, believed it ])remature.\\nOn the first day of July, the resolution declaratory of independence, was\\napproved in committee of the whole, by all the colonies, except Pennsylvania\\nand Delaware. Seven of the delegates from the former were present, four\\nof whom voted against it. Mr. Rodney, one of the delegates from the latter,\\nwas absent, and the other two, Thomas M Kean and Gorge Read, were di-\\nvided in opinion M Kean voting for, and Read against, the resolution. On\\nthe report of the committee to the House, the further consideration of the\\nsubject was postponed until the next day, when the resolution was finally\\nadopted, and entered on the journals.* Pending this memorable discussion, a\\ncommittee, consisting of Messrs. Jefferson, John Adams, Franklin, Sherman,\\nand R. R. Livingston, was appointed to prepare the delaration of inde-\\npendence. Messrs. Jefferson and Adams were named a sub-committee,\\ncharged especially with that duty; and the original draught of that eloquent\\nmanifesto was made by the former. It was adopted by the chief committee\\nwithout amendment, and reported to Congress on the twenty-eighth of June.\\nOn the fourth of July, having received some slight alterations, it was sanc-\\ntioned by the vote of every colony.f\\nThe delegation in Congress, from New Jersey, during part of the time,\\nemployed in the consideration of the question of independence, had been\\nelected by the Convention, on the fourteenth of February, 1776. It con-\\nsisted of Messrs. Livingston, De Hart, Richard Smith, John Cooper, and\\nJonathan Dickenson Sergeant. After the proposition of the fifteenth of May\\nfor organizing provincial governments, it would seem that nearly all these\\ngentlemen were reluctant to assume the responsibility of measures which led,\\neventually, to independence. Richard Smith, alleging indisposition, re-\\nsigned his seat on the twelfth, John Do Hart on the thirteenth, and Mr. Ser-\\ngeant on the twenty-first of June. Mr. Cooper appears to have taken no\\npart in the proceedings of this Congress. His name, with that of Mr. Ser-\\ngeant, is regularly on the minutes of the State convention, from the 10th of\\nJune, to the 4th of July. Mr. Livingston was withdrawn, on the 5th of\\nJune, to assume the duty of brigadier-general of the New Jersey militia.\\nMessrs. Richard Stockton, Abraham Clarke, John Flart, Francis Hopkinson,\\nand Dr. John Witherspoon, were substituted for the previous delegation, on\\nthe 21st of June and were, probably, all present at the time of the final votes\\nupon the resolution, and the declaration of independence. It is certain, that\\nJournals of Congress. t Ibid.\\n2C", "height": "3371", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "202 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\non the 28th of June, Mr. Hopkinson appeared in the continental Congress,\\nand presented instructions empowering him and his colleagues to join in\\ndeclaring the united colonies independent of Great Britain, entering into\\na confederation for union and common defence, making treaties with foreign\\nnations, for commerce and assistance, and to take such other measures as\\nmight appear necessary for these great ends.\\nOn the 17th of July, the provincial Congress resolved, that, Whereas,\\nthe honourable, the continental Congress have declared the United Colonies\\nfree and independent States, We, the deputies of New Jersey, in provincial\\nCongress assembled, do resolve and declare, That we will support the freedom\\nand independence of the said States, with our lives and fortunes, and with\\nthe whole force of New Jersey. And on the succeeding day they changed\\nthe style and title of the provincial Congress of New Jersey, to that of the\\nConvention of the State of New Jersey.\\nJournals of Congress, vol. ii. p. 230.\\nWe are careful in noting these circumstances, as Mr. Samuel Adams, in a letter,\\ndated 15th July, 1776, to Richard Henry Lee, observes, We were more fortunate\\nthan we expected, in having twelve of the thirteen colonies in favour of the all-impor-\\ntant question. The delegates of New Jersey were not empowered to give their voice\\non either side. Their convention has since acceded to the declaration, and published\\nit, even before they received it from Congress. Mem. of Richard Henry Lee, vol. i.\\np. 183. This error has been further proinulged by the following note, in Mr. Sedg-\\nwick s Life of Livingston, page 1!\u00c2\u00bb4. This delegation, consisting of Witherspoon,\\nStockton, and others, arrived after the declaration had been signed, but were allowed\\nto fix their names to it. We do not find on the Journal of Congress, the name of any\\nother of the delegates, than Mr. Hopkinson, between the 21st of June, and 4th of\\nJuly. But the following statement given in the life of R. H. Lee, vol. i. 176, upon, we\\nknow not what authority, shows, if correct, that another of the Jersey delegates was\\npresent, at the adoption of the declaration. Li the clause of the original draught,\\nthat upbraids George HL, with the hiring and sending foreign mercenary troops to in-\\nvade America, among those mentioned, the Scotch are specified. It was said that Dr.\\nWitherspoon, the learned president of Nassau Hall College, who was a Scotchman by\\nbirth, moved to strike out the word, Scotch, which was accordingly done.\\nThe following extract from the life of Mr. Stockton, in the Biography of the Signers\\nof the Declaration of Independence, proves, that he, also, was present. Mr. Stock-\\nton immediately took his seat in the continental Congress, and was present at the\\ndebates which preceded the promulgation of that memorable charter of national inde-\\npendence, to which his name is affixed. It has been remarked by Dr. Benjamin Rush,\\nwho was a member of the same Congress, that Mr. Stockton was silent during the\\nfirst stages of this momentous discussion, listening with thoughtful and respectful at-\\ntention to the arguments that were offered by the supporters and opponents of the\\nimportant measure then under consideration. Although, it is believed, that, in the\\ncommencement of the debate, he entertained some doubts as to the policy of an imme-\\ndiate declaration of independence, yet in the progress of the discussion, his objections\\nwere entirely removed, particularly by the irresistible and conclusive arguments of-\\nthe honourable John Adams, and he fully concurred in the final vote, in favour of that\\nbold and decisive measure. This concurrence he expressed in a short and energetic\\naddress, which he delivered in Congress, towards the close of the debate. It may be\\ntrue, but is not probable, that Mr. Stockton doubted, in Congress, upon this measure.\\nIt is certain, that he was instructed by the convention, which appointed him, to\\nsupport it, and in so doing, performed a delegated trust, which he was too honest to\\nbetray. This State had decided the question before she sent him to announce her,\\nconsent.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 203\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nI. Military Proceedings in Canada. II. Measures adopted In Great Britain. III. Ob-\\njects proposed for the Campaign of 1776. IV. Operations against New York,\\nand the surrounding Country. V. Proposals for accommodation, by the British\\nCommissioners. VI. Condition of the American Forces, at New York Landing\\nof Lord Howe, on Long Island. VII. Battle of Brooklyn. VIII. Retreat of\\nthe American Army from Long Island. IX. Unhappy Effect of the Defeat of\\nthe American Army. X. Lord Howe renews his Attempts for accommodation\\nof the Quarrel Proceedings of Congress. XI. Military Movement of the Ar-\\nmies, after the Battle of Brooklyn. XII. American Army, by advice of General\\nLee, quit York Island.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XIII. Battle of White Plains.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XIV. Capture of Fort\\nWashington. XV. Abandonment of Fort Lee, and retreat of the American\\nArmy Its condition Inhabitants join the British. XVI. Washington crosses\\nthe Delaware The enemy possess themselves of the left bank. XVII. Cap-\\nture of General Lee. XVIH. New efforts of the Commander-in-Chief\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nenemy retire into Winter Quarters. XIX. Battle of Trenton. XX. The Bri-\\ntish re-open the Campaign. XXI. The American Army re-enters Jersey.\\nXXII. Battle of Princeton. XXIII. The American Army retreat to Morris-\\ntown Beneficial results of the late actions. XXIV. Firmness of Congress.\\nXXV. Condition of New Jersey. XXVI. The American Army innoculated\\nfor the Small Pox. XXVII. Measures for reclaiming the disaffected of Now\\nJersey. XXVIII. License of American Troops restrained.\\nI. The early .successes of General Montgomery, had induced Congress to\\nreinforce the army under his command; and on the intelHgence transmitted\\nprevious to the assault on Quebec, they resolved, that nine battalions should\\nbe maintained in Canada.* Nor did the repulse extinguish this ardour.\\nThe council of war, of the army before Boston, resolved, that as no troops\\ncould be spared from Cambridge, the colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut,\\nand New Hampshire, should forward their regiments to Canada; and Con-\\ngress, in addition to the reinforcements previously ordered, directed four bat-\\ntalions from New York. The indispensable articles, blankets, were pro-\\ncured by contributions of householders, from their family stocks, and specie,\\nby the enthusiasm of patriots, who readily exchanged, at par, their Mexican\\ndollars, for the paper bills of Congress. It was resolved, also, to raise a corps\\nof artillery for this service, and to take into pay one thousand Canadians, in\\naddition to Colonel Livingston s regiment, and to place them under the com-\\nmand of Moses Hazen, a native of Massachusetts, who had resided many\\nyears in Canada. A stimulating address to the inhabitants, was published\\nby Congress; and a printing press, and a priest, were despatched, that the\\ncause might have the powerful aid of letters and religion. Dr. Franklin,\\nand Mr. Chase, members of Congress, and Mr. Carrol, who was of the\\nRoman Catholic persuasion, proceeded to Canada, with the design of gaining\\nover the people having authority to promise them admission to the union of\\nthe colonies, upon equal terms, with the full enjoyment of their liberty, and\\necclesiastical property. Such was the diligence exerted, that, in despite of\\nthe season, the first reinforcements reached the American army, before\\nQuebec, on the eleventh of April, one thottsand seven hundred and seven-\\nty-six.\\nNotwithstanding these exertions of the United States, their interest in\\nCanada had daily declined, from the fall of Montgomery. The unsuccessful\\nJanuary 8th, 1776.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "204 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nassault on Quebec, had dispirited the friendly Canadians, and Indians. The\\nsmall pox, which had been communicated to the army by a woman who had\\nbeen sent, voluntarily or compulsorily, from the city, so disabled the troops,\\nthat, of three thousand men, nine hundred only were fit for duty. The af-\\nfections of the people were aliened by the misconduct of the continental\\nsoldiery, which, in many instances, officered by men from obscure life,\\nwithout education, or morals, abandoned themselves to plunder, and other\\ncrimes, not more disgraceful to themselves than injurious to the cause they\\nwere sent to support. And, finally, the early opening of the St. Lawrence,\\nand the arrival of the British succours, compelled the Americans to com-\\nmence their retreat, very early in the month of May,* with so much precipi-\\ntation, as to leave their artillery, military stores, and some of their sick,\\nbehind. To the last, as well as to such stragglers as were apprehended, or\\ncame in, the humanity of General Carlton was exemplary and more adapted\\nto injure the American cause, than the cruelty of other British commanders.\\nHe dismissed his prisoners, after liberally supplying their wants, with the\\nrecommendation, to go home, mind their farms, and keep themselves and\\ntheir neighbours from all participation in the unhappy war.\\nA disastrous retreat was pursued, during which. General Thomas, the\\nchief in command, fell a victim to the small pox. On his death, the direc-\\ntion of the army devolved, first on Genei-al Arnold, and afterwards on Gene-\\nral Sullivan. Brigadier-general Thompson made an unsuccessful attempt\\non the British post at Trois Rivieres, in which he was made prisoner,\\nthough little other loss was sustained. On the first of July, the whole army\\nreached Crown Point, where the first stand was made. The retreat was\\nrendered more painful, by the reproaches of those Canadians, who had united\\nwith the invaders, and who were about to be abandoned to the penalties of\\nunsuccessful insurrection, and by the plunder of the merchants of Montreal,\\nby the avaricious and profligate Arnold.\\nII. Notwithstanding the universal resistance, in America, to the measures\\nof the ministry, the Parliament and people of Great Britain, could not be\\nmade to believe, that it would be maintained against a determined spirit on\\nthe part of the government, and a few thousand troops to aid the established\\nauthorities. This erroneous opinion was confirmed by the royal officers,\\nwho were, probably, themselves deceived by their wishes. The military\\noperations, therefore, of the year 1775, were adopted, more to strengthen\\nthe civil authority, than to support a contest for empire. But the battles of\\nLexington, Breed s Hill, and the measures subsequently adopted by Con-\\ngress, awakened the nation from this delusive dream, and produced an ear-\\nnest resolution, at all hazards, to establish its supremacy over the colonies.\\nThe speech from the throne, on the opening of the Parliament, twenty-\\nfourth October, 1775, declared, that his Majesty s subjects, in America,\\nmeant, only, to amuse, by vague expressions of attachment to the parent\\nstate, while they were preparing for a general revolt; that the rebel-\\nlious war, now levied by them, was become more general, and, manifestly,\\ncarried on for the purpose of establishing an independent empire; and that it\\nwas become the part of wisdom, and in its efl^ects, of clemency, to put a\\nspeedy end to these disorders, by the most decisive exertions. The senti-\\nments of the speech were echoed in the addresses of both Houses of Parlia-\\nment, but not without a spirited protest in the Lords. Nineteen dissenting\\nmembers declared the approaching war to be unjust and impolitic in its\\nprinciples, and fatal in its consequences, and that they could not approve an\\naddress which might deceive his Majesty and the public, into a belief of\\nOn the 4th.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 205\\ntheir confidence in the present ministers, who had disgraced Parliament, de-\\nceived the nation, lost the colonies, and involved them in a civil war, against\\ntheir dearest interests, and on the most unjustifiable grounds, v/antonly spilling\\nthe blood of thousands of their fellow subjects.\\nWith the sanction of Parliament, estimates for the public service were\\nmade on the basis of operations against a foreign armed power. Twenty-\\neight thousand seamen and fifty-five thousand land forces were immediately\\nvoted authority was soon afterwards given to employ foreign mercenaries\\nand to give full efficacy to these measures, an act of parliament* interdicted\\nall trade with the Americans; authorized the capture of their property,\\nwhether of ships or goods, upon the high seas and directed, that the mas-\\nters, crews, and other persons found on board captured American vessels,\\nshould be entered on board his Majesty s vessels of war, and there considered\\nto be in his Majesty s service, to all intents and purposes, as if they had en-\\ntered of their own accord. And this, worse than Mahommedan slavery,\\nwas insolently represented, as a merciful substitution of an act of grace and\\nfavour, for the death which was due to rebellion. This bill, also, authorized\\nthe crown to appoint commissioners, with power to grant pardon to indivi-\\nduals, to inquire into general and particular grievances, and to determine\\nwhether any colony or part of a colony was returned to that state of obe-\\ndience, which might entitle it to be received within the King s peace and\\nprotection in which case the restrictions of the law were to cease. In the\\ndebate on the bill. Lord Mansfield, whose ability and legal knowledge were\\nknown and admired in America, declared, that the questions of original\\nright and wrong were no longer to be considered that they were engaged\\nin a war, and must use their utmost efforts to obtain the ends proposed by\\nit that they must either fight or be pursued and that the justice of the\\ncause must give way to their present situation. This declaration, justified\\nby circumstances, from the mouth of a ministerial partisan, excited the asto-\\nnishment, and aided to cement the union, of the colonists; and the act was,\\njustly, characterized by a member of the opposition, as a bill for carrying\\nmore effectually, into execution, the resolves of Congress. By treaties, ap-\\nproved by Parliament, with the Landgrave of Flesse Cassel, the Duke of\\nBrunswick and the hereditary prince of Hesse Cassel,f sixteeen thousand of\\ntheir subjects were engaged to reduce the rebellious colonies to submission.\\nIn the selection of a general for the royal forces, the command, as a matter\\nof right, was offered to General Oglethorpe, the first on the list of general\\nofficei-s. To the surprise of the minister, the gallant veteran readily accepted\\nthe proffer, on condition, that he should be properly supported. A nume-\\nrous and well appointed army and fleet were promised him. I will assume\\nthe charge, replied he, without a man or vessel of war, provided, I am\\nauthorized, to proclaim to the colonists, that you will do them justice. i^ I\\nknow the people of America well, he added, and am satisfied that his\\nMajesty has not, in any part of his dominions, more obedient and loyal sub-\\njects. You may secure their obedience by doing them justice, but you will\\nnever subdue them by force of arms. A commander-in-chief, with such\\nopinions, was unacceptable to the ministry, and the command was given to\\nSir William Plowe.\\nIII. It was resolved, to open the campaign with a force that would look\\ndown opposition, and produce submission without bloodshed; and to direct it\\nto three objects: 1. The relief of Quebec; the recovery of Canada; and\\nthe invasion of the adjacent provinces: 2. The chastisement of the southern\\ncolonies and 3. To seize New York with a force sufficient to keep pos-\\n20th Nov. 1775. t Feb. 29th, 1766.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "206 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nsession of the Hudson river, to maintain the communication with Canada, or\\nto overrun the adjacent country. The partial success of the first we have\\nalready noticed. The execution of the second, was committed to General\\nClinton and Sir Peter Parker, and eventuated in their repulse, from Charles-\\nton, by the vigorous efforts of the colonists, at Fort Moultrie and the exer-\\ntions of General Lee, who had charge of the southern department. The\\nthii d, which involves the operations in New Jersey, asks from us particular\\ndetail.\\nIV. The command of the force, consisting of about three thousand men,\\ndestined against New York, was given to Admiral Lord Howe, and his\\nbrother, Sir William, officers, high in the confidence of the British nation\\nwho were, also, appointed commissioners for restoring peace to the colonies.\\nOn evacuating Boston, General Howe, as we have seen, retired to Halifax,\\ndesigning, there, to await reinforcements from England. But his situation\\nproving uncomfortable, and the arrival of succours being delayed, he at\\nlength (June lUth, 1776) resolved to sail for New York. On the fourth of\\nJuly his whole force was established on Staten Island, where he resolved to\\nawait the arrival of the troops from Europe. The inhabitants received him\\nwith great demonstrations of joy, took the oath of allegiance to the crown,\\nand embodied themselves under the command of the late Governor Tryon.\\nHe received, also, strong assurances from Long Island, and the neighbouring\\nparts of New Jersey, of the favourable disposition of the greater proportion\\nof the people to the royal cause. Admiral Lord Howe, after touching at\\nHalifax, arrived, with the fleet and auxiliary forces, on the twelfth of the\\nsame month.\\nIt had early been conceived by General Washington, that the British\\nwould endeavour to possess New York. Its central position, contiguity to\\nthe ocean, and capacity of defence, made it highly desirable to both parties.\\nWhile the English were yet in Boston, General Lee had been detached from\\nCambridge, to put the city and Long Island in a posture of defence. As\\nthe departure of General Howe from Boston became certain, the probability\\nof his going to New York, increased the necessity of collecting a force for\\nits defence. By a resolution of a council of war, (March 13th, 1766) five\\nregiments, with a rifle battalion, were marched upon it, and the states of New\\nYork and New Jersey, were requested to furnish the foi mer two thousand,\\nand the latter one thousand men, for its immediate defence. General Wash-\\nington soon afterwards followed, and early in Api il, fixed his head quarters\\nin that city.\\nThe experience which the American commander already had of the mate-\\nrial that must necessarily compose his army, determined him to pursue the\\nFabian mode of war, a ^i cir of posts; to hazard nothing, but to hover round\\ntH6 enemy, watching his motions, cutting off his supplies, and perpetually\\nharassing him with small detachments, until his own army had became accus-\\ntomed to military fatigue and danger. With this view, works were erected,\\nin and about New York, on Long Island, and the heights of liaerlem. Con-\\ngress on the opening of the campaign, had a force far inadequate to its objects.\\nAnd though feeling the inconvenience of the temporary armies formed of the\\nmilitia, on short tours of service, they, or the country, probably both, were\\nnot prepared to enlist men for periods that would render them efficient sol-\\ndiers, and therefore they adopted middle expedients. They instituted a flying\\ncamp, composed of one thousand men from the states of Pennsylvania, Dela-\\nware, and Maryland, engaged until the first day of the ensuing December,\\nand at the same time, called out 13,800 of the ordinary militia. The ranks\\nof the first were chiefly filled, but great deficiencies occurred in those of the\\nsecond. The difficulty of providing the troops with arms which had hitherto", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 207\\nbeen distressingly great, was now much increased. By the returns of April,\\nthe garrison at Fort Montgomery in the Highlands, composed of two hundred\\nand eight privates, had only forty-one guns fit for use and that at Fort Con-\\nstitution of one hundred and thirty-six men, had only sixty-eight guns.\\nFlints were scarce, and the lead for musket balls was obtained, by strip-\\nping the dwellings.\\nV. Notwithstanding independence had been declared, the British com-\\nmanders and commissioners resolved before commencing military operations,\\nto try the influence of their powers for pacification. On the 14th of July,\\nLord Howe sent on shore, by a flag, a circular letter, addressed severally,\\nto the late governors under the crown, enclosing a declaration which he re-\\nrequested them to publish, announcing to the people his authority to grant\\npardon to all, who having departed from their allegiance, would, by speedy\\nreturn to duty, merit the royal favour; to declare any colony, town, port, or\\nplace, in the peace, and under the protection of the crown, and excepted from\\nthe penal provisions of the act of Parliament, prohibiting trade and intercourse\\nwith the colonies and to give assurances, that the services of all persons\\naiding in the restoration of public tranquillity, should be duly considered.\\nThese papers were transmitted to Congress, who caused them to be pub-\\nlished in the several gazettes, that the good people of the United States might\\nbe informed of what nature were the powers of the commissioners, and what\\nthe terms, offered by them. About the same time, his lordship addressed a\\nletter to George Washington, Esq., which the general refused to receive, be-\\ncause his public character was not, thei eby, recognised, and in no other, could\\nhe have intercourse with the writer. This reason, unquestionably sound, was\\napproved by the Congress. The commissioners, earnest in their purpose,\\nsent Colonel Patterson, adjutant-general of their army, to the American com-\\nmander, with another letter, directed to George Washington, c. c. c.\\nWhen introduced to the general, he addressed him by the title of Excellen-\\ncy and presented the regrets of General Plowe, for the difficulty which had\\narisen with respect to the direction of the letter; observing, that the mode\\nadopted was deemed consistent with propriety, and was founded on prece-\\ndent in cases of diplomates, when disputes had been made about rank; that\\nGeneral Washington had, in the preceding summer, addressed a letter to the\\nhonourable William Flowe; that the commissioners did not mean to dero-\\ngate from his rank, or the respect due to him, and that they held his person\\nand character in the highest esteem but that, the direction, with the addition\\nof c. c. c. implied every thing which ought to follow. The colonel,\\nthen, produced a letter, which he said was the same that had been before\\nsent, and which he laid upon the table. But the general declined to receive\\nit. He still urged, that, the address of a letter to one in a public character,\\nshould indicate such character, and remarked, that though the et ceteras im-\\nplied every thing, they also implied any thing: That, his letter to General\\nHowe was an answer to one he had received from him under a like address,\\nand that he would decline any letter relating to his official station, directed\\nto him as a private person. During the subsequent conference, which the\\nadjutant-general wished to be considered as a first advance towards concilia-\\ntion, he remarked, that the commissioners were clothed with great powers,\\nand would be very happy in effecting an accommodation. But he received\\nfor answer, that from appearances, they had power only to pardon those,\\nwho having never transgressed, sought no forgiveness. Soon after this\\ninterview, a letter from General Howe respecting prisoners, properly address-\\ned to General Washington, was duly received.\\nThese seductive efforts of the British agents were repaid by Congress in\\nkind. A resolution of the 1 4th of August, offered to all foreigners who should", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "208 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nleave the armies of his Britannic Majesty in America, and become members\\nof any of the states, protection in the free exercise of their reUgion, the en-\\njoyment of the privileges of natives, together with fifty acres of land.\\nVI. The amount of the American force rendered the British comman-\\nders cautious in commencing their operations by land. Their fleet, how-\\never, gave them great advantages, and soon demonstrated the total ineffi-\\nciency of the American obstructions to the passage of the North river.\\nFrigates and smaller vessels passed the batteries of New York, Paules Hook,\\nRed Bank, and Governor s Island, almost with impunity. The American\\narmy in the vicinity of New York, on the 8th of August, consisted of not\\nmore than seventeen thousand men, mostly new recruits, distributed in small\\nand unconnected posts, some of which wei-e fifteen miles distant from others.\\nIt was soon after increased by Smallwood s regiment from Maryland, two\\nregiments from Pennsylvania, and a body of New England and New York\\nmilitia, to twenty-seven thousand of whom, however, one-fourth were un-\\nfitted for duty by sickness. A part of this force was stationed on Long\\nIsland, where Major-general Greene had originally commanded, but becom-\\ning extremely ill, had been succeeded by Major-general Sullivan.\\nAs the defence of Long Island was intimately connected with that of New\\nYork, a brigade had been stationed there, whilst the army was assembling\\nand had taken a strong post at Brooklyn, where an extensive camp had been\\nmarked out and fortified. The village is on a small peninsula, formed by\\nthe East river, the Bay, and Gowan s Cove, into which a creek empties itself.\\nThis encampment fronted the main land of the island, and the works stretch-\\ned quite across the peninsula, from Waaleboght Bay in the East river, on\\nthe left, to a deep marsh on the creek emptying into Gowan s Cove on the\\nright. The rear was covered by the batteries on Red Hook, Governor s\\nIsland, and on the East river. In front of the camp was a range of hills,\\ncrowned with thick woods, which extended from east to west, near the\\nlength of the island and though steep, they were every where passable by\\ninfantry.\\nThe whole of the English force having at length arrived. General Howe\\nindicated his intention to remove to Long Island a battle for its possession\\nbecame inevitable. To this selection he was induced by its abundant pro-\\nduct of the supplies which his forces required. He lauded on the 22d of\\nAugust, between the small towns, Utrecht and Gravesend, without opposi-\\ntion; Colonel H^and, with a Pennsylvania regiment, retiring before him to\\nthe woody heights commanding the pass leading through Flatbush to the\\nworks at Brooklyn. Lord Cornwallis immediately marched to seize this\\npass, but finding it occupied, took post in the village.\\nVII. On the 25th of August, Major-general Putnam took command at\\nBrooklyn, with a reinforcement of six regiments. On the same day. Gene-\\nral de Heister landed with two brigades of Hessians; and on the next, took\\npost at Flatbush. In the evening. Lord Cornwallis drew off to Flatland.\\nGeneral Washington passed the day at Brooklyn, making arrangements for\\nthe approaching action, and returned at night to New York.\\nThe Hessians, under de Heister, composed the centre of the British army\\nat Flatbush; Major-general Grant commanded the left wing extending to\\nthe coast and the greater part of the forces, under General Clinton, Earl\\nPercy, and Lord Cornwallis, turning to the right, approached the opposite\\nshore at Flatland.\\nThe armies were now separated by the range of hills already mentioned.\\nThe British centre was scarce four miles from the American lines, at Brook-\\nlyn. A direct road, from the one to the other, led across the heights.\\nAnother, but more circuitous road ran from Flatbush, by the way of Bedford,", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. SO0\\na small village on the Brooklyn side of the hills. The right and left wings\\nof the British were nearly equidistant, five or six miles from the American\\nworks. The road from the Narrows, along the coast, and by Gowan s Cove,\\nwas the most direct route to their leil and their right might cither return by\\nthe way of Flatbush, and unite with the centre, or take a more circuitous\\ncourse, and enter a road leading from Jamaica to Bedford. These roads\\nunited between Bedford and Brooklyn, a small distance in front of the\\nAmerican lines.\\nIn the hills, on the direct road from Flatbush to Brooklyn, near the for-\\nmer, the Americans had reared a fortress, which had a body of troops with\\nseveral pieces of artillery, for its defence. The coast and Bedford roads\\nwere guarded by detachments, posted on the hills, within view of the English\\ncamp, which were relieved daily, and were engaged in obstructing the ways\\nby which the enemy might advance. General VVoodhull, with the militia\\nof Long Island, was ordered to take post on the high grounds, as near the\\nenemy as possible; but he remained at Jamaica, scarcely recognising the\\nauthority of the officer commanding on the island. Light parties of volun-\\nteers patrolled the road from Jamaica to Bedford; about two miles from\\nwhich, near Flatbush, Colonel Miles, of Pennsylvania, was stationed with a\\nregiment of riflemen.\\nOn the 26th, Colonel Lutz, of the Pennsylvania militia, commanded on the\\ncoast road and Colonel Williams, from New England, on the road leading\\nfrom Flatbush to Bedford. Colonel Miles, with his regiment, remained\\nwhere he had been, originally, placed. About nine at night, General Clin-\\nton, silently drew the van of the army from Flatland, in order to seize a pass\\nin the heights, about three miles east of Bedford, on the Jamaica road. In\\nthe morning of the 27th, about two hours before day, within a half mile of\\nthe pass, he captured an American party, which had been stationed on the\\nroad, to give notice of the approach of the enemy. He possessed himself of\\nthe unoccupied pass, and with the morning light, the whole column passed\\nthe heights, and advanced into the level country between them and Brooklyn.\\nThey were immediately followed by another column, under Lord Percy.\\nBefore Clinton had secured the pass. General Grant proceeded along the\\ncoast, with the left wing, and ten pieces of cannon. As his first object was\\nto draw the attention of the Americans from their left, he moved slowly,\\nskirmishing with the light parties in his front.\\nAs it had been determined to defend the passes through the hills. General\\nPutnam, apprized of these movements, reinforced his advance parties, and\\nas the enemy gained ground, employed stronger detachments on this service.\\nAbout three o clock in the morning. Brigadier-general Lord Stirling, with\\nthe two nearest regiments, was directed to meet the enemy, on the road lead-\\ning from the Narrows. Major-general Sullivan, who commanded all the\\ntroops without the lines, proceeded at the head of a considerable body of\\nNew Englandmen, on the road leading directly to Flatbush, while another\\ndetachment occupied the heights between that place and Bedford.\\nAbout break of day. Lord Stirling reached the summit of the hills, where\\nhe was joined by the troops which had been already engaged, and were re-\\ntiring slowly before the enemy, who almost immediately appeared in sight.\\nHaving posted his men advantageously, a warm cannonade commenced on\\nboth sides, which continued several hours; and some sharp, but not very\\nclose skirmishing took place between the infantry. Lord Stirling being\\nanxious, only, to defend the pass, could not descend in force from the heights\\nand General Grant did not wish to drive him thence, until the part of the\\nplan intrusted to Sir Henry Clinton, should be executed.\\n2D", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "210 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nIn the centre, De Heister, soon after daylight, began to cannonade the\\ntroops under Sullivan but did not remove from Flatbush, until the British\\nright had approached the left and rear of the American line. In the mean\\ntime, the more effectually to draw attention from the point where the grand\\nattack was intended, the fleet was put in motion, and a heavy cannonade\\ncommenced on the battery at Red Hook.\\nAbout half past eight o clock, the British right having then reached Bed-\\nford, in the rear of Sullivan s left, De Heister ordered Colonel Donop s corps\\nto advance to the attack of the hill, following himself with the centre. The\\napproach of Clinton was now discovered by the American left, which imme-\\ndiately endeavoured to regain the camp at Brooklyn. They were retiring\\nfrom the woods by regiments, with their cannon, when they encountered the\\nfront of the British, consisting of the light infantry and light dragoons, who\\nwere soon supported by the guards. About the same time, the Hessians\\nadvanced from Flatbush, against that part of the detachment which occupied\\nthe direct road to Brooklyn.* Here General Sullivan commanded in per-\\nson but he found it difficult to make his troops sustain the first attack.\\nThe firing towards Bedford had disclosed to them the alarming fact, that the\\nBritish had turned their left flank, and were getting into their rear. Per-\\nceiving, at once, their danger, they sought to escape, by regaining the camp\\nwith the utmost celerity. The sudden route of this party enabled De Heister\\nto detach a part of his force against that engaged near Bedford. In that\\nquarter, too, the Americans were broken and driven back into the woods,\\nand the front of the column led by General Clinton, continuing to move for-\\nward, intercepted and engaged those who were retreating along the direct\\nroad from Flatbush. Thus attacked in front and rear, and alternately driven\\nby the British on the Hessians, and by the Hessians on the British, a succes-\\nsion of skirmishes took place in the woods, in the course of which, some\\nparts of corps forced their way through the enemy, and regained the lines of\\nBrooklyn, and several individuals saved themselves under cover of the\\nforest but a greater proportion of the detachment was killed or taken. The\\nfugitives were pursued to the American works, and such was the ardour of\\nthe British soldiery, that their cautious commander could scarce prevent an\\nimmediate assault.\\nThe fire towards Brooklyn gave the first intimation to the American right,\\nthat the enemy had gained their rear. Lord Stirling perceived that he\\ncould escape only by instantly retreating across the creek, near the Yellow\\nMills, not far from the cove. Orders to this effect were immediately given,,\\nand the more effectually to secure the retreat of the main body of the de-.\\ntachment, he determined to attack, in person, a corps of the British, under\\nLord Cornwallis, stationed at a house somewhat above the place at which he i\\nproposed crossing the creek. About four hundred of Smallwood s regiment\\nwere drawn out for this purpose, and the assault was made with great spirit.\\nThis small corps was brought several times to the charge, and Lord Stirling\\nwas on the point of dislodging Lord Cornwallis, when the force in his front\\nincreasing, and General Grant also advancing on his rear, he could no lon-\\nger oppose the superior numbers which assailed him, on every quarter; and I\\nthe survivors of this brave party, with their general, became prisoners of I\\nwar. This bold and well judged attempt, though unsuccessful, was not i\\nwithout its advantages; giving an opportunity to a large part of the detach-\\nment, to save themselves by crossing the creek.\\nThe loss sustained by the American army on this occasion was conside-\\nrable, but could not be accurately ascertained. Numbers were supposed to\\nGeneral Howe s Letter.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 211\\nhave been drowned in the creek, or suffocated in the marsh and exact ac-\\ncounts from the militia could not be procured. General Washington did not\\nadmit it to exceed a thousand men, but in this estimate he could only have\\nincluded the regular troops. General Howe states the prisoners to have\\namounted to one thousand and ninety-seven, among whom were Major-gene-\\nral Sullivan, and Brigadiers Lord Stirling, and Woodhull, by him named\\nUdell. He computes the loss of the Americans at three thousand three hun-\\ndred, but this computation is, probably, excessive. He supposes too, that the\\ntroops engaged on the heights, amounted to ten thousand; but it is impossi-\\nble they could have much exceeded half that number. His own loss, he\\nstates at twenty -one officers, and three hundred and forty-six privates killed,\\nwounded, and taken.\\nAs the action became warm. General Washington passed over to the camp\\nat Brooklyn, where he saw with inexpressible anguish, the destruction in\\nwhich his best troops were involved, and from which it was impossible to ex-\\ntricate them. He could direct his efforts only to the preservation of those\\nwhich remained.\\nBelieving the Americans to be much stronger than they were in reality,\\nand unwilling to commit any thing to hazard. General Howe made no imme-\\ndiate attempt to force their lines. He encamped in front, and on the twenty-\\neighth, at night, broke ground in form, within six hundred yards of a redoubt\\non the left.\\nVIII. Successful resistance to the victorious enemy being now hopeless,\\nand the American troops, lying in the lines without shelter from the heavy\\nrains, becoming daily more dispirited, the resolution was taken to withdraw\\nthe army from Long Island. This difficult movement was effected on the\\nnight of the 28th, with such silence and despatch, that all the troops and\\nmilitary stores, with a greater part of the provisions, and all the artillery ex-\\ncept some heavy pieces, which, in the state of the roads, could not be drawn,\\nwere carried over in safety. Early the next morning, the British outposts\\nperceived the rear-guard ci ossing the East river, out of reach of their fire.\\nIf the attempt to defend Long Island, so disastrous in its issue, impeach the\\njudgment of the commander-in-chief, his masterly retreat, justly, added to his\\nreputation among military men.\\nIX. But the effect of this defeat was most injurious to the American\\ncause. It took from the troops the confidence which preceding events had\\ncreated, and planted in its place, a dread of the enemy, to whom the perfec-\\ntion of military skill was now ascribed.\\nIn a letter from General Washington to Congress, the state of the army,\\nafter this event, was thus feelingly described. Our situation is truly dis-\\ntressing. The check our detachment sustained on the 27th ultimo, has\\ndispirited too great a proportion of our troops, and filled their minds with\\napprehension and despair. The militia, instead of calling forth their utmost\\n.efforts to a brave and manly opposition, in order to repair our losses, are\\ndismayed, intractable, and impatient to return. Great numbers of them\\nhave gone off, in some instances, almost by whole regiments, in many, by\\nhalf ones, and by companies at a time. This circumstance of itself, inde-\\npendent of others, when fronted by a well appointed enemy, superior in num-\\nber to our whole collected force, would be sufficiently disagreeable; but\\nwhen it is added, that their example has infected another party of the army\\nthat their want of discipline, and refusal of almost every kind of restraint\\nand government, have rendered a like conduct but too common in the whole\\nand have produced an entire disregard of that order and subordination neces-\\nsary for the well doing of an army, and which had been before inculcated as\\nwell as the nature of our military establishment would admit; our condition", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "212 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nis still more alarming, aacl with the deepest concern I am obliged to confess\\nmy want of confidence in the generality of the tx oops.\\nAll these circumstances fully confirm the opinion I ever entertained, and\\nwhich I, more than once, in my letters, took the liberty of mentioning to\\nCongress that no dependance could be put in a militia, or other troops than\\nthose enlisted and embodied for a longer period than our regulations have\\nhitherto prescribed. I am persuaded, and am as fully convinced as of any\\none fact that has happened, that our liberties must, of necessity, be greatly\\nhazarded, if not entirely lost, if their defence be left to any but a permanent\\narmy.\\nNor would the expense incident to the support of such a body of troops,\\nds would be competent to every exigency, far exceed that which is incurred\\nby calling in daily succours, and new enlistments, which when effected, are\\nnot attended with any good consequences. Men who have beisn free, and\\nsubject to no control, cannot be reduced to order in an instant; and the pri-\\nvileges and exemptions they claim, and will have, influence the conduct of\\nothers in such a manner, that the aid derived from them is nearly counter-\\nbalanced by the disorder, irregularity, and confusion they occasion.\\nThe frequent remonstrances of the commander-in-chief, the opinions of\\nall military men, and the severe correcting hand of experience, at length,\\nproduced their effect on the government of the union and soon after the\\ndefeat on Long Island, it had been referred to the committee composing\\nthe board of war, to prepare a plan of operations for the next succeeding\\ncampaign. Their report, which was adopted, proposed a permanent army\\nto be enlisted for the war, and to be composed of eighty-eight battalions, to\\nbe raised by the several states in proportion to their ability.* As induce-\\nments to enlist, a bounty of twenty dollars was allowed to each recruit, and\\nsmall portions of vacant lands promised to every officer and soldier.\\nX. Lord Howe, in his character of commissioner, sought, immediately, to\\navail himself of the impression, which he supposed the victory of the twenty-\\nseventh might have made on Congress. For this purpose. General Sullivan\\nwas sent on parole, to Philadelphia, with a verbal message, purporting, that\\nthough his lordship could not, at present, treat with Congress as a political\\nbody, yet he was desirous to conier with some of its members, as private\\ngentlemen, and to meet them at such place as they would appoint That,\\nwith General Howe, he had full powers to compromise the dispute between\\nGreat Britain and America the obtaining of which had delayed him near\\ntwo months in England, and prevented his arrival at New York before the\\ndeclaration of independence: That he wished a compact to be settled, at\\nthis time, when no decisive blow was struck, and neither party could feel.,\\ncompulsion to enter into an agreement That, if Congress were disposed td\\ntreat, many things which they had not yet asked, might, and ought to be,\\\\\\ngranted and that if, upon conference, there should be a probability of\\naccommodation, the authority of Congress would be recognised, as indispen-\\nsable to the completion of the compact.\\nThis proposition was embarrassing. Absolute rejection might give colour.\\nto the opinion, that, if independence were waved, restoration of the ancient\\nconnexion, on principles, f )rmerly deemed constitutional, was practicablej\\nNew Hampshire 3, Massachusetts 15, Rhode Island 2, Connecticut 8, New York\\n4, New Jersey 4, Pennsylvania 12, Delaware 1, Maryland 3, Virginia 15, North Caro-\\nlina 9, South Carolina 6, Georgia 1. 88.\\nt To a colonel 500 acres, lieutenant-colonel 450, major 400, captain 300, lieutenant.\\n200, ensign 150, and a non-commissioned officer or private 100 acres.\\nThe resolution was afterwards changed so as to give the option to enlist for threa\\nyears, or during the war. Those enlisting for three years not to be entitled to land.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 213\\nwhilst to enter upon negotiation under existing circumstances might impair\\nconfidence, in the determination of Congress, to maintain the independence\\nthey had declared. The difficulty was, in a measure, surmounted by the\\nreply, that Congress, being the representatives of the free and independent\\nstates of America, could not, with propriety, sepd any of its members to con-\\nfer with his lordship in their private characters but, that ever desirous of\\nestablishing peace upon reasonable terms, they would send a committee of\\ntheir body, to know whether he had authority to treat with persons autho-\\nrized by Congress for that purpose, on behalf of America and what that\\nauthority is and to hear such propositions as he shall think proper to make\\nrespecting the same. General Washington was, at the same time, instruct-\\ned, that no pi-oposition for peace ought to be regarded, unless made in\\nwriting, and addressed to the representatives of the United States in Con-\\ngress, or to persons authorized by them and that if application were made\\nto him, on the subject, by any of the British commanders, he should inform\\nthem, that the United States having entered into the war, only, for the de-\\nfence of their lives and liberties, would cheerfully agree to peace on reasona-\\nble terms, whenever it should be so proposed to them. These resolutions\\nhad the appearance of maintaining independence, without making it the con-\\ndition of peace.\\nDr. Franklin, John Adams, and Edward Rutledge, the committee of Con-\\ngress, met Lord Howe on Staten Island. The conference was fruitless. The\\ncommittee, in their report, gave a summary of its matter, saying, It did\\nnot appear, that his lordship s commission contained any other authority\\nthan that expressed in the act of Parliament namely, that of granting par-\\ndons, with such exceptions as the commissioners should think proper to make\\nand of declaring America, or any part of it, to be in the King s peace on\\nsubmission for as to the power of inquiring into the state of America, which\\nhis lordship mentioned to us, and of conferring and consulting with any per-\\nsons the commissioners might think proper, and representing the result of\\nconversation to the ministry, who, provided the colonists would subject them-\\nselves, might, after all, or might not, at their pleasure, make any alterations\\nin the former instructions to governors, or propose, in Parliament, any\\namendment of the acts complained of; we apprehended any expectation from\\nthe effect of such a power, would have been too uncertain and precarious to\\nbe relied on by America, had she still continued in her state of dependence.\\nXI. A council of war, convoked by Washington, resolved to act on the\\ndefensive, and not to risk the army for the state of New York but a middle\\nline between abandonment and defence, was, for a short time, adopted.\\nThe public stores were removed to Dobb s Ferry, about twenty-six miles\\n.from New York. Twelve thousand men were ordered to the northern ex-\\ntremity of York Island, and four thousand five hundred returned for the de-\\nfence of the city the remainder occupied the intermediate space, with direc-\\ntions to support the city or the camp, at King s Bridge, as exigencies might\\nrequire. As it was impossible to determine where the British would attempt\\nto land, it was necessary, pursuant to the system of procrastination, and the\\ndetermination to gain time to raise works for defence at various points. At\\nlength, (September 12th) another council of war directed the abandonment\\nof the city. General Mercer, who commanded the flying camp on the Jersey\\nshore, also, moved up the North river, to a post opposite Fort Washington.\\nOn the fifteenth General Howe commenced to land his forces, under cover\\nof some ships of war, on the East river, between Kipp s and Turtle Bays.\\nThe works, at this point, were capable of defence for some time; but the\\ntroops, stationed in them, terrified at the fire from the ships, abandoned them\\nwithout waiting an attack, and fled with precipitation. When the cannonade", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "214 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nhad commenced, the brigades of Generals Parsons and Fellows were put in\\nmotion, and marched to the support of the lines, and General Washington,\\nhimself, rode towards the scene of action. The panic of the fugitives, from\\nthe works, was communicated to the advancing troops, and the commander-\\nin-chief, had the extreme mortification to meet the whole retreating in the\\nutmost disorder, despite the great efforts of their generals to check the dis-\\ngraceful flight and whilst he, himself, attempted to rally them, a small corps\\nof the enemy coming in sight, they again broke and fled in the utmost con-\\nfusion. The usually firm and equable mind of this admirable man, seems,\\non this occasion, to have been swayed by a gust of natural passion and for\\nthe first, and perhaps, the only time, he despaired of the cause in which he\\nhad embarked his fortune, his life, and his fame. In the rear of his das-\\ntardly troops, with his face to the enemy, he appeared willing to bury the\\npangs of the present, and the dreaded infamy of the future, in an honourable\\ngrave. His aids and friends, who surrounded his person, by indirect vio-\\nlence, compelled him to retire, and preserved a life, perhaps, indispensable\\nto the independence of his country.*\\nThe only part remaining to be taken after this dereliction, was to withdraw\\nthe few remaining troops from New York, and to secure the posts on the\\nheights. For the latter purpose, the fines were instantly manned, but no\\nattempt was made on them. The retreat from New York was effected with\\nan inconsiderable loss of men, in a skirmish at Bloomingdale but all the\\nheavy artillery, and a large portion of the baggage, provisions, and military\\nstores, were unavoidably abandoned. No part of this loss was more severely\\nfelt, than that of the tents. In this shameful day, one colonel, one captain,\\nthree subalterns, and ten privates, were certainly killed; one lieutenant-\\ncolonel, one captain, and one hundred and fifty-seven privates were missing.\\nThe conduct of the troops on this occasion, calls for remarks which are alike\\napplicable to the prior and subsequent armies of the United States. They\\nhad not the experience which teaches the veteran to do his duty, wherever\\nhe may be placed in the assurance, that others will likewise do theirs and\\nto rely, that those who direct the whole v/ill not expose him to useless hazard\\nnor neglect those precautions which the safety of the whole may require.f\\nUnfortunately, there existed in many parts of the army, other causes beside\\nthe shortness of the terms of enlistment, and the inefficiency of the militia,\\nwhich prevented the acquisition of these military sentiments. In New Eng-\\nland, whence the war had been principally supported, the zeal excited by the\\nrevolution had taken such a direction, as in a great measure to abolish those\\ndistinctions between the platoon officers and the soldiers, which are indispen-\\nsable to the formation of an efficient army. Many of these officers, here, as\\nin other parts of the union, were elected by the men, and were, consequently,\\ndisposed to associate with them on the footing of equality. In some instances,\\nthose were chosen who had agreed to put their pay in common stock with\\nthat of the soldiers, and to divide equally with them. It is not cause of\\nwonder, that among such officers, the most disgraceful and unmilitary prac-\\ntices should sometimes prevail nor that privates should fail in respect, sub-\\nRamsay s American Revolution, vol. i. p. 392. Mr. Marshall does not notice, to\\naffirm or deny, this statement of Mr. Ramsay. If the suppression have been made\\nfor the purpose of aggrandizing the hero of the biographer, it is reprehensible.\\nThe office of apotheosis belongs to the poet or the slave. It is above or below the\\nhistorian. And no hunmn character can suffer less, from full disclosure, than that\\nof General Washington. Such shades, as this, are but the foil of the brilliant, serv-\\ning to perfect its lustre. Such instances of weakness, improve the exemplar which\\nhis life affijrds. Were it marked by unvarying wisdom, it would be rejected in\\ndespair, as unattainable.\\nt Marshall s Washington, vol. ii. 434.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 215\\nordination, and obedience. Orders of this period show, that several officers\\nof inferior grade were not themselves exempt from the general spirit of pil-\\nlage, which then disgraced the American troops.*\\nHaving possessed himself of the city, (15th September, 1776,) the British\\ngeneral stationed a few troops in the town, and with the main body of the\\narmy encamped near the American lines. His right was at Horen s Hook,\\non the East river, and his left reached the North river, near Bloomingdale,\\nso that his encampment extended quite across the island, here, about two\\nmiles wide, and his flanks were both covered by his ships. The strongest\\npoint of the American lines was at King s Bridge, preserving their commu-\\nnication with the continent. They also occupied in considerable force,\\nM Gowan s Pass, and Morris Heights, which were fortified and rendered\\ncapable of defence against superior numbers. On the heights of Haerlem,\\nstill nearer the British lines, within a mile and a half of them, a strong de-\\ntachment was posted in an intrenched camp.\\nThe present position of the armies favoured the wishes of the American\\ncommander, to habituate his soldiers by a series of successful skirmishes, to\\nmeet the enemy in the field. Opportunities for this purpose were not long\\nwanting. The day after the retreat from New York, the British appeared\\nin considerable force in the plains between the camps. Washington ordered\\nColonel Knowlton of the volunteer corps of New England rangers, and\\nMajor Leitch with three companies of the third Virginia regiment, which\\nhad joined the army only the preceding day, to endeavour to get into their\\nrear, whilst he amused them with demonstrations of an attack in front. The\\nplan was successful; the British advanced eagerly to an advantageous posi-\\ntion in front, and a firing commenced, but at too great a distance for execu-\\ntion. In the mean lime, Colonel Knowlton, unacquainted with their new\\nposition, made his attack rather on their flank, than their rear. Very soon,\\nMajor Leitch, who had gallantly led the detachment, was brought off the\\nground mortally wounded, and not long afterwards, Colonel Knowlton also\\nfell, bravely fighting at the head of his troops. Not discouraged by the loss\\nof their field officers, the captains maintained their ground, and continued\\nthe action with gi-eat animation. The British were reinforced, and General\\nWashington ordered on detachments from the adjacent regiments of New\\nEngland and Maryland. The Americans thus strengthened, charged the\\nenemy, drove them from the woods into the plains, and were pressing them\\nstill further, when the general apprehending the approach of a large body ot\\nthe foe, recalled his troops to their entrenchments. In this sharp conflict,\\nmany who had so disgracefully fled on the preceding day, now, with much\\ninferior force, had engaged a battalion of light infantry, another of Highland-\\ners, and three companies of Hessian riflemen, sustaining a loss in killed and\\nwounded of not more than fifty men, whilst the Bi itish lost more than double\\nthat number. The effect of this first success of the campaign, was visible\\nupon the spirits of the men, restoring them in some measure to their own\\nesteem.\\nThe armies did not long retain their position. General Howe, sensible ot\\nthe strength of the American camp, had no inclination to force it. His plan\\nwas, to compel General Washington either to abandon it, or to fight in a\\nposition, where defeat would result in a total destruction of his army. With\\nthis view, after throwing up intrenchments on M Gowan s Hill, for the pro-\\ntection of New York, he proposed to gain the rear of the American camp,\\nand to possess himself of the North river, above King s Bridge. To ascer-\\ntain the practicability of the latter, three frigates passed up, under the fire of\\nMarshall s Life ofWashington, vol. ii. 434.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "216 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nForts Washington and Lee, without injury from the batteries, or impediment\\nfrom the chevaux-de-frise, which ]uid been sunk in the channel, between\\nthose forts. This point being attained, the greater part of his army passed\\nthrough Hellgatc, into the Sound, and landed on Frog s Neck, in West Ches-\\nter county, about nine miles from the camp, on the heights of Haerlem.*\\nHe continued here some days, quietly waiting for his artillery, military\\nstores, and reinforcements, from Staten Island, which were detained by un-\\nfavourable winds.\\nXII. In the mean time. General Lee arrived,! from his late successful\\ncommand, to the southward and finding a disposition prevalent among the\\nofficers of the American army, to continue on York Island, he induced the\\ncall of a council of war, to consult on its propriety. He urged its entire re-\\nlinquishment dwelling upon the impracticability of stopping the ascent of\\nthe enemy s ships, upon the river, the possession of Frog s Neck, on the\\nSound, by the British, the absolute impossibility of preserving the communi-\\ncation with the country, and the imminent danger that the army must fight\\nunder disadvantages, or become prisoners of war. His views, so far as they\\nregarded the army, were adopted but unfortunately, the representations of\\nGeneral Greene prevailed, in relation to Fort Washington, the occupation of\\nwhich, he contended, would divert a large portion of the enemy s force from\\nthe main body, and in conjunction with Fort Lee, would cover the trans-\\nportation of supplies, up the river, for the service of the American troops.\\nHe further represented, that the garrison could be brought off, at any time,\\nby boats from the Jersey shore.\\nXIII. On the 18th of October, General Howe moved forward his whole\\narmy, except four regiments destined for New York, towards New Rochelle.-\\nSome skirmishing took place, near East Chester, with part of Glover s bri-\\ngade, in which the conduct of the Americans was courageous. As Howe\\ntook post at New Rochelle, Washington occupied the heights between it and\\nthe North river. The British general received here, the second division of\\nGermans, under General Knyphausen, and an incomplete regiment of caval-\\nry, from Ireland. Both armies now moved towards the White Plains, a-\\nstrong piece of ground, where a large camp had been marked out, and occu-\\npied by a detachment of militia, sent to guard some magazines there collect-\\ned. The main body of the Americans formed a long line of entrenched\\ncamps, extending from twelve to thirteen miles, on the heights from Valen-\\ntine s Hill, near King s Bridge, to the White Plains; fronting the British line\\nof march, and the Brunx, which lay between them, so as to collect in full\\nforce at any point, as circumstances might require. While the British army\\nlay about New Rochelle, Major Rodgers, with his regiment (of tories), was\\nadvanced eastward towards Mamoraneck, on the Sound, where he was be-\\nlieved to be covered by the position of the other troops. An attempt was\\nmade to surprise him in the night; but it was not wholly successful. About\\nsixty of his corps were killed or taken, with a loss to the Americans of two\\nkilled, and eight or ten wounded; among the latter, was Major Grcen, of\\nVirginia, a brave officer, who led the advance, and who received a ball\\nthrough his body. Not long afi;er, a regiment of Pennsylvania riflemen,,\\nunder Colonel Hand, fell in with and engaged an equal number of Hessian\\nchasseurs, over whom they obtained some advantage.\\nThe caution of the English general was increased by these evidences of\\nenterprise in his adversary. His object seems to have been to avoid skir-\\nmishing, and to bring on a general action, if that could be effected under\\nfavourable circumstances if not, he knew too well, the approaching dissolu-\\nOctober 12th, 1776. October 14th.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 317\\ntion of the American army, and calculated, not without reason, on deriving\\nfrom that event nearly all the advantages of a victory. He proceeded there-\\nfore slowly. His marches were in close order, his encampments compact,\\nand well guarded with artillery and the utmost circumspection was used\\nnot to expose any part which might be vulnerable.*\\nAs the sick and baggage reached a place of safety, General Washington\\ngradually drew in his out-posts, and took possession of the heights on the\\neast side of the Brunx fronting the head of the British columns. He was\\nthere joined by General Lee, who, after securing the sick and the baggage,\\nhad, with considerable address, brought up the rear division of the army.\\nGeneral Washington was encamped on high, broken grounds, with his\\nright flank covered by the Brunx, which also covered the front of his right\\nwing, extending along the road on the east side of that river, towards New\\nRochelie, as far as the brow of the hill where his centre was posted. His\\nleft, forming almost a right angle with his centre, and nearly parallel to his\\nright, extended along the hills northwardly, so as to keep possession of the\\ncommanding ground, and secure a retreat should it be necessary, from the\\npresent position, to one still more advantageous in his rear.\\nOn the right of the army, and on the west side of the Brunx, about one\\nmile from the camp, on the road leading from the North river, was a hill, of\\nwhich General M Dougal took possession, for the purpose of covering the\\nright flank. His detachment consisted of about sixteen hundred men, prin-\\ncipally militia; and his communication with the main army was perfectly\\nopen; that part of the river being every where passable, without difiicuUy.\\nHasty intrenchments were thrown up to strengthen every part of the lines,\\nand to make them as defensible as possible.\\nOn the 25th of October, General Howe, who had advanced from New\\nRochelie and Mamaroneck, prepared to attack General Washington in his\\ncamp. Early in the morning, the British approached in two columns, the\\nright commanded by Sir Hpnry Clinton, and the left by General Knyphau-\\nsen, accompanied by General Howe, in person. Their advanced parties\\nhaving encountered, and driven in the patroles, their van appeared, about\\nten o clock, in full view of the American lines a cannonade commenced,\\nwithout much execution, on either side. The British right formed behind a\\nrising ground, about a mile in front of the American camp, and extended\\nfrom the I oad leading from Mamaroneck, towards the Brunx so that it was\\nopposed to the centre of the American army.\\nOn viewing General Washington s situation, Howe determined to possess\\nhimself of the hill occupied by M Dougal. He directed Colonel Rawle, with\\nhis corps of Hessians, to cross the Brunx, and by a circuit, to gain a posi-\\ntion from which he might annoy the right flank of M Dougal, while Briga-\\ndier-general Leslie, with the second brigade of British troops, the Hessian\\ngrenadiers under Colonel Donop, and a Hessian battalion, should attack him\\nin front. When Rawle had gained the designated position, the detachment\\nunder Leslie also crossed the Brunx, and commenced a vigoi ous attack on\\nthe Americans.! The militia immediately fled but the regulars behaved\\nwith great gallantry. Colonel Smallwood s regiment of Maryland, and\\ni I Colonel Reitzimar s of New York, advanced boldly towards the foot of the\\nIII hill to meet Leslie but after a sharp encounter, were overpowered by num-\\ni^ I hers, and compelled to retreat. Leslie then attacked the remaining part of\\ni M Dougal s forces, consisting of his own brigade, the Delaware battalion,\\nI and a small regiment of Connecticut militia. They were soon driven from\\nAnnual Register. t General Howe s letter.\\n2E", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "218 fflSTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe hill, but kept up, for some time, an irregular fire from the stone walls,\\nand other enclosures about the scene of action. General Putnam, with\\nBeal s brigade, was ordered to support them; but not arriving while they\\nwere in possession of the hill, he deemed it improper to attempt to regain it,\\nand the troops retreated to the main army.\\nIn this engagement, which, during its continuance, was very animated on\\nboth sides, the loss was supposed to have been about equal. That of the\\nAmericans was between three and four hundred in killed, wounded, and\\ntaken. Colonel Smallwood was among the wounded.\\nGeneral Washington continued in his lines, expecting to be attacked. His\\nsick and baggage were removed into his rear. But a considerable part of\\nthe day having been spent in gaining the hill, which had been occupied by\\nM Dougal, all attempts on his intrenchments were postponed until the next\\nmorning and the whole British army lay on their arms the following night,\\nin order of battle, and on the ground they had taken during the day.\\nThis interval was employed by General Washington in strengthening his\\nworks, removing his sick and baggage, and preparing, by changing the ar-\\nrangement of his troops, for the expected attack. His left maintained its\\nposition, but his right was drawn back to stronger ground. Perceiving this,\\nand unwilling to leave any thing to hazard, Howe resolved to postpone fur-\\nther offensive operations, until Lord Pei cy should arrive with four battalions\\nfrom New York, and two from the post at Mamaroneck. This reinforce-\\nment was received on the evening of^ the 30th, and preparations were then\\nmade to attack the American intrenchments the next morning. In the night\\nand during the early part of the succeeding day, a violent rain fell, which\\ninduced a further postponement of the assault.* The provisions and heavy\\nbaggage being now removed, and apprehensions being entertained, that the\\nBritish general, whose left wing extended along the height taken from\\nM Dougal, to his rear, might turn his camp, and occupy the post to which\\nhe designed to retreat, if an attempt on his lines should terminate unfortu-\\nnately, General Washington changed his position n\\\\ the night, and withdrew\\nto the heights of North Castle, about five miles from White Plains. At the\\nsame time he detached Beal s brigade to take possession of the bridge on\\nCroton river, a few miles in his rear, and over which is the road leading up\\nthe Hudson.\\nThis position was so strong, that an attempt to force it was deemed im*\\nprudent. General Howe, therefore, gave a new direction to his efforts.f\\nXIV. The anxiety to preserve, if possible, the navigation of the Hudson,\\nabove King s Bridge, had induced the American general to maintain the posts\\nof Forts Washington and Lee, on either side of that river. They essentially\\nchecked the movements of General Howe, who justly deemed the complete\\npossession of York Island an object of too much importance to be longer\\nneglected. He, therefore, directed General Knyphausen to cross the coun-\\ntry from New Rochelle, and to take possession of King s Bridge, where a\\nsmall party of Americans were stationed in Fort Independence. This was\\neffected without opposition the Americans retiring to Fort Washington,\\nand Knyphausen encamping between that place and King s Bridge.\\nIn the mean time, Howe broke up his camp at White Plains, and marched\\nto Dobbs Ferry, whence he retired slowly down the North river, towards\\nKing s Bridge. The American general was immediately aware of the de-\\nsign against Fort Washington, and the Jerseys but, apprehending that his\\nadversary might return suddenly, and endeavour by a rapid movement, to\\nexecute the original plan of getting in his rear, he observed great caution,\\nGeneral Howe s letter. f Ibid.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 219\\nand maintained his position, until assured that the movement towards King s\\nBridge, was not a feint.\\nOn the movement of the British army towards New York, General Wash-\\nington perceived the neccessity of throwing a part of his troops into New\\nJersey, should Howe design to change the scene of action. A council of\\nwar, therefore, was immediately called, (November 6th,) which determined,\\nunanimously, should Howe continue his march, that all the troops raised on\\nthe west side of the Hudson, should cross that river, to be afterwards follow-\\ned, if necessary, by those raised on the eastern part of the continent; and\\nthat, for the preservation of the highlands, about the North river, three\\nthousand men should be stationed at Peck s-kill, and in the passes of the\\nmountains.\\nGeneral Washington addressed a letter to Governor Livingston, advising\\nhim of the movement then making, and expressing a decided opinion that\\nGeneral Howe would not content himself with investing Fort Washington,\\nbut would invade the Jerseys. He urged the governor to put the militia in\\ncondition to reinforce the continental army, and to take the place of the new\\nlevies, a term designating a body of men between militia and regulars,\\nraised to serve until the first of December, who could not be depended on to\\ncontinue with the army one day longer than the time for which they were\\nengaged. He also pressed, very earnestly, the removal of all the stock, and\\nother provisions, of which the enemy might avail himself, from the sea-coast,\\nand the neighbourhood of New York.\\nImmediate intelligence of this movement was likewise given to General\\nrGreene, who commanded in the Jerseys and his attention was particularly\\npointed to Fort Washington. He was advised to increase his magazines\\nabout Princeton, and to diminish those near New York; as experience had\\ndemonstrated the difficulty of removing them on the advance of the enemy.\\nSome apprehension was also entertained, that Howe would attempt to cross\\nat Dobbs Ferry, and envelop the troops about Fort Lee, as well as those in\\nFort Washington. Of this, too. General Greene was advised, and thereupon\\ndrew in his parties from about Amboy, and posted a body of troops on the\\nheights to defend the passage at Dobbs Ferry.\\nOn the 13th of November, General Washington crossed the North river,\\nwith the selected portion of the army, leaving the eastern regiments under\\nthe command of General Lee, with orders, also, to cross the river, should\\nGeneral Howe effect it but in the mean time, to assume the strong grounds,\\n.behind the Croton, at Pine Bridge.\\nDiscretionai y orders had been given to General Greene, to abandon Fort\\n.Washington, but which, for the reasons already stated, he delayed to exe-\\n,cute. This fort was on a high piece of ground, near the North river, very\\ndifficult of ascent, especially, on the northern side. It was capable of con-\\ntaining about a thousand men but the lines and out- works, chiefly on the\\nsouthern side, were drawn quite across the island. The position was natu-\\nrally strong, the approaches difficult, and the foi tifications, though not suffi-\\ncient to resist heavy artillery, were believed capable of sustaining any at-\\ntempt at storm. The garrison containing some of the best troops of the\\nAmerican army, was commanded by Colonel Magaw, a brave and intelli-\\ngent officer.\\nGeneral Howe, who had retired slowly from the White Plains, encamped\\nat a small distance from King s Bridge, on the heights of Fordham, with his\\nright towards the North river, and his left on the Brunx. Detachments\\nfrom his army having previously taken possession of the ground about West\\nChester, works were erected at Haerlem creek, to play on the opposite\\nvorks of the Americans, and every preparation being made for an assault,", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "220 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe garrison was summoned (on the 15th of November,) to surrender on\\npain of being put to the sword. Colonel Magaw replied, that he should de-\\nfend the place to the last extremity. The summons was immediately com-\\nmunicated to General Greene, at Fort Lee, and by him to the commander-\\nin-chief, then at Hackensack. He immediately rode to Fort Lee, and though\\nlate in the night, was proceeding to Fort Washington, where he expected to\\nfind Generals Putnam and Greene, when, in crossing the river, he met those\\nofficers, returning from visiting that post. They reported that the garrison\\nwas in high spirits, and would make a good defence on which, he returned\\nwith them to Fort Lee.\\nEarly next morning. Colonel Magaw posted his troops partly in the outer-\\nmost lines, partly between those lines, on the woody and rocky heights,\\nfronting Haerlem river, where the ground being extremely difficult of ascent,\\nthe works were not closed; and partly on a commanding hill, lying north of\\nthe fort. Colonel Cadwalader, of Pennsylvania, commanded in the lines,\\nColonel Rawlings, of Maryland, on the hill towards King s Bridge, where\\nhis regiment of riflemen was posted among trees, and Colonel Magaw, him-\\nself, in the fort.\\nThe strength of the place did not deter the British general from attempting\\nto carry it by storm. A desire to save time, at this late season of the year,\\nwas the principal inducement to this determination. About ten o clock, the\\nassailants appeared before the works, and moved on to the assault in four\\nquarters. Their first division, consisting of two columns of Hessians and\\nWal deckers, amounted to about five thousand men, under the command of..\\nGeneral Knyphausen, advanced on the north side of the fort against the hill\\nwhere Colonel Rawlings commanded, who received them with great gal-\\nlantry. The second, on the east, consisting of the first and second battalions\\nof British light infantry, and two battalions of guards, was led on by Briga-\\ndier-general Mathews, supported by Lord Cornwallis, at the head of the\\nfirst and second battalions of grenadiers, and the thirty-third regiment.\\nThese troops crossed Haerlem river, in boats, under cover of the artillery\\nplanted in works which had been erected for the purpose, on the opposite\\nside of the river, and landed within the third line of defence, which crossed\\nthe island. The third division was conducted by Lieutenant-colonel Stirling,.\\nwho passed the river higher up; and the fourth, by Lord Percy, accompa-\\nnied by General Howe, in person. This division was to attack the lines in\\nfront, on the south side.*\\nThe attacks on the north, and south, by General Knyphausen, and Lord\\nPercy, were made about the same instant on Colonels Rawlings and Cad-\\nwalader, wlio maintained their ground for a considerable time but while\\nColonel Cadwalader was engaged in the first line against Lord Percy, on\\nthe south, the second and third divisions, which had crossed Haerlem river,\\nmade good their landing, and soon dispersed the troops fronting that river,\\nas well as a detachment sent by Colonel Cadwalader, to support them.\\nThese being overpowered, he deemed it necessary to abandon the lines, and\\na retreat was commenced towards the fort, which, being conducted with con-\\nfusion, a part of his men were intercepted by the division under Colonel\\nStirling, and made prisoners. The resistance on the north, was conducted\\nwith more courage, and was of longer duration. Rawlings maintained his\\nground with firmness, and his riflemen did vast execution. A three gun\\nbattery, north of the fort, also played on Knyphausen, with much eflfect.\\nThe Germans were repulsed several times with great loss; and, had every\\nother part of the action been equally well maintained, the assailants, if ulti-\\nGenera! Howe s letter.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 221\\nmately successful, would have had much reason to deplore their victory. At\\nlength, by dint of perseverance and numbers, the Hessian columns gained the\\nsummit of the hill after which, Colonel Rawlings, perceiving the danger\\nwhich threatened his rear, retreated under the guns of the fort.\\nHaving carried the lines, and all the strong ground adjoining them, the\\nBritish general again summoned Colonel Magaw to surrender. While the\\ncapitulation was progressing. General Washington sent him a billet, request-\\ning him to hold out until the evening, when he would endeavour to bring off\\nthe garrison; but Magaw had already proceeded too far to retract; and it is\\nprobable the place could not have resisted an assault from so formidable a\\nforce as threatened it on every side. The most essential difficulties had been\\novercome the fort was too small to contain all the men and their ammuni-\\ntion was nearly exhausted. Under these circumstances, the garrison sur-\\nrendered prisoners of war.\\nThe loss on this occasion was the greatest the Americans had sustained.\\nThe garrison was stated by General Washington, at about two thousand\\nmen yet, in a report published as from General Howe, the number of pri-\\nsoners is stated at two thousand six hundred, exclusive of officers. Either\\nGeneral Howe must have included in his report, persons who were not sol-\\ndiers, or General Washington, in his letter, must have comprised only the\\nregulars. The last conjecture is most probably correct. The loss of the\\nassailants is variously stated, at from eight to eleven hundred men. It fell\\nheaviest on the Germans.\\nXV. The surrender of Fort Washington, induced a determination to\\nevacuate Fort Lee and a removal of the stores to the interior of Jersey,\\nimmediately, commenced. But on the 19th of November, before this could\\nbe completed, a detachment of the enemy, commanded by Lord Cornwallis,\\namounting to about six thousand men, crossed the North river, below Dobbs\\nFerry, and endeavoured by a rapid march, to enclose the garrison between\\nthe Hudson and the Hackensack rivers. The safety of the garrison required\\nits instant withdrawal from the narrow neck of land, which was with great\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2vdifficulty effected, by a bridge over the latter river. With Fort Lee, all the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0heavy cannon, except two twelve pounders, together with a large quantity of\\nprovisions and military stores, fell into the hands of the enemy. The want\\nof wagons rendered this loss inevitable.\\nAfter crossing the Hackensack, General Washington posted his troops\\nalong the western bank but he could not defend it with an army of only\\nthree thousand effectives, exposed, without tents, to the inclement season\\nwhich already prevailed, in a level country without an entrenching tool, and\\namong people no wise zealous for the American cause and being still en-\\nclosed by two rivers, the Hackensack and Passaic, his position was, thereby,\\nrendered more dangerous. This gloomy condition was not cheered by the\\nprospect of the future. No reliance could be placed on reinforcements from\\nany quarter. The general made every exertion to collect an army, and in\\nthe mean time to impede, as much as possible, the progress of the enemy.\\nGeneral Carleton having retired from before Ticonderoga, he directed Ge-\\nneral Schuyler to hasten to his assistance, the troops of Pennsylvania and\\nNew Jersey. But the march was long, their term of service nearly expired,\\nand they refused to re-enlist. General Lee was directed to cross the North\\nriver, and hold himself in readiness, if the enemy should continue the cam-\\npaign, to join the commander-in-chief; but his army, too, from the same\\nfatal cause, was melting away, and would soon be totally dissolved. Gene-\\n-ral Mercer, who commanded part of the flying camp stationed about Bergen,\\nwas called in, but these troops had engaged to serve, only, until the first of\\nDecember, and like other six months men, had abandoned the army in great", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "222 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nnumbers. No hope existed of retaining the remnant, after they should\\npossess a legal right to depart.\\nUnder these circumstances, no serious design could be entertained of de-\\nfending the Hackensack. A show of resistance was momentarily preserved,\\nwith a view of covering the few stores which could be removed. General\\nWashington, with Real s, Heard s, and part of Irvine s brigades, crossed at\\nAcquackanonck Bridge, and took post at Newark, on the south side of the\\nPassaic. Soon after he had marched. Major-general Vaughan, at the head\\nof the British dragoons, grenadiers, and light infantry, appeared before the\\nnew bridge over Hackensack, and the American detachment in the rear being\\nwholly unable to defend it, could only break it down, and retire before him\\nover the Passaic.\\nGeneral Washington having entered the open country, halted for a few\\ndays, to endeavour to collect such a force, as might preserve the semblance\\nof an army. The better to effect this, he despatched General Mifflin to Penn-\\nsylvania, where he possessed great influence, and Colonel Joseph Reed, his\\nadjutant-general, long known and highly valued in New Jersey, to Governor\\nLivingston, to press upon him the absolute and immediate necessity of\\nmaking further exertions to prevent the whole state from being overrun.\\nIn this perilous state of things, he found it necessary to detach Colonel\\nForman of the New Jersey militia, to suppress an insurrection which threat-\\nened to break out in the county of Monmouth, where great numbers were\\nwell disposed to the royal cause. Nor was this the only place from which\\nthere was reason to expect the enemy might derive aid. Such an indisposi-\\ntion to further resistance began to be manifested throughout the state, as to\\nexcite serious fears respecting the conduct which might be observed when\\nLord Cornwallis should penetrate further into the country.*\\nUnable to make effective resistance, as the British crossed the Passaic,\\nGeneral Washington abandoned his position behind it and on the 28th of\\nNovember, as Lord Cornwallis entered Newark, he retreated thence to\\nBrunswick. The time had now come, (December 1,) when the Maryland\\nand Jersey levies in the flying camp, became entitled to their discharge, and\\nhe had the extreme mortification to behold his small army, still more en-\\nfeebled by the abandonment of these troops almost in sight of an advancing\\nenemy. The Pennsylvania militia of the same class had engaged to serve\\nuntil the first of January; but so many of them deserted, that it became ne-\\ncessary to place guards on the roads and ferries over the Delaware to appre-\\nhend the fugitives.\\nFrom New Brunswick, the commander-in-chief, again, urged upon Gover-\\nnor Livingston, that the intention of the enemy was, to pass through New\\nJersey to Philadelphia, and that some cflicacious measures should be adopted,\\nto call out the strength of the state to his support, and its own defence. But\\nit was not in the power of the governor to furnish the aid required. The\\nLegislature, which had removed from Princeton to Trenton, and from Tren^\\nton to Burlington, had now adjourned, and the members had returned to their\\nhomes to protect their own more peculiar interests. The well affected part\\nof the middle counties was overawed by the British army. The lower coun-\\nties were haunted by tories, or paralyzed by their non-combatting Quaker\\npopulation, and the militia of Morris and Sussex turned out slowly and re-\\nluctantly. f Washington, also, again urged General Lee to hasten to his\\nassistance.\\nThe troops were continued in motion for the purpose of concealing their\\nweakness, and of retarding the advance of Cornwallis, by creating an opiniop\\nMarshall, Wash. Lett. t Ibid.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 223\\nthat the Americans meditated to attack him but as the British van came in\\nview, and approached the opposite side of the bridge, he was compelled to\\nquit New Brunswick. Leaving Lord Stirling in Princeton with two brigades\\nfrom Virginia and Delaware, amounting to twelve hundred men, to watch the\\nenemy, he continued his march with the residue of the army to Trenton.\\nDirections had already been given to collect and place under sufficient guard,\\nall the boats on the Delaware, from Philadelphia upwards, for seventy miles,\\nso that a hope might be reasonably entertained that the progress of the ene-\\nmy would be stopped at this river and that in the mean time, reinforcements\\nmight arrive, which would enable him to dispute its passage. Having, with\\ngreat labour, transported the {ew remaining military stores and baggage over\\nthe Delaware, he determined to remain as long as possible with the small\\nforce which still adhered to him on the northern banks of that river.*\\nThis retreat into, and through New Jersey, was attended with almost every\\ncircumstance that could embarrass and depress the spirits. It commenced\\nimmediately after the heavy loss at Fort Washington. In fourteen days\\nafter that event, the whole flying camp claimed its discharge, and other troops\\nalso, whose engagements terminated about the same time, daily departed.\\nThe two Jersey regiments which had been forwarded by General Gates,\\nunder General St. Clair, went off to a man, the moment they entered their\\nown state. A few officers without a single private, were all of these regi-\\nments which St. Clair brought to the commander-in-chief. The troops who\\nwere with Washington, mostly of the garrison of Fort Lee, were without\\ntents, blankets, shoes, and the necessary utensils to di-ess their provisions.\\nIn this situation, the general had the address to prolong a march of ninety\\nmiles, to the space of nineteen days. During his retreat, scarce an inhabit-\\nant joined him, whilst numbers daily flocked to the royal army, to make\\ntheir peace, and beg protection. On the one side, was a well appointed full\\nclad army, dazzling by its brilliance, and imposing by its success on the\\nother, a few poor fellows whose tattered raiment but too well justified the\\nsoubriquet o? ragamuffins, with which the sneering tories rei)roached them,\\nfleeing for their safety. The British commissioners issued a proclamation\\ncommanding all persons assembled in arms against his Majesty s government,\\nto disband and return to their homes and all civil officers to desist from their\\ntreasonable practices, and to relinquish their usurped authority. A full par-\\ndon was offered to all, who within sixty days would appear before an officer\\nof the crown, claim the benefit of the proclamation, and subscribe a declara-\\ntion of his submission to the royal authority. Seduced by this proclamation, not\\nonly the ordinary people shrunk from the apparent fate of the country in this\\nits murkiest hour, but the vapouring patriots who sought office and distinction\\nat the hands of their countrymen, when danger in their service was distant,\\nnow crawled into the British lines, humbly craving the mercy of their con-\\nquerors; and whined out, as justification, that though they had united with\\nothers, in seeking a constitutional redress of grievances, they approved not\\nthe measures lately adopted, and were at all times opposed to independcnce.f\\nGeneral Washington having secured his baggage and stores, and finding\\nCornwallis pause at Brunswick, he, on the 6th of December, detached twelve\\nhundred men to Princeton, in hope, that by appearing to advance, he might\\nnot only delay the progress of the British, but in some degree, cover the\\ncountry and re-animate the people of New Jersey.\\nXVI. The exertions of General Mifflin, though making little impression\\nMarshall.\\nt Dr. Ramsay has given to political infamy, the names of Galloway and Allen, of\\nPennsylvania, he might have added those of Tucker, and others, of New Jersey.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "224 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\non the state of Pennsylvania at large, were highly successful in Philadelphia.\\nA large proportion of that city, capable of bearing arms, had associated for\\nthe defence of the country; and fifteen hundred now marched to Trenton. A\\nGerman battalion was also ordered by Congress to the same place. On re-\\nceiving this reinforcement, Washington commenced his march to Princeton;\\nbut before he could reach it, he received intelligence that Lord Cornwallis,\\nalso, strongly reinforced, was rapidly advancing from Brunswick by different\\nroutes to get into his rear. Thus a retreat even across the Delaware, became\\nindispensable.\\nOn the 8th of December, having secured the boats, and broken down the\\nbridges on the roads leading along the Jersey shore, he posted his army on\\nthe western bank in such a manner, as to observe the fords by which the\\nenemy must pass. As the American rear guard crossed the river, the British\\narmy came in sight. The main body halted at Trenton, whence detach-\\nments were thrown out above and below, so as to render uncertain where\\nthey might attempt to pass. Small parties, unimpeded by the people of the\\ncountry, reconnoitred the river for a considerable distance. If the British\\ngeneral as reported, had brought boats with him, it would have been impos-\\nsible for Washington, with his small force, to prevent the passage. From\\nBordentown, four miles below Trenton, the Delaware turns westward, and\\nforms an acute angle with its upper course, so that Cornwallis might cress\\nhigh up and be as near Philadelphia as the American army. For this reason,\\nWashington advised, that lines of defence should be drawn from the Schuyl-\\nkill about the heights of Springetsbury, eastward to the Delaware, and Gen-\\neral Putnam was ordered to superintend them. General Mifflin, who had\\njust returned to camp, was again despatched to the city to take charge of the i\\nnumerous stores it contained.\\nCornwallis made some unsuccessful attempts to seize a number of boats,\\nguarded by Lord Stirling, about Coryell s Ferry and having repaired the\\nbridges below Trenton, advanced a strong detachment to Bordentown, de-\\nmonstrating the design of crossing the river at points above and below\\nTrenton, and to march in two columns, directly, to Philadelphia; or com-\\npletely to envelope the American army.\\nTo counteract this plan, some galleys were stationed, so as to communi-\\ncate the earliest intelligence of movements below, and to afford aid in repel-\\nling an attempt to cross the river, whilst the commander-in-chief made other\\ndispositions to prevent the passage above, which, he believed, the real object\\nof the enemy. Four brigades under Generals Lord Stirling, Mercer, Ste-\\nphens, and De Fermoy, were posted from Yardley s to Coryell s Ferry, in,\\nsuch manner as to guard every suspicious point of the river, and to assist each\\nother in case of attack. General Irvine, with the Pennsylvania remnant of\\nthe flying camp, and some Jersey militia under General Dickenson, were\\nposted from Yardley s down to the ferry opposite Bordentown. Colonel\\nCadwalader, brother of him taken at Fort Washington, with the Pennsyl-\\nvania militia, occupied the ground on either side of the Neshaminy as far as\\nDunk s Ferry, where Colonel Nixon was posted with the third Philadelphia\\nbattahon. Precise orders were given to the commanding officer of each de-\\ntachment for his conduct, directing his route in case he should be driven\\nfrom his post, and the passes he should endeavour to defend, on his way to\\nthe high grounds of Germantown, where the army was to rendezvous if\\nforced from the river.\\nIn the mean time. General Washington continued his exertions to aug-\\nment his army. Expresses wei e sent through the counties of Pennsylvania,\\nand to the governments of Delaware and Maryland, urging them to forward\\ntheir militia without delay. General Mifflin, whose popular eloquence had", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 225\\nbeen most serviceable, was again directed to repair immediately to the neigh-\\nbouring counties, and Congress declared it of the highest importance, that he\\nshould make a progress through the state of Pennsylvania, to rouse its free-\\nmen to the immediate defence of the city and country naming a committee\\nto assist him in the good and necessary work. General Armstrong of Penn-\\nsylvania, was, at the same time, despatched by General Washington, into\\nthat part of the state, where he possessed most influence. In the hope of\\nthus obtaining adequate force, even for offensive operations, General Heath\\nwas called from Peck s-kill, and General Gates ordered on with regulars of\\nthe northern army.\\nXVII. Although General Lee had been frequently directed to join the\\ncommander-in-chief, he tardily obeyed, manifesting a strong disposition to\\nretain his separate command, and rather to hang on, and threaten the\\nrear of the British army, than to strengthen that in their front. With this\\nview, in opposition to the judgment of Washington, he proposed to establish\\nhimself at Morristown. Again urged to march, still declaring his opinion in\\nfavour of his own proposition, he proceeded, i-eluctantly, towards the Dela-\\nware. Whilst passing through Morris county, near Baskingridge, at the\\ndistance of about twenty miles from the British encampment, he, very indis-\\ncreetly, quartered, under a slight guard, in a house about three miles from his\\ntroops. Information of this circumstance was given, by a countryman, to\\nColonel Harcourt, then, with a body of cavalry, watching his movements,\\nwho, immediately, formed and executed the design of seizing him. Early in\\nthe morning of the twelfth of December, by a rapid march, his corps reached\\nLee s quarters. The general, receiving no intimation of his approach, until\\nthe house was surrounded, became a prisoner, and was borne off in triumph\\nto the British army where, for some time, he was treated, not as a prisoner\\nof war, but as a deserter from the British service.\\nThis misfortune made a painful impression throughout America. The\\nconfidence, originally placed in General Lee, alike due to his experience and\\ntalents, had been increased by his success, whilst commanding the southern\\ndepartment, and by the conviction, that his advice, to which was ascribed the\\noperations in New York, which defeated the plans of General Howe, would,\\nif more closely followed, have prevented the losses at Fort Washington and\\nFort Lee. No officer, save the commmander-in-chief, had so large a share\\nof the confidence of the army and country, and his capture was universally\\nbewailed, as the greatest calamity which had befallen the American arms.\\nXVIII. General Sullivan, on whom the command devolved after the loss\\nof Lee, promptly obeying the orders which had been given to that officer,\\njoined Washington, by the way of Phillipsburg, on the twentieth of Decem-\\nber. On the same day. General Gates arrived with some northern troops.\\nBy these and other reinforcements, the American army was augmented to\\nabout seven thousand effective men.\\nHaving failed to obtain boats for crossing the Delaware, the Bi-itish gene-\\nral determined to close the campaign, and retire into winter quarters. About\\nfour thousand men were cantoned, on the Delaware at Trenton and Borden-\\ntown, at the White Horse and Mount Holly and the remainder of the army\\nwas distributed from that river to the Hackensack. Still, Washington be-\\nlieved, that an attempt to gain Philadelphia would be made, should the ice\\nbecome sufficiently firm to bear the army. He supposed, also, that one of\\nthe objects of General Howe, in covering so large a portion of New Jersey,\\nwas to impede the recruiting service. To counteract this, three regiments\\nmarching from Peck s-kill, were halted at Morristown, and united with about\\neight hundred Jersey militia, who had collected at the same place, under\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Colonel Ford, the whole being placed under the command of General Max-\\n2F", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "226 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwell of New Jersey. He had orders to watch the motions of the enemy, to\\nharass their marches, give intelligence of their movements, especially, of\\nsuch as might be made from Brunswick towards Princeton or Trenton, to\\nkeep up the spirits of the militia, and to prevent the inhabitants from going\\nwithin the British lines, from making their submission, and taking protec-\\ntions.\\nWhilst these measures were in progress, the commander-in-chief laboured\\nto impress upon Congress, the necessity of still further exertions to form a\\npermanent army, particularly, to increase the cavalry, artillery, and engi-\\nneers, and, also, to enlarge his own powers, which were incompetent to\\nmany cases that daily occurred. The moment was certainly one of fearful\\ninterest. The existing army, except a few regiments from Virginia, Penn-\\nsylvania, Maryland, and New York, affording an effective force of about\\nfifteen hundred men, would dissolve in a few days. New Jersey had, in a\\ngreat measure, submitted, and the militia of Pennsylvania had not displayed\\nthe alacrity which had been expected; and should the frost bridge the Dela-\\nware, it was to be dreaded, that General Howe would seize Philadelphia,\\nand that its capture might induce the belief, that the contest had become\\ndesperate.\\nXIX. But even this deepest gloom had its ray of hope, the first beam of\\na rising sun of unparalleled brightness. In the dispersed situation of the\\nBritish army, General Washington perceived the opportunity of striking a\\nblow which might retrieve the holy cause, in the public opinion, and recover\\nthe ground he had lost. He formed the daring plan of attacking, at the same\\ninstant, all the British posts on the Delaware. If successful in whole or in\\npart, he would erase the impression made by his losses and retreat, would\\ncompel his adversary to compress himself so, as no longer to cover New\\nJersey, and would remove from Philadelphia the imminent danger which\\nthreatened it. The merit of having originally suggested this attack, may,\\naccording to Dr. Gordon, be claimed for General Joseph Reed.*\\nWashington proposed to cross the river, in the night, at M Konky s Ferry,\\nabout nine miles above Trenton, with four thousand troops, under his own\\nimmediate command, assisted by Generals Sullivan and Greene, and Colonel\\nKnox, of the artillery to march down in two divisions, one by the river, and\\nthe other by the Pennington road, both leading to the town, and that they\\nmight reach their destination by five o clock of the next day, to pass them\\nover the river by twelve o clock. General Irvine was directed to cross at\\nthe Trenton Feny, and to secure the bridge below the town, to prevent the.\\nescape of any part of the enemy by that road and General Cadwalader to\\npass at Dunks Ferry, and carry the post at Mount Holly. It had been de-\\nsigned to unite the troops engaged in fortifying the city of Philadelphia, with\\nthose of Bristol, and to place them under the command of General Putnam;\\nbut there were such indications, in that city, of an insurrection in favour of\\nthe royal cause, that it was deemed unsafe to withdraw them.\\nThe weather, on the night of the twenty-fifth of December, was very\\nsevere; mingled snow, hail, and rain, fell in great quantities, and so much\\nice was made in the river, that, the division passing at M Konky s Ferry\\ncould not be gotten over, before three o clock, and it was near four, before\\nthe fine of march could be taken up. As the distance by either road to-\\nTrenton was the same, it was supposed that each column would arrive there\\nabout the same time. Orders were, therefore, given to attack at the instant\\nof arrival, and after driving in the out-guards, to press rapidly after them into\\nthe town, so as to prevent the main body from forming.\\nGordon s American Revolution, vol. ii. p. 391.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 227\\nGeneral Washington accompanied the upper column and arrived at the\\nout-post on that road precisely at eight o clock. He immediately drove it in,\\nand in three minutes heard the discharge from the column on the river road.\\nThe picket guard kept up a fire from behind houses as they retreated, but the\\nAmericans Ibllowed with such ardour and rapidity, that they could make no\\nstand. Colonel Rawle,* a gallant officer who commanded in Trenton, pa-\\nraded his men, in order to meet the assailants. In the conimenconent of the\\naction he was mortally wounded upon which his troops attempted to file off\\nfrom the right, and gain the road to Princeton. Washington threw a de-\\ntachment in their front, and at the same time advanced rapidly on them in\\nperson. Being surrounded, and their artillery already seized, they laid\\ndown their arms, and surrendered themselves prisoners of war.\\nUnfortunately, the quantity of ice rendered it impracticable for General\\nIrvine to execute the part of the plan allotted to him. He was unable to\\ncross the river; and of consequence the lower road towards Bordentown\\nremained open. About five hundred men, among whom was a troop of\\ncavalry, stationed at the lower end of Trenton, availed themselves of this\\ncircumstance, and crossing the bridge in the commencement of the action,\\nescaped. The same cause prevented General Cadwalader from attacking\\nthe post at Mount Holly. With infinite difficulty, he got over a part of his\\ninfantry but it being impracticable to transport the artillery, the infantry\\nreturned. t\\nAlthough in consequence of the extreme severity of the night, the plan\\nfailed in many of its parts, the success attending that assumed by General\\nWashington in person was complete. One thousand of the enemy were\\nmade prisoners, and as many stands of arms, with six field pieces, were se-\\ncured. About twenty of the enemy were killed, including officers. On the\\npart of the Americans, two privates were killed, two frozen to death, and\\none officer, and three or four privates, were wounded.\\nHad the divisions of General Irvine and Cadwalader crossed the river, the\\nBritish would, probably, have been swept from the banks of the Delaware,:}:\\nand Washington would have taken a position in the Jerseys. But it was\\nnow deemed unadvisable to hazard the loss of the advantage already gained,\\nand the general crossed the river with the prisoners and stores he had taken.\\nXX. The British commander was greatly astonished by this unexpected\\ndisplay of vigour on the part of the American General. Knowing the en-\\nfeebled condition of his army, and the expectation of its immediate dissolu-\\ntion, he had supposed the war almost at an end and, probably, looked for-\\nward to a triumph at Philadelphia, so soon as the river Delaware should be\\nrendered passable by frost, when this energetic apparition, as if from the\\ndead, awakened him from a delightful dream. He determined, though in the\\ndepth of winter, to recommence active operations and Lord Cornwallis,\\nwho had retired to New York, for the purpose of embarking for Europe,\\nsuspended his departure and returned, to the Jerseys, in great force, for the\\npurpose of regaining the ground which had been lost.\\nMeanwhile, Count Donop, who commanded the troops posted below\\nQuere? Rahl.\\nt Marshall. Wash. Lett.\\nX How practicable this would have been, appears from the following fact. Colonel\\nReed, who was with the division of Cadwalader, passed the ferry with the van of the\\ninfantry. He immediately despatched some trusty persons to examine the situation of\\nthe troops at Mount Holly. The report made by his messengers was, that they had\\nlooked into several houses in which the soldiers were quartered, and had found them,\\ngenerally, fast asleep, under the influence, as was conceived, of the spirituous liquors\\nthey had drank the preceding day, which was Christmas. That there appeared to be\\nno apprehension of danger, nor precautions against it.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "228 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nTrenton, learning the disaster which had befallen Colonel Rawle, imme-\\ndiately commenced his retreat by the road leading to Amboy, and joined\\nGeneral Leslie at Princeton. The next day General Cadwalader took post\\non the Jersey shore, with orders to harass Ihe enemy if he could do so safely,\\nbut to put nothing to hazard until he should be joined by the continental bat-\\ntalions. General Mifflin now joined General Irvine with a detachment of\\nPennsylvania militia, amounting to about fifteen hundred men, who were also\\nordered to cross the Delaware.\\nXXV. Once more at the head of a force with which he might attempt\\nsomething, the general-in-chief resolved not to remain inactive. Inferior as\\nhe was to the enemy, he yet determined to employ the winter in endeavour-\\ning to recover the whole, or the greater part of Jersey.\\nWith this view, he ordered General Heath, at Peck s-kill, on the North\\nriver, to leave a small detachment of troops at that place, and, with the main\\nbody of the New England militia, to move into Jersey, and approach the\\nBritish cantonments. General Maxwell was directed to collect the militia,\\nto harass their flank and rear, and to attack their out-posts. Having made\\nthese dispositions, Washington again crossed the Delaware, with his conti-\\nnental regiments, and took post at Trenton. Here he exerted all his influ-\\nence to prevail on the troops from New England, whose terms of service ex-\\npired on the last day of December, to continue during the present exigency,\\nand, with infinite difficulty, and a bounty of ten dollars, many were induced\\nto re-engage for six weeks.\\nThe British were now (January, 1777) collected in force at Princeton,\\nunder Lord Cornwallis, where some works were thrown up and, as they\\nadvanced a strong corps towards Ti enton, and knew that the troops from\\nNew England were entitled to be discharged, it was justly expected they\\nwould attack the American army.\\nGenerals Mifflin and Cadwalader, who lay at Bordentown and Cross-\\nwicks, with three thousand six hundred militia, on the night of the first of\\nJanuary, joined the commander-in-chief, whose whole effective force, with this\\naddition, did not exceed five thousand men.\\nLord Cornwallis advanced the next morning. About four o clock in the\\nafternoon, after some slight skirmishing with a small party detached to\\nMaidenhead to harass and delay his march, his van reached Trenton, while\\nthe rear was at Maidenhead, about half way between Princeton and Trenton.\\nOn his approach, General Washington retired across the Assunpink, a\\ncreek which runs through the town, behind which he drew up his army.\\nThe British attempted to cross at several places, but the fords being guarded,\\nthey halted and kindled their fires. The American troops kindled their fires\\nlikewise, and a cannonade was kept up on both sides until dark.\\nThe situation of General Wsshington was, now, again extremely critical.,\\nIf he maintained his present position, it was certain that he would be attack-\\ned, next morning, by a force, in all respects, superior to his own and the j\\nresult would, most probably, be the destruction of his little army. If he at-\\ntempted to retreat over the Delaware, now covered with ice, which, in con-\\nsequence of a few mild and foggy days, was not firm enough to march upon,\\na considerable loss, perhaps a total defeat, would be sustained. In any event,\\nthe Jerseys would once more be entirely in possession of the enemy the\\npublic mind would again be depressed, recruiting be discouraged by his ap-\\nparent inferiority and Philadelphia would a second time be in the grasp of;\\nGeneral Howe. It was obvious, that the one event or the other would deduct\\ngreatly from the advantages promised by his late success and, if it should\\nnot render the American cause, absolutely, desperate, would very essentially-\\ninjure it.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "I:\\nHISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 229\\nXXII. In this state of things, he formed the bold and judicious design\\nof abandoning the Delaware, and marching silently in the night by a circui-\\ntuous route, along the left flank of the British army, into their rear at Prince-\\nton, where he knew they could not be very strong. After beating them\\nthere, he proposed to make a rapid movement to Brunswick, where their\\nbaggage and principal magazines lay, under a weak guard.\\nA council of war having approved this plan, prepai-ations were imme-\\ndiately made for its execution. As soon as it was dark, the baggage was\\nremoved silently to Burlington and about one o clock in the morning of the\\nthird, after renewing their fires, and leaving their guards at the bridge and\\nother passes over the creek, the army decamped with perfect secrecy, taking\\nthe Quaker road to Princeton. Here, three British regiinents had encamped\\nthe preceding night, two of which commenced their march early in the morn-\\ning to join the rear of their army at Maidenhead. About sunrise,* when\\nthey had proceeded about two miles, they saw the Americans advancing on\\nthe left, in a direction which would enter the road in their rear. They im-\\nmediately faced about, and, repassing Stonybrook, moved under cover of a\\ncopse of woods towards the Americans, whose van was conducted by Gene-\\nral Mercer. A sharp action ensued, which, however, was not of long dura-\\ntion. The militia, of which the advanced party was principally composed,\\nsoon gave way, and the few regulars attached to them were not strong\\nenough to maintain their ground. While gallantly exerting himself to rally\\nhis broken troops, General Mercer was mortally wounded, and the van was\\nentirely routed. But the fortune of the day was soon changed. The main\\nbody of the army, led by General Washington in person, followed close in\\nthe rear, and attacked the enemy with great spirit. Persuaded that defeat\\nwould irretrievably ruin the affairs of America, he advanced in the very\\nfront of the battle, and exposed himself to the hottest fire of the enemy. He\\nwas so well supported by the same troops who, a few days before, had served\\nat Trenton, that the British, in turn, were compelled to give way. Their\\nline was broken, and the two regiments separated from each other. Colonel\\nMawhood, who commanded that in front, and who, being, therefore, on the\\nright, was nearest the rear division of the army under Lord Cornwallis, re-\\ntired to the main road and continued his route to Maidenhead. The fifty-\\nfifth regiment, which was on the British left, being hard pressed, fled, in con-\\nfusion, across the fields and great road, into a back road leading between\\nHillsborough and Kingston towards Bi unswick.f The vicinity of the British\\nforces at Maidenhead, secured Colonel Mawhood from pursuit, and General\\nWashington pressed forward to Princeton. The regiment remaining in that\\nplace took post in the college, and made some show of resistance but the\\nartillery being brought up, it was abandoned, and the greater part of them\\nwere made prisoners. A few saved themselves by a precipitate retreat to\\nBrunswick.\\nIn this action, upwards of one hundred of the British were killed, and\\nnear three hundred were taken prisoners. The loss of the Americans in\\nkilled was somewhat less, but in this number was included General Mercer,\\nThe march of the army had been rendered much more expeditious, than it could\\n9therwise have been, by a fortunate change of weather. On the evening of the\\nsecond, it became excessively cold, and the roads which had become soft, were ren-\\ndered as hard as pavement.\\nt Tliis account of the battle of Princeton varies, in some of its circumstances,\\nespecially in the manner of meeting the enemy, from that originally given. The\\npapers in possession of the author do not state the relative situation of the armies\\nwhen the action commenced. He is indebted for that information to a very intelli-\\ngent friend, to whom he feels great obligation, which it gives him much gratification\\nto acknowledge. Marshall.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "230 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\na very valuable officer from Virginia, who had served with the commander-\\nin-chief ill the war ayainst the French and Indians, which terminated in\\n1763, and was greatly esteemed by him. Colonels Haslett and Potter,\\nbrave and excellent officers from Dclawax e and Pennsylvania; Captain\\nNeal of the artillery, Captain Fleming, who on that day commanded the\\nseventh Virginia regiment, and five other valuable officers, were also among\\nthe slain.\\nOn the appearance of daylight,* Lord CornwaUis discovered that the\\nAmerican army had moved off in the night, and immediately conceived the\\nplan of Washington. He was under extreme apprehension tor Brunswick,\\nwhere were magazines of great value, with the military chest containing\\nabout seventy thousand pounds. Breaking up his camp, he commenced a\\nrapid march to that place, for the purpose of affording it protection and was\\nclose in the rear of the American army before it could leave Princeton.\\nXXIII. General Washington was again in a very perilous situation. His\\nsmall army was exhausted with extreme fatigue. His troops had been\\nwithout sleep, all of them one night, and some of them two. They were\\nwithout blankets many of them barefooted, and otherwise thinly clad and\\nhe was eighteen miles from his point of destination. He was closely pursued\\nby an enemy, much superior in point of numbers, well clothed and fresh,\\nand who must necessarily come up with him before he could accomplish\\nhis designs on Brunswick, if any opposition should there be made to him.\\nHe, therefore, wisely, determined to abandon the remaining part of his plan;f\\nand breaking down the bridges over Millstone Creek, between Princeton and\\nBrunswick, he took the road leading up the country to Pluckemin, where.\\nhis troops were permitted to refresh themselves, and to take that rest which\\nthey so greatly required. Lord CornwaUis continued his march to Bruns-\\nwick, which he reached in the course of that night. General Matthews, who\\ncommanded at that place, had been greatly alarmed; and while he took.\\nmeasures to defend himself, the utmost industry was used to remove thfr,\\nmilitary stores to a place of greater safety.\\nThe sufferings of the American army had been so great, from the seve-\\nrity of the season, and the active service in which they had been engaged j\\nThe time when this movement of the American army was discovered by Lord j\\nCornwaUis, is taken from the British accounts. In the United States it was under-,\\nstood that the firing towards Princeton gave him the first intimation of the skilful\\nmanoeuvre of the preceding night. It was also generally said at the time, that in the\\npreceding evening, when the British army reached Trenton, Sir William Erskiri^\\nurged an immediate attack, but Lord CornwaUis was disposed to defer it until the\\nnext morning, as his troops were fatigued by their day s march from Princeton, and\\nthe Americans were so hemmed in by the Delaware, filled with ice, on one side, and\\nCrosswick s Creek, which is navigable for sloops, in their rear, that a retreat was\\nimpossible, and he could make sure work in the morning. To this observation. Sir\\nWilliam is said to have replied, If Washington is the general I take him to be, his\\narmy will not be found on its present ground in the morning. The author has lately\\nreceived this anecdote in a manner which induces him to think it worthy of more\\ncredit, than he had supposed it to be entitled to, while he received it merely as the\\nreport of the day. Marshall.\\nIt is also an additional proof of the secrecy with which this manoeuvre was exe-\\ncuted, that some militia field officers who had retired into the rear, to get a good night s\\nsleep, were, next morning, absolutely unable to say, what had become of the American\\narmy. Ibid.\\nt A council was held oil horseback, and some gentlemen advised that he should\\nfile off to the southward. On crossing the Millstone river at Kingston, the guides\\nwere directed to take the road leading to the northward, through Hillsborough, but\\nbefore they reached Somerset court-house, many of the infantry, worn out with fa-\\ntigue, fasting and want of rest, lay down and fell asleep by the way. But the object\\nof Lord CornwaUis being to save Brunswick, he did not turn aside to molest the Ame-\\nrican army. Ibid.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 231\\ntheir complaints, especially on the part of the militia, were so loud, their\\nnumbers were reducing so fast, by returning home, and by sickness, that\\nGeneral Washington found it impracticable, further to prosecute offensive\\noperations. It was, therefore, deemed absolutely necessary to retire to Mor-\\nristown, in order to put his men under cover, and to give them some repose.\\nThe affairs of Trenton and Princeton were represented, and considered\\nas great victories. They were believed, by the body of the people, to evi-\\ndence the superiority of their army, and of their general. The opinion that\\nthey were engaged in a hopeless contest, yielded to a confidence that proper\\nexertions on their part, would be crowned with ultimate success.\\nThis change of opinion relative to the issue of the war, was accompanied\\nwith an essential change in conduct and although the regiments required\\nby Congress were not completed, they were made much stronger than, before\\nthis happy revolution in the aspect of public affairs, was believed to have\\nbeen possible.\\nXXIV. The firmness manifested by Congress throughout the gloomy and\\ntrying period which intervened between the loss of Fort Washington, and\\nthe battle of Princeton, gives the members of that period a just claim to the\\nadmiration of the world, and to the gratitude of their fellow citizens. Un-\\nawed by the dangers which threatened them, and regardless of personal\\nsafety, they did not for an instant admit the idea, that the independence they\\nhad declared was to be surrendered, and peace to be purchased by return-\\ning to their ancient colonial situation. As the British army advanced through\\nJersey, and the consequent insecurity of Philadelphia rendered an adjourn-\\nment of Congress from that place to one further removed from the seat of\\nwar, a necessary measure of precaution, their exertions seemed to increase\\nwith their difficulties. They sought to remove the despondence which was\\nseizing and paralyzing the public mind, by an address to the states, in which\\nevery argument was suggested which could rouse them to vigorous action.\\nThey made the most strenuous efforts to animate the militia, and impel them\\nto the field, by the agency of those whose popular eloquence best fitted them\\nibr such a service.\\nWhen reassembled at Baltimore, their resolutions exhibited no evidences\\nof confusion or dismay and the most judicious efforts were made, by col-\\nlecting, as soon as possible, a respectable military force, to repair the mis-\\nchief produced by past errors.\\nDeclaring, that in the present situation of things, the very existence of\\ncivil liberty depended on the right execution of military powers, to a vigorous\\ndirection of which, distant, numerous, and deliberative bodies were entirely\\nunequal, they authorized General Washington to raise sixteen additional\\nregiments, and conferred upon him, for six months, powers for the conduct\\nof the war, which were almost unlimited.*\\nXXV. And that no doubt might be entertained among foreign nations,\\nj and, particularly, in France, whose aid they were soliciting, Congress de-\\nclared their determination, to listen to no terms founded on their resumption\\nof the character of British subjects: but trusting the event to Providence, and\\nrisking all consequences, they resolved to adhere to the independence they\\nhad declared, and to the freedom of trade they had proposed to all nations.\\nCopies of these resolutions were sent to the principal courts in Europe, and\\nproper persons appointed to solicit their friendship to the new formed states.\\nThese despatches fell into the hands of the British, and by them were pub-\\nlished; a circumstance, by no means, unacceptable to the Congress, who\\nwere persuaded, that an apprehension of an accommodation with Great\\nMarshall.\\nI", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "232 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nBritain, was a principal objection to the interference of foreign courts, in\\nwhat was represented to be no more than a domestic quarrel. A resolution,\\nadopted in the worst fortune, that Congress would listen to no terms of re-\\nunion with the parent state, would, it was believed, convince those who\\nwished for the dismemberment of the British empire, that it was sound policy\\nto prevent the conquest of the United States.\\nXXVI. Tlie favourable change in the affairs of the Americans, was in no\\nplace so sensibly felt as in New Jersey, where the people suiTered all the\\nhorrors which could flow from a licentious and almost unrestrained soldiery.\\nWhen the royal army entered Jersey, the inhabitants, pretty generally,\\nremained in their houses, and many thousands received printed protections,\\nsigned by order of the British commander-in-chief. This event, in the lan-\\nguage of Governor Livingston, enabled the patriots more effectually to\\ndistinguish their friends from their enemies. It winnowed the chaft from the\\ngrain. It discriminated the temporizing politician, who, on the first appear-\\nance of danger, determined to secure his idol property, at the hazard of the\\ngeneral weal, from the persevering patriot, who, having embarked his all in\\nthe common cause, chose rather, to risk, rather, to lose that all for the pre-\\nservation of the more inestimable treasure Liberty, than to possess it upon the\\nignominious terms of tamely resigning his country and posterity to perpetual\\nservitude. But it did more, It opened the eyes of those who were made to\\nbelieve that their impious merit in abetting the persecutors, would exempt them\\nfrom being involved in the common calamity. Neither the proclamation\\nof the commissioners, nor protections, saved the people from plunder, or in-\\nsult. Their property was taken and destroyed without distinction of persons.-\\nThey exhibited their protections, but the Hessians could not read and would.\\nnot understand them, and the British soldiers deemed it foul disgrace that the_,.\\nHessians should be the only plunderers. Discontents and murmurs increased\\nevery hour with the ravages of both, which were almost sanctioned by ge-\\\\\\nnei-al orders,f and which spared neither friend nor foe. Neither age nor sex\\nprotected from outrage. Infants, children, old men, and women, were left\\nnaked and exposed, without a blanket to cover them from the inclemency of\\nwinter. Furniture which could not be carried away, was wantonly destroyed;\\ndwellings and out-houses burned, or rendered uninhabitable; churches, and,\\nother public buildings consumed; and the rape of women, and even very;\\nyoung girls filled the measure of woe. Such miseries are the usual fate of\\nthe conquered, nor were they inflicted with less reserve, that the patients\\nwere rebellious subjects. But even the worm will turn upon the oppressor.-.\\nHad every citizen been secured in his rights, protected in his property, and\\npaid for his supplies, the consequence might have been fatal to the cause of\\nindependence. What the earnest commendations of Congress, the zealous\\nexertions of Governor Livingston, and the state authorities, and the ardent\\nsupplications of Washington could not effect, was produced by the rapine and* j\\ndevastations of the royal forces. I\\nThe whole country became instantly hostile to the invaders. Sufferers\\nof all parties rose as one man to revenge their personal injuries. Those who\\nfrom age and infirmities were incapable of military service, kept a strict\\nwatch upon the movements of the royal army, and from time to time, coraii\\nLivingston s Address to the Assembly, 28th February, 1777.\\nt The orders of General Howe to Count Donop, directed that all salted and meal;\\nprovisions, which may be judged to exceed the quantity necessary for the subsistence\\nof an ordinary family, shall be considered a magazine of the enemy, and seized for the\\nKing, and given to the troops as a saving for the public. Under such an order, the\\npickling tubs, and garners of every Jersey farmer became lawful prize the captor\\nbeing judge of the necessary quantity for the family subsistence.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 283\\nmunicated information to their countrymen in arms. Those who lately de-\\nclined all opposition though called on by the sacred tie of honour, pledged to\\neach other in the declaration of independence, cheerfully embodied, when\\nthey found submission to be unavailing for the security of their estates. This\\nis not to be attributed wholly to the victories of Trenton and Princeton. In\\nthe very moment of these actions, or before the results were known, indi-\\nviduals, ignorant of Washington s movements, concerted insurrections to re-\\nvenge their peculiar injuries. The contest had its source in the unrighteous\\nclaim of the British statesmen, to appropriate the property of the colonists\\nagainst their consent. It was reanimated by a new and direct application of\\nthe principle by the British army. Men who could not apprehend the con-\\nsequences of British taxation, nor of American independence, could feel the\\ninjuries inflicted by insolent, and cruel, and brutal soldiers. The militia of\\nNew Jersey, who had hitherto behaved shamefully, from this time forward,\\ngenerally, acquired high reputation and throughout a long and tedious war,\\nconducted themselves with spirit and discipline scarce surpassed by the regu-\\nlar troops.* In small parties they now scoured the country in every direc-\\ntion, seized on stragglers, in several slight skirmishes behaved unexceptionably\\nwell, and collected in such numbers as to threaten the weaker British posts,\\nwith the fate which those at Trenton and Princeton had already experienced.\\nIn a few days, indeed, the Americans had overrun the Jerseys. The enemy\\nwas forced from Woodbridge; General Maxwell surprised Elizabethtown,\\nand took near one hundred prisoners with a quantity of baggage Newark\\nwas abandoned, and the royal troops were confined to New Brunswick and\\nAmboy, judiciously selected for the double purpose of again penetrating the\\ncountry, and of keeping up a safe communication with New York. Within\\nfour days after the affair at Princeton, between forty and fifty Waldeckers\\nwere kdled, wounded, or taken, at Springfield, by an equal number of the\\nsame Jersey militia, which but a month before, had abandoned all opposition.\\nThis enterprise was conducted by Colonel Spencer, whose gallantry was re-\\nwarded with the command of a regiment. On the 20th of January, General\\nDickenson, with about four hundred militia, and fifty of the Pennsylvania\\nriflemen, defeated near Somerset court-house, on the Millstone river, a forag-\\ning party of the enemy of about equal number, and took forty wagons,\\nupwards of one hundred horses, and many cattle and sheep, which they had\\ncollected. They retreated so precipitately, that he made but nine prisoners,\\nbut many dead and wounded were carried off in light wagons. The general\\nreceived much praise for his courage and conduct; for though his troops\\nwere raw, he led them through the river middle deep, and charged with so\\nmuch impetuosity, that the enemy, notwithstanding he had three field pieces,\\ngave way and left the convoy. About a month after this affair. Colonel\\nNeilson of New Brunswick, with a detachment of one hundred and fifty\\nmilitia, surprised and captured Major Stockton, (one of the numerous family\\nof that name, who, from his treachery, was called double Dick, at the\\nhead of fifty-nine privates, refugees, in British pay.\\nThe three months which followed the battle of Trenton, passed away\\nwithout any important military enterprise, other than we have described.\\nMajor-general Putnam took post at Princeton, in order to cover the country\\nin the vicinity. He had only a few hundred troops, though he was no more\\nthan eighteen miles distant from the strong garrison of the British at Bruns-\\nwick. At one period, he had fewer men for duty, than miles of frontier to\\nguard. The situation of General Washington at Morristown, was not more\\neligible. His force was inconsiderable, compared with that of the British\\nRamsay.\\ni 2G", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "234 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nbut the enemy and his own countrymen believed the contrary. Their de-\\nception was cherished and artfully continued by the specious parade of a\\nnumerous army. The officers, in positions difficult of access, by a constant\\ncommunication with each other, secured themselves from insult and surprise.\\nXXVI. While the enemy was thus surrounded, and harassed by an al-\\nmost imaginary army, whose parts disappeared at the approach of any con-\\nsiderable force, but instantly presented themselves when that force retreated,\\nGeneral Washington came to the hazardous, but judicious, resolution, of de-\\nlivering himself and his future force from the dread of a calamity, which he\\ncould not elude, and which had been more fatal in his camp, than the sword\\nof the enemy.\\nThe small-pox, of all the agents of death, was the most painful and hideous.\\nInoculation had not yet in America, stripped it of its terrors nor vaccina-\\ntion rendered it impotent. In despite of the utmost vigilance, it had pene-\\ntrated to the northern and middle armies, and impaired the strength of both.\\nIn the northern, especially, its havoc had been so great, that the delay, re-\\nquisite to obtain the command of Lake Champlain, alone, prevented the Bri-\\ntish army from reaching the Hudson. To neutralize the virulence of the\\npest, inoculation was now resorted to. With all possible secrecy, prepara-\\ntions were made to give the infection to the troops in camp, at Philadelphia,\\nand other places; and thus an army was procured exempt from a calamity,\\nthe very fear of which endangered the most important operations.\\nXXVII. The hostile spirit which now displayed itself in the State of New\\nJersey, was encouraged by a politic and humane proclamation, issued by the\\ncommander-in-chief, about the last of January, directed to those who had\\nsubmitted to, and taken protection from, the enemy discharging the obliga-\\ntions created by their oaths of allegiance to the king, and requiring them to\\nrepair to head quarters, or to the quarters of the nearest general officer, and\\nto swear allegiance to the United States, as the condition of a full pardon.\\nAn act of Assembly, conceived in the same spirit, was passed a few\\nmonths after. The beneficial effects of these measures were soon visible.\\nThe people flocked in from every quarter, to take the oaths but the Legis-\\nlature could not, yet, be induced to pass an act, to bring the militia certainly\\ninto the field.\\nXXVIII. Amid these testimonies of reviving patriotism, it is painful to\\nrecord the crimes which were committed by American soldiers, and which\\nwere but too much encouraged by the heterogeneous organization of the\\narmy; for the correction of which. General Washington found it necessary,\\nby proclamation, to prohibit, both in the militia and continental troops, in\\nthe most positive terms, the infamous practices of plundering the inhabitants,\\nunder the specious pretence of their being tories. It is our duty, continued\\nthe proclamation, to give protection and support to the poor, distressed\\ninhabitants, not to multiply their calamities. After this order, any officer\\nfound plundering the inhabitants, under the pretence of their being tories,\\nmay expect to be punished in the severest manner.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 235\\ni\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nI. Organization of the New Jersey State Government 11. First Address of the\\nGovernor Other principal Officers. III. Condition of the State at this period.\\nIV. State of the Northern Department Operations on the Lakes. V. The Bri-\\ntish seize Rhode Island. VI. Demonstration of General Heath, on Long Island.\\nCondition of the American Army, in New Jersey Skirmishing. VII. Early\\nefforts of Sir William Howe, to destroy the American Magazines Stores burned\\nat Peck s-kill at Danbury. VIII. Successful enterprise of Colonel Meigs,\\nagainst Sagg Harbour. IX. Movements of General Washington, on opening the\\nCampaign Removal of the Army to Middlebrook Disposition of the Troops.\\nX. Operations of the Army under General Howe Feint to cross the Delaware\\nRetreat from New Jersey Returns, and attacks the American Army. XI. Per-\\nplexity of Washington, caused by the Movements of the British Forces. XII. Cap-\\nture of Major-general Prescott, by Major Barton. XIII. General Howe embarks\\nfor the southward Measures of Washington thereon. XIV. Attempt of General\\nSullivan, with Colonel Ogden, upon the Tories on Staten Island. XV. Arrival of\\nthe British Army at Elk River its Progress Operations of the American Army\\nBattle of Brandywine. XVI. Subsequent movement of the Armies. XVII. Se-\\ncond encounter of the hostile Armies they are separated by rain. XVIII. Af-\\nfairs of Paoli. XIX. The British enter Philadelphia. XX. Congress remove to\\nLancaster, thence to York. XXI. Attack and defence of the Fortifications on the\\nDelaware. XXII. Battle of Germantown. XXIII. Operations in New Jersey.\\nXXIV. Further proceedings on the Delaware. XXV. Repulse of Count Donop,\\nfrom Fort Mercer. XXVl. General Greene despatched to New Jersey.\\nXX VII. Capture of Fort Mifflin, and abandonment of Fort Mercer.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XX VIII. At-\\ntempt of General Dickenson on Staten Island. XXIX. American Army rein-\\nforced.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XXX. Attacked at White Marsh, by the British.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XXXI. The Ameri-\\ncan Army retires into Winter Quarters. XXXII. English plans for the North-\\nern Campaign. XXXIII. Condition of the American Northern Department.\\nXXXIV. Burgoyne captures the Forts on the Lakes, and disperses the American\\nArmy. XXXV. Recuperative measures of General Schuyler. XXXVI. Re-\\npulse of St. Leger, from Fort Schuyler.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XXXVII. Defeat of Colonel Baum,\\nat Bennington. XXXVIII. Beneficial result of these fortunate Events.\\nXXXIX. Battles on the Hudson, and Capture of Burgoyne.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XL. Movements\\nof Sir Henry Clinton, in the Highlands.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XLI. Effect of the Capture of Bur-\\ngoyne at home and abroad. XLII. Congress refuse to execute the Articles of\\nCapitulation their reasons.\\nI. The first Legislature of independent New Jersey, convened at Prince-\\nton, on the 27th of August, 1776. John Stephens was elected vice-president\\nof the Council, and John Hart, speaker of the House of Representatives\\nand on the 31st of the month, William Livingston, Esq., was chosen in joint\\nballot, governor of the new State. This appointment removed him from a\\nmihtary command, at Elizabethtown, alike incompatible with his years, his\\nhabits, and his previous studies, to one, for which the employments of his life\\nhad admirably prepared him. On the first ballot, the votes were equally\\ndivided, between him and Richard Stockton; but on the second, on the suc-\\nceeding day, he had a majority, of how many does not appear.* His rival,\\nDr. Gordon, (Hist. Revolution, vol. ii. p. 300,) says\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There was an equal num-\\nber of votes for him and Mr. Stockton but the latter having, just at the moment,\\nrefused to furnish his team of horses, for the service of the public, and the Legislature\\ncoming to the knowledge, the choice of Mr. Livingston took place immediately.\\nMr. Sedgwick, in his life of Governor Livingston, very properly repudiates this rea-\\nson, and observes I am told by a person formerly intimate with John Cleve Symmes,\\nat this time a member of council, that he had often said between jest and earnest,\\nthat he had made Mr. Livingston governor. Whether by this, is meant, that, on the", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "236 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwho, previous to the revolution, held a seat on the bench of the Supreme\\nCourt, was named chief-justice, but he refused the office. Governor\\nLivingston continued to fulfil the duties of the executive, from this period\\nuntil his death, a space of fourteen years, being annually re-elected, either,\\nunanimously, or by large majorities.\\nII. His first address to the Assembly, displays that deep devotion to liber-\\nty, that religious confidence in final success, that inextinguishable hatred of\\nBritish oppression, with that attention to affairs, which made him one of the\\nmost efficient agents of American deliverance. Let us, gentlemen, so\\ncloses this earnest call for their warmest sympathy, and most vigorous exer-\\ntions, in the American cause, both by precept and practice, encourage a\\nspirit of economy, industry and patriotism, and that public integrity and\\nrighteousness, which cannot fail to exalt a nation setting our faces, at the\\nsame time, like a fint, against that dissoluteness of manners and political\\ncorruption, which will ever be the reproach of any people. May the founda-\\ntion of our infant State, be laid in virtue and the fear of God and the super-\\nstructure will rise glorious, and endure for ages. Then may we humbly\\nexpect the blessing of the Most High, who divides to the nations their inhe-\\nritance, and separates the sons of Adam.* In fine, gentlemen, whilst we\\nare applauded by the whole world, for demolishing the old fabric, rotten and\\nruinous as it is, let us unitedly strive to approve ourselves master builders,\\nby giving beauty, strength and stability to the new. f\\nThe other principal officers chosen for the organization of the govern-\\nment were, John De Hart, chief justice, Samuel Tucker, second, and Francis\\nHopkinson, third justices, and Jonathan D. Sergeant, clerk of the Supreme\\nCourt Charles Petit secretary of state, and Richard Smith treasurer. Mr.\\nDe Hart refusing the office of chief justice, Mr. Robert Morris was appointed\\nthe place of Mr. Tucker upon his declination, was given to Isaac Smith, and\\nthat of Mr. Hopkinson, on his acceptance of the admiralty in Philadelphia,\\nwas filled by John Cleves Symmes Mr. Sergeant refusing to act as clerk,\\nBowes Reed was appointed.\\nIII. The officers however, were continually changing, both military and\\ncivil and for the services of the latter, there was at this period, but too little\\noccasion. The campaign of 1776, was the most trying period of the war,\\nand drew largely upon the ability and fortitude of the governor and other\\nconstituted authorities of the state. On the 15th September, the city of New\\nYork fell into the hands of the enemy. Two months were consumed by the\\nhostile armies on the east bank of the Hudson. But when, on the 10th of\\nNovember, the fall of Fort Washington was followed by the passage of the\\nNorth river, by the British forces under Cornwallis, by the abandonment of\\nFort Lee, and the rapid retreat of the American army, the scene of action\\nwas immediately transferred to the heart of New Jersey.\\nGovernor Livingston made the most strenuous exertions with the Assem-\\nbly and with the people, to have the militia in the field to oppose the invading\\nforce. But it was not practicable to control the panic which had seized upon\\nthe mass of the population. The barefooted, and almost naked continental\\nfinal vote, Governor Livingston had only a bare majority, or that Mr. Symmes in-\\nduced the adherents of Mr. Stockton to Join those who were in favour of his rival, I\\ndoubt whether there are now any means of ascertaining. p. 206. n.\\nDeut. xxxii. 8.\\nt Votes of Assembly. From an expression in this paragraph, and his inflexible dis-\\nposition, the governor was, for some time after this, known by the name of Dr. Flint; 4\\nand an anecdote is told of Mr. Ames, who, in some momentary confusion of ideas, at i\\na dinner in New York, where he met Governor Livingston, asked Dr. Flint, whether\\nthe town of Trenton was well or ill disposed to the new constitution. Sedgwick s\\nLivingston, 207.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 237\\narmy, retreating before the well appointed battalions of the enemy, impaired\\nthe confidence of the people, not less in the commander-in-chief, than in their\\nown resources. The defenceless Legislature, with the governor at their\\nhead, removed from Princeton to Burlington, where they adjourned on the\\n2d of December, each man retiring to his home, to take charge of his pecu-\\nliar interests. There scarcely remained a vestige of the lately constituted\\ngovernment, or any who owed it allegiance and until the battle of Trenton,\\n(25th December) New Jersey might have been considered a conquered\\ncountry.*\\nIV. Although the Americans had been driven from Canada, and the hope\\nof its conquest, was, for the present abandoned, the defence of the northern\\ndepartment of the United States was of the greatest importance. The pos-\\nsession of lakes Champlain and George, by the enemy, might induce that of\\nAlbany and all the upper parts of the Hudson, and opening a free communi-\\ncation between the northern British army, and that in New York, sever the\\neastern from the middle and southern states, and encourage the royalists of\\nthe middle and upper country, who were numerous, to show themselves in\\nfoi-ce. Under these impressions, such detachments were made from the ar-\\nmy under Washington, on the opening of the campaign of 1776, as to expose\\nhim to the greatest hazards.\\nThe northern department had been entrusted to General Schuyler, who,\\nwith high talents, possessed great influence in the country. General Gates\\nhad been named to the army in Canada, and though that army was now in\\nthe department of Schuyler, his senior officer, he still claimed the command.\\nBut Congress removed this difficulty by declaring, it was not their intention\\nto place the former over the latter, and recommending them to co-operate\\nharmoniously.\\nWhen expelled from Canada, the Americans had retired to the strong post\\nof Crown Point, at the south end of Lake Champlain, whither General\\nCarleton, for want of vessels, was unable immediately to follow them. But\\nthis obstacle was removed by the incredible exertions, with which a consider-\\nable fleet was built and equipped. General Schuyler, on his part, strenuously\\nendeavoured to strengthen his little fleet, and to preserve the command of the\\nlakes; but it was impracticable to obtain artillery, materials for ship building,\\nor workmen, and his force was consequently much inferior to that of the\\nenemy. Its command was given to the intrepid Arnold, from whom every\\nthing was expected which courage could perform.\\nThe small pox, which had made such ravages in the preceding campaign,\\nstill infected the army, and communicating itself to the reinforcements, ren-\\ndered it necessary to stop many on their march and mortality from this and\\nother causes, induced the general officers in council, in the month of July, to\\nresolve on evacuating Crown Point, and to concentrate their forces about Ti-\\nconderoga, a strong post, twelve miles from the former. This measure, ap-\\nparently unavoidable, gave great chagrin to Congress, who entertained hopes\\nof extending their operations to lakes Erie, and Ontario.\\nThe British, by the first of October, had upon the lake, a fleet carrying\\nmore than an hundred guns, navigated by seven hundred prime sailors, and\\nconducted by Captain Pringle on board of which was General Cai leton him-\\nself. On the 11th it proceeded to attack Arnold, then very advantageously\\nThe case of Samuel Tucker strongly illustrates the panic which prevailed among\\nsome of the whigs, on the invasion of the British. President of the convention which\\nformed the constitution of the State Chairman of the committee of safety, treasurer,\\naud subsequently, Judge of the Supreme Court, he took a protection of the British,\\nand thus renounced allegiance to the state, and vacated his offices. Journal of Assem-\\nbly, 17th December, 1777, and votes passim. Sedgwick s Livingston, 209, c.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "238 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nposted with a much inferior force, in the passage between the island of Vali-\\ncour, and the western main. The wind favouring him, he was enabled to\\nkeep up the engagement for several hours, during which, his best schooner\\nwas burnt, and another vessel was sunk but the enemy did not suffer less.\\nFinding it impossible to renew the action with hopes of success, Arnold made\\nhis escape during the night, and was the next morning out of view of his pur-\\nsuers, hastening to obtain shelter under the guns of the fort at Ticonde-\\nroga. But the enemy came up with him at noon, and he was compelled, after\\na spirited resistance of two hours, and the loss of another of his ships, with the\\nsecond in command on board, to run the greater part of his vessels on shore,\\na few leagues from Crown Point, where he landed their crews in safety. A\\nportion of his squadron passed Crown Point, and escaped to Ticonderoga.\\nThose run on shore he burned, to prevent their capture by the conquerors.\\nCrown Point was seized by General Carleton, who advanced part of his\\nfleet into Lake George, within view of Ticonderoga, and his army approached\\nthat place as if to lay siege to it. But after reconnoitering the works, and\\nobserving the steady countenance of the garrison, which consisted of be-\\ntween eight and nine thousand men, he concluded that it was too late in the\\nseason to invest the fortress, and returned to Canada, placing his troops in\\nwinter quarters, and making the Isle aux Noix his most advanced post.\\nThis retreat relieved the apprehensions of the Americans, and enabled Gene-\\nral Gates, as we have seen, to march with a detachment of the northern\\narmy, to aid the commander-in-chief on the Delaware.\\nV. With the view of making his power more extensively felt, and of im-\\npeding the march of the troops about to be raised in New England, for the\\nreinforcement of the army of General Washington, General Howe despatch-\\ned an expedition consisting of a land force of three thousand men, under Sir\\nHenry Clinton, and a fleet commanded by Sir Peter Parker, to take posses-\\nsion of Rhode Island, which was accomplished about the last of November,\\nwithout material opposition. This diversion was effective in its main object;\\nand the English derived permanent advantage, and the Americans sustained\\nlasting inconvenience, from their possession of this post. The last were de-\\nprived of a harbour, admirably adapted to serve their maritime expeditions.\\nVI. With these concise notices of events in the northern and eastern sec-\\ntions of the country, we proceed to a more particular detail of those in New\\nJersey and the neighbouring states. Whilst Philadelphia was supposed to\\nbe in imminent danger, the militia of New England, in considerable num-\\nbers, had been ordered to the Delaware and although many were detained\\nby the invasion of Rhode Island, a few regiments reached the camp of Gene-\\nral Heath, upon the North river, where they were arrested by the order of\\nthe commander-in-chief, for the purpose of making a diversion on the side\\nof New York. The army in New Jersey, with the detachment to Rhode\\nIsland, it was supposed, had greatly reduced the British force in the city.\\nAbout two thousand men were in the neighbourhood of King s Bridge, and all\\nthe other troops on the island were not estimated at a greater number. On\\nLong Island, it was said, there was only Delancy s brigade of American\\nloyalists, amounting to less than one thousand men. Under these circum-\\nstances, it was presumed, that the New York and New Jersey militia might\\nform a respectable army, with which General Heath might alarm, and, per-\\nhaps, more than alarm that important post. He was directed to approach\\nKing s Bridge, to carry off the forage and provisions with which the enemy\\nmight be supplied, and if circumstances should justify, to attack the forts\\nwhich guarded the entrance into the island. In such event, it was anticipated,\\nthat fears for New York would induce General Howe, either to abandon the\\nJerseys entirely, when his troops would suflfer extremely through the winter,", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 239\\nfor fuel, forage and provisions, or so to weaken his posts at Brunswick and\\nAmboy, as to permit General Washington to attack them with advantage.\\nShould neither of these results be produced, some advantages might be gained\\non York or Long Island.\\nPursuant to these views, General Heath marched* towards West Chester,\\nand summoned Fort Independence; but the garrison refusing to surrender,\\nhe did not venture an assault with militia. Receiving intelligence that the\\nBritish army had embai-ked from Rhode Island, and might, by entering the\\nSound, land in his rear, he was compelled to withdraw into the Highlands;\\nnot however, without the acquisition of considerable quantities of forage and\\ncattle.\\nVII. In the mean time, repeated skirmishes on the lines increased the\\ndistress of the enemy, and the confidence of the Americans in themselves.\\nThe British found it totally unsafe to forage but with large covering parties,\\nwhich were often attacked with advantage, and their horses frequently taken.\\nTheir miserable appearance evinced the scarcity which prevailed in the camp.\\nIn these skirmishes, prisoners wei-e often made and frequent small successes,\\nthe details of which filled the papers throughout America, served to animate\\nthe people at large, who even supposed that the British would be driven to\\ntheir ships for protection, so soon as the season would permit the armies to\\ntake the field. Yet the real situation of General Washington, happily\\nconcealed, both from the enemy and from his own countrymen, was ex-\\ntremely critical. He was often abandoned by bodies of the militia, before\\ntheir places were filled by others and, thus, left in a state of dangerous weak-\\nness, with all his positions exposed to imminent hazard. This was not the\\nonly inconvenience resulting from this fluctuating army. The soldiers car-\\nried ofl^ arms and blankets which had been unavoidably delivered to them, to\\nbe used while in camp, and thus wasted in advance, the military stores col-\\nlected for the ensuing campaign.^\\nWhile exposed to these embarrassing inconveniences, the general received\\nintelligence, that reinforcements were arriving from Rhode Island, and\\nthat the movement of General Heath had not produced the effects he had\\nexpected. His fears for Philadelphia revived and the New England troops,\\nexcept so many as might be deemed necessary to guard the Highlands, were\\nordered immediately to join him. Heavy requisitions were also made on.\\nthe neighbouring militia, especially of New Jersey.\\nThe movement so much apprehended, was not made; and the war of\\nskirmishes on the side of Jersey, continued throughout the winter. In the\\ncourse of it, the British loss was supposed to be more considerable than they\\nhad sustained at Trenton and Princeton and hopes were entertained that,\\nfrom the scarcity of forage, neither their cavalry, nor draught horses would\\nbe in a condition to take the field, when the campaign should open.\\nThis light war was far short of the hopes of the American General, who\\nsubmitted, with infinite reluctance, to the inactivity his weakness imposed on\\nhim. He had flattered himself that the reviving courage of his countrymen\\nwould have placed at his disposal a force which would enable him to beat\\nthe enemy in detail, during the winter, and to repel the great exertions which\\nwould be made for the conquest of America in the ensuing summer.\\nAll the intelligence from Europe concurred in demonstrating the fallacy\\nof the hope, still cherished by many, that the war would be abandoned.\\nNever had the administration been supported by greater majorities in Parlia-\\nment and the body of the nation appeared well disposed to employ all its\\nmc fuis lo reannex to the empire its revolted colonies. The importance of\\nJune, 1776. f Marshall s Washington.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "240 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ndestroying, or maiming the present army before it could be reinforced was,\\nconsequently, felt in its full extent; and the commander-in-chief made the\\nmost strenuous endeavours to promote the recruiting service, and to collect\\nthe recruits in such numbers, as would enable him successfully to attack the\\nBritish posts, either in Rhode Island, New York, or New Jersey. The state\\nsovereignties, where the real energies of government resided, were, incessant-\\nly, urged to take effectual measures to fill their regiments, and to bring their\\nrespective quotas early into the field. They were pressed to march their\\nrecruits, so soon as they could be cleansed from the small-pox, by compa-\\nnies, and even by parts of companies, to the several stations assigned them;\\nand those general officers, who were supposed to possess most influence,\\nwere detached to their respective states, for the purpose of promoting and\\nsuperintending the recruiting service.\\nAt the instance of the commander-in-chief, Congress passed such resolu-\\ntions as were calculated to second his views. They authorized him to draw\\nthe eastern troops from Peck s-kill, who were to be replaced by New York\\nmilitia; and required the executive of New Jersey, to order out the whole\\nmilitia of that state, and the executive of Pennsylvania, such part of their\\nmilitia as was contiguous to New Jersey, properly anned and equipped, to the\\naid of the general.\\nWhen the season for active operations approached. General Howe direct-\\ned his first attention to the destruction of the scanty resources prepared by\\nthe Americans for the ensuing campaign. Magazines had been collected at\\nPeck s-kill, in the Highlands, where mills had been erected, and the head-\\nquarters of the general commanding, had been established. On the recall\\nof General Heath, to Boston, the command had devolved on General M Dou-\\ngal. The strength of this post, like others depending upon militia, was sub-\\nject to great fluctuation consisting, at times, of several thousand men, at\\nothers, reduced to as many hundred. The stores collected here, were at\\nthis time inconsiderable; but the British general supposing them of great\\nvalue, and slightly defended, on the 23d of March, 1777, despatched Colonel\\nBird, against the post, with five hundred men, under convoy of a frigate,\\nand some smaller armed vessels. General M Dougal, whose force did not\\nexceed two hundred and fifty men, exerted himself to remove the magazines\\ninto the strong country, in his rear but before this could be effected, the\\nenemy approached, and compelled him to retire, having first set fire to the\\nstore-houses and barracks. Colonel Bird completed the destruction, and re-\\nturned to New York.\\nDanbury, on the western frontier of Connecticut, contained a valuable\\ndeposit of military stoi-es, and though not more than twenty miles from the\\nSound, its safety was supposed to be assured by the nature of the country,\\nthe zeal of the militia, and by a portion of the Connecticut draughts, assem-\\nbled there. But on the 25th of April, Governor Tryon, major-general of the\\nprovincials, in the British service, with Brigadiers Agnew, and Sir William\\nErskine, entered and fired the town, with all the stores it contained. Upon\\nhis retreat, he was assailed by about thirteen hundred militia, in several de-\\ntachments, commanded by Generals Arnold, Silliman, and Wooster. In one\\nof the several skirmishes, the last was killed. The enemy spent the night\\nof the 27th at Ridgefield, and in the following morning resumed his retreat,\\nand was again met by Arnold, with a force of one thousand, among whom\\nwere some continental artillery and infantry but he attained his shipping,\\nwith a loss of one hundred and seventy men, killed, wounded and taken\\nprisoners. The loss of the Americans was nearly the same, but it included\\nseveral officers of rank, besides General Wooster. General M Dougal had\\nlearned the intention of Tryon, and endeavoured to intercept his retreat by a", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 241\\nrapid march, with twelve hundred men, to which number his forces had\\nincreased but he could not arrive before the enemy had retired and there-\\nfore hastily returned to his post at Peck s-kill.\\nVIII. This enterprise was soon after retaliated by an expedition, under\\nLieutenant-colonel Meigs, who, on the 23d of May, with two hundred and\\nthirty men, carried and destroyed a large depot of provisions and forage, at\\nSagg Harbour, on Long Island; eluding the numerous cruizers of the enemy,\\nand making near a hundred prisoners, without the loss of a single man.\\nSuch was the celerity of Colonel Meigs s movements, that he transported\\nhis men, between Guilford and Sagg Harbour, ninety miles, by land and\\nwater, in twenty-five hours.\\nIX. In the mean time, the American commander-in-chief, had formed his\\nplan for the disposition of the army, when it should take the field. He was\\nconvinced, that while General Burgoyne, now in command of the British\\nnorthern army, would either endeavour to take Ticonderoga, and penetrate\\nto the Hudson, or join the grand army by sea. General Howe would en-\\ndeavour, by moving up the North river, to possess himself of the forts and\\nhigh grounds, at present occupied by the Americans, or would attempt Phila-\\ndelphia. Yet uncertain as to which of those courses would be adopted, he\\ndetermined to keep the high grounds of New Jersey, somewhat north of the\\nroad leading from Brunswick to Trenton. Encamped here, the army would\\ncover New Jersey, and be at a convenient point to move, either for the pro-\\ntection of Philadelphia, on the west, or the Highlands, on the east. In the\\nuncertainty with which the first movements of the enemy were enveloped,\\nand the equal necessity of defending the three great points, Ticonderoga, the\\nHighlands of New York and Philadelphia, against two powerful armies,\\nsuperior to him, in arms, numbers and discipline, it was necessary so to ar-\\nrange his force, as to enable the parts reciprocally to aid each other. To\\neffect these purposes, the northern troops, including those of New York,\\nwere divided between Ticonderoga and Peck s-kill, while those from Jersey\\nto the south, including North Carolina, were directed to assemble in New\\nJersey. If the army of Canada should join that of New York, by sea, the\\ntroops at Peck s-kill, and those in Jersey, could readily be united, either for\\ndefence of the Highlands, or of Philadelphia. If Burgoyne should attempt\\nTiconderoga, by way of the lakes, the force at Peck s-kill would afford aid\\nto the army opposed to him.\\nUpon these arrangements being made, the camp at Morristown was broken\\nup, and the army removed to Middlebrook, behind a ridge of strong and\\ncommanding heights, not far from the Raritan, about ten miles from Bruns-\\nwick; where General Washington repaired, in person, on the 28th of May,\\n1777. The heights, in front of the camp, commanded the course of the\\nRaritan, the road to Philadelphia, the hills about Brunswick, and a consi-\\nderable part of the country between that place and Amboy affording a full\\nview of the most interesting movements of the enemy.\\nThe force brought into the field by America, required all the aid of strong\\npositions, and the most unremitting vigilance. On the 21st of May, the total\\nof the army in Jersey, exclusive of the cavalry and artillery, amounted,\\nonly, to eight thousand three hundred and seventy-eight men, of whom, up-\\nwards of two thousand were sick. The effective rank and file were only five\\nthousand seven hundred and thirty-eight. In this return, the troops of North\\nCarolina were not included, as they had not then joined the army and the\\nmilitia of New Jersey, amounting to about five hundred men, were also\\nomitted. Had this army been composed of the best disciplined troops, its in-\\nferiority in numbers must have limited its operations to defensive war and\\n2H", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "242 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nhave rendered it incompetent to protect any place, which could be defended\\nonly by battle in the open field. But more than half the troops* were unac-\\nquainted with military duty, and had never looked an enemy in the face.\\nA large proportion, especially from the middle states, were foreign-\\ners many of them servants, on whose attachment to the American cause\\nit was not safe to rely. To avail himself of this unfavourable circum-\\nstance, General Howe had offered a large reward to every soldier who\\nwould desert, and additional compensation to those who would bring their\\narrns. The effect of these promises had been seriously felt and their future\\noperation, was greatly dreaded. To diminish this, and to allure, from the\\nservice of the enemy, those misguided Americans who had engaged with\\nthem, but might now wish to be again received into the bosom of their coun-\\ntry. General Washington had urged on Congress the policy of allowing all\\nthe advantages of freemen to the servants who had enlisted and of giving\\nfull pardon to all Americans, who would quit the British service. These\\nrecommendations, like almost every other proceeding from the same source,\\nreceived the ready attention of Congress, and resolutions were passed in con-\\nformity with them.\\nAs a movement of the enemy by land towards Philadelphia was probable,\\nit was an important part of the plan of the campaign, to constitute on the\\nwestern bank of the Delaware, an army of militia, strengthened by a few\\ncontinental troops, under an experienced officer, to defend, in. front, the pas-\\nsage of that river. To Arnold, then in Philadelphia, employed in the settle-\\nment of his accounts, this service was intrusted.\\nGeneral Sullivan lay at Princeton with a body of continental troops,\\nincreasing in number by recruits from the southward, and some Jersey\\nmilitia. He was directed to hold himself in perpetual expectation of attack,\\nto send his baggage and provisions to places less exposed, and to be in\\nreadiness to move at any instant to a place of greater security, where his\\nleft could not be so readily turned, and whence he might harass the flanks\\nof the enemy on a march, and preserve a communication with the army at\\nMiddlebrook by no means to risk a general action, but to act entirely as a\\npartisan corps and on the fii st movement of the British army to place his\\nmain body in security, and to harass them with parties detached for that pur-\\npose. Measures were also taken to put the militia of Jersey in readiness to\\ntake the field so soon as offensive operations should commence. It was in-\\ntended, not that they should remain embodied for the purpose of strengthen-\\ning and acting with the continental army but that, ranging the country in\\nsmall parties, they should hang upon, and harass the flanks of the enemy.\\nX. The first and great object of the campaign, on the part of General Howe,\\nwas the acquisition of Philadelphia, which he originally designed to attain,\\nby marching through New Jersey, and crossing the Delaware by a portable\\nbridge, constructed during the winter. But the delay in the arrival of the\\ntents and camp equipage, from Europe, and the early organization, and fa-\\nvourable position of the American army, caused him to devise another plan\\nof operations, in case he could not draw the American general from his\\npresent advantageous position. This was to attempt Philadelphia by the\\nDelaware or Chesapeake Bay. A demonstration was acordingly made, of\\nproceeding to Philadelphia, by land. General Washington summoned to his\\nassistance the continental troops, at Peck s-kill, with the exception of one\\nthousand effectives, and in the mean time formed a select corps of riflemen,\\nThe extreme severity of the service, aided perhaps by the state of the hospitals,\\nhad carried to the grave, more than two-thirds of the soldiers, w^ho had served the pre-\\nceding campaign and been engaged for more than one year.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 243\\nunder Colonel Morgan, which was posted at Vanvechten s-bridge, on the\\nRaritan, just above its confluence with the Millstone river, with orders to\\nwatch the left flank of the British army. On any movement of the enemy,\\nhe was instructed to seize every opportunity to fall on their flank, to gall\\nthem as much as possible, but to take especial care not to permit himself to\\nbe surrounded, or to have his retreat to the army cut off. General Sullivan\\nwas directed to change his position, and to occupy the high grounds of\\nRocky Hill, as a place of greater security.\\nWith the view of inducing General Washington to quit his fortified camp,\\nand to approach the Delaware, where he might bring on a general engage-\\nment, on ground more advantageous to himself, General Howe, leaving two\\nthousand men at Brunswick, under the command of General Matthews, ad-\\nvanced, on the morning of the 14th of June, in two colunans, towards that\\nriver. The front of the first, under Lord Cornwallis, reached Somerset\\nCourt House, by the break of day and about the same time, the second,\\nunder General de Heister, arrived at Middlebush, between Brunswick and\\nSomerville, on a road east of that taken by Cornwallis. The feint was un-\\nsuccessful. On the first intelligence that the enemy was approaching,\\nWashington posted his whole army, with great advantage, in order of battle,\\non the heights in front of his camp. This position he maintained during the\\nday, and at night the troops slept on the ground to be defended. In the\\nmean time, the militia of New Jersey, with an alacrity, heretofore unexam-\\npled in the state, took the field in great numbers principally joining Gene-\\nral Sullivan, who had retired behind the Sourland hills, towards Fleming-\\nton, where a considerable army was forming.\\nFinding that the American army could not be drav/n from its position,\\nand, probably, influenced in some degree, by the temper now manifested by\\nthe militia. General Howe determined to waste no more time in threatening\\nPhiladelphia by land, but to withdraw his army from Jersey and, pursuing\\nthe principal object of the campaign, to embark them, for the Chesapeak or\\nthe Delaware. On the 19th, in the night, he returned to Brunswick, and on\\nthe 22d, to Amboy where he threw over the channel which separates the con-\\ntinent from Staten Island, the bridge designed for the Delaware, and passed\\nover the heavy baggage and a few of his troops to that island, whence the\\nembarkation of his army was to be made. This retreat was conducted with\\nsome marks of precipitation, and many of the farm houses on the route are\\nsaid to have been burned.\\nGeneral Washington, expecting the movement from Brunswick, had\\nmade dispositions to derive some advantages from it. He detached General\\nGreene, with three brigades, for the purpose of falling on, and annoying the\\nBritish rear. General Sullivan was directed to move with his division, in\\norder to co-operate with Greene, and Maxwell to ^all on the flank of the\\nenemy. In the mean time, the main army paraded on the heights of Mid-\\ndlebrook, ready to act as circumstances might require.\\nAbout sunrise, Colonel Morgan attacked and drove in a picquet guard the\\nenemy throwing themselves into some redoubts, which, on the approach of\\nWayne and Morgan they evacuated; immediately afl^er, they commenced\\ntheir march to Amboy. Some sharp skirmishing took place between them\\nand Morgan s regiment, in which the latter acted to the entire satisfac-\\ntion of their general but the hope of gaining any important advantage was\\nentirely disappointed. From his distance, and the late hour at which he re-\\nceived his orders, Sullivan was unable to come up in time the express sent\\nto General Maxwell either deserted to the enemy, or was taken and the rear\\ndivision of the British being stronger than was expected, the force on the", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "244 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nlines could make no impression on it. From these causes, the retreat to\\nAmboy was effected without any considerable loss.\\nIn order to cover his light parties, which still hung on the British flank\\nand rear, and to injure the enemy, General Washington advanced six or\\nseven miles from his strong camp at Middlebrook, to Quibbletovvn, on the\\nroad to Amboy. Lord Stirling s division proceeded a few miles still nearer,\\nto the neighbourhood of Matouchin meeting-house, in order to act with\\nthe parties which were on the lines, should an opportunity offer for attack.\\nIn this state of things, it appeared practicable to General Howe to bring-\\non an engagement. With this view, and probably in the hope of turning the\\nleft of the American army, and gaining the heights behind them, on the\\nnight of the 25th, he recalled the troops which had passed over to Staten\\nIsland and early next morning, made a rapid movement in two columns\\ntowards Westfield. The right, under the command of Lord Corn wallis, took\\nthe route by Woodbridge to the Scotch Plains; and the left, accompanied by\\nSir William Howe in person, marched by Matouchin meeting-house, to fall\\ninto the rear of the right column. It was intended that the left should take\\na separate route, about two miles after their junction with the other column,\\nin order to attack the left flank of the American army at Quibbletown while\\nLord Cornwallis should gain the heights on the left of the camp at Middle-\\nbrook. Four battalions, with six pieces of cannon, were detached to take\\npost at Bonhamtown.*\\nAbout Woodbridge, the right column of the British fell in with one of the\\nlight parties detached to watch their motions; and notice being thus received\\nof this movement. General Washington immediately penetrated its object, and\\ndiscerned his danger. The whole army was instantly put in motion. It re-\\ngained with the utmost celerity the camp at Middlebrook, and took possession\\nof the heights on the left, which it was supposed the enemy had designed to\\nseize. Lord Cornwallis, on his route encountered Lord Stirling, and a\\nsmart skirmish ensued, in which the latter was driven from his ground with\\nthe loss of three field pieces and a few men. He retreated to the hills about\\nthe Scotch Plains, and was pursued as far as Westfield. Here Lord Corn-\\nwallis halted. Perceiving the passes in the mountains on the left of the\\nAmerican camp to be guarded, and, of consequence, that the object for which\\nthis skilful manoeuvre had been made was unattainable, he returned through\\nRahway to Amboy and, on the 30th of June, the whole army crossed over\\nto Staten Island.\\nWhile retiring from Westfield, the British army was watched by the bri-\\ngades of Scott and Conway the former entered Amboy immediately after\\nthat place had been evacuated but no opportunity was given, during the\\nretreat, of attacking it to advantage.\\nXI. About this time, news was received of the advance of General\\nBurgoyne, towards Ticonderoga, which, with the delay in the embarka-\\ntion of Sir William Howe s forces, kept the American commander-in-chief\\nin great uncertainty as to the designs of the enemy and occasioned him to\\ngive orders for the return of two brigades to Peck s-kill, which had proceed-\\ned to Pompton Plains, to join him, and to despatch Parson s .and Varnum s\\nbrigades to that post. Still he could not divest himself of the opinion, that\\nthe attempt to cross the Delaware would be renewed and for some days\\nhe remained in his camp, at Middlebrook. A change of position from\\nPrince s Bay, to the watering place, and a movement of the army to the lat-\\nter, with the military stores and baggage from the coast opposite Amboy, at\\nGeneral Howe s letter", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 245\\nlength, relieved him from apprehensions of a sudden march on Philadelphia,\\nand determined him to change his own position. He removed the main\\nbody of tlie army to Morristown, and advanced General Sullivan with his\\ndivision, on the way to Peck s-kill, as far as Pompton Plains.\\nThe preparations for embarkation of the British general, indicated the in-\\nception of a much longer voyage than that up the North river and notice of\\nthese appearances were given to the eastern states but the advance of Bur-\\ngoyne, with a powerful army, against Ticonderoga, still induced the opinion,\\nthat the main object of Howe, must be to effect a junction with him, on the\\nNorth river. Under this impression, Sullivan was ordered to Peck s-kill,\\nand Washington, himself, proceeded to Pompton Plains, and on the 16th of\\nJuly, to the Clove; where he determined to remain until the views of the\\nenemy should be completely disclosed.\\nIn this position, he, at first, commanded, that the North Carolina troops\\nwhich had stopped at Philadelphia, should join him but on receiving informa-\\ntion that a great part of the British fleet had fallen down to the Hook, these\\nforces wei-e stopped at Trenton, and Genei al Sullivan was directed not to cross\\nthe North river. General Putnam, who now commanded at Peck s-kill, was\\ncautioned to guard against any sudden attack from New York; success in\\nwhich, would be the more deeply felt, in consequence of the loss of Ticonde-\\nroga, and Mount Independence, which had fallen into the hands of Burgoyne.\\nThe information, that part of the fleet had dropped down to the Hook, was\\nsoon followed by intelligence, that the shipping were moving from the water-\\ning place to New York, and that several transports, convoyed by a ship of\\nwar, had proceeded as high as Dobbs ferry. The passes in the Highlands\\nwere now supposed to be certainly their object, and Sullivan, who had been\\nadvanced as far as New Windsor, was ordered immediately to cross the\\nHudson, and to take post in the rear of Peck s-kill, on the east side of that\\nriver. Lord Stirling was also commanded to cross the river and join Ge-\\nneral Putnam.\\nXII. The perplexities of this moment were cheered by the intelligence\\nof the capture of Major-general Prescott, the commander of the British\\ntroops on Rhode Island. Believing himself perfectly secure, guarded by\\nhis cruizers and at the head of an army greatly superior to any force col-\\nlected in the eastern department, he indulged in convenient quarters, distant\\nfrom camp, and with few guards about his person. Information of this ne-\\ngligence being communicated to the main, Colonel Barton, of the Rhode Island\\nmilitia, planned with success, the capture of the general, in his quarters. On\\nthe night of the 10th of July, with a party of about forty persons, including\\ncaptains Adams and Phillips, in four whale boats, he crossed the water, a\\ndistance of ten miles, deceived the vigilance of the guard boats, landed,\\nmarched a mile to the general s quarters, seized the sentinel at the door, and\\none of the aid-de-camps, took the general from his bed, and without allowing\\nhim time to dress, carried him with secrecy and despatch to a plaee of safety.\\nThis clever exploit was the more highly appreciated, as it gave the Ameri-\\ncans an officer of equal rank to exchange for General Lee. Congress pre-\\nsented Colonel Barton with a sword, as a mark of their approbation.\\nXIII. At length, the British fleet put to sea; having on board General\\nHowe, and thirty-six British and Hessian battalions, including light infantry\\nand grenadiers, with a powerful artillery, a New York corps, called the\\nQueen s Rangers, and a regiment of light horse. The residue of the army\\nwas divided between New York and Rhode Island. On the receipt of the\\nintelligence, the American army commenced its march, (July, 1777,) for the\\nDelaware, under the conviction, that the fleet was destined for Philadelphia.\\nBut whilst preparing to meet Sir William Howe on a new theatre, the com-", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "240 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nmander-in-chief took measures, also, to clieck the progress of Burgoyne; who,\\nhaving obtained possession, by a greatly superior force, of Ticonderoga, and\\nthe lakes, was advancing southward towards New York. Letters were ad-\\ndressed to the governments of the eastern states, urging them to reinforce\\nwith their militia, the retreating northern army. Major-generals Arnold\\nand Lincoln, both influential with the eastern militia, were directed to join\\nit and three brigades of New England continental troops from Peck s-kill,\\nMorgan s rifle regiment, and two regiments from New York, were ordered\\nupon the same service.\\nOn the 30th July, the enemy s fleet appeared off the capes of the Dela-\\nware, and orders were given by Washington for concentrating his forces at\\nPhiladelphia. They were scarce issued, when a new disposition was occa-\\nsioned, by tidings, that the fleet had departed from the Delaware Bay, and\\nwas proceeding eastwardly. No further intelligence of it was received, until\\nthe 7th of August, when it was seen a few leagues southward of the Delaware\\ncapes; after which it disappeared, and was not again heard of, until late in\\nthat month. Meanwhile, the most perplexing uncertainty concerning its des-\\ntination, was universal. On entering the capes of the Delaware, the general\\nwas deterred by the difficulties of that river from ascending it, and resolved\\nto proceed to the Chesapeake but was prevented by contrary winds, from\\nreaching the mouth of the latter bay, until the 16th of August.\\nWashington employed this interval in examining the country about Phila-\\ndelphia, and the works below the city and he came to the conclusion, that the\\ndefence of the river should be confined to the fort on Mud Island, and to Red\\nBank, a piece of high ground on the Jersey shore, opposite to the island.\\nThis opinion he communicated to Congress, with his intention to march to\\nCoryell s ferry, (New Hope,) sufficiently near Philadelphia, whence he might\\nreadily regain the North river, should it be necessary. Upon the protracted\\nabsence of the British fleet, he determined to march thither, but on the very\\nday of this determination, learned the arrival of the whole fleet in the Chesa-\\npeake.\\nXIV. The different divisions of the army were immediately ordered to\\nunite, with the utmost expedition, in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia, and\\nthe mihtia of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and the northern counties\\nof Virginia to take the field. These orders were received by General Sulli-\\nvan, who had been encamped in Jersey about Hanover, just on his return\\nfrom an expedition to Staten Island. The British force there amounted to\\nbetween two and three thousand men of whom nearly one thousand were\\nprovincials, stationed at different places on the coast opposite the Jersey\\nshore. The European troops, amounting to sixteen hundred men, were\\nin a fortified camp near the watering place. General Sullivan thought\\nit practicable to surprise and bring off the provincials before they could be\\nsupported by the Europeans and he was the more stimulated to the attempt,\\nby their occasional incursions into Jersey. They had lately penetrated\\nas far as Woodbridge, and had carried off twelve individuals, noted for\\ntheir attachment to the American cause.* This expedition was undertaken\\nby Sullivan with the select troops of his division, aided by a few Jersey\\nmilitia, under Colonel Frelinghuysen. They had to march about twenty\\nmiles to the place of embarkation where, only, six boats had been procured.\\nThree of these were allotted to Colonel Ogden, who commanded one detach-\\nMr. Stockton, member of Congress, and Mr. Fell, member of council, had previous-\\nly been made prisoners, and the person, nay, the life of Governor Livingston was\\ndaily threatened. Two thousand guineas are said to have been offered by the enemy\\nfor his capture.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 247\\nment intended to attack Colonel Lawrence, lying near the old Blazing Star\\nferry, and Colonels Dungan, and Allen, who lay about two miles from each\\nother, towards Amboy. The other three were taken by General Deborre,\\naccompanied by General Sullivan in person. He was to attack Colonel\\nBarton near the new Blazing Star ferry, and, after securing that party, to\\nassist Ogden. General Smallwood, with his brigade was to cross at Halsey\\npoint, and attack Buskirk s regiment near Decker s ferry. All the troops\\ncrossed before day, unperceived by the enemy. But, misconducted by his\\nguides, Smallwood began his attack on a different point from that which was\\nintended, in consequence of which, Buskirk s regiment made its escape; but\\nOgden and Deborre, were more successful. Lawrence and Barton were sur-\\nprised, and, with several of their officers and men, were taken. The alarm\\nbeing given, it became necessary for Sullivan precipitately to withdraw his\\nforces from the island. It had been impracticable to obtain a sufficient num-\\nber of boats to embark all the troops at the same time and some confusion\\nappears to have prevailed in this part of the business. General Campbell,\\nVi^ith a considerable force advanced upon them and the rear guard, after\\ndefending themselves for some time with gi-eat gallantry, were under the ne-\\ncessity of surrendering prisoners of war.\\nIn his letters to the commander-in-chief, and to Congress, General Sullivan\\nreported, that he had brought off eleven officers, and one hundred and thirty\\nprivates and that a considerable number must have been killed in the differ-\\nent skirmishes. He stated his own loss to have been one major, one captain,\\none lieutenant, and ten privates killed, and fifteen wounded; and nine of-\\nficers, among whom were Majors Stewart, Tillard, and Woodson, and one\\nhundred and twenty-seven privates, prisoners.\\nIn the account given by General Campbell, he claims to have made two\\nhundred and fifty-nine prisoners, among whom were one lieutenant-colonel,\\nthree majors, tvvo captains, and fifteen inferior officers.\\nXV. The British fleet ascended the Chesapeake Bay, and the Elk river and\\non the 25th of August, landed the army at the ferry, without a show of opposi-\\ntion. Their whole force was computed at eighteen thousand men, in good health\\nand spirits, trained to the service, abundantly supplied with the materiel of\\nwar, and led by a general of experience and military talent. If it were defi-\\ncient in aught, it was in horses, which had suffered much during the preceding\\nwinter, and in the long voyage from New York to the Elk river.\\nGreat effort was made to increase the American army. The militia res-\\nponded to the call of their country in greater numbers than could be armed.\\nThe whole force was estimated at fifteen thousand, but the effectives, at not\\nmore than eleven thousand. Morgan s regiment of riflemen having been sent\\nto the northern army, a light corps was formed by detachments from each\\nbrigade, and put under the command of General Maxwell who, during the\\npreceding winter, had acquired reputation as a partisan officer. This corps\\nwas thrown in advance of the American army, but was driven in by a co-\\nlumn under Lord Cornwallis with considerable loss. The conduct of Gene-\\nral Maxwell was much condemned by his officers, but he was acquitted of\\nblame by a court-martial. Washington felt and deplored the absence of Mor-\\ngan and his rifle corps. On the 3d of September, the British were encamped\\nwith their right about Pencader, with their left extending across Christiana\\ncreek, towards Newark. On the 5th, the whole American army, except the\\nlight infantry, took position behind Red Clay creek, having its left at New-\\nport, on the Christiana, and on the road leading directly from the camp of\\nSir William Howe to Philadelphia. On the 8th, the main body of the enemy\\nadvanced by Newark upon the right of the American encampment, and took\\npost within four miles of that place whilst a strong column made a show of", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "248 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nattacking in front, and after manoeuvring for some time, halted at Milton,\\nwithin two miles of the centre. General Washington perceived that the\\ncolumn in front was designed only to amuse, whilst the left should endeavour\\nto turn his right, and, suddenly, crossing the Brandy wine, seize the heights\\non the north of that river, and cut off his communication with Philadelphia.\\nTo prevent this, he moved during the night over the Brandywine, and took\\npost next morning behind the river, at Chad s Ford. The light corps under\\nGeneral Maxwell, was advanced in front, and the Pennsylvania militia under\\nGeneral Armstrong, were placed at a ford two miles below Chad s the right\\nextended some miles above that place, with a view to other passes deemed\\nless practicable. In this position, the general awaited the movement of his\\nadversary.\\nOn the morning of the 11th, the whole British army advanced on the road\\nleading over Chad s Ford, and the Americans prepared to defend the passage\\nof the river. Some sharp skirmishing between the advanced column under\\nKnyphausen, and the light corps of Maxwell, took place on either side, below\\nthe ford, with little damage to either party. About 1 1 o clock, Washington,\\ninstructed that a division of the enemy had marched up the country, on the\\nsouth of the Brandywine, formed the bold design of detaching Sullivan and\\nStirling to fall on its left, while he should cross the ford, and with the centre\\nand left wing attack Knyphausen. At the critical moment, unhappily, erro-\\nneous intelligence was received that the movement of the British on the left,\\nwas a feint only and about two o clock, it was ascertained that a column,\\nled by Cornwallis, having taken a circuit of seventeen miles, had passed the\\nriver above its forks, and was advancing in great force. The divisions of\\nSullivan, Stirling, and Stephens, marched to meet it and that lately com-\\nmanded by Lincoln, now by Wayne, remained at Chad s Ford, with Max-\\nwell s corps, to check Knyphausen whilst Green s division, and General\\nWashington in person, formed a reserve and took a centi al position.\\nThe divisions detached against Cornwallis, had scarcely formed on ad-\\nvantageous ground, above Birmingham meeting-house, when the attack com-\\nmenced, at about half past four o clock, and was for a season firmly sustained.\\nThe American right first gave way, exposing the flank of the remaining di-\\nvisions to a galling fire; and in a short time, the whole line was routed.\\nGeneral Washington pressed forward to support this wing, but arrived only\\nin time to check the pursuit. This service was efficiently rendered by a\\nPennsylvania regiment under Colonel Stewart, and a Virginia regiment under\\nColonel Stephens. Whilst the right was thus engaged, Knyphausen forced\\nthe ford. The whole American army retreated that night to Chester, and\\nthe next day to Philadelphia. Its loss was estimated at three hundred killed\\nand six hundred wounded, and three or four hundred, principally of the\\nwounded, made prisoners. That sustained by the enemy was reported at one\\nhundred killed, and four hundred wounded. Among the wounded of the\\nAmericans, were Brigadier-general Woodford, and the Marquis de La\\nFayette.\\nXVI. The disposition to risk another battle was general, on the part of\\nCongress, and the army. An opinion prevailed, which was carefully che-\\nrished, that the British had gained, only, the ground. Fifteen hundred conti-\\nnental troops were ordered from Peck s-kill, and directions given to the mi-\\nlitia of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the remaining adjacent country, to\\nmarch to the aid of the army, whilst due measures were taken to complete\\nthe defences of the Delaware river.\\nSir William Flowe, lay on the night of the 1 1th, on the field of battle. On\\nthe succeeding day, Major-general Grant, with two brigades, took post at\\nConcord meeting-house. On the 13th, Lord Cornwallis having united with", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "i I\\n1\\nHISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 249\\nGrant, marched towards Chester. Another detachment seized Wilmington,\\nwhither the wounded were escorted.\\nXVII. On the 15th, the American army was again collected, and intend-\\ning to gain the left of the British, had reached the Warren tavern, on the\\nLancaster road, when intelligence was received of the approach of the enemy.\\nWashington hastened to meet, and attack him in front. Both armies, eager\\nfor battle, had scarce engaged, when they were separated by a tremendous\\nstorm of rain, which rendered the retreat of the Americans indispensable.\\nThe wretched condition of their arms, produced, at all times, an inequality be-\\ntween them and the British and, on tliis occasion, caused them the most im-\\nminent peril. Such was the effect of the rain upon the muskets and cartridge\\nboxes, that of the former, scarce one in a regiment could be fired and in\\nthe latter, of forty rounds per man, scarce one was fit for use. The retreat\\nwas continued all the day, and the greater part of the night, through a cold\\nand most distressing rain, and very deep roads, to the Yellow Springs; and\\nsubsequently, to Warwick Furnace, on French Creek.\\nThe weather, which compelled the flight of the American, arrested the\\nprogress of the British, army; and, until the 18th, it made no other move-\\nment, than to Unite the columns. It then took post at Trydriffin, whence a\\nparty was detached to destroy a magazine of flour and other stores, at the\\nValley Forge. The American commander, as soon as circumstances would\\npermit, ordered General Wayne to join General Smallwood, in the rear of\\nthe enemy and, carefully concealing himself and his movements, to seize\\nany occasion which might offer, to engage them with advantage. Mean-\\nwhile, he himself crossed the Schuylkill at Parker s ferry, and encamped on\\nboth sides of Perkiomen Creek posting detachments at the several fords, by\\nwhich it was presumed the enemy would attempt a passage.\\nXVIII. Wayne had taken a position near the Paoli tavern, about three miles\\nin the rear of the left wing of the British. Notwithstanding his precautions he\\nwas betrayed by some of the disaffected inhabitants and about eleven o clock\\nof the night of the twentieth, was surprised by a party of the enemy under\\nMajor-general Gray. His pickets were driven in, and gave the first intima-\\ntion of Gray s approach. Wayne, instantly, formed his division and whilst\\nhis right was fiercely assailed, directed a retreat by the left, under cover of a\\nfew regiments, who, for a short time, withstood the shock. The British,\\naided by the light of the American fires, put to death three hundred of his\\ntroops, by the free and exclusive use of the bayonet sustaining a loss,\\nthemselves, of eight men, only. In consequence of animadversions on his\\nconduct, Wayne demanded a court-martial, which unanimously acquitted\\nhim with honour.\\nXIX. Sir William Howe marched from his position, along the valley road\\nto the Schuylkill, and encamped on the banks of the river, his line extending\\nto French Creek, along the front of the American army. This arrange-\\nment seeming to threaten Reading, which contained a large depot of stores,\\nWashington changed his position and marched towards Pottsgrove, with\\nhis left above, but near, the British right. This movement left the roads\\nto Philadelphia open to the enemy, and the capture of the city could be\\nprevented, only, by an engagement. Though urged to this, by public opi-\\nnion, Washington prudently declined it. His forces were not concentrated.\\nWayne and Smallwood had not joined him, nor had he received the Jersey\\nmilitia he expected under General Dickenson. Of the actual state of his\\narmy, it may be enough to say, that more than a thousand of his troops\\nwere barefooted, and had performed the late evolutions in that condition.\\nThe want of necessaries was such, that Colonel Hamilton, one of the gene-\\nral s aids, had been authorized and employed to take forcible possession of\\n21", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "250 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nsuch linen, woollens, shoes, spirits, and other stores, as might be found in\\nPhiladelphia, giving certiticates of quantity and value to the owners. Your\\nown prudence, said the general to him, will point out the least exceptiona-\\nble means to be pursued but remember, delicacy and a strict adherence to\\nthe ordinary mode of application must give place to our necessities. But\\nno effort could obtain a supply for the pressing and growing wants of the\\narmy. The duty of securing the public stores, was, also, assigned to Colonel\\nHamilton, which he executed by transporting them up the Delaware. On\\nthe twenty-sixth of September, Lord Cornwallis, at the head of the British\\nand Hessian grenadiers, entered Philadelphia, and the main body of the\\nBritish army encamped at Germantown.\\nXX. On the loss of the battle of the Brandywine, Congress resolved to\\nremove to Lancaster. At this town they assembled on the twenty-seventh\\nof the month, and soon after adjourned to Yorktown.\\nXXI. To the secure possession of the city and the comfort of his army,\\nGeneral H^owe found the free navigation of the Delaware indispensable. But\\nof this, he was wholly debarred by the fortifications, of Fort Mifflin, on Mud\\nIsland, at the confluence of the Schuylkill and the Delaware, and of Red\\nBank on the eastern shore; and by the chevaux defrise sunk in the chan-\\nnel, between these batteries, and at a point three miles below, opposite to\\nByllingsport, where some imperfect works had been erected for their pro-\\ntection. Whilst these defences were maintained, Howe could not communi-\\ncate with his fleet; and the American vessels in the river, above the forts,\\nwould prevent him from foraging and obtaining provisions in New Jersey\\nwhilst the army of Washington might cut off his supplies from Pennsylvania.\\nThe disadvantages resulting from the vessels, however, were soon diminished\\nby the capture of the Delaware frigate, the largest of them.\\nSome British ships of war were already in the Delaware, and Captain\\nHammond, who commanded one of them, represented, that the possession of\\nthe fort at Byllingsport, which was feebly garrisoned, would enable him to\\nraise the lower line of obstructions, and admit the fleet to Fort Mifflin. On\\nthe twenty-ninth of September, Colonel Stirling, with two regiments, cap-\\ntured it, without opposition; the garrison, on his approach, having spiked the\\nartillery, and fired the barracks, withdrew without discharging a gun. This\\nservice performed, the detachment returned to Chester. On the third of\\nOctober, another regiment was called from Germantown to Philadelphia,\\nwith orders to unite, on the next day, with Colonel Stirling.\\nWashington had now received all the reinforcements he expected con-\\nsisting of nine hundred continental troops from Peck s-kill, under General\\nM Dougal about six hundred militia from Jersey, under Brigadier-general\\nForman, (General Dickenson having been detained by the apprehension of a\\nsecond invasion from New York) and about eleven hundred from Maryland,\\nunder General Smallwood. His effective strength, rank and file, amounted to\\neight thousand continental troops and three thousand militia. With this\\nforce, he, on the thirtieth of September, took a position on the Skippack road,\\ntwelve miles from the enemy s camp, sixteen from Germantown, and twenty\\nfrom Philadelphia. The line, of encampment of the British army crossed\\nGermantown at right angles with the main street, somewhat south of its\\ncentre, the lefl; wing extending to the Schuylkill. Lord Cornwallis continued\\nat Philadelphia.\\nWashington observing this division of the British force, formed the design\\nof surprising the camp at Germantown, and thus giving a blow, which might\\ndecide the fate of the war. He proposed a simultaneous attack upon the\\nwings, front and rear, which should be suddenly and vigorously made, and\\nfrom which, the troops might expeditiously retreat, if it were unsuccessful.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 251\\nPursuant to his plan, the divisions of Sullivan and Wayne, flanked by Con-\\nway s brigade, were ordered to enter Germantown, by the way of Chesnut\\nHill, while General Armstrong, with the Pennsylvania militia, should fall\\ndown the Manatawny or .Ridge road, and gain the British left, and by Van-\\ndeering s or Robinson s Mill, attack its rear: the divisions of Greene and\\nStephens, flanked by M Dougal s brigade, to take a circuit by way of the\\nLimekiln road, and entering the town at the market house, attack the right\\nwing: the militia of Maryland and Jersey, under Generals Smallwood and\\nForman, to march by the Old York road, and turning the right, to fall on\\nits rear: the division of Lord Stirling, and the brigades of Nash and Max-\\nwell to form a corps de reserve and parties of cavalry silently to scour the\\nroads to prevent observation, and to keep up the communication between the\\nheads of the columns.\\nXXII. With these dispositions the army moved on the third of October,\\nabout seven in the afternoon. About sunrise the next morning, the advance\\nof the column led by Sullivan, encountered and drove in a picket placed at\\nMount Airy, or Mr. Allen s house.\\nThe main body followed close, driving before it the fortieth regiment,\\ncommanded by Colonel Musgrave, until that officer threw himself, with six\\ncompanies, into the large stone house of Mr. Chew, from which they galled\\nthe Americans, with a heavy and constant fire of musketry. Some attempts\\nto storm this house, and an effort to bring a field piece to bear upon it, broke\\nthe line of the right wing, and with the darkness caused by an extraordinary\\nfog, threw it into great confusion. The column led by Greene, arrived on\\nits ground, and commenced an attack on the light infantry, in front of the\\nBritish right wing. It was at first successful, and after driving in the pickets,\\nforced the battalion of light infantry to give way.\\nThe country through which the army was advancing, abounded with\\nmany small and strong enclosures, which broke the line, in every direction\\nthe fog obscured surrounding objects, and the commander-in-chief, could\\nneither observe nor correct the confusion that commenced. The causes\\nwhich separated the regiments, prevented them from discerning the situation\\nof the enemy, and from improving the first impression, and directing their\\nafter efforts to advantage. The attacks on the flanks and rear were not\\nmade. The Pennsylvania militia came in view of the chasseurs, who flanked\\nthe left of the British line, but did not engage them, closely. The Maryland\\nand Jersey militia just showed themselves, on the right flank, about the time\\nGreene s column was commencing a retreat.\\nThese embarrassments gave the British time to recover from the conster-\\nnation into which they had been thrown. Knyphausen, who commanded\\ntheir left, detached one battalion to support the chasseurs; and part of the\\nthird and fourth brigades, under Generals Gray and Agnew, to attack the\\nfront of the column led by Sullivan, which had penetrated far into the village.\\nScott s and Muhlenberg s brigades were surrounded and made prisoners.\\nThe broken parts mistook each other for the enemy, and, whilst warmly\\nengaged and sanguine of success, the main body of the army began to\\nretreat. Washington was compelled to relinquish a victory he thought within\\nhis grasp, and to endeavour to secure his army. His retreat was, however,\\nmade without loss the enemy being unable to pursue. In the battle, about\\ntwo hundred were killed and six hundred wounded. The principal damage\\nwas sustained from Chew s house, and in Germantown. About four hun-\\ndred were made prisoners. Among the killed was General Nash of North\\nCarolina and among the prisoners. Colonel Matthews of Virginia. The\\nBritish loss, as stated by General Howe, was one hundred killed and four\\nhundred wounded. Among the former were Brigadier-general Agnew and", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "252 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nColonel Bird. The grenadiers in Philadelphia, under Cornwallis, hastened\\nto the field of battle on the first alarm, running the whole distance, and\\nreaching it, as the action terminated.\\nThe American army retreated, the same day, jflDQUt twenty jflailgs,.to the\\nPerkiomen Creek; but soon after, resumed its ftji-mer endkrtipment on the\\nSkippack.\\nXXIII.. Immediately after the battle of Brandy wine, New Jersey was re-\\nquired to furnish the army with reinforcements of militia, and General Put-\\nnam to detach fifteen hundred continental troops and, at the same time, to\\n.cover the Jerseys with an equal number. The militia of Connecticut were\\nrelied upon to supply the vacuum in the posts on the North river, occa-\\nsioned by these heavy draughts. These troops were, however, detained\\nby the demonstrations made from New York. Sir Henry Clinton who\\ncommanded there, supposed, that, an alarm might serve both Howe and\\nBurgoyne, by diverting, for a time, the aids which were designed for Wash-\\nington and Gates. With this view, he entered East Jersey, at the head of\\nthree thousand men, by the way of Elizabethtown Point and Fort Lee the\\ncolumns uniting at the New Bridge, above Hackensack, on the twelfth of\\nSeptember. They encountered little opposition, and collected, on their way,\\nlarge quantities of fresh provisions. About the fifteenth, observing that\\nthe continental troops under M Dougal were approaching, and that, Gene-\\nral Dickenson, with great exertion, was assembling the Jersey militia, he\\nreturned to New York and Staten Island, having lost in the excursion, only\\neight men killed and sixteen wounded. The supply of militia, for the conti-\\nnental army, collected very slowly, notwithstanding the efforts of Governor\\nLivingston and General Dickenson. Accustomed to judge for themselves,\\nthey declared, that the danger of another invasion, rendered their services\\nessential on the eastern frontier. Five or six hundred, however, crossed\\nthe Delaware at Philadelphia, about the time Sir William Howe passed the\\nSchuylkill, and were employed in the removal of stores. As the enemy ap-\\nproached the city they retired from it, by the Frankford road but the com-\\nmanding officer having separated himself from his corps, was captured by a\\nsmall party of the British light horse; on which the regiment dispersed and\\nmade its way, by diiTerent roads, to New Jersey. With much labour Ge-\\nneral Dickenson had collected two other corps, amounting to nine hundred\\nmen, with whom he was about to cross the Delaware, when he received\\nintelligence of the arrival from Europe, of an additional force at New\\nYork. He returned, himself, with part of his levies, from Trenton toward\\nElizabethtown, whilst the remainder proceeded to Pennsylvania, under Ge-\\nneral Forman; but they, immediately after the battle of Germantown, were\\ndischarged.\\nXXIV. The attention of both commanders was, now, almost wholly given\\nto the Delaware the one to remove, the other to sustain, the impediments\\nto its navigation. Lord Howe had early brought round the ships of war and\\ntransports from the Chesapeake, and they were stretched along the Delaware\\nshore from Reedy Island to Newcastle. But, although, with great difficulty,\\nthe chevaux defrise had been raised from the channel opposite to Byllings-\\nport, so as to admit the passage of vessels of force, it was impracticable to\\nproceed above the line from Fort Mifflin to Fort Mercer, or Red Bank. Every\\neffort was consequently made for the destruction of these forts. Batteries\\nwere erected on the Pennsylvania shore, to play upon Mud Island, whilst a\\nfierce attack was directed against the redoubts on the Jersey shore.\\nXXV. On the twenty-first of October, Colonel Count Donop, a distin-\\nguished German officer crossed the Delaware at Cooper s Ferry, at the head", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 253\\nof a detachment of Hessians, amounting to about twelve hundred men, in\\norder to pi oceed the next day to the attack of Red Bank.\\nIt was part of the plan, that, so soon as the assault should commence, a\\nheavy cannonade on Fort Mifflin should be made from the batteries on the\\nPennsylvania shore and that the Vigilant ship of war, should pass through\\na narrow channel between Hog Island, next below Mud Island, and the\\nMaine, so as to attack the fort in the rear. Meanwhile, to divert the atten-\\ntion of the garrison and marine force, from the Vigilant, and other serious\\nattacks, the advanced frigates, with the Isis and Augusta, were to approach\\nFort Mifflin in front, by the main channel, as far as the impediments would\\nadmit, and to batter the works.\\nThe fortifications at Red Bank consisted of extensive outer works, within\\nwhich, was an intrenchment eight or nine feet high, boarded and fraized, on\\nwhich Colonel Greene of Rhode Island, the commander, had bestowed great\\nlabour. Late in the evening of the 22d, Count Donop attacked it with great\\nintrepidity; it was defended with equal resolution. The outer works being\\ntoo extensive to be manned by the garrison, which did not exceed five hun-\\ndred men, were only used to gall the assailants and on their near approach,\\nwere abandoned by the Americans, who retired within the inner intrench-\\nment, whence they poured upon the Hessians, pressing on with great gal-\\nlantry, a most destructive fire. Colonel Donop^ leading his troops, received\\na mortal wound, and Lieutenant-colonel Mingerode, second in command, fell\\nabout the same time. Lieutenant-colonel Linsing drew off the detachment;\\nand being favoured by the darkness of the night, collected many of the\\nwounded. He marched about five miles that night, and returned next day\\nto Philadelphia. The loss of the assailants was estimated at four hundred\\nmen. The garrison, reinforced from Fort Mifflin, and aided by the gallies,\\nwhich flanked the Hessians both advancing and retreating, fought under\\ncover, and lost only thirty-two, killed and wounded. It would appear\\nfrom the statement given by General Howe of this enterprise, that the inner\\nworks could not be carried without scaling ladders, which had not been fur-\\nnished.\\nIn performance of the part of the plan allotted to the navy, the Augusta, a\\nsixty-four gun ship, the Merlin sloop of war, and four smaller vessels, strove\\nto get within cannon shot of Fort Mifflin. But the two first got aground, and\\nwere, on the next day, set on fire and abandoned. The Augusta blew up.\\nThe repulse of the Hessians from Fort Mercer, and the able defence of Co-\\nlonel Smith, at Fort Mifflin, inspired Congress with hopes, that these posts\\nmight be permanently maintained; and that body voted a sword to each of\\nthese officers, and one to Commodore Hazlewood, who commanded the gal-\\nlies, as a testimony of the national gratitude.\\nXXVI. On the march of Donop to Jersey, Washington presumed, that his\\ndesign was not to carry Fort Mercer by storm, but regularly to invest it.\\nImmediate effiarts were, therefore, made to get out the Jersey militia but\\nowing to the perpetual calls for service, on the eastern frontier, and- there\\nbeing, at the moment, no governor in the state, the gubernatorial term having\\nexpired before the re-election, a very inefficient force was gotten into the field;\\nand had not General Dickenson ventured to give orders by his own authority,\\nnone would have been put in motion. Unable to obtain a sufficient aid from\\nJersey, Washington, on the twenty-ninth of October, sent over some Penn-\\nsylvania militia; and a few days after, General Varnum, with his bri-\\ngade, were posted about Woodbury, having orders to relieve and reinforce\\nboth forts, as his strength would permit. General Forman, with such militia\\nas could be brought into the field, was directed to join him.\\nXXVII. The operations of the enemy against Fort Mifflin, were uninter-", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "254 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nrupted. They had command of llie Schuylkill, and of Province and Car-\\npenter s islands, at its mouth. On both, batteries had been constructed, to\\nplay on the fort, from which they were separated by a narrow passage, be-\\ntween four and five hundred yards wide, in which were floating batteries.\\nThey had driven thence the American moveable water force, originally re-\\nlied on, for security in that quarter. Its chief employment, now, was to de-\\nfeat preparations making at Philadelphia against the fort, by descending the\\nriver. The garrison consisted of three hundred continental troops, only; a\\nnumber insuflicient to place a single line around the works.\\nOn the 10th November, a new and large battery was opened fi om Pro-\\nvince Island, which kept up an incessant fire throughout that day, and seve-\\nral successive days. The block-houses of the fort were reduced to a heap\\nof ruins, the palisades were beaten down, and most of the guns dismounted,\\nor otherwise disabled. The barracks were battered in every part, so that the\\ntroops could not continue in them. The night was spent in repairing the\\ndamages of the day, and guarding against storm, of which they were in per-\\npetual apprehension. If in the day a few moments were allowed for repose,\\nit was taken on the wet earth, rendered, by the heavy rains, a soft mud.\\nThe garrison was relieved by General Varnum every forty-eight hours, and\\none-half of his brigade was constantly on duty. Colonel Smith, with the\\nconcurrence of General Varnum, believed the garrison ought to be with-\\ndrawn. But the commander-in-chief cherished the hope that it might be\\nmaintained, until he, reinforced by the northern army, could make a success-\\nful effort for its protection and therefore he directed that it should be defended\\nto the last extremity. Never were orders better obeyed. On the 11th,\\nColonel Smith was wounded, and was obliged to yield the command, which\\nwas taken first by Colonel Russell, and afterwards by Major Thayer. On\\nthe 15th, the enemy brought up their ships so far as the obstructions would\\npermit, and having discovered that the channel between Mud and Province\\nIslands would admit of large vessels, introduced a frigate and sloop of war,\\nwithin one hundred yards of the works. They not only kept up a most de-\\nstructive cannonade, but threw hand grenades into them and the musketry\\nfrom the round-top of the frigate, killed every man that appeared on the\\nplatform. Orders were given to Commodore Hazlewood, to attempt the re-\\nmoval of these vessels, but he deemed it impracticable. The place was con-\\nsequently no longer tenable, and at 11 o clock of the pight of the 16th, the\\ngarrison was withdrawn.\\nFrom the position of Fort Mercer, its safety depended, almost wholly,\\nupon the possession of Fort Mifllin. Still it was resolved to defend it. On\\nthe 17th, Cornwallis marched against it by the way of Chester; and, notwith-\\nstanding General Washington was apprized of his intention, no effort which\\nhe could make could bring together, in season, a sufficient force to protect it,\\nand the fort was evacuated. A few of the smaller American galleys escaped\\nup the river, the rest were captured or burned. The passage of the Dela-\\nware was thus opened.\\nLord Cornwallis, with a force of about five thousand men, availed himself\\nof this incursion, to collect large quantities of fresh provisions for the relief\\nof the British army, and had taken post on Gloucester Point, which was en-\\ntirely under cover of the guns of the ships. General Greene commanded an\\nalmost equal body of troops in New Jersey, a part of which was militia, and\\nawaited the arrival of Glover s brigade from the north, in order to take of-\\nfensive measures against Cornwallis. But an attack upon the British, in\\ntheir present advantageous position, would have been unwarrantable. Yet, a\\nsmall, but brilliant afiair was performed, by a detachment of about one hun-", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 255\\ndred and fifty men from Morgan s rifle corps, under Lieutenant-colonel But-\\nler, and a like number of militia, under the Marquis La Fayette, who served\\nas a volunteer. They attacked a picket of the enemy, consisting of about\\nthree hundred men, and drove them, with the loss of twenty or thirty killed,\\nand a great number wounded, quite into their camp; retiring themselves\\nwithout pursuit. I found the riflemen, said La Fayette, in a letter to\\nWashington, even above their reputation, and the militia above all ex-\\npectation I could have formed of them. Cornwallis, soon after, returned\\nto Philadelphia, and Greene joined the main army under the commander-\\nin-chief.\\nXXVin. During these transactions on the Delaware, General Dickenson,\\nwhose perfect knowledge of the country gave every hope of success, made\\nanother attempt to cut off Skinner s brigade of loyalists, stationed on Staten\\nIsland. He collected about two thousand men, and requested from General\\nPutnam, commanding the continental troops, a diversion on the side of King s\\nBridge, in order to prevent a sudden reinforcement from New York. As his\\nsuccess depended upon secrecy, he concealed his object even from his field\\nofiicers, until eight o clock of the night on which it was to be executed yet,\\nby three next morning, Skinner was apprized of his intention, and saved his\\nbrigade by retiring into works too strong to be carried by assault. In the\\nflight, a few prisoners were made and a few men killed. General Dickenson\\nreturned with the loss of three killed and ten slightly wounded.\\nXXIX. By the capture of Burgoyne and his army, part of the force of the\\nnorthern department might be called to Philadelphia. But neither General\\nGates nor General Putnam were disposed to part, readily, with their troops.\\nA considerable portion of them, however, after some delay, reached the\\ncamp under General Washington, whose army, thus reinforced, amounted to\\ntwelve thousand one hundred and sixty-one continental troops, and three\\nt housand two hundred and forty-one militia. The force of the enemy, with\\nsome detachments lately received from New York, has been stated, various-\\nly, at from twelve to fourteen thousand men. This equality induced many\\npersons to urge upon the commander-in-chief, an attack upon Howe in Phi-\\nladelphia, notwithstanding that position was covered by the Delaware on\\nthe right, by the Schuylkill on the left, by the junction of these rivers on the\\nrear, and by a line of fourteen redoubts on the front, extending from river\\nto river, connected by abbatis and circular works. Happily, the prudence\\nof the general, sustained by the advice of his superior officers, resisted the\\neffort.\\nXXX. Master of the river Delaware, from Philadelphia to the sea, and of\\nthe country on both shores to the south, the British general was relieved of\\nthe apprehension of suffering from a scarcity of provisions, and was at leisure\\nto turn his whole force upon the American army, circumscribing him on the\\nnorth and west; which he proposed not only to force from its present posi-\\ntion, but to drive beyond the mountains.\\nOn the fourth of December, General Washington was apprized that an\\nattempt would be immediately made upon his camp at White Marsh and on\\nthe evening of the same day. Sir William Howe marched from the city with\\nhis whole force. About eleven at night, Captain Allen M Lane, who had\\nbeen detached with one hundred men, selected from several divisions, fell in\\nwith and attacked the British van, at the Three Mile Run, on the German-\\ntown road, compelling their front division to change their line of march. At\\nthree next morning, the advancing army encamped on Chesnut Hill, in front\\nof the American right, and distant from it three miles. Three days were\\nspent in various manreuvres by the British forces, during which there were\\nseveral skirmishes, with Morgan s riflemen and some militia under General", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "256 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nIrvine of Pennsylvania. The general was wounded, and with a small por-\\ntion of his detachment, made prisoner. A general action was hourly ex-\\npected, but Howe would not attack the American camp, admirably placed\\nnor would Washington engage in a position less advantageous. He desired\\nto be attacked, and felt confident that Sir William Howe, strongly enforced,\\nwould not march out with his whole army, only, to march back again. But,\\non the morning of the nineteenth, he filed otf from the right by several routes,\\nin full march for Philadelplha. This movement prevented the execution of a\\ndaring design of the American general, (formed on observing the caution of\\nHowe,) to surprise and seize Philadelphia.*\\nXXXI. The season had now become extremely severe, and it was impos-\\nsible, without intense suffering, for an army so wretchedly furnished as was\\nthe American, longer to keep the field, in tents. That it might still continue\\nto cover the country, it was resolved to take a strong position at the Valley\\nForge, and there to erect huts in the form of a regular encampment. Thither\\nthe army was removed on the 12th of December. Its course from White\\nMarsh, might have been tracked by the blood which flowed from the bare\\nfeet of the soldiery. Though somewhat more comfortable in their huts, their\\nwinter was one of great privation and suffering, the details of which are fo-\\nreign from our present purpose.\\nIn order to have a full view of the campaign of 1777, it will be necessary\\nthat we, successively, narrate the progress of General Burgoyne, and the\\ncircumstances which produced the important event of his capture.\\nXXXII. When General Carleton had retired into winter quarters, General\\nBurgoyne, who had served under him, returned to England, to communicate\\nfully to the administration, the condition of affairs in the northern depart-\\nment, and to make arrangements for the ensuing campaign. With the ca-\\nbinet, he digested a plan for penetrating to the Hudson, from Canada, by way\\nof the lakes. A formidable army was to be put under his command, to pro-,\\nceed against Ticonderoga as soon as the season would permit whilst a\\nsmaller force, under Col. Sit. Leger, composed of Canadians, American re-\\nfugees, a few Europeans, and many Indians, should march from Oswego, by\\nway of the Mohawk, and unite with the grand army on the North river.\\nMr. Marshall says, vol. iii. p. 289, Life ofWashington, Captain Allen M Lanc\\ndiscovered, that an attempt was about to be made to surprise the camp at White\\nMarsh, c. Another version is given of this matter, by the American Quar-\\nterly Review, vol. i. p. 32, 1827. Possibly the officer to whom information was given\\nwas M Lane instead of Craig. Both accounts, however, may be true. By the last\\nit seems, that some British officers occasionally met for conference, at the house of\\nWilliam and Lydia Darrach, Quakers, resident in the city. On the second of De-\\ncember, they requested that the family would retire early in the evening, as they\\nwould be at their room, and remain late; and added, that, when about to depart, they\\nwould call the wife to let them out. Curiosity, the first tempter, induced Lydia to\\napproach the door of the conference chamber, shod in felt, only, and to put her ear to\\nthe key hole, where she heard, in detail, the plan of attack for the fourth. Under\\npretence of procuring flour from Frankfbrd, she obtained a pass from Sir William\\nHowe. Leaving her bag at the mill, she hastened towards the American lines, and\\nencountered on the way, the American Colonel Craig, of the light horse; to whom\\nshe communicated the important information. The necessary preparations were, of\\ncourse, made. Lydia returned home with her flour; and anxiously awaited news of\\nthe event; but when the British returned, did not dare to ask a question. On the\\nnext evening, one of the officers who frequented the house, requested her to come to\\nhis room, that he might submit some questions to her. He inquired, earnestly,\\nwhether any of her family were up, the last night he was there. She told him, that\\nall had retired at 8 o clock. He observed, I know you were asleep, for I knocked\\nat your chamber door, three times, before you heard me. lam entirely at a loss, to\\nimagine who gave General Washington information of our intended attack. When\\nwe arrived near White Marsh, we found all their cannon mounted, and the troops\\nprepared to receive us, aild we have marched back like a parcel of fools.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF JNEW JERSEY. 257\\nThe invading force, immediately under tlie commander-in-chief, amounted\\nto about 9000 men. He was supported by Major-general Phillips, of the\\nartillery, Major-general Reidesel, and Brigadier-general Sprecht, of the Ger-\\nman troops, together with the British Generals, Erazer, Powell, and Hamil-\\nton; all officers of distinguished merit. The detachment under St. Leger,\\nconsisted of about 1800 men one-half of whom were Indians, and the greater\\nproportion of the other half, American loyalists, under the command of Sir\\nJohn Johnstone. A considerable force was left in Canada, under Sir Guy\\nCarleton, whose military command was restricted to the province. This able\\nand humane officer, though indignant at having been suspended, displayed\\nthe greatness of his mind, by his ready and effective assistance, in promoting\\nthe objects of the campaign.\\nXXXIII. The northern American army, which had been formed only for\\nthe year, dissolved with that term. So far from being in condition for of-\\nfensive operations, scarce a show of defence could be preserved in the forts.\\nThe charge of this frontier was assigned to troops to be furnished by Massa-\\nchusetts, New Hampshire, and the north-western parts of New York but\\nthe recruiting proceeded so slowly, that it became necessary to call in the aid\\nof the northern militia. General Gates, having joined General Washington,\\nthis department was solely under the command of General Schuyler, who\\nfailed in no effort to fulfil its duties. His plans for the ensuing campaign re-\\nquired 15,000 men; a very small portion of which could be supplied to him\\nin season. The services of this officer had been more solid than brilliant,\\nand were not, generally, nor duly, appreciated. Dissatisfied with their ac-\\nceptation, his resignation was delayed, only, by patriotic motives. When\\nthe fear of a winter attack upon Ticonderoga had been removed, by the\\nopen state of Lake Champlain, he repaired to Congress to have his compli-\\ncated accounts adjusted, his conduct inquired of, and his plans of future ac-\\ntion approved and sustained. When his many and arduous services had, thus,\\nbecame fully known. Congress deemed it essential to the public interests, to\\nprevail on him to retain his commission. Repealing the resolution of the 6th\\nMarch, 1776, which fixed his head-quarters at Albany, they directed him on\\n22d May, 1777, to assume the command of the whole northern department,\\nconsisting of Albany, Ticonderoga, Fort Stanwix, and their dependencies.\\nXXXIV. Sensible of the dangers which surrounded him, he made\\nevery exertion to meet them; visiting in person the several posts, and ob-\\ntaining supplies of provisions. He was at Albany, for these services, and\\nfor hastening the march of reinforcements, when he received intelligence,\\nfrom General St. Clair, commanding at Ticonderoga, that General Burgoyne\\nhad appeared before that fortress.*\\nThe royal army approached by the unimpeded route of the lake; and\\nadvanced from Crown Point, with equal caution and order, on both sides\\nof the strait, through which their naval force proceeded. In a few days\\nthey surrounded three-fourths of the American works at Ticonderoga and\\nMount Independence, and erected a battery on Sugar Hill, commanding\\nboth positions. The defence of the lines required ten thousand men the\\nactual force within them, was twenty-five hundred and forty-six continentals,\\nand nine hundred militia, badly equipped, worse armed, and with provisions\\nfor twenty days, only. Had it been practicable to obtain an accurate know-\\nledge of the strength of the besieging army, in due season, prudence would\\nhave required the abandonment of the post and removal of the stoi-es, before\\nits close approximation. Under existing circumstances, speedy retreat of the\\ngarrison was indispensable to the safety of the troops and though General\\nJuly 1st, 1777.\\n2K", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "258 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nSt. Clair knew, that the whole country relied, confidently, on the mainte-\\nnance of the post, he wisely and heroically resolved, with the unanimoiKi\\nconsent of his officers, to abandon it, and to preserve his army, if possible,\\nfor a future service. The execution of this resolution astounded and dis-\\ngusted the nation; but its propriety became evident, so soon as circum-\\nstances permitted inquiry. A few days before the place was invested,\\nGeneral Schuyler, from the inspection of the muster rolls, and other reports\\nalike erroneous, had stated the strength of the garrison at five thousand men,\\nand its provisions abundant; and the invading force was, generally, sup-\\nposed to be inferior. When, therefore, it was known, that the fortifications,\\non which much money and labour had been expended, and which were\\ndeemed the key of the whole western country, had been abandojied without\\nan elibrt to sustain them that an immense train of artillery, consisting of\\none hundred and twenty -eight pieces, and all the baggage, military stores,\\nand provisions, had fallen into the hands of the enemy that the army on\\nits retreat, had been attacked, defeated and dispersed, astonishment pervaded\\nall ranks of men, and the conduct of the officers was universally condemned.\\nCongress directed a recall of all the genei als of the department, and an in-\\nquiry into their conduct. Through New England, especially, the most\\nmalignant aspersions were cast on them and General Schuyler, who, from\\nsome unknown cause, had never been viewed with favour in that part of the\\ncontinent, was involved in the common charge of treason, to which this\\naccumulation of unlooked for calamity was generally attributed, by the mass\\nof the people. On the representation of Washington, the recall of the officers\\nwas suspended, until he should be of the opinion, that the state of things\\nwould admit such a measure. Gates, however, was directed to take the\\nplace of Schuyler. This substitution was warranted by policy since it put\\nat the head of the department, a general who enjoyed the public confidence,\\nin the place of one who had lost it.\\nOn abandoning the fort, St. Clair retreated rapidly to Castletown, thirty.\\nmiles from Ticonderoga. In the pursuit, the enemy, with eight hundred\\nand fifty men, under General Frazer, came up with his rear guard, under\\nColonel Warner, which, amounting to about one thousand men, had halted\\nsix miles short of that place. A sharp action ensued, terminating in*\\nthe dispersion of the Americans, with great loss, by the aid of General\\nReidesel, who arrived with his division of Germans, during the heat of the\\ncontest. About the same time. Colonel Long was driven, with his de-\\ntachment, from Skeenesborough, and the stores there collected, comprising\\nnearly all that had been saved from the garrison, were destroyed. Long\\nretired to Fort Anne, and soon afterwards to Fort Edward, the head-quarters\\nof General Schuyler whither St. Clair, after collecting the scattered remains\\nof his army, also, retreated.\\nXXXV. Burgoyne remained some days at Skeenesborough, to collect and,\\nrefresh his men whilst Schuyler employed himself in removing the stores- i\\nfrom Fort Edward, sweeping the country of every thing which could sus-\\ntain an enemy, and throwing obstructions into the streams and roads, to i\\ncheck his course. Nor did he cease his endeavours to arouse the surround-\\ning country to activity. Great exertion was also made by General Wash- j\\nington, to re-establish the northern army. Troops, artillery and ammunition,\\nwere despatched from Massachusetts and Peck s-kill. Generals Lincoln\\nand Arnold, popular officers, especially, with their countrymen, and the not\\nless popular Colonel Morgan, with his indefatigable rifle corps, were ordered\\nto repair to it. In the very success of Burgoyne, this able and prudent marx\\nsaw the source of his defeat, and foretold that the confidence derived from\\nsuccess, would hurry him jnto measures that would effect his ruin.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 259\\nIn dispersing the American army, the British general liad not completed\\nhalf that was necessary, to enable him to reach the Hudson. The country\\nthrongh which he was to pass was in a great measure, in a primitive condi-\\ntion. Its roads bad, at the best, were obstructed by hundreds of trees, which\\nhad been felled across them. The bridges were broken down, and his pro-\\nvisions, batteaux, and artillery, were to be transported over this almost ini-\\npassable route. Checked by these impediments, he did not reach that river,\\nin the neighbourhood of Fort Edward, until the 30th of July. Schuyler, who\\nhad been daily gathering strength, but not yet strong enough to meet him,\\non his approach, retired over the Hudson to Saratoga, a few miles below that\\nplace, and soon after, to Stillwater, near the mouth of the Mohawk where\\nhe fortified a camp, in hopes that he should soon be in condition to defend it.\\nBut he did not confine himself wholly to defensive operations. The ad-\\nvance of Burgoyne left the posts in his rear uncovered, and General Lincoln\\nwas ordered, instead of immediately joining^ Schuyler, to attempt, with about\\ntwo thousand men, to cut off the communication of the British with the lakes\\nwhilst Arnold was despatched with three continental regiments to raise the\\nsiege of Fort Schuyler, which had been commenced by St. Leger, and to\\nprevent the junction of the two portions of Burgoyne s army.\\nXXXVI. On the 3d of August, St. Leger invested Fort Schuyler, formerly\\nFort Stanwix. It was garrisoned by six hundred continental troops, com-\\nmanded by Colonel Gansevoort. On his approach. General Herkimer\\nassembled the militia of Tryon county, for the purpose of relieving the gar-\\nrison. Gansevoort, apprized of this intention, resolved on a vigorous sortie,\\nto second it. Unhappily, St. Leger.had learned the movement of the former,\\nand formed an ambuscade, into which Herkimer fell. His party was de-\\nfeated with great slaughter and the general and many officers were wounded.\\nIts entire destruction was prevented by the timely sortie, under lieutenant-\\ncolonel Willet, who fell upon the feebly guarded camp of the besiegers, drove\\nthe soldiery into the woods, and brought off considerable plunder, several\\nIndian weapons, and other articles much valued. His_ party killed several\\nof the enemy, of whom were some Indian chiefs.\\nBut a change was about to come over the fortune of Burgoyne. His star\\nhad reached its culminating point, and its decline was as rapid as its ascen-\\nsion. Fort Schuyler was well fortified, and held out. The Indians of St.\\nLeger, always fickle, never persevering in continuous labour, became dis-\\ngusted with the service, and impatient of the losses which they had sustained\\n^in the late skirmishes. At length, learning that Arnold was advancing, and, a\\nreport prevailing, that Burgoyne had been routed, part of them slunk away,\\nand the remainder threatened to follow. The siege was- raised with great pre^\\ncipitation; the tents left standing, and the artillery, with great part erf the\\nbaggage, ammunition, and provisions, fell into the hands of the Americans.\\nThe retreating army was pursued by a detachment from the garrison and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2the Indians plundered the remaining baggage of the oflicers, and massacred\\nsuch soldiers as could not keep up with the line of march. St. Leger re-\\nturned to Montreal, whence he proceeded to Ticonderoga, with intention to\\njoin Burgoyne by that route.\\nXXXVII. To prevent relief to the garrison of Fort Schuyler, an attack on\\nthe American army was suggested by St. Leger; and Burgoyne was well\\ndisposed to an immediate and rapid movement down the Hudson, in hopes\\nthereby, to drive his enemy before him, and free the whole of the upper\\ncountry. But his supply of provisions was with great difficulty kept up, and\\nsuch a movement would greatly increase that difficulty, as the communica-\\ntion with Fort George, already endangered by the body of militia assembling\\nat White Creek, must be preserved by larger detachments from his army than", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "260 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nhe was in condition to make. In this dilemma, he resolved to attempt the\\nlarge magazines of provisions at Bennington. Lieutenant-colonel Baum, with\\nabout five hundred men, was detached upon this service, to facilitate which,\\nBurgoyne moved down the Hudson, and threw part of his army across it to\\nSaratoga and Lieutenant-colonel Brechman with his corps, was ordered to\\nsupport Baum. Happily, General Stark, with the New Hampshire militia,\\nwas now at Bennington, on his way to camp, together with the remains of\\nColonel Warner s continental regiment making in the whole, a force of two\\nthousand men. Apprized of his danger, Baum entrenched himself four miles\\nfrom the town, and despatched an express for a reinforcement. But before\\nBrechman could arrive. Stark carried the works by assault, and the greater\\npart of his detachment was killed or taken prisoners. Brechman came up\\nin time to encounter the pursuing Americans, and he also, was compelled to\\nretreat with the loss of many men, his artillery and baggage. Five hundred\\nand sixty-four privates were taken prisoners, but the number of killed could\\nnot be ascertained; the most important acquisition, at the moment, of one\\nthousand stand of arms, and nine hundred swords, was obtained.\\nXXXVin. These fortunate affairs had the most important consequences.\\nThe whole Mohawk country was liberated from the foe the Americans were\\nat liberty to unite the whole of their forces in the northern department against\\nBurgoyne the militia and continental troops recovered confidence in them-\\nselves the opinion prevailed, that the enemy was already beaten, and that\\nthe assembling of the great body of the militia, only, was necessary to compel\\nhim to yield his arms. The disaffected became timid, and the wavering\\nwere no longer disposed to join an army whose capture was doomed. But.\\nother causes, also, united to produce the great result. Vengeance for the\\nbarbarities of the savages, fired every breast, and overcame the terror they\\nhad created the last reinforcements of continental troops had arrived the\\nharvest which had detained the militia was gathered, and General Gates had\\nsucceeded the unfortunate, unpopular, but meritorious Schuyler.*\\nXXXIX. Notwithstanding these disasters, Burgoyne adhered to his original!\\npurpose. By a slow and toilsome mode, having collected provisions from\\nFort George, suflicient for thirty days, he crossed the Hudson with his whole\\narmy on the 14th September, and encamped on the heights and plains of\\nSaratoga, with the determination of deciding in a general engagement, the\\nfate of the expedition.\\nGates had removed his camp from the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk,\\nto the neighbourhood of Stillwater. On the 17th, Burgoyne encamped within\\nfour miles of the American army; and, the interval being employed in the-\\nnecessary repair of bridges between the two camps, on the 19th, a general\\nengagement was fought, which terminated only with the day, and was iii\\nevery respect favourable to the Americans. Beside the actual loss in battle,\\nthe Indians, Canadians, and provincialists, deserted in great numbers. The i\\nnext day, intelligence was received from the north, which gave additional ani-\\nmation to the Americans. Detachments from General Lincoln s force had\\nbeen sent against the forts on the lakes, and Colonel Brown had succeeded in\\ncapturing Mount Defiance, Mount Hope, the old French lines, the landing,\\nand about two hundred batteaux at the north end of Lake George and with\\nthe loss of only three killed, and five wounded, had liberated one hundred\\nAmerican prisoners, and taken two hundred and ninety-three British. This\\nsuccess was magnified into the reduction of Ticonderoga, and Mount Inde.\\npendence but the attempt on these posts had been repulsed.\\nThe armies retained their positions at Stillwater, until the 7th Oct. B,ur-\\nAugust 21", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 261\\ngoyne, in hopes of relief, which had been promised him before the 12th, by-\\nSir Henry Clinton, from New York; and Gates in gathering in the militia of\\nthe country. At length, the British general being obliged to diminish the\\nrations of his men, resolved on another trial of strength with his adversary.\\nThis, like the preceding battle, was maintained until night, and the advantage\\nwas, again, decisively, with the Americans. Burgoyne was compelled to change\\nhis position, in order to avoid the renewal of the action, on the next day, with\\npart of his works in possesion of the assailants. He subsequently retired to\\nSaratoga, and endeavoured to open the road to Fort Edward. But being\\nsurrounded, and his provisions reduced to a three days supply, even at short\\nallowance, he was constrained by the most humiliating necessity, to open a\\nnegotiation with the American general, and finally to surrender himself and his\\narmy, prisoners of war, upon condition, that he should march out of his camp\\nwith the usual honours, with permission to return to England, but not to\\nserve against the United States until exchanged.* At the time of the con-\\nvention, the American force amounted to 9093 continental troops, and 4129\\nmilitia but the sick exceeded 2500 men. The British force was 5752 hav-\\ning been reduced since it left Ticonderoga, 3248 men. In addition to this\\nvery great military force, the British lost, and the Americans acquired a fine\\ntrain of artillery, seven thousand stand of excellent arms, clothing for seven\\nthousand recruits, with tents, and other military stores, to a very considera-\\nble amount.\\nXL. During these important events, Sir Henry Clinton had endeavoured,\\nnot very judiciously, certainly, to assist Burgoyne, by his operations in the\\nsouth. He succeeded in capturing the forts in the Highlands, and in re-\\nmoving the obstructions to the passage of the North river. But so much\\ntime was spent in burning the continental villages, and Esopus, and in de-\\nvastating the country, that he was too late to save or serve his countryman.\\nUpon the capture of Burgoyne, the troops employed in this odious service\\nreturned to New York, having inflicted much injury upon the Americans,\\nahd added new intensity to their hatred; but, having done no good, to their\\nown cause.\\nAbout the same time, the British, who had been left in the rear of Bur-\\ngoyne, destroying their stores, and abandoning their cannon, retreated to Ca-\\nnada, leaving the country, so late the seat of lurious war, restored to perfect\\ntranquillity.\\nXLI. The effect produced by the capture of this whole British army was\\npf the highest importance, in three points of view. It established, incontesta-\\nbly, the ability of the United States to maintain their independence; and\\nthough the contest might be prolonged, its ultimate result was no longer\\ndoubtful. It created doubts in Great Britain of the success in the war and\\nU taught foreigners to confide in, and confiding, to aid, the exertions of the\\nStates.\\nXLII. The captured army was marched to the vicinity of Boston, where\\nsome difficulties in procuring proper quarters for the officers, induced a re-\\ni monstrance from the General to Gates, in which he observed the public\\nI faith is broken. This expression led Congress to believe, that, if liberated,\\nt the troops would immediately join the British garrisons in America and\\nI they passed a resolution suspending the embarkation, till a distinct and ex-\\nI plicit ratification of the convention of Saratoga should be properly notified by\\nthe court of Great Britain. This event did not take place for many months,\\nduring which the troops continued prisoners.\\ni\\nOctober 13.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "262 HISTORY UF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nCampaign of 1778. I. Condition of the Army at the Valley Forge and at the com-\\nmencement of the Campaign. II. B; itish foraging excursions in New Jersey.\\nIII. Fortunate escape of an advance party under La Fayette. IV. Effect of\\nthe American successes abroad Efforts of American Agents. V. Measures for\\nForeign Alliances Duplicity of France Treaties with her. VI. War between\\nGreat Britain and France. VII. Opinions in Great Britain Ministerial mea-\\nsures. VIII. Reception of those measures in America. IX. Arrival of a French\\nMinister Plenipotentiary. X. The British Army evacuates Philadelphia March\\nthrough Jersey. XI. Battle of Monmouth British Army regains New York.\\nXII. Arrival of the French Fleet proceeds to Rhode Island. XIII. Attempt on\\nNewport Appearance of the English Fleet French and English Fleets put to\\nSea dispersed by Storm. XIV. British Incursions in Connecticut. XV. Dis-\\nposition of the American Army. XVI. British Incursions into New Jersey.\\nXVII. Movements of the adverse Fleets Detachment against the Southern\\nStates. XVIII. American Army retires to winter quarters Its improved con-\\ndition. XIX. Indian devastations Massacre at Wyoming. XX. Operations\\nagainst the Indians. XXI. Discontent in the Jersey line. XXII. March of Ge-\\nneral Sullivan to the Indian country Events there, XXIII. Expedition under\\nColonel Broadhead by the Allegheny River. XXIV. Expedition against the\\nCherokees under General Pickens. XXV. Unprovoked Slaughter of the Indians\\nat Muskingum.\\nI. During the winter of 1777, 1778, the condition of the American army\\nat the Valley Forge was one of great peril and suffering requiring all the\\nattractive powers of the cause and of the general in command, to preserve\\nthat army from dissolution. Every department was imperfectly organized.\\nBut the want of system and experience was no where more visible than in\\nthose of the quartermaster and the commissariat. Stores of the first neces-\\n.sity, invaluable from their scarcity, were carelessly abandoned, lost, or em-\\nbezzled and in a plentiful country, the troops were in danger of perishing\\nfor want of food. Tempting opportunities of annoying the enemy were\\nfrequently lost from the absolute impossibility of supplying the parties de-\\ntailed with the indispensable provisions. Several times, during the winter,\\nthe soldiers were days without meat; and vegetables and other articles,\\nindispensable to health, were almost unknown to them. The subsistence\\nof an army, and the agents engaged in it, should be as dependent on,\\nand responsible to, the commander-in-chief, as its military movements, and\\nthe officers who conduct them and thp negligence, fraud, or sluggishness gf\\nthe commissary should be as promptly and severely punishable as the coward-\\nice or treachery of the combatant. But this dependence was denied by that\\npassion for engrossing power, and the jealousy which refuses it to others, in-\\nherent in popular assemblies. Congress would relinquish no powers which\\nit could, itself, exercise. Early in the war, the office of commissary-general\\nhad been conferred upon Colonel Trumbull, of Connecticut, a gentleman well\\nqualified for its duties, but who, notwithstanding, having to struggle through\\nthe difficulties of inexperience and original organization, could not fulfil them\\nwith universal satisfaction. The remedy resorted to by Congress increased\\nthe disease. They rendered his subordinates independent of the head, and\\nmade them accountable only to their body. Disgusted with a system, whidh\\nsubjected him to all the danger of responsibiUty, without the means of pro-\\ntection and indemnity, Mr. Trumbull threw up his commission. Conse-\\nquently, the army was subjected to the dread, and, not unfrequently, to the i\\npain, of famine. Relief was to be obtained, only by compulsory military re-", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 263\\nquisitions, and the whole country within seventy miles oC lieud quarters was,\\nby the resolutions of Congress, placed at the disposition of the commander-\\nin-chief, whereon to levy whatever might be necessary for his army. That\\npatriotism which rises and expends itself in sudden ebullition, is of ordinary\\ngrowth is a fever contagious in crowds whilst that which endures under\\nthe deprivation of food and raiment, amid the severities of winter, and the\\nperils of disease and battle, is as rare as it is estimable but it is not so rare\\nas that, which in the non-combatant, withstands the forcible, hourly, hope-\\nless, unremunerated drain of the purse. Against the exactions, therefore, of\\nthe army, even the friendly farmer or dealer opposed the resources of his\\ncunning; and though he did not furnish supplies to the enemy who tempted\\nhim with gold, he concealed them from his friends who could pay for them,\\nat best, in almost worthless paper, and frequently, only, in naked promises.\\nBut many, very many, had not the negative merit of forbearing to supply\\nthe foe in despite of the unceasing efforts of the American army, they car-\\nried large quantities of provisions to British quarters. General Washington\\ncould obtain relief, only, by the strenuous exertions of his best officers. Ge-\\nneral Gi-eene, with a strong detachment, searched the surrounding country-\\nCaptain Lee and Captain M Lane, excellent partisans, were despatched to\\nDelaware and Maryland, and Colonel Tilghman into New Jersey at the\\nsame time Washington urged upon the executives of the several states, to\\nexert themselves for the army and the natron. But the appointment of\\nGeneral Greene to the office of commissary general, under the immediate di-\\n.rection of the commander-in-chief, in March, 1777, was the most efficient\\nremedy.\\nThe sufferings of the troops for want of proper clothing, was not less than\\nfrom want of food. Their dei)lorablo condition, in this respect, disabled\\nthem from keeping the field. The returns of the first of February, exhibit\\n.the astonishing number of three thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine men,\\nin camp, unfit for duty, for want of clothes of whom, scare one had shoes.\\nEven among those returned, capable of duty, very many were so badly clad,\\nthat exposure to the colds of the season, must have destroyed them. Although\\nthe total of the army then ex,ceeded seventeen thousand men, the effective\\nrank and file, amounted, only, to five thousand and twelve. Nakedness\\namid frost, unhealthy food, and hunger, filled the hospitals with patients. In\\nfhese miserable receptacles, death was most frequently found by those who\\nsought for health. The provision made for them, at all times inadequate to\\n.their wants, was misapplied. They were crowded in small apartments, and\\na violent putrid fever raged among them, destroying more than all the other\\njiiseases of the camp. Had the British army, at this season, taken the field,\\nit might, though with great suffering to itself, have compelled the American\\ngeneral, either to fight with inferior niUTibers, and to stake his army upon a\\n-liattle, or to retreat further into the country; which could not have been\\neffected without great loss, with his naked and barefooted soldiers.\\nHappily, the real condition of this army was not fully known to Sir William\\nHowe. The present position had been assumed for the purpose of coverinf^\\nthe country of Pennsylvania, protecting the magazines laid up in it, find cut-\\nting off the supplies of the British army. The plan extended no further than\\n^\\\\q guard, with the militia, the north of the Schuylkill, and the east of the\\nDelaware, so as to i estrain the people, of the country from carrying in their\\nprovisions to market, to which they w^re irresistibly allured, by specie pay-\\nI ments. These objects were,, in a great measure, though not effectually,\\nj gained nor, however, without occasionally inflicting personal chastisement\\nupon delinquents.\\nII. In the species of war which this stale of things produced, the advan-", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "264 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntage was with the British, who, being unassailable in their quarters, and\\npossessing the command of the Delaware, might, at any time, ravage the\\ncoast of Jersey, before assistance could be rendered by the continental\\ntroops. The resistance of the militia was inconsiderable, and scarce ex-\\npected. Yet the wants of such a number of persons and horses, required a\\ngreater supply of fresh provisions and forage than could be procured, by\\nlight parties or ordinary means. And as the spring opened, with the\\ndesign to relieve their own army, and to distress that of the United States,\\nabout the middle of March, Colonel Mahwood and Major Simcoe were\\ndetached into Jersey, at the head of about twelve hundred men. They\\nlanded at Salem, and dispersed the small bodies of militia stationed in that\\npart of the country, under Colonels Hand and Holme. The militia were\\nposted at Quinton s Bridge, Alloways Creek, over which it was supposed\\nthe British would endeavour to force a passage. Their numbers being\\nunequal to an effectual resistance, it was only intended to keep the enemy\\nin some check, until they should be reinforced. A judicious plan to sur-\\nprise them, was skilfully executed by Major Simcoe, one of the best par-\\ntisans in the British service, and their guard was cut to pieces. The loss\\nof the militia, in several skirmishes, in killed and taken, was between fifty\\nand sixty.\\nGeneral Washington had received early intelligence of this expedition,\\nwhich he communicated to Governor Livingston, with a request, that he would\\nimmediately order out the militia in force, to join Colonel Shreve, whose\\nregiment was detached into Jersey to aid in protecting the country. The\\ngovernor could not bring his militia with sufficient expedition into the field.\\nThe Legislature had neglected to make provision for paying them; and the\\nrepugnance to military duty which this circumstance could not fail to occa-\\nsion, received no small addition from their unwillingness to expose themselves\\nto its dangei s, until a continental force should appear, as a point around\\nwhich they might rally. On the arrival of Colonel Shreve at Haddonfield,\\nhe found, that the militia who had been assembled to aid him, and to inter-,\\ncept the communication with Philadelphia, amounted to less than one hun-.\\ndred men and Colonel Ellis, their commanding officer, remarked, in a letter\\nto the governor, that, without some standing force, little was to be expected\\nfrom the militia, who being, alone, not sufficient to prevent the incursions\\nof the enemy, each one naturally consults his own safety, by not being fpund\\nin arms.\\nMahwood wrote to Colonel Hand, proposing to re-embark his troops, to\\nrefrain from further injury to the country, and to pay for the cattle and\\nforage he had taken, in sterling money, on condition, that the militia would\\nlav down their arms and depart to their homes threatening, on refusal, to\\narm the tories, to attack all persons he found in arms, burn their dwellings.\\nand reduce their families to the utmost distress. And that his threats mignt,\\nnot be supposed in vain, he subjoined a list of the first objects of his intended\\nvengeance.* Colonel Hand indignantly rejected the proposition, and Mah-\\nwood, but too faithfully, executed his threat; and, although his incursion\\ncontinued six or seven days, he returned to Philadelphia unmolested. Not\\nmore than two hundred men could be collected to reinforce Colonel Shreve,\\nwho, unable to act with effect, did not even march to the lower parts of\\nJersey, which were plundered without restraint.\\nThese were, Edmund Keasby, Thomas Sinnickson, Samuel Dick, Whitten Crips, i\\nEbenezer Howell, Edward Hall, John Bowen, Thomas Thompson, George Trenchard, i\\nElisha Cattle, Andrew Sinnickson, Nicholas Keen, Jacob Hufty, Benjamin Holmes, i\\nWilliam Schute, Anthony Sharpe, and Abner Penton.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 265\\nApplications to General Washington for detachments of continental troops,\\nsufficient to cover the country, were necessarily rejected, as the enemy could\\nreinforce with more facility than he, and could, consequently, maintain his\\nsuperiority until the whole war would be transferred to Jersey. He, how-\\never, permitted Colonel Shreve to remain on the east side of the Delaware,\\nand reinforced him with an additional regiment but would not consent to\\nadd to the strength of this detachment, or to depart from his design to keep on\\nthat side of the Delaware, only, such force as would break off the ordinary\\nintercourse between the town and country. A larger one would only\\ndirect the attention of Sir William Howe towards it, and induce him to plan\\nits destruction. Such an attempt on Colonel Shreve, was disappointed by a\\nprecipitate retreat, attended with some loss.\\nIn addition to the vessels which had been engaged in defence of Fort Mif-\\nflin, others had been commenced above Philadelphia, but were not completed,\\nwhen the British obtained possession of the river. To protect these from the\\nenemy, Washington had directed them to be sunk in such a manner as to be\\nweighed with ditHculty. This order was disregarded. Against these vessels\\nand some stores collected at Bordentdwn, an expedition was successfully\\nsent. General Dickenson was in the neighbourhood, but his force was too\\nsmall to interrupt the enterprise and General Maxwell, who had been de-\\ntached on the first intelligence, that the enemy was advancing up the Dela-\\nware, was retarded in his march by a heavy rain, which did not delay the\\nmovement of the British troops, on board of vessels in the river.\\nIH. To cover the country effectually on the north of the Schuylkill, and\\nto form an advance guard, which might annoy the rear of the enemy, should\\nhe evacuate the city, an event, deemed daily more probable, the Marquis de\\nLa Fayette was detached, with more than two thousand choice troops, and a\\nfew pieces of cannon, to take post on the lines, with orders to occupy no\\nstation, permanently, lest the enemy should successfully concert an attack\\nupon him. Having taken a momentary position at Barren Hill, ten miles in\\nfront of the army, at the Valley Forge, notice thereof was given to General\\nHowe; who, having reconnoitred his post, despatched General Grant, on the\\nnight of the nineteenth of May, against him. He succeeded in getting, un-\\ndiscovered, into the rear of the Marquis, whilst General Gray, with a strong\\ndetachment, advanced by the south side of the Schuylkill, to a ford, two\\nor three miles in front of his right flank, and the residue of the army en-\\ncamped on Chesnut Hill. The Marquis discovered the perils which envi-\\nroned him, just in season, by a dexterous movement, to avoid them. He\\nrapidly recrossed the Schuylkill by Matson s Ford, and took a post so\\nfavourable for defence, that although the enemy pursued him to the bank,\\nhe did not dare to wade the river to assail him. From the apparent impru-\\ndence, which might be inferred by his surprise, the Marquis is exonerated,\\nby the fact, that the troops placed by him on his lefl flank, had, without his\\nknowledge, changed their position.\\nIV. In the course of the winter, the effect, abroad, of the success of the\\nAmerican arms, began to develope itself. The government of France could\\nnot observe, without deep interest, the contest which was about to shake,\\nto the foundation, the empire of her great enemy and rival. Though,\\nlabouring under financial embarrassments resulting from her late wars, she\\ncould not, hastily, involve herself in new expenses, yet tlie ministry and the\\nnation, longed for an opportunity of retaliating the mortifications and defeat\\nthey had sustained. When the discontents of the colonies had broken into\\nopen hostilities, M. de Vergennes and other members of the French ministry,\\ndeclared it to be the policy of France and Spain, to avoid aggression, for\\nthree causes; the two latter of which, were, doubtless, founded in truth,\\n2L", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "266 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand are entirely comprehensible: First, for moral reasons, which were\\nconformable to the known opinions of the two monarchs: secondly, on\\naccount of the condition of the finances, the necessity of time for reco-\\nvery of exhaustion, and the danger of perpetuating their weakness by\\npremature exertion and thirdly, that an offensive war, on the part of\\nFrance and Spain, might reconcile the mother and her colonies; giving the\\nminister a pretext for yielding, and the provinces a motive for acceding\\nto his propositions, in order to obtain time to consolidate themselves, to\\nripen their plans, and to increase their means. They came to the con-\\nclusion, therefore, to watch events in Europe and America avoiding every\\nthing which might create an opinion that they had, in the latter, any\\nauthorized agent; to facilitate to the colonists, the means of procuring, by\\ncommerce, the articles, and even the money which they needed, but without\\na departure from neutrality to refit and prepare for sea, the naval force\\nbut to precipitate nothing, unless the conduct of England should afford real\\ncause to believe, that she had determined to commence hostilities. Upon\\nthese principles, the conduct of the cabinet of Versailles was, for a time,\\nregulated. A party, however, existed in that cabinet, at whose head was\\nthe Queen, which avowed a disposition to seize the present moment for\\nrevenge, by humbling Great Britain, and dismembering her empire.\\nThe Americans had early sought the countenance of foreign powers, and,\\nparticularly, of France. The impossibility of obtaining a supply of arms\\nand ammunition by ordinary means, had, in 1775, induced the appointment\\nof agents to procure military stores abroad who communed with a secret\\ncommittee of Congress, empowered to correspond with their friends in Great\\nBritain, Ireland, and other parts of the world. In the spring of 1776, Mr.\\nSilas Deane appeared in Paris, as a political and commercial agent, with in-\\nstructions to ascertain the disposition of the French king. That monarch,\\nwas still reluctant to do any act which might commit him with his enemies.\\nThe declaration of independence encouraged the court of Versailles to fur-\\nnish, privately, means for continuing the war; but it was neither willing, nor\\nprepared, to acknowledge the independence of the United States.\\nV. As soon as Congress had resolved on the declaration of independence,\\nbut before it was published, a project for treaties with foreign powers was\\nprepared, and ministers appointed to negotiate them. Mr. Franklin, Mr;\\nDeane, and Mr. Jefferson, were nominated; but the last named, declining\\nthe appointment, Mr. Arthur Lee, then in London, was substituted. They\\nassembled in Paris, early in the winter, were favourably, but not publicly^ re-\\nceived and were assured, that the ports of France would remain open to\\ntheir ships, and that free commercial relations should be cherished. So closely\\ndid the Count de Vergennes conform to his system of caution, that, though\\nthe fact was known to the American commissioners, that military stores had\\nbeen exported from the king s magazines to America, he affected, in their\\npresence, to be wholly ignorant of it. In this state of the negotiation, the\\nutmost circumspection was observed in- regard to Great Britain. Every step\\nwas taken publicly to gratify her. The remonstrances of her ambassador\\nwere scrupulously attended to the departure of ships, having military stores\\nwas forbidden, although they were privately permitted to sail, or sailed without\\npermission officers having leave of absence, and about to join the Americans,\\nwere recalled strict orders were given, that American prizes should not be\\nsold in French ports and in some cases, cruisers were compelled to give up\\nthe ships they had captured, and to enter into security to cruise no more in\\nthe European seas. At the same time, the American agents were privately\\ninformed, that in despite of these exactions of policy, they might confide in\\nthe good will of the government. Means were also taken to facilitate to", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 267\\nthem the negotiation of loans, and the owners of privateers were permitted,\\nprivately, to dispose of their prizes.\\nThis perplexing and uncertain state, continued from December, 1776, to\\nDecember, 1777. The success of the campaign of tlie latter year placed the\\nAmericans in a more favourable light, as possible instruments for the grati-\\nfication of Gallic vengeance, and disposed the ministers to draw the relations\\nwith them more closely. The capture of Burgoyne determined them to ac-\\nknowledge and suppoi t the independence of the United States. France\\nfrankly avowed, what folly alone could tempt her to conceal, that in this\\nmeasure, she sought her own interest. Though war with Great Britain would\\nprobably be the consequence, there was a generosity displayed in abstaining\\nfrom requiring any preference over other nations, and in treating with the\\nnew states as if they had been long established, and were in the fulness of\\nstrength and power.\\nTwo treaties were formed. One, of friendship and commerce, recognised\\nthe independence of America. The other, of alliance, eventual and defensive,\\nbetween the two nations, stipulated, that should a war arise between Great\\nBritain and France during the existence of that with the United States, it\\nshould become a common cause, and that neither of the contracting parties\\nshould conclude either truce or peace with Great Britain, without the formal\\nassent of the other. They mutually engaged not to lay down their arms,\\nuntil the independence of the United States should be assured by treaty ter-\\nminating the war. There were other provisions in this contract, which in their\\nresult did not affect the revolution.\\nVI. Soon after, the treaty of friendship and commerce was communicated\\nby the representative of France to the British court; which, readily, con-\\nceiving, that France had not taken this step without a resolution to follow it\\nthrough all its consequences, considered the notification a declaration of war\\nand immediately published a memorial for the justification of the hostilities\\nshe resolved to commence.\\nThe French ministry received private intelligence, that the English\\ncabinet contemplated to offer to the United States the acknowledgment of\\ntheir independence, on condition of a separate peace. They communicated\\nthis to the American commissioners, urging them to lose no time in repre-\\nsenting, that the war, though not declared in form, had actually commenced,\\nand that they, deeming the treaty of alliance in full force, considered neither\\nparty at liberty to make a separate peace.\\nThe despatches containing the treaties were received by the president of\\nCongress, on Saturday, the second of May, after the House had adjourned.\\nThat body was immediately convened, and the joyful tidings communicated.\\nThe treaties were ratified, on Monday, with a resolution highly compli-\\nmentary to the magnanimity and wisdom of the French monarch. But the\\nintoxication of joy led this grave assembly into the error of publishing both,\\nthe avowed and concealed or it served as an excuse for involving France,\\ninextricably, in their cause, by confirming the indignation of Great Britain at\\nher duplicity.\\nVII. The impression made upon the British nation, though different, was\\nnot less, than that upon the French, by the capture of Burgoyne; and pro-\\nduced even in the cabinet, resolutions in favour of pacific measures. In\\nFebruary, 1778, Lord North gave notice in the House of Commons, of his\\nintention to propose a plan of conciliation. In conformity with which, he\\nmoved to bring in a bill for removing all doubts and apprehensions con-\\ncerning taxation by the Parliament of Great Britain, in any of the colonies\\nand plantations of North America, and a bill to enable his Majesty to ap-\\npoint commissioners, with sufficient powers to treat, consult, and agree upon", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "268 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe means of quieting the disorders now subsisting in certain of the colonies\\nof America.\\nThe first declared that Parliament would impose no duty payable in\\nAmerica, except such as might be expedient for the purposes of commerce,\\nthe net produce of which, should be paid and applied for the use of the colo-\\nny in which it should be levied, as other duties collected under the authority\\nof the Legislature. The second, authorized the appointment of commission-\\ners by the Crown, with power to treat, either with the constituted authorities,\\nor with individuals in America, the stipulations which might be entered\\ninto, to be subject to the approbation of Parliament. They were also em-\\npowered to proclaim a cessation of hostilities in any of the colonies to sus-\\npend the operation of the non-intercourse law, and, during the continuance\\nof the act, so much of all or any of the acts of Parliament, which had passed\\nsince the 10th of February, 1773, relating to the colonies; to grant pardon\\nto any number or description of pei sons; and to appoint a governor in any\\ncolony, in which his Majesty had, theretofore, made such appointments. The\\nduration of the last act was limited to the first of June, 1779. Both were\\nsanctioned by Parliament with little opposition. Their great defect was, that\\nthey came too late. The spirit upon which they might have wrought was\\nno more. It had been succeeded by one to which the demand of subjection,\\nand the ofier of pardon were irreparable insults.\\nBefore these bills could be gotten through the customary forms, intelli-\\ngence was received of the treaty with France. Copies were, therefore, hur-\\nried to America, to be laid before Congress, and the public, that they might\\ncounteract the effect of the treaty.\\nVIII. Washington was instructed of the nature of these bills, as well by\\nletters, from Major-general Tryon, the British governor of New York, as from\\nother sources. The communication from Tryon, containing the extraordinary\\nand impertinent request, that it should be published to the army, was im-\\nmediately despatched to Congress. The committee to whom it was referred,\\nreported. That the bills were designed to create division among the people,\\nand to encourage desertion from the common cause, and were the sequel of\\nthe insidious plan, which, from the days of the stamp act, had involved the\\ncountry in contention and blood; and though circumstances might, now,\\ncause a recession from unjustifiable claims, they would not fail to be renewed\\nupon the first favourable occasion: That, as the union of the Americans,\\nupon principles of common interest in defence of common rights, was\\ncemented by common calamities and mutual good offices and affection, so\\nthe cause for which they contended, and in which all mankind were inte-\\nrested, must derive its success from the continuance of such union; and\\nthat, whoever should presume to make any separate or partial convention,\\nwith the commissioners under the crown, ought to be considered and treated\\nas open and avowed enemies of the United States That, the United States\\ncould not, with propriety, hold conference with commissioners from Great\\nBritain, unless as a preliminary, they should withdraw their fleets and ar-\\nmies, or in express terms acknowledge the independence of the States And\\nthat, as it appeared to be the design of the enemies of the States, to lull them\\ninto fatal security, the States should be called upon to use the most strenuous\\nexertions, to send their respective quotas of troops into the field, and to main-\\ntain their militia in readiness. Fearless of the effect of these measm-es upon\\nthe public mind. Congress ordered the report and resolutions to be published.\\nThe alliance with France, which had been long expected, was believed by\\nevery patriot to assure the national independence, and this had become an\\nobject too dear to be easily abandoned.\\nSubsequently to the reception of the copies of the bills, letters were re-", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 269\\nceived by Congress, in the close of May, from Lord Howe and Sir Henry\\nClinton, enclosing the acts of Parliament, themselves. Congress replied\\nYour lordship may be assured, that when the king of Great Britain shall\\nbe seriously disposed to put an end to the unprovoked and cruel war waged\\nagainst these United States, Congress will readily attend to such terms of\\npeace, as may consist with the honour of independent nations, the interest\\nof their constituents, and the sacred regard they mean to pay to treaties.\\nThe commissioners appointed to give eifect to those conciliatory bills,\\nconsisted of Governor Johnstone, Lord Carlisle, and Mr. Eden, to whom Sir\\nHenry Clinton was added. The three first arrived in Philadelphia, while\\nthe city was in possession of the British. On the 9th of June they request-\\ned, from General Washington, a passport for their secretary. Dr. Ferguson,\\nwith a letter from them to Congress but this was refused. They, then, ad-\\ndressed a letter to Congress, in due form, communicating a copy of their\\ncommission, and of the acts of Parliament, and proposing among other\\nthings, to consent to a cessation of hostilities by sea and land; to restore\\nfree intercourse, to revive mutual afiection, and renew the common benefits\\nof naturalization, through the several parts of the empire To extend every\\nfreedom to trade, that the respective interest of Britain and America could\\nrequire To agree that no military forces should be kept up in North Ame-\\nrica, without the consent of the general Congress, or particular Assemblies\\nTo concur in measures calculated to discharge the debts of America, and\\nto raise the credit and value of the paper circulation To perpetuate the\\nunion, by a reciprocal deputation of agent or agents, who should have the\\nprivilege of a seat and voice in the Parliament of Great Britain, or if sent\\nfrom Britain, in the Assemblies of the different colonies, to which they might\\nbe deputed, respectively. In short, to establish the power of the respective\\nLegislatures in each particular colony, to settle its revenue in civil and mili-\\ntary establishment, and to exercise a perfect freedom in legislation and inter-\\nnal government so that the British colonies in North America, acting with\\n.Great Britain, in peace and in war, under one common sovereign, might\\nhave the irrevocable enjoyment of every privilege, short of a total separation\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of interests, or consistent with that union of force, on which the safety of\\ntheir common religion and libei ty depended.\\nThe letter containing these propositions, also, contained some observations\\nreflecting on the conduct of France, which gave so much offence in Congress,\\nas to cause a suspension of the proceedings on the communication. But at\\nlength, an answer was agreed upon, signed by the president, and trans-\\nmitted to the commissioners, rejecting their propositions, and assigning\\nj reasons therefor.\\nA reply from the commissioners followed the rejection of Congress, and\\nI the negotiation was thus, for a short period, continued, during which Mr.\\nJohnstone caused certain propositions, in the nature of a bribe, to be made to\\nMr. Joseph Reed, which were not only indignantly rejected by that gentle-\\ni man, but which induced Congress to refuse intercourse with the proposer.\\nMr. Johnstone, thereupon, retired from the commission, whilst his colleagues\\n1 endeavoured to press their views upon the Congress and the nation. To the\\nlatter, both parties appealed through the press, but the British agents were,\\n1 in every effort, unsuccessful.\\nIX. In the midst of these transactions, the Sieur Girard, who had nego-\\ntiated the treaties between France and the United States, arrived at Phila-\\ndelphia, in the character of minister plenipotentiary of his most Christian\\ni Majesty. This event produced unbounded joy among the people and Con-\\ni gress, by whom the minister was received with every demonstration of\\nrespect.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "270 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nX. About the time the command of the army devolved on Sir Henry\\nClinton, orders were received for the evacuation of Philadelphia. The part\\nwhich France was about to take in the war, with the naval force she had\\nprepared, rendered this city a dangerous position, and determined the admi-\\nnistration, entirely, to abandon the Delaware. Preparations to this end were\\nactively pursued, but it was some time uncertain, to what point the army\\nwas destined. At length, the intention was apparent to reach New York\\nthrough the Jerseys. Upon this presumption, General Washington con-\\nducted his operations.\\nGeneral Maxwell, with the Jersey brigade, was ordered to take post about\\nMount Holly, and to unite with Major-general Dickenson, who was assem-\\nbling the militia, for the purpose of breaking down the bridges, falling trees\\nin the roads, and otherwise embarrassing the march of the British general.\\nInstructions were given to these officers, to guard carefully against a coup\\nde main, and to keep the militia, in small light parties, on his flanks.\\nWhen Washington leai ned, that the greater proportion of the British army\\nhad crossed the Delaware,* he convened a council of general officers, to\\ndetermine on his course. The force of the armies was nearly equal, the\\nnumerical advantage being with the Americans the British having ten, and\\nthe Americans between ten and eleven, thousand. Of seventeen general\\nofficers, Wayne and Cadwalader, alone, were decidedly in favour of attacking\\nthe enemy. Fayette inclined to that opinion without openly embracing it.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Consequently, it was resolved, not to risk a battle.\\nSir Henry Clinton moved with great deliberation; seeming to await the\\napproach of his adversary. He proceeded through Haddonfield,t Mount\\nHolly, Slabtown, and Crosswicks, to AUentown and Imlaytown, which he.\\nreached, on the twenty-fourth. Dickenson and Maxwell retired before him,\\nunable to obstruct his march otherwise than by destroying the bridges. As\\nhis route, until he passed Crosswicks, lay directly up the Delaware, and at\\nno great distance from it. General Washington found it necessary to make\\nan extensive circuit, to pass the river at Coryell s Ferry. Pursuant to the\\nsettled plan of avoiding an engagement, he kept the high grounds, directing\\nhis course so as to cover the important passes of the Highlands. He crossed\\nthe I iver on the twenty-second, and remained the twenty-third at Hopewell,\\nin the elevated country, adjacent to the river.\\nGeneral Arnold, whose wounds yet unfitted him for service, was directed\\nto possess himself of Philadelphia, and to detach four hundred continental\\ntroops, and such militia as could be collected, to harass the rear of the enemy.\\nThis service, by the order of the commander-in-chief, was confided to Gene-\\nral Cadwalader, who could only add to his continental force, fifty volunteers\\nand i orty militia, commanded by General Lacy. From Hopewell, Morgan,\\nwith six hundred riflemen, was detached to annoy his right flank Dicken-\\nson, with about one thousand Jersey militia, and Maxwell s brigade, hung on\\nhis left.\\nXI. In this position of the armies, General Washington, who had rather\\nacquiesced in, than approved, the decision of the late council of war, and\\nwas disposed to seek battle, again submitted the proposal to the consideration\\nof the general officers, by whom it was, again, negatived. By their advice\\na chosen body of fifteen hundred men, under Brigadier-general Scott, was\\nadded to the corps on the left flank of the enemy. But Washington being\\nJune 18th, 1777.\\nt The night that the British encamped at Haddonfield, Captain M Lane, by orders\\nfrom General Arnold, passed through their camp, and reported their situation to the\\ngeneral.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 271\\nsupported by the wishes of some officers whom he highly valued, determined,\\non his own responsibility, to bring on a general engagement. The enemy\\nbeing on his march to Monmouth court-house, he resolved to strengthen the\\nforce on his Unes, by despatching General Wayne with an additional corps\\nof one thousand men. I he continental troops, now, thrown in front of the\\narmy, amounted to four thousand men, a force sufficient to require the di-\\nrection of a major-general. The tour of duty was General Lee s but, he,\\nhaving declared, strongly, against hazarding, even a partial engagement, and\\nsupposing that, in conlbrmity with the advice signed by all the generals in\\ncamp, save one, nothing would be attempted beyond reconnoitring the\\nenemy, and restraining the plundering parties, showed no disposition to\\nassert his claim but yielded the command to General La Fayette. All the\\ncontinental parties on the lines were placed under his direction, with orders\\nto take measures, in concert with General Dickenson, to impede the march\\nof the British, and to occasion them the greatest loss. These measures de-\\nmonstrated the wishes of the commander-in-chief, tending almost inevitably\\nto a general battle. Wayne had earnestly advised it, and La Fayette in-\\ncHned towards a partial engagement. Colonel Hamilton, who accompanied\\nhim, had the strongest desii e to signalize the detachment, and to accomplish\\nall the wishes of Washington. These dispositions having been made, the\\nmain army was moved to Cranberry, on the 26th, to support the advance.\\nThe intense heat of the weather, a heavy storm, and a temporary want of\\nprovisions, prevented it from proceeding further next day. The advanced\\ncorps had pressed forward and taken a position on the Monmouth road, about\\nfive miles in the rear of the enemy, with the intention of attacking him on\\nthe next morning. It was now, however, too remote, and too far on the\\nright, to be supported in case of action; and pursuant to orders, the Marquis\\nfiled off by his left, towards Englishtown, early on the morning of the 27th.\\nGeneral Lee had declined the command of the advance party, under the\\nopinion, that it was not designed for effective service but perceiving, soon\\nafter its march, that much importance was attached to it, and dreading lest\\nhis reputation might suffer, he earnestly solicited to be placed at its head.\\nTo relieve his feelings, without wounding those of La Fayette, Washington\\ndetached the former, with two other brigades, to support the Marquis. Lee\\nwould, of course, have the direction of the whole front division, amount-\\ning now to five thousand men but he stipulated, that if any enterprise had\\nbeen formed by La Fayette, it should be executed as if the commanding\\nofficer had not been changed.\\nSir Henry Clinton had taken a strong position, on the high grounds about\\nMonmouth court-house having his right flank in the skirt of a small wood,\\nhis left secured by a thick one, and a morass towards his rear. His whole\\nfront was, also, covered by a wood, and, for a considerable distance towards\\nhis left, by a morass, and he was within twelve miles of the high grounds\\nabout Middletown after reaching which, he would be perfectly secure.\\nUnder these circumstances. General Washington determined to attack\\ntheir rear, the moment they should move from their ground. This determi-\\nnation was communicated to Lee, with orders to make his dispositions, and\\nto keep his troops constantly lying on their arms, that he might be in readi-\\nness to take advantage of the first movement. Corresponding orders were\\nalso given to the rear division.\\nAbout five in the morning of the twenty-eighth, intelligence was received\\nfrom General Dickenson, that the front of the enemy was in motion. The\\ntroops were immediately under arms, and Lee was directed to move on, and\\nattack the rear, unless there should be powerful reasons to the contrary.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "272 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nHe was, at the same time, informed, that the main army would march to\\nsupport him.\\nSir Henry CHnton, perceiving that the Americans were in his neighbour-\\nhood, changed the order of his march. The baggage was placed under the\\ncare of General Knyphausen, while the flower of his army, unincumbered,\\nformed the rear division commanded by Lord Cornwallis; who, to avoid\\npressing on Knyphausen, remained on his ground until about eight, and then\\ndescending from the heights of Freehold, into a plain of about three miles in\\nextent, took up his line of march in rear of the front division.*\\nGeneral Lee made the dispositions necessary for executing his orders;\\nand, soon after the rear of the enemy was in motion, prepared to attack it.\\nGeneral Dickenson had been directed, to detach some of his best troops, to\\nco-operate with him and Morgan to act on the enemy s right flank, but with\\nso much caution, as to be able readily to extricate himself, and to form a\\njunction with the main body.\\nLee appeared on the heights of Freehold, soon after the enemy had left\\nthem, and following the British into the plain, gave directions to General\\nWayne to attack their covering party, so as to halt them, but not to press\\nthem sufficiently to force them up to the main body, or to draw reinforce-\\nments from thence, to their aid. In the mean time, he proposed to gain their\\nfront by a shorter road on their left, and entirely intercepting their commu-\\nnication with the line, to bear them off before they could be assisted.\\nWhile in the execution of this design, a gentleman of General Washing-\\nton s suite came up to gain intelligence, and to him, Lee communicated his\\npresent object.\\nSir Henry Clinton, soon after the rear division was in full march, ob-\\nserved a column of the Americans on his left flank. This being militia,\\nwas soon dispersed. When his rear guard had descended from the hills,\\nit was followed by a strong corps soon after which, a cannonade upon it\\nwas commenced from some pieces commanded by Colonel Oswald, and,\\nat the same time, he received intelligence, that a respectable force had\\nshown itself on both his flanks. Believing a design to have been formed\\non his baggage, which in the defiles would be exposed, he determined, in\\norder to secure it, to attack the troops in his rear, so vigorously, as to\\ncompel them to call off those on his flanks. This induced him to march\\nback his whole rear division, which movement was making, as Lee advanced\\nfor the purpose of reconnoitring, to the front of the wood, adjoining the\\nplain. He soon perceived himself to have mistaken the force which formed\\nthe rear of the British; but he yet proposed to engage on that ground,\\nalthough his judgment, as was aflerwards stated by himself, on an inquiry\\ninto his conduct, disapproved of it; there being a morass immediately in his\\nrear, which could not be passed without difficulty, and which would neces-\\nsarily impede the arrival of I einforceinents to his aid, and embarrass his\\nretreat should he be finally overpowered.\\nThis was about ten o clock. While both armies were preparing for action,\\nGeneral Scott (as stated by Genei al Lee) mistook an oblique march of an\\nAmerican column for a retreat; and, in the apprehension of being aban-\\ndoned, left his position, and repassed the ravine in his rear. Being himself of\\nopinion, that the ground on which the army was drawn up, was by no means\\nfavourable to them, Lee did not correct the error Scott had committed, but\\ndirected the whole detachment to regain the heights they had passed. He\\nwas pressed by the enemy, and some slight skirmishing ensued, during this\\nretrograde movement, in which not much loss was sustained on either side.\\nLetter of Sir Henry Clinton.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 273\\nWhen the first firing announced the commencement of the action, the\\nrear division threw off their packs, and advanced rapidly to support the front.\\nAs they approached the scene of action, Washington, who had received no\\nintelhgence from Lee, notifying his retreat, rode forward; and about noon,\\nafter the army had marched five miles, to his utter astonishment and\\nmortification, met the advanced corps retiring before the enemy, without\\nhaving made a single effort to maintain their ground. Those whom he first\\nfell in with, neither understood the motives which had governed General\\nLee, nor his present design and could give no other information than that,\\nby his orders, they had fled without fighting.\\nWashington rode to the rear of the division, which was closely pressed.\\nThere he met Lee, to whom he spoke in terms of some warmth, implying\\ndisapprobation of his conduct. He also gave immediate orders to the regi-\\nments commanded by Colonel Stewart and Lieutenant-colonel Ramsay, to\\nform on a piece of ground which he deemed proper for the purpose of check-\\ning the enemy, who were advancing rapidly on them. General Lee was\\nthen directed to take proper measures, with the residue of his force, to stop\\nthe British column on that ground, and the commandei*-in-chief rode back,\\nhiraself, to arrange the rear division of the army.\\nThese orders were executed with firmness. A sharp conflict ensued, and\\nwhen forced from the ground on which he had been placed, Lee brought off\\nhis troops in good order, and was, then, directed to form in the rear of Eng-\\nlish town.\\nThe check thus given the enemy, afforded time to draw up the left wing\\nand second line of the American army, on an eminence, partly in a wood,\\nand partly in an open field, covered by a morass in front. Lord Stirling,\\nwho commanded the wing, brought up a detachment of artillery, under\\nLieutenant-colonel Carrington, with some field pieces, which played with\\nconsiderable effect on the enemy, who had passed the morass, and were\\npressing on to the charge. These pieces, with the aid of several parties of\\ninfantry, detached for the purpose, effectually put a stop to their advance.\\nThe American artillery were drawn up in the open field, and maintained\\ntheir ground with admirable firmness, under a heavy and persevering fire\\nfrom the British.\\nThe right wing was, for the day, commanded by General Greene. To\\nexpedite the march, and to prevent the enemy from turning the right\\nflank, he had been ordered to file off by the new church, two miles from\\nEnglishtown, and to fall into the Monmouth road, a small distance in the\\nrear of the court-house, while the residue of the army proceeded directly to\\nthat place. He had advanced on this road considerably to the right of, and\\nrather beyond, the ground on which the armies were now engaged, when he\\nwas informed of the retreat of Lee, and of the new disposition of the troops.\\nHe immediately changed his route, and took an advantageous position on the\\nright.\\nWarmly opposed in front, the enemy attempted to turn the left flank of\\nthe American army, but were repulsed, and driven back by parties of in-\\nfantry. They then attempted the right, with as little success. General\\nGreene had advanced a body of troops, with artillery, to a commanding\\npiece of ground in his front, which not only marred their design of turning\\nthe right, but sevci-ely enfiladed the party which yet I emaincd in front of the\\nleft, wing. At this moment. General Wayne advanced with a body of in-\\nfantry in front, who kept up so hot and well directed a fire of musketry,\\nthat the British soon gave way, and withdrew behind the ravine, to the\\nground on which the first halt had been made.\\nHere the British line was formed on very strong ground. Both flanks\\n2M", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "274 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwere secured by thick woods and morasses, while their front could be reached,\\nonly, through a narrow pass. The day had been intensely hot, and the troops\\nwere much fatigued. Still Washington resolved to renew the engagement.\\nFor this purpose. Brigadier-general Poor, with his own and the Carolina\\nbrigade, gained the enemy s right flank, while Woodford, with his brigade,\\nturned their left, and the artillery advanced on them in front. But the impedi-\\nments on the flanks of the enemy were so considerable, that before they\\ncould be overcome, and the troops approach near enough to commence the\\nattack, it was nearly dark. Under these circumstances, further operations\\nwere deferred until morning. The brigades on the flanks kept their ground\\nthrough the night, and the other troops lay on their arms in the field of\\nbattle, in order to be in perfect readiness to support them. General Wash-\\nington, who had, through the day, been extremely active, passed the night,\\nin his cloak in the midst of his soldiers.\\nIn the mean time, the British were employed in removing their wounded.\\nAbout midnight they marched away in such silence, that their retreat was\\nwithout the knowledge of General Poor, who lay very near them.\\nAs it was perfectly certain, that they would gain the high grounds about\\nMiddletown, before they could be overtaken, where they could not be at-\\ntacked with advantage; as the face of the country afforded no prospect of\\nopposing their embarkation; and as the battle, already, fought had terminated\\nfavourably to the reputation of the American arms; it was thought advisable\\nto relinquish the pursuit. Leaving the Jersey brigade, Morgan s corps, and\\nM Lane s command to hover about them, to countenance desertion, and\\nprotect the counti-y from their depredations, it was resolved to move the\\nmain body of the army to the Hudson, and take a position which should\\nefieclually cover the important passes in the Highlands.\\nThe loss of the Americans was eight officers and sixty-one privates killed,\\nand about one hundred and sixty wounded. Among the slain were Lieu-\\ntenant-colonel Bonner of Pennsylvania, and Major Dickenson of Virginia,\\nboth much regretted. One hundred and thirty were missing; of whom\\nmany afterwards rejoined their regiments.\\nSir Henry Clinton stated his dead and missing at four officers, and one\\nhundred and eighty -four privates; his wounded, at sixteen officers, and one\\nhundred and fifty-four privates. This account, so far as respects the dead,\\ncannot be correct, as lour officers, and two hundred and forty-five privates\\nwere buried on the field, and some few were afterwards found and buried, so\\nas to increase the number to nearly three hundred. The uncommon heat ol\\nthe day was fatal to several on both sides.\\nAs usual, when a battle has not been decisive, both parties claimed the\\nvictory. In the early part of the day, the advantage was certainly with the\\nBritish in the latter ])art, it may be pronounced, with equal certainty, to\\nhave been with the Americans. They maintained their ground, repulsed\\nthe enemy by whom they were attacked, were prevented only by the night,\\nand the retreat of Sir Henry Clinton, from renewing the action, and suffered\\nin killed and wounded less than their adversaries.\\nIndependent of the loss sustained in the action, the British army was con-\\nsiderably weakened in its way from Philadelphia to New York. About one\\nhundred prisoners were made, and near a thousand soldiers, principally\\nforeigners, many of whom had married in Philadelphia, deserted the British\\nstandard during the march.\\nWhilst the armies were traversing the Jerseys, Gates, who commanded\\non the North river, by a well timed and judicious movement down the Hud-\\nThe militia had returned to their houicb iiiimediatoly after the action", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 275\\nson, threatened New York, for the purpose of restraining the garrison of that\\nplace, from reinfoi cing Sir Henry Clinton, should such a measure be con-\\ntemplated.\\nThe conduct of Lee was generally disapproved. As, however, he had\\npossessed a large share of the confidence of the commander-in-chief, it is\\nprobable, that explanations might have been made, which would have rescued\\nhim from the imputations cast on him, and have restored him to the esteem\\nof the army, could his haughty temper have brooked the indignity he be-\\nlieved to have been olfercd him on the field of battle. General Washington\\nhad taken no measures in consequence of the events of that day, and, pro-\\nbably, would have come to no resolution concerning them, without an ami-\\ncable explanation, had he not received from Lee a letter, in very unbe-\\ncoming terms, in which he manifestly assumed the station of a superior, and\\nrequired reparation for the injury sustained, from the very singular expres-\\nsions, said to have been used, on the day of the action, by the commander-in-\\nchief.\\nThis letter was answered by an assurance, that so soon as circumstances\\nwould admit of an inquiry, he should have an opportunity of justifying him-\\nself to the army, to America, and to the world in general, or of convincing\\nthem that he had been guilty of disobedience of orders, and misbehaviour\\nbefore the enemy. On the same day, on Lee s expressing a wish for a\\nspeedy investigation of his conduct, and for a court-martial, rather than a\\ncourt of inquiry, he was arrested.\\nFirst. For disobedience of orders in not attacking the enemy on the 28th\\nof June, agreeably to repeated instructions. Secondly. For misbehavioiu\\nbefore the enemy on the same day, in making an unnecessary, disorderly,\\nand shameful retreat. Thirdly. For disrespect to the commander-in-chief\\nin two letters. Before this correspondence had taken place, strong and spe-\\ncific charges of misconduct had been made against General Lee, by several\\nofficers of his detachment, and particularly, by Generals Wayne and Scott.\\nIn these the transactions of the day, not being well understood, were repre-\\nsented in colours much more unfavourable to Lee, than facts would justify.\\nThese representations, most probably, produced the strength of the expres-\\nsions contained in the second article of the charge. A court-martial was\\nsoon called, over which Lord Stirling presided; and, after a full investiga-\\ntion, Lee was found guilty of all the charges exhibited against him, and sen-\\ntenced to be suspended for one year. This sentence was afterwards, though\\nwith some hesitation, approved, almost unanimously, by Congress. The\\ncourt softened, in some degree, the severity of the second charge, by finding\\nhim guilty, not in its very words, but of misbehaviour belbre the enemy, by\\nmaking an unnecessary, and, in some few instances, a disorderly retreat.\\nLee defended himself with his accustomed ability. Fie suggested a variety\\nof reasons justifying his retreat, which, if they do not absolutely establish\\nits propriety, give it so questionable a form, as to render it probable that a\\npublic examination never woidd have taken place, could his proud spirit have\\nstooped to offer explanation, instead of outrage, to the commander-in-chief.\\nThe attention of General Washington was now turned, principally, to the\\nNorth river, towards which the march of his army was directed, with the\\nintention of continuing some time about Haverstraw. And soon after he\\ncrossed the North river to the White Plains.\\nAfler remaining a few days on the high grounds of Middletown, Sir Henry\\nClinton proceeded to Sandy Ilook whence he passed his army over to New\\nYork. This transit was effected by means of the fleet under Lord Howe, which\\nhad arrived off the Hook on the 28th of June.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "276 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nXII. Upon the day of battle, the French fleet, imder Count d Estaing,\\nhaving on board a respectable body of land forces, made the coast, off\\nChincoteague inlet. Had it arrived a few days earlier, its superior force\\nwould have shut Lord Howe, and the British fleet, in the Delaware and the\\ncapture of the army, under Sir Henry Clinton would, probably, have follow-\\ned. The count proceeded to Sandy Hook, for the purpose of attacking the\\nBritish fleet in port; and should this be found impracticable, to make an at-\\ntempt on Rhode Island. The first was defeated by the shoalness of the bar,\\nat the mouth of the harbour.\\nXIII. In the preceding winter, General Sullivan had been detached to\\ncommand the troops in Rhode Island, and he was now directed to make such\\nrequisitions on the militia of New England, and to prepare sucli measures,\\nas would enable him to attempt the town of Newport. General La Fayette\\njoined him with two brigades; and soon after. General Greene assumed\\ncommand of the whole force. On the 26th of July, the French fleet appear-\\ned off Newport, and cast anchor about five miles from that place, without\\nBrenton s Ledge.\\nSir Henry Clinton, apprehensive for the safety of his troops at Newport,\\nhad reinforced Major-general Pigot, who commanded on Rhode Island, and\\nthe garrison, now, amounted to six thousand effectives. Their main body\\nlay at Newport and the American army, under Sullivan, about the town of\\nProvidence. A plan for the reduction of Newport, was concerted between\\nD Estaing and Sullivan, in pursuance of which, the latter landed a force of\\nnear nine thousand men, on the island. But having, as the count supposed,\\nimproperly, taken preference of the French, he became offended, and some\\ndelay occurred in the co-operation of the French forces. In the mean time,\\na reinforcement to the British fleet arrived from Europe, under Admiral\\nByron, who came out to relieve Lord Howe. This circumstance determined\\nthe latter, though still superior in force, to attack the French fleet before\\nNewport. Having approached that town, D Estaing, with the weather gage,\\nleft the harbour to give battle. Howe deemed this an advantage in addition\\nto numerical superiority, too great to encounter, and immediately put to sea,\\nfollowed by the French. Two days were spent in fruitless manoeuvres;\\nand on the third, the fleets were separated and dispersed, by a storm. In a\\nshattered condition, the English vessels sailed for New York, and the French\\nfor Rhode Island. D Estaing, alleging his instructions to repair to Boston,\\nshould a superior British force reach America, refused to renew the attempt\\non the island, and lefl; the American army there, to contend alone with the\\nBritish in their entrenchments. Against this measure, all the general offi-\\ncers, except La Fayette, warmly protested. But thus deserted, the siege of\\nNewport was broken up, on the night of the 28th of August the army re-\\ntiring, unobserved, to the northern end of the island. The British followed in\\ntwo columns, and a smart action was fought, in which the American troops\\nshowed great firmness and courage. The battle ended with the day both\\nparties claiming the victory. Sullivan retreated from the island on the 30th,\\njust in season to save his army for on the next day. Sir Henry Clinton ar-\\nrived with a force which would have rendered it impracticable. The con-\\nduct of the general was highly approved by Congress. But an unfortunate\\nexpression, in his general orders, seemingly, reflecting on the conduct of the\\nFrench, gave the officers of their fleet and army some offence, which induced\\na representation from D Estaing to the national council. The inhabitants of\\nNew England, generally, were so much discontented with the conduct of the\\nfleet, that fears were entertained, lest the means of repairing the ships, could\\nnot be procured. These dangerous and irritating dissentions were appeased", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 277\\nby the interference of Washington, Hancock, Greene, and other American\\npatriots, who justly dreaded their effect on the fate of the country.\\nThe EngHsh fleet had suffered less from the storm than the French and\\nLoi d Howe, after refitting at New York, sailed for Boston, in hope of inter-\\ncepting D Estaing; but failing in this, and finding him safely moored in the\\nharbour, he returned to New York, where receiving such additions to his\\nforce, as rendered him decidedly superior to his adversary, he resigned the\\ncommand to Admiral Gambler, until the arrival of Admiral Byron, daily\\nexpected from Halifax.\\nXIV. On his way from Rhode Island to New York, Sir Henry Clinton\\nprepared to make a descent on New London but the winds proving adverse,\\nhe lefl the troops and transports, under Major-general Gray, to conduct an\\nexpedition to the eastward, as far as Buzzard s Bay. Gray destroyed a\\nnumber of privateers, with their prizes, and some merchant vessels in Acush-\\nnet river, and reduced, on the 5th of September, great part of the towns of\\nBedford and Fairhaven, where a considerable quantity of provisions, military\\nand naval stores, were reduced to ashes. At Martha s Vineyard, several\\nvessels and salt works were destroyed, and a heavy contribution of live\\nstock, levied on the inhabitants.\\nXV. Apprehensive that a combined attack of the land and naval force of\\nthe British, would be made on the French, fleet. General Gates was directed\\nwith three brigades to proceed as far as Danbury, in Connecticut, there to\\nawait orders. And with a view, both to the passes of the Highlands, and\\nthe eastern States, the camp at White Plains was broken up, and the main\\nbody of the army took a position further north, at Fredericksburg; while\\nGeneral Putnam was detached with two brigades, to the neighbourhood of\\nWest Point, and General M Dougal with two others to Danbury, to join\\nGeneral Gates.\\nXVI. Soon after the return of Gray, a large British force from New York,\\nin two columns, ascended the North river, by either bank. That on the west,\\nof five thousand men, was commanded by Cornwallis, and that on the east, of\\nthree thousand, by Knyphausen. Their principal object was conjectured to\\nbe forage. The west corps surprised the cavalry regiment of Colonel Baylor,\\nat Taupan, or Harrington. The British troops, on the 27th of September,\\nrushed upon them in a barn where they slept, and refusing quarter, used the\\nbayonet with savage cruelty. Of one hundred and four privates, sixty-seven\\nwere killed, wounded or taken Colonel Baylor and Major Clough, both\\nwounded, the former dangerously, the Jatter mortally, were, among the pri-\\nsoners. Some militia in the same neighbourhood, apprized of the approach\\nof Colonel Campbell, who was sent against them, made their escape. The\\ncruelty exercised on this occasion was, by the request of Congress, establish-\\ned by an inquisition instituted by Governor Livir gston. This affair was in\\nsome degree balanced by one which occurred thuee days after. Colonel\\nRichard Butler, assisted by Major Lee, with part of his cavalry, fell in with\\na party of fifteen chasseurs, and an hundred yagers, under Captain Donop,\\non whom they made so rapid a charge, that, without the loss of a man, tliey\\ny killed ten of the enemy on the spot, and took the officer commanding the\\nI chasseurs, and eighteen of the yagers, prisoners.\\nThis movement had been, in part, designed to favour an expedition against\\nLittle Egg Harbour. Count Pulaski had been appointed general of the\\nAmerican cavalry, but the dissatisfaction of the officers induced him to resign\\nhis commission. He obtained permission to raise a legionary corps, consist-\\ning of three incomplete companies of horse, and the like number of foot,\\nofficered by foreigners, among whom was one Juliet, a deserter from the\\nenemy. The Count had been ordered from Trenton to Little Egg Harbour,\\nI", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "278 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand was lying eight or ten miles from the coast, when his position was be-\\ntrayed by Juliet. The plan to surprise him was successful, with respect to\\nhis infantry, who were put to the bayonet. The British account represents\\nthe whole corps to have been destroyed but the Count admitted a loss of\\nabout forty only and averred, that with his cavalry, he drove the enemy\\nfrom the ground.\\nXVII. Admiral Byron assumed the command of the British fleet at New\\nYork, in September, andin October, appeared before Boston, for the purpose\\nof blocking up D Estaing, and availing himself of any circumstance which\\nmight favour an attack on the French fleet. But a furious storm driving\\nhim to sea, and essentially injuring him, he was compelled to put into Rhode\\nIsland, to refit. The French admiral, improving the favourable opportunity,\\nsailed on the 3d of November, for the West Indies. Thus terminated, with-\\nout material advantage, an expedition, of whose success the most sanguine\\nexpectations had been entertained.\\nUpon the same day, a detachment of five thousand men, from the British\\narmy, sailed from New York, under Major-general Grant, with the like des-\\ntination and towards the close of the month, another under Colonel Camp-\\nbell, embarked, to act offensively, against the southern States.\\nXVIII. As there yet remained in New York a force sufficient for its de-\\nfence, the American army retired, in December, into winter quarters. The\\nmain body was cantoned in Connecticut, on both sides of the North river,\\nabout West Point, and at Middlebrook. The troops again wintered in huts,\\nto which they had become accustomed; and though far from being well clad,\\ntheir condition was in this respect, so much ameliorated, by supplies from\\nFrance, that they bore every inconvenience without repining.\\nThe errors of the first years of the war had produced some useful reforms.\\nThe insuflicicncy of the provision for the support of the military officers, had\\ncaused the resignation of many, to the great injury of the service. From\\nthe convictions of justice and policy, and from respect to the earnest and dis-\\ninterested recommendation of General Washington, Congress allowed half\\npay, for seven years after the expiration of service; which was subsequently\\nextended to the end of their lives, but was finally commuted for full pay, for\\nfive years. Resignations were afterwards rare, and the States reaped the\\nbenefit of experienced officers, until the war was ended. A system of more\\nregular discipline was introduced into the army, by Baron de Steuben, who\\nhad served under the King of Prussia. A very important amelioration was\\n.effected in the medical department, by appointing different officers to dis-\\ncharge the directing and jnirveying business of the military hospitals, which\\nhad been before united in the same hands; The merit of this change is due\\nto Dr. Rush. And the ordinances limiting prices, being found utterly im-\\npracticable, were abolished.\\nXIX. Throughout all the borders of the land, a barbarous war was carried\\non by the savages, in which the usual restraints on the worst passions of our\\nnature were abandoned. The American tories and refugees, who had fled\\nto the wilds, under the disguise of Indians, indulged an unbounded lust for\\nrapine. These tutored savages acted as guides to the war parties, leading\\nthem into the richest and undefended settlements, and enabling them fre-\\nquently to escape with impunity. Any reverses they might occasionally\\nsuffer, were amply compensated by the British agents, whose inhuman po-\\nlicy had armed the murderers hands, and daily urged them to action.\\nWhilst the war was distant from the Indian country, the Indians experienced\\nnone of its evils. It produced only the pleasure of adventure, and of sudden and\\nextraordinary acquisition. A particular detail of the devastations of property,\\nof the distress of all sexes, ages and conditions, who were driven from their", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 279\\nconflagrated homes, and wasted farms, to seek precarious shelter in the forest,\\nand to subsist upon the spontaneous productions of the earth, and an account of\\nthe barbarous murders, would exceed our limits, and be but repetitions of dis-\\ngusting scenes of horror. We will dwell only on the massacre at Wyoming,\\nin Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, perpetrated under Colonel John Butler, a\\nConnecticut tory, and an inhabitant of that charming valley, which in atro-\\ncity has never been surpassed. Early in July, 1778, a party of one thousand\\none hundred, of -vvhom nine hundred were Indians, entered this new settle-\\nment. One \u00c2\u00ab^f the forts, which had been constructed for the security of the\\ninhabitants, being garrisoned by concealed tories, was surrendered, without\\nopjjosition. Am:)ther was taken, part of the garrison having retired. The\\nwo principal fort.s, however, were Kingston and Wilkesbarre, near each\\nher, on opposite sides of the Susquehanna river. The first contained Co-\\nnel Zcbnlon Butler, a cousin of the tory chieftain, with the greatest part of\\nle armed force of the country, and a number of women and children. After\\ni iectin a summons to surrender, he agreed to a parley at some distance\\nnm U fort, and marched to the appointed spot, with four hundred men.\\n\\\\V) jjerson was, there, visible; but at a greater distance a flag was seen, which\\nretired towards the mountain as he advanced, until it led him into an am-\\nbush, where, almost enveloped, he was suddenly attacked by the enemy.\\nHis troops, with great presence of mind and courage, instantly returned the\\nfire, and were gaining the advantage in the combat, when some one, either\\ncoward or traitor, cried out, the Colonel has ordered a retreat! upon\\nwhich immediate confusion was succeeded by a total rout. The troops en-\\ndeavoured to cross the river to Wilkesbarre, but twenty only escaped from\\ns laughter. Fort Kingston was immediately mvested, and, to increase the terror\\nof tlie garrison, the green and bleeding scalps of their wounded countrymen\\nwere sent in for their inspection, olouel Zebulon Butler having withdrawn\\nhimself and family down the river, Colonel Dennison, the commanding oflicer,\\nwent out with a flag, to inquire what terms would be allowed the garrison.\\nHe received for answer, two words, uniting Spartan brevity with cannibal\\nferocity The liatchet. This condition, so merciless, he, unhappily, be-\\nlieved would not be inflicted, and surrendered at discretion. But the threat\\nwas in execution, more barbarous than in the letter. After selecting a few\\nprisoners, the great body of the captives were enclosed in the houses, fire was\\napplied to them, and they were consumed together.\\nWilkesbarre surrendered without resistance, in the vain hope to mollify the\\nfury of the invaders. The continental soldiers, amounting to about seventy,\\nwere hacked to pieces. The remaining men, with the women and children,\\nshared the fate of the suffferers in Kingston they perished in the flames.\\nAlthough all show of resistance had terminated, the ruin was not yet com-\\nplete. Near three thousand ])ersons had escaped. Flying without money,\\nclothes, or food, they sought safety in the interior country. To prevent\\ntheir return, every thing remaining was destroyed. All the dwellings, and\\nother improvements which the labour of years had provided, as well as every\\nliving animal which was discovered, was extirpated. The settlements of ihe\\ntories, alone were preserved; an oasis amid the desert.* Some particular in-\\nstances of barbarity occurred in this ex[)edition, which stain only civil wars.\\nParents were murdered by their children, and brothers and sisters fell by the\\nhands of brothers.\\nA repetition of these scenes, was attempted by a body of about five hun-\\ndred men, composed of Indians, tories, and a few regulars, who broke into\\nthe Cherry Valley settlement, in the state of New York, where Colonel\\nMarshall, Ilainsay, Gordon.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "280 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nAlden was posted with a continental regiment. A serjeant, with a small pa-\\ntrole, was cut off; in consequence of which, the colonel was completely sur-\\nprised, and, while endeavouring to regain the fort, was killed, with ten of his\\nsoldiers; and the Ijeutenant-colonel, and two subaltern-officers, were made\\nprisoners. The fort was assaulted, but a resolute defence being made, and\\nthe assailants having intelligence that relief was approaching the garrison,\\nthe enterprise was abandoned, and the party, after repeating the horrors\\npractised in Wyoming, departed from the settlement.\\nXX. These injuries were in a small degree retaliated by inroads into the\\nIndian country from Schoharie, under Colonel William Butler who pene-\\ntrated as far as the towns of Unandilla, and Anaquaqua, the head-quarters\\nof the celebrated Col. Brandt, an Indian of the half-breed, distinguished for\\nhis courage and his cruelty, which he destroj ^ed, with a considerable quan-\\ntity of corn, laid up for the winter s supply, without discovering an- enemy\\nBy Colonel Hartley, who had been despatched with his regiment, and two\\ncompanies of militia, to Wyoming and by Colonel George Rogers Clarke,\\nof Virginia, who, vvith a small force, and extraordinary exertions, averted\\nthe Indian war from his state, and captured the fort at St. Vincents, with\\nits commander. Colonel Hamilton. This officer, with a {ew of his imme-\\ndiate agents atid counsellors, who had been instrumental in the savage bar-\\nbarities he had encouraged, were by the executive of Virginia, imprisoned in\\nirons.\\nThese expeditions, however beneficial, procured only partial relief. Con-\\ngress, on being informed that the Indians were fortifying at Chemung, a\\nlarge settlement about twelve miles from the mouth of Cayuga, a river\\nemptying into the Susquehanna, where a large body of tories was collected,\\ndirected General Washington to take measures to disperse this encampment,\\nand to repel the invasion of the savages on the frontiers of New York, New\\nJersey, and Pennsylvania. But the season of the year being unfit for such\\nan enterprise, it was postponed.\\nEarly in 1779, an extensive plan of operations was devised by General\\nWashington, against the broad and fertile country, lying between the then\\nwesternmost settlements of Pennsylvania and New York, and the great\\nlakes, occupied by the Six Nation Indians. These tribes had, from long in-\\ntercourse with the whites, acquired many of the comforts of civilized life,\\nvvith enlarged ideas of the advantages of private property. Their populous\\nvillages contained some good houses, their fertile fields yielded an abundant\\nsupply of corn, and their thrifty orchards, of fruit. A few of their towns\\nwere attached to the United States, but the greater portion was under the\\ninfluence of the British. In the commencement of the war, they had en-\\ngaged to be neutral but were unable to resist the seduction of British pre-\\nsents, and their own longings for plunder and slaughter. Many of the\\nloyalists driven from the United States, had taken refuge among them, in-\\ncreasing their strength, without diminishing their ferocity. Into the heart\\nof these villages of mingled whites and Indians, ii was now determined to\\nlead a force, which, overpowering any numbers they could bring in the\\nfield, would inflict on theni a merited punishment for their cruelties of the\\npast year.\\nThe country was to be entered in three- divisions. The principal, consist-\\ning of three thousand men, marching by the Susquehanna, was to penetrate\\ninto the settlements of the Senecas; the second, of one thousand, to proceed\\nby the Mohawk; and the third, of five hundred, by the Alleghany river.\\nTo prevent relief from Canada, demonstrations were made of a design to\\nattack that province by the way of Lake Champlain.\\nXXI. As the army destined ibr the expedition, was about to move, alarming", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "I\\nHISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 281\\nsymptoms of discontent appeared in part of it. The Jersey brigade had\\nbeen stationed through the winter at Elizabethtown, for the purpose of cover-\\ning the adjacent country from the incursions of the British troops, on Staten\\nIsland. It was ordered, early in May, to march by regiments. To this\\norder. General Maxwell replied, in a letter to the commander-in-chief, that\\nthe officers of the first regiment had delivered to their colonel, a remon-\\nstrance, addressed to the State Legislature, declaring, that, unless their com-\\nplaints on the subjects of pay and subsistence obtained immediate attention,\\nthey were, at the expiration of three days, to be considered as having re-\\nsigned and requesting the Legislature in that event, to appoint other officers.\\nGeneral Maxwell added, this is a step they are extremely unwilling to\\ntake; but is such, as I make no doubt, they will all take. Nothing but ne-\\ncessity, their not being able to support themselves in time to come, and\\nbeing loaded with debts contracted in time past, would have induced them to\\nresign at so critical a juncture, They declared, however, their readiness\\nto make every necessary preparation for obeying the marching orders which\\nhad been given, and to continue their attention to the regiment, until a rea-\\nsonable time for the appointment of their successors should elapse.\\nGeneral Washington was much afflicted by this intelligence, and sought,\\nin vain, by paternal remonstrance, to change their determination.\\nThe condition of these officers seems to have been one of extreme priva-\\ntion. By a resolution of December, 1777, Congress had recommended to\\nthe several St^es to furnish the officers of their respective quotas, with cer-\\ntain clothing, at the prices current, when the army was established, in the\\nyear 1776, the surplus to be charged to the United States. This resolution\\nseems to have been tardily and imperfectly obeyed, notwithstanding the re-\\npeated applications of the soldiery. Their pretensions were probably more\\nstrenuously urged in a memorial presented to the Assembly, on the 27th of\\nApril, 1779, respecting their pay, subsistence and clothing, and were sup-\\nported by an energetic letter from General Maxwell all of which were re-\\nlerred to a joint committee of both Houses. That committee reported,\\nThat provision had been already agreed upon, as far as was consistent,\\nprevious to an application to Congress; and that if upon such tipplication, no\\nmeasures are by them adopted in that behalf, it will then be the duty of this\\nState, to provide for its quota of troops, in the best manner they can de-\\nvise. This resolution was duly approved; but another offered by the same\\ncommittee, that the letter of General Maxwell contains indecent and unde-\\nserved reflections upon the representatives of the State; and that the same\\nbe transmitted to Congress, with a proper expression of the disapprobation\\nand displeasure of the Legislature, was negatived.\\nMoved by the wretchedness of these officers, and the troops they com.-\\nmanded. Governor Livingston, John Cooper, Andrew Sinnickson, Joseph\\nHolmes, Robert Morris, Peter Tallman, Abraham Vannest, Silas Condict,\\nand William Churchill Houston, diu-ing the recess of the Legislature, on\\nthe fifteenth of January, requested the treasurer to pay into the hands of\\nKnos Kelsey, commissioner for the purchase of clothing, the sum of seven\\nthousand pounds, to be applied in procuring clothes for the officers, agreea-\\nlilv to the resolution of Congress, en ;a iin to replace that sum in the trea-\\nsury, provided the Legislature, at their next sitting, should not direct it to be\\ncredited in the accounts of the treasurer. On the 30th of April, this direction\\nwas given by the House, with orders to the commissioners to draw the fur-\\nther sum of twenty-five thousand pounds, lor the purpose of furnishing to\\ncertain officers, clothing to the amount of two hundred pounds, as. the prices\\nthen were, upon their paying the sum it would have cost, in the year 1776.\\n2 N", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "282 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nStill there were conditions annexed to these grants, which rendered them\\nineffective\\nOn the 7ih of May, the remonstrance of the officers was repeated, stating,\\nthat they were under marching orders, and in immediate want of a necessary\\nsupply. Upon which the House directed the commissioner to furnish them\\nwith clothing immediately, to the amount of two hundred pounds, and to pay\\nto the soldiers of the brigade, the sum of forty dollars each. This disburse-\\nment removed the obstacle to the march of the brigade. The reason of the\\ndelay of the State, in supplying her forces, would seem, to be a desire, that\\nsome uniform rule to this end, should be adopted by Congress, or that the\\nconfederacy should assume the whole duty to itself.\\nXXII. Before the grand expedition against the Indians, was put in motion,\\nan enterprise of less extent, was successfully undertaken by Colonel Van\\nSchaick, assisted by Lieutenant-colonel Willet, and Major Cochran, and\\nbetween five and six hundred men, from Fort Schuyler, against the Onon-\\ndago settlements. Most of the Indians escaped but twelve were killed, and\\nthirty-four made prisoners, including one white man. The houses and pro-\\nvisions were burned, the country devastated, and the horses and stock slain.\\nThe party returned without the loss of a man; and the colonel received\\nthanks of Congress.\\nThe largest division of the western army reached Wyoming, under Gene-\\nral Sullivan, in the month of June. Its further progress was delayed for\\nwant of provisions and military stores, until the last of July. In the mean\\nwhile, the enemy was not inactive. Brandt, at the head of some whites and\\nIndians, fell upon the frontiers of New York, murdered many of the inha-\\nbitants, carried others into captivity, and burned and destroyed several\\nhouses. He was pursued by one hundred and fifty militia, whom he drew\\ninto an ambuscade and entirely defeated. A few days afterwards. Captain\\nM Donald, at the head of another small party, of whom a third were British,\\ntook a small fort on the west branch of the Susquehanna, making the gar-\\nrison, of thirty men, prisoners of war; the women and children, contrary\\nto the usages of the savages, were permitted to retire into the settled\\ncountry.\\nAnother body of troops designed to compose a part of the western army,\\nhad passed the winter on the Mohawk, and early in the season, under the\\ncommand of General Clinton, marched to Lake Otsego, and thence de-\\nscending the Susquehanna, united with the main division on the 22d of\\nAugust. The whole army, amounting to five thousand men, proceeded, by\\nthe Cayuga, into the heart of the Indian country. The Indians, apprized of\\nits appi oach, selected and fortified the ground on which to fight a general\\naction, with no inconsiderable skill. About a mile in front of Newton, and\\nsome miles above Chemung, they collected their whole force, consisting, by\\nthe computation of Sullivan, of fifteen hundred, but by their own, of eight\\nhundred men, only with whom were united five companies of whites, com-\\nprising two hundred men. They were commanded by the two Butlers, Grey,\\nJohnston, M Donald, and Brandt. A breastwork had been constructed about\\nhalf a mile in length, upon a piece of rising ground, having its flank and\\nrear covered by the river, and in other respects, naturally strengthened.\\nAbout eleven in the morning of the 29th of August, this work was dis-\\ncovered by Major Par, of the advance rifle corps. General Hand formed\\nhis light infantry in a wood a few hundred yards from the enemy, and\\nawaited the arrival of the main body skirmishing with parties of Indians,\\nwho endeavoured to entice them to an incautious pursuit. Conjecturing that\\nthe hills on his right, were occupied by the enemy, Sullivan ordered General\\nPoor, supported by General Clinton, to possess himself of them, to turn the", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 283\\nleft and gain the rear of the breastwork, while Hand and Maxwell should\\nattack in front. This mancBUvre was speedily decisive. The savages find-\\ning their flank uncovered, abandoned their works, and crossing the river,\\nfled with the utmost precipitation. An unavailing pursuit was kept up for a\\nfew miles. Their ascertained loss was inconsiderable but they were so\\nintimidated, that they abandoned all idea of further resistance. The Ame-\\nrican loss did not exceed thirty. Sullivan penetrated into the heart of the\\ncountry which his parties scoured and laid waste in every direction. Every\\nlake, river, and creek, was traced for villages, and no vestige of human in-\\ndustry was spared. Houses, cornfields, gardens, and fruit-trees, shared one\\ncommon fate the commanding general strictly executing the severe, but\\nnecessary orders he had received, to render the country completely unin-\\nhabitable, and thus to compel the Indians to remove to a greater distance.\\nEighteen villages, a number of detached buildings, one hundred and sixty\\nthousand bushels of corn, and all those fruits and vegetables which conduce\\nto the comfort and subsistence of man, were utterly destroyed. Five weeks\\nwere spent in this work of devastation. The want of provisions, alone,\\nprevented Sullivan from endeavouring to render the campaign more decisive,\\nby an attempt on the British post at Niagara.\\nXXIII. While Sullivan laid waste the country on the Susquehanna, ano-\\nther expedition, under Colonel Broadhead, ascended the Allegheny, against\\nthe Mingo, Muncey, and Seneca tribes. With more than six hundred men,\\nhe advanced two hundred miles up that stream, and destroyed the villages\\nand cornfields on its head branches, with their wretched proprietors.\\nThis chastisement of the savages was most savage, and is defensible, only,\\non the ground, that experience had taught, that nothing short of such seve-\\nrity could deter them from the yearly, perhaps, the more frequent, repetition\\nof the scenes at Wyoming. Although the object of the campaign was not\\nthoroughly obtained by terminating the Indian war, the Indians were intimi-\\ndated; they became less terrible, their excursions less formidable, and less\\nfrequent.\\nXXIV. In the following year, (1780) the Cherokees, forgetting a severe\\nchastisement given them in 1776, made an excursion into Ninet5^-Six dis-\\ntrict, South Carolina, massacred some families and burned several houses.\\nGeneral Pickens, with three hundred and sixty-four horsemen, penetrated\\nthe recesses of their country; killed forty of the enemy, look several pri-\\nsoners, and burned thirteen towns and villages. Of his party, one only was\\nkilled and two were wounded. No expedition against the Indians was more\\nrapid and decisive than this. The whiles did not expend three rounds of\\nammunition; and yet, of the Indians who made themselves visible, three only\\nescaped. A new and successful mode of fighting was introduced; the horse-\\nmen charging with reliance only upon their swords. The vanquished hum-\\nbly sued for peace, which was granted, on condition, that they would deliver\\nup all British emissaries, who should stimulate them to A ar.\\nXXV. These severe inflictions upon the Indian tribes, were the rigid\\nexactions of duty; but we are required to record a massacre by the whites,\\nthat may be a pendant for that of V\\\\^yoming. An English poet* has,\\ngracefully, sung the sufferings in the last, but no bard has described the hor-\\nrors of the slaughter at Muskingum. At this place some Indian converts of\\nthe Moravians had settled. Under the care of pious missionaries, they had\\nbeen formed into some degree of civil and religious order, and had adopted\\nthe faith, that The Great Being did not make men to destroy men, but to\\nlove and assist each other. Upon this principle, they advised other tribes\\nCampbell.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "284 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nto desist from war: and from humanity, they premonished the whites, from\\ntime to time, of the dangers that threatened them. Provoked by this inter-\\nference, the hostile Indians removed their pacific countrymen to the banks\\nof the Sandusky. They obtained permission, however, in the fall of the\\nyear, to return and collect the crops they had planted. The whites, on the\\nMonongaliela, either through misconception or malice, reported, that their\\ndesigns were inimical; and without due inquiry, one hundred and sixty\\ncrossed the Ohio, and slaughtered these inoffensive people, who fell mar-\\ntyrs to their principles of non-resistance. Not less than ninety were thus\\nimmolated.\\nRetribution, however, was not long delayed. Soon after this unprovoked\\nbutchery, a party of whites set out with the purpose of destroying the Indian\\ntowns on the Sandusky. But being encountered by the Delawares and\\nWyandots, they were repelled, with the loss of several prisoners, among\\nwhom, were Colonel Crawford and his son-in-law. All were offered up to the\\nmanes which haunted the Moravian towns of the Muskingum.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 285\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nComprising a View of the War in the South. I. Inert state of the Country in 1770.\\nII. The British Government adopts views of partial Conquest. III. Georgia\\noverrun and Charleston threatened Unsuccessful Siege of Savannah. IV. Sir\\nHenry Clinton subdues South Carolina. V. His measures induce Revolt. VI.\\nGeneral Gates assumes command of the Southern Army Battle of Camden.\\nVII. Battle of King s Mountain. VIII. Cornwallis reinforced. IX. General\\nGreene appointed to the Southern Department Battle of the Cowpens Retreat\\nto Virginia. X. Cornwallis retires, is pursued Battle of Guilford Court House.\\nXI. Cornwallis marches for Petersburg Greene for South Carolina Expedi-\\ntion of Arnold against Virginia Preparations against him Defence of Virginia\\nentrusted to La Fayette Cornwallis takes command of the British Forces in Vir-\\nginia. XII. Progress of Greene in recovering the Southern States. XIII. Suf-\\nferings of the Inhabitants.\\nI. The exertions made by the United States, though not beyond their\\nstrength, if put forth with system and discretion, were irregular and violent,\\nand followed by that syncope which invariably attends undue efforts. A\\ngeneral langour had diffused itself through all the civil departments. The\\nalliance with France was .supposed to have secured independence, and a con-\\nfidence that the enemy could not longer prosecute the war with success, pre-\\nvented that activity which was painful to exert. The wretched policy of\\nshort enlistments had been pursued, until correction was impossible. The\\nenthusiasm, which, at the commencement of the contest had overcome all\\npersonal considerations, had subsided, and was succeeded by views more\\nparticularly selfish, and more durable. From these considerations, it was\\nnot until the 23d January, 1779, that Congress authorized the re-enlistment\\nof the army nor until the 9th March, that requisition was made upon the\\nStates, for their respective quotas. The bounty offered, being insuflicient to\\nbring the men into the field, resort was again had to the special authority of\\nthe States. Thus, at a season when the recruits should have been in camp,\\nihey were yet to be obtained; and the public service was exposed to great\\nhazard from the delay. At this period, too, several circumstances conspired\\nto foment pernicious divisions and factions in Congress, which greater danger\\nmight have prevented or suppressed.\\nThese dissentions, the removal of individuals of the highest infllience,\\nfrom the national councils to offices in the state governments t\\\\\\\\e deprecia-\\ntion of the paper currency the destructive spirit of speculation caused by\\nimaginary gain from this depreciation a general laxity of principles, the in-\\nseparable concomitant of civil war and revolution the indisposition to sacri-\\nfice personal convenience for the public weal were rocks, on which the ves-\\nsel of state might yet .split, and which required the care of those whom\\ninfluence and patriotism placed at the helm.*\\nThe knowledge of these facts, deeply affected the mind of the commander-\\nin-chief of the American armies, and gave him many apprehensions for the\\nfinal result of the contest. They, also, had probably great effect upon the\\nBritish commissioners who inferred that the people, worn out by the com-\\nplicated calamities of the struggle, desired an accommodation on the terms\\nproposed by the ministry, and that the increasing difficulties necessarily re-\\nsulting from the failure of public credit, would induce them to desert Con-\\nLetter of Washington, Marshall, iv. p. (i.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "286 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ngress, or compel that body to accede to those terms. These opinions, com-\\nmunicated to their government, undoubtedly continued to protract the contest.\\nII. The British government, confident of complete conquest, had prose-\\ncuted the war with a view -to the recovery of the whole of its dominions in\\nAmerica. But the reverses they had sustained, the alliance with France,\\nand the firmness with which the contest had been maintained, together with\\nthe rejection of the late pacific propositions, induced a change in the plan of\\noperations. The islands about New York were retained, whilst their arms\\nwere principally directed against the southern States, which were less capable\\nof resistance, and on which a considerable impression might certainly be\\nmade, and probably extended northward but, however this might be, the\\npossession of several States, at the negotiation for general peace, would afford\\nplausible ground for claiming to retain them. Of the succeeding campaigns,\\ntherefore, the most active and interesting operations were in the southern\\ncountry. But our limits and our purpose, forbid us to do more than shortly\\nto advert to them.\\nIII. Lieutenant-colonel Campbell, who sailed from New York, in Decem-\\nber, 1777, arrived soon after at Savannah, and, in despite of the opposing\\nefforts of General Howe, captured that place; and, aided by General Prevost,\\nwho advanced from Florida, reduced without difficulty, the whole state of\\nGeorgia the inhabitants flocking in numbers to the royal standard. This\\nrapid progress of the enemy calling for more efficient measures of resistance,\\nGeneral Lincoln was appointed to the southern command, in September,\\n1778. Previously, considerable reinforcements had been ordered from the\\nnorthern army, particularly in the cavalry regiments of Bland, and Lieu-\\ntenant-colonel Washington. Their march was, however, some time delayed,\\nin consequence of the invasion of Virginia, in May, by Brigadier-general\\nMatthews. His expedition, undertaken principally with the view of destroy-\\ning the stores which had been laid up on the waters of that State, was but too\\nsuccessful he having destroyed, in a kw v/eeks, public and private pro-\\nperty of immense value, at Norfolk, Portsmouth, Gosport, and the adjacent\\ncountry.\\nThe greatest force under Lincoln, assembled and armed with much diffi-\\nculty, amounted to three thousand six hundred and thirty-nine, of whom two\\nthousand four hundred and twenty eight, rank and file, were effectives one-\\nhalf, however, were militia; whilst Prevost commanded three thousand ef-\\nfective regulars, aided by many provincials. Lincoln proceeded from Purys-\\nburg, into Georgia; and, in the mean time, Provost marched on Charleston\\nwith two thousand four hundred regular troops, and a considerable body of\\nIndians, driving before him General Moultrie, at the head of an inferior\\nforce. He summoned the town, on the 11th of May, 1779, but was com-\\npelled soon after, to raise the siege, by the approach of Lincoln, and to retire\\nto the islands on the coast. On the 20th of June, a sharp but indecisive affair\\ntook place between twelve hundred Americans and seven hundred British, at\\nStono Ferry, in which the former lost one hundred and fifty men, with the\\nmuch lamented Colonel Roberts. Prevost, retreating from island to island,\\nsoon after returned to Port Royal and Savannah, his troops enriched by the\\nindiscriminate plunder they had made.\\nThe Count D Estaing, after a successful cruise to the West Indies, pur^\\nsuant to the instructions of his court, and the solicitations of Lincoln and the\\nauthorities of South Carolina, arrived (September 1st,) on the coast of\\nGeorgia. He summoned Savannah, but suffered himself to be amused by\\nPrevost for several days, until the latter had called in his troops, and was\\nfully prepared for defence. Being joined by Lincoln, a formal siege was\\ncommenced the ground being broken on the 23d of the month, and the ad-", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "I\\nHISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 287\\nvarices made with every prospect of final success. The impatience of the\\nFrench commander and his officers, excited by the dangers of the hurricane\\nseason, induced an assault on the 9th of October, with thirty-five hundred\\nFrench, and six hundred continental troops; which, though bravely made,\\nwas bravely and successfully repelled. Count D Estaing and Count Pulaski,\\nwere both wounded, the former slightly, the latter mortally. The loss of\\nthe French was six hundred and thirty-seven, and of the Americans two hun-\\ndred, men. The militia returned to their homes, and the French fleet and\\narmy to the West Indies. This visit of the fleet, however, disconcerted the\\nBritish plans for the campaign, and occasioned the withdrawal of their army\\nfrom Rhode Island; and their efforts in the south resulted in the possession\\nof Savannah merely.\\nIV. Upon intelligence of these events, both parties sought to strengthen\\ntheir respective forces, in the south. A large detachment, under Sir Henry\\nClinton, in person, sailed from New York, late in December, leaving the\\ndefence of that city to General Knyphausen; whilst Washington despatched\\nsouthward, the troops of North Carolina, the new levies of Virginia, the rear\\ndivision of Bland s and Baylor s cavalry, and afterwards, the Virginia line.\\nIn his passage. Sir Henry encountered a storm, which endamaged him so\\nmuch as to require a reinforcement and supplies from New York. Charles-\\nton was his primary object, against which he proceeded from Savannah, on\\nthe 10th of February, 1780; appi-oaching by way of the islands with great\\ncaution. On the first of April, he broke ground, within eight hundred\\nyards of the American works, and on the 12th of May, the town capitulated.\\nGeneral Lincoln and his army, consisting of tv^o thousand effectives, be-\\ncame prisoners. During the progress of the expedition, several sharp en-\\ncounters took place, between small parties. The cavalry under General\\nHuger, stationed about thirty miles above Charleston, was attacked and\\nrouted by Colonel Tarleton and Major Ferguson, on the morning of the 14th\\nof April, and four hundred horses captured and on the 7th of May, the\\nremnant collected under Colonel White, of New Jersey, at Monk s Corner,\\nwas again charged and dispersed by the same active British officei s.\\nHaving possession of the capital. Sir Henry employed himself in reducing\\nthe country despatching parties in various directions over it. The inhabi-\\ntants vied with each other in devotion to the royal cause, and many, even of\\nthe citizens of Charleston, enlisted under the royal banners. In these opera-\\ntions, the only circumstance meriting special notice, was the surprise and\\ndefeat of Colonel Burford, by Colonel Tarleton. Burford commanded a re-\\ngiment of new levies from Virginia, who arrived too late to aid Charleston.\\nUpon the surrender of the city, he commenced his retreat, but was overtaken\\nby a rapid march of one hundred and five miles in fifty-four hours. No\\nquarter was given, and the carnage was horrible; one hundred and thirteen\\nwere killed on the spot; and one hundred and fifty so badly wounded, that\\nthey could not be removed. So confident was Sir Henry of having conquer-\\ned the State, that he proclaimed the pacification, and released from their\\nparole his militia prisoners, those taken in Charleston and Fort Moultrie\\nexcepted; and with the most sanguine hope of the recovery of all the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2southern States, he embarked for New York, on the 5th of June, leaving in\\nSouth Carolina, about four thousand regulars, under Lord Cornwallis.\\nV. The parole of the American prisoners recognised their character of\\naliens to Great Britain; their release fi-om it, avowedly, restored, without\\ntheir assent, their relation of subjects; and its effect was to compel thereto\\nassume arms against their countrymen. Had they been suffered to enjoy\\nthe quiet of non-combatants, they might have remained unarmed but they\\nwould not submit to the degradation of fighting the battles of the oppressor.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "288 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nThe proclamation sowed the teeth of the hydra, and armed men sprang up\\nin every direction, to resist the British power.\\nThe Delaware and Maryland lines, with the first regiment of artillery,\\nwere ordered to South Carolina, under General de Kalb; and exertions\\nwere made in Virginia to increase this force. The exiles from the north\\nand west parts of the State, to the number of six hundred, collected under\\nColonel Sumpter, and were soon strengthened by a corps of militia, which\\nhad been collected by Cornwallis. The latter circumstance demonstrating\\nthe temper of the people, induced the British general to draw in his outposts,\\nand arrange his troops in larger bodies.\\nVI. An army of two thousand men was thus formed, of which General\\nGates took the command, on the 25th of July. He, changing the disposi-\\ntions of De Kalb, marched by the most direct route towards the enemy s post\\nat Camden; and, unhappily, through a barren country, in which his troops\\nsuffered greatly from famine and unwholesome food. On his way he was\\njoined by the North Carolina militia, under General Caswell, and some\\ntroops commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Peterfield. He arrived on the 13th\\nof August, at Clermont, or Rugely s Mills, whence Lord Rawdon withdrew at\\nhis approach. And, here, the militia from Virginia, under General Stevens,\\nalso came to his aid. With a force, now, of about four thousand men, he\\nmarched rapidly, in the hope of surprising Camden. At the very hour of\\nhis departure from Clermont, Lord Cornwallis left Camden, with the design\\nof striking him a sudden blow and, to their mutual surprise, the hostile\\narmies encountered in the woods, at about two o clock of the morning of the\\n16th of August. The ground did not permit Gates to avail himself of his\\nsuperiority in numbers, and Cornwallis restrained the ardour of his troops,\\nthat he might, with the light, better direct their disciplined valour. With\\nthe dawn the action commenced. The militia shamefully fled, carrying\\nGates with them, from the field of battle, in his endeavours to rally them.\\nDe Kalb, at the head of the continental troops, maintained the fight with\\nsome success, until overpowered by numbers, they were broken, and he fell\\nunder eleven mortal wounds. The Americans lost the greater part of their\\nbaggage, stores, and artillery and by the estimate of the enemy, eight hun-\\ndred men killed, and one thousand prisoners. Previous to the battle, a party\\nwas detached under Lieutenant-colonel Woolford, of Maryland, to unite with\\nSumpter, to intercept an escort of stores, for the garrison at Camden. This\\nenterprise was successful but the party was, afterwards, surprised by Tarle-\\nton, near the Catawba Ford, and was beaten and dispersed with the loss of\\nbetween three and four hundred men, killed and wounded.\\nNotwithstanding the victory. Lord Cornwallis was unable to proceed\\nagainst North Carolina, and to prosecute the career which he had pro-\\nposed; his troops being enfeebled by sickness, and the hostile disposition\\nof the citizens rendering it unsafe to remove any considerable portion of\\nthem from the State. The disastei s, however, of the American arras, chilled\\nthe spirit of resistance yet it was kept alive by the exertions of those able\\npartisans, Sumpter and Marion, and was again reanimated, by the severity\\nwith which Cornwallis punished, as traitors, the militia who deserted his\\nstandard producing but a fiercer resistance, and a capacity to brave and to\\nbear the extremity of suffering. But the designs of the British commtrnder\\nwere only suspended. He resumed them by despatching Major Ferguson\\ninto the western part of North Carolina, to rouse and organize the tory in-\\nhabitants; whilst he marched himself, late in September, to Charlotte, where\\nhe proposed to await the result of Ferguson s endeavours. That officer,\\nattempting to intercept Colonel Clarke of Georgia, in his retreat from an\\nunsuccessful attack upon Augusta, removed nea,rer to the mountains, where", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 289\\na short delay proved fatal to him. Several corps of hardy mountaineers,\\nfrom the v^^estern parts of Virginia and North Carolina, under Colonels\\nCampbell, Cleaveland, Shelby, and Servier, moved upon him with great cele-\\nrity, whilst Colonels Williams, Tracy, and Brannan, from South Carolina, ap-\\nproached the same point. These forces, together three thousand strong,\\nunited at Gilbertstown. Sixteen hundred of the best mounted marksmen\\npursued Ferguson, who, apprized of their approach, pushed for Charlotte.\\nHe was overtaken, on the seventh of October, upon King s Mountain, attack-\\ned by three divisions, respectively, commanded by Shelby, Campbell, and\\nCleaveland, against each of whom, in the order of their arrival, he turned\\nwith considerable effect, the fearful bayonet sustaining the conflict for more\\nthan an hour, and until he received a wound which caused his instant death.\\nHis second in command instantly demanded quarter. Of the enemy one\\nhundred and fifty were killed, as many wounded, and eight hundred and ten\\nwere made prisoners among the latter were one hundred English regulars.\\nA valuable and timely prize was obtained in fifteen hundred stand of arms.\\nThe American loss was inconsiderable, but among the slain was Colonel\\nWilliams. Ten of the most active tories were selected and hung on the spot,\\nin retaliation of the cruelties committed on the whigs at Camden. This mis-\\nfortune compelled Cornwallis, who had crossed the Yadkin, to retrace his\\nsteps as far as Wynnesborough, where he awaited reinforcement. The mi-\\nlitia were unable to follow up their successful blow for want of provisions.\\nVIII. Confident in the progress of Cornwallis, Sir Henry Clinton despatch-\\ned from New York, on the 16th of October, three thousand men, under\\nGeneral Leslie, against Virginia, who, after some depredations, were ordered\\nto Charleston, by sea, in consequence of the defeat of Ferguson. In the in-\\nterim, Cornwallis was employed in suppressing the hostile efforts of the inha-\\nbitants, under Marion, Sumpter, Clarke, and Brannan. The most important\\nof these affairs was that with Sumpter, on November 20th, at Blackstocks,\\nnear Tyger river, in which he repulsed Colonel Tarleton, with great loss.\\nIX. Gates slowly collected, at Hillsborough, the shattered remains of his\\narmy defeated at Camden. Being recalled, he delivered the command to\\nhis successor, General Greene, at Charlotte, on the 2d of December. His\\ngreatest efforts had not collected more than two thousand men, of whom\\na full third were militia, with which Greene took the field against a supe-\\nrior regular force, flushed with successive victories. But even this small\\narmy he soon divided sending Morgan, with a considerable detachment to\\nthe western extremity of South Carolina, whilst he conducted the main body\\nto Hicks s Creek, on the north side of the Pedee river, opposite the Cheraw\\nHills. Cornwallis, who was, again, preparing to proceed against North Caro-\\nlina, but could not leave Morgan in his rear, sent Carleton against him, with\\norders to push him to the utmost. Morgan, with an inferior force, consist-\\ning, in a great measure, of militia, firmly awaited his approach, at the Cow-\\npens, three miles from the line separating North and South Carolina. In\\nthe encounter which ensued, on the 17th of January, 1781, Tarleton was\\ndefeated with the loss of three hundred killed and wounded, and five hundred\\nprisoners, eight hundred muskets, thirty-five baggage wagons, and one hun-\\ndred dragoon horses. The impetuosity which had frequently served this\\nenergetic partisan, was, now, the cause of his defeat. Upon tidings of this\\nvictory, Greene hastened to join Morgan, directing his own corps to Guilford\\nCourt-house and with great exertions, the prisoners and baggage were se-\\ncured. In the pursuit, the British army sacrificed its baggage and every\\nthing, not indispensable to action or the existence of the troops, and hung,\\nalmost constantly, on the American rear. Twice, at the Catawba and the\\nYadkin, the Americans were saved by the rising of the waters after their\\n20", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "290 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\npassage and before the arrival of the British. The two divisions of the Ame-\\nrican army united at Guilford Court-house but too feeble for combat, the\\ncommander resolved to continue his retreat across the Dan to Virginia. The\\npursuit was so hotly followed, that as his rear crossed that river, the Bri-\\ntish van was in sight.* Thus baffled, Cornwallis retired to Hillsborough,\\nwith the view of rousing the tories whilst Greene immediately recrossed the\\nriver to mar his labours,t in which he was eminently successful. General\\nPickens and Colonel Lee fell in with three hundred and fifty tories, under\\nColonel Pyle, on their way to the British army, whom they cut to pieces\\namid their shouts of God save the King, and protestations of loyalty,\\nwhich they uttered in the belief, that the assailants were royalists.\\nCornwallis now retired, yet seeking a proper occasion for battle; some-\\ntimes turning upon the pursuer, and compelling him to retread his steps. At\\nlength, Greene having received all the reinforcements he had reason to ex-\\npect, resolved to give battle, and marched, for that purpose, to Guilford\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Court-house. Cornwallis promptly accepted the offer. The American troops\\namounted to four thousand two hundred and sixty-two, of whom one thousand\\nfour hundred and ninety were regulars the British did not exceed two thou-\\nsand four hundred veterans. Greene selected his ground, and the issue was\\njoined on the 15th of March. After a fierce combat, in which his troops,\\ngenerally, behaved well, Greene was compelled to retreat; but the victory\\nwas dearly purchased, by the loss of five hundred and thirty-two killed and\\nwoimded, being much greater than that sustained by the Americans. Greene\\nretired but a few miles, and awaited another attack but Cornwallis, much\\nenfeebled, left his wounded to the care of the loyalists in the neighbourhood,\\nand pushed rapidly for Wilmington, where stores had been lodged and sup-\\nplies might be obtained. Greene, also, leaving his hospital to the Quakers\\nof the vicinage, whom he reminded of his former fraternization, as rapidly\\nfollowed to Ramsay s Mills, on Deep River; where excessive fatigue, the\\nwant of food, and the release of his militia, compelled him to stop.\\nXI. After resting his troops, for about three weeks, at Wilmington, Corn-\\nwallis crossed the country to Petersburg. He pondered long before he\\nadopted this northern course, when informed that Greene had taken the bold\\nresolution to attempt the recovery of the southern country. He concluded,\\nat length, that if Lord Rawdon, who commanded there, should have been\\ndefeated, he might dread his own safety but if he had sustained himself, a\\nreturn would be an useless abandonment of the ground he had gained. On\\nthe departure of Leslie from Virginia, the traitor, Arnold, entered that State,\\n(on the 30th of December) and afler committing many depredations, esta-\\nblished himself at Portsmouth, on the 20th of January. Against him,\\nWashington proposed to send, under La Fayette, twelve hundred men, of\\nthe New England and New Jersey lines, and, also, to employ the whole\\nFrench fleet from Newport. Two frigates, however, only, sailed, which\\nthough inoperative in the original design,- captured the Romulus, of fifty\\nguns, passing from Charleston to the Chesapeake. Flattered by this success,\\nthe French admiral despatched a larger expedition to the same point which\\nencountering a British fleet, under Arbuthnot, near the Capes of Virginia,\\nwas so much endamaged as to return to Newport, leaving La Fayette at\\nAnnapolis, where he had repaired for convoy. That general returned to the\\nhead of Elk, whence he was directed to join the southern army. In the in-\\nterim. General Phillips had embarked for the Chesapeake, with two thousand\\nmen, and arrived at Portsmouth on the 26th of March, 1781. This reinforce-\\nment, giving the British a decisive superiority in Virginia, changed the des-\\nFebruary 14th, 1781. t February 21st,", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 291\\ntination of La Fayette, to whom the defence of that State was now committed.\\nFor near two months, Phi Hips and Arnold prosecuted a predatory war, de-\\nstroying immense quantities of tobacco and stores, and marking their course\\nby terrible devastations; La Fayette and Steuben, endeavouring in vain to\\nstay them, except in the protection of the magazines at Richmond. On the\\n20th May, Lord Cornwallis joined Arnold at Petersburg, a few days after the\\ndeath of Phillips, and assumed the command of the whole British force in the\\nState.\\nAgainst him, General La Fayette, aided by General Wayne, maintained\\na war of posts for the space of three months until Cornwallis, impressed with\\nthe necessity of providing a strong place of arms in the Chesapeake, select-\\ned Yorktown, as a station for his army, and Gloucester Point, for his fleet,\\nto which he retired .with his whole force, increased to seven thousand men.\\nFrom the Virginians, he had derived little aid. They either united with the\\ncontinental army, or, more commonly, kept out of the way of the British.\\nFew purchased safety by submission.\\nXII. Having thus followed Lord Cornwallis to an hour big with his own\\nfate, and that of the war, we return to General Greene, who, with equal\\ncourage and ability, had turned his arms to the south. A line of posts had\\nbeen constructed by the British from Charleston, by the way of Camden and\\nNinety-Six, to Augusta, in Georgia, the most important point of which was\\nCamden. The forts, generally garrisoned by a few regular troops, united\\nwith the tory militia, were only slightly fortified to resist the sudden at-\\ntack of the militia of the neighbouring country, no apprehensions being en-\\ntertained of a more formidable enemy. Gi-eene was fully aware of these\\nunfavourable circumstances. I shall take, said he, in a letter to General\\nWashington, every measure to avoid misfortune. But necessity obliges\\nme to commit myself to chance, and if any accident should attend me, I trust\\nmy friends will do justice to my reputation. He detached Lee to unite with\\nMarion, and Pickens, to assemble the western militia, and lay siege to Ninety-\\nSix; and, marching himself on Camden, encamped before it on the 19th\\nApril. He manoeuvred several days around the place, and, on the 25th,\\nfought a severe battle with Lord Rawdon, at Hobkirk s Hill, with loss to\\neither party, of about two hundred and fifty men. Although Greene re-\\ntreated from the field, he did not abandon his views on Camden, until Rawdon\\nwas reinforced in the close of the month, by the corps of Colonel Watson,\\namounting to five hundred men. He then withdrew behind Sawney s Creek,\\nand declined the battle, which Rawdon again offered. In the mean time,\\nForts Watson and Mottehouse, had surrendered to Marion and Lee, and Fort\\nOrange, to Sumpter. Rawdon, abandoning the upper country, retired to\\nMonk s Corner, to protect the district around Charleston. Compelled thus to\\ncomparative inactivity, he beheld the smaller posts reduced, and Seventy-Six\\nin imminent danger from the attack of General Greene. From this mortify-\\ning state, he was relieved by the arrival of three regiments from Ireland,\\nwhich again enabled him to overrun the state, and forced Greene to retreat\\nbefore him, by the road to Charlotte. An eager race ensued, in which both\\nparties divested themselves of whatever could stay their speed. But at the En-\\nnoree, Lord Rawdon gave it over as hopeless. The retreat ceased with the\\npursuit, Greene halting on the north side of the Broad river; and, on the\\n13th July, he took post on the high hills of Santee.\\nLord Rawdon, still holding his purpose of concentrating his forces in the\\nlower country, withdrew his garrison; but soon after availed himself of per-\\nmission to return to Europe. The command devolved on Colonel Stuart,\\nwho advanced to the post near the junction of the Congaree, and Wateree,\\nwhere he was greatly annoyed by the corps of Marion and Washington. After", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "292 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\na period of comparative repose, Greene recommenced active operations on\\nthe 22d of August, and, being strengthened by the militia and state troops of\\nSouth Carolina, followed the British army to Eutaw, where it was reinforced\\nby a detachment from Charleston. Greene was here joined by Marion, on\\nthe 7th September, and resolved to attack the British camp next day.\\nThe battle of Eutaw Springs, was one of the most obstinate of the war.\\nIt was fought with about equal numbers, (2000) and ended in equal loss.\\nThe American killed, wounded, and missing, were estimated at five hundred\\nand fifty -five; the British, at six hundred and ninety-three. But the Ame-\\nrican dead, owing to an obstinate contest on unfavourable ground, was most\\nnumerous. Among them, was Lieutenant-colonel Campbell, who fell whilst\\nleading the Virginia brigade with trailed arms to a bold and decisive charge,\\nwhich broke the British line. Colonel Washington was taken prisoner,\\nhaving been unable to extricate himself from his horse, which, being killed,\\nhad fallen upon him. Both parties claimed the victory, but Stuart was\\ncompelled to withdraw to Monk s Corner, whilst Greene returned to the\\nhigh hills of Santee, where his troops became too much enfeebled by disease,\\nfor active enterprise. The battle of Eutaw may be considered as closing\\nthe national war in South Carolina. A few excursions were afterwards\\nmade by the British, but with no more consequence than the loss of property\\nand individual lives. On the 18th November, Greene moved down into the\\nlower country, and the British retired with their whole force to the quarter-\\nhouse within Charleston Neck, and the conquerors, who had carried their\\narms to the extent of the State, aimed at nothing more, than to secure them-\\nselves. After the capitulation at Yorktown, the British post at Wilmington,\\nin North Carolina, was evacuated, and the troops in Georgia, were concen-\\ntrated in Savannah.\\nThe labours and exertions of the southern army were highly meritorious,\\nbut the successful activity of the legion under Lee, claims particular atten-\\ntion. It was, from its structure, peculiarly adapted to partisan war; and,\\nbeing detached against the weaker posts of the enemy, had opportunities for\\ndisplaying all its energies. In the extensive sweep from the Santee to Au-\\ngusta, which employed, from the 15th April, to the 5th June, 1781, acting\\nin junction, first with Marion, afterwards with Pickens, and sometimes alone,\\nit constituted the principal force which carried five British posts, and made\\neleven hundred prisoners. At the commencement of the campaign of 1781,\\nthe British were in force all over the state; at its close, they dui*st scarce\\nventure twenty miles from Charleston. At its commencement, the country\\nhad been completely conquered, and was defended by a regular army, es-\\ntimated at four thousand men. The inhabitants were so divided, as to ren-\\nder it doubtful,, to which, side the majority was attached. At no time did the\\neffectual continental force, which General Greene could bring into the field,\\namount to two thousand men of whom a considerable portion were raw\\ntroops. Yet, by a course of judicious movement, bold action, and hardy en-\\nterprise, in which he displayed invincible constancy and courage, happily,\\ntempered with prudence, he recovered the southern States and, at the close\\nof the year, civil government was fully established therein. A full portion\\nof praise due to these achievements, belong to his troops. They bore every\\nhardship and privation with patience and constancy. In his officers, the ge-\\nneral was peculiarly happy. Unshackled by those, who, without military\\ntalent, had, through political influence, obtained high rank, his orders were\\nexecuted by young men of equal spirit and intelligence, formed in the severe\\nservice of the north.\\nXIII. The sufferings occasioned by the ardent struggle for the southern\\nStates, were not confined to the armies. The inhabitants underwent the se-", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 293\\nverest inflictions. Reciprocal injuries sharpened the resentment of contend-\\ning parties, and armed neighbour against neighbour, in a war of extermi-\\nnation. As the parties, alternately, triumphed, opportunity was given to\\neither for the exercise of vindictive passions, which derived new virulence\\nfrom the example of the British commanders. When they had overrun\\nGeorgia, and South Carolina, they considered these States as reannexed to\\nthe British empire, and manifested a disposition to treat as rebels, all who,\\nhaving submitted, resumed arms. One of their executions, that of Colonel\\nHayne, took place on the 3d of August, whilst Lord Rawdon was in\\nCharleston, preparing to sail for Europe. The disposition to retaliate, to the\\nfull extent of their power, was equally strong in the opposite party. When\\nFort Granby surrendered, the militia attached to the legion, manifested so\\nstrong a desire to break the capitulation, and to kill the most obnoxious of\\nthe prisoners, who were tories, as to produce a solemn declaration from\\nGreene, that he would put any man to death, who should commit an act so\\natrocious. Lieutenant-colonel Grierson, of the loyal militia, was shot by un-\\nknown marksmen; and, though a reward of one hundred guineas was of-\\nfered for the perpetrator, he was never discovered. The whole country,\\nsaid the general, is a continued scene of blood and carnage.\\nRamsay, Gordon, Marshall.", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "294 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nI. Condition of the Armies in the North. II. British Expedition against the Forts on\\nthe North River. III. Expedition under Tryon, against Connecticut. IV. Cap-\\nture of Stony Point, by Wayne. V. Attack of the British Post, on Penobscot\\nriver. VI. Major Lee assaults Paules Hook. VII. Effects of the System of\\nPaper Currency. VIII. Spain declares War against England.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IX. Prospects\\nof the Campaign of 1780. X. The American Army retires into winter quar-\\nters. XI. Marauding Parties of the Enemy in New Jersey. XII. The Army\\nat Morristown supplied by forced levies of Provisions. XIII. Washington\\nattempts the British Post at Staten Island XIV. Difficulties arising from the\\nwant of political power in Congress. XV. Discontents of the Army Mutiny of\\nthe Connecticut troops. XVI. Knyphausen invades New Jersey Murder of\\nMrs. Caldwell, and of her Husband.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XVII. Battle of Springfield.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 XVUI. La\\nFayette returns to the United States. XIX. Renewed efforts for the Defence\\nof the Country. XX. Arrival of the French Fleet and Army Plans consequent\\nthereon. XXI. Treason of Arnold. XXII. American Army retires into winter\\nquarters. XXIII. European combinations against Great Britain. XXIV. Revolt\\nof the Pennsylvania line of the Jersey line Discontent of the Inhabitants of\\nNew Jersey. XXV. Gloomy Prospect for the year 1781. XXVI. Combined\\nOperations of the French Fleet and Allied Armies, against Cornwallis His\\nCapture. XXVII. New London taken and burned by Arnold. XXVIII. Condi-\\ntion of the Country for the Campaign of 1782 Resolutions of the British Parlia-\\nment in favour of Peace. XXIX. Malignity of the Tories Murder of Captain\\nHuddy. XXX. Cessation of Hostilities Treaty of Peace. XXXI. Disbanding\\nof the Army. XXXII. Public Entry of Washington to New York takes leave of\\nhis Officers Surrenders his Commission to Congress.\\nI. The apathy which we have noticed, as paralyzing the efforts of the\\npeople of the United States, at the commencement of the year 1779, was\\nalso visible in the operations of the British government. The ministry had\\nlost the hope of reducing all the revolted colonies to obedience, and the de-\\nsire of vengeance alone seems to have inspired the plan of the ensuing cam-\\npaign, which was publicly announced to be that of rendering the colonies of\\nas little avail as possible to their new connexions. With this view the opera-\\ntions in the northern Stales were conducted.\\nThe force under Sir Henry Clinton, at New York, Rhode Island, and\\nVirginia, was estimated at more than sixteen thousand men, whose efficiency\\nwas greatly increased by the co-operation of a powerful fleet, enabling the\\ngeneral to concentrate and direct it, at pleasure. The grand total of the\\nAmerican army, exclusive of the troops in the south and west, was also\\nabout sixteen thousand of whom three thousand were with Gates, in New\\nEngland seven thousand with Washington, at Middlebrook, and the residue\\nin the Highlands, under M Dougals, and on the east side of the Hudson, under\\nPutnam.\\nII. After the destruction of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, in 1777, the\\nfortifications for defending the Hudson, were established at West Point, and\\nat Stony and Verplank s Points, at King s Ferry, over which the great road\\nbetween the middle and eastern States passed. Against these posts Sir\\nHenry Clinton proposed to open the campaign by a brilliant coup de\\nmain. Washington, notwithstanding the financial embarrassments of the\\ncountry, having always specie to reward spies, soon learned this intention,\\nand made his dispositions to repel the attack. On the 30th of May, the\\nforces selected for the expedition united with that from Virginia under Mat-\\nthews, which arrived on that day, at New York, were conveyed to their", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 295\\ndestined point, by the fleet under Sir George Collier. The works at Stony-\\nPoint being incomplete, were abandoned without resistance, and as they\\ncommanded those on the other bank, the latter were surrendered Captain\\nArmstrong and his garrison becoming prisoners. Both forts were completed\\nby the enemy, and put into the best state of defence.\\nJII. The contiguity of Connecticut to New York, its extent of coast, the\\nsupplies which it llirnished to the continental army, and the many cruisers\\nwhich plied in the Sound, rendered that State peculiarly obnoxious to the\\nenemy, and provoked an enterprise against it, which was stimulated, also,\\nby the hope, that Washington might thereby be drawn from his impregnable\\nposition on the North river. Governor Tryon, with a force of twenty-six\\nhundred men, reached New Haven on the 5th of July, before the inhabitants\\nhad notice of his approach. The militia hastily assembled, but their opposi-\\ntion was feeble. The invaders having seized the town, and destroyed the\\nnaval and military stoi es, proceeded on the succeeding day, along the coast\\nto the village of Fairfield. They experienced more resistance here, yet the\\nspirited conduct of the people served but as a pretext for reducing the town\\nto ashes, for the wanton destruction of private property, and for the mal-\\ntreatment of the unarmed inhabitants of both sexes. From Fairfield, the\\nBritish troops passed over the Sound to Huntingdon Bay, where they remain-\\ned until the 11th, when they recrossed the water to the Cow Pasture, a\\npeninsula on the east of Newark. At the same time a larger detachment\\nfrom the main army approached Horse Neck, demonstrating a design of\\npenetrating the country in that direction.\\nGeneral Parsons, who had been despatched by Washington, to aid and\\ndirect the efforts of his countrymen, attacked the British with a considerable\\nmilitia force, on the morning of the 12th, so soon as they were in motion,\\nand kept up throughout the day an irregular and distant fire, but was unable\\nto check their progress. After burning the town of Norwalk, Tryon re-\\nturned to Huntingdon Bay, to await supplies and reinforcements and was\\nthence ordered to White Stone, where, in conference with Sir Henry Clin-\\nton, and Admiral Collier, it was determined to proceed, with inci eased force\\nagainst New London. But this incursion was postponed by the assault of\\nthe American army, on the newl}^ captured posts on the North I iver.\\nIV. By an original plan a simultaneous attack on both posts was intend-\\ned but it was, subsequently, resolved to proceed against Stony Point, as a\\ndistinct object. The enterprise was committed to General Wayne, with\\nwhom Major Lee was associated. He set out at the head of a strong de-\\ntachment, at noon, and completed a march of about fourteen miles, by eight\\no clock of the evening of the 15th of July the hour of twelve being fixed for\\nthe assault. The garrison consisted of six hundred men, commanded by\\nLieutenant-colonel Johnston. The dispositions for the assault were made at\\nSpring Steels, one and a-half mile from the fort. Instructions were given to\\nattack the works on the right and left flank, at the same moment. The re-\\ngiments of Febiger and Meiggs, with Major Hull s detachment, formed the\\nright column, and Butler s regiment, with two companies under Major Mur-\\nphrey, the left. One hundred and fifty volunteers, led by Lieutenant-colonel\\nFleury, and Major Posey, constituted the van of the right and one hun-\\ndred, under Major Stewart, that of the left. At half past eleven, the two\\ncolumns moved on to the charge, the van of each, with unloaded muskets,\\nand fixed bayonets; each preceded by a forlorn hope of twenty men, com-\\nmanded, respectively, by Lieutenants Gibbon and Knox. The assailants\\nreached the marsh, in front of the fort, undiscovered. Both columns rushed\\nforward, under a tremendous fire of musketry and grape shot, and entered\\nJhe works at the point of the bayonet, and without discharging a single piece,", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "296 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nobtained possession of the post. The humanity of the conquerors was not\\nless honourable than their courage. Not a single individual suffered after\\nresistance had ceased.\\nAll the troops distinguished themselves, whose situation enabled them so\\nto do. Colonel Fleury was the first to enter the fort, and to strike the Bri-\\ntish standard. Major Posey mounted the works almost at the same instant,\\nand gave the watch word, The fort is our own Lieutenants Gibbon and\\nKnox executed the service allotted to them, with intrepidity which could not\\nbe surpassed. Of the party of the former, seventeen were killed or wound-\\ned; and the whole loss was a hundred. Of the garrison, sixty -three were\\nkilled, and five hundred and forty-three made prisoners and a large quan-\\ntity of military stores was taken.\\nThe attack on Fort Fayette, though postponed, to that on Stony Point,\\nwas not abandoned. Two brigades, under General M Dougal, had been\\nordered to attempt the works at Verplank s, whei-e Colonel Webster com-\\nmanded, so soon as Wayne should obtain possession of Stony Point. The\\nmessenger, directed to apprize M Dougal of Wayne s success, did not com-\\nmunicate with him on his way to camp; and this error, or negligence, was\\nfollowed by others, which defeated subsequent efforts upon the place, until it\\nwas relieved by Sir Henry Clinton, who, to save it, relinquished his views\\nupon Connecticut. The failure to obtain the fort on the east side of the river,\\ndiminished the advantages expected from that on the west; and the latter,\\nrequiring for its defence, a much larger force than could be spared for such\\na purpose, was abandoned. Sir Henry, immediately, resumed possession,\\nrepaired the fortifications, and regarrisoned it and afterward retired to Phi-\\nlipsburg. General Washington maintained his post in the Highlands. While\\nthe armies watched each other, frequent rencounters took place, between\\nsmall parties, which were of no other importance, than to evince the intre-\\npidity, common to the junior officers, who had been formed during the war.\\nAt length. Sir Henry Clinton withdrew into York Island, and employed him-\\nself in strengthening its fortifications, that he might direct his principal efforts\\nAgainst the southern States, and compensate for the abstraction of the fleet,\\nnow sent to relieve Penobscot.\\nV. Early in June, Colonel M Clean from Nova Scotia, with six hundred\\nand fifiy men, had taken possession of a defensible piece of ground on the\\nPenobscot river, where he commenced such fortifications, as intimated a\\ndesign to maintain the position. This measure threatened a serious diminu-\\ntion of the territory of the State of Massachusetts, and great exertions were,\\nconsequently, made to dislodge him. A considerable naval force, under\\nCommodore Saltonstall, carried out, between three and four thousand men,\\ncommanded by General Lovell, which appeared before the new and unfi-\\nnished work, on the 25th of June. Lovell effected a landing, with the loss\\nof fifty men killed and wounded erected a battery within seven hundred\\nand fifty yards of the main work of the enemy, and kept up a warm can-\\nnonade for several days. Making little progress with his militia, he applied,\\nthrough the governor of Massachusetts, to General Gates, commanding at\\nProvidence, for a reinforcement of four hundred continental troops; and\\nColonel Jackson and his regiment were immediately put in motion. But, on\\nthe 13th of August, Sir George Collier arrived in the river, with a superior\\nnaval fonie. Lovell immediately re-embarked his army, so silently as to be\\nundiscovered by the garrison, who, in their lines, awaited an expected assault.\\nHis fleet offered a show of resistance, that the transports might escape up the\\nriver, and land the troops at a convenient point for further retreat. But the\\nBritish admiral disregarded this stratagem the Americans gave way, and a\\ngeneral chase and unresisted destruction ensued. The troops landed in a", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 397\\nwild desert country, through which they had to explore their way without\\npi ovision or other necessaries, for more than a hundred miles, before they\\ncould obtain supplies.\\nVI. The successful enterprise at Stony Point, was speedily followed by\\nanother, which equalled it in boldness of design. After Sir Henry Clinton\\nhad retired down the Hudson, Major Lee was employed on the west side of\\nthe river, to watch the proceedings of the British at Paules Hook, and the\\nmotions of their main army. The careless confidence of the garrison of the\\nHook, suggested to him the idea of surprising and carrying it off. The at-\\ntempt was one of much danger, owing to the difficulty of access, and the\\ngreater difficulty of safe retreat, which, without boats to cross the Hacken-\\nsack, must be made for many miles up that river, on the narrow neck between\\nit and the Hudson, and could be secured, only, by its celerity. On the night\\nof the 18th of August, a detachment from the division of Lord Stirling, in-\\ncluding three hundred men designed for the expedition, was ordered down, as\\na foraging party. The American troops having frequently foraged in this\\nvicinage, the movement excited no suspicion. Lord Stirling followed, with\\nfive hundred men, and posted himself at the New Bridge, over the Hacken-\\nsack, so as to afford assistance, should it be necessary. The assailing party,\\nunder Major Lee, having passed the outworks, undiscovered, entered the\\nmain work at the Hook, at about three o clock in the morning; and after a\\nfeeble resistance, with the loss of only two killed and three wounded, made\\none hundred and fifty-nine prisoners, including some officers. Very few of\\nthe British were killed. Major Sutherland, who commanded the garrison,\\nthrew himself, with forty or fifty Hessians, into a strong redoubt, which it\\nwas thought unadvisable to attack, lest the time employed, should endanger\\nthe retreat the guns fired in New York and from the ships in the harbour,\\ngiving full evidence, that the alarm was complete. Wasting no time, there-\\nfore, in destroying works, which could easily be replaced, Lee, expeditiously,\\nwithdrew with his prisoners. To favour his retreat, boats had been placed\\nat Dow s Ferry, on the Hackensack, near the Hook, with instructions to the\\nofficer in command, to await his arrival, which it was supposed would be\\nbefore morning. Day appearing without the detachment, the officer sup-\\nposed the attack had been postponed, and retired with his boats to Newark.\\nThe column, though greatly fatigued, was compelled to proceed to New\\nBridge, covered by the force of Lord Stirling. By mutual mistake, this\\nparty, and a party under the tory Colonel, Vanbuskirk, which crossed each\\nother, avoided a battle, each supposing, that it was opposed by a superior\\nforce.\\nVII. Among the causes which now operated to paralyze the exertions of\\nthe Americans, was the depreciation of the paper currency. We have seen\\nthe extraordinary spectacle of thirteen colonies, and afterwards States, wholly\\nindependent of each other, carrying on, by themselves and their deputies, a\\nburdensome war, against one of the most powerful nations of the earth\\nraising armies on the most expensive, as well as dangerous, establishment;\\ncarrying war into a neighbouring State, and equipping an efficient, though\\nsmall navy without commerce and without revenue. These almost mi-\\nraculous events were produced, in a great measure, by a paper currency,\\nsustained by the ignoi ance, the confidence, and the patriotism of the people.\\nPaper money was a familiar agent throughout the continent and south of\\nNew England, with the exception of South Carolina, its credit had been, ge-\\nnerally, well preserved the quantity being much Ijelow the demand of com-\\nmercial exchange. Its extension, therefore, in the first stages of the revolu-\\ntion, was hailed by all classes as a real benefit as a supply of vital fluid to\\nthe body politic, which renewed and increased its vigour. The commerce of\\n2P", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "298 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe colonies with England was a perpetual drain of their specie; and the busi-\\nness of the continent, always languished for want of a circulating medium.\\nAt the commencement of the revolution, too, the quantity of coin usually in\\nthe country, was greatly diminished. When the intercourse with Great\\nBritain had ceased, and the credit of the colonists with their merchants was\\ndiscontinued, part of the current gold and silver was absorbed in the payment\\nof balances part by the operations of the new authorities, particularly, in\\nthe expedition to Canada; and part by the hoarding of those, who foresaw\\nthe efiects of the almost boundless extension of the paper system.\\nThe necessity, therefore, of a circulating medium co-operated, admirably,\\nwith the patriotism of the people, to facilitate the use of the continental bills\\nof credit; and, though, no specific funds were pledged for their redemption,\\nand the government had none competent to that object, the occasion and the\\ncircumstances, gave such confidence in their value, that he was deemed a\\ntraitor to his country, who manifested a suspicion, that the public faith would\\nnot be religiously observed. So early as January, 1776, Congress passed a\\nresolution on this delicate subject, denouncing against those who should dis-\\ncourage the circulation of the bills, the penalty of being deemed enemies to\\ntheir country.* But this delusion could not be complete with thinking men,\\nnor permanent with any class. As the quantity of bills daily increased,\\nand soon exceeded all demands for commercial purposes, and could neither\\nfind their way into foreign counti-ies nor be absorbed at home, their value\\nbecame, necessarily, greatly impaired, and their redemption at par imprac-\\nticable.\\nAware that this truth must be betrayed, to all, by its effects. Congress la-\\nboured to procrastinate an event, pregnant with difficulties, they could not\\nsurmount. The emissions were small, as possible, and disbursements so par-\\nsimonious, as almost to produce the mischief dreaded, from that want of pe-\\ncuniary resources which might result from the failure of public credit. The\\nfirst emission was of two millions of dollars, in June, 1775, to which a fur-\\nther million was added, on the 25th of the following month, and on the 29th\\nof November, an additional three millions. All these sums were to be re-\\ndeemed by four annual payments, the first of which, on the last emission, to\\nbe made, on or before the last day of November, 1783 and the quota of\\neach colony, was apportioned to the relative number of its inhabitants. These\\nsums were supposed to be adequate to defray expenses to the 10th of June,\\n1776. But the march of events, soon required further issues, and by the\\n22d of July, 1776, they amounted to twenty millions, which, for some months,\\nwere, almost universally, received at par. Thus, whilst the ministry of\\nEngland were perplexed to raise supplies, the American patriots, gave the\\npower of gold to paper rags, by simple volition.\\nBut it was not in the power of Congress to limit the issue of paper money\\nthe right to emit it pertaining to every State, and being liberally exercised.\\nTo economise disbursements, to call in by taxes a part of the sums disbiirsed,\\nthereby, diminishing the quantity, and increasing the demand, were the only\\npossible means of preventing such an accumulation, as infallibly to continue\\nits depreciation, until it should, entirely, cease to be a circulating medium.\\nBut the disbursements were made by too many hands to be economised, and\\nthe power of taxation was not in Congress. That body could, only, recom-\\nmend the imposition of taxes, and their recommendations were, perhaps, the\\nless attended to, because, whatever might be the public exigencies, the mea-\\nsure was, at all times, unpopular, and could, only, be effectual, by being uni-\\nversal. It was earnestly recomftiended, to the several colonies, and after-\\nMarshall.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 299\\nwards to the States, to adopt measures to redeem their quotas of the bills of\\ncredit emitted by Congress but such was the danger apprehended from im-\\nmediate taxation, that the payment of the first instalment of the first emission,\\nwas to be postponed until 1779, by which time it was certain the deprecia-\\ntion must be considerable.\\nDepreciation had made much progress, before the taxation commenced,\\nand the remedy was so sparingly applied, as little to affect the disease. It\\nis yet a problem unsolved, whether the revolution would have been aided by\\na moi e liberal resort to taxes. As it was dangerous to attempt the enforce-\\nment of taxation, palliatives were necessarily resorted to. A loan of five\\nmillions was proposed, at an interest of four per cent. the principal to be\\nrepaid in three years, and for the greater accommodation of lenders, a loan\\noffice was to be established in each State. No certificate of loan to be less\\nthan three hundred dollars. A hope was entertained, that the loan would\\nfill immediately, and would diminish the bills in circulation and that the\\ncertificates being of large amount, would not be adapted to ordinary use. A\\nlottery of four classes was also suggested, by which it was proposed to raise\\none million and five hundred thousand dollars; to draw in a large sum of\\ncontinental money by the sale of the tickets; to retain, with the consent of\\nthe successful adventurers, the small prizes in each class, for tickets in the\\nsucceeding one, and the large prizes on loan. These means were wholly\\ninadequate to the proposed object.\\nThe faith of the people, however, supported the paper currency in undi-\\nminished reputation, until near the close of the campaign of 1776. Early in\\n1777, the depreciation became considerable; but, it was, generally, mistaken\\nfor the rise of prices and in the ignorance of political economy which pre-\\nvailed, it was supposed, that such effect might be violently restrained. To this\\nend, Congress declared, that, whoever, in any purchase, sale, or barter,\\nwhatever, should rate gold or silver coin, higher than the continental bills\\nof credit, ought to be deemed an enemy to the liberties of the United States,\\nand to forfeit the value of the subject, in which such difference was made.\\nAnd by most, terhaps, by all of the States, the paper bills were made a tender\\nin payment of debts. But, a more effective and wise measure was, at the\\nsame time, devised. The States were urged, respectively, to support the\\ncredit of the Union, by a direct engagement to redeem these bills at the times\\nfixed by Congress, and, immediately, to impose such taxes as the people were\\nin condition to pay. They were assured, that, for all moneys thus raised,\\neach State should receive a credit, with the United States, in its quota of the\\npublic debt, that had been apportioned to them. At the same time, a further\\nloan of two millions was voted. The recommendations of Congress were\\ncomplied with. The situation of the south, in these circumstances, required\\nadditional measures for relief. That portion of the country had been supplied\\nby British merchants and British capital. The colonial traders had credit with\\nsuch merchants and large balances were annually owing, and in the hands\\nof the planters, who, generally, preserved a credit to the value of their crops.\\nTo compel the American merchant to receive his debts, in paper, whilst he\\nwas bound to pay, in specie, would have been highly unjust and he was,\\ntherefore, authorized to pay those due from him, into the public treasury\\nand was assured, that he should be, thereby, discharged from the claims of\\nhis creditor.\\nBut neither loans nor taxes could be obtained in sufficient sums to prevent\\nrecourse to new issues of bills, and with every issue their value continued to\\ndecrease. Congress, in 1779, made a second effort to limit the flood of\\npaper. They required of the States, on the first of January,, to pay into the\\ncontinental treasury, their respective quotas of fifteen millions for the service", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "aOO HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof that year, and of six millions, annually, from and after the year 1779, as\\na fund for reducing their early emissions and loans; and on the 21st of May,\\nthey further required, within the current year, forty-five millions of dollars.\\nLarge as these requisitions nominally were, they were wholly insulTicient.\\nThe depreciation increased so rapidly as to defy all calculation. Towards\\nthe close of 1777, it was two or three for one in 1778, five or six for one\\nin 1779, twenty-eight for one in 1780, sixty for one, .in the first half of the\\nyear and near its close, it fell to one hundred and fifty for one. In some few\\nplaces it continued in circulation for the first four or five months of 1781 but,\\nin this, last period, many would not take it at any rate, whilst others received\\nit at a depreciation of several hundred for one.\\nTo still the clamour which prevailed against these excessive issues. Con-\\ngress resolved, in October, 1779, that no further sum should be issued, on\\nany account, than would increase the circulation to two hundred millions,\\nand no greater part of the sum, wanting to that amount, than was indis-\\npensable for the public exigencies, until adequate supplies could be otherwise\\nobtained, for which reliance was placed upon the States. But Congress\\ncould not maintain its resolution; and soon completed the sum they had\\nfixed as the maximum. At length, their paper became absolutely worthless\\nand they were almost wholly deprived of pecuniary means. Yet an effort\\nwas made to revive the credit of their bills, by a new issue under State gua-\\nrantees the old to be called in by taxes, and burned; and one dollar in\\nnew, to be emitted for every twenty of the old. Of the ten millions thus to\\nbe substituted, four were to be subject to the orders of Congress, and the re-\\nmainder to that of the several States the whole to be redeemable in specie,\\nwithin six years; to bear an interest at the rate of five per cent., to be paid,\\nalso, in specie, at the redemption of the bills, or at the election of the owner,\\nannually, in bills of exchange, on the American commissioners in Europe.\\nThis plan was soon found impracticable, and public credit being at the lowest\\nebb, the array was well nigh dissolved, and the country opened in every,\\ndirection, to British excursions.\\nThe crisis was a trying one, but it was happily past. New resources\\nwere discovered, and the war carried on with vigour. Much specie was\\nabout this time (1781) introduced into the United States, by trade with. the\\nFrench and Spanish West Indies, and by means of the French army in\\nRhode Island. The King of France gave the United States a subsidy of\\nsix millions of livres, and became their security for ten millions more, bor-\\nrowed by them in the Netherlands. A regular system of finance was in-\\ntroduced by Mr. Robert Morris, who was placed at its head, and whose indi-\\nvidual credit was liberally and advantageously used. The Bank of North\\nAmerica was established, and thus Congi-ess and the country were extricated\\nfrom the most imminent peril. By the scale of depreciation the war was\\ncarried on for almost five years, for little more than a million sterling, and\\ntwo hundred millions of paper dollars, were made redeemable by five silver\\nones.\\nNew Jersey seems to have used her right of making money, with great\\nmoderation, and that dread of debt, which has peculiarly characterized\\nher. By the act of June 8th, 1779, she called in all the bills of credit issued\\nduring her colonial state and directed, that all not presented before the fif\u00c2\u00a7t\\nof January, 1780, should be irredeemable. The provincial conventions, be-\\nfore the constitution of the State,, authorized the issue of sixty thousand\\npounds, and provided for its extinction by taxation. This debt was adopted\\nby the State. Under the requisition of Congress, March, 1780, the State\\nauthorized the issue of two hundred and twenty-five thousand pounds, pay-\\nable with interest in yearly instalments, and the whole within six years.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 301\\nBut of this sum the whole was not emitted. On the 9th of January, 1781,\\na further emission of thirty thousand pounds was authorized, also, redeema-\\nble within six years. This sum was in small bills. And there were, pro-\\nbably, some other inconsiderable issues. But for the redemption of all,\\ntaxes were duly and timely laid. The State bills ceased to be a tender under\\nthe act of June 13th, 1781 and the continental bills, by an act of the 22d\\nof the same month. The taxes were, during the depreciation, nominally\\nenormous and the amounts proposed to be raised at different times, strong-\\nly mark the course of depreciation. By a resolution of November, 1778,\\nthe Assembly proposed to raise one hundred thousand pounds, for the sup-\\nport of the government during the succeeding year; of which sum they pro-\\nposed to pay to the governor one thousand pounds, and to Robert Morris,\\nchief-justice, five hundred pounds, and the salaries of the other officei-s pro-\\nportionately. And in November 20th, 1779, they resolved to raise nine\\nmillions of dollars, by the first of October following; and appropriated for\\nthe salary of the governor, seven thousand pounds, and for that of David\\nBrearly, chief-justice, five thousand, and to the other officers propor-\\ntionably.\\nDuring the war, there were large amounts of property belonging to the\\ntories, confiscated; but they proved of little avail to the public treasury.\\nThe sales were generally made on credit, and by the progressive deprecia-\\ntion, what might have been dear at the time of purchase, became dog cheap\\nat the time of payment.\\nThe most extensive evils resulted from rnaking the paper bills a tender in\\npayment of debts contracted to be payable in gold and silver. They fell chiefly\\non those who lived upon fixed incomes, or possessed capitals, previously accu-\\nmulated or invested. The annuitant, the widow, the heir, and tlie legatee, in\\nreceiving the nominal amount of their respective interests, did not, in ndany\\ncases, receive a cent in the dollar. In a vast number of instances, the earn-\\nings of a long life of care and diligence, were wrested from their possessors.\\nBut the subject was not one of unmixed evil. It was generally useful to the\\npoor to those who hoarded not, but lived to-day upon the labour of yester-\\nday or to-morrow. Whilst the paper money was current, none were idle\\nfrom want of employment. Expending their money as fast as they received\\nit, they always had its full value. No Agrarian law could have more effec-\\ntually equalized the conditions of the State, than the tender of these depre-\\nciating bills. The poor became rich, the rich poor. All that the money lost\\nill value was taken from the capitalists; but the active and industrious were\\nsafe, in conforming the price of their services to the state of the depreciation.\\nThe debtor who possessed property of any kind, could easily extinguish his\\ndebts. Every thing useful found a ready purchaser. The price of a bul-\\nlock to-day would pay that of a slave purchased a few months before that\\nof a good horse, the value of an improved plantation.\\nThe worst evil of the paper system was its demoralizing effect upon\\nthe community. The nature of obligations was so far changed, that the\\nhonest man, only, withheld the payment of his debts. A flood of specula-\\ntion and fraud deluged the land, and found its way into its courts and its\\nlegislative halls, overwhelming truth, honour and justice.*\\nVIII. The summer of 1779 passed away, without furnishing, in America,\\nany event which could have a material influence on the issue of the war.\\nBut it was otherwise in Europe, where a coalition, long looked for, and from\\nwhich arose sanguine expectations, was effected. Spain resolved to unite\\nwith F rancc, and to make, with her, common cause against Great Britain.\\nRamsay.\\nII\\n^l", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "302 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nThese two powers, it was believed, would be able to obtain complete as-\\ncendency at sea, and their fleets to maintain their superiority on the\\nAmerican coast, as well as in Europe. Yet, the United States were not\\nacknowledged by Spain, as sovereign and independent nor was their min-\\nister, Mr. Jay, who had been, some time before, sent to the Spanish court,\\naccredited.\\nIX. As the campaign drew towards a close, without realizing the hope\\nwhich had been cherished, that the war would terminate with it. General\\nWashington laboured to induce the civil authorities to prepare in season for\\nthe ensuing campaign, exhibiting the alarming fact, that between October, 1779,\\nand the last of June, of the coming year, the terms of service of near one-half\\nof the soldiers of the army would expire. But it was impossible to remove\\nthe obstacles to prompt and united action. They were inherent in the system\\nof confederation, in the novelty and untried circumstances of the States, and\\nin that selfishness which had succeeded the first glow of patriotic indignation.\\nThus, the resolutions of Congress, relating to the military establishment,\\nwere not passed until the 9th of February, 1780; and did not require the\\ntroops to rendezvous before the first of April. The necessary acts of the\\nState Legislatures, to give effect to these resolutions, were slow and irre-\\ngular, uncertain and unseasonable and the army could not possess that\\nconsistency and stability, which a better system would have given.\\nX. The season for active operations, in a northern climate, having ceased,\\nthe army retired into winter quarters. It was divided into two divisions\\nthe northern under the command of Major-general Heath, had for its princi-\\npal object, the security of West Point, and the posts on the J Jorth river, as\\nlow as King s Ferry; subordinate to which, was the protection of the country\\non the Sound, and the Hudson towards King s Bridge. The other and prin-\\ncipal division, under Washington, originally proposed to encamp on the\\nheights in the rear of the Scotch Plains, New Jersey but Morristown was\\nsubsequently chosen, near which, the army was disposed in huts, late in De-\\ncember. From this post detachments were thrown out, towards the North\\nriver and Staten Island, for the purpose of covering the country from the\\ndepredations of the enemy.\\nXI. During the year 1779, the marauding parties of tories from New York\\nand Staten Island, and occasionally, some of the enemy s regular troops,\\nmade devastating excursions into the State the former for the purpose of\\nplundering and capturing the unarmed inhabitants, and the latter, under the-\\ncover of legitimate war, to do the office of brigands. The enormities thus in-\\nflicted, were greatly increased, by associates sheltering themselves in the deep\\npine forests of Monmouth count)^, who, scarce regarding the distinctions of\\nwhig and tory, preyed on all within their power. Of these freebooters, Fagan,\\nBourke alias Emmons, Stephen West, Ezekiel Williams, and one Fenton, were\\nmost noted. Fagan was hunted and killed by a party of militia, under Cap-^\\ntain Benjamin Dennis, who soon after, (January) by the agency of one Van-\\nkirk, entrapped Bourke, West, and Williams, whilst setting off from Rock\\nPond, for New York, with their booty. A small party, which lay concealed,\\nshot them as they approached their boats. Their bodies, with that of Fagian,\\nwere hung in chains. Fenton was soon after killed by stratagem.\\nBergen county was particularly exposed to hostile inroads, and the malice\\nof the tories. On the 10th of May, about an hundred of the latter approach-\\ned, by the way of New Dock, the settlements of Closter, and carried off\\nCornelius Tallman, Samuel Demarest, Jacob Cole, and George Buskirk;\\nkilled Cornelius Demarest, wounded Hendrick Demarest, Jeremiah Wester-\\nvelt, Dow Tallman, and others burned the dwellings of Peter Demarest,\\nMatthias Bogart, Cornelius Kuyler, Samuel Demarest, together with many", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 303\\nout-houses of other persons. They attempted to consume every dwelling\\nthey entered, but the fire was, in some, extinguished. They wantonly de-\\nstroyed the furniture and stock, and abused the women. They were so\\nclosely pursued in their retreat, by the militia and a few continental troops,\\nthat they carried off no cattle, although that was a principal object of the in-\\ncursion. This party belonged to the provincial corps of Colonel Vanbuskirk,\\nan active and violent tory partisan, and consisted of former residents of\\nCloster and Tappan, and some negroes.\\nOn the 17th of May, a detachment of one thousand men, under that com-\\nmander in person, swept over the county, marking their course with desola-\\ntion and slaughter. Not a house within their reach, belonging to a whig\\ninhabitant, escaped. Mr. Abraham Allen, and Mr. George Campbell, were\\nbarbarously murdered Mr. Joost Zabriskie was stabbed in fifteen places,\\nand two negro women were shot down, whilst endeavouring to drive off their\\nmaster s cattle. The party avoided the vengeance of the militia by a speedy\\nretreat with their plunder.\\nOn the 9th of June, a party of. more than fifty tories, from New York,\\nlanded in Monmouth county, and reached Tinton Falls undiscovered. They\\nsurprised and carried off Colonel Hendrickson, Lieutenant-colonel Wikoff,\\nCaptains Shad wick and Mr. Knight, with several privates of the militia, and\\ndrove away a few sheep and horned cattle. They were assailed by about\\nthirty militia, whom they repelled, with the loss of two killed and ten\\nwounded.\\nAbout the first of August, the house of Mr. Thomas Farr, near Cross-\\nwicks Baptist Church, was attacked by several of the forest ruffians. The\\nfamily consisted of himself, wife and daughter. The assailants broke into\\nthe dwelling, mortally wounded Mr. Farr, and slew his wife outright. The\\ndaughter escaped to the house of a neighbour and the alarmed villains fled\\n\\\\yithout plunder.\\nOn the 18th of October, a party of the enemy s light dragoons landed at\\nSandy Point, above Amboy, and proceeding to Bound Brook, burned some\\nstores thence by Van Veighton s Bridge, where they destroyed a number\\nof boats, they marched to Somerset Court-house, which they fired. On their\\nreturn, by the way of Brunswick, to South Amboy, they were annoyed by\\nthe militia. Their colonel and commandant, had his horse killed under him,\\nand was himself made prisoner.\\nXII. Among the evils most dreaded, from the depreciation of the conti-\\nnental currency, was the difficulty which must necessarily arise in subsisting\\nthe army. This calamity was more hastened than deferred, by the parsi-\\nmony with which Congress withheld, from the public agents, the money ne-\\ncessary for public purposes. Contracts could not be made co-extensive with\\nthe public wants, and many formed, were not fulfilled. A modification of\\nthe commissary department, in January, 1780, unfortunately, produced new\\nembarrassments, and, at length, the credit of the purveying agents was wholly\\ndestroyed. Gaunt famine invaded the American camp at Morristown and\\nthe procurement of supplies, by forced levies, became indispensable.\\nThe commander-in-chief required, from each county in the State of New\\nJersey, a quantity of meat and flour proportioned to its resources, to be for-\\nwarded to the army within six days. To mitigate the odium of this measure,\\nhe addressed a circular lettei to the magistrates, stating the urgency of the\\nwants of the army, but with assurances, that if voluntary relief could not be\\nobtained, a resort to force would be inevitable. To the honour of the State,\\nnotwithstanding its exhaustion, the required supphes were instantly furnished.\\nNor is less honour due to the soldiery, for the patient and unrepining forti-\\ntude with which they bore their sufferings. In the Highlands, similar wants", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "304 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwere relieved by similar measures, which were more than once necessary to\\nboth camps. Soon after, the energies which the French displayed in the war,\\nawakened a corresponding disposition in Congress, and in several States,\\nwhich, in a new system of finance, gave adequate relief; but not until more\\nserious evils, as will appear in the progress of the narrative, had developed\\nthemselves.\\nXIII. The isolated position of New York, had been much relied upon by\\nthe British commander for its defence. But the barrier which the waters\\nafforded, was entirely removed, by the severity of the frost in the winter of\\n1779, 1780. The ice becoming of such thickness, as to permit the army,\\nwith its wagons and artillery, to pass without danger, invited the enterprise\\nof the commander-in-chief. His judgment and love of fame, alike, prompted\\nhim to attempt the city but, the numerical inferiority of his force, still more\\nthe feebleness of his troops from the want of food and raiment, were in-\\nsuperable obstacles. He eagerly engaged, however, in such enterprises to\\ndistress the enemy, as were in his power, without departure from the cau-\\ntious system which had proven so beneficial to his country. The British\\ntroops, on Staten Island, were computed at twelve hundred men. The bridge\\nof ice, over the waters, offered him, seemingly, a fair opportunity to surprise\\nand bear off this corps, particularly, as the communication between Staten,\\nand Long, and York islands, was supposed impracticable.\\nThe enterprise was confided to General Lord Stirling, with a force of two\\nthousand five hundred men. United to a deta(;hment under General Irvine.\\nOn the night of the 14th of January, 1780, he moved from Dehart s Point;\\nand detaching Lieutenant-colonel Willet to Decker s house, where Buskirk s\\nregiment of two hundred men was stationed, proceeded, himself, to the water-,\\ning place, where the main body was posted. But the enemy, apprehensive\\nof attack, was abundantly vigilant; arid, contrary to the intelligence pre-\\nviously received, the communication between the island and New York was\\nstill open. The object of the expedition, therefore, was unattainable, unless\\nat an unjustifiable risk, as a reinforcement from New York might endanger\\nthe American detachment. Lord Stirling retreated on the morning of the\\n17th, sustaining an inconsiderable loss by a charge of cavalry on his rear.\\nThe excessive cold continuing, the rivers were soon afterwards completely\\nblocked up. Even arms of the sea were passable on the ice, and the islands,\\nabout the mouth of the Hudson, presented to the view, and in effect, an un-\\nbroken continent.\\nXIV. The want of power in Congress, to raise funds, and to enforce its\\ndecrees of every character, almost deprived it of the semblance of a national\\ncouncil. The articles of confederation had been slowly approved, and were\\ntotally inefficient to protect the many general interests which it embraced*\\nThe establishment of the army, for the ensuing campaign, was fixed at thirty-\\nfive thousand two hundred and eleven men, and the measures for recruiting\\nit, which preceded, a few days, those for its support, partook of the State\\nsystem, which was entirely predominant. No means were used for raising\\nmen under the authority of Congress and the several States were required\\nby draught, or otherwise, to bring into the field, by the first day of April, the\\nnumbers necessary to their respective quotas. This course gave, unhappily,\\nto the American confederacy, the semblance, nay, substantially, the character\\nof an alliance of independent nations, whose embassadors assembled in ge-\\nneral Congress, to recommend to their respective sovereigns, a plan of ope-\\nrations which each might pursue at pleasure. The measures productive of\\ngreat uncertainty and delay, were reprobated by the commander-in-chief in\\nvain, and he was doomed to struggle with embarrassments, of which he had\\nnever ceased to complain.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 305\\nFamine was not the only great evil which beset the mihtary service in\\n1780. Others, of a serious nature, presented themselves. The pay of an\\nofficer was reduced, by the depreciation of money, to a pittance wholly in-\\ncompetent to his wants. That of a major-general would not compensate\\nan express rider; nor that of the captain, furnish the shoes in which he\\nmarched. Generally, without fortune, the officers had expended the little\\nthey possessed, in the first equipments for their station and were, now, com-\\npelled to rely on the States, to which they respectively belonged, for such\\nclothing as they might furnish which was so insufficient and unequal, as to\\npjFoduce extreme dissatisfaction, and great reluctance to remain in service.\\nXV. Among the privates there grew out of the very composition of the\\narmy, causes of disgust, which increased the dissatisfaction flowing from their\\nmultiplied wants. The first effort, towards the end of the campaign of 1776,\\nto enlist troops for the war, had, in some degree, succeeded. In some States,\\nespecially in Pennsylvania, many recruits had, for small bounties, thus en-\\ngaged. Whilst they served without pay, and almost without the necessaries\\nof life, they had the mortification to behold their vacant ranks filled by men,\\nwho enlisted for a few months, only, and, for that short service, received\\nhigh bounties, which, in depreciated money, seemed immense. In their\\nchagrin, many were induced to contest their engagements, and others to de-\\nsert. A representation of these circumstances, to Congress, produced a com-\\nmittee of inquiry, who reported, that the army was unpaid for five months;\\nthat it seldom had more than six days provisions in advance and was, on\\nseveral occasions, for sundry successive days, without meat that it was des-\\ntitute of forage that the medical department had neither sugar, tea, choco-\\nlate, wine, or spirituous liquors of any kind that every department was with-\\nout money, and had not even the shadow of credit left and that, the patience\\nof the soldiers, borne down by the pressure of complicated sufferings, was on\\nthe point of being exhausted. In the mean time. Congress resolved, that\\nthey would make good to the line, and independent corps of the army, the\\ndepreciation of their pay, by which all the troops should be placed on an\\nequal footing. But this benefit, dictated by simple justice, was limited to\\nthose in actual service, and to those who, after, came into it, engaging for\\nthree years, or the war.\\nThese resolutions mitigated, but did not cure the prevailing griefs. A long\\ncourse of suffering had produced some relaxation of discipline, and the dis-\\ncontents of the soldiery, at length, broke forth into actual mutiny.\\nOn the 25th of May, two regiments from Connecticut, paraded under arms,\\nwith a declared resolution to return home, or to obtain subsistence at the point\\nof the bayonet. The soldiers of other regiments, though not actually uniting\\nwith the mutineers, showed no disposition to suppress the mutiny. By great\\nexertions of the officers, and the appearance of a neighbouring brigade of\\nPennsylvanians, then commanded by Colonel Stuart, the leaders were se-\\ncured, and the troops brought back to their duty. But the temper of the\\nsoldiers, as apparent in their replies to the remonstrances of their officers,\\nwas of an alarming nature. They turned a deaf ear to the promises of\\nCongress, and demanded some present, substantial, recompense for their ser-\\nvices. A paper was found in the brigade, supposed from New York, stimu-\\nlating the troops to abandon the cause of their country.\\nXVI. The discontents of the army, and the complaints of the people of New\\nJersey, on account of the repeated requisitions upon them, had been commu-\\nnicated, with such exaggerations, to the general, commanding in New York,\\nas to induce the belief, that the American soldiers were ready to desert their\\nstandards, and the people of New Jersey to change their government. To\\navail himself of these dispositions, Knyphausen crossed over, on the sixth of\\n2 Q", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "306 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nJune, with about five thousand men, from Staten Island, and landed in the\\nnight at Eiizabethtown Point. Early next morning he marched towards\\nSpringfield, by the way of Connecticut Farms, but soon perceived, that the\\ntemper of the country and army, had been misapprehended.\\nWashington had taken measures, in concert with the government of New\\nJersey, to call out the militia, so soon as occasion should require; and, on\\nthe appearance of the invading army, they assembled with great alacrity.\\nOn their march to Connecticut Farms, distant five or six miles from Eii-\\nzabethtown, the British were harassed by small parties of continental\\ntroops, whose numbers were augmented, every instant, by the neighbouring\\nmilitia. This resistance manifested, too clearly to be misunderstood, the\\nresolution and temper to be encountered in the further progress of the expe-\\ndition. A halt was made at the Connecticut Farms, where a spirit of revenge,\\nmore probably dwelling in the bosom of Governor Tryon, who was present,\\nthan in that of Knyphausen, who commanded, directed this village, with its\\nchurch and parsonage, to be reduced to ashes. Another enormity was com-\\nmitted, at the same place, which aroused great indignation, not only in the\\nvicinage, but every where throughout the Union. Mrs. Caldwell, the wife\\nof the clergyman, had remained in her house, under the conviction, that her\\npresence would protect it from pillage and, that her person would not be\\nendangered, as in the hope of preserving the Farms, Colonel Dayton, then\\ncommanding the militia, had determined not to halt in the settlement, but to\\ntake post, at a narrow pass, on the road leading to Springfield. Whilst sit-\\nting iji the midst of her children, having a sucking infant in her arms, a\\nsoldier came to the window, and discharged his musket at her. She received\\nthe ball in her bosom and instantly expired. Ashamed of an act so univer-\\nsally execrated, the British contended, that the lady was the victim of a ran-\\ndom shot from the militia. Circumstances, however, too strongly negatived\\nthis assertion, and a pathetic representation of the fact, published by the\\nafflicted husband, received universal credit. The husband was distinguished\\nfor zeal to the American cause, and his fate was very like that of his wife.\\nHe was, some months after her decease, also shot to death, by a drunken tory,\\nor British soldier, at Eiizabethtown Point.\\nFrom the Farms, Knyphausen proceeded towards Springfield. The Jersey\\nbrigade, under General Maxwell, and the militia of the neighbourhood, who\\nassembled in great force, took an advantageous position at that place, with\\nthe resolution to defend it. Knyphausen halted, and remained on the ground\\nall night; but made no effort to dislodge the Americans.. Washington having\\nintelligence of this movement, marched his army early in the morning that\\nKnyphausen lefl Eiizabethtown Point, and advanced to the Short Hills, in\\nthe rear of Springfield. An impending battle was avoided by the German\\ncommander, who, hopeless of success, retired to the Point from which he had\\nmarched. He was followed by a detachment, which attacked his out-posts,\\nsupposing it had to contend with the rear of his army only; but on disco-\\nvery, that the main body was still at the Point, the pursuers were recalled.\\nXVII. At this period, the numerical force of the American army, was\\nfifty-five hundred and fifty-eight continental troops, of whom, only three f\\nthousand were effective. By return of Sir Henry Clinton, from his southern I\\nconquests, the British regular force, in New York, and its dependencies,\\nwas increased to full twelve thousand, which could be employed in the field,\\nwhilst four thousand militia and refugees performed garrison duty. With\\nthis disparity of numbers, the British commander might well hope to gather\\nimportant fruits from again invading New Jersey, particularly, by penetrating\\nto the American stores near Morristown. Afler maskuig his purpose, and\\ndividing the small force of his adversary, by demonstrations against West", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 307\\nPoint, he marched, on the morning of the 23d of June, from Elizabethtown,\\nwith five thousand infantry, a large body of cavahy, and from ten to twenty\\nfield pieces, towards Springfield.\\nIn anticipation of this enterprise, General Greene had remained at Spring-\\nfield, with two brigades of continental troops, and the Jersey militia: but in\\napprehension for the posts in the Highlands, the greater pai-t of the army\\nhad been directed, slowly, towards Pompton. On observing the force which\\nhad entered the State, Washington halted and detached a brigade to hang on\\nits right flank, whilst he prepared himself to support Greene, or otherwise to\\ncounteract the designs of the enemy.\\nAt Springfield, Major Lee was advanced on the Vauxhall road, taken by\\nthe British right column; and Colonel Dayton, on the direct road, pursued\\nby the left. As the enemy approached the town, a cannonade commenced,\\ni between their van and the American artillery, which had been posted to de-\\nfend a bridge over the Rahway, guarded by Colonel Angel, with less than\\ni two hundred men. Colonel Shreve, with his regiment, occupied a second\\n1 bridge, in order to cover the retreat of Angel. Major Lee, with his dra-\\ni goons, and the piquets under Captain Walker, supported by Colonel Ogden,\\ni defended a bridge on the Vauxhall road. The residue of the continental\\ntroops, were drawn up on high ground, in the rear of the town, with the\\nmilitia on the flanks.\\nThe right column of the British, advanced on Lee, who resisted their pas-\\nI sage until a body of the enemy had forded the river above him, when he\\nwithdrew his corps to avoid being surrounded. At this instant, their left at-\\ntacked Angel, who maintained his ground with persevering gallantry, until\\ncompelled, after thirty minutes struggle, to yield to superior numbers; but\\nhe retired in perfect order, and brought off his wounded. Shreve, after\\ncovering Angel s retreat, rejoined his brigade. The English then took pos-\\nI session of the town and reduced it to ashes. The stern resistance he had\\nencountered, the gallantry and discipline of the continental troops, their\\nfirm countenance displayed in continual skirmishing, and the strength of\\nGreene s position, together with tidings, that a formidable fleet and army\\nwas daily expected from France, deterred Sir Henry from prosecuting his\\noriginal design. He withdrew that afternoon from Elizabethtown; and in\\nI the same night passed over to Staten Island. In this battle the Jersey bri-\\nii gade and militia, bore a conspicuous and honourable part.\\nII XVIII. There is, perhaps, no event connected with the American revolu-\\nI tion, of more extraordinary character, than the devotion displayed towards it,\\nby the Marquis de La Fayette. Of high aristocratic descent, rich, and with\\nevery prospect of flattering consideration, at the court of his king, he became\\nenamoured of the principles of freedom and equality, in a distant and a\\nJ foreign land and against the remonstrances of his friends, and the disappro-\\ni bation of his prince, devoted his life and fortune to their support. At the\\nj close of 1776, he communicated to the American commissioners, at Paris,\\nhis determination to repair to the United States. The encouragement which\\nthey gave to his wishes was retracted, when the reverses in New Jersey\\nwere known. But his enthusiasm was not to be thus extinguished and he\\ni replied, that these circumstances rendered even inconsiderable aids more\\nnecessary and that if they could not furnish him with a ship, he would\\nfreight one himself, to convey him and their despatches. This he did. At\\nI the age of nineteen years, newly wedded to a wife whom he loved, and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tempted by the pleasures of a luxurious court, he voluntaj-ily rejected the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ready enjoyments of his condition, and sailed to America. He was received\\nI with such sentiments as his disinterestedness merited. But, instead of using\\nthis grateful disposition, to obtain extraordinary distinction, in the rendition", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "308 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof his services, as was generally the case with foreigners, who then sought\\nemployment in America, he, modestly and generously, declined a commission,\\nand requested leave to serve as a volunteer. Nor were the virtues of this\\nextraordinary man, thus displayed, the temporary fruits of momentary and\\nyouthful excitement. His love of freedom and political equality, and his dis-\\ninterested pursuit of them, have rendered illustrious a long life; and it would\\nseem, that with him, at least, the exercise of virtuous passions had the power\\nto give increase of days. He became the friend of Washington. And if a\\nnation s gratitude be the appropriate meed for national services. La Fayette\\nhas been rewarded, by his triumphal procession, of months, through the\\nNorth American continent.\\nWhen war was declared between France and England, La Fayette deem-\\ned, that his duty required him to tender his services to his own sovereign.\\nHe obtained the permission of Congress, to return, preserving his rank of\\nmajor-general, in the American army, and all his zeal for American inte-\\nrests. He was received at court with favour and distinction, and success-\\nfully employed his influence, in persuading the cabinet to grant efficient\\nsuccours to the United States. There being no probability of active employ-\\nment in Europe, he returned to America, in April, 1780; bearing the grate-\\nful intelligence, that France would immediately despatch a considerable land\\nand naval armament, for the ensuing campaign.\\nXIX. These tidings gave, indeed, a new impulse to Congress, the State\\nLegislatures, and the people. The first adopted vigorous resolutions for\\nraising money and troops, which were transferred into the laws of the seve-\\nral States. But, unfortunately, the energy displayed in the enactment, did\\nnot extend to the execution of the laws; the troops being slowly raised, and\\nin numbers far less than the service I equired. Several patriotic individuals\\ncontributed largely to the public funds. The citizens of Philadelphia establish-\\ned a bank, subscribing \u00c2\u00a3315,000, Pennsylvania currency, payable in specie;\\nprincipally, with a view to provide the army with provisions, and without\\ncontemplation of profit to the founders. The ladies of that city set a splen-\\ndid example of patriotism, devoting large sums for the relief of suffering\\nsoldiers, which was, generally, followed throughout the country.* Yet,\\ndespite of all these exertions, the condition of the army continued de-\\nplorable.\\nXX. On the 10th of July, before Washington could fill his ranks, or had\\nprepared any plan for the campaign, the first division of the French auxilia-\\nries arrived at Newport, with more than five thousand troops, and intelli-\\ngence, that a second division might be speedily expected. The instructions\\nof General Rochambeau, placed him, entirely, under the command of Wash-\\nington, and required his forces, as allies, to cede the post of honour to the\\nAmericans. In reliance on the French naval superiority, Washington pro-\\nposed a joint attack on New York fixing the 5th of August, for the re-\\nembarkation of the French troops, and the assembling of his army at Morris-\\nania. But this design was procrastinated and finally defeated, by the suc-\\ncessive arrival of British squadrons, which gave them the command of the\\nsea, and confined the French to the harbour. In its prosecution, however,\\nthe commander-in-chief visited Hartford, that by personal conference with\\nthe French officers, he might concert measures for this and other objects.\\nDuring his absence from camp, the long meditated treason of General\\nArnold exploded, destroying, however, only, the most active auxiliary of his\\nOn the 4th of July, the ladies of Trenton appointed Mrs. Cox, Mrs. Dickenson,\\nMrs. Forman, and Miss Cadwalader. to open a subscription, and to correspond with\\nthe ladies in the different counties of the State, wliom they named on committees.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 309\\nguilt whose merit caused him to be wept, even by his enemies. General\\nArnold possessed great courage, enterprise, patience, and fortitude, with\\nother qualities essential to the able soldier. But without moral principle, or\\nsound judgment, he estimated greatness to consist in ostentatious display,\\nand the liberal indulgence of the senses. Previous to the revolution his\\npoverty denied these enjoyments. His sudden elevation, whilst stimulating\\nhis appetites, gave him, justly or unjustly, the means for their gratification.\\nA short period of success filled him with that disposition, which leads inevi-\\ntably to ruin. He became prodigal of his own, and avaricious of the pro-\\nperty of others. The wounds he received at Quebec and Saratoga, unfitted\\nhim for active service; and having large accounts to settle with Congress,\\nhe was, on the evacuation of Philadelphia in 1778, appointed to the com-\\nmand of that city. Here, yielding to his vain propensities, he incurred large\\nexpenses, for a sumptuous table and splendid equipage. To sustain these,\\nwith the spirit of the gambler, he embarked in perilous and unfortunate com-\\nmercial speculations, and in unsuccessful privateer adventures. His ac-\\ncounts with the United States were intricate, and the enormous balances he\\nclaimed, were reduced, not only by a committee of Congress, but by the\\nHouse, on the report of its committee. Charged with various acts of extor-\\ntion upon the citizens, and peculation in the funds, detected and degraded,\\nhe reproached his country with ingratitude, and giving general offence, was\\narrested, tried, and sentenced by a court martial, and publicly reprimanded\\nby the commander-in-chief.\\nFrom this hour, his haughty spirit is supposed to have devoted his country\\nto the direst vengeance. Knowing well the importance of the post at West\\nPoint, he deliberately and successfully sought its command, with the view of\\nbetraying it to the enemy. To this end, a correspondence was for some time\\ncarried on, under mercantile disguise, in the names of Gustavus and An-\\nderson, between him and Major John Andre, aid-de-camp of Sir Henry\\nClinton, and adjutant-general of the British army. To facilitate their com-\\nmunication, the Vulture, sloop of war, took a station on the North river and\\nthe visit of General Washington, at Hartford, was improved, for adjusting\\ntheir plans by a personal interview. Andre landed from the sloop, without\\nthe American lines, under a flag sent by Arnold. Their conference having\\nbeen protracted, into the succeeding day, it became necessary that Andre\\nshould be concealed, until the night afforded him a safe opportunity to re-\\nembark. He refused, peremptorily, to enter within the lines, but the respect\\npromised to this objection, was not preserved. They continued together\\nduring the day, in which the Vulture shifted her position, in consequence of\\na gun having, without the knowledge of Arnold, been brought to bear upon\\nher. The boatmen, on the following night, refusing to carry Andre on\\nboard, he attempted to reach New York, by land. Reluctantly yielding\\nto the representations of Arnold, he exchanged his uniform, which he had\\nhitherto worn beneath his surtout, for plain clothes, and set forth with a per-\\nmit, authorizing him, under the name of John Anderson, to proceed on the\\npublic service to the White Plains, or lower, if he thought proper.\\nHe had safely passed the posts, when he was arrested by one of three\\nmilitiamen, on a scouting party. With a self-abandonment, extraordinary\\nin one equally brave and intelligent, instead of producing his pass, he hastily\\nasked the soldier, who had seized his bridle, where he belonged to The\\nreply, to below, designating him to be from New York, Andre said, And\\nso am I and declaring himself to be a British officer, on urgent business,\\nbegged that he might not be detained. The other militiamen coming up, he\\ndiscovered his mistake too late to repair it. His most tempting offers for\\npermission to escape, were rejected by his captors, who, on searching him,", "height": "3371", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "310 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfound concealed, in his boots, among other interesting papers, exact returns,\\nin the hand- writing of Arnold, of the state of West Point, and its dependen-\\ncies. Carried beibre Colonel Jameson, who commanded the scouts on the\\nlines, he, anxious for the safety of Arnold, requested, that he should be in-\\nformed, that Anderson was taken. An express was despatched with the\\ncommunication. On receiving it, Arnold took refuge on board the Vulture,\\nwhence he proceeded to New York. Sufficient time being allowed for his\\nescape, Andre no longer affected concealment, but avowed himself the adju-\\ntant-general of the British army.\\nThis gallant and unfortunate man suffered the penalty which would have\\nmore justly fallen upon the fugitive traitor. He was condemned as a spy,\\nby a court-martial, of which General Greene was president, and La Fayette,\\nSteuben, and others, were members. And notwithstanding the earnest en-\\ndeavours of Sir Henry Clinton, to save him, and the tears even of his judges,\\nthe sentence, sternly exacted by duty, was executed. Arnold became a bri-\\ngadier in the British service, universally contemned as a vile and sordid\\ntraitor, who had been redeemed from the gallows, by the blood of one of the\\nmost accomplished officers of the British army.\\nThe thanks of Congress were given, with a silver medal, bearing an in-\\nscription, expressive of their fidelity, to John Paulding, David Williams, and\\nIsaac Vanvert; and subsequently, a pension of two hundred dollars per\\nannum a reward, better proportioned to the state of the treasury, than their\\nservices was settled upon them, respectively.\\nXXII. Early in December, 1780, the American army retired to winter\\nquarters. The Pennsylvania line was stationed near Morristown, the Jersey\\nline about Pompton, on the confines of New York, and the troops of the New.\\nEngland States, at and near West Point, on both sides of the river. The\\nline of New York remained at Albany, to which place it had been sent to aid\\nin opposing a tcmporai-y invasion from Canada.\\nXXIII. In Europe, Great Britain, at war with France and Spain, was\\nthreatened by the northern powers, Russia, Sweden, and Norway, who, in\\nthe summer of 1780, entered into the celebrated compact known as The\\narmed neutrality. Holland showed a disposition not only to join this alli-\\nance, but to enter into a treaty with the United States of America. Both\\nwere offences which the English ministers were not disposed to overlook, and\\nwar was declared against that nation.\\nXXIV. The state of the American army was little improved during the\\nyear 1780. Discontent gained ground, and even the officers could not always\\nrestrain their repinings, in contrasting their condition with that of other\\nclasses in the country. These had, inevitably, an influence upon the dispo-\\nsition of the soldier. In addition to the general causes of dissatisfaction, the\\nPennsylvania line had one, almost, peculiar to itself. When Congress di-\\nrected enlistments to be made for three years or during the war the re-\\ncruiting officers of that line engaged many men on those ambiguous terms.\\nAs a consequence, the soldier claimed his discharge, afthe expiration of three\\nyears; whilst the officer insisted, upon detaining him during the war. The\\nimposition, as the soldier viewed it, was more impatiently borne, whilst he wit-\\nnessed the large bounties given to the new recruits. The discontent which\\nhad been long fomenting, broke out on the night of the first of January, 1781,\\nin open and almost universal revolt of this line.\\nUpon a signal given, all the regiments, except three, turned out under\\narms; avowjng their determination to march to the seat of Congress, and\\nobtain redi-ess for their grievances, or to serve no longer. The officers en-\\ndeavoured, in vain, to quell them. Several were wounded, and a Captain\\nBilling killed, in the attempt. General Wayne presented his pistols, as if", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 311\\nabout to fire but the bayonet was put to his breast, whilst, with expressions\\nof respect and affection, he was told, If you fire, you are a dead man. We\\nare not going to the enemy should he approach, we will fight him under\\nyour orders. But we will be no longer amused, and are resolved to obtain\\nour just rights. In this temper, thirteen hundred men marched from Mor-\\nristown to Princeton, with their arms and six pieces of cannon, in good\\norder, with officers appointed from themselves, a sergeant-major, who*^had\\ndeserted from the British, being commander. They resisted .attempts at ac-\\ncommodation, made, severally, by General Wayne and a committee of Con-\\ngress. But, at length, at the instance of President Reed of Pennsylvania,\\nthey marched to Trenton, and submitted, on condition,\u00e2\u0080\u0094!. That those en-\\nlisted for three years or during the war, should be discharged; such\\nenlistment to be determined by commissioners mutually chosen, on the oath\\nof the soldier, where the written contract could not be found; 2. That cer-\\ntificates for the depreciation of their pay should be immediately given, the\\narrearages to be paid as soon as circumstances would permit 3. That certain\\nspecified articles of clothing, greatly needed, should be immediately furnished.\\nIn consequence of the irksomeness of this affair, the whole of the artillery,\\nand of the five first regiments of infantry, were discharged before the con-\\ntracts of enlistment could be brought from Morristown. On their production,\\nit^ appeared, that the engagements of the remaining regiments did not entitle\\nthem to their discharge, and that, of those actually dismissed, the far greater\\nnumber had enlisted for the war. The discharges, however, were not re-\\nvoked, and those who were to remain in service, received furloughs for forty\\ndays, with orders to rendezvous at designated places in Pennsylvania.\\nSir Henry Clinton, apprized of the revolt, on the third of January, sent\\nhis emissaries, with highly tempting offers, to the line, to engage them in his\\nservice. The offers were communicated to General Wayne, the agents\\nseized and confined, and after the accommodation, they were tried and exe-\\ncuted as spies.\\nGeneral Washington, who, for prudential reasons, did not approach the\\nmutineers, took measures to avail himself of the regular troops, and the mi-\\nhtia of New York, for offence or defence. And, on the first notice of the\\nmutiny, the militia of New Jersey, under General Dickenson, took the field,\\nfor the purpose of opposing any incursion which might be made in the State\\nand of co-operating with such of the regular troops as it might be necessary\\nto employ.\\nThe danger of yielding, even to the just demands of soldiers, with arms in\\ntheir hands, was soon evident. The success of the Pennsylvania line stimu-\\nlated part of that of Jersey, many of whom were foreigners, in the hope of\\nlike advantages, to a similar attempt. On the night of the 20th of January,\\npart of the Jersey brigade, stationed at Pompton, rose in arms, and makin^\\nthe same claims which had been granted to the Pennsylvanians, marched to\\nChatham, where another portion of the brigade was posted, in expectation,\\nthat It would join in the revolt. But, the commander-in-chief, chagrined at\\nthe result of the late mutiny, and confident in the faith of the eastern troops\\nresolved on strong measures to stop the further progress of a spirit which\\nthreatened the total destruction of the army. A detachment, under General\\nHowe, was immediately sent against the mutineers, with orders to bring\\nthem to unconditional submission, and to execute some of the most active\\nof the leaders. Howe marched from Kingwood about midnight, and by\\nthe dawning of the next day, had so posted his force as to prevent the\\nescape of the revolters. Colonel Barber, of the Jersey line, commanded them\\nto parade without arms, and to march to designated ground. Upon their\\nhesitation. Colonel Sprout advanced, giving them five minutes, only, for com-", "height": "3423", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "312 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\npliance. Intimidated, they instantly obeyed. The Jersey officers gave a list\\nof the leaders of the revolt, from whom three of the most active were selected,\\nwho were executed upon the spot, by the other prominent mutineers. The\\nvast disparity of numbers engaged in these mutinies, accounts for the dif-\\nference in the results. The disatfected in the Jersey line did not exceed one\\nhundred and sixty men.\\nSir Henry Clinton offered to the Jersey mutineers the same terms as to\\nthe Pennsylvania line and General Robertson, at the head of three thousand\\nmen, was detached to Staten Island, for the purpose of entering Jersey, and\\ncovering any movement which they might make towards New York. The\\nemissary employed, proved to be in the American interest, and delivered his\\npapers to Colonel Dayton, commanding at the first station to which he came.\\nOther papers were dispersed among the mutineers, promising rewards to\\nevery soldier who should join the British troops when landed at Elizabeth-\\ntown but the mutiny was crushed so suddenly, as to allow no time for the\\noperation of these proposals.\\nThe vigorous steps now taken, were, happily, followed by such attention,\\non the part of the States, to the wants of the army, as checked the further\\nprogress of discontent. Although the army was reduced to almost insup-\\nportable distress, by the scantiness of supplies, the discontents of the people\\nwere daily multiplied, by enforced contributions, and the offensive manner\\nin which they were levied. Every article for public use, was obtained by\\nimpressment, and the taxes, being chiefly specific, were either unpaid or col-\\nlected by coercion. Strong representations were made against this system,\\nand committees were, in some places, raised to express the public complaints.\\nThe dissatisfaction, therefore, which pervaded the mass of the community,\\nwas scarcely less dangerous, than that which had been manifested by the\\narmy.\\nXXV. The year 1781 commenced in gloom and despondency. The hopes\\nfounded on French aid had been disappointed; the sufferings of the army\\nwere unalleviated, and the prospect of its increase, discouraging. Of thirty-\\nseven thousand troops, voted by Congress, to be in camp on the first of\\nJanuary, not more than fourteen thousand, two-thirds of whom, only, were\\neffective, had been raised, in all the Union, in June, when the campaign\\nopened. Food and raiment were still scantily supplied; the latter, contracted\\nfor in France, having been unaccountably delayed. In the mean time, the\\ncountry was threatened from every quarter, in the west, by new combina-\\ntions of the Indians in the north, from Canada, and the discontented resi-\\ndents of Vermont, whose contention for jurisdiction, with the State of New\\nYork, made them cold in the common cause on the eastern border, by the\\nincreased force of Sir Henry Clinton on the south, by Rawdon and Corn-\\nwallis. To supply the American army with food, would, perhaps, have been\\nimpossible, but for the efforts of the financier, Mr. Robert Morris whose\\nmercantile capital and credit were, judiciously, called to aid his official duties,\\nwithout which, the decisive operations of the campaign, might have been de-\\nfeated.\\nXXVI. Washington still cherished the design of attacking New York, and\\nthe French troops were ordered from Newport, late in June, for this purpose,\\nThe intention was abandoned, however, in August, in consequence of large re-\\ninforcements having been received, from Germany, by Clinton, the tardiness\\nwith which the American ranks were filled, and the prospect of striking a suc-\\ncessful blow in the south. A large fleet, commanded by the Count de Grasse,\\nwas expected, daily, to arrive in the Chesapeake, affording, if conjoined in\\noperation with the army, the most flattering hopes of the capture of Corn-\\nwallis.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ;J13\\nThe appearance of an attack on New York, was still kept up, whilst\\nthe allied army crossed the North river, and passed, by way of Philadel-\\nphia, to Yorktown. This march would, probably, have been interrupted,\\nhad not Sir Henry Clinton, relying, contidently, on some intercepted letters,\\ndeveloping the plan of the intended attempt on New York, believed the present\\nmovement to be a feint, until it was too far completed to be opposed. The\\norder observed by the French troops, has, with great reason, called forth the\\nplaudits of the historian. In a march of five hundred miles, through a coun-\\ntry abounding in fruit, not a peach nor an apple was taken without leave.\\nCreneral Washington and Count Rochambeau, reached Williamsburg on the\\n14th of September and visiting Count de Grasse, on board his ship, the Ville\\nde Pans, concerted the plan of future operations.\\nDe Grasse arrived in the Chesapeake, from Cape Francoise, late in August,\\nwith twenty-eight sail of the line, and several frigates. At Cape Henry, an\\nofficer from La Fayette informed him of the situation of the. armies in Vir-\\nginia. Lord Cornwallis, who had received notice that a French fleet was to\\nbe expected on the coast, had collected his whole force at Yorktown and\\nGloucester Point; and the Marquis had taken a position on James River, for\\nthe purpose of opposing any attempt, which the British might make, to escape\\ninto South Carolina. Four ships of the line and several frigates, were de-\\ntached for the purpose of blocking up the mouth of York River, and of con-\\nveying the French land forces, under the Marquis of St. Simon, up the James\\nRiver, to form a junction with La Fayette. In the mean time, the fleet lay\\nat anchor just within the capes. On the 25th of August, the Count de Barras\\nsailed from Newport for the Chesapeake.\\nAdmiral Rodney, who commanded in the West Indies, supposino- that the\\ngreater part of the fleet of De Grasse, had proceeded to Europe, and that a\\npart, only, of his own squadron, would suffice to maintain an equality offeree\\nin the American seas, detached Sir Samuel Hood to the continent, with four-\\nteen sail of the line. That ofl^cer made land south of the capes of Virginia,\\nra ^w days before De Grasse s arrival, and proceeded, thence, to Sandy Hook\\nwhich he reached on the 28th of August. Uniting with the force under Ad-\\nmiral Greaves, who, as senior officer, took the command, the whole fleet,\\namounting to nineteen sail of the line, set sail, immediately, in hopes of falling\\nin With De Barras or De Grasse, wholly unsuspicious of the force of the\\n1 1 latter. On the morning of the fifth of September, the fleet of De Grasse was\\ndiscovered, consisting of twenty-four sail of the line, in the mouth of the\\nChesapeake. An engagement ensued, for several hours, in which neither\\nparty could claim^ the victory. Some days were spent in manoeuvres,\\nduring which De Grasse, having the wind, might have brought on another\\nbattle but it was declined, that the capture of the British army, now deemed\\nalmost certain, might not be put to hazard. In the mean time, De Barras\\narrived with his squadron, and fourteen transports laden with artillery and\\nstores, proper to carry on the siege. The English fleet retired before this\\nsuperior force, and returned to New York.\\nAt length, the post of Lord Cornwallis was formally besieged, and the first\\nparallel commenced, on the night of the sixth of October. The siege was\\nprosecuted with great vigour, courage, and skill the officers and soldiers of\\nFrance and America, striving who should display most, these qualities. The\\ndefence was maintained, with equal spirit, against a vastly superior force,\\ndurmg thirteen days until almost every gun on the fortifications was dis-\\nmounted, and the batteries prostrated. On the nineteenth. Lord Cornwallis\\nsurrendered the posts of Yorktown and Gloucester Point, with their garrisons\\n:and the shipping in the harbour with the seamen; the army and arms, mi-\\n.htary chest and stores, to Washington; the ships and seamen to the Count\\n11 2 R", "height": "3387", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "314 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nde Grasse. The total amount of prisoners, exclusive of seamen, exceeded\\nseven thousand men. The allied army may be estimated at sixteen thousand\\nthe French at seven thousand the continental troops at five thousand five\\nhundred, and the miUtia at three thousand five hundred. Sir Henry Clinton,\\nfully apprized of the influence which the fate of the army, in Virginia, must\\nhave on the war, exerted himself, strenuously, for its preservation and\\nhaving embarked about seven thousand of his best troops, sailed for the\\nChesapeake, under convoy of twenty-five sail of the line. This armament\\nleft the Hook on the day the capitulation was signed at Yorktown, and ap-\\npeared off the capes of Virginia, to learn the tidings of surrender, and to\\nreturn to New York no sufficient motive remaining for attacking the great-\\nly superior force of De Grasse.\\nThe exultation throughout the United States, at the capture of this formi-\\ndable army, which had inflicted incalculable misery over an immense space\\nof territory, was equal to the terror which it had inspired. The opinion be-\\ncame universal, that the great struggle was over, that the object of the con-\\ntest had been fully gained, and every demonsti-ation of gratitude was poured\\nforth by Congress and the people, to heaven, and its agents in their de-\\nliverance.\\nXXVII. Whilst the allied armies were on march for Virginia, Sir Henry\\nClinton, probably, with the hope of recalling Washington, sent an expedition\\nunder Arnold, against New London, which landed in the port on the 6th\\nof September. Fort Grisvvold, on one side of the harbour, made an obsti-\\nnate resistance. It was garrisoned by Colonel Ledyard, and one hundred\\nand sixty men. But being taken by storm, the captors disgraced their tri-\\numph, by the slaughter of the brave and unresisting defenders. Colonel\\nLedyard presented his sword to the commanding officer of the assailants,\\nwhich the barbarian instantly plunged into his bosom, and the carnage was\\nkept up, until the greater part of the garrison was killed or wounded. If\\nsuch vengeance could be justified, there was, indeed, cause for it. Colonel\\nEyre, and Major Montgomery, the second in command, together with two\\nhundred men, fell in the assault. The town of New London, and the stores\\nwhich it contained, were consumed by fire.\\nXXVIII. The capture of Cornwallis was the conclusion of the war. A\\nshow of hostility was preserved for a few months, and some skirmishing\\nwas had, of no great interest, between the parties, near New York, and\\nin the vicinity of Charleston. But no military event of importance, after-\\nwards took place. Count de Grasse sailed for the West Indies, Wayne\\nand Gest s brigades marched under General St. Clair, to the aid of Greene,\\nin the south the French troops remained in Virginia, and the easteril\\nregiments returned to New Jersey and New York, under the immediate i\\ncommand of General Lincoln.\\nStimulated by these successes, the preparations for another campaign\\nwere commenced, with much alacrity. The resolutions respecting the mili-\\ntary establishment, were adopted by Congress, so early as the 10th of De-\\ncember; and those providing for the expenses of the war, substituting ai\\nvigorous system of taxation, for the demoralizing and unjust practice of ex-\\ntortion, and requiring eight millions of dollars, in specie, to be paid by the\\nStates, quarterly, were passed so early as the 10th of October. But thei\\ncountry was exhausted. The obstacles to raising revenue, were almost i\\ninsuperable. At the commencement of the year 1782, not a dollar remainedi\\nin the public treasury; and although the payment of two millions had beeni\\nrequired by the first of April, on the twenty-third of that month, not a centf\\nhad been received. On the first of June, twenty thousand dollars, scarce moret\\nthan sufficient for a single day s service, had been paid. In July, when a", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 315\\nhalf years tax was due, the minister of finance was informed by his agents,\\nthat in some States, nothing would be received before the month of Decem-\\nber. The country was, therefore, indebted for indispensable supplies, to the\\nfunds and credit of the financier; but the public creditors were unpaid, and\\nno one could look forward, without deep anxiety, to the perpetuation of the\\nsystem of forced contribution.\\nHappily for the United States, the people of Great Britain had wearied of\\nthe contest, and constrained their King, and his ministers, to think of peace.\\nStrong resolutions were adopted by Parliament late in February, which not\\nbeing promptly acted upon by the ministry, were followed on the 4th of\\nMarch, by a vote of the House of Commons, denouncing as enemies to his\\nMajesty and the country, all who should advise or attempt, a further prose-\\ncution of offensive war on the continent of North America. A change of\\nministry succeeded these votes, with instructions to the commanding officers\\nin America, which conformed to them.\\nXXIX. Although the spirit of animosity between the two nations, Great\\nBritain and the United States of America, began to yield to policy and hu-\\nmanity, the ire which dwelt in the bosoms of the tories, seemed to wax\\nstronger, as their hopes of restitution waned. In the depredations of Arnold,\\nand in the border war of New Jersey, the injuries done by them, were the\\nmost malignant and their vengeance was still poured out upon New Jersey.\\nFrom many outrages, we select the following, as most prominent.\\nOn the 2d of April, 1782, Captain Joshua Huddy was captured, with the\\nblock-house he defended, on Tom s river, by a party of refugees, after a\\ngallant resistance. He was carried to New York, and detained in close\\nconfinement for some days, and then told, that he was to be hanged. Four\\ndays after (on the 12th,) he was carried by a party ol tories to Middletown.\\nHeights, where he was deliberately executed, with the following label affixed\\nto his breast. We, the refugees, having long, with grief, beheld the cruel\\nmurders of our brethren, and finding nothing but such measures daily carry-\\ning into execution; we, therefore, determine not to suffer without taking\\nvengeance for the numerous cruelties; and thus begin, having made use of\\nCaptain Huddy, as the first object to present to your view and further de-\\ntermine, to hang man for man, while there is a refugee existing. Up goes\\nHuddy, for Philip White.\\nThe Philip White here named, was a tory, who had been taken by a\\nparty of Jersey militia, and killed, in attempting to escape. His death was,\\nfalsely, charged upon this victim. Huddy was a man of extraordinary\\nbravery, and met his hard fate, with rare fortitude and composure of mind.\\nHe executed his will, under the gallows, upon the head of the barrel, from\\nwhich he was immediately to make his exit and in a hand-writing, fairer\\nthan usual. Greatly indignant at this wanton murder, Washington wrote\\nto Sir Henry Clinton, threatening, that unless the murderers were surren-\\ndered, he would retaliate. The demand being refused. Captain Asgill was\\ndesignated by lot, as the subject. In the mean time the British instituted\\na court-martial, for the trial of Captain Lippincott, the principal agent in\\nthe nefarious deed; when it appeared, that Governor Franklin, president\\nof the board of associated loyalists, had given verbal orders to Lippincott,\\ndesignating Huddy as a proper obje-ct for vengeance, as one who had perse-\\ncuted the loyalists, and had been especially instrumental in hanging Stephen\\nEdwards, a refugee. The court acquitted Lippincott, stating, that his con-\\nduct was dictated by the conviction, that duty required him to obey the\\norders of the board, as he did not doubt their authority. Sir Guy Carleton,\\nwho had succeeded to the chief command of the British army, notwith-\\nstanding the acquittal, reprobated the measure, gave assurance of further\\nII", "height": "3387", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "316 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ninquiry, and broke up the board oi associated loyalists, to prevent the repeti-\\ntion of such excesses. Asgill was rescued from various reasons. The end\\nof the war rapidly and visibly approached the Count de Vergennes inter-\\nceded for him, by letter, enclosing one from Mi s. Asgill, his mother, and Con-\\ngress (November 7th,) directed. the commander-in-chief, to his great satisfac-\\ntion, to set the captain at liberty.\\nXXX. Sir Guy Carleton, with Admiral Digby, was commissioned to\\nnegotiate a separate peace with the Americans but their efforts were futile,\\nas such a course, being dishonourable to the States, was inadmissible. Nor\\nwas it apparent, that the powers of the commissioners were sufficiently full\\nfor the object. But the public votes we have stated, and, probably, the pri-\\nvate instructions given to the British general, restrained him from offensive\\nwar; and the state of the American army, disabled Washington from any\\nattempt on posts held by the enemy. These causes of inactivity in the\\nnorth, extended also to the south.\\nAfler an intricate negotiation, in which the penetration, judgment, and\\nfirmness of the American commissioners* were eminently displayed, eventual\\nand preliminary articles of peace were signed on the 30th of November.\\nThe treaty, however, did not take effect, until the general pacification, on\\nthe 20th of January, 1783. Tidings of the latter event were communicated\\nby M. de La Fayette, by letter, received 24th of March. Early in April,\\ncame a copy of the treaty, ft-om the American commissioners, and on the\\n19th of that month, the cessation of hostilities was proclaimed. On the 15th,\\nthe execution of the treaty was publicly celebrated, at Trenton.\\nXXXI. To the restoration of the blessings of peace, one important mea-\\nsure, the dissolution of the army, was indispensable. Military habits, and\\nthe spirit of segregation which they engender, are incompatible with the\\norder and equality of civil life. The general and corporal are alike te-\\nnacious of command; and the soldier, reluctantly, lays aside the casque,\\nthe uniform and arms, the idleness and the license, which distinguish him\\nfrom the citizen. The camp becomes his country his fellows in arms, his\\nonly compatriots, and the articles of war, and the will of his officers, his only\\nlaws. His whole being is newly, but not beneficially, modified. His intel-\\nlectual powers and employments are confined to narrow limits, whilst his\\nphysical force and sensual appetites, are generally increased, and oflen in-\\ndulged, by irregular gratification. To dissolve an army which has no cause\\nof complaint against the State, is often a difficult and dangerous duty to\\ndisarm men, to whom the State, without the means of payment, is deeply\\nindebted; who, poor and naked, look, confidently, on their return to civil life,\\nonly, to servile labour, beggary and oblivion, is indeed a perilous task yet\\none, which among the miracles of the American revolution, was accomplish-\\ned. A happiness, for which the country was as much indebted to the com-\\nmander-in-chief, as for his military services.- The traits of character dis-\\nplayed by him in attaining this object, are more valuable. than any exhibited\\nin his previous and after life, excellent as these, certainly, were. He had his\\nequals, perhaps superiors, in his own country, in military talent and political\\nscience; but in magnanimity, self-control, and true appreciation of fame,\\nhe was unrivalled. Had he been animated by ordinary ambition, the pas- 1\\nsion common to an Alexander, a Csesar, a Cromwell, and a Bonaparte, he\\nmight readily have availed himself of the discontents of the army to gratify |i\\nit; he might have loosed upon his country, tlie most ferocious of animals, an\\nirritated soldiery, and haye compelled that country to fly to military despot- 1/\\nism, as a refuge against the worse evils of anarchy. But, with the love off\\nMessrs. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 317\\npeace, of order, of social feeling and political equality, which can never be\\ntoo much praised, he said to the angry elements of discord, be still, and they\\nobeyed his voice.\\nWhen the prospect of peace became certain, the officers of the army turn-\\ned anxiously to their own condition, and asked, as an act of justice, payment\\nof arrears, and compensation for losses sustained by a depreciated currency\\nand, as an act of gratitude, a reward, for services which were inestimable.\\nTo the immediate gratification of these demands, the obstacle was obvious,\\nas irremediable, in an empty treasury. But there was a party in the na-\\ntional councils, who were indisposed to accept, without question, the high\\nestimate of services made by the military who believed that the life of the\\nsoldier, had, like other conditions, mingled good and evil, the one com-\\npensating the other; and who would not admit, that the distinction sought\\nby thousands, despite of the labours and privations which it imposed, gave\\nextraordinary and preferable claims upon the country. However sound, in\\ngeneral, might be this view of military merit, it was less just when applied to\\nthe continental army. There is no evil, it is true, which afflicted the Ameri-\\ncan soldier, that had not been borne in pursuit of the very worst objects of\\nhuman ambition, of absolute and unhallowed power, of the sordid love of\\ngold. But the motive elevated the service; yet, only so long, as that motive\\nwas disinterestedly patriotic. Every effort to obtain pecuniary compensa-\\ntion, made hy the soldier, stripped his pretensions of their gilding, and re-\\nduced him nearer to the grade of the ordinary mercenary. The country,\\nbut more, especially, posterity, owed to the men of the revolution, a deep debt\\nof gratitude. But was that more due to the sufTering soldier, than the suffer-\\ning citizen to him who met the enemy in arms, manfully returning blow\\nfor blow, than to him, who encountered the foe u})on his hearth-stone, and\\nunresistingly beheld his barns and his byres plundered, the wife of his\\nbosom, and the children of his love, violated or slaughtered to him, who,\\nthough, occasionally, scantily and precariously fed, had some assurance in\\nthe care of the nation, and in his own arms, that he should not starve, than\\nto him, who was^ stripped of the loaf that he had garnered for his infants,\\nthat the soldier might not want to him whom, depreciation of the currency,\\nleft as it found him, a pennyless man, than to him whom that depreciation\\ndespoiled of the hoards of his ancestors, and of the stores laid up during a\\nlong life of unremitting industry? Let the suffering of the soldier and the\\ncitizen, be duly compared; they will not be found more unequal than were\\nthe enjoyments for which they contended. An extraordinary gratitude con-\\ntinues even now, to repay the one, but no pension, no praise, has smoothed\\nthe thorny path of the other, to the grave.\\nWith views such as we have glanced at, Congress lent a dull and unwil-\\nling ear, in the depth of pecuniary distress, to the vehement cries of the\\nsoldier; and in consonance with the experience of all times past, he demon-\\nstrated the disposition to redress his own grievances, and in his own way. An\\nanonymous, but eloquent and inflammatory address, was circulated through\\nthe army,* exciting to this course whilst another missive summoned the\\ngeneral and field-officers, to convene on the succeeding day. A crisis had\\nthus approached, big with the fate of the nation. It was possible, for the\\ncommander-in-chief, by prompt, decisive and steady action, to avert the\\nthreatened evil and he did not shrink from the service. He instantly no-\\nticed the seditious papers, in general orders, and called the general and field-\\nofficers, with one officer from each company, and a representation from the\\nstaff of the army, to assemble on the 15th, to consider the report of a corn-\\nMarch 10th, 1783.\\nb", "height": "3387", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "318 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nmittee which had been deputed from the army to Congress. He employed\\nthe interval, successfully, in preparing the minds of all for moderate mea-\\nsures. At the convention, General Gates took the chair, and Washington\\naddressed the officers, reprobating, in the strongest terms, the anonymous\\naddresses, not only as to the mode of communication, but, also, as to the\\nspirit which indicted them dwelling on the character which the army had\\nacquired for patriotism and order expressing undiminished confidence in\\nthe justice and gratitude of the country, and conjuring them, as they valued\\ntheir honour, as they respected the rights of humanity, and as they regarded\\ntheir military and national character, to express their utmost detestation of\\nthe man who was attempting to open the floodgates of civil discord, and to\\ndeluge the rising empire with blood. So absolute was the power of virtue,\\non this occasion, that not a voice was raised to oppose its behests. Reso-\\nlutions were, unanimously, adopted, echoing the sentiments of the com-\\nmander-in-chief.\\nThese events hastened the adoption of a resolution, which had been, some\\ntime, pending before Congress, giving to the officers who preferred a sum in\\ngross to an annuity, five years full pay, in money, or in securities at six per\\ncent., instead of the half-pay for life, which had previously been promised\\nthem and measures were also taken, to obtain for the troops, three months\\npay in hand. At the same time, a happy mean was pursued, of dispersing\\nthe dangerous mass. The commander-in-chief was instructed, to grant fur-\\nloughs to the non-commissioned, officers and privates, with an intention,\\nwhich, of course, was persevered in, that they should not be required to re-\\njoin their regiments. The officers remonstrated but the general again ap-\\npeased them, and gained their acquiescence. In the course of the summer,\\na great proportion of the troops, who had enlisted for three years, returned\\nto their homes and on the third of November, 1783, all who had engaged\\nfor the war, were discharged.\\nBy these means, an unpaid army was disbanded and dispersed; the pri-\\nvates betaking themselves to labour the officers, who had been drawn from\\nevery condition of society, from the professions, from husbandry and from\\ntrade, and the mechanic arts, returned, generally, to their primary pursuits.\\nOne, only, exception stands forth from this scene of honourable and pa-\\ntriotic devotion. About eighty of the new Pennsylvania levies, who were\\nwithout pretensions of suffering and service, in despite of their officers,\\nmarched from Lancaster to Philadelphia,* to seek a redress of grievances.\\nJoining with some troops, in the barracks of the city, their force was increased\\nto three hundred, which proceeded with fixed bayonets and drums, to the state-\\nhouse, where Congress, and the supreme executive council of Pennsylvania,\\nheld their sessions. They placed guards at every door, and sent to the\\ncouncil a written message, threatening to loose the soldiery upon them, if\\ntheir demands were not granted within twenty minutes. Congress, though\\nnot the object of the soldiers resentment, deemed themselves grossly insulted,\\nhaving been restrained of iheir liberty for several hours. Apprehensive of\\nfurther ill consequence, from this insurrection, that body adjourned, to meet\\nat Princeton, the next place of their assemblage. General Washington, in-\\nformed of this outrage, despatched fifteen hundred men, under General Howe,\\nto quell the mutiny, which, previously to their arrival, was suppressed, with-\\nout bloodshed. Several of the mutineers were tried and condemned, two, ta\\nsuffer death and four, to receive corporal punishment but all were afterwards\\npardoned.\\nXXXII. On the 25th of November, 1783, the British evacuated New\\nJune 20th, 1783.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 319\\nYork, and General Washington, attended by General Clinton, many civil\\nand military officers, and a cavalcade of citizens, made a public entry into\\nthat city.\\nHis military career was now on the point of terminating but previously\\nto divesting himself of his command, he proposed to bid adieu to his com-\\nrades in arms. The interview, for this purpose, took place on the fourth of\\nDecember, at Francis tavern. At noon, the principal officers had assembled,\\nwhen he entered the room. His emotions were too strong to be concealed.\\nFilling a glass with wine, he turned to them and said, with a heart full of\\nlove and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish, that your\\nlatter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been\\nglorious and honourable. Having drank, he added, I cannot come to\\neach of you to take leave, but shall be obliged, if each will come and take\\nme by the hand. General Knox being nearest, turned to him. Incapable\\nof utterance, Washington grasped his hand, and embraced him. In the same\\naffectionate manner, he took leave of all. Every eye was suffused with tears,\\nand not a word broke the deep silence and tenderness of the scene. Leav-\\ning the room, he passed through the corps of light infantry, and walked to\\nWhite Hall, where a barge waited to convey him to Paules Hook. The\\nwhole company followed in mute and solemn procession, testifying feelings\\nof delicious melancholy, which no language can describe. Having entered\\nthe barge, he turned to his companions, and waving his hat, bade them a\\nsilent adieu. They returned the affectionate salute, and when the barge had\\nlefl them, marched, in the same solemn manner, to the place whei-e they\\nhad assembled.*\\nOne other act remained, to render the fame of Washington, as imperisha-\\nble as the globe on which he lived to set an example of virtue and patriot-\\nism, which, through all time, shall inspire the good with the desire of imita-\\ntion, and curb and defeat the demagogue, and the tyrant, who use political\\npower for private ends. This was, the voluntary surrender of that almost\\ndictatorial power, which had been granted by the sages of his country, and\\nwhich he had used with unequalled prudence and conscientious reserve. This\\nsolemn and impressive duty, he performed at Annapolis, on the 23d of De-\\ncember, 1783, delivering his commission to the assembled council of the\\nnation, from whom, eight years before, he had received it; and retiring to\\nbecome, the first in peace, as he had been first in war, and first in the hearts\\nof his countrymen.\\nMarshall. Gordon.\\nm", "height": "3387", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "320 HJSTORY OF NEW JERSEY\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nI. Peculiar sufferings of the State of New Jersey from the War. 11. Laws in New\\nJersey relative to the Militia. III. Council of Safety. IV. Military eflForts of\\nNew Jersey. V. State Representatives in Congress. VI. Establishment of the\\nNew Jersey Gazette. VII. Unhappy Condition of the States after the return of\\nPeace. VIII. InefBciency of the Articles of Confederation Part of New Jersey\\nin their Adoption. IX. Measures proposed in Congress for maintaining Public\\nCredit Efforts of New Jersey upon this subject. X. She resorts to Paper Cur-\\nrency and Loan OfRce for Relief. XL Difficulties with Great Britain relative to\\nthe Execution of the Treaty. XII. Measures for regulating the Trade of the\\nUnion Result in a Proposition for Revision of the Articles of Confederation.\\nXIII. Adoption of the New Constitution Ratified by New Jersey.\\nI. In the rapid sketch we have given of the revolutionary war, we have\\nendeavoured to place in full relief, those events, in which the State of New\\nJersey bore a distinguished part, or claimed a peculiar interest. We have,\\nthus, noticed the battles and skirmishes which took place within and around\\nher borders, and the injuries she sustained from the marauding parties of the\\nenemy, and the requisitions of her friends. We have seen, that the Ameri-\\ncan grand army, except for a period of nine months, between September,\\n1777, and June, 1778, when the British occupied Philadelphia, and for the\\ntwo months of the autumn of l781, employed against Cornwallis, in Virgi-\\nnia, was, during the whole war, within, or on the confines of, the State. Its\\npresence necessarily drew upon her, the perpetual observation and frequent\\ninroads of the enemy so that her citizens were, at no time, relieved from\\nthe evils of war. Had the American army been regularly and fully paid,\\nsome, though inadequate compensation, might have been derived from the\\nsale of her products to additional consumers. But, unhappily, those pro-\\nducts were, too frequently, taken without payment, or were paid for in cer-\\ntificates, which, for the time, were worthless.\\nNew Jersey, therefore, in the contest, to which she was as disinterested a\\nparty as any State in the Union, suffered more than her proportion, more\\nthan any other State, South Carolina excepted. Under these inflictions, the\\npatriotism, patience, and fortitude of her people, were merits of the highest\\norder. Her Legislature shrunk from no effort which the general interest\\nrequired, and was, commonly, among the first to act upon the suggestions of\\nCongress. After the victories of Trenton and Princeton, her militia, though\\ncontinually harassed, by the cares of defending a long line of coast, turned\\nout with promptness and energy, at the frequent calls of the commander-in-\\nchief; and when actually invaded, in force, upon her eastern border, de-\\nspatched considerable aid to her western sister State. The commander-in-\\nchief, and his principal officers, bear abundant testimony to the activity,\\ncourage, and patriotism of her regular troops. Still, it remains, in order to\\ndisplay the part borne by the State, in the revolution, that we enter some-\\nwhat more fully into the peculiar measures she pursued.\\nII. The subject of militia service was then, as now, one of much diffi-\\nculty, in all communities where the Quakers are numerous. The doctrine\\nof non-resistance is more admirable in theory, than admissible in prac-\\ntice. Probably, it can exist, only, where the State possesses an adequate\\nnumber of members, who are conscientiously scrupulous in defending their\\nrights; and that a community of non-combatants, having wherewith to\\nexcite the cupidity of others, would be converted into soldiers or slaves. In", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 321\\nWest Jersey, the Quakers were numerous, rich, and, as in Pennsylvania,\\nmany were not unfriendly to British pretensions. Their inlluence was suffi-\\ncient to enervate the militia system. The ordinances of the Convention be-\\ntrayed this and the System became one of the first subjects of attention for\\nthe Legislature of the new State.\\nIn a letter of the 24th of January, 1777, to Governor Livingston, General\\nWashington complained of its inefficiency, and strenuously urged, that every\\nman capable of bearing arms, should be obliged to turn out, and not permit-\\nted to buy off his services for a trifling sum. The governor communicated\\nand enforced this sentiment to the Legislature, whilst General Putnam, at\\nthis time, stationed at Princeton, irritated by the refusal of numbers to perform\\nmilitary duty, gave peremptory orders to apprehend delinquents, and to exact\\npersonal service, or to levy what he deemed proportionate fines. This arbi-\\ntrary and illegal measure was properly reproved by the governor; but the\\ngeneral seems neither to have understood, nor relished the forbearance en-\\njoined upon him, although sustained by orders of the commander-in-chief.\\nIn framing the new militia bill, the principle of pecuniary composition for\\nservice, was, tenaciously, retained. Again, Washington interfered, exclaim-\\ning, How can an Assembly of gentlemen, eye witnesses to the distresses\\nand inconveniences that have their principal source in the want of a well\\nregulated militia, hesitate to adopt the only remedy that can remove them\\nAnd stranger still think of a law, that must, necessarily, add to the accu-\\nmulated load of confusion For Heaven s sake, entreat them to lay aside\\ntheir present opinions, and waving every other consideration, let the public\\ngood be singularly attended to The ease they design their constituents, by\\ncomposition, must be delusive. Every distinction between rich and poor,\\nmust be laid aside now. Still the militia law, passed on the 15th of March,\\n1777, authorized the commutation of service, during the war.\\nIII. More energy was infused into another act of the Legislature, enacted\\nat this period, on the recommendation of the executive, constituting the go-\\nvernor, and twelve members of the Assembly, a council of safety, with\\nextraordinary and summary powers. The members had the authority of\\njustices of the peace throughout the State, they might fill vacancies in all\\noffices during the recess of the Legislature might correspond with Congress\\nand other States, transact business with the officers of government, and- pre-\\npare bills for the General Assembly might apprehend disaffected persons,\\nand imprison them, without bail or mainprize might cause the laws to be\\nfaithfully executed, enforce the resolutions of the Assembly, and recommend\\nto the speaker, to convene that body and might call out such portions of the\\nmilitia, as they should deem necessary, to execute the laws or protect them-\\nselves. The original act was limited to six months, but the powers given\\nwere continued and enlarged from time to time, until the middle of the year\\ni 1778. An attempt was unsuccessfully made, to revive this power in 1780.\\nIt was most usefully employed in detecting and punishing the tories.\\nIV. There is much difficulty in giving a minute and accurate account of\\nthe military efforts of the State. Those of the militia were, generally, desul-\\ntory and momentary, whilst those of the regular troops are involved in the\\noperations of the continental armies. All officers of the militia, above the\\ngrade of captain, were appointed by the council and Assembly, in joint meet-\\ni ing, who, also, nominated all the officers of the continental brigade, below\\nthe rank of brigadier. The militia officers, of all ranks, were frequently\\nchanged but the changes in the brigade were little more than such as were\\noccasioned by death and promotion.\\nSedgwick s Livingston Vote of Assembly State Laws.\\n2S\\nu", "height": "3387", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "322 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nThe first brigadiers of militia were Philemon Dickenson, Isaac William-\\nson, and William Livingston. General Williamson resigned sixth of Feb-\\nruary, 1777. Mr. Livingston s commission was vacated by his election as\\ngovernor. On the close of June, 1776, when the militia were ordered to\\nmeet the enemy operating against New York, Colonel Nathaniel Heard was\\npromoted to the command of the detachment of three thousand three hun-\\ndred volunteers, engaged to serve until December, which had been offered to\\nJoseph Reed, who, about this time, entered the continental service. The\\ncolonels were Philip Van Cortland, Ephraim Martin, Stephen Hunt, Silas\\nNewcomb; lieutenant-colonels, David Brearley, David Forman, John Mun-\\nson, Philip Johnson, and Bowes Reed brigade-major, Robert Hoopes. On\\nthe eighteenth of July, Congress having authorized the commander-in-chief\\nto call to his assistance, two thousand men from the flying camp, the Conven-\\ntion of New Jersey supplied their place by a like number of militia. As the\\nsuccess of the enemy increased, and the danger to the State became immi-\\nnent, still more strenuous measures were adopted. On the 11th of August,\\n1776, the Convention, by ordinance, divided the militia into two classes, or-\\ndering one-half into immediate service, to be relieved, monthly. The fine\\nimposed on privates, refusing to serve, was three pounds, only. This forced\\neffort was, necessarily, of short duration.\\nOn the 15th of February, 1777, General Dickenson proposing to remove\\nfrom the State, tendered to the Assembly his commission of brigadier, which\\nwas accepted with a vote of thanks, for his spirited and prudent conduct\\nwhilst in office. Joseph Ellis was named his successor, but declined the\\nconunission. On the twenty-first of February, David Potter and John Neil-\\nson, on the fourth of March, Colonel William Winds, on the fifth, David\\nForman, and on the fifteenth Silas Newcomb, were named brigadiers. Mr.\\nPotter declined to serve. General Forman resigned on the 6th of Novem-\\nber, and General Newcomb on the 4th of the following month. On the 6th\\nof June, Mr. Dickenson, having abandoned his intention of leaving the State,\\nwas appointed major-general; he held this post during the war, was fre-\\nquently, as we have seen, engaged in active service, giving high satisfaction\\nto the commander-in-chief, the constituted authorities of the State, and the\\ntroops under his command.\\nTo the continental army. New Jersey supplied two highly distinguished\\ngeneral officers, and a brigade, certainly, inferior to none in the service.\\nLord Sterling, remarkable for his zeal and energy as a whig, was, in\\nOctober, 1775, a colonel in the militia of Somerset county. He, was soon\\nafl;er appointed to the same rank, in the first continental regiment from the\\nprovince, whilst William Maxwell received the colonelcy of the second. In\\nDecember, of the same year. Lord Stirling was suspended by Governor\\nFranklin, from his seat in Council. In January, 1776, he received the\\nthanks of Congress, for the capture of the ship Blue Mountain Valley, which,\\nwith the aid of several gentlemen, volunteers from Elizabethtown, he sur- -j\\nprised. In March following, he became brigadier, and in February, 1777, J\\nmajor-general, in the continental army. He died at Albany, 15th of (j\\nJanuary, 1783, whilst in chief command of the northern department.\\nDuring the A^ar, he rendered as much personal service as any officer of his\\nrank; and to his military merit, General Washington has borne honourable\\ntestimony.*\\nWilliam Alexander, Earl of Stirling, was the only son of James Alexander, a\\ndistinguished lawyer, of New York, and at one time, Secretary of the Province of r\\nNew Jersey. William commenced business as a merchant, in New York. In 1755,\\nhe was appointed one of the army contractors, by General Shirley and, subsequent- I\\nly, private secretary to that commander. Being skilled in theoretic and practical i", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 323\\nIn February, 1776, a third battalion was raised in New Jersey, placed\\nunder the command of Colonel Maxwell, and marched for Canada. Under\\nthe resolutions of Congress, authorizing the raising of eighty -eight battalions,\\ntor the war, four were allowed to that State. In fitting them, recourse was\\nif iV^^ battalions already in service, northward of Albany, and for\\nthe deficiency, to the five battalions, raised for one year, under the command\\nfl V, f A^^ Heard. Pursuant to the recommendation of Congress, of the\\n8th of October, 1779, the Assembly appointed a committee, consisting of\\nIheophilus Elmer and Abraham Clark, to nominate the officers for the bat-\\ntalions, subject to the revision and confirmation of the Legislature. The\\nfirst field-officers confirmed in joint meeting, were Colonels Elias Dayton,\\n^phraim Martin, Silas Newcomb, Isaac Shreve; Lieutenant-colonels David\\n\u00c2\u00abrearley, Matthias Ogden, David Rhea, and Francis Barber; Majors Wil-\\nham De Hart, Richard Howell, Joseph Bloomficld, and E. Howell. The\\ncompany officers were appointed at the same time. Several changes in the\\nneld-officers, almost immediately took place.\\n_ Under the authority of Congress, in 1780, a new arrangement of the\\nJersey brigade was made, reducing the four battalions to three regiments,\\nwhich was confirmed by the Assembly of the State, on the 26th of Septem-\\nber, in the following manner, as to the field-officers. Of the first regiment,\\nMatthias Ogden, colonel, David Brearley, lieutenant-colonel, Danief Piatt\\nmajor; of the second regiment, Isaac Shreve, colonel, William De Hart\\nheutenant-colonel, and Richard Howell, major; of the third, Elias Dayton\\ncolonel, Francis Barber, lieutenant-colonel, and John Conway, major. The\\nbrigade, before and after it was thus constituted, was commanded by Brio-a-\\ndier-general Maxwell, and was employed, at times, in every part of the con-\\ntinent; wherever hard service was required, in the north, south, centre, and\\nr west.* Besides the distinguished military officers, we have above named.\\nNew Jersey gave to the continental army. Adjutant-general Joseph Reed^\\nI siibsequently President of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania, and Elias\\nI Boudinot, the commissary-general of prisoners. This gentleman was, also,\\ni I F^^ President of Congress. In the civil department, she gave to the\\nI United States, a judge of admiralty, in Francis Hopkinson, and to Pennsyl-\\nvania, an attorney-general, in Jonathan D. Sergeant.\\nV. In Congress, the State appears to have been uniformly and efficiently\\n1 represented, and her delegates chosen, annually, by the Assembly, in joint\\ni ballot, to have borne an active part in all the important business of that\\nbody. We have heretofore given the names of her representatives, up to the\\nI adoption of the constitution of the State, and now append the names of those\\nmathematics, he was made surveyor-general of East Jersey. In September, 1756 he\\naccompanied Shirley to England, and by his persuasions, was induced to claim the\\nbcottish earldom of Stirling, of which he bore the family name, and which had been\\nin abeyance, since 1739. He succeeded in estabhshing, in 1759, his direct descent\\nfrom the titled family, before a jury of service, as required by the Scotch law and\\nconfident of final success, assumed the title, which was, at the same time, adopted by\\nseveral other claimants. But the final decision depended on the House of Peers\\nwhich forbade all claimants of peerages to use the titles, until their rights were esta-\\nblished. The decision was ultimately against him; but the title was o-iven to him by\\ncourtesy, durmg the remainder of his life. Shortly after his return^to America he\\nremoved to Baskingridge, in the county of Somerset, New Jersey, where his father\\nhad owned extensive tracts of land; and being soon afterwards appointed a member of\\nthe King s Council, he remained at this place until the revolution. His letters to the\\nLords Bute and Shelburne, some of which remain, show an earnest desire to develope\\nthe resources of the colony. He made a map of the province, and endeavoured to\\nfoster Its manufactures. In the year 1773, he exerted himself to discover the agents\\n|in the robbery of the treasurer, Stephen Skinner.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sedgwick s Life of Livinrrston\\nGeneral Maxwell resigned, 20th of July, 1780.\\nII", "height": "3387", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "324 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwho served from that period, to the organization of the present federal\\ngovernment.*\\nVI. Among other measures, and certainly not the least efficient, adopted\\nby the Legislature, in aid of the revolution, was the establishment of the\\npublic press, and the New Jersey Gazette; designed, among other good pur-\\nposes, to counteract the influence of the Royal Gazette, published by Riving-\\nton, in New York. This matter was proposed to the Assembly on the 11th\\nof October, 1777, and was undertaken by Mr. Isaac Collins, who had been\\nprinter to the province for some years the Legislature engaging, for seven\\nhundred subscribers, to establish a post from the printing office to the nearest\\ncontinental post office, and to exempt the printer and four work;men from\\nmilitia service. Mr. Collins was a Quaker, a whig, a man of enterprise,\\ncourage and discretion. The gazette was regularly published, until the\\n25th of November, 1786, when other presses having been established, it\\nwas discontinued, for want of patronage. It rendered essential service to\\nthe patriot cause, and was the vehicle for the lucubrations of Governor Liv-\\ningston, and other writers, who animated and directed the efforts of their\\ncountrymen.\\nVII. The States had universally looked forward to the return of peace,\\nwith the establishment of their independence, as to a condition of unalloyed\\nhappiness. The unyielding firmness with which their trials had been borne,\\nand the glorious termination of the contest, gave to the people much self-\\nsatisfaction, at home, and an honourable reputation, abroad, which served as\\npowerful stimulus to pursue their high destinies with vigour. But many\\nobstacles opposed the rapid progress which their hopes had predicted. In\\nthe course of the long war, the people had been greatly impoverished their\\nproperty had been seized for the support of both armies, and their labour\\nhad been much devoted to military service. The naval poweV of the enemy\\nhad almost annihilated their commerce the price of imports was enhanced,\\nwhilst exports were reduced much below their ordinary value. On opening\\ntheir ports, an immense quantity of foreign merchandise was poured into,\\nthe country and the citizens were, generally, tempted by the sudden cheap-\\nness of goods, and by their own wants, to purchase far beyond their means\\nof payment. Into this indiscretion they were, in some measure, beguiled,\\nby their own sanguine calculations, on the rise of the value of their products,\\nThe following named gentlemen were elected to Congress at the times respec-\\ntively designated.^\\n1776, November 30th, Richard Stockton, Jonathan Dickenson Sergeant, Dr. John\\nWitherspoon, Abraham Clark, and Jonathan Elmer. Mr. Stockton resigned, 10th of\\nFebruary, 1777.\\n1777, November 20th, Messrs. Witherspoon, Clark, and Elmer, Nathaniel Scudder,\\nand Elias Boudinot.\\n1778, November 6th, Witherspoon, Scudder, Frederick Frelinghuysen, John Fell\\nand John Neilson.\\n1779, November 17th. The delegates were reduced to three, and were, John Fell,\\nWilliam Churchill Houston, and Thomas Henderson.\\n1780, November 23d, Witherspoon, Clark, Houston, William Patterson, and Wil-\\nliam Burnett.\\n1781, November 2d, Clark, Houston, Elmer, Boudinot, and Silas Condict.\\n1782, October 30th, Boudinot, Clark, Elmer, Condict, and Frelinghausen.\\n1783, November 6th, Elmer, Condict, John Stephens, sen., John Beatty, and i|\\nSamuel Dick.\\n1784, October SHth, Houston, Beatty, Dick, Lambert Cadwallader, John Cleves i\\nSymmes, and Josiah Hornblower.\\n1785, October 28th, Cadwallader, Symmes, and Hornblower.\\n1786, November 7th, Cadwallader, Clark, and James Schureman,\\n1787, October 31st, Clark, Elmer, Patterson.\\n1788, Clark, Elmer, Jonathan Dayton.\\nI", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 325\\nand the evidences of the pubHc debt, which were in the hands of most men.\\nExtravagant estimates were made of the demand for lands, by the vast con-\\ncourse of emigrants, which it was supposed equal liberty would bring from\\nEurope and adverting to the advantages gained by those who purchased on\\ncredit, during the prevalence of paper money, many individuals made exten-\\nsive purchases at very high prices. The delusions, however, were soon\\ndissipated, and a greater proportion of the inhabitants found themselves in-\\nvolved in debts {hey were unable to discharge. One of the consequences of\\nthis state of things, was a general discontent with the course of trade. From\\ntheir superior skill and capital, and free- admission to American ports, the\\nBritish merchants had greater advantage in the American trade, than when\\nthe States were colonies whilst the navigation pf American ships to British\\nports, was prohibited, and American exports refused admission, or burdened\\nwith heavy duties. In the rich trade of the neighbouring colonies, the Ameri-\\ncans were not permitted to participate, and in the ports of Europe they en-\\ncountered embarrassing regulations. From the Mediterranean, they were\\nexcluded by the Barbary powers, whose hostility they could not subdue, and\\nwhose friendship they could not purchase.\\nThe unpaid debt of the war was a source of great inconvenience to the\\ncountry at home, whilst it caused ignominy and contempt abroad, from\\nwhich there was no chance of escape, whilst the means of payment were\\nderived from the State sovereignties. The debts of the union were com-\\nputed to amount, on the first of January, 1783, to somewhat more than forty\\nmillions of dollars, which were due to three classes of highly meritorious\\ncreditors. To an ally, who, to the extensions of his arms, had added gene-\\nrous loans, and liberal donations; to individuals in Holland, who, besides\\nthis precious token of confidence, were members of a republic, which was\\nsecond in espousing our rank among nations and to the soldiers of the war,\\nwhose patience and services, merited any other reward, than neglect and\\nprocrastination of payment; and to citizens who had originally loaned their\\nfunds, or had become purchasers of public securities.\\nThis debt was due, part from the United States, and part from the individual\\nStates, who became immediately responsible to the creditors, retaining a claim\\nagainst the general government, for the balance, which might appear on the\\nsettlement of accounts. The depreciation of the debts due from the Union,\\nwas consequent on its poverty, and inability to acquire funds whilst the de-\\npreciation of the State debt, can be ascribed only to the want of confidence in\\ngovernments controlled by no fixed principles.* In many of the States, pub-\\nlic securities were sold at a discount of seventeen shillings in the pound. In\\nprivate transactions, a great degree of distrust, also, prevailed. The bonds\\nof debtors, of unquestioned solvency, were sold at fifty per cent, reduction\\nreal estate was scarce vendible, and few articles could be sold for ready\\nmoney, unless at a ruinous loss.\\nVIII. Much of the evils of this condition might have been readily re-\\nmoved, by an efficient general government, which could call forth and direct\\nthe wealth and energies of the people. But no such power could be derived\\nfrom the loose articles of confederation, which had been, after much delay\\nand reluctance, on the part of the States, finally adopted in 1781. These\\narticles were laid before the Assembly of New Jersey, on the 4th of Decem-\\nber, 1777. No action was had upon them during the then session, nor\\nuntil the 15th of June, 1778, when the joint committee reported them, with\\nsundry propositions of amendment: 1. That the delegates in Congress\\nNew Jersey provided for the payment of the interest, and for the final redemption\\nof her domestic debt, by taxation.", "height": "3387", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "326 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nshould take an obligation to pursue the interests of the confederation, and,\\nparticularly, to assent to no measure which might violate it 2. That the\\nsole and exclusive povi^er of regulating the trade of the United States w^ith\\nforeign nations, should be vested in Congress and the revenue arising from\\nthe customs, should be appropriated to the establishment of a navy, and to\\nother public and genei-al purposes; 3. That no body of troops should be\\nkept up by the United States in time of peace, except by the assent of nine\\nStates; 4. That the quotas of aids and supplies from the several States\\nshould be settled every five years; 5. That the boundaries of the several\\nStates should be fully and finally established, as soon as practicable within\\nfive years; 6. That the vacant crown lands should be deemed the spoils of\\nthe war, to be applied for the general benefit and that whilst the jurisdiction\\nof the several States was preserved with chartered or determined limits, the\\nvacant lands should be vested in Congress, in trust for the United States;\\n7. That the requisitions on the several States for land forces, should be ap-\\nportioned to the whole of the respective population, and not to the number\\nof white inhabitants only; 8. That for equitably ascertaining the quota of\\ntroops of each State, a census of the inhabitants should be taken every five\\nyears; 9, and lastly. That the provision which required the assent of nine\\nout of thirteen States, in certain cases, should be so modified, that the pro-\\nportion should be preserved upon an increase of the number of States.\\nAlthough the inconvenience of amending the articles of confederation, may\\nhave prevented the incorporation of these propositions, it is obvious that the\\nstatesmen of New Jersey had foreseen and supplied the omission of many\\nprinciples which were essential to the welfare, nay, the existence of the\\nUnion. At various times she enforced the propriety of the general regula-\\ntion of trade, and of making the crown lands a common fund and, finally,\\nall her suggestions were adopted in the establishment of the Union. On the\\n14th of November, 1778, the Assembly, reasserting the propriety and expe-\\ndiency of their propositions, which they forebore to press, on account of the\\nurgency of the case, and in the hope that the States would, in due time, re-\\nmove the existing inequality, adopted the articles of confederation. And on\\nthe 20th, a law authorized their delegates in Congress, to subscribe them.\\nIX. The utter inefficiency of the articles of confederation, became appa-\\nrent almost as soon as they were adopted, and was most conclusively exem-\\nplified, in the failure of the earnest endeavour to provide for the public debt,\\nmade in 1783. Two parties, as we have elsewhere observed, began to per-\\nvade the Union. One contemplated America as a nation, and laboured in-\\ncessantly to invest the federal head with powers competent to the preserva-\\ntion of the Union. The other, attached to the State authorities, viewed all\\nthe powers of Congress with jealousy, and assented, reluctantly, to measures\\nwhich tended to render them independent of the States. Sensible that the\\ncharacter of the government would be determined by the measures which\\nshould immediately follow the treaty of peace, gentlemen of distinguished\\npolitical acquirements, among whom were some conspicuous officers of the\\nlate army, sought a place in the Congress of 1783. They procured the\\nassent of the House, to a system, the best that circumstances would admit,\\nto restore and support public credit, and to obtain from the States substantial\\nmeans for the funding the whole debt of the nation. They proposed that\\nadequate funds should be raised by duties on imports, and by internal taxes,\\nfor the immediate payment of the interest, and gradual extinction of the\\nprincipal and that the quotas of the several States, should be determined,\\nnot by the value of the located lands, but by the extent of its population. It\\nwas proposed, also, as an amendment to the 8th article of the confederation,\\nthat the taxes for the use of the continent, should be levied, separately, from", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 327\\nother taxes, and paid directly into the national treasury, and that the col-\\nlectors should he subject and responsible to Congress. To prevent the pre-\\nference in payment, for part of the debts, which might result from a partial\\nadoption of the system, it was declared, that no part of the revenue system\\nshould take effect, until the whole had been adopted by all the States; after\\nwhich, the grant was to be irrevocable, except by the concurrence of the\\nwhole, or by a majority of the United States in Congress assembled. But to\\nremove the jealousy which obstructed the grant of power, to collect an inde-\\nfinite sum for an indefinite time, the proposition was modified, so that the\\ngrant was to be limited to t\\\\venty-five years, to be strictly appropriated to\\nthe debt contracted on account of the war, and collected by persons appoint-\\ned by the respective States. These resolutions were adopted on the 18th of\\nApril, 1783; and a committee, consisting of Mr. Madison, Mr. Hamilton, and\\nMr. Ellsworth, was appointed to recommend them by an address to the\\npeople, and Washington, himself, joined in this object, by a circular address-\\ned to the governors of the States, respectively.*\\nWhile the fate of these measures remained undecided, requisitions for the\\nintermediate supply of the national demands, were annually repeated, but\\nannually neglected. From the first of November, 1784, to the first of Ja-\\nnuary, 1786, there had been paid to the public treasury, only 482,397 dol-\\nlars. Happily, a loan had been negotiated in Holland, by Mr. Adams, after\\nthe termination of the war, out of which the interest of the foreign debt had\\nbeen partly paid but that fund was exhausted. Unable to pay the interest,\\nthe United States would, in the course of the succeeding year, be liable for\\nthe first instalment of the principal and the humiliation of total failure, in\\nthe fulfilment of her engagements, would be accompanied with no hope of\\nfuture ability. If the condition of the domestic creditors was not absolutely\\nhopeless, their prospect of puyment was so remote, that the evidences of their\\nclaim were transferred at a tenth of their nominal value. In a word, in 1786,\\na crisis had arrived, when the people of the United States were required to\\ndecide, whether, by the establishment of a secure and permanent revenue,\\nand the maintenance of public faith, at home and abroad, they would sustain\\ntheir rank as a nation.\\nIn the course of the year 1786, the revenue system, proposed in April,\\n1783, had been adopted by every State in the Union, New York excepted.\\nThat State had passed an act upon the subject, but influenced by its jealousy\\nof the Federal Government, had not vested in Congress the power of collect-\\ning the duties specified in their resolutions but had reserved to itself the\\nlevying of the duties according to its own laws, made the collectors answera-\\nI ble only to the State, and the duties payable in State bills, which were liable\\nto depreciation. As the assent of every State was indispensable to the suc-\\ncess of the plan, it was thus, wholly defeated.\\nNew Jersey, overshadowed by her overgrown neighbours. New York and\\nj Pennsylvania, whose capitals and whose ports, made them importers, not\\nonly for themselves, but for her, had a grievance pecuharly her own pay-\\nI ing the duties which those States, severally, levied upon the merchandise\\nI she consumed. She was, therefore, induced, by the strongest ties of interest,\\nI to support the federative system, by which such duties, instead of being\\nlevied by individual States for their special benefit, would be received and\\nexpended for the general weal of the nation; and was indignant, that the\\nI system had been rejected by New York. Certain resolutions, expressive\\nof her sense, upon this and other momentous subjects, were reported to the\\nAssembly, by Mr. Abraham Clarke, on the 20th of February, 1786, and\\nDated June 8th, 1783.", "height": "3387", "width": "1816", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "328 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nafterwards embodied in instructions to her delegates in Congress, to the fol-\\nlowing effect. 1\\nWhen the revenue system of April 18th, 1783, was passed m Congress,\\nwe were then in hopes that our situation, between two commercial States,\\nwould no longer operate to our detriment and that, those States, and others\\nin their predicament, were, at length, convinced of the selfish and palpable\\ninjustice of subjecting others to their exactions, and then applying those ex-\\nactions to the augmentation of their respective private revenues.\\nThe same contracted and destructive policy, that has long subsisted, still\\ncontinues; and as we are convinced, that neither the public credit can be\\nsupported, the public debts, paid, or the existence of the Union maintained,\\nwithout the impost revenue, in some beneficial effective manner, it has be-\\ncome our duty to instruct you, to vote against each and every ordinance, re-\\nsolution, or proceeding, whatever, which shall product any expense to New\\nJersey, for the promotion or security of the commerce of these States, or\\nany of them, from which neither the Union, in general, nor this State, m\\nparticular, derives any advantage, until all the States shall, effectually, and\\nsubstantially, adopt and carry into execution, the impost above mentioned.\\nYou will see, by the representation of this State, June 25th, 1778, that the\\nLegislature have, uniformly, held the same justice of sentiment, respecting\\nthe vacant or crown lands relative to which, you are instructed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to vote\\nagainst every proceeding, which shall tend to charge this State with any\\nexpense for acquiring, gaining possession of, or defending such territory,\\nclaimed by, or which is to accrue to, the exclusive benefit of any particular\\nState or States, and not the Union at large.\\nThe Lecrislature has beheld, with much concern, gratuitous advances ot\\nmoney and partial payments, made by Congress, to importunmg creditors\\nand others, not regulated by any general and equal system, which not only\\nimpoverish the treasury, but produce discontents, and furnish bad precedents.\\nYou are, therefore, instructed not to assent to any such payments, or to the\\npayment of any particular debts, other than foreign loans, in preference to\\nothers of a like nature, whereby a discrimination of creditors may take place.\\nIt were well if the public could pay all, promptly, but as that is impractica-\\nble, it is absolutely necessary, to act upon settled uniform plans, in paymg\\nas far as the revenue can extend.\\nThe Assembly, also, resolved, for these reasons, that they could not,\\nconsistently with the duty they owed to their constituents, comply with the\\nrequisition of Congress of the 27th of September, 1785, or any other of a\\nsimilar nature, requiring specie contributions, until all the States in the\\nUnion should comply with the requisition of April, 1783, or at least, until\\nthe several States, having the advantage of commerce, which they now enjoy,\\nsolely from the joint exertions of the United States, shall forbear exactmg\\nduties upon merchandise, for the particular benefit of their respective States,\\nthereby drawing revenues from other States, whose local situation and cir-\\ncumstances, would not admit their enjoying similar advantages from com-\\nThis resolution proved so embarrassing to Congress, that a committee was\\nappointed from that body, personally, to remonstrate with the Legislature ol\\nNew Jersey, and to endeavour to procure its repeal. Whereupon, tne\\nHouse resolved, that being willing to remove, as far as in their power,\\nevery embarrassment, from the councils of the Union, and that the failure ol\\nsupplies from temporary demands, though clearly evinced from experience,\\nmay not be imputed to the State of New Jersey, only, the resolution ol the\\ntwentieth of February, should be rescinded. Thus disappointed in procuring\\nan equalization of the customs, the State, from the many petitions upon this", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 329\\nsubject, seems to have prepared itself for the estabUshment of a tariff of\\nduties, upon all goods imported from the adjacent States. A measure which\\ncould have resulted only in awakening dangerous feuds with her neighbours,\\nand in the greater oppression of her own citizens.\\nX. To relieve the pecuniary distress which weighed upon this State, in\\ncommon with the rest of the Union, the Legislature resorted to the old expe-\\ndient of issuing bills of credit, and lending them upon mortgage, through\\nloan offices, established in the several counties. A bill for striking and\\nmaking current, one hundred .thousand pounds, was passed by the Assem-\\nbly, in March, 1786, but was rejected in Council. The cries of the people,\\nhowever, were too general and loud, to be thus disregarded; and a special\\nsession of the Legislature Avas holden on the 17th of May, following, when\\nthe bill passed both Houses.\\nXL To increase the gloom which hung over the Union, difficulties had\\narisen relative to the execution of the treaty with Great Britain, which had\\nbeen broken by both parties. The British had not delivered up, nor paid for,\\nthe slaves of the southern planters, nor surrendered the military posts upon\\nthe borders. Nor had the United States complied with the 4th, 5th, and 6th\\narticles, containing agreements respecting the payment of private debts, due\\nthe British merchants, the confiscation of property, and the prosecution of\\nindividuals, for the part taken by them, during the war. Complaints were\\nalso, made, of British encroachments on the territory of the United States,\\nfrom the eastern frontier. But the cause of the greatest disquiet, was the\\nrigorous commercial system, pursued by Great Britain. To settle these\\nvexatious questions, Mr. John Adams was, in February, 1785, appointed\\nplenipotentiary of the United States to the British court. His efforts to give\\nreciprocity and stability to the commercial relations, between the two coun-\\ntries, were unavailing the cabinet of London declining negotiation with a\\ngovernment, which was unable to secure the observance of any general re-\\ngulation, and to make the obligations of a treaty reciprocal.\\nXIL AH these circumstances rendered a modification of the compact be-\\ntween the States, not only desirable, but inevitable, if their union was to be\\npreserved. The immediate .measures leading to a change, commenced in\\nVirginia. On the 21st of January, 1786, a resolution was adopted in the\\nLegislature of that State, appointing commissioners to meet such as might\\nbe appointed by the other States in the Union, at a time and place to be\\nagreed on, to take into consideration the trade of the United States to ex-\\namine the relative situation and trade of the said States to consider how far\\na uniform system in their commercial relations may be necessary to their\\ncommon interests, and their present harmony, and to report to the several\\nStates, such an act, relative to this great object, as when unanimously rati-\\nfied by them, will enable the United States, in Congress assembled, effectu-\\nally, to provide for the same. In the circular letter transmitting these\\nresolutions to the respective States, Annapolis, in Maryland, was proposed\\nas the place, and the ensuing September as the time, of meeting.\\nThis resolution was submitted to the Legislature of New Jersey, on the\\n14th of March, 1786, and concurred in, a few days after. On the 21st, in\\njoint meeting, Messrs. Abraham Clarke, William C. Houston, and James\\nSchureman, were appointed delegates to the convention at Annapolis.\\nBut five States,* only, were represented, on this important occasion. The\\ndelegates having appointed Mr. John Dickinson their chairman, proceeded to\\ndiscuss the objects of their convention; when they soon perceived, that more\\nample powers were requisite to effect their contemplated purpose. They\\nNew Yorkj New Jersey, PennDylvania, Delaware, and Maryland\\n2 T", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "330 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nrose, therefore, without coming to any resolution, save that ol recommend-\\ning, to the several States, the necessity of extending the revision of the\\nfederal system, to all its defects, and the appointment of deputies for that\\npurpose, to meet in convention, in the city of Philadelphia, on the second day\\nof the ensuing May.\\nThis proposition was .variously received, in accordance with the temper of\\nthe several parties in the Union. Those v/ho sought the energetic govern-\\nment of monarchy, and those who earnestly desired to break up the old con-\\nfederation, believed, that the public affairs had not yet reached their worst\\nstate that state which woidd compel a change and, therefore, they looked\\ncoldly upon it. Others deemed the mode of calling the convention, irregular;\\nwhilst others objected to it, because it gave no authority to the plan, which\\nshould be devised. But its most active opponents were the devotees of state\\nsovereignty, who deprecated any considerable augmentation ol federal power.\\nThe ultimate decision of the States, in favour of the proposition, is supposed\\nto have been produced, by the commotions which at that time agitated all\\nNew England, and particularly Massachusetts. Congress was restrained\\nfrom giving its sanction to the measure, by an apprehension, that their action\\nupon it would impede, rather than promote, it. From this fear, they were\\nrelieved by the Legislature of New York, which, by a majority of one voice,\\nonly, instructed its delegation to move in Congress, a resolution, recommend-\\ning to the several States, to appoint deputies to meet in convention, for the\\npurpose of revising, and proposing amendments to, the federal constitution.\\nOn the 21st of February, 1787, the day succeeding the instructions given by\\nNew York, Congress resolved it to be expedient, that on the second Mon-\\nday in May next, a convention of delegates, who shall have been appointed-\\nby the several States, be held at Philadelphia, for the sole and express pur-\\npose of revising the articles of confederation, and reporting to Congress, and\\nthe several Legislatures, such alterations and provisions, therein, as shall,\\nwhen agreed to, in Congress, and confirmed by the States, render the federal\\nconstitution adequate to the exigencies of government, and the preservation\\nof the Union.\\nOn the 24th of November, 1786, New Jersey had approved the measurfe,\\nand nominated David Brearley, William C. Houston, William Patterson, and\\nJohn Neilson, commissioners on her part; to whom she afterwards added;\\nGovernor Livingston, and Abraham Clark, on the 19th of May, 1787,\\n(omitting the name of Mr. Nielsen,} and Jonathan Dayton, on the 7th of\\nJune.\\nXIII. The representatives of twelve States convened at the time and place\\nappointed Rhode Island, alone, having refused to send deputies. Having,\\nunanimously, chosen General Washington their president, they proceeded\\nwith closed doors, to discuss the interesting subject submitted to them. Upon\\nthe great principles of the system, not much contrariety of opinion is under-\\nstood to have prevailed but the various and intricate modifications of those\\nprinciples, presented much difficulty. More than once, there was reason lo\\nfear, that the convention would rise without effecting the object for which it\\nwas formed. Happily, the advantages of the Union triumphed over local\\ninterests. And at length, on the 17th of September, the constitution of the\\nUnited States of America, was given to the world.\\nAlthough earnestly devoted to the establishment of a strong and permanent\\ngovernment for the Union, New Jersey was anxious to preserve the origing,!\\nequality of the States, which had given to each, in Congress, before and af!er\\nthe adoption of the articles of confederation, a voice alike potential. The\\npretension was unjust, considering the United States as composed of one\\npeople, but had a colour of propriety when they were viewed as a confede-", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 331\\nration of independent States. The New Jersey plan, as it was termed,\\nwas proposed by Mr. Patterson, and sustained by the delegates of New Jersey,\\nConnecticut, Delaware, and in part of Maryland. To its introduction we,\\nprobably, owe that provision of the constitution of the United States, which\\ngave from the several States, an equal representation in the Senate.*\\nThe convention directed the result of their labours to be laid before Con-\\ngress; and that it should afterwards be submitted to a convention of dele-\\ngates, chosen in each State by the people, thereof, under the recommendation\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of its Legislature, for their assent and ratification and that so soon as the\\nqoBventions of nine States should have ratified it, it should be carried into\\noperation by Congress, in a mode prescribed.\\nWhen submitted to the people, the merits of this constitution were fully\\nand rigorously discussed, not only in the several conventions, but in the\\nperiodical papers of the day. The federal, and the State-right parties, which\\niivided the country, maintained their views with equal zeal; but the first,\\nafter an arduous struggle, prevailed. In producing this result, Messrs.\\nMadison, Jay, and Hamilton, were among the most efficient and distinguish-\\ned agents, and their essays under the title of the Federalist, form a valua-\\nble treatise on government, which must continue to be the text book for, at\\nleast, the statesmen of North America.\\nSo balanced were the parties in some of the States, that even after the\\nconstitution had been long discussed, its fate could scarcely be conjectured;\\nand so small in many instances, was the majority in its favour, as to afford\\nground to believe, that had the influence of character been removed, the\\nmerits of the instrument would not have secured its adoption. And in some\\nof the adopting States, a majority of the people are supposed to have been op-\\nposed to it. The commissioners of New Jersey, reported to the Assembly\\n-the proceedings of the Convention, on the 25th of October, 1787. And Con-\\ngress having unanimously resolved, that the constitution be transmitted to\\nthe several States, for consideration, the House, unanimously, on the 29th of\\nOctober, recommended, such inhabitants of the State as were entitled to vote\\nfor representatives in the General Assembly, to elect on the fourth Tuesday\\nof November, from each county, three delegates to a convention, to meet at\\nTrenton, on the second Tuesday of December, to consider, and if approved,\\nto ratify, the constitution.\\nThe State Convention met on the 11th of December, 1787, and. chose\\nJohn Stephens, president, and Samuel Witham Stockton, secretary. After\\nestablishing rules for its government, it resolved, that the federal constitu-\\nThe plan of Mr. Patterson contemplatod the amendment of the articles of confede-\\nration Ry vesting in Congress power To raise a revenue by duties on imposts,\\nstamps, and postage To regulate trade and commerce with foreign nations, and be-\\ntween the States; all punishments, fines, forfeitures, and penalties, to be adjudged by\\nthe common law judiciary of the State, in which the offence should be committed,\\nsubject to an appeal to the judiciary of the United States To make requisitions upon\\nthe several States, in proportion to the whole number of inhabitants, including those\\nbound to servitude for a term of years, and three-fiftlis of slaves; and in case of non-\\ncompliance, to direct the collection of the same To elect a Federal Executive to con-\\nsist of several persons, paid by Congress, having power to appoint all Federal officers,\\ne. To establish a Federal Judiciary, consisting of a supreme tribunal, appointed by\\nthe Executive, during good behaviour, to have original jurisdiction in case of im-\\npeachment, and appellate jurisdiction in cases relating to ambassadors, captures,\\npiracy and felony on the sea To impose an oath of fidelity, \u00c2\u00abfcc. on all officers To\\nmake the Federal laws and treaties the supreme laws of the land, and to call forth the\\nmilitary powers of the confederated States, to enforce such laws To provide for the\\nadmission of new States into the Union To provide for deciding upon all disputes\\nbetween the United States and an individual State, respecting territory To make a\\nuniform rule of naturalization, \u00c2\u00abfec. c.", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "332 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntion.be read, by sections, and that, as so read, every member make his obser-\\nvations thereon; that after debating such section, the question be taken,\\nwhether further debate be had thereon and if determined in the negative,\\nthat the convention proceed in like manner to the next section, until the\\nvv^hole be gone through; upon which the general question shall be taken.\\nWhether the Convention in the name, and on behalf of the people of this\\nState, do ratify and confirm the said constitution And on Tuesday, the\\n18th of December, the constitution was, unanimously, adopted, without a sin-\\ngle amendment. On the 19th, the members of the Convention went in\\nsolemn procession, to the Court House, where the ratification was publicly\\nread to the people.*\\nThe twelve articles of amendment, which were proposed and adopted, at\\nthe first session of the first Congress, were ratified by this State, by an act\\npassed on the 20th of November, 1789. That the happiness of all the citi-\\nzens of the United States has been promoted and secured, by the Federal\\nConstitution, admits not of doubt. But, to New Jersey, especially, that in-\\nstrument brought peace, protection and prosperity. Condemned, by circum-\\nstances, which she could not control, to abandon all prospect of foreign com-\\nmerce, she would have been dependant upon New York on the east, and\\nPennsylvania on the west, for her supplies of foreign merchandise. For so\\nvaluable a customer, those States would, probably, have contended between\\nthemselves and the inhabitants on the shores of the Delaware and its tribu-\\ntaries, would have made common interest with Philadelphia, whilst those on\\nthe banks of the Hudson and the sea coast, would have been controlled by\\nthe merchants of New York. Less causes have divided States, have given\\nbirth to civil wars, followed by the subjection of the country. New Jersey\\nmight have become the prize for which her great neighbours would have re-\\nsorted to arms and her greatest happiness might have been, to be conquered\\nby the strongest.\\nFrom the dread of these evils, the Union has, happily, delivered her, and\\nleft her at perfect liberty to pursue, with unerring certainty, the welfare of\\nher citizens. Debarred from foreign commerce, she has turned her pro-\\nvidence to agriculture and manufactures. For the first, the diversity of her\\nsoils is admirably adapted. For the second, her mines and her streams have\\nfitly prepared her. From both, she has continued to derive, abundantly,\\nmorals, wealth, and happiness. Since the adoption of the Federal Constitu-\\ntion, few subjects of historical interest have occurred, public business has\\nflowed in a silent and tranquil stream, and individual prosperity has been un-\\ninterrupted. The fondest wish of the patriot heart, must be, that the Union,\\nthe Federal Constitution, and the weal of the State, which are inseparable,\\nmay, also, be perpetual.\\nNew Jersey was the third State to ratify the constitution, being preceded only\\nby Delaware, on the 7th, and Pennsylvania, on the 12th, of December.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "APPE]^DIX.\\nNOTE A.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 6.\\nThe Hudson and Delaware rivers have been known under various names, by the\\naborigines and the whites. Thus, tlie Hudson was called Manahatta, from an In-\\ndian nation near its mouth. Makakaneghtac or Mohican-nittuck, and Mohegan, from\\nthe Mohicans; Shdttcmuck, perhaps a corruption of the preceding; and Colictaba, by\\nthe Iroquois. The Dutch and English termed it the North, to distinguish it from\\nthe Delaware, or South river. Tlie Dutch also called it Mauritius river, in honour\\nof Prince Maurice. The Spaniards are supposed to have called it Riviere de Mon-\\ntagues, from the Highlands through which it passes.\\nThe Delaware, among the natives, was known as the Poutaxat, Marisqueton,\\nMaker iskitton, and Maker isk-kiskon, and Lenapc-wihittuck, stream of the Lenape.\\nBy the Dutch it was called Zuydt, or South, Nassau, Prince Kendrick s, or Charles\\nriver; and by the English, the Delaware. The derivation of the last name is\\ndoubtful. Campanius says it was so named, from Mons. De la Warre, a captain\\nunder Chartier; and that it was discovered in 1600; whilst Stith informs us, that\\nThomas West, Lord Delaware, discovered and gave it his name, in 1610, and that\\nhe died opposite its mouth, on a second voyage to Virginia, in 161S. In Heylin s\\nCosmography, originally written in 164S, but continued by Edward Bohun to 1703,\\nthis river is called Arasapha.\\nNOTE B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 18.\\nThe description given by Plantagenet, w^s doubtless very enticing, and it would\\nseem that the country had been pretty well explored, since he speaks familiarly of\\niron stone, and by it, waters and falls, to drive iron-works, in an uninhabited de-\\nsert. He speaks also, of lions, for which probably the panthers were taken. On re-\\nligious subjects, the views of the projectors were liberal for the age, since there was\\nto be no persecution to any dissenting; and to all such, as to the Walloons, in\\nHolland, free chapels; and to punish all as seditious, and for contempt, as bitter rail,\\nand condemn others of the contrary.\\nf NOTE C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 34.\\nThere is a singular pleasure in contrasting the order and moral beauty which has\\narisen from the chaotic materials of primitive Quakerism. To the philosophic mind,\\nthe dependence on the divine light loifMn, as the guide of moral action, is little else\\nthan an abandonment of the understanding to every capricious impulse, and wind\\nof doctrine. Intense zeal has but two modes of expending itself by action\\nupon others, or upon ourselves. In the first case, its fruits are, commonly, active\\nforce and oppression, of which the history of every sect, is but too full of ex-\\nample; and in the second, it is passive resistance, whose reaction is equal to any\\npower that can be brought to bear upon it. But this species of force requires the\\nhomogeneity and condensation of the parts of the suffering body. These were given\\nby the establishment of the discipline of the Quakers, providing practical rules\\nof action for life, and requiring the assent of a large portion of the society, to all\\npublic demonstrations of its faith and doctrines; whilst, at the same time, watchful\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0guardians observed and regulated, by timely monition, the walking of the brethren.\\nIn these causes, of which the peculiarity of garb, the Quaker uniform, is but part,\\nlay the strength of the society. The persecution it sustained, was an exterior force\\naiding its integrity and preservation, and v. ithout which, it is possible, the society\\ncannot resist the centrifugal power of the imoard divine light. For, when that\\nceased, a disintegration commenced, which has already produced a broad separation\\n6f the parts, and may ultimately resolve the whole bod} into primitive monads.", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "334 APPENDIX.\\nFrom the writings of modern historians, and apologists of Quakerism, we migl\\nsuppose, that none of the Quakers, who were imprisoned by the magistrates, at tlf\\nperiod, had been accused of aught but the profession of their peculiar doctrines, n\\nattendance at their peculiar places of worship. But very different causes of theii\\nimprisonment, have been transmitted to us, even by the sufferers themselves, and\\nwhich leave it questionable whether the greatest wrong they sustained, was not the\\ncommittal to the gaol, instead of the lunatic hospital. These sectarians, who have-\\nalways professed and inculcated the maxims of inviolable peace, who not man\\\\\\nyears after their association, were accounted philosophical deists, seeking to pav\\ntlie way to a sclieme of natural religion, by allegorizing the distinguishing article;-\\nof the Christian faith, and who are, now, in general, remarkable for calm benevo-\\nlence, and peculiar remoteness from active efforts to make proselytes, were, in their\\ninfancy, the most impetuous zealots, and inveterate disputers. In their eagerness\\nto convict the world, and to bear witness from the fountain of oracular testimony,\\nwhich they supposed to reside within them, against a regular ministry, which they\\ncalled a priesthood of Baal, and against the sacraments, which they termed carnal\\nand idolatrous observances, many committed the most revolting blasphemy, inde-\\ncency, and disorderly outrage.\\nWe refer our readers, on this subject, to Sewal s History, Howell s State Trials,\\nvol. V. p. 801 vol. vi. p. 998 Hume s History of England, vol. vii. p. 336 Beese s\\nCollection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers; Fox s Journal, c.\\nNOTE D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 37.\\nThe being a party to this agreement, constitution, or concessions, confers an\\nhonour upon a descendant, of which many inhabitants of New Jersey may now just-\\nly boast. The names of the signers, one hundred and fifty in number, may be found\\nin the Appendix to Smith s History, page 538, and Leaming and Spicer s Collec-\\ntion, page 409.\\nNOTE E.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 38.\\nThomas Hutchinson, of Beverley Thomas Pierson, of Bonwicke, yeoman Jo-\\nseph Helmsly, of Great Kelke, yeoman; George Hutchinson, of Sheffield, distiller;\\nand Mahlon Stacy, of Hansworth, tanner; all of the county of York, were principal\\ncreditors of E. Byllinge, to whom several of the other creditors made assignments of\\ntheir debts, which together amounted to the sum of \u00c2\u00a32450 sterling, and who took\\nin satisfaction, seven full, equal and undivided ninetieth parts of ninety equal and\\nundivided hundred parts of West Jersey and the same was conveyed to them,\\ntheir heirs and assigns, by William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, and E.\\nByllinge, by deed, bearing date, the first of the month called March, 1676: And by\\nanother conveyance of the same date, from and to the same persons, in satisfaction\\nfor other debts, to the amount of \u00c2\u00a31050 sterling, three other full, equal and un-\\ndivided ninetieth parts of the aforesaid ninety equal and undivided hundred parts of\\nWest Jersey, were also conveyed^-^Smith s Hist. New Jersey, p. 92, n.\\nNOTE F.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 39.\\nAmong these first settlers of Burlington, were Thomas Olive, Daniel Wills, Wil-\\nliam Peachy, William Clayton, John Crips, Thomas Eves, Thomas Harding, Thomas\\nNositer, Thomas Farnworth, Morgan Drewet, William Pennton, Henry Jennings,\\nWilliam Hibes, Samuel Lovett, John Woolston, William Woodmaney, Christopher!\\nSaunders, and Robert Powell. John Wilkinson and William Perkins were with i\\ntheir families, passengers, but dying on the voyage, the latter were duly protected,\\nand aided by their fellow passengers. Perkins became a Quaker, early in life, and\\nlived well in Leiceslersliire; but, in the fifty-second year of his age, was induced,\\nby a favourable account of New Jersey, written by Richard Hartshorne, to embark\\nwith his wife, four children, and some servants. Among the last, was one Mar-\\nshall, a carpenter, whose services were most useful in setting up the habitations of\\nthe new comers.\\nNOTE G.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 40.\\nIn the Wdlhiff Mind came James Nevill, Henry Salter, George Deacon, and other\\nfamilies; in the Martha, Thomas Wright, William Goforth, John Lynara, Edward\\nSeason, William Black, Richard Dungworth, George Miles, William Wood,Thomasi", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 335\\nSchooley, Richard Harrison, Thomas Hooten, Samuel Taylor, Marinaduke Horse-\\nman, William Oxley, William Lex, Nathaniel Luke, the families of Robert Stacy,\\nand Samuel Odas, and Thomas Ellis, and John Barts, servants sent by George\\nHutchinson. Letters from the first emigrants, from John Cripps, Thomas Hooten,\\nWilliam Clark, and others, to their friends in England, descriptive of the richness\\nand capabilities of the soil, abundance of game and fruits, temperature of the\\nclimate, excellence of the water, and kindness of the aborigines, induced many to\\nemigrate. In The Shield, came William Emley, the second time, with his wife, two\\nchildren, one born by the way, two men, and two women servants; Mahlon Stacy,\\nhis wife, children, and several servants, men and women; Thomas Lambert, his wife,\\nchildren, and several men and women servants John Lambert and servant; Thomas\\nRevell, his wife, children, and servants; Godfrey Hancock, his wife, children, and\\nservants; Thomas Potts, his wife, and children; John Wood and four ciiildren;\\nThomas Wood, wife, and children; Robert Murfin, his wife, and two children;\\nRobert Schooley, his wife, and children; James Pharo, wife, and children; Susan-\\nnah Farnsworth, her children, and two servants; Richard Tattersal, his wife, and\\nchildren; Godfrey Newbold, John Dewsbury Richard Green, Peter and John\\nFretwell John Newbold; one Barns, a merchant from Hull, Francis Barwick,\\nGeorge Parks, George Hill, John Heyres, and several more.\\nIn the ship from London, 1(J78, came John Denn, Thomas Kent, John Hollins-\\nhead, with their families; William Hewlings, Abraham Hewlings, Jonathan Eld-\\nridge, John Petty, Thomas Kirby, with others the first of these settled about Salem,\\nthe rest at Burlington. About tliis time, and a few years afterwards, arrived at\\nBurlington, the following settlers from England, viz. John Butcher, Henry Grubb,\\nWilliam Butcher, William Brightwin, Thomas Gardner, John Budd, John Bourten,\\nSeth Smith, Walter Pumphrey, Thomas Ellis, Jaijies Satterthwaite, Richard Arnold,\\nJohn Woolman, John Stacy, Thomas Eves, Benjamin Duffeld, John Payne, Samuel\\nCleft, William Cooper, John Shinn, William Biles, John Skein, John Warrel, An-\\nthony Morris, Samuel Bunting, Charles Read, Francis Collins, Thomas Mathews,\\nChristopher Wetherill, John Dewsbury, John Day, Richard Basnett, John Antrem,\\nWilliam Biddle, Sanmel Furnace, John Ladd, Thomas Raper, Roger Huggins, and\\nThomas Wood.\\nAbout this time also, arrived John Kinsey. His father, one of the commissioners,\\ndying on his arrival, the charge of the family fell upon him. He and his son be-\\ncame much distinguished in the province, holding many public stations. The latter\\ndied chief justice of Pennsylvania.\\nNOTE H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 43.\\nThe names of this Assembly and Council, and the forms of their engagements,\\nmay be seen in Leaming and Spicer s Collection of Grants, c. p. 456.\\nNOTE I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 46.\\nV\\nWe purposed to reprint here, the act relating to the Confession of Faith but our\\nspace does not permit it. It will be found in Leaming and Spicer s Collection,\\np. 548.\\nNOTE K.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 48.\\nThe salary of the Governor was, generally, fifty pounds a year, paid in country\\nproduce, at prices fixed by law, and sometimes, four shillings a day besides, to defray\\nthe charges while a session was held the wages of the Council and Assembly, during\\nthe sitting in legislation, was, to each member, three shillings a day the rates for pub-\\nlic charges, were levied at two shillings a head, for every male above fourteen years.\\nIn 1668 the council consisted of six, viz. Nicholas Verlet, Robert Bond, Robert\\nVanquellin, Daniel Price, Samuel Edsall, and William Pardon the Assembly of\\ntwelve, viz. Casper Steenmets, Baltazar Bayard for Bergen, John Ogden, senior,\\nI John Brackett for Elizabeth town, Robert Treat and Samuel Swame for Newark,\\nI John Bishop and Robert Dennis for Woodbridge, James Grover and John Bound\\nfor Middletown and Shrewsbury.\\nNOTE L.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 51.\\nIt is not difficult to understand hov.- a friendly intercourse originated between\\nthe leading persons among the Quakers, and Charles II. and his brother. The", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "336 APPENDIX.\\nQuakers desired to avail themselves of the authority of the King, for the establish-\\nment of a general toleration, and for their own especial defence against the enmity\\nand dislike of their numerous adversaries. The King and his brother regarded,\\nwith great benevolence, the principles of non-resistance, professed by Friends, and\\nfound in them, the only class of Protestants, who could be rendered instrumental to\\ntheir design of re-establishing Popery, by the preparatory measure of generaltole-\\nration. But how the friendly relation tlius created, between the royal brothers, and\\nsuch men as Penn and Barclay, should have continued to exist, uninterrupted by\\nall the tyranny and treachery which the reigns of these princes disclosed, is a diffi-\\nculty which their contemporaries were unable to solve, otherwise than by consider-\\ning the Quakers, as at bottom, the votaries of Popery and arbitrary power. The\\nmore modern and juster, as well as more charitable censure is, that they were dupes\\nof kingly courtesy, craft, and dissimulation. They endeavoured to make an instru-\\nment of the King while he permitted therli to flatter themselves with this hope, that\\nhe might avail himself of tiieir instrumentalitj for the aceomplishment of his own\\ndesigns. Grahame s Col. Hist.\\nNOTE M.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 51.\\nBy recurring to the letters of Rudyard, first deputy-governor of East Jersey,\\nSamuel Groome, surveyor, Lawrie, deputy-governor, John Barclay, and Arthur\\nForbes, to the proprietaries in London, the reader will perceive how strong and\\nfavourable were the impressions on the minds of the first settlers, in relation to the\\ncountry. See Smith s Hist. New Jersey, from page 168 to 188.\\nNOTE N.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 55.\\nThe counsellors named in the instructions .were Edward Hunlake, Lewis Morris,\\nAndrew Bowne, Samuel Jennings, Thomas Revel, Francis Davenport, William\\nPinhorne, Samuel Leonard, George Deacon, Samuel Walker, Daniel Leeds, Wil-\\nliam Sanford, and Robert Quarry. Quarry was said to be of the Cvouncil of five\\ngovernments at one time; viz. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland,\\nand Virginia. He died about the year 1712. Smith, p. 231, w.\\nNOTE O.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page QQ.\\nA dispute was long pending between the general proprietors and the inhabitants\\nof Newark, relating to lands included within the bounds of three Indian purchases,\\ncalled the Mountain, the Horse Neck, and Van Gieson s. After several suits at\\nlaw and equity, the contest was referred to arbitrators, mutually chosen by the\\nparties, who awarded in favour of the general proprietors. Some of the defendants,\\ndissatisfied with the award, endeavoured to excite the others to further contest,\\ngave occasion for the letter of Mr. Ogden, who was council for the proprietors.\\nHis clear and satisfactory exposition of the case, most probably prevented a conti-\\nnuation of the controversy. We find the letter too long to be copied. It may be\\nseen in a small pamphlet, in the Philadelphia Library, as noted, at page 66 of the\\ntext.\\nNOTE P.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 77.\\nThe curious reader will find at the end of vol. iv. of the printed Minutes of the\\nAssembly, in the State Library, at Trenton, a MSS. table of the sittings of Assem-\\nbly, from tlie surrender, in the year 1702, to the revolution, in 1776, with the names\\nof the governors and speakers; and also, a list of the members of Assembly^?\\nduring the same period.\\nNOTE Q.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 81.\\nNames of the Legislative Council, in 1707, Richard Ingoldsby, lieutenant-\\ngovernor, William Pinhorne, R. Mompesson, Thomas Revell, Daniel Leeds, Daniel\\nCoxe, Richard Townly, Robert Quarry, and William Sandford.\\nNOTE R.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 82.\\nThis illness of Jennings proved mortal, after a year s duration. He was a zealous\\nminister among Friends; and upon all occasions took an active part in public\\naffairs, in which he was alike distinguished by ability and integrity. His warm and\\nsanguine temperament, was ordinarily controlled by a sound and experienced judg-", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 337\\nment; but it sometimes betrayed him into hasty and passionate conduct, ol which\\nhis treatment to Keith, the apostate Quaker, whilst on trial before the court at\\nPhiladelphia, was a remarkable instance, and perhaps justified the charge made by\\nthe schismatic, that he was too high and imperious, in worldly courts. He was\\nan ardent lover of liberty, and firm and fearless in its defence. And though hia\\nmanners were stern and severe, he was always sought by the people when impor-\\ntant services were required. Twenty -eight years of his life were devoted to public\\nemployment; part of which, in Philadelphia. In private life, says Smith, alive\\nto the more generous emotions of a mind formed to benevolence, and acts of human-\\nity, he was a friend to the widow, the fatherless, and the unhappy; tender, compas-\\nsionate, disinterested, and with great opportunities, he left but a small estate;\\nabhorring oppression in every shape, his whole conduct, a will to relieve and be-\\nfriend mankind, far above the littleness of party and sinister views. He left three\\ndaughters, who intermarried with three brothers, by the name of Stevenson, whose\\nposterity reside in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.\\nThomas Gordon, his successor, was intimately connected with the proprietaries of\\nEast Jersey, before the surrender of the government in 1702. In 1697-8, he was\\ndeputy-secretary, and register of the province, and one of the council; and in 1702,\\non the removal of William Dockwra, he was appointed principal secretary. He\\nwas several years a representative in the Assembly, after the surrender; was\\ntreasurer for the eastern divison of the province, and distinguished in Perth Amboy\\nas a pious member and liberal patron of the Episcopal church. He died on the 28th\\nof April, 1722, aged seventy years. A tomb-stone in the grave-yard of St. Peter s\\nchurch, at Amboy, with a long Latin inscription, commemorates his virtues.\\nNOTE S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 83.\\nThe Assembly of New York adopted resolutions, declaring, that the levying\\nmoney on her Majesty s subjects of the colony, under any pretence, without the\\nconsent of the General Assembly, was a violation of the people s property; and\\nthat the freemen of the colony had an unquestionable, perfect and entire property\\nin their goods and estate. We recognise here, the principles which subsequently\\nled to the revolution. The Assembly, also, denounced the practice of Cornbury, in\\nlevying imposts on trade, and establishing fees without the sanction of law.\\nNOTE T.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 86.\\nThe members of Council named in the instructions of Governor Hunter, were\\nLewis Morris, William Pinhorne, George Deacon, Richard Townley, Daniel Coxe,\\nRoger Mompesson, Peter Sonmans, Hugh Huddy, William Hall, Thomas Gordon,\\nThomas Gardiner, Colonel Robert Quarry. The Queen, on the receipt of the re-\\nmonstrance of the Assembly, appointed John Anderson, Elisha Parker, Thomas\\nByerly, John Hamilton, and John Reading; removing Pinhorne, Coxe, Sonmans,\\nand Hall.\\nNOTE U.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 94.\\nWe give the following abstract from the minutes of the Assembly, indicative of\\nthe spirit of the times, and exemplifying the matter which occasionally occupied\\nthe Legislature. On the 24th of January, 1719, the House appointed a committee\\nto inquire into certain printed libels, and personal abuse against its members. One\\nBenjamin Johnson, of Monmouth, had said to William Lawrence, a member from\\nthat county, You Lawrence, are a pitiful pimping fellow, and have been false to\\nyour trust in the Assembly. On the complaint of Lawrence, Johnson was ordered\\ninto arrest by the House but he avoided its displeasure by absconding. A passage\\nin Titan Leeds Almanac, for 1718, was voted libellous, and the author and printer\\nwere ordered into the custody of the sergeant-at-arms. Leeds was apprehended\\nbut we do not know how punished. Two pamphlets, one entitled, A further dis-\\ncovery of the mystery of trade, proposed by A B, and the other, Proposals for traffic\\nand commerce in New Jersey, were also declared to be libellous, the books con-\\ndemned to be burned- by the common hangman, and a reward offered for the appre-\\nhension of the authors. William Sandford and Thomas Buskirk, Esq. of Bergen\\ncounty, were arrested on the speaker s warrant, for having reported, that Mr. Philip\\nSchuyler, a member of the House, had drank a health to the damnation of the go-\\nvernor and the justices of the peace. Sandford admitted and justified the declara-\\n2U", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "338 APPENDIX.\\ntioni producing the affidavit of the coroner of the county, to the uttering of the\\nwords by Schuyler. Schuyler denied the words, but said, that he had quarrelled\\nwith the coroner, and had kicked him. Whereupon, the House gave the member\\npermission to withdraw and go home, that he might procure evidence to disprove\\nthe charge thus brought against him. Sandford and Buskirk were discharged from\\ncustody. A copy of the affidavit was denied to Schuyler. Subsequently, the coro-\\nner was required to name the persons present, when the offensive words were\\nalleged to have been uttered. These persons having no remembrance of the words,\\nSchuyler was acquitted by a solemn vote, and permitted again to take his seat. But\\nthe proceedings against Sandford and Buskirk were not renewed.\\nNOTE v.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 97.\\nThe members of council, named in the instructions of Governor Burnet, were\\nLewis Morris, Thomas Gordon, John Anderson, John Hamilton, Thomas Byerly,\\nDavid Lyell, John Parkef7 John Wills, John Hugg, John Johnson, junior, John\\nReading, and Peter Bard.\\nNOTE W.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 105.\\nWe refer the reader to Sparks Life of Governeur Morris, for a full account of\\nthis family, which has been distinguished for so many years in New York and New\\nJersey.\\nNOTE Z.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 121.\\nIt was rumoured at an early period, that Braddock had been shot by his men.\\nMore recently, it has been stated, by one who could not be mistaken, that in the\\ncourse of the battle, Braddock ordered the provincial troops to form a column. They,\\nhowever, adhered to the Indian mode of firing, severally, from the shelter of the\\ntrees. Braddock, in his vexation, rode up to a young man by the name of Fawcett,\\nand with his sword, rashly cut him down. Thomas Fawcett, a brother of the killed,\\nsoon learned his fate, and watching his opportunity, revenged his brother s blood,\\nby shooting Braddock, mortally, through the body. Thomas Fawcett dwelt near\\nLaurel Hill, Pennsylvania, until above ninety-seven years of age. Register of\\nPennsylvania, by S. Hazard, Jan. 28th, 1828.\\nNOTE AA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 140.\\nThe following abstract from the address of Mr. Speaker Ogden to the House, ex-\\nhibits, strongly, the state of the public feeling. I am so unhappy as to find, that\\nmy conduct, which was the consequence of this opinion, formed on the most deli-\\nberate, impartial, and disinterested reasoning on the subject, has been put in an un-\\nfavourable light, and has made me the object of too general a resentment I trust,\\nthat Providence will, in due time, make the rectitude of my heart, and my inviola-\\nble affection to my country, appear in a fair light to the world, and that my sole aim\\nwas the happiness of New Jersey. But, as at present, there appears a great dissatis-\\nfaction at my conduct, that has spread even among some of my constituents, whom\\nI have served many years in General Assembly, to the utmost of my abilities, I beg\\nleave of the House, to resign my seat in it, whereby my constituents may have an op-\\nportunity of sending another person in my room, who may act more agreeable to\\ntheir present sentiments though I am well assured, that no person can be found,\\nwho will study their welfare more sincerely, nor pursue it with more steadiness and\\nintegrity than I have done. Votes of Assembly. Mr. Stephen Crane was elected\\nin the place of Mr. Ogden.\\nNOTE BB.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 152.\\nThe suit instituted, if any, against the treasurer, Stephen Skinner, was never\\nbrought to trial. He adhered to the British in the revolutionary war, and all his i\\nproperty in New Jersey, was confiscated and sold for the benefit of the State.\\nNOTE CC\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 164.\\nList of deputies in the provincial Congress, May, June, and August, 1775.\\nBergen County, John Fell, John Demarest, Hendrick Kuyper, Abraham Van Bus-\\nkirk, Edw. Merselius. Essex, Henry Garritse, Michael Vreeland, Robert Drum-\\nmond, John Berry, William P. Smith, John Stiles, John Chetwood, Abraham Clark,\\nElias Boudinot, Isaac Ogden, Philip Van-Cortlandt, Bethuel Pier.son, Caleb Camp.\\nMiddlesex, Nathaniel Heard, William Smith, John Dunn, John Lloyd, Azfwiah Dun-", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 339\\nham, John Schurman, John Wetherill, David Williamson, Jonathan Sergeant, Jona-\\nthan Baldwin, Jonathan Deare. Morris, William Winds, William De Hart, Peter\\nDickerson, Jacob Drake, Ellis Cooke, Silas Condict. Somerset, Hendrick Fisher,\\nJohn Roy, Peter Schenk, Abraham Van Neste, Enos Kelsey, Jonathan D. Sergeant,\\nFrederick Frelinghuysen, William Patterson, Archibald Stewart, Edward Dumont,\\nWilliam Maxwell, Ephraim Martin. Monmouth, Edward Taylor, Joseph Saltar,\\nRobert Montgomery, John Holmes, John Covenhoven, Daniel Hendrickson, Nicho-\\nlas Van Brunt. Hunterdon, Samuel Tucker, John Mehelm, John Hart, John Stout,\\nJasper Smith, Thomas Lowry, Charles Stewart, Daniel Hunt, Ralph Hart, Jacob\\nJennings, Richard Stevens, John Stevens, junior, Thomas Stout, Thomas Jones,\\nJohn Bassett. Burlington, Joseph Borden, Isaac Pearson, Colin Campbell, Joseph\\nRead, John Pope. Gloucester, John Cooper, Elijah Clark, John Sparks. Cumber-\\nland, Samuel Fithian, Jonathan Elmer, Thomas Ewing. Salem, Andrew Sinnick-\\nson, Robert Johnson, Samuel Dick, Jacob Scoggin, James James. Cape May, Jesse\\nHand.\\nNOTE DD.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Page 172.\\nList of the deputies of the provincial Congress, elected in September, 1775.\\nBergen, John Demarest, Jacobus Post, Abraham Van Buskirk. Essex, Abraham\\nClark, Lewis Ogden, Samuel Potter, Caleb Camp, Robert Drummond. Middlesex,\\nJohn Wetherill, John Dennis, Azariah Dunham. Morris, William Winds.* William\\nDe Hart,* Jacob Drake, Silas Condict, Ellis Cook. Somerset, Hendrick Fisher,\\nCornelius Van Muliner,* Ruloffe Van Dyke. Sussex, William Maxwell,* Ephraim\\nMartin, Thomas Potts,* Abijah Brown, Mark Thompson. Hunterdon, Samuel\\nTucker, John Mehelm, John Hart, Charles Stewart, Augustine Stevenson.* Mon-\\nmouth, Edward Taylor, John Covenhoven, Joseph Holmes. Burlington, Isaac Pier-\\nson, John Pope, Samuel How,* John Wood, Joseph Newbold. Gloucester, John\\nCooper,* Joseph Ellis, Thomas Clark,* Elijah Clark,* Richard Somers.* Salem,\\nGrant Gibbon, Benjamin Holme, John Holme, Edward Keasby, John Carey. Cum-\\nberland, Theophilus Elmer, Jonathan Eyers. Cape May, Jesse Hand,* Elijah\\nHughes.\\nThe persons whose names are thus marked did not attend this session of the\\nCongress.", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "A\\nGAZETTEER\\nSTATE OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCOMPREHENDING\\nA GENERAL VIEW OF ITS PHYSICAL AND MORAL CONDITION,\\nTOGETHER WITH\\nA TOPOGRAPHICAL. AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT\\nCOUNTIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, CANALS,\\nRAIL ROADS, c.\\nACCOMPANIED BY A MAP.\\nBY\\nTHOMAS F. GORDON.\\n^Trenton\\nPUBLISHED BY DANIEL FENTON.\\nJolin C Clark, Printer, Philadelphia.\\n1834.", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "Entered by Thomas F. Gordon, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1834, in the Clerk s Office of\\nthe District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENT.\\nThe author of tlie following work has sought to present to the\\npublic, a full and correct portraiture of the State in the year 1833.\\nTo this end, he has, personally, visited almost every portion of it\\ncommuned with many of its most distinguished and enlightened citi-\\nzens, and collected, from numerous but scattered sources, a mass of\\nuseful and curious information, which must prove alike grateful to\\nthe present and succeeding generations. Errors will undoubtedly be\\ndiscovered in the work for such a work is peculiarly liable to them\\nbeing exposed, not only to the misconceptions of the author, but, to\\nthose of his thousand informants. Distance of places from each\\nother, and the area of the townships and counties are, specially, sub-\\nject to misstatement. The first has been given from the returns of\\nthe General Post-Office, measures upon the map, and verbal infor-\\nmation of residents; the only and best sources, save actual admea-\\nsurement. The area of the townships has been obtained from cal-\\nculation of their contents, as delineated on Mr. Gordon^s map, by\\nmeans of a reticulated scale of square miles. The result cor-\\nresponds, so nearly, with the returns of the assessors of such town-\\nships, as contain no unimproved lands, as to give considerable\\nconfidence in its approximation to the truth. It must be observed,\\nhowever, that this area comprises roads, lakes, ponds, marshes\\nand, in a word, every thing within the lines.\\nThe abstract which has been given of the laws relating to the\\nadministration of the government, generally, and of the counties\\nand townships, specially, will appear, to many, trite and familiar\\nbut to the great mass of the people, particularly, to the rising gene-\\nration, it will not prove the least acceptable portion of the work.\\nTo those about to enter on the duties of the citizen, it will commu-", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "IV ADVERTISEMENT.\\nnicate iniich valuable knowledge; and will be useful to all, for occa-\\nsional reference comprising, in a small compass, matter of daily\\ninterest, which must, elsewhere, be sought, in many volumes. More\\nof this species of information might have been usefully given but,\\nthe volume collected, exceeds, by one-third, the quantity originally\\nproposed and to get it within the size of a convenient manual,\\nresort has been had to a small type for the prefatory chapters.\\nTo the many gentlemen to whom the author is indebted for\\ncommunications, he tenders his unfeigned thanks and solicits\\nfrom them, and others, such corrections and additions as may ren-\\nder the next edition of his work, still more valuable.\\nPhiladelphia, January 1, 1834.", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "GAZETTEER OF IVEW JERSEY.\\nPREFATORY CHAPTER.\\nPART Z.\\nContaining a Physical View of the State.\\n1. General Boundary. II. Principal Divisions. III. Southern and Alluvial Division.\\nBounds Surface JVevisink Hills Sandij Hook Sea Beach Bays or Lagunes\\nSoil: Forest Pine Lands Oak Cedar Sumrnp Marl Ferruginous Sand Pro-\\nportions of Marl used in Agriculture. Cultivation of the Alluvial District. Bog\\nOre Streams. IV. Middle and Secondary District Bounds-^Area Formation\\nTrap Ridges Bergen Ridge First and Second Mountains Bituminous Coal\\nMountains from Springfield to Pluckemin. Pompton Plain Abundance of\\nMinerals there Ridges extending to the Delaivare Character of the surrounding\\nCountry Quarries of Freestone near Princeton Sandy Hill Primitive Rocks\\nnear Trenton. Copper Mines: at Belleville, Brunswick, Somerville, Grecnbrook.\\nV. Mountainous District: Extent Blended Geological Furmation Limits Pri-\\nmitive Ridges, Minerals of Tongue of Transition Formation, Minerals of Primi-\\ntive resumed Valley of the Wall kill, or of Sparta Singular Geology and Mine-\\nralogy Valley of Paulin s Kill Alternation of Slate and Limestone Blue or\\nKittatinney Mountains Transition Limestone on Delaicare River Precious Mar-\\nbles Manganese Rivers and Lakes of the Third Section Timber of the Middle and\\nA orthern Sections. VI. Turnpike Roads. VII. Rail Roads Camden and Amboy,\\nWest Jersey, Patterson and Hudson, Patterson Junction, Patterson and Fort Lee,\\n_ Elizabethtoxon and SomerviUe, Neiv Jersey, JVcw Jersey, Hudson and Delaware,\\nDelaivare and Jobstown. VIII. Canals: Morris, Delaware and Raritan, Manas-\\nquan, Salem. IX. Population Increase Tables Slavery. X. Statistical Table.\\nXI. Agriculture, Mamtfaetures and Commerce. XII. Climate.\\nI. The State of New Jersey is bounded on the N. E. by Orange and Rockland coun-\\nties, of the State of New York on the E. by Hudson River and Bay, Staten Island\\nSound, Raritan Bay and the Atlantic Ocean; on S. E. and S. by the Atlantic; on\\nS. W. by the Delaware Bay, dividing it from the State of Delaware; and on the W.\\nand N. W. by the Delaware River, separating it from Pennsylvania. The N. E.\\nline from Carpenter s Point, at the mouth of the Nevisink, or Mackackomack\\nRiver, in north lat. 41\u00c2\u00b0 21 to a point on the Hudson River, in 41\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude;\\nis in length 4-5 miles; the E. 60; the S. E. from Sandy Hook to Cape May, 120;\\nand the S. W., W. and N. W. from Cape May to Carpenter s Point, 220 miles\\nI making the extent of its exterior limit 445 miles. The e.xtreme length of the State,\\nby a line almost due north from Cape May, to the northern angle on the Delaware,\\nI is 164 miles; its greatest breadth due E. and W. through Salem, Gloucester, Bur-\\n1 lington and Monmouth counties, about 7-5 miles; and through Warren, Sussex,\\nMorris and Bergen counties, to the extreme N. E. point, on the Hudson River, about\\nI 60 miles. It may be crossed, however, by a direct line from S. W. to N. E., from\\nBordentown to South Amboy, in about 30 miles. The nearest approximation we\\nI can make to its area, measuring the map by a reticulateu scale of square miles, is\\nI about 7,276 square miles, or 4,656,330 acres, contained between 38\u00c2\u00b0 58 and 41\u00c2\u00b0 21\\nnorthern latitude.*\\nII. This area is distributed into three strongly marked divisions; the alluvial and\\nsouthern the secondary, hilly and middle and the mountainous and northern, com-\\nprising primitive and transition formations.\\nHI. The triangular peninsula, or southern division, bordered on the S. and E. by\\nDelaware Bay and the Ocean, on the N. and W. by the Delaware River, about 110\\nmiles in length, and 75 in breadth, is entirely alluvial. South of the Nevisink Hills,\\nthe surface seldom rises 60 feet above the sea. Those hills, adjacent to the Ocean,\\nare 310 feet above its level and stand where the waves formerly rolled, resting in\\nsome places on banks of oyster shells and other marine relics, blended with clay and\\nMorse o;ives S,320 square miles, or 5,324,800 acres; Smith s Hist. N. J. 4,800,000\\nacres; and Darby 6,851 square miles, or 4,384,000 acres.\\nA", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nsea mud. A sandy earth, highly coloured by oxide of iron, and imbedding reddish\\nbrown sand and puddingstone, cemented by iron, composes the higher strata; and\\nlarge rocks and beds of ferruginous sandstone, apparently in place, of a more recent\\nformation than tlie alluvial below, containing sufficient metal to be called an ore of\\niron, are of frequent occurrence. Particles of iron are blended with the sands of the\\nbeach and some of the streams which descend from the top of the clay strata, are\\nred with iron oxide. Efflorescences of the sulphates of iron and alumine, are often\\nobserved and flame, proceeding from the spontaneous combustion of gases, gene-\\nrated, probably, in beds of sulphuret of iron, has been noticed here. The strata of the\\nsteep eastern declivity are exposed by frequent land slips.\\nA small portion, only, of these hills is cultivated. They are rough, broken, and\\ncovered with wood, in which deer still find covert. From their summit, a view is\\ndisclosed of the ocean, unrivalled in grandeur upon the seaboard of this State and\\nthe coast on the N. E. and S. may be seen as far as the eye can reach. The land\\nprospect, though not so extensive, is scarce less interesting. In this hill, on the side\\nof a branch of the Nevisink River, is a remarkable cave, 30 feet long by 15 broad,\\ndivided into tliree apartments. The entrance and roof are low, the latter arched, and\\nof soft rock, through which the water percolates the bottom is of loose sand.\\nSandy Hook, east of, and divided from, the Nevisink Hills by a narrow bay, is six\\nmiles in length. It was formerly, and is now, isolated by a channel running from\\nShrewsbury River, which was first opened in 1778, closed in 1810, but reopened in\\n1830. The beach running northward several miles from Long Branch, invites to a\\npromenade on the hard sand when the tide is low; but the wrecks of vessels, visible\\nat short intervals, oppress the spectators with recollections of the perils of the sea.\\nFrom the Hook, this beach extends 125 miles to Cape May, varying in width from\\nhalf a mile to two miles, but broken in several places by channels communicating\\nwith the sea. South of Manasquan it covers a number of bays or salt water lakes,\\nof which Barnegat, Little Egg Harbour, and Great Egg Harbour, are the chief. West\\nof these runs a belt of marsh, in some places from four to five miles wide, intersected\\nby small rivers, with broad and shallow estuaries.\\nThe soil of this alluvial district consists of sand and clay, sometimes one overlay-\\ning the other; but frequently intimately blended, forming a tolerably fertile loam,\\nwhich prevails on its northern and western border with a variable breadth. Above\\nSalem, this breadth is from five to twelve miles, but below that town it is sometimes\\ncontracted to a mile. East of this strip of loam, and west of the marsh which girds\\nthe sea shore, lies an immense sandy plain, scarce broken by any inequality, and\\noriginally covered by a pine and shrub-oak forest a great portion of which has been\\nonce, and some of it twice, cut over. There are many square miles on which there\\nis not a human inhabitant, and where the deer, foxes and rabbits are abundant, and\\nthe wolf and tlie bear find a lair to protect their race from extirpation. But in many\\nplaces the echo is awakened by the woodman s axe, and the louder din of the forge\\nhammer, and the forest glares with the light of the furnace or glass house. In this\\nsandy desert there are found veins of generous soil, which yield a compensatory,\\ncrop of corn and rye to the labours of the husbandman.\\nThis immense forest covers probably four-fifths of the alluvial district; and forty\\nyears ago a large portion of it was not wortJi more than from six to ten cents the\\nacre. There was little demand for the timber, oak being preferred for architectural\\nand economical uses, nor was the land worth clearing for agricultural purposes.\\nThe establishment of furnaces and glass manufactories first gave additional value ^o\\nthe woodland near their locations but for a while they made little apparent reduc-\\ntion of the vast wilderness. Then came the steamboats, which for some years tra-\\nversed our waters, propelled by timber from New Jersey, without sensibly diminish-\\ning the density of tlie forest. In a few years more, however, their number was\\ndoubled, trebled, quadrupled. Their huge maws, though fed with thousands of\\nshallop loads of pine wood, were insatiable. The demand for fuel became immense;\\nthe almost worthless pine lands rose rapidly in value, and the hitherto almost idle\\npopulation of the sea-board, found abundant and profitable employment in supplying\\nthe growing markets. The introduction of anthracite coal diminished the consump-\\ntion of oak wood as fuel, but increased tliat of pine, vast quantities of charcoal being\\nrequired to ignite the fossil. Yet the invention of the simple portable culinary fur-\\nnace increased the demand still more, thousands of these convenient utensils being\\nconstantly, during the summer months, fed by charcoal. These circumstances have\\nproduced an entire revolution in the value of pine lands. They have risen from ten", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN DIVISION. S\\ncents, to an average price of six dollars the acre; and, where very well timbered, and\\nconvenient to marliet, bring from fifteen to twenty-five dollars. Indeed, the soil, de-\\nnuded of the timber, is worth from four to sixteen dollars the acre, the purchaser look-\\ning to the growth of wood for profit on his investment. Where tlie forest has been\\nfelled, an extraordinary change takes place in the subsequent product. The oak\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0springs up where the pine has flourished, and pine wliere the oak has grown. The\\nsecond growth becomes fit for tiie axe, in a space varying from 2-5 to 40 years.\\nUpon the clay and loam soils, oak grows abundantly; frequently of great size, and\\nof quality much valued in tiie construction of ships. It is the common timber of the\\nwestern border, and covers almost exclusively the central portion of the county of\\nCape May. In the sandy region, are extensive swamps which bear tiie beautiful\\nand valuable white cedar, much sought for fencing, and which sells readily at from\\none to three hundred dollars the acre.\\nThroughout a great portion of the alluvial district, from four to twenty feet be-\\nneath the surface, is a species of greenish blue earth, mixed with shells, and gene-\\nrally known as marl. As this substance is of great importance to the agricultural\\ninterest of the section, some remarks on its physical properties and use will not be\\nout of place here. The essential ingredient of marl, as a manure, is lime; and its\\nvalue depends upon the proportion of calcareous matter which it contains. When\\nthis abounds in connexion with sand only, it produces indurated marl, classed with\\nthe limestones, and frequently forming marble of great variety and beauty. We\\nhave discovered none of this precious character; but shell limestone, similar to that\\nof the alluvion of North Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi Territory, has been dis-\\ncovered in several places, and is burned for lime on the banks of the Rancocus, be-\\ntween Eayrstown and Vincent-town. The Jersey marls, at present, are chiefly\\nknown as the shell, clay and stone marls. The first is composed of testaceous mat-\\nter, in various quantities and degrees of combination; and sometimes imbeds bones\\nof marine and land animals.* The quantity of clay in union with calcareous sub-\\nstances, gives name to the second sort. This absorbs and retains moisture better\\nthan other kinds, and varies greatly in colour being brown, blue, red and yellowish.\\nIn the third species, sand is combined with calcareous and argillaceous matter, giving\\nhardness proportionate to its quantity; when of thin and laminar structure, this is\\ntermed slate marl. From the clay they contain, all these species are softened by\\nwater, and, when exposed to the atmosphere, gradually fall into powder.\\nBy reason of their calcareous principle, all marls effervesce with acids; but as\\nwater, alone, frequently produces the same effect when poured on dry clay, it may\\nbe necessary, in order to guard against mistake, in making trials upon substances\\nsupposed to be marl, to let them remain a short time in mixture with water, pre-\\nvious to the test of acids. The best marls containing the largest proportion of cal-\\ncareous earth, it is important to know how to ascertain the quantity. Some are so\\npoor as to have only a thirtieth part of their weight of lime. A simple method has\\nbeen suggested, founded on the fact, that marl commonly contains about forty per\\ncent, of its weight of fixed air or carbonic acid. It is merely by saturating the marl\\nwith muriatic or some other acid, and marking correctly the loss of weight which it\\n1 sustains by the extrication of the fixed air. So, also, if the substance supposed to\\nbe marl falls readily to powder when exposed to the air if the powder, when dry\\nand thrown on hot coals, crackles like salt and if, when dry, and mixed with water,\\nit have a soapy feel and eff ervesces much, its quality may be pronounced good.\\nSome marls in England, and probably here, have eighty-four per cent, of carbonate\\ni of lime, which is more than limestone generally possesses; and the refuse being\\nI often of peaty substances, is more useful as manure than that of limestone, which\\nI is mostly sand or clay. Such marl may be converted into quicklime by burn-\\niing; and its solution changes vegetable colours to green, possessing all the other\\nj properties of caustic lime. Marl is further distinguished by its feeling fat and unc-\\ntuous, and appearing when dry, after exposure to the weather, as if covered with hoar\\nI frost, or sprinkled with fine salt; and even when mixed with the land, giving to the\\ni whole surface a whitish appearance.\\nThe farmers in Staffordshire, England, consider the soft blue marl, commonly\\nAmong the latter, it is said, are bones of the rhinoceros and other animals of the eastern\\ni I continent, some of them of extinct species; elephant s teeth, deer s horns, bones of the\\n|.j whale, shark s teeth, and entire skeletons of fish, together with graphytcs, helemnitcs, car-\\nI I dites, and various shell-fish.\\nIi!t.", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION\\nfound under clay, or low black ground, at the depth of seven or eight feet, the best\\nfor arable land, and the grey sort for pasture. But that which is of a brownish\\ncolour, with blue veins, and small lumps of chalk or limestone lying under stifFclays\\nand very hard to dig, is most esteemed in Cheshire. The marl having a light sand\\nin its composition, usually found at the depth of two or three feet, on the sides of\\nhills, and in wet, boggy grounds, is fat and close, and reckoned the strongest and\\nmost beneficial on sandy lands. It is usually called peat or delving marl. What is\\nsometimes called paper marl, frequently lies near coals, and flakes like leaves or\\npieces of brown paper, being of somewhat lighter colour. That which some call\\nclay marl is very fat, and is sometimes mixed with chalk stones. There is another\\nsort of marl, which breaks of itself into square cubical bits. The two last kinds ge-\\nnerally lie under sand and clay sometimes about a yard deep under the former, but\\noften much deeper under the latter. The stone, slate or flag marl, which is a kind\\nof soft stone, or rather slate, of a bluish colour, is generally allowed very good. It\\neasily breaks down, and dissolves with frost or rain is found near rivers and on the\\nsides of hills, and is very lasting when used as manure.\\nIn many places marl discovers itself to the most negligent eye, particularly on the\\nsides of broken hills or deep hollow roads. Many rivers are bordered with a vast\\ntreasure of this sort, which is plundered by every flood. Boggy lands frequently\\ncover it, and in them it seldom lies above three feet deep. It is somewhat lower\\nunder stifFclays and marshy levels. The lowest parts of most sandy lands abound\\nwith it, at the depth of three, seven, nine or more feet. The depth of the marl\\nitself can seldom be found for when the upper crust is removed, all that can be\\nseen or dug is marl, to so great a depth that there are few if any instances of a pit\\nhaving been exhausted. Much of the preceding description of the English marls\\nis applicable to those of New Jersey.\\nThe marl region of this State, is classed by some authors with the ferruginous sand\\nformation of the United States. It may be located, so far as it has yet been explored,\\nbetween two lines; one drawn from Amboy Bay to Trenton, the other from Deal, on\\nthe Atlantic, to the mouth of Stow Creek, in Cumberland county, upon the Dela-\\nware River but there is much reason to believe that this formation occupies a great\\nportion of the triangular peninsula south of the Raritan River. Much of the ferru-\\nginous sand region, however, is overlaid by deposites of clay containing lignite.\\nAbove these is an almost uniform covering of grey sand yet in many places the\\nmarl, with its peculiar fossil, is found immediately beneath the soil. This formation\\nhas been traced southward in many places, and most probably extends nearly the\\nwhole length of the Atlantic frontier of the United States.\\nIn all its localities, it has been identified by similar genera and species of organic\\nremains, though all the genera do not exist in every locality. Thus, at the Deep Cut\\nof the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, the strata are characterized by great num-\\nbers of ammonites, baculites, and other multilocular univalves. These remarks apply\\nto various parts of Burlington and Monmouth counties, in New Jersey. Near New\\nEgypt, are ten or twelve beds, one above the other, with the genera terebratula and\\ngryphaea. (Ostrca, Sa.j.) Near Horner s Town, the marl is extremely indurated\\nand contains terebratulae exclusively. Near Walnford, the fossils are chiefly exogyrae\\nand belemnites while at Mullica Hill, in Gloucester county, the beds contain bi-\\nvalves, and quantities of belemnites and the calcareous beds of this county contain\\ngryphaja, teredo, alcyonium sparangus, and several species of Linnaean madre-\\npores.\\nThe mineralogical characters vary considerably. Of the species of marl in minute,\\ngrains, loose and friable, and of an uniform dull bluish or greenish colour, often with\\na shade of grey, and called gunpowder marl, Mr. Seybert has given the following\\nconstituents: silex 49.83, alumine 6.00, magnesia 1.83, potash 10.12, water 9.80,\\nprotoxide of iron 51.53, loss 89=100 grains. A less cautious analysis by Mr. J. P,\\nWetherill and Dr. S. G. Morton, of a specimen, apparently similar, from another lo-\\ncality, gave silex 49.00, protoxide of iron 50.00, alumine 5.50, lime 4.70; the re-\\nmainder being chiefly water and carbonic acid. Hence the predominant constituentSji\\nof these marls are silex andiron. They often contain beds of a dark bluish tenacious i\\nclay, sometimes mixed with the marl, forming marley clay at others, the marl and\\nclay alternate.\\nAgain, marl is seen of a yellowish brown colour, friable or compact, and filled\\nwith green specks of the silicate of iron. Some of the greenish varieties are also i\\nvery compact, rendering it extremely difficult to separate the fossils from their i", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN DIVISION. 5\\nmatrix. The friable blue marls often contain a large proportion of mica, in minute\\nscales.\\nOther localities present beds of silicious gravel, the pebbles varying from the\\nsize of coarse sand, to one and two inches in diameter, cemented together by oxide\\nand phosphate of iron, and containing fossils, similar to those above described.\\nThe most striking instance of this kind is at Mullica Hill. Some of the blue marls,\\nwhich effervesce strongly with acids, contain but five per cent, of lime. But we\\nfind large beds of calcareous marl, containing at least thirty-seven percent.; the re-\\nmainder being silex, iron, c. Also a hard, well characterized, subcrystalline lime-\\nstone, filled with zeophytes. All these diversified appearances pass, by insensible\\ndegrees, into each other, exhibiting an almost endless variety of mineralogical\\ncharacter.\\nThe mineral substances found in these beds, are iron pyrites in profusion chert\\nin the calcareous beds, amber, retinasphalt, lignite and small spherical masses of a\\ndark green colour, and compact texture, apparently analogous to those found in the\\ngreen sand of France. Their structure does not appear to be organic, although\\nthey have, often, a shark s tooth, or a small shell for a nucleus. Larger spherical\\nbodies also occur, resembling the nodules of clay in ironstone, common in some\\nparts of England.\\nAs the quality of the marl varies greatly, so does the quantity used in manuring\\nlands. In Monmouth county, south of the Shrewsbury River, there is marl so strong,\\nthat five cart-loads the acre are as much as the land will bear advantageously in\\nother places, from twenty to one hundred and forty loads to the acre are profitably\\nused. It is asserted, that a good dressing will last from twelve to twenty years. It\\nwould be difficult to calculate the advantages which the state has gained, and will\\nyet derive from the use of marl. It has already saved some districts from depopula-\\ntion, and increased the inhabitants of others; and may, one day, contribute to con-\\nvert the sandy and pine deserts into regions of agricultural wealth.\\nPine lands, in the counties of Columbia, Albany, and Saratoga, and other parts\\nof the state of New York, of a character similar to those of New Jersey, have been\\nrendered very valuable by gypsum, and rotation of crops, often producing from\\ntwenty to twenty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. The sandy soil is in time\\nchanged to a rich vegetable mould and gypsum, therefore, may probably be used\\nwith marl to render the pine lands of this State productive.\\nThe occupation of a vast proportion of tlie inhabitants of this section is agricultu-\\nral. Upon the loam soils large quantities of grass and grain, particularly rye,\\ncorn and oats, are produced; and the sandy lands, treated with marl, also give\\nabundant crops of grain and grass. Inconvenient situations for supplying the mar-\\nkets of New York and Philadelphia, the farmers give much attention to the more\\nprofitable culture of garden vegetables, potatoes, melons, fruit, c. The peach\\norchards of E. and W. Jersey, give abundance of that delicious fruit to both cities;\\nso low, at times, as fifty cents the bushel. At a distance from the navigable wa-\\nters, and from market, the grain is commonly fed to stock, and few portions of the\\nUnited States, of equal area, produce more, or better, pork, than the counties of\\nMonmouth, Burlington and Gloucester scarce less famed for the quality of their\\nhorses. In the counties of Gloucester, Cumberland and Salem, upon the fresh\\nwaters of their streams whose shores are subject to overflow by the tides, many\\nthousand acres have, by embankment, been converted into productive meadows,\\nwhich maintain large herds of cattle, and furnish adequate means for enriching the\\nupland. Adjacent to the Delaware Bay and sea coast, are wide tracts of salt mea-\\ndow, some of which have also been reclaimed by embankment and the rest afford\\nabundance of coarse hay, free in many places to all who seek it, and valuable in the\\nmaintenance of stock and making manure. The climate is so mild, near the coast,\\nthat herds of cattle subsist, through the winter, upon these meadows, and in the\\nneighbouring thickets, without expense to the proprietors. The sea coast is said\\nalso to be favourable to the production of good mutton and wool. The great in-\\nducements to enterprise and industry constantly operating in the markets upon the\\nborders of this section, have already produced wonderful effects, and cannot fail to\\nexcite the inhabitants to still greater efforts to improve the advantages they possess.\\nExtensive beds of the variety of argillaceous oxide of iron, called bog ore, are\\ncommon throughout this district, which when mixed with mountain ore, in the fur-\\nnace, makes good iron for castings and the forge. From these furnaces, and those\\nof the glasi-houses, fed by the wood of the forest, a considerable portion of the an-", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nnually growing wealth of the district is derived and if we add to these, the cord\\nwood, and lumber, and vessels built upon its southern waters, we shall have enu-\\nmerated the chief sources of tlie prosperity of tiie peninsula. In this part of the\\nstate, 14 furnaces, including cupolas, and 14 forges, one extensive rolling and slit-\\nting mill and nail factory, and 11 glass manufactories, engaged in the manufacture\\nof window-glass and hollow ware, provide a valuable and steady market for large\\nportions of the agricultural product.\\nThe whole of this district is tolerably well watered; but the streams are neither\\nlarge nor rapid, and are remarkable for the depth of their beds, which cause, indeed,\\nalmost the only inequalities of its surface. Those of the northern part of the penin-\\nsula interlock their sources in various ways; some flow N. and N. E. as the Mill-\\nstone and the South Rivers, with their many tributaries; some E. to the Atlantic, as\\nthe Swimming, Shark, Manasquan, Metetecunk and Tom s Rivers; whilst others seek\\nthe Delaware, as the Assunpink, tlie Crosswicks, the Rancocus, Cooper s, Big\\nTimber, Mantua and Oldman s Creeks. Those on the south either flow S. E. to\\nthe ocean, as the Mulliea, Great Egg Harbour and Tuckahoe rivers, or run S. W.\\ninto the bay, as Salem, Stow and Coliansey creeks and Maurice River. Most of\\nthe streams have a crooked course, and flowing through a flat country, are com-\\nmonly navigable some miles from their mouih. Unlike the rivers of hilly countries,\\nthey are steady in their volumes, and uniform supplies of water can be more confi-\\ndently relied upon.\\nIV. The second of our divisions of the State is included by a line drawn froin\\nHoboken, running S. of New Brunswick to Trenton, and another from the Ramapo\\nMountains, on the boundary of New York, curving by the Pompton Mountain or\\nHighlands, Morristown, Baskingridge and Flemington, to the Delaware, between\\nAlexandria and Milford. This section, from N. E. to S. W. has about 70 miles in\\nlength, and an average breadth of about twenty rniles. It possesses considerable\\nvariety of surface and soil, but is strikingly distinguished by its geological formation^\\nwhich is chiefly secondary or old red sandstone, upon which rest hills of greater or\\nless elevation, crowned with trap or greenstone rock. Its area includes four-fifths of\\nBergen county, the whole of Essex, a small portion of Morris, nearly all of Somerset,\\none-half of Middlesex, and one-half of Hunterdon counties. The sandstone base is\\nfound in various states of induration and aggregation. Generally, on the eastern,\\nportion of the section, from the Palisades, on the North River, westerly to Hunterdon\\ncounty, it is compact, hard, and well adapted for building, frequently assuming the\\nform of puddingstone and wacke, and occasionally affording considerable organic\\nremains. Between the south branch of the Raritan and Delaware, still underlaying\\nmountain and valley, the red rock assumes a slaty, shaly form, has more clay in\\nits composition, and, taken from whatever depth, readily disintegrates into loam\\nmore fertile than that formed from the harder stone. But for the trap hills which\\nhave been thrown upon it, the whole of this section would be a vast plain, whose\\nonly inequalities would be formed by the excavations made by the streams in their\\ntortuous and generally sluggish passage to the Ocean.\\nFrom this general formation, however, we must admit the following exceptions.\\nThe alluvial borders the first south-eastern trap ridge, known as the first Newark\\nMountain, from Boundbrook to Springfield, and westward it approaches the Ra-\\nritan within two miles, forming the bed of that river a little below Brunswick.\\nWherever excavations have been made in this alluvial tract, strata of sand, grave],\\nand clay are disclosed, but no rocks in place. Ochres of good quality have beeri\\nfound in many parts of it, and at Uniontown, near Springfield, compact peat of su-\\nperior quality, resting on marl, supposed to extend through a morass of five hundred\\nacres. Bones of the mastodon were discovered a few years since in this swamp.\\nExtensive beds of white pipe clay, composed principally of alumine, and infusible^\\nhave been observed between Woodbridge and Amboy, and marine shells in various ij\\nparts of the district. j\\nThe alluvial section we have just described, is connected with another five miles\\nin breadth by twenty in length, formed of the deposits of the Hackensack and Passaic.\\nRivers, between the secondary valley and the Bergen ridge. In this tract, the\\ndepth of the deposit is from 12 to 20 feet, its basis sand and shells like the shore of\\nthe sea. The whole was formerly covered with wood, of which some groves of\\ncedar still remain, and bodies of trees but little decayed are frequently found at va-\\nrious depths. Indeed, so abundant and sound are the logs on these marshes, that\\nthey are used for the foundation of the New Jersey Rail-road, now being constructed", "height": "3405", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE DIVISION. 7\\nhere. In this bog, N. of the turnpike road, between Newark and Jersey City, rises\\nan island (Secaucus) about four miles long by one wide, composed, like the adjacent\\nshores, of red and grey sandstone, and having a promontory at either end. That\\non the south known as Snake Hill, has a conical form, is of trap rock on sand-\\nstone rising into mural precipices, and having cubical masses of the trap piled at\\nits southern base. From its wood clad, rocky and precipitous summit, the spectator\\nmay behold the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers almost at his feet, and for several\\nmiles dragging their slow length through a sea of verdure j on the west, populous vil-\\nlages and ranges of mountains; on the east the great city of New York, and on the\\nsouth the wide expanded ocean. Through the grey sandstone of this island, mi-\\ncaceous iron ore is abundantly dispersed; and pectenites and other marine shells are\\nfound on its elevated parts.\\nThe trap ridges which traverse this division excite much interest. Trapstone is\\nknown in many cases to have an igneous origin. Whether it may be ascribed to\\nthe same cause in all, is still a vexed question. That it has been found here subse-\\nquently to the sandstone on which it reposes, is most obvious; but when or how it\\nhas been poured over its base, throughout sx;ch great extent of country, in Connec-\\nticut, New York, and Pennsylvania, will probably never be discovered. We observe\\nthe first mountainous range of this district, on the eastern border adjacent to the\\nHudson River. It rises gradually from Bergen Point, bounds the State for about\\n28 miles, and runs a greater distance into the State of New York. In this State\\nthis ridge has an average width of two and a half miles, with a summit of table land.\\nFrom its western brow there is a gradual descent into the valley of the Hackensack\\nand Passaic. On its eastern side it is uniformly precipitous. At Weehawk, four\\nmiles N. of the City of Jersey, the mountain presents a perpendicular wall, elevated\\n200 feet above the Hudson, commanding a fine view of the surrounding country.\\nFrom Weehawk to Fort Lee, a distance of about 7 miles, there is an alternation of\\nprecipitous ledges and steep declivities, mostly clothed with various verdure. The\\nhills, retiring at intervals from the shore, give room for narrow but fertile and well\\ncultivated strips of ground, adorned with neat dwellings, environed by fruit trees\\nand diversified crops. From Fort Lee to the state line, the mountain has a uniform\\nappearance. The eastern front rises perpendicularly from 200 to .550 feet; nu-\\nmerous vertical fissures cross each other at various angles, forming basaltic columns,\\nfrom which the name of Palisades has been derived. The face of the ledge is bare,\\nbut vegetation is occasionally seen in the crevices. From the base of the precipice\\nto the edge of the water, a distance of 3 or 400 feet, there is a steep declivity co-\\nvered with angular blocks of stone fallen from the heights, and shaded with trees.\\nThe summit of the mountain is slightly undulating table land, gradually rising to\\nthe north, with an average width of about two miles, generally covered with wood in\\nall the wildness of nature. The western side of the mountain has a very gradual de-\\nscent, is cleared and well cultivated, and neat farm houses of freestone line its base,\\nlike a village street, for near 20 miles. The prospect is one of the most delightful; nu-\\nmerous farms, rich in luxuriant vegetation, and extensive alluvial meadows through\\nwhich the Hackensack and its tributaries flow, are bounded by the mountain ranges\\nof the west. The greenstone of this mountain, resting on sandstone, is not so dark\\nas that of New Haven, and is an aggregate of hornblende, feldspar, and epidote,\\nwith which prehnite compact and radiated is sometimes associated. At the base of\\nthe mountain bordering the river, in many places, secondary argillaceous shist,\\nconglomerate, red, white, yellow and purple sandstone, and indurated clay, alternate,\\nexhibiting a stratification nearly horizontal, the underlaying; inclination being from\\nj 8 to 10 degrees. These layers are sometimes visible on the mountain s side, at con-\\nI siderable elevations above the river. The sandstone is generally a coarse aggre-\\ngate of quartz and feldspar, often friable, but sometimes very firmly combined ex-\\nhibiting winding vertical fissures. In this base may be observed, in some few\\nI places, a compact white sandstone, resembling the Portland stone of England.\\nA metallic vein was worked, at Fort Lee. at the commencement of the revolu-\\ntionary war, under the impression that it contained gold; but Dr. Torrey has deter-\\nI mined, that the ore is pyritous and green carbonate of copper; and the matrix\\n^qtiartz, dipping under the greenstone.\\nTwo other prominent mountain ranges intersect the country now under view.\\nThey rise near the primitive highlands, two miles north of Fompton, and run about\\n(sixty miles in an almost semicircular course. The first ridge, at its commencement^\\nis about twenty miles E. from the Palisades; but at, and south of Patterson, it is not\\nI", "height": "3392", "width": "1857", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "8 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nmore than twelve, from the Nortli River. The most elevated point of these moun-\\ntains is six miles N. W. from Patterson, where a sugar-loaf peak rises near 1000\\nfeet above the level of the ocean. Us trap rock is generally covered with a thin\\nmould and verdant surface and a walnut grove, without underwood, occupies,\\nexclusively, about forty acres upon the summit, from which there is a very exten-\\nsive view, towards the E. N. E. and N. over a tolerably level country. On the N.\\nW. the waving tops of the Preakness ridge are observed, extending for several\\nmiles, indented by ponds of considerable magnitude and depth. North of this ridge\\nis another high and detached hill, sweeping in a semicircle, rising and terminating\\nnear the Highlands. Many of the summits are under cultivation, and afford fine\\nviews of the great secondary valley, bounded by the Highlands, the Hudson and\\nthe Preakness ridge. On the east of the last chain is another section of the trap\\nranges, called the Totoway mountain. It rises near the Preakness mountain, six\\nmiles from Patterson, and unites with the Newark chain, at the Great Falls. It is\\nin many places free from rocks, but on the east side are precipices of considerable\\nheight and extent, with waving or denticulated mural faces, presenting columns of\\nbasaltic regularity. An insulated semicircular wall of greenstone, with projecting\\ncolumns, bearing some resemblance to a castle or fort in ruins, occupies a summit of\\nthe Totoway ridge. Sandstone quarriea are opened in several places at the base\\nof the greenstone; and one, three miles from Patterson, on the Preakness moun-\\ntain, affords the best freestone of New Jersey. Fine red and grey sandstone sprin-\\nkled with mica, alternates with argillaceous strata, dipping under the greenstone,\\nwith a western inclination of about 12\u00c2\u00b0. Bituminous coal, in layers two inches\\nthick, has frequently been found in this and other parts of the Preakness ridge, in\\nconnexion with sandstone and shale, and the neighbourhood is supposed to exhibit\\nindications of more valuable beds of this combustible. Gneiss, granite, pudding\\nand sandstone, in rolled masses, abundantly cover the surface, in many parts of\\nthis region. The greenstone of the Preakness range rarely offers interesting im-\\nbedded minerals; but prehnite, agate, chalcedony, and a mineral resembling cach-\\nelong, have been discovered in it.\\nAt the falls of the Passaic, in Patterson, perpendicular mural precipices of green-\\nstone, with wide vertical fissures and amorphous masses at their base, may be ob-\\nserved. The lower strata of this rock contain much argillaceous matter, which par-\\ntially takes the place of hornblende. The ledges rest on porous rocks, horizontally\\nposited, resembling the toadstone of Derbyshire. Carbonate of lime and other mi-\\nnerals, subject to decay, are imbedded in it and by their decomposition give a cel-\\nlular and volcanic appearance. A friable amygdaloid, with an argillaceous base, en-\\nclosing nodules of carbonate of lime of a spheroidal oval or almond shape, froni the\\nsize of a pea to that of a walnut, may also be noticed. The nodules, easily disen-\\ngaged from the base, exhibit a smooth dark green surface of chlorite. The layers\\nbeneath the amygdaloid, are red and grey conglomerate, connected with red sand-\\nstone, too porous for use, absorbing much moisture and breaking by the expansive\\npower of frost. Good freestone in nearly a horizontal position, is the basis layer,\\nand forms the bed of the Passaic. In many places the greenstone occupying the-\\nsummit appears but a few feet in thickness; and it is not arranged in columns of ba-\\nsaltiform regularity. Prehnite, calcareous spar and carbonate of copper, zeolite,,\\nstilbite, analcime and datholite, have been found here.\\nMural precipices of dark fine grained fissile greenstone, are observed at the Little\\nFalls of the Passaic, five miles above Patterson. Vertical seams cross each other\\nhere, at various angles, in the ledges, giving to detached pieces a regular prisma-,\\ntic form, with three or four sides, often truncated on one or more of the lateral\\nedges the tabular form is common. Rock of similar character is observable in\\nother parts of the Preakness ridge. Marine organic remains, such as orthocerites,\\nmadrepores, tubipores, pectenites, terebratulas, encrinites, bilabites, serpulites^ i\\nand other species, generally in an argillaceous base, in mountain and valley, have*\\nbeen observed here, as in other parts of this region.\\nFrom Patterson to Springfield, the trap ridges are called first and second New-\\nark mountains, and Caldwell mountain. Their direction is nearly south, with I\\ngreat uniformity of altitude; their eastern declivity steep, their western descent\\ngradual, as is common with mountains of North America. Mural precipices are\\nrarely seen, except at Patterson and Springfield. Wherever ledges appear, the,\\nmountain side is covered with small amorphous stones. The red sandstone appears\\nin place, both upon the sides and base. Much of the eastern side is under cultiva-", "height": "3375", "width": "1763", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE DIVISION. 9\\ntion; the summit and western declivity are generally covered by coppice of small\\noak, chesnut, walnut, butternut and cedar. The second Newark mountain runs\\na parallel course with, and is distant from, the first, about a mile. It is less ele-\\nvated and rocky, arid has a more gradual ascent than the other. The view from\\nthe first embraces the thickly settled and highly cultivated valley, whose surface\\nappears like a plain, painted with meadows, grain fields and orchards, and studded\\nwith the villages of Bloomfield, North and South Orange, and the large towns of\\nNewark and Elizabeth; beyond which we have in sight the salt meadows, the city\\nand harbour of New York, parts of Long and Staten Islands and the distant ocean.\\nIn this valley, fine red and grey freestone alternates with shale. Bituminous coalj\\nin thin layers, is associated with argillaceous shale, in freestone quarries, adjacent\\nto the Passaic. At the termination of tiie Newark Mountain, at Springfield, and\\nin many parts of the trap ranges, smoke, and in some instances, flame issuing\\nfrom the crevices of the rock, have been observed by the inhabitants; proceeding\\nprobably from carbonated hydrogen gas indicating coal below. Animal and vegeta-\\nble organic remains have been observed in this freestone. Near Belleville a tooth,\\nalmost two inches in length, was discovered, some years since, fifteen feet below\\nthe surface.\\nThe Newark Mountains terminate at Springfield, where the continuity of the\\ntrap range is broken. From this place the greenstone ridges take a S. W. direc-\\ntion of seventeen miles to the vicinity of Boundbrook, and thence, N. W. about ten\\nmore to Pluckemin the second mountain following the curvature of the first. Se-\\ncondary greenstone is, exclusively, the rock, in place, of the summits and sides of\\nboth ridges, but it seldom appears in ledges of magnitude. Sandstone is as usual\\nthe base, and has been observed under the greenstone, in nearly a horizontal posi\\ntion, with a small dip, sometimes alternating with secondary compact limestone, in\\nlayers, from two inches to two feet in tiiickness. Prehnite is found in considera-\\nble quantities, near the foot of the mountain, in amygdaloid with a greenstone\\nbase, much of it partly decomposed. It is sometimes imbedded in the rock, in\\nlong parallel columns in various directions, its fibres radiating from the centre. Ze-\\nolite, stilbite, crystals of quartz, and carbonate of lime, are frequently seen in the\\nvalley between the mountains. North of Scotch Plains, sulphat of barytes appears\\nassociated with carbonate of lime. A small portion only of these ranges is cleared\\n.and cultivated.\\nThe mountain, running a S. W. course from Springfield, has been termed, by\\nsome geologists, the Granite Ridge. It is described as passing through the State,\\nbordering the oceanic alluvial, and having its highest point near Hoboken alluding,\\ndoubtless, to the height near Weehavvk. The Greenstone Ridge would be the more\\nappropriate name. For excepting the serpentine, at Hoboken, there are no primi-\\ntive rocks in place, between tlie Hudson and Highland chains; the summit rock of\\nall the ranges being, uniformly, secondary greenstone. The Highland chain runs\\nfrom S. E. to N. W., the general direction of the primitive strata; but none of the\\nsecondary ranges of New Jersey pursues a course parallel with the primitive. The\\nlatter, in many places, preserve for miles an even summit of table-land, whilst the\\nHighland ridges display sugar loaf eminences, and a waving profile, characteristic\\nof the primitive. The extensive secondary range commencing near Pompton,\\nwithin half a mile of the Highlands, and extending in a semi-circular course until\\nit again approaches them, corroborates, by its direction and the character of its sum-\\nmit, the correctness of these positions. The broad valley, encircled by the Green-\\nstone ridge and the Highlands, contains much fresh wacer alluvial. Many of its\\n.small hills have no rock in place. The plain bordering the Passaic is generally ex-\\ntensive -in some places four miles wide. Peat is observed in several places be-\\n.tween the source of the river and Little Falls; and a considerable quantity has been\\n.,cut, adjacent to the Newark and Morristown turnpike, and the bed discovered to be\\nmore than six feet deep.\\nPompton Plain, near twenty miles in circumference, and environed by mountains,\\npresents a decided fresh water alluvion strata of gravel, sand, and clay, without\\nrocks in place, have uniformly been found wherever wells have been dug; and it\\nwas, probably, at a remote period, the bed of a lake. The waters of the Pequannock\\nLong Pond and Ramapo Rivers pass through it. The southern and much of the\\nwestern part of the plain is marshy, and embraces about 1500 acres of peat ground,\\napparently of good quality, judging by a ditch of four miles in length which has been\\n.dug through it. In the southern part of the plain, good granular argillaceous oxide\\nB", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "10 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nof iron, or pea ore, is found over a space of about 200 acres. The Plighlands form\\nthe west and north-west boundary of the plain, which in other directions is skirted\\nby the Pacganack Mountain, pursuing a serpentine course from North Pompton, to\\nthe vicinity of Morristown, separating the wide alluvial plains watered by the Pomp-\\nton and Passaic Rivers. Upon this range, the summit rock, in place, is, uniformly,\\na fine grained dark secondary greenstone, often in a state of partial decomposition,\\nexhibiting mural precipices of considerable height and extent, with sandstone at the\\nsides and base. The first contains prehnite, zeolite, analcime, chalcedony, agate,\\namethyst, jasper, crystals of quartz, and narrow veins of satin spar, in jasper. The\\npart of this range adjacent to Pompton Plains, may, perhaps, from the abundance of\\nthese minerals, be useful to the lapidary, as well as to the mineralogist. The agates\\nare from the size of a pin s head to three pounds weight, mostly chalcedony The\\neyed and fortification agate has been observed here in a few instances. A mineral\\nspecimen was found in this mountain by Judge Kinsey, of near 16 pounds weight,\\ncontaining agate, amethyst, and white quartz.\\nAnother greenstone range, of minor extent, called Long Hill, is situate in the\\ngreat valley, under review, rising near Chatham, and running westerly about ten\\nmiles. The trap of this ridge is in such state of decay, that rocks seldom appear in\\nplace. The Passaic pursues a winding course along the base of the mountain, some-\\ntimes concealed in groves, at others glancing sheen in the verdant meadows. About\\nthe centre of Long Hill are mural precipices, composed of what the farmers call\\nshell rock, resembling the stone on the banks of the Raritan.\\nThis secondary formation accompanies the Highlands to the Delaware, and is\\npierced in several places by broken ridges of the same trap character we have de-\\nscribed. Such is the Rocky or Nashanic Mountain, the heights near Rocktown,\\nLambertville, Belmont, Herberttown, and Woodville, and Rocky Hill, immediately\\nnorth of Princeton. The sandstone, generally, in this portion of the section, differs\\nmaterially from that of the Passaic. It extends northerly to the first primitive ridge,\\nnorth of Flemington, and forms the soil of the broad red shale valley, spreading\\nfrom that ridge to the Rocky Hills, underlays the last, and extends south of Pening-\\nton. Its colour is of a darker red than the Newark stone it appears to be without\\ngrain, yields a strong argillaceous odour when breathed upon, and is readily decom-\\nposed by exposure to air and moisture. It is, probably, composed of iron, alumine,\\nand silex, with a small portion of sulphur, and may be termed ferruginous shist.\\nThe rock is stratified, splitting readily into thin brittle laminee, and is said to rest in\\nsome places on good freestone. But on the S. E. near Princeton, are quarries of\\nexcellent red and white freestone, similar to that of the Preakness ridge.\\nSandy Hill, an elevation of the secondary region, situate between Kingston anfl\\nBrunswick, is alluvial, like the Nevisink Hills, composed of sand, white and co-\\nloured clay, containing beds of ferruginous sand and puddingstone.\\nUpon the south-western angle of this district, and particularly at and around\\nTrenton, there is a small portion of primitive, rising through the secondary, into\\nabrupt rocks of granitic character, varying from loose micaceous shale to massive\\ngranite, but composed chiefly of hard and compact gneiss. This rock forms the\\nFalls of the Delaware at the head of tide, and stretches away in a S. W. direction\\nthrough Pennsylvania. From a mass in the bed of the river, large and beautiful\\nspecimens of zircon have been taken.\\nThe portion of New Jersey which we have now described, is the most populous,\\nand perhaps the most wealthy of the State. Its soil is not so productive as the lime-\\nstone of the primitive and transition regions but there is less of it waste, than in\\nthose regions, and it is divided into smaller farms, and more assiduously laboured,\\nunder the excitement of proximity to the markets of New York and Philadelphia,\\nand that created in the eastern portion by its own manufacturing towns as Pat-\\nterson, Little Falls, Godwinsville, New Prospect, Bloomfield, Belleville, North and\\nSouth Orange, Springfield, Plainfield, Newark, Elizabethtown, Rahway, Wood-\\nbridge, New Brunswick, Princeton, Trenton, \u00c2\u00abfcc.\\nBesides the minerals already mentioned, large deposits of copper ore have been\\ndiscovered in this section, at Belleville, at Griggstown, near Brunswick, Wood-\\nbridge, Greenbrook, Somerville, and Pluckemin and it would seem probable that a\\nvein of this metal extends S. W. across the secondary region from Fort Lee.\\nThe following account of the mine near New Brunswick is extracted from Morse s\\nGazetteer\\nAbout the years 1748, 1749, 1750, several lumps of virgin copper, from 5 to 30", "height": "3375", "width": "1763", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE DIVISION. 11\\nlbs, weight, (in the whole upwards of 200 lbs.) were ploughed up in a field belong-\\ning to Philip French, Esq., within a quarter of a mile of the town. This circum-\\nstance induced Mr. Elias Boudinot to take a lease of the land of Mr. French, for 99\\nyears, with a view to search for copper ore. A company was formed, and about the\\nyear 1751, a shaft was commenced in the low ground 300 yards fiom the river.\\nThe spot selected had been marked by a neighbour, who, passing it in ihe dark, had\\nobserved a flame rising from the ground, nearly as large as the body of a man. At\\nabout 15 feet, the miners struck a vein of blue stone, about two teet thick, between\\nloose walls of red sand stone, covered with a sheet of pure copper, somewhat thicker\\nthan gold leaf. The stone was filled with grains of virgin copper, much like copper\\nfilings, and occasionally lumps of virgin copper of from 5 to 30 pounds were found\\nin it. This vein was followed about thirty feet, when the accumulation of water\\nexceeded the means of the company to remove it. A stamping mill was erected,\\nwhere, by reducing the ore to powder, and washing it, many tons of pure copper\\nwere obtained and exported to England. Sheets of copper of the thickness of two\\npennies, and three feet square, have been taken from between the rocks, within four\\nfeet of the surface, in several parts of the hill. At about fifty or sixty feet deep, a\\nbody of fine solid ore was struck in the same vein, but between rocks of white flinty\\nspar, which was soon worked out.\\nSome efforts were made to renew the mining operations here, at various periods,\\nbut never with encouraging success. The excavations have been extensive. A shaft\\nof great depth is yet visible an adit, it is said, was driven several hundred yards be-\\nneath the bed of the river, and hydraulic pumps were worked by Lyell s Brook to free\\nthe mine from water. The stones around the vicinage are every where coloured by\\nthe oxide of copper, and beautiful copper pyrites are obtained from the neighbour-\\ning quarries.\\nThe Schuyler copper mine, near Belleville, on the left bank of the Passaic, seven\\nmiles from Jersey City and Hoboken, was discovered about the year 1719, by Arent\\nSchuyler. The ore cropping out on the side of a hill was easily raised and as the\\npolicy of Great Britain prohibited every species of manufacture in the colonies, it\\nwas exported in the crude state to England. From the books of the discoverer, it\\nappears that before the year 1731, he had shipped 1,386 tons to the Bristol copper\\nand brass works. His son. Col. John Schuyler, prosecuted the work with more nume-\\nrous and skilful hands j but the quantity of ore raised by him is unknown, his books\\nhaving been lost during the war.\\nIn 1761, the mine was leased to a company, who erected a steam engine, of the\\nimperfect construction then in use, and worked the mine profitably for four years.\\nIn 1765, however, a workman, who had been dismissed, having set fire to the engine-\\nhouse, the works were discontinued. Several gentlemen in England, acquainted\\nwith the superior quality of the ore of this mine, obtained permission from the\\ncrown to erect works for smelting and refining copper in America, and offered to\\npurchase the estate of Mr. Schuyler, containing the mine, at \u00c2\u00a3100,000 sterling.\\nThis offer he refused, but agreed to join them in rebuilding the engine and working\\nthe mine. But tlie revolutionary war, and the deranged state of ihe country subse-\\nquent thereto, and other circumstances, caused the mine to be neglected until 1793,\\nwhen a new company undertook the work with much vigour, but it would seem with\\nlittle prudence. They collected miners from England and Germany, purchased a\\nfreehold estate, convenient for the erection of furnaces and manufactories, with an\\nexcellent stream of water, rebuilt the engine, and commenced and partly completed\\nother works. Their labours were interrupted by the dea Ji of the principal share-\\nholder in the company, the whole interest of which soon after was vested in Mr.\\nNicholas I. Roosevelt, whose many engagements debarred him from prosecuting this\\nenterprise.\\nAnother company, organized in 1825, procured some Cornish miners, and cleared\\nout two adit levels, three old shafts, and sunk one new one about 60 feet deep\\nerected a new steam engine, and prepared most of the necessaries for working the\\n..mine in the deep levels. But, when they were ready to break out ore, some ineffi-\\ncient machinery designed to pump the water from the vein to the great shaft, gave\\nway, and the funds or patience of the company were insufficient to prosecute the\\nenterprise further. Their lease, conformable to its terms, was forfeited. We under-\\nstand that during the present year (1833), a new association has been formed for\\nworking this mine.\\nThere are many veins well worth working, particularly those near the surface,\\ncontaining what is termed stamp ore. The principal vein, which has proved very", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "12 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nprofitable, is imbedded in a stratum of freestone, from 20 to 30 feet thick, and is\\ncalled a pipe vein. It dips about 12 degrees from the horizon, rather by steps than\\na straight line, and increases in richness with its depth. It has been followed 212\\nfeet below the surface, and about 112 feet beneath the adit cut for draining hence,\\nthe water must be pumped to that level. A large shaft has been sunk 140 feet\\nbelow the adit, 30 feet of which have been filled with mud and rubbish. The engine\\nat the mine has a cylinder Slj inches in diamfier, and eight feet stroke, and has\\nample power to free the mine from water. Excellent cast iron pumps are fixed from\\nthe level of the vein to the adit, and from the adit to the surface, for supplying the\\nengine. The vein has been worked about 150 feet, horizontally, from the shaft, de-\\nclining from the entrance a few feet: hence, though the leakage is inconsiderable,\\nsome method is required to carry it into the shaft, which may be readily done if the\\nshaft be cleared to the bottom.\\nThe ore of the principal vein, it is said, yields from 60 to 70 per cent, of copper;\\nand the vein will produce, it is supposed, from 100 to 120 tons of ore annually,\\nwhich yields from four to seven ounces of silver to the hundred pounds; and, like\\nmost copper ores, a small portion of gold. When pure copper was sold in England at\\n\u00c2\u00a375 sterling the ton, the ore of this mine was shipped from New York for that mar-\\nket at \u00c2\u00a370 the ton. The quality of the ore, and condition of the mine, are attested\\nby several respectable persons, who have skill and proper means to judge of them.\\nIf the statement respecting the proportion of silver in this ore be correct, it is\\nmore productive than many of the much-worked and highly valued mines of Mexico.\\nThe mines of Biscayna, of Royas, of Tehuilotepec, and of Gautla, do not yield\\nmore than three ounces of pure silver to one quintal of the ore whilst the remarka-\\nble rich mines of the Count de la Valenciana, at Guanaxuato, gave only 5.1-10\\nounces the quintal. The mean product of the whole lyiexican mines, when in\\ntheir best condition, did not exceed 2^ ounces the quintal and that of the ores of\\nPeru was still less; giving at most at Potosi, 53-100, and at Pasco, 1.3-50 ounces, the\\nquintal. If the ores of the Schuyler mine give from four to seven ounces of silver\\nthe quintal, and are abundant, they must be better worth working for the silver alone\\nthan most of the silver mines of the world; and the copper product must add enor-\\nmously to their value.\\nThe copper mine in the trap ridge, two miles north of Somerville, commonly\\nknown as Cammam s, has been wrought at intervals for many years, but without\\nprofit; more, it is said, because of the want of capital, and public confidence in the\\noperators, than from the poverty of the ores. The following, according to Dr.\\nTorrey, are the principal minerals found here, viz native copper in irregular masses,\\nweighing from one ounce to eight pounds, and one block has been obtained of 23\\npounds; phosphate of copper, massive, and of a verdigris colour, generally accom-\\npanying native copper carbonate of copper, green, in connexion with the phos-\\nphate; red oxide of copper; the massive variety of which is the common ore of the\\nmine, found crystallized in octahedra, whose surfaces are extremely brilliant and\\nbeautiful; native silver, in small masses, disseminated through the phosphate and\\ncrystallized oxide; green quartz, in tabular, partly noded masses, a beautiful mine-\\nral, resembling chrysoprase; prehnite, in cavities in the greenstone, very fine; and\\nmountain leather, in thin plates, very tenacious when moistened. Drifts have been\\nmade in various directions in this mine, and the ore is said to be abundant, yielding\\nfrom 25 to 75 per cent, of pure metal.\\nNorth of the village of Greenbrook, in the same ridge, a vein of copper, many\\nyears since, was wrought to a considerable extent but it, too, has been long aban-\\ndoned.\\nTo these locations of copper, we are now to add another, lately discovered, near:\\nFlemington, in a vein remarkably, but not yet extensively, explored.\\nV. The third section, into which we have divided the State, and which we have i\\ncalled the mountainous, is in breadth from 10 to 40 miles, measured at right angles\\nwith the direction of the mountains. This district is the most interesting, as it is f\\nthe most varied, in its geological formation, surface, soil, mineral and vegetable pro-\\nductions.\\nThe geological formations here are much blended and confounded and the most J\\nwe can attempt is to designate and describe the strongly marked divisions. The\\nsecondary section we have above noticed, is bounded on the N. W. throughout its\\nrange by a broad district of primitive containing, however, a large proportion of\\ntransition. The southern limits of this district are marked by the chain of highlandsl\\nrunning S. W. from the Ramapo and Pompton Mountains, on the line of New York,^", "height": "3375", "width": "1763", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION. 13\\nby Morristown, Baskingridge and Flemington to, and across, the Delaware, near Sax-\\nton ville. The extension, northward, is limited to a line running west of the Wallkill\\nMountains, and thence crossing the Delaware in the neighbourhood of Belvidere. A\\nbelt of transition, having an average breadth of about six miles, including Long\\nPond, Raffenberg and Greenpond Mountains, continues, we believe, along the eastern\\nfoot of Musconetcong and Schooley s Mountains, across the State. The continuity of\\nthe eastern ridges of the primitive, with its belt of transition, is interrupted in many\\nplaces by the streams yet the hills form few valleys of considerable extent, and are\\ngenerally less elevated in this State than in the vicinity of the Hudson River, where\\nthey rise to 1600 feet. They are usually crowned by sugarloaf eminences, forming\\na waving profile, characteristic of primitive regions. The summits are commonly\\ncovered with masses of rock, which render them unfit for culture.\\nThe primitive ridges contain rocks of pretty uniform character; in general coarse,\\nwell crystallized aggregates of quartz and feldspar; often enclosing shorl, garnets,\\nhornblende and epidote, with little mica; and in many places, for a considerable ex-\\ntent, none. These simple materials, variously combined, form granite, gneiss and\\nsienite. Primitive greenstone is observable also in some cases.\\nIn the transition section, grauwacke and grauwacke slate, are the most common\\nrocks. The extensive ranges in Bergen and Morris counties, of Long Pond, Raffen-\\nberg, and Green Pond Mountains, for miles present stupendous mural precipices,\\nfacing the east, of a reddish brown grauwacke, composed of red and white quartz,\\nred and grey jasper, and indurated clay. The rocks are stratified, inclining to the\\nnorth-west at an angle of about 40\u00c2\u00b0. They are scattered in abundance on the banks\\nof the Pequannock, from Newfoundland to Pompton. Grauwacke, in place, is some-\\ntimes observed, resting on sienite adjacent to the Pequannock. Extensive beds of\\nmagnetic iron ore are found on these ranges at Ringwood and Mount Pleasant, and\\nat Suckasunny, at the mines of General Dickenson, being on the strata which ex-\\ntends 300 miles from the White Hills of Newliampshire, to the end of the primitive\\nridge near Black River. These beds are from 8 to 12 feet thick; and the ore from\\nthe mine of General Dickenson produces the best iron manufactured from highland\\nore. Calcareous spar and asbestos are frequent, and sulphuret of iron abounds in\\nvarious parts of the Highlands. Probably, the most extensive bed of the last is in\\nMorris county, near the eastern base of Copperas Mountain, and opposite to Green\\nPond. Copperas was manufactured here extensively during the late war with Great\\nBritain. Many rich beds of iron ore in this region, are rendered useless for the forge\\nby sulphur. Graphite or black lead, in various stages of purity, is common.\\nAt Monro Iron Works, (N. Y.) on the River Ramapo, large plates of black mica,\\ncrystallized in hexaedral form, are seen sometimes a foot in diameter. Compact\\nfeldspar and epidote, are in the elevated primitive ranges west of the transition dis-\\ntrict, and compact limestone at various parts of the transition range and in the vici-\\nnity of New Germantown, and on a line running N. E. and S. W. from that point,\\npudding limestone, not inferior in beauty to that employed in the capitol of Wash-\\nington, is abundant, and frequently converted into lime. In the primitive range of\\nMorris county, west of Pompton Plains, called Stony Brook Mountains, chlorite\\nslate is common, and granular limestone has recently been found in the same moun-\\ntain. The latter is in colour clear white, admits of good polish, and is often asso-\\nciated with beautiful amiantiius and talc, alternating in narrow veins. In the same\\nvicinity there is a greyish white marble, rendered porphyritic by grains of noble ser-\\npentine disseminated through it. It is hard and receives a fine polish. In the talc,\\nmetallic crystals supposed to be chromate of iron, have been observed. From the\\nlast mentioned mineral an acid is extracted, which, united with lead, forms chromate\\nof lead, a valuable pigment. Galena has been observed in the grauwacke ranges\\nadjacent to Green Pond, and beautiful tremolite is connected with the white granu-\\ni lar limestone of Stoneybrook.\\nj North-west of the transition, the primitive resumes its empire, and includes the\\nWallkill and Hamburg Mountains, which are continued in Schooley s and the Mus-\\nconetcong Mountains, from the line of New York to the line of Pennsylvania, un-\\ndivided by any stream. In this ridge and the portion of the primitive sections west\\nof it, the primitive, the transition, and the secondary formations seem combined.\\nThis region also includes Marble Mountain, Scott s Mountain, Jenny Jump, Furnace\\nMountain, Pimple Hill, Pochuck Mountain, and other innominate hills. This, also,\\nis a remarkable mineral district. Schooley s Mountain and the Musconetcong,\\nt abound with highly magnetic iron ore, blended however with foreign substances,", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "14 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nwhich render liquefaction difficult. Along the valleys and hill sides of this moun-\\ntain tliere is an abundance of excellent flints suitable for guns.\\nWest of the Hamburg Mountain lies the valley of the Wallkill, or, as it is some-\\ntimes called, the Valley of Sparta; running east of north twenty miles to the State\\nof New York, much noted for the number and variety of its minerals. A white\\ncrystalline limestone and marble occupies the bottom of the valley, and rises on the\\nwest into a low subsidiary ridge following the course of the stream eight or nine miles.\\nThe metalliferous deposits, however, claim the greatest interest. The first or eastern\\nbed, which at Franklin appears like a black mountain mass, contains an ore of iron\\ncommonly little magnetic, and, as a new metalliferous combination, has received the\\nname of Franklinite, and is composed of 66 per cent, of iron, 16 of zinc, and 17 of\\nthe red oxide of manganese. On its supposed richness the great furnace of Frank-\\nlin was built, but it was soon discovered that this ore was not only irreducible to\\nmetallic iron, but that it obstructed the fusion of other ores. If employed in quan-\\ntity exceeding one-tenth of the magnetic oxide of iron with which it was economi-\\ncally mixed, there resulted what the smelters term a salamander an alloy of iron\\nwith manganese, which resisted fusion and crystallized even under the blast, so that\\nall the metal was lost, the hearth demolished, and 10 or 12 yoke of oxen required\\nto drag away the useless mass. At Franklin, it is but sparingly intermixed with\\nthe red oxide of zinc. About two miles north, the bed ceases to be apparent at the\\nsurface, but may be traced seven miles to the south-east. Three miles from the fur-\\nnace, at Stirling, is another huge mass of this mineral, but so combined with the red\\noxide of zinc, that the crystals of Franklinite are imbedded in the zinc, forming a\\nmetalliferous porphyry. This ore, merely pounded and mixed with copper, was\\nprofitably employed during the late war for forming brass. Often, within a kw feet\\nwest of the Franklinite, appear beds of well characterized magnetic oxide of iron,\\nbut always accompanied by hornblende rock. A species of this last ore, found near\\nthe furnace, is intimately blended with plumbago. Here, also, are curious beds of\\nyellow garnet, imperfect sienitic granite, in which are beautiful opaque blackish\\nbrown masses of garnet of a high resinous lustre, and crystallized on the surface,\\naccompanied with laminated epidote; white and compact massive or minutely lami-\\nnated augite, in some parts intimately blended with specks of violet, granular feld-\\nspar, resembling petrosilex; sphene, brown garnet, dark green granular augite, like\\nthe cocolite of Lake Champlain; phosphate of lime spinelle and black spinelle or\\nfowlerite, from Dr. Fowler, of Franklin, its discoverer; specular iron ore brucite,\\nbronzite, pargazite and idocras, zircon, tremolite, imbedded in crystals of white au-\\ngite; actynolite, short crystals of augite almost black, like those of volcanic rocks;\\napatite, a beautiful apple green feldspar, in crystalline carbonate of lime, accom-\\npanied with perfect crystals of mica, and hexagonal plates of plumbago, soft and\\nalmost as fusible as hornblende a very brilliant pale green hornblende, passing into\\nactynolite, which has been denominated maclureite, in honour of him who has done\\nso much for American geology, and natural science in general; blue and white\\nsapphire, enormous green crystals of augite, at least an inch and a half in diame-\\nter, presenting hexaedral or octahedral prisms, with almost equal faces, and termi-\\nnated by oblique tetrahedral pyramids, accompanied, near the junction of granite\\nand crystallized carbonate of lime, with large crystals of feldspar; scapolite, or wer-\\nnerite arsenical pyrites, mixed with others resembling the sulphuret of cobalt, or\\nnickel, with a substance like blende, accompanied by dendrodite, and argillaceous i\\nfluate of lime.\\nThe crystalline calcareous rock which here alternates with granitines of feldspar\\nand quartz, or with beds of sienitic granite, at other places, disappears, and a conflu-\\nent grauwacke, almost porphyritic, and contemporaneous, apparently, with the other\\nformations, is observed, directly overlaid by a bed of leaden, minutely granular, se-\\ncondary limestone, containing organic remains of the usual shells and corallines,\\nand layers of blackish hornstone or petrosilex. This rock, as well as the grau-\\nwacke beneath has disseminated crystals of blue fluate of lime. In the limestone i^\\nthe cavities are sometimes very numerous, and lined both with pseudomorphous\\nmasses and cubes, and white fluate and quartz crystals. Thus we have here before n\\nus, as at Lake Champlain, the rare and interesting spectacle of an union of every\\nclass of rocks, but passing decidedly into each other, as if almost contemporaneous.\\nThis singular formation, to which slate should be added, extends into Orange coun-\\nty. State of New York. Immense masses, some miles in length, of the red oxide\\nof zinc, lie in the mountains, near Sparta; and as this ore may be easily converted", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION. 15\\ninto metal, they will probably one day add greatly to the wealtli of this portion of\\nthe State. The white crystalline limestone, which is so interesting a feature of\\nthis region, has been distinctly traced from Mounts Adam and Eve, in the state of\\nNew York, to Byram township of Sussex county, in an uninterrupted line of twen-\\nty-five miles, with a width varying from two and a half miles, to that of a few rods,\\nits greatest breadth being at the state line. Its inclination, except at Mounts Adam\\nand Eve, is low, often falling below the adjoining limestone of more recent date.\\nIt crops out, only here and there, in large masses; and its continuity is to be ob-\\nserved, solely, by boulders and loose stones, scattered over the surface. It most\\nprobably extends, with occasional breaks, to Easton on the Delaware. Silver\\nand gold are asserted to have been found in several places of the primitive re-\\ngion, and attempts have been made at various times, by the ignorant, who have\\nbeen self-deceived, and by the knavish who have deceived others, to work veins of\\npyrites, which liave a resemblance to those metals.\\nAmong these primitive ridges, we must notice, upon the S. W., Scott s Moun-\\ntain, and Jenny Jump, in both of which, are extensive deposits of magnetic iron\\nore, and other interesting minerals. In the first, near Oxford furnace, the mining\\nof iron was many years ago very extensively conducted, and shafts of great depth,\\nand drifts of great length, are still visible. The works, however, had been long\\nabandoned, when Messrs. Henry and Jordan, from Pennsylvania, with praisewor-\\nthy enterprise recommenced them in 1832. They are now prosecuting a vein of\\nproductive magnetic ore, blended with carbonate of lime, from 10 to 12 feet wide,\\nenclosed by parietes of mica shale. Throughout tiiese mountains, the elements of\\nprimitive rock may be found variously and curiously combined but we are not\\naware, that they have been subjected to minute examination by the naturalist.\\nN. W. of the primitive hills we have described, there lies a valley, having an\\nI average breadth of about 10 miles, but broadest near the Delaware, extending over\\nthe northern parts of Sussex and Warren counties. It is drained for the greatest\\npart by Paulin s Kill, flowing to the Delaware, and may, tlierefore, properly be\\ntermed Paulin s Kill Valley. It is bounded on the N. W. by the Blue Mountain.\\nThe valley is covered with knolls and low ridges, at first view apparently in much\\nconfusion, but which may be traced on the inclination of the mountains. Transi-\\ntion limestone alternates here with slate. A notable ridge of the latter bounds the\\nPaulin s Kill on the S. E. side, from near its mouth to Newton, whilst the N. W.\\nside is as strikingly distinguished by its range of limestone, which may be traced\\nto Orange county. New York. North of the limestone, there is another ridge of\\nI slate, of a character well adapted for roofing and ciphering slate, quarries of which\\n1 are extensively worked on the Delaware. Between this slate and the Blue Moun-\\ntain lies a bed of grauwacke. The mountain contains the usual species of transition\\nrocks, grauwacke, in every variety of aggregation, slate, mountain limestone, and\\ngreenstone, and rising from 1400 to 1600 feet high, is covered with wood, in which\\n1 the deer, bear, wolf, and most wild animals, indigenous, still roam. N. W. of the\\n1 mountain, bounded by the Delaware River, lies a fertile tract of transition lime-\\nI stone land, watered by the Flat Kill, and varying in width from one to seven miles.\\nt The mountains of this third section are, generally, in a state of nature. There\\nI are, however, some cultivated spots, which reward the husbandman. But the val-\\njleys form the most fertile portions of the State. Thej are generally based on lime-\\nstone; and since lime has been extensively adopted as manure, they have rapidly\\nI improved. This is especially the case among the Highlands, at Clinton, New Ger-\\nImantown, in the valleys of the north and south branches of the Raritan and of La-\\nIjmington rivers, in the valleys of the Musconetcong, the Pohatcong, the Pequest\\nI and its tributaries, and valleys of Paulin s Kill and Flat Kill. All these produce\\nwheat in abundance, and where wheat abounds and finds a ready way to market,\\nI ino otlier good tiling is absent. Wheat and iron are the staples of the country, which\\n1. !in the lower part of the section, seek the market by the Morris canal. There were,\\n[in 1832, by the report of the assessors, fifteen furnaces and eighty-seven foro-e fires\\nin operation in the counties of Sussex, Warren, Morris and Bergen. By the com-\\npletion of the Morri.s canal, the iron mines are growing into vast importance; great\\ndemand for the ores having been created in West Jersey, Pennsylvania and New\\nYork. From the valley of the Musconetcong immense quantities of wheat are\\nI .exported, individual farmers raising from one thousand to three thousand bushels\\nper annum.\\n-Marble for ornamental architecture is abundant in this district. At Mendham,", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "16 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nMorris county, it occurs with dendritic impressions in which it resembles the beau-\\ntiful marble of Florence. White marble and noble serpentine, we are told, are\\nfound in large masses on the Pompton Mountain, and also near Phillipsburg. Man-\\nganese, too, is said to be abundant in various parts of the section, and a water\\nlime, similar to that of New York, has been discovered at Mendham and other\\nplaces.\\nSouth-east of the Musconetcong Mountain, this district is drained by the Rama-\\npo River, which divides the primitive formation from the secondary, in Bergen\\ncounty; by Longpond or Ringvvood River, which rises in Longpond or Greenwood\\nLake; by the Pequannock, which has its source in the Wallkill Mountains: these\\nstreams uniting in Pompton and Saddle River townships, Bergen county, form the\\nPompton River, which joins the Passaic, about four miles N. W. of the Little Falls.\\nThe Passaic receives also the Rockaway, Whippany and Dead Rivers. The re-\\nmainder of this part of the section is tributary to the Raritan River, which receives\\nfrom it, three of its main branches; the North, the Lamington and the South; each\\nof which has a tortuous course, and waters a great extent of surface, bat all hav-\\ning their source S. W. of the Musconetcong and Hamburg Mountains, which sepa-\\nrate entirely the whole of the section.\\nThere are several lakes, of from four to six miles in compass, and others larger.\\nThe principal is Greenwood Lake, upon the confines of New York, about 16 miles-\\nin circumference lying in a narrow valley of the Highlands, scarce a mile wide.\\nMackepin, in the southern part of Pompton township, covers less surface, and is\\nsupposed to be 600 feet above the waters of an adjacent mountain valley. Green-\\npond, on the south of the Hamburg turnpike and near the valley of Newfoundland,\\nis a beautiful sheet of water, about eight miles in circumference, bounded E. by\\nthe woodclad Copperas Mountain, and W. by a high and savage hill, which bears\\nits name. Two or three farm houses, pleasantly situated, on a sandy beach, on its\\nnorthern bank, serve as an hostelrie, for the sportsmen of Morris and Bergen coun-\\nties, when resorting to this their favourite spot. Some of the lakes in the transition\\nregion have their borders girded by lofty walls of grauwacke, and rival in their ro-\\nmantic scenery the celebrated sheets of Cumberland and Westmoreland. Budd s\\nPond upon Schooley s Mountain is also remarkable for its fish, as were Hurds and\\nHopatcong Lakes but the last is now celebrated as the perennial source of the sup-\\nply of water for the Morris Canal, being on the summit level, and the principal\\nfeeder. In its natural state the Hopatcong poured forth its waters to the Delaware,\\nonly, by the Musconetcong Creek, which courses the north-western base of the\\nMusconetcong Mountain.\\nThe streams that drain the interval, between the Musconetcong and the Blue\\nMountain, westwardly, are. the Musconetcong, Pohatcong, Lapatcong, Pequest,\\nand Paulinskill; and eastwardly, the Wallkill. In this valley there are also several 1\\nsmall lakes, the most curious of which are the White Ponds, near Marksboro and 1\\nPimple Hill, both noted for the quantity of the shells of the small white fresh water I\\nsnail, which covers the bottom and banks. At the first, the mass of these shells ik I\\nenormous, covering the sides and bottom of the pond many feet thick. North of the g\\nBlue Mountain the only stream worth special notice is the Flatkill.\\nOak, walnut, beach, birch, ash, elm and sugar maple, are the predominant timber i\\nof the third section. Pine, hemlock, and cedar, are scattered through the forest, adja-\\ncent to the lakes and streams. On the high points of ground, walnut and oak are e\\nthe most common trees. Shrub oak is the most frequent in the transition highland c\\ndistrict which passes through Morris county. It occupies almost exclusively an ex-\\ntensive level interval on the north of Suckasunny Plain, attaining the height of six i\\nor eight feet, and forming an entangled thicket, beneath which the ground is co-\\nvered with loose stones.\\nWe have already mentioned the number of peach orchards in the alluvial of the\\nState, and we may observe here, that the apple orchards of the secondary, primitive,?\\nand transition sections, are not less worthy of notice. The cider of New Jersey is ii\\njustly preferred to any other of tlie United States, and the quantity of ardent spirit i\\ndistilled from it, may be conjectured by a glance at the list of distilleries in the ge-\\nneral statistical table.\\nFor a more particular notice of the rivers of the State, and of the bridges which\\ncross them, we refer the reader to the names of the streams, respectively, in the\\nsubsequent part of the work. But we will conclude this physical sketch by a view\\nof the turnpike roads, rail roads, and canals, which traverse the State.", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION. 17\\nteHno. tf u iMiprovements seen.s threefold. 1 The facili-\\n;tet.ng the commun.cation between the great cities of New York and Ph lade ph ia\\n8. The niore ready approach from the interior to the markets of New Yo and Eas\\nTitjul l\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00b0^-^^\u00c2\u00abf-g -Jture and the mines; and 3. The drawxn. e p oduc\\not the Delaware river, to the waters of East Jersey and New Yn.-U- .^11,^7.\\nThnl J enactment, with their respective suonlements\\nI Those marked wUh an asterisk, have been wholly, or partfally, carrS il ef:\\n1801, March 9. *l. Morris Turnpike, from Elizabethtown, through Morristown and\\nNeu ton, over the Minisink Mountain, at Culver s Gap, to\\n1802, Nov 30 -2 ^JT \u00c2\u00b0PPosite Milford. Supplement, Nov. 10, 1803.\\nI 1804 Feb II 4 11 d Hoboken. Supplement, Nov. 16, 1807\\nIfinfi 3. Union, from Morristown to Sparta.\\nI l\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abb, JNov. 11. 4. Union continued from Sparta, through Culver s Gap, to the\\nISOi IV I. -Delaware. Supplement, Feb. 4, 1815.\\n1.U4, iNov. 14. -5. Trenton and New Brunswick. Supplement, Nov. 28, 1806\\nJeb. 1, 1814.\\n1804, Dec. 1. *6. City of Jersey and Hackensack. To which the state subscribed\\n.1 isnfi V.h o. $^^500. Supplement, Nov. 4, 1808.\\nl\u00c2\u00bbOb,l.eb. 24. 7. Newa_,-k and Pompton. Supplement, Nov. 28, 1806. Jan. 28,\\n27. J8. Newark and Mount Pleasant. Supplement, May 9, 1820.\\n9. Jersey, from New Brunswick to Easton Bridge, on the Dela-\\nware. Supplement, Nov. 28, 1806. Feb. 22 1811 Feb 14\\nTV/r u o 1^ ^8^6. Feb. 16, 1831\\nMarch 3. 10. Essex and Middlesex, from New Brunswick to Newark Sup-\\nplement, Nov. 17, 1821.\\n*11. Washington, from Morristown to the Delaware, opposite to Eas-\\nton. Supplement, Nov. 15. 1809.\\n*12. Patterson and Hamburg, fromAcquackanonck landing to Deck-\\nlOA. n^ ertown. Supplement, Nov. 26. 1806 Nov is- 9\\n1806, March 3. 14. Springfield and Newark.\\nMarch 12 H i o ^^^P the New York line.\\nmarch 12. 16. Hunterdon and Sussex\\nI 1807, Dec. 3. ^7. Princeton and Kingston-branch of Trenton and New Bruns-\\nwick turnpike.\\n18. Jefferson, through Berkshire valley to the Patterson and Ham-\\nburg road.\\nNov. 16. 19. Belleville, from Belleville bridge to the Newark and Pompton\\n1808, Nov. 22. 0. Perth Amboy, to Boundbrook. Supplement, Feb. 18, 1820.\\n21. Woodbridge, from New Brunswick, through Piscataway and\\nWoodbridge, to Rah way.\\nNov. 24. 22. Btirlington, through Bordentown, to intersect the Trenton and\\nNew Brunswick turnpike. Supplement, November, 1809.\\ni eb. 6, 1811.\\nNov. 28. 23. Jersey and Acquackanonck, from Acquackanonck to Belleville\\nturnpike.\\n28. *25. Deckertown and Milford. Supplement, Feb 10 1813 Dec\\n7,1825. Dec. 16. 1826.\\nI 1\u00c2\u00bb0\u00c2\u00bb, Wov. 28. -13. Patterson and Hamburg, continued from Deckertown over the\\nBlue Mountain, to the Delaware opposite to Milford Sun\\n29 \u00c2\u00ab24 Pn? .V^ Feb. 15,1816. January 23, 1818.\\n29. 24. Parsippany and Rockaway, from Vanduyns,tJiroughRockaway\\n_, to the Union turnpike.\\n1911, Feb. 8. 26. Water Gap, from the Morris and Sussex turnpike, near the 34\\nmile post, through Milton and Hope, to the Delaware, near\\nthe Water Gap. Supplement, Feb. 3, 1813\\nR gwood and Longpond, and division line between the 29th\\n1819 PP^^ t Feb. 10, 1813. Feb. 6,\\nC", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "Feb.\\n11.\\n38.\\n1815, Jan.\\n18.\\n*39.\\nFeb.\\n6.\\n*40.\\n18 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\n1811, Feb. 9. 28. Farmers, from Springfield, through New Providence, Long\\nHill, Pluckemin, to the Jersey turnpike near Potterstown.\\n11. *29. Newark and Morris, from Newark, through S. Orange to Bot-\\ntle Hill or Morristown. Supplement, Feb. 12, 1817. Jan.\\n15, 1818. Feb. 7, 1820. Dec. 5, 1823.\\n14. 30. Vernon, from the division line, near Decay s, to the Patterson\\nand Hamburg turnpike.\\n31. New Milford, from the division line between the 29th and 30th\\nmile stones.\\n1813, Jan. 12. 32. Dover, to Suckasunny.\\nJ, *33. Spruce Run, from Clinton, in Hunterdon county, to the Wash-\\nington turnpike road, near Sherard s mill, in Sussex county.\\nSupplement, Jan. 26, 1814. Jan. 27, 1818.\\nFeb. 11. 34. Hope and Hackettstown.\\n*35. New Germantown, from Bayle s Mill and White House to New\\nGermantown.\\n1814, Jan. 27. 36. Deckertown and Newton. Supplement, Feb. 4, 1817. Feb. 4,\\n1831.\\n37. Vernon and Newton, from Decay s, in the division line, by\\nHamburo-, to Sussex Court House.\\nNew Brunswick and Middleburg.\\nHackensack and Hoboken. Supplement, Jan. 21, 1818.\\nPatterson and Hackensack. Supplement, Feb. 27, 1824. Nov.\\n6, 1827.\\nFeb. 11. 41. Mount Hope and Longwood. Feb. 7, 1820.\\n42. New Providence, from Morristown to Scotch Plains.\\n1816, Feb. 15. 43. Georgetown and Franklin. Supplement, Jan. 20, 1819. Dec.\\n12, 1823. Feb. 25, 1828.\\nFeb. 16. *44. Bordentown and South Amboy. Supplement, January 20,\\n1817. Nov. 6, 1819. Dec. 8, 1826.\\n45. Belleville, to the Newark and Pompton road at the Little Falls.\\n46. Woodbridge, to the New Blazing Star.\\n47. Patterson and Hamburg, to the Hudson, from Acquackanonck-\\nBridge, to the Hackensack and Hoboken roads near the\\nThree Pigeons. Supplement, Dec. 7, 1824.\\n1817, Feb. 12. *48. Pochuck, from Hamburg to Goshen, N. Y.\\n1819, Jan. 21. 49. Columbia and Walpack, to intersect the Sussex and Morris i\\nturnpike.\\nFeb. 6. 50. Newton, from near Andover furnace, through Newton, to the:\\nthird district of the Morris and Essex turnpike, near the Blue i\\nMountain.\\n1825, Nov. 23. 51. Patterson and New Prospect.\\n52. Patterson and New Antrim, from Patterson through Saddle i\\nRiver and Franklin townships.\\n1828, Jan. 23. 53. Hackensack and Fort Lee.\\n54. Passaicj from Patterson to Little Falls.\\nNot more than half the projects for roads, which have received legislative sanc-c\\ntion, have been executed but in some instances the new laws were wholly, or;\\npartly, substituted for others, of which tlie designated routes had been abandoned-\\nThere have been made, however, about 550 miles of turnpike road, principally ofc\\nearth and gravel. We do not recollect to have seen, in any direction, five conti-ii\\nnuous miles of road paved with stone. The main higliways of the State are pre-\\nserved in pretty good condition, and generally during the summer and fall seasonsi\\nmay be travelled with pleasure, in every direction. Some of them are preferable to\\nthe turnpikes, particularly such as pass over the slate and sandstone regions, where\\nthe hard rock approaches the surface.\\nVII. Up to the year 1833, nine companies have been chartered for making rail^j\\nroads, with authority to employ the sum of $7,140,000 towards these objects. The\\nCamden and Amboy Rail-road Company was incorporated under the act of February\\n4th, 1830, authorizing a capital stock of $1,000,000, with privilege to increase i1\\n$500,000, divided into shares of $100 each, to be employed in the construction oJ\\nrail-road or roads, with all necessary appendages, from the Delaware River, at somci", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION. 19\\npoint between Cooper s and Newton Creeks, in the county of Gloucester, to some\\npoint on the Raritan Bay the road to be one hundred feet wide, with as many set\\nof tracks as may be necessary, witli a lateral road to Bordentown reserving to the\\nlegislature the right to subscribe one-fourth, or less, of the capital stock, within a limi-\\nted lime which right was not exercised with condition, also, that the road should\\nbe commenced within two, and be completed within nine, years; and that the com-\\npany should make quarterly returns of the number of passengers, and tons of mer-\\nchandise, transported upon the road, to the state treasurer; and pay a transit duty\\nof ten cents for each passenger, and fifteen cents for each ton of merchandise, in\\nlieu of all other taxes. The company was empowered to decide upon the descrip-\\ntion of carriages to be used on the road, the weight to be transported on each, the\\ntimes of starting and rates of travelling, and to regulate the tolls and was required\\nto provide suitable steam or other vessels, at either extremity of the road, for the\\ntransportation of passengers. The State, also, reserved to itself the right to pur-\\nchase the road at and after the expiration of thirty years, at a valuation to be made\\naccording to law stipulating, that if the legislature shall authorize the construc-\\ntion of any other rail-road for the transportation of passengers across the State from\\nNew York to Philadelphia, which road shall be constructed and used, and which\\nsliall commence and terminate within three miles of the commencement and termi-\\nnation of the road authorized by the act, then the transit duties shall cease and\\nthat such other rail-road shall be liable to a tax not less than the amount payable to\\nthe State by this company.\\nBy an act passed 4th February, 1S31, it was further stipulated between the\\nState and the company, that the latter should transfer to the former 1000 shares of\\nthe capital stock, the instalments thereon to be paid by the company the State to\\nappoint one director, on condition, that it should not be lawful to construct any rail-\\nroad for the transportation of passengers across the State, within three miles of the\\nroad of the company, until after the expiration of the term of nine years from the\\ndate of the act of incorporation, (Feb 4th, 1830.) And that when any other rail-\\nroad for the transportation of passengers and property between New York and Phila-\\ndelphia shall be constructed and used, by virtue of any law of this State or of the\\nUnited States, authorizing or recognising such road, that the dividends on the stock\\nshould cease, and the stock be retransferred to the company.\\nBy the act of 15th February, 1831, the Camden and Amboy Rail-road and the\\nDelaware and Raritan Canal Companies were consolidated, for the purposes of com-\\npleting the canal and road, subject to the provisions, reservations and conditions of\\ntheir respective charters; the directors appointed under which are empowered to\\nmanage the affairs of the companies in joint meeting; and the companies are jointly\\nI liable on the contracts made by either and are prohibited from charging more than\\ni three dollars for the transportation of passengers from and to the cities of New\\nYork and Philadelphia. This act further provides that the canal and rail-road shall\\nbe completed within the time specified in the respective charters and that if one of\\nthe works at the expiration of such time be completed without the other, that the\\nwork completed shall be forfeited to the State.\\nBy the act of 2d March, 1832, 1000 shares of the joint capital stock are transfer-\\nred to the State; and the companies contract that, if within one year from the time\\nthat the rail-road shall be completed, the transit duty received by the acts incorpora-\\nting such companies, and the dividends on the stock so transferred, shall not amount\\nto ^30,000, the companies shall pay the deficiency to the State and so, annually,\\nout of the joint funds, and before any dividend be made to the stockholders, so as to\\nsecure to the State the sum of i|30,000 at least, annually, during the charter; and\\nthat the State may appoint one director to represent the stock, but shall not vote\\nthereon at any election of the stockholders. The state directors are appointable by\\nthe governor. The companies further covenant to construct a lateral rail-road from\\nthe village of Spottswood to the city of New Brunswick, to be completed so soon as\\nany rail-road shall be made from that city to the Hudson River and that they will\\nnot charge more than $2.50 for every passenger carried to and from the cities of\\nNew Brunswick and Philadelphia. The condition of these grants, however, is, that\\nit shall not be lawful at any time during the rail-road charter, to construct any other\\nrail-road in the State, without the consent of the companies, which shall be intended\\nor used for the transportation of passengers or merchandise between the cities of\\nNew York and Philadelphia, or to compete in business, with the Camden and Amboy\\nRail-road.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "20 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nThe united companies have completed one track of rail-road from a point below\\nBordentown, on the Delaware River, to South Amboy, passing through, or rather\\nover, Hight s Town and by Spottswood, a distance of 35 miles, at an expense, it is\\nsaid, of more than |18,000 the mile. Upon this road passengers and merchandise\\nhave been carried since February, 1833. It is constructed in a very substantial man-\\nner of cast iron rails, supported upon blocks of stone, or wooden sleepers, placed\\nthree feet distant from each other in the line. Until September, 1833, the carriages\\nwere commonly drawn by horses at that time steam locomotives were applied to\\none of the three daily lines which traverse it.\\nThe remainder of the road from Bordentown to Camden is in progress, and is\\nbeing constructed of wood, faced with iron bars it being supposed that it will not\\nbe employed more than two or three months in the year, and will therefore not re-\\nquire the strength of the portion betv/een Bordentown and New York.\\nBy the power which this company has to regulate the tolls on the road, they are\\nenabled to exclude all other persons from its use, and to secure to themselves a mo-\\nnopoly thereof; and this they have effected.\\nThe West Jersey Rail-road was designed to be connected with the Camden and\\nAmboy Rail-roads, at Camden; and to run, thence, to any point upon the Delaware\\nRiver, in the township of Penn s Neck, in the county of Salem. The company was\\nauthorized to have a capital of half a million, and to increase it to one million of\\ndollars and the road was to be commenced within two years from the passage of\\nthe act, (12th February, 1831,) and to be completed within five years. The road\\nnot having been commenced, the charter may be deemed void.\\nThe Patterson and Hudson River Rail- road Company, was incorporated under the\\nact of 21st January, 1831, with a capital of $250,000, and the privilege to extend it\\nto half a million; and was authorized to make a rail-road or lateral roads from one\\nor more suitable places in the town of Patterson, one at least of which to commence\\nat or pass in its course within 50 feet of the corner of the present lower race-way\\nin the town of Patterson, at the intersection of Congress and Mill streets, near the\\nCatholic Chapel, to Weehawkin and from thence to any other suitable place or\\nplaces on the Hudson River opposite to the city of New York, within 50 feet of\\nhigh- water mark, not exceeding 66 feet wide, with as many tracks as they may deem\\nnecessary, crossing the Hackensack River upon or near the bridge of the New Bar-\\nbadoes Company. By act 18th November, 1831, the company was empowered to\\nlocate the road from the east side of Berry s Hill, in the county of Bergen, to the\\nHudson River, and on making a tunnel through Bergen Hill, to charge additional\\ntoll.\\nThe company are empowered also to purchase and employ all means necessary jp i\\nthe transportation of merchandise, passengers, c. upon the road, but the road is\\ndeclared a public highway, free to all persons paying the prescribed toll, and may be\\npurchased by the State after the expiration of fifty years from its completion. The\\ntreasurer of the company is required to make to the State treasurer annual returns i\\nof the number of passengers, and tons of merchandise, c. transported on the road,\\nand after the expiration of five years from the passing of the act, to pay to the State,\\nannually, one-quarter of one per cent., and after the expiration of ten years, one-half f\\nper cent, on the capital stock paid in, in lieu of all taxation.\\nBy an act of 3d February, 1831, the Patterson Junction Rail-road Company wa 8 i\\nincorporated with a capital of $20,000, which may be increased to $40,000, and I\\na power to construct a rail-road or lateral roads from the Morris Canal, distant not f\\nmore than one and a half miles from the corner of Congress and Mill streets, in the i\\ntown of Patterson, to intersect the Patterson and Hudson River Rail-road, within r\\nthe town of Patterson. This is also declared a public highway, and the company y\\nare required, when the road shall be completed, to file a statement of its cost in the\\noffice of the secretary of state, and annuallj thereafter to report to the legislature\\nthe proceeds of the road, until they shall amount to seven per cent, upon its cost, l[\\nand afterwards annually to pay to the State a tax of one-half per cent, on such coat\\nin lieu of all taxes. And the legislature have reserved the right to purchase such\\nroad upon terms similar to those annexed to the charter of the Patterson and Hud-\\nson River Rail-road Company; and the charter of this, as of that company, is de-\\nclared void, if the road be not commenced in one year, and finished in five years from\\nthe 4th July, 1831.\\nThe Patterson and Fort Lee Rail-road Company, incorporated by the act of\\n8th March, 1832, has authority to employ a capital of $200,000 in making a road", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION. 21\\nfrom the town of Patterson to Fort Lee, on the Hudson River, not further than 50\\nfeet from high- water mark; to be commenced within one year from the 4th July,\\n1832, and completed within six years from that time, under penalty of forfeiture of\\nthe charter and subject to be purchased by the State at the expiration of thirty\\nyears from the completion of the road, and to a transit duty of the one-quarter of\\none per cent, yearly, after the expiration of six years from the passage of the act,\\nand the half of one per cent, after the expiration of ten years, upon the capital stock,\\nin lieu of all other taxes.\\nThe Elizabethtown and Somerville Rail-road Company, by the act of 9th Fe-\\nbruary, 1831, was empowered to construct a road from the village of Somerville to\\nElizabethtown, passing as near as practicable by Boundbrook, Plainfield, Scotch\\nPlains and Westfield, subject to a tax of one-half of one per cent, upon the cost, an-\\nnually, after the proceeds of the road shall yield seven per cent, thereon, and to the\\navoidance of the charter in case the road be not completed within seven years from\\nthe 4th July, 1831. This road is to be a public highway, and may be purchased\\nby the State on the terms established in the case of the Patterson and Hudson road,\\nand the State may subscribe $2-5,000 to the stock of the company, at any time before,\\nor within, twelve months after the road shall be completed.\\nThe capital stock originally permitted to the company, was $200,000, with the\\nprivilege of increase to $400,000; but, by the act of 8th February, 1833, authority\\nwas given to add $500,000 immediately to the stock, and, eventually, should it be\\nfound necessary, $500,000 more; and to extend the road from the village of Somer-\\nville, by the village of Clinton, in the county of Hunterdon, to the Delaware River,\\nopposite to the village of Belvidere, in the county of Warren, with a branch, if the\\ncompany deem it expedient, to the Delaware River, between the mouth of the Mus-\\nconetcong Creek and the Easton Delaware Bridge subject to all the restrictions\\nand reservations made by the original act. The great object of this extension of the\\nroad, is to unite it with the North-western Rail-road, which it is proposed to com-\\nmence at the Delaware, opposite Belvidere, and to run through the Blue Mountain\\nat the Water Gap, and by Stroudsburg, through a densely wooded country to PiLtston,\\non the Susquehanna; being located for about 18 miles upon an inexhaustible coal\\nbed. From this coal region, the road may be connected with several authorized\\nroads into western New York. If this road be executed, it will open a convenient\\nway to the New York market, not only from one of the most fertile and interesting\\nportions of the State of New Jersey, but will give a direction to the produce of a\\nportion of New York territory, otherwise destined to reach the city of Philadelphia.\\nA portion of the stock for this route has, we understand, been subscribed.\\nThe New Jersey Rail-road and Transportation Company was incorporated by the\\nact of 7th March, 1832, with a capital of $750,000, and the privilege to double it,\\ndivided into shares of $50 each; with power to make a rail-road not more than 66\\nfeet wide, with as many tracks as they may deem proper, from such point in the\\ncity of New Brunswick, as shall be agreed upon by them and the corporation of\\nthat city, through or near the villages of Rahway and Woodbridge, within half a\\nmile of the market house, in Elizabethtown, and through Newark, by the most\\npracticable route, and thence contiguous to, or south of the bridges, over the Hack-\\nensack and Passaic River; crossing Bergen Ridge, south of the turnpike road to\\nsome convenient point not less than 50 feet from high-water mark, on the Hudson\\nI river, opposite to the city of Nev/ York and to make a branch road to any ferry\\nj on the Hudson opposite to New York, which shall join the main road within 100\\nyards of the Hackensack River, if the main road cross that river within 100 yards\\nof the present bridge: but if more than 100 yards from that bridge, then the branch\\nto join it, at such point, west of the river, as shall best give to the ferries equal fa-\\ni cilities of communication with Newark. And if the company do not construct such\\nj branch, as soon as the main road from Newark to the Hudson shall be made, then\\nthe law authorizes the owner of the ferry so to do, with the same power and liabi-\\ni lities as the company. The act, also, empowers the company to regulate the time\\nt and manner of transporting goods and passengers, the description and formation of\\ncarriages; and the rates and modes of collecting toll within the following limits; viz.\\nfor empty carriages, weighing less than a ton, two cents; more than one, and less than\\ni two tons, four cents; above three tons, eight cents per mile and in addition thereto,\\ni six cents per ton for goods, and three cents for each passenger, per mile. Provided,\\nthat no farmer of the State shall pay toll for carrying the produce of his farm, in\\nhis own wagon, not weighing more than a ton, when such produce does not", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "22 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nweigh more than 1000 lbs.: but shall pay, only, for carriages, as if empty. It also\\nauthorizes the company to construct branches to any landing, on or near the Pas-\\nsaic, not north of Belleville, and to any place in the township of Newark; and\\nrequires them to commence the road at Jersey City and New Brunswick, within\\none year, and to complete the whole route in five years, under penalty of forfeiture\\nof their charter. The company are further empowered to purchase any turnpike\\nroad and bridges on the route; but the act reserves to the State and individual\\nstockholders of the Newark Turnpike Company, the right, at any time, within two\\nyears from the opening of the books, to take stock of ihe company in exchange, or\\nto sell to the company, at market value; but the Newark turnpike and the bridges\\nover the Raritan, Passaic and Hackensack, are to be kept as public roads, without\\nobstruction: to build or purchase carriages for the transportation of persons or pro-\\nperty but not to charge more than six cents a mile for transporting passengers and\\neach ton of goods, nor more than jjl.25 for carrying passengers from New York\\nto New Brunswick to hold real estate, at the commencement and termination of\\ntheir roads, not exceeding three acres at each place and to build thereon, ware-\\nhouses, stables, machine shops, c. and over the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers,\\nsuch bridges, piers, c. as may be necessary. Tlie State has reserved the right to\\npurchase the road after the expiration of the charter, (30 years) and of subscribing\\none-fourth of the stock, and has imposed an annual tax of 1-4 per cent, upon the\\ncapital paid in and should the road be continued across the State, a transit duty of\\n8 cents for each passenger and 12 cents for every ton of goods transported over the\\nwhole road. By a supplement to the act relative to the Delaware and Raritan Canal,\\nand Amboy Rail-road, the companies are required to construct a lateral rail-road\\nfrom the village of Spottswood to the city of New Brunswick, as soon as a rail-road\\nshall be made from New Brunswick to the Hudson River; consequently, when the\\nCamden and Amboy Rail-road and the New Jersey Rail-road shall be completed,\\nthere must be a rail-road through the state, from Jersey City to Philadelphia.\\nThe New Jersey Rail-road Company commenced operations in the summer of\\n1832, and have confident expectations of completing the road from Hackensack\\nRiver, through Newark to Elizabethtown, by the fall of 1833; and from the Hud-\\nson to Elizabethtown in the summer of 1834; and the whole line, from the Hudson\\nto New Brunswick, within two years. The estimated cost of the whole road for\\none track, with suitable passing places, including the purchase from the Bridge and\\nNewark Turnpike Companies, the bridges over the Hackensack, Passaic and Rari-\\ntan, and the moving power, cars, c. as per report of N. Beach, the engineer,\\nis $718,912\\nCost of superstructure for a second track on the whole line, 30 miles,\\nat $4,710 SO per mile, 141,324\\nTotal, $860,236\\nUpon this capital, the company, after paying for annual repairs, cost of moving\\npower, cars, c. the sum of $35,640 per annum, anticipate to receive a profit of\\n$134,77.5, equal to 15-^ per cent.\\nBy an arrangement with the Patterson Rail-road Company, the road for both\\ncompanies, from the west side of Bergen Ridge, through the Deep Cut, and across\\nthe heavy embankments, on the east of the Ridge, and to the Hudson River, is to\\nbe constructed under the charter of this company, as joint property of the two com-\\npanies the Patterson company paying two-fifths, and this company three-fifths of V\\nthe expense of construction, each company using the road without accounting to\\nthe other. This arrangement reduces the expense of the New Jersey Company\\n$5.5,171.\\nThe company, in order to avoid litigation, has purchased of the United Passaic\\nand Hackensack Bridge Companies their stock, at $150,000, equal to $150 per\\nshare, upon which amount it had, for some years, paid seven per cent, and created\\na surplus fund of $30,000. With this stock, they obtained also all the right which-\\nthe bridge company possessed, to pass the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers, by bridges,.\\nfor sixty years to come. A very large majority of the stockholders of the bridge\\ncompanies used the right of election stipulated for, to take rail-road stock, and have\\nthus become identified in interest with the company.\\nThe New Jersey, Hudson and Delaware Rail-road Company was incorporated by\\nan act of 8th March, 1832, with a capital stock of $1,000,000, and authority to in-\\ncrease it to $2,000,000, to be employed in making a rail-road and public highway,", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION. 23\\ncommencing at any point on the Delaware River, between the New York state line\\nand the mouth of Paulin s Kill, (and constructing a bridge over said river,) and to\\nrun thence to Snufftown, in the county of Sussex, and thence to the Hudson River,\\nopposite the city of New York or to join any rail-road chartered or to be chartered,\\nleading to or terminating at the Hudson River, opposite the city of New York but\\nif extended to the Hudson, not to cross the Passaic south of the village of Belle-\\nville, nor to approach any point within three miles of the present bridge over the\\nPassaic, at Newark, nor to run south of the turnpike road, a causeway leading from\\nNewark to Jersey City such road to be commenced within two and finished within\\ntwenty years and when the dividends upon its stock shall amount to seven per\\ncent, to be subject to a tax of one-half of one per cent, per annum on the cost of\\nthe road and appendages, in lieu of all taxes reserving to the State the right, at\\nany time within three years after the expiration of ninety-nine years, of taking the\\nroad and appendages at cost.\\nThe Delaware and Jobstown Rail or Macadamized Road Company, was incorpo-\\nrated under the act of 11th February, 1833, with a capital of $60,000, and liberty\\nto increase it to |!200,000, for the purpose of making a public road from the mouth of\\nCraft s Creek, upon the Delaware River, by the villages of Columbus, Jobstown and\\nJuliustown, to New Lisbon, a distance of 13 miles; the road to be commenced within\\nthree and completed within ten years from the passage of the act, on penalty of for-\\nfeiture of the charter: and when the annual net proceeds shall amount to more\\nthan seven per cent, to pay half per cent, tax annually to the State reserving the\\nright to the State to purchase the road upon appraisement after the expiration of fifty\\nyears. The stock of this road, we are told, is subscribed.\\nVIII. There are four canals in the State completed or about to be completed, viz.\\nthe Morris Canal, the Delaware and Raritan Canal, the Salem Creek Canal, and the\\nManasquan Canal.\\nThe Morris Canal is among the most original and boldest efforts of the spirit of\\ninternal improvement. Tlie idea of making it was first conceived by George P.\\nM Culloch, Esq. of Morristown, whilst on a fishing party at the Hopatcong Lake,\\nnear the summit of the Musconetcong Mountain, more than 900 feet above the level\\nof the sea, and the enterprise was commenced through his zealous and active exer-\\ntions. This lake, the source of the Musconetcong River, in its original state covered\\nan area of about five square miles. To dam up its outlet, husband the spring fresh-\\nets, to double its capacity, and by leading its accumulated waters to the eastern de-\\nclivity and valley of the Rockaway, to pursue the western descent until a practical\\nroute could be obtained across the country to Easton, v^ere the means he proposed to\\nopen the way to market for the rich mineral products and the iron manufactured at\\nthe many furnaces and forges of this mountainous district. At one period, 81\\nforges and 12 furnaces flourished in the di.strict, but when the canal was proposed,\\n30 of the former and 9 of the latter had fallen into ruins; whilst the remainder\\nwere greatly limited in their operations by the growing scarcity of fuel and increas-\\ning cost of transportation. A ton of iron might have been brought to New York\\nfrom Archangel on the White Sea, at nearly the same price it could have been trans-\\nported from Berkshire valley and thus, this great branch of manufacture, alike inte-\\nresting to the State and the Union, was in imminent danger of perishing.\\nBut how might a canal penetrate from the Delaware to the Hudson, 100 miles,\\nthrough the mountainous chain repeatedly crossing its path. How might the eleva-\\ntion, rapid and unavoidable, be surmounted, and how should the pecuniary sources be\\nprovided for an enterprise vast, novel, hazardous and expensive The lake at the\\nsummit level would supply water to be sure but to raise boats 900 feet high, and\\nagain to lower them to their first level of lockage, would have required an amount\\nof money for the construction, and of time in the passage, alike fatal to the enter-\\nprise. Mr. M Culloch, therefore, adopted the expedient of inclined planes for the\\ngreater lifts, and locks for the less. Such planes had never before been applied to\\nboats of much magnitude, nor to an operation so extensive.\\nMr. M Culloch endeavoured to induce the State to adopt the enterprise; and at\\nthe instance of liiin and others, the legislature, by act 15th November, 1S22, ap-\\npointed G. M Culloch, Charles Kinsey, of Essex, and Thomas Capner, Esqrs. com-\\nmissioners, with authority to employ a scientific engineer and surveyor to explore,\\nsurvey and level the most practicable route for this canal and to report an estimate\\nof the expense thereof, with such information relative to the minerals along its\\nlines as they could obtain, and to deposit specimens thereof in the state library. Th\u00c2\u00ae", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "24 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\ncommissioners reported, in 1823, and received the thanks of the legislatuife for the\\nintelligence, industry and zeal displayed in the execution of their commission. But\\nthat cautious and prudential policy which has hitherto prevented the State from\\nyielding her treasury and resources to the blandishment of projectors, charm they\\never so wisely, deterred her from making the Morris Canal a state enterprise. A\\nprivate company was therefore formed, and incorporated under the act of 31st De-\\ncember, 1824, with a capital of .fl ,000,000, and the right to increase it to $1,500,000,\\nfor canal purposes; and, likewise, to employ in banking operations, additionally, the\\nsum of .f 200,000, for every $200,000 actually expended on the canal, so that the\\nbanking capital did not exceed a million of dollars.\\nThe route of the canal was selected, and the estimate of cost made, by Major\\nEphraim Beach, under whose direction the work was executed. This route, and\\nthe estimate of cost, were approved by General Bernard and Major Totten, of the\\nengineer corps of the United States, and by Judge Wright; and the plan of inclined\\nplanes, suggested by professor James Renwick, of Columbia College, New York,\\nalso received the sanction of the like authority but much modification was after-\\nwards found necessary in this particular.\\nIn 1825, the excavations were prosecuted with alacrity, while the planes were de-\\nferred; an arrangement which experience proves should have been reversed, since\\nthe latter could be perfected only by many and tedious experiments. The erection\\nof the planes, too, was entrusted to ordinary mechanics, who, deficient in scientific\\nknowledge and manual skill, caused much disappointment, which was aggravated by\\ngreat and useless expenditure but, finally, proper engineers were employed, and\\nthe planes have become effectual to establish a regular intercourse along the line of\\nthe canal with the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers, and with the Hudson The ma-\\nchinery of the inclined plane, so far as we have examined it, consists of a double rail-\\nway connecting the upper and lower portions of the canal, up which a carriage sup-\\nporting a boat is drav.-n by means of iron chains, wound round a cylinder, set in mo-\\ntion by a water wheel turned by a stream from the upper level whilst another chain\\nregulates the descent of another boat to the lower level, if there be one to pass, or if\\nnone, of the empty cradle.\\nThe cost of the canal, originally estimated at $817,000, has been about $2,000,000.\\nThe length completed is about 90 miles from the Passaic River, at Newark, to the\\nDelaware, at Philipsburg, opposite to Easton; llf miles between Jersey City and\\nNewark remain to be executed, and are estimated to cost $100,000; but the cost\\nwill, as usual, probably exceed the estimate. This excess of cost over the estimate\\nis not peculiar to the Morris Canal, but is common, perhaps unavoidable, in all the\\npublic works of the country. The engineer can judge only from an imperfect know-\\nledo-e of the surface of the ground through which he is to make his way: an unex-\\npected bed of stone, a limestone sink, a quicksand, a sudden freshet or frost, may\\nmock his calculations. Adventurers, therefore, in canals and rail-roads, should be\\ncontent when their agents display reasonable intelligence and full fidelity. The\\ncanal was completed to Newark in August, 1831. It is deeply in debt, and pays\\nno dividend to the stockholders but its use has been most beneficial upon the busi-\\nness of the country through which it passes, and its portage will increase with popu-\\nlation and business; and should the anthracite coal be successfully applied to the ex- i\\ntraction of iron from ore, the consumption of that article alone will add greatly to\\nthe tolls. The transportation of the Lehigh coal to the New York market, originally\\ncounted on by the projectors of this canal, will be effected by the Delaware and Ra-\\nritan Canal. The Morris Canal was adapted to boats of 25 tons only, which in many\\ncases have proved too heavy for the chains of the inclined planes. The passage from\\nEaston to Newark has been performed in less than five days.\\nThe widtli of the canal is 32 feet at top, and 20 feet at bottom, four feet deep,\\nThe locks are 75 feet long between the mitre sills, and nine feet wide. The line is\\nnaturally divided into two divisions, the Eastern and Western. The first has 12\\nplanes, whose united elevations make 748 feet, and 18 locks rising, together, 166\\nfeet, making the whole rise, 914 feet. The highest lift by planes is 80 feet. There\\nare two of that height, one at Boontoon Falls, and another at Drakeville and the\\nhighest lift of the locks is 10 feet. This division now ends at the Passaic River,\\nnear Newark the section designed to connect it with the Hudson, 11| miles, has\\nnot yet been commenced. The length of the division is 51 miles 32-lOOths. The\\nwestern division has 11 planes rising 691 feet, and 7 locks, whose aggregate lifts\\nare 69 feet total, 760 feet. Its length from the summit level to the Delaware, i\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION.\\n25\\n38 miles, 91-lOOths, making the length of the whole line 90 miles 23-lOOths. The\\nannexed table shows at one view the number of the planes and locks, their location,\\nelevation, grade of the planes, and lift of the locks; and is, perhaps, the best expo-\\nsition that can be given of the work short of an engraved profile.\\nEASTERN DIVISION.\\nNo. of\\nNo. of\\nElevation\\nInclina-\\nLift of the\\nPlane.\\nLock.\\nthe plane\\nLOCATION.\\ntile sec-\\nof plane\\ntion of the\\nLock in\\nor lock.\\ntion.\\nin feet.\\nplane.\\nfeet.\\n1\\n1\\nSummit.\\n2\\n50\\n1-12\\n1\\n2\\nDrakeville.\\n4\\n80\\n1-10\\n1\\n3\\nNear do.\\n5\\n38\\n1-12\\n2\\n1 and 2\\ndo. do.\\n6\\n20\\nI\\n4\\nBaker s Mills.\\n12\\n52\\n1-8\\n1\\n3\\nNear do.\\n13\\n8\\n1\\n5\\nAbove Dover.\\n15\\n66\\n1-9\\n1\\n4\\ndo.\\n16\\n9\\n1\\n5\\ndo.\\n17\\n9\\n2\\n6 and 7\\nAt do.\\n19\\n18\\n1\\n6\\nRockaway.\\n25\\n52\\n1-12\\n1\\n8\\nNear do.\\n29\\n7\\n2\\n9 and 10\\nPowerville.\\n34\\n15\\n1\\n11\\nBooneton.\\n36\\n10\\n7\\nBooneton Falls.\\n37\\n80\\n1-10\\nI\\n12\\nNear do.\\n38\\n12\\n1\\n8\\nMontville.\\n40\\n76\\n1-11\\n1\\n9\\ndo.\\n41\\n74\\n1-11\\n1\\n10\\nNear Pompton.\\n48\\n56\\n1-12\\n1\\n13\\ndo.\\n42\\n8\\n11\\nBloomfield.\\n84\\n54\\n1-12\\n1\\n14\\nNear do.\\n86\\n10\\n1\\n15\\nAbove Newark.\\n95\\n10\\n1\\n12\\nNewark.\\n96\\n70\\n1-12\\n3\\n16,17,18\\ndo.\\n97\\n748\\n166\\n30\\n12\\n17\\n166\\nPlanes and Locks.\\n914\\nWESTERN DIVISION.\\nNo. of\\nNo. of\\nElevation\\nInclina-\\nLift of the\\nPlane.\\nLock.\\nthe plane\\nLOCATION.\\nthe sec-\\nof plane\\ntion of the\\nLock in\\nor lock.\\ntion.\\nin feet.\\nplane.\\nfeet.\\n1\\n1\\nGreat Meadow.\\n3\\n58\\n1-10\\n1\\n2\\nStanhope.\\n5\\n70\\n1-11\\n1\\n1\\nNear Sayers.\\n6\\n12\\n3\\ndo. do.\\n6\\n55\\n1-12\\n1\\n4\\nOld Andover.\\n10\\n80\\n1-8\\n1\\n2\\nGuinea Hollow.\\n16\\n10\\n1\\n5\\nNear Anderson.\\n38\\n64\\n1-12\\n1\\n6\\nMonte Rose.\\n41\\n50\\n110\\n1\\n3\\nNear do.\\n43\\n10\\nD", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "26\\nGENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nWestern Division, continued.\\nNo. of\\nNo. of\\nElevation\\nInclina-\\nLift of the\\nPlane.\\nLock.\\nthe plane\\nLOCATION.\\nthe sec-\\nof plane\\ntion of the\\nLock in\\nor lock.\\ntion.\\nin feet.\\nplane.\\nfeet.\\n1\\n7\\nPohalcong.\\n47\\n75\\n1-10\\n1\\n4\\nNear N. Village.\\n61\\n10\\n1\\n8\\nHulzesers.\\n63\\n62\\n1-11\\n1\\n9\\nNear Bridleman s\\nBrook.\\n67\\n100\\n1-10\\n1\\n10\\nNr. Green s mills.\\n70\\n44\\n1-12\\n1\\n5\\ndo. do.\\n71\\n9\\nland 2\\n6 and 7\\ndo. do.\\n72\\n18\\n1\\n11\\nDelaware River.\\n74\\n33\\n1-12\\n11\\nPlanes and Locks.\\n691\\n69\\n760\\n69\\nPlanes.\\nLocks.\\nRECAPITULATION.\\nEastern Division,\\nWestern Division,\\nEastern Division,\\nWestern Division,\\n12 748\\n11 691\\n1439 feet.\\n17 166\\n7 69\\n235\\n24 locks.\\n1674 feet.\\nOf the interesting works on the line of the canal, our limits permit us only to no-\\ntice, the aqueduct of stone of a single arch, 80 feet span, 50 feet above the river,\\nover the Passaic at the Little Falls, built of beautiful dressed freestone, in the most\\nsubstantial and durable manner and the wooden aqueduct 236 feet long, supported-\\nby nine stone piers, over the Pompton River.\\nThe State is indebted, as we have already observed, for the inception of this great\\nwork, to the genius and zeal of George M Culloch, Esq., and she is not less indebted\\nto the skill and perseverance of Cadwallader D. Colden, Esq., the actual president\\nof the company, for its completion.\\nThe Delaware and Raritan Canal, one of the great links of the chain of internal\\nnavigation, which is to give to the domestic trade of the country the greatest fa-\\ncility and securit} has for years been a subject of deep interest to all who have re-\\nflected on the means of increasing our prosperity. The construction of this canal\\nhas been a favourite project, with speculators desirous to deal in a marketable com-\\nmodity; with capitalists seeking for safe and profitable investments; and with many\\nstatesmen of New Jersey, who believed they saw, in it, the means of creating a per-\\nmanent and large revenue for the State, which would forever relieve her citizens\\nfrom taxation, for the ordinary support of government.\\nSo early as the year 1804, the project of a canal to connect the waters of the De-\\nlaware and Raritan Rivers, was earnestly considered. A route was then examined\\nby a company of experienced and intelligent gentlemen, and a law passed autho-\\nrizing its construction by a private company but the state of our trade, and\\nour inexperience in works of this character, prevented its execution. In 1816\\nand in 1823, commissioners, appointed by the legislature, explored the route, and\\nby accurate examination demonstrated its practicability. At a subsequent pe-\\nriod, a second joint-stock company was authorized to make this canal, and paid to\\nthe State treasury, for the privilege so to do, the sum of $100,000; but failing to\\nobtain the sanction of the State of Pennsylvania to the use of the waters of the\\nDelaware, they were compelled to abandon the enterprise, receiving back from New\\nJersey the premium they had paid. Many citizens of the State rejoiced in this\\nfailure, by which the power of making the canal reverted to her; anticipating that", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION. 27\\n^e would immediately use it. To this end, many petitions were presented to the\\nlegislature, at their session of 1828-9; and a committee appointed thereon, made an\\nable and elaborate report, accompanied by a bill, authorizing the canal to be con-\\nstructed by the State. But the settled policy of the State, safe at least, if not emi-\\nnently prosperous or sagacious, which carefully eschews all prospective advantages to\\nbe purchased by loans, or by the taxation of her citizens, marred this measure. Fi-\\nnally, by the act of 4th February, 1830, the enterprise was again committed to a\\njoint-stock company, with certain beneficial reservations to the State. The act\\nprovides, that a capital stock be created of ^1,000,000. which may be enlarged to\\n^1,500,000, divided into shares of i|;100 each, and that the company have all the\\npowers necessary to perfect an expeditious and complete line of communication from\\nPhiladelphia to New York That, if the capital were not subscribed within one\\nyear, or the canal and feeder not commenced within two, and completed within eight,\\nyears, tlie charter should become void That, the company might make the canal\\nbetween, and improve the rivers below, where the canal shall empty into them; the\\ncanal to be at least 50 feet wide at the water line, and at least five feet deep, and\\nthe feeder not less than 30 feet wide and four feet deep That they may charge\\ntolls for the transport of persons and merchandise, not exceeding five cents per\\nmile for the first, nor four cents per ton per mile for the second, nor more than\\nhalf those rates respectively on the feeder That, they may alter the route of the\\ncanal; that it shall be a public highway; and that, no other canal shall be con-\\nstructed within five miles of any point of the canal or feeder, without the assent of\\nthe company That at the expiration of thirty years from the completion of the\\ncanal and feeder, a valuation of them shall be made by six appraisers, appointed by\\nthe company and State who. in case of difference, may choose an umpire that\\nsuch appraisement shall not exceed the first cost, with the lands and appendages,\\nand that the State shall have the privilege for ten years of taking tlie canal and\\nfeeder at the appraisement, upon payment of the amount thereof That the trea-\\nsurer of the company shall, on oath, make quarterly returns of the number of pas-\\nsengers and tons of merchandise transported on the canal across the State, and pay\\nto the treasurer of the State, eight cents for each passenger, and eight cents for each\\nton of merchandise so transported thereon, except for coal, lumber, lirne, wood, ashes,\\nand similar low priced articles, for which two cents only per ton shall be paid; and\\nthat no other impost shall be levied upon the company.\\nBy the act of 3d February, 1831, in consideration, that the company would make\\nthe canal 75 feet wide on the water line, seven feet deep throughout, and the locks\\nat least 100 feet in length, by 24 feet in width in the clear, the State extended the\\ntime after which the appraisement should be made, to 50 instead of 30 years, and\\nengaged tliat neither the company, nor any other person, should construct an} rail-\\nroad across the State, between the Delaware and Raritan Rivers, within five miles\\nof any point of the canal, until after the expiration of the period allov^ ed for the con-\\nstruction of the canal, reserving existing riglils.\\nAs we have already mentioned, when speaking of the Camden and Amboy Rail-\\nroad, the Canal and Rail-road Company were consolidated pursuant to the act of\\nIStli February, 1831. By act 2d IMarch, 1832, the united company, in considera-\\ntion, that no other rail-road should be constructed which might compete with that\\nroad, covenanted to convey to the State one thousand shares of the joint stock, and\\nguaranteed to the State an annual income of ^30,000 at least, should not the divi-\\ndends on stock and the transit duties amount to that sum; and engaged that they\\nwould annually divide the whole of the net profits, except such surplus fund as\\nmight be necessary not exceeding \u00c2\u00a7^100, 000.\\nUnder these provisions the canal was commenced, and has progressed nearly to\\nits completion. (Oct. 1833.) It begins at the confluence of the Crosswicks Creek\\nand the Delaware, at Bordentown, and runs thence, through the city of Trenton and\\nthe valley of the Assunpink, crossing the creek by a noble stone culvert, to Law-\\nrence s Meadows, whence it passes into the valley of Stony Brook; thence down\\nthe right side thereof, one mile S. of Princeton, to the junction of Stony Brook with\\nI the Millstone River; thence across the river by an aqueduct of eight arches, and by\\nthe riglit bank of the river to the Raritan River; thence along the right bank of the\\nRaritan to New Brunswick, where it unites with the tide. It passes through or\\nnear Bordentown, Lamberton, Trenton, Princeton, Kingston, Griggstown, Millstone,\\nSomerville, and Boundbrook. Its whole length is 42 miles, within which there are\\n116 feet lockage, viz: 58 between Trenton and the Delaware River, overcome by", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "28 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nseven locks one at Trenton of seven feet one at the State Penitentiary of seven\\nfeet; three at Lamberton of nine feet each; one below Lamberton of seven feet, and\\none at Bordentovtm of 10 feet, lift. The last, by reason of the badness of the foun-\\ndation, has cost an extraordinary portion of time, labour and money, in its construc-\\ntion. The lockage betwreen Trenton and New Brunswick is also 58 feet, and is over-\\ncome by seven locks one at Kingston, one at Griggstown, and one at the mouth of\\nthe Millstone, each of eight feet; two opposite to Boundbrook, seven feet each one\\ntwo miles below Boundbrook, of eight feet, where a dain has been constructed across\\nthe river to use it as a feeder, and one at New Brunswick, of twelve feet, lift. Ajt,\\nthis city, there is also a tide lock sufficiently capacious to admit a steamboat, and a\\nbasin extending the whole front of the town, formed by an embankment in the river;\\nBy turning the river into the canal, a water power will have been gained at Bruns-.\\nwick, equal, it is supposed, to 400 horse power. Upon the line of the main canal,\\nthere are 17 culverts, some of them very large; one aqueduct, and 29 pivot bridges.\\nThe canal is 75 feet wide on the water line, and seven feet deep, and the depth may\\nbe increased to eight feet should it be found necessary. To avoid bridging, the\\ncompany have purchased a large quantity of land, in many cases whole farms, at\\ngreat expense.\\nThe feeder commences at Bull s Island, in the Delaware River, and runs thence\\nalong the left bank of the river to Trenton, where it intersects the canal, a distance\\nof 23 miles, witli an inclination of two inches in the mile. The works, beside the\\nexcavation, consist of a lift lock of 10 feet at Lambertsville two guard locks, one.\\nat Bull s Island, and the other at Prallsville 15 culverts, and 37 pivot bridges. The\\nwidth of the excavation is throughout 50 feet; at the water line, its depth six feet;^\\nbut, where it could be effected without great expenditure, the width has been in-\\ncreased to 60 feet, and thus three-fourths of the distance will afford good sloop navi-\\ngation. A large basin has been constructed by the company, upon the feeder near f\\nthe centre of Trenton, for the accommodation of the city.\\nThe canal is adapted to vessels exceeding 150 tons burden, and has been exe-,\\ncuted in the most substantial manner. Its cost is now estimated at two millions of (1\\ndollars. The estimate, when the proposition was made to the State to undertake the\\nenterprise, was stated at $1,142,741; but the present canal is every way larger than\\nthat originally proposed.\\nThe Manasquan River and Barnegat Bay Canal Company, was authorized under r\\nthe act of 21st February, 1833, with a capital of $5,000, to make a canal 40 feet tj\\nwide and five feet deep, from the mouth of the Manasquan River to the head waters i\\nof Barnegat Bay, at Layton s pond or ditch, in tlie county of Monmouth; to erect I\\ntide gates, and to take toll for passing through the canal for every scow, eight cents\\nper ton; sail boat or small craft 10 cents per ton; and for every fish boat or skiff,-\\n25 cents per ton; provided that the canal be commenced within two, and finished t\\nwithin five years.\\nA short canal of about four miles in length, in Upper and Lower Penn s Neck, t)\\nTownship, Salem County, connects the Salem Creek with the Delaware River,\\nabout four miles above Kinseyville, and saves to sloops that ply in the creek, from\\n15 to 20 miles of the distance to Philadelphia.\\nIX. The population of New Jersey, derived from European ancestry, is composed t\\nchiefly of the descendants of the Dutch, Swede, English, and New England settlers.\\nFor nearly half a century, the country was in the undisturbed possession of the i^\\nDutch, who, in that period, spread themselves extensively over East Jersey; not,\\nhowever, without an intermixture of their New England neighbours, who very early i\\ndisplayed a disposition to abandon their sterile soil for more fertile lands and milder\\nskies; and who had also found their way to the shores of the Delaware, and made\\none attempt, at least, to colonize them. After the year 1664, the English authority ^i\\nwas established over the province, and the settlement of West Jersey was then zea-\\nlously commenced by English emigrants, chiefly of the sect called Quakers. The\\nliberality of the provincial government must necessarily have drawn population\\nfrom other European sources but such acquisitions were not great, inasmuch as her\\naspiring and successful neighbours. New York and Pennsylvania, possessed greater\\nattractions.\\nThese attractions, too, have operated to prevent that increase of population in the\\nState, which must otherwise have taken place from natural causes. Abounding in\\nall that is necessary to the comfortable enjoyment of life, and stimulated to industry\\nby the growth of the neighbouring cities, whose wants she in no inconsiderable de-\\nI", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION.\\n29\\nn 0^ h n\\\\ I\\n2 s s s ^s I s\\nC 1/ M _ -1, .i;\\nr H\\nJ3\\n3\\nl\\n1\\n13\\n3\\no\\n5 5\\n1.4\\nE\\no\\nT3\\ne\\no\\n5\\nt3\\no\\nO\\ni~ 3\\nS5\\n2\\nr4\\n!5\\nD\\no\\nC\\n1.4\\nc\\nS\\no\\n0)\\nc=2\\nCO\\nd\\nt^\\nTS\\n4) 3\\ns\\nM\\n1)\\n0)\\nt4\\no\\nd\\n13\\n11\\nbJ5\\nd\\nl-H\\nm\\n0)\\no\\na)\\n(X\\n!1)\\nbe n\\nS o\\n3\\n:h\\n3 O\\no\\nc\\no\\nd\\nO\\n:s\\n_c\\nj3\\n13 O\\nc o\\n3\\nis\\nM\\n..o\\nCO o\\nCO\\nc\\nO\\nt4-l\\nO\\n0)\\n-2 2 s .t\\n-ii c\\noj ja C\\no 0)\\nO l\\no O Ci-.\\n4) j^ O\\nD 0) t;\\nS CO\\nc\\nT3 d 3\\nCU d\\n4) d -a\\nSo d\\ni\\nc\\no\\nbi)_\\nin d a\\nS a D d\\n1= c 1= -s\\no aj\\nOj5\\n3\\nTs d\\n-c\\nbe o\\n3 fe S m\\nFQ o -a\\neg-\\no -a\\na\\n=J CO- S .H\\n::c;\\n2 JO o XI c\\nS IN -f i\u00e2\u0080\u009e w\\n^4 wT\\nO CO aj\\nS\\n5\\nS\\na r\\n(U\\n13 H\\no a\\n4\\nd\\n01\\nfcT 3 bX) d\\n^13 2 bDS\\n4J 1) S S t4\\naj CD\\nc hi;\\nOJ\\n(M\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a02. d CO\\n_i 5- w CO .tj\\n.2oCCC3S!-\\nO4 a;\\no 7i a) o\\nB 5 .5 .S 5n\\nO lO Ci CO\\nQO CO --O 00\\nO 10 (MC5 i-(\\no rt CO :o i X)\\nTf C3 CO CO O rl\\nT-H I X. 0 l C2\\n1-1 I C X O! 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C3\\n00 O O 1-1\\n10 10 CO GO J\\njt r io i CO N\\nlO c; o t^\\nOi f- CO 1 CD M\\nO OJ 00 CO CO\\n3^ 00 C\\\\ Xl CO\\ni-^rH lo^i^ t -^(r^\\nC3 OJ CO CO CO CO\\nO O 00 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I -H o\\n1-1 CO j 03 j CO\\nO C: C5 CO O!\\nT^ C^ \u00e2\u0080\u0094H lO 10\\nC5 \u00c2\u00bb0 10 l^ CO\\nTji CO CO CI l\\nCO l-H o\\nl^ CO J O i\\nO 00 J Tf\\nJ CO CD 00 O\\nlO^OJ^OJ^OO^^O^\\nIC Ci I* CO IC\\nC: 1-1 CO OO O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Sa.M!|S\\n1 CO O!\\n00 rt 1\\nCO ira CO lO SQ\\nO l^ O lO CO\\nCO CO 10 CO\\n9[ Japiin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2flt J ^p\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0nn S3|i![^\\nS3|EHIr)^,J\\nCO \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Tf oj to\\nC i OJ to t^\\nOJ rH 1-1\\nCD CO lO\\nto rH OO CO IC\\nOJ 1-1 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OlO J\\nCO to 10 o c^\\nCO Ci -51 O CO\\n(N^00^i- _^i ^G5\\n40 n co ~iO\\nGv)^co^ r^ *^t\\nco cD~T3 m co\\nO CO CD t-\\ni^ CI r^ Tj th\\n1-1 Oi CO CO OJ\\n00 Tf CD to J\\nO C^ to Ci CO\\ni Tf C5 O* 00\\nto\\ns SS\\no o oj CO T-l\\no c; CO 1-1 1^\\n(7! r- i CO C^\\nO C5 CD O C2\\nOJ rH CO 00 O\\nOD CD O Ci\\nO ?J l^ 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I Ci\\nW O lO Ci o\\nW O! 00 CO\\nGO r^ o CO C5\\nTO l^ O O F-(\\nCD CO CD O\\nCO -r ci CO (N\\nC5 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I F\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to Ci\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ifasjgj- isa^ A^asigf isug\\nC 0) 2", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "30\\nGENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nuaqurnu {^loj,\\nOJ lO iTj fJJ CD l^ CO r-( Cl 00 CO lO O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SOATJIg\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2spjBAvdn puB ^fJO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Q{7.i8pun piiuggJO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a29S japun puB gx JO\\nO CD rt CC i_f5 TJ -H lO 00 lO lO TO\\nOJ\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COtMCOt^iOOOJCOQOt^Gj\\nr-T r-Tr-T r-T oTi-T\\noo ooonoocococNiOi rtO\\n0Joi .a5Ooc0 *ot^or .Q0\\nc: c OJ S X) CO cTi lO it c; ic CO\\nOJi-HrH }C^OOCO(Xll^TfT) rt\\nlOCO^X OOl^i-HOUtlcC^O-.\\nCOLOOCOCO-^I^-H-Hr-ir .-*l^\\nCi_ao^r^_o^i .^co^iq^iO^-^^r- _o _Cj M\\nl-TrH OJ OJ i-l rH rH T-( i-l i-Tt-H\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2gxiapun puB QUO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2siTJoX! OT Jtapufx\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2spjBA\\\\dn puB QX JO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2e^aapun puBggjQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a295 lapun puT3 9T jq\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a29X Japun puB qI JO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sj-Ba^ 01 Japufl\\nO CO CO t^ OJ -q l^ l-O Cj 00 10 -V !?J\\ncj^o^o^QO^^-rc^^io^oo^cTj^ -s m 00 X (7{\\nr-T (?f i-T fh r-T rt r- r-^\\nO X) Xi C2 l^ CO CO i lO 10 4^\\nO^rt-iOl^l^OOO-^OOOJ\\no i^ rr i^ CO 01 oj rH o i^ j O (7J\\ni-icjci-^toioci^^co a coi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ici\\nOOl^lO-VOO-HO-^Ot^ *Tl\\no_i *^co^^ci_c3_ :x3^o^aq_x_LO^Tj\\n00 co co co m (tTccT (M (TT r-T r-T rn\\n0 -HCiioot^cncs iotMocoi\\nOXCOCOO^ClOOCO^QI^JOlOC;\\nC0_^CO OJ^W^rH r- ^O^Ci O 00 ira Tf i-l\\nc^--iCj ^Trco-^oooJ Cii-(T3.\\noq_o OJ o X uo lO lO LO o^co_Ci\\nr-T of of (N r-T r-T rH r-T T-T ,4\\nOOCOOJCOlOlftCiOlftOOTfrf\\nC30jTrOJi .0 Hcoot^iO 9 co\\nlD^C:;_l ._^Gi^CC_^-^^-^^OJ_CO CO CO CD CO\\ncor- t^cococot-o(ocicoeooi\\niraXCOtOlO -HOCOOfrHTtCD-*\\nicooococococooajcr3i .oj\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0jaquin^ {\u00e2\u0096\u00a0g^ox\\nO^OClCO-^XOJ-Hi^XC-.OJt^\\n^X^-^M C2rHCOC0C;iOl^CD\\nCO^ O 10^ CO_^ i-4_ G1_C0\u00e2\u0080\u009e X\u00e2\u0080\u009e 00^ l i 1^ Tf\\nCO T) co co co oTof oT oT T-T i-h r-T\\ncooi-0 -Oco ioocoi-ioi^oo-H\\nlOOClOOi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 li- VOOOC;CO ^l\\ni-;_\u00c2\u00bbo^G3^r ._^o__0{^Cj^co__o_o{^- 3 _^OJ lo^\\no crQo ~j ~o ~o L f co ofofo~ao or\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2saA-Big\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SU0SI9J aaa j^ jarj^o jiy\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2saiimiBjj\\nJO sp^afx SuTpnpui\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0sxva/i 9X\\njapun sapj\\\\[ a^iiJAi ^^^d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SpJBAV\\n-dn put3 sji3ai 9x\\nJO sapxvi 91IMM ^^^d\\nT-IC2^^rt\u00c2\u00abtOOOT-,^-IOO}Or-l\\nOOOOll^OCOr-HOO t-OjTf\\nCO_Tf OJ 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094^in^CO CO^i-l CO^CO^rt 1-1 r4\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 r-( 01 i-H\\niraQOOCOCOOOJO!I *ODTl\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941 lOi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ICO 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lOO^H\u00e2\u0080\u0094 iCOi\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n;o^^coQoo)xoi^o --oi^ 0\\n-HCJ00 ^-q C;ojcOTj.co-^i .t-\\nCO^ 0_ T);^ r-__ \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^__ 10_ r- _ OJ_ C3^ fH^ Cq_ 00^ rH^\\ncrcrcD ao ~i ~i ri cirT)rio ~Tjrco rH\\nCO^ C-^ rH_ c^ ia_^ O CO^ C0_ OJ^ CO^ C0__ C5 _ o\\nTf~Tli~T) ~CO co cO~CO c\u00c2\u00bb0~orofori-i\\ncocoiocicoo(ioi^icooj\\ntOOOJCO-*OC-. 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LO CO O -jO C: JO Cj C-. 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001 JO\\nCO r-l\\n1^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2001 Jiapunggjo\\nQOCOtH in COr^ CJ\\n00\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2eg aapun ggJO\\nOrt co^-^X) i coin loco oj\\n.-l-^C^r-l OltOCO\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nlO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00c2\u00ab1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2gCJapunf^sjo\\nSiCOTfOOQOOOi^CO\\ni^ CO i r- CO lo\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^Z -lapun OT JO\\n(?J TJH r-mC rH -H CO 1-1\\nS\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjTjaif 01 -ispufl\\nCO CO rt r-l\\noo\\n(4\\nIS\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sp-iBAvdn pun OOT JO\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i T-l\\nCO\\nOOiaapunggjo\\nCT202ioin rjoc^coi-io\\ni OJ iH OCOi-l (M\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nCM\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2gg japunggjo\\nl^g^^ ^oS^^ ^g?\\nCO\\n00\\nCO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a29C -i^pun I o JO\\n(M CO O rH i -H CO CO Tfi lO C 1-1\\nO CO CO rH t^ IC CO\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nlO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^S-iapunoiJO\\nCOtMOJ COl-l rH\\n25\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjiia^ OT -isptrfi\\nlO\\nNames of\\nCounties.\\nBergen\\nEssex\\nMorris\\nSussex\\nWarren\\nSomerset\\nMiddlesex\\nHunterdon\\nBurlington\\nMonmouth\\nGloucester\\nCape May\\nSalem\\nCumberland", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "35\\nCENSUS, 1830 (continued).\\nWHITE PERSONS\\nINCLUDED IN THE FOREGOING.\\nSLAVES COLOURED\\nIncluded in the foregoing.\\nNames of Counties.\\nt4\\nT3\\ne\\ns\\nS\\n3\\nQ m\\nIs\\nQ\\nDeaf and Dumb above\\n14 and under 25\\nyears.\\no\\nXi\\nas\\nja\\ns\\n3\\nQ 2\\nC OJ\\n(B\\nQ\\n-6\\na\\nc\\nu\\nC\\n3\\n3\\nQ JO\\nC (U\\nQ\\nDeaf and Dumb above\\n14 and under 25\\nyears.\\n0)\\na\\ns\\n3\\nQ\\n.s\\nS\\nBergen\\nEssex\\nMorris\\nSussex\\nWarren\\nSomerset\\nMiddlesex\\nHunterdon\\nBurlington\\nMonmouth\\nGloucester\\nCape May\\nSalem\\nCumberland\\n6\\n7\\n2\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n5\\n11\\n5\\n8\\n11\\n2\\n2\\n11\\n6\\n2\\n2\\n4\\n4\\n11\\n7\\n5\\n13\\n1\\n2\\n1\\n2\\n9\\n12\\n3\\n1\\n6\\n3\\n12\\n8\\n6\\n5\\n2\\n3\\n12\\n22\\n11\\n14\\n12\\n17\\n7\\n19\\n41\\n14\\n22\\n7\\n7\\n213\\n1176\\n497\\n89\\n286\\n118\\n174\\n210\\n129\\n81\\n357\\n8\\n27\\n3\\n2\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n5\\n1\\n1\\n5\\n1\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n3\\n2\\n2\\n1\\n2\\n64\\n71\\n72\\n205\\n3365\\n5\\n2\\n8\\n22", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "3\u00c2\u00ab GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nThe vice of slavery was early introduced into the State, and took deep root, par-\\nticularly, in the eastern portion. In the county of Bergen, in 1790, the slaves\\namounted to near one-fifth of the population; and in Essex, Middlesex, and Mon-\\nmouth, they were very numerous, the counties having most Dutch population being\\nmost infected. In the counties settled by Friends, Burlington, Gloucester, Sa-\\nlem, Cumberland, and Cape May, there were, comparatively, few slaves the first, at\\nthat period, had only 227: the second, 191 the third, 120 and the last, 141. The\\nwhole number in tlie State was then, 11,423. At the subsequent census, the num-\\nber had increased to 12,422. The small increase of 999, in ten years, proves that\\nthe inhabitants, generally, had discovered the moral and physical evils of slavery,\\nand had applied themselves to diminish them. This became more apparent by the\\nact of 15 Feb. 1804, entitled An Act for the gradual Abolition of Slavery, under\\nwhich the number of slaves was reduced, in 1810, to 10,851; and in 1820, to\\n7,557. This act is supplied by the act of 24th February, 1820, which embraces\\nand extends its principles, and provides, that every child, born of a slave, within\\nthe State, since the 4th of July, 1804, or which shall be thereafter born, shall be\\nfree but shall remain the servant of the owner of the mother, as if it had been\\nbound to service by the overseers of the poor; if a male, until the age of 25 if a\\nfemale, to the age of 21 years: that the owner shall, within 9 months after the birth\\nof such child, deliver to the clerk of the county, a certificate, subscribed by him,\\ncontaining the name and addition of the owner; the name, age and sex of the child,\\nand the name of the mother which certificate, whether delivered before or after\\nthe nine months, must be recorded by the clerk. The owner neglecting to file such\\ncertificate, within the nine months, is liable to a fine of five dollars, and the sum\\nof one dollar per month afterward but not exceeding in the whole $100, to any\\none suing therefor, one half to the prosecutor, and the other half to the poor of the\\ntownship; and for delivering a certificate containing a false relation of the time of\\nthe birth of such child, $100, recoverable in the same manner: one-half in favour\\nof the child, and the other, of the township. The time of birth may be inquired\\ninto, notwithstanding the certificate.\\nThe traffic in slaves, between this and other states, was prohibited by the act of\\n14th March, 1798, and by act of 1820, last recited, under the forfeiture of ves-\\nsels, and severe penalties on persons concerned therein. But slaves may still be\\nbrought into the State, by persons removing thereto, with a view to settled, or\\ntemporary residence during the stay of the master only, in the latter case. By\\nthese acts, also, the manumission of slaves was permitted under certain formalities\\ntherein preseribed. And such has been the beneficial operation of these provisions,\\nthat in 1830, the State contained 2,254 slaves only; the counties of Gloucester\\nand Cumberland, none; the county of Cape May, 2; and Salem, 1. So that it\\nis probable, that in another 20 years, this pest will be entirely eradicated from the\\nState.\\nWe may remark, as a curious fact, and one that may prove most encouraging to\\nthe southern states, in an attempt at the abolition of slavery, that the coloured po-\\npulation, under the system of manumission adopted by this State, has increased in\\n40 years only, about 44 per cent, including the free and the slaves; whilst the whites\\nhave increased in the ratio of nearly 75 per. cent. In considering this subject, it-\\nmust be observed, on one hand, that the coloured population has uniformly been,\\ntreated with humanity and indulgence; and upon the other, that the great cities\\nhave absorbed a portion of their increase. But yet, the white population of the\\nState has been kept down in a much greater degree by emigration. Indeed, New\\nJersey has received a large and unwelcome increase of coloured population from thd\\nfugitive slaves of Delaware, Maryland, and the southern states.\\nTo complete our view of the physical condition of the State, we annex a table,\\nframed from abstracts returned by the assessors of the several counties, showing the\\nspecies and the amount of taxable property, and the amount of tax raised for state,\\ncounty and township purposes. The returns from several counties have not been\\nas full as they should have been, for our purpose; particularly, in respect to town-\\nship charges; and we have been compelled, in some cases, to estimate the amount\\nof road and poor tax, in some townships, by the ratio of population compared with\\nthat of others.", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "^-Xiquiassy ui -luasoidsy mn^m\\n-n* -rr C-: cc rt CO i o\\nOESI uoiiBimioj\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0XBX aiBlg\\nCOf^^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \u00e2\u0096\u00a0X ^--C ^X)C0C^O ^OO I f\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTP r-H o O C* GO O\\nrC x; tc ci ci io CO\\noT i-Tro rr rp co\\nC^ t^ lO\\ncrfcc fN\\nX r- ic\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2XBj, Xjunoo\\nO\\n5,000\\n15,000\\n2,000\\n4,115\\n10,000\\n9,99:i\\n10,000\\n4,00(1\\n11,769\\n7,100\\n7,000\\n6,000\\n5,475\\n6,714\\nO\\nO O OO O t\\nto o o o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00a9O QD ret\\nJ ;0 O O I O X\\no\\na- Q\\nct lo x CO cT o \u00c2\u00bbi^ x^\\nO lO C? lO O Cl lO I\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3|jai|sij I ^2\\nI\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2saSpijg ||ojj puB s3|.uoj[\\n00 c* c\u00c2\u00bb oc c; o*\\nT-l CO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2saStng\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SI10\u00c2\u00a7Bj^\\\\ P3J8A03\\nCO iO 00 o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0SdSIBl(3\\npUR sIlOiaGlfff s3I(.H!nf)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SUJOtl\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0JB3(J pUB S315[|ng sJtRl(3\\nI O o -r 0\u00c2\u00bb -M X X\\nCO o o\u00c2\u00bb CI o i- ;o\\nt~s\u00c2\u00bbQOin ^ro(NC\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3SJ0H pniS I\\na 03t^-^ocoo:coQOioi oo 1^\\nlO CI N G\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0si J3A0 S9]ni^ 3y S3SJ0[J\\no ;r. r: o 30 -T- CI --C r; o -r\\nlO \u00c2\u00bb0 -f -f n X) -T LO O 01 i^ c\u00c2\u00bb\\ni o :o o_oo,to_trt_ ^o o ^^x^cO\\n(o* cfco Tr r^co 3^Tf rr co Tt^\\n1 CO Oi 00 t^ Ci Oi O CO i\\nO It* U f rH CI lO CI 05 Ol i^ Ol I t- CD CO t^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3ABIS 3|i;[\\\\[ I |0\\nJ lO -i I T\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s)SA \u00c2\u00abJ-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3n3I||lS[(J JSpi;-)\\nCI lo CO -r lo CI\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0SaUIqOBIlJ SuipjEQ j r1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SauopB^ U31|00^ I\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3rj01DBj[ UOllOQ I 2\\n--co CI c\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S34!^ SSJOJ -1\\n1 -JCO r^\\n-1 ^IC\\nIS I I B i M|| I\\ni|\\\\F J-^rtiij\\nl!IV_suM|n,.i I\\nGi 00 1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2siiiJM A\\\\T s C-: T CI -r C; i- ci\\nS3U01S JO ant\u00e2\u0080\u0094 eillW siJO oo\\nLO o M -o r: -r t f\\ni^ X -r lo ri *o X x\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjspnjj, puB BjuEij3J3i^ r-xc\u00c2\u00bbicogxobooTf!-ioio lo\\ni 5 CI O 3 O O 01 O CI\\n^3 OOOCOC13 00\\n_ T, o 00 o i-o -x: rf\\no -J r^ c) X Lo -js o -o -r co co co .-o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ua[\\\\t aisuig\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SJ3p[0q3Sn0fJ\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a093iOB 01 Japun puB jo sjot;\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2puBT;\\np3Aoaduiiun jo ssjoy\\nM^ 12 Cr -f oo X o -o r-\\nX -0\\nCl^CI^ i! i-^coo_ OOCOO^ -OOO\\nO t X in -o r^ 1- CO -J t^ -w oi\\no;5xt^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 .-o-fxcoio C3C0\\nCO 00^ --t -^CO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 l^-q-CJI r^r^\\nX O CO CI o\\nO CI UO o o\\nC\u00c2\u00bb 1/5 CO X)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a263J3(/- JO jaquin^ij jBiox\\nO 3 -O X cu^ o o c S o o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a^ \u00e2\u0096\u00a0It. -o -c o o S c?\\nf^co\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LO^ro-rr^\\nS 12 2 JS 7 \u00c2\u00a3J ;r: 53 Lo 3\\nCI o CO ro c\u00c2\u00bb x CI CO 6\\n2 \u00c2\u00ab=i2 2 S 3\\n1 T r -3 .S .5\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^wmm\\n1^\\nEh2\\ng s\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00c2\u00a3\u00e2\u0080\u00a25\\nI 3\\na\\n3^g\\nHI\\nrf\\nMP\\no\\n^-a\\nc-^-S.\\nQ\\nrt S\\ns-ss\\nc\\nca\\nm\\ns.s^\\nO\\nn 3\\nCO\\nsgi\\ns\\ni S S\\nC.5 s\\nPh\\ns\\nq\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S* i\\nO\\nw m a.\\n;o\\nc S 5\\ni.\\n^3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2g j: 3\\ns\\nS S\\n^of\\no\\nS C!l\\n1\\n1-\\nSoa\\nS 5 2\\na\\n,2 -5 S\\nSsi^\\n5\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0sis\\nH\\nEh-s\\n3 s\\n37", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "38 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nXI. It will be seen by reference to the preceding table, that the State is, in the\\naggregate, agricultural and such is the character of all the counties, except Es-\\nsex, part of Bergen, and part of Morris. The glass and iron manufactures of the\\ncounties of Burlington, Gloucester, and Cumberland, are not sufficient to exempt\\ntliem from this classification. Of the agricultural products of the several por-\\ntions, we have already spoken, and will observe, only, generally, here, that the\\nvalleys of the two northern sections are well adapted to wheat, and that under the\\nimproved mode of culture they may become equally productive with any lands east\\nof the mountains. The southern district, composed of the alluvial country, is pro-\\nductive, chiefly of corn, rye, fruits, grass, and vegetables; and sends to market\\nlarge quantities of pork, cured in a manner that can scarcely be surpassed. New\\nJersey hams, bacon, and barrelled pork, hear the highest prices in all markets. Nor\\nis the reputation of the farmers of this district, much less for their beef, and espe-\\ncially for their veal. Its gardens and orchards supply the Philadelphia markets with\\nthe best fruits. Indeed the whole state is remarkable for the abundance and quality\\nof its peaches and apples, and the quantity of cider, and brandy made from the lat-\\nter. Notwithstanding the influence of Temperance Societies upon distilling,\\nand it has been confessedly great, there are yet in the State 388 cider distilleries.\\nThe counties of Burlington, Gloucester, Monmouth, Hunterdon, Warren, and Sus-\\nsex, are renowned for the number and quality of the horses which they breed.\\nYet, notwithstanding this agricultural character of the State, she claims no mean\\nrank in manufactures. By the preceding table, 28 furnaces are given; but 12 of\\nthese, only, we believe, are blast furnaces, employed in making iron from the ore;\\nthe remainder are cupola furnaces, used in the reduction of pig and other metal to\\ncastings. The furnaces of New Jersey, by the report of the committee of the ta-\\nriff convention, holden in New York, October, 1831, produced in 1830, 1,671 tons\\nof pig iron, and 5,615 tons of castings; and her 108 forges, 3000 tons of bar iron.\\nThe first valued at ,|30 the ton, yields $50,130\\nThe second, at $60, 336,900\\nThe third, at $90 the ton, 270,000\\nMaking $657,030\\nfor her manufacture of iron in pigs, castings and bars. This iron, however, is fur-\\nther improved in value by the aid of 10 rolling and slitting mills, 16 cupola furnaces,\\nand the extensive machine shops of Patterson. And we shall not, we presume,\\nunderrate the annual value of the iron manufacture of the State, when we state it\\nat one million of dollars; all of which is obtained from her mines, her forests, and\\nher labour, not one cent of foreign matter entering into the composition.\\nThere are in the State,\\n1 flint glass manufactory, producing annually, $80,000\\n12 glass houses, employed on hollow ware and window glass, estimated\\neach to produce annually $30,000, 360,000\\n440,000-\\nAnd 1 delf ware establishment, whose product may exceed 50,000\\n$490,000\\nBeside several extensive clay potteries.\\nWe may set down, therefore, the annual product of glass and pottery ware at full\\nhalf a million.\\nOf the 25 woollen manufactories most are small; and having no data for determin--\\ning their respective products, we conjecturally average them at $10,000 per annum.\\nFrom the Abstracts of the Assessors, we obtain but 45 cotton manufactories in the\\nState; but the Committee of the New York Convention, of 1831, return 51 of\\nwhich they give the following interesting results\\nCapital employed $2,027,644 Pounds of cloth 1,877,418\\nNumber of spindles 62,979 Males employed 2,151\\nNumber of power-looms 815 Wages per week, each $6 00\\nPounds of yarn sold 3,212,184 Females employed 3,070\\nYards of cloth 5,133,776 Wages per week, each $1 90", "height": "3355", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION. 39\\nChildren under 12 years of age 217 Bushels of charcoal 820\\nWages per week, each $1 40 Gallons of oil 13 343\\nPounds of cotton used 5,832,204 Value of other articles 18 208\\nBbls. of flour, for sizing 975 Spindles building ll oOO\\nCords of wood 671 Hand weavers l o60\\nTons of coal 1^007 Total dependants 12^750\\nThe price of the raw material, viz. 5,832,204 lbs. at 11 cts. was *641 542\\nPrice of yarn sold, 3,212,184 lbs. at 30 cts. the lb. average, was $963,655\\nPrice of cloth, 5,133,776 yards, at 15 cts. 770,066\\nGross return of cotton manufacture $1,733 721\\nThe six calico bleaching and printing establishments, belong to the cotton manu-\\nfacture. Some of these, as at Patterson, Belleville, and Rahway, are very exten-\\nsive, but we have not the means to give their results.\\nThe four machine factories at Patterson alone, employ above 400 hands and the\\nPhcenix Manufacturing Company, in addition to their cotton establishment, have\\n1,616 spindles employed in spinning flax, consuming 493,000 lbs., and employing\\n196 hands. The flax is manufactured into duck and bagging. In the cotton esta-\\nbhshment of Mr. John Colt, there were manufactured in 1831-2, 460,000 yards of\\ncotton duck.\\nThe 29 paper mills produce large returns. Some of these mills, as at Patterson\\nSpringfield, Mount Holly, c. are built on the best models, and employ the most\\nimproved machinery.\\nThe manufacture of leather from the hide into the various articles of its use ia\\nvery extensively conducted. There are 2,876 tan vats and the fabric of shoes\\nboots and harness, gives employment and wealth to many individuals in Newark\\nBloomfield, Rahway, Burlington, \u00c2\u00abfec. c. and its product forms a laro-e item in the\\nexports of the commonwealth. Hats and clothing for the southern market are also\\nmade in the first three towns last mentioned; and, also, in large quantities in the\\nthriving village of Plainfield.\\nCoaches cabinetware and chairs, form also large articles of export both from East\\nand West Jersey, from Camden, and from Newark and Rahway.\\nUnfortunately, we do not possess the means of giving in detail, or in gross the\\nresults of many of these valuable branches of business for we want, in relation to\\nthis state, the usual data for determining the quantum of surplus production, which\\nan account of her exports would aff-ord. Her whole foreign trade, and the far\\ngreater proportion of her domestic business, centers in New York and Philadelphia\\nto swell the business tables of these two great marts. But we are assured that, from\\nRahway alone the amount furnished to the general coasting trade is not less than a\\nmillion ot dollars annually whilst the products of the manufactures of Belleville\\nand Its vicinity, are valued at 2,000,000, and those of Patterson at more than double\\nthat amount. By the treasury report of 1832, the whole tonnage was 573 90 100\\nregistered, and 32,499 24.100, enrolled and licensed. And the whole amount of\\nexports foreign and domestic, $11,430; but of the tonnage of the State, 5,000 are\\nsaid to be enregistered in the New York districts.\\n_ We confess, that the view we have thus given of the condition of the State is very\\nimpertect; but it suffices to show, that, in agriculture, in manufactures, in the great\\nimprovements by canals and rail-roads, she nobly maintains a course of emulation\\nWith her great adjacent sister states. By the Morris and Raritan Canals, and by the\\nrail-way of the Trenton Falls Company, new and great acquisitions of water power\\ntor machiney have been attained, with increased facilities of communication with the\\nbest markets; and there remain unemployed upon the mountain streams, now cheaply\\naccessible a vast number of mill sites, among which we may mention those at Bel-\\nvidere and Clinton as entitled to great attention. The Musconetcono- river throush-\\nhaS Sf h X m ^r t ^P^^fit^bly employed, since ready communication may be\\nhad uith the Morris Canal from all points. The upper falls of the Passaic, the\\nwaste waters of the Rockaway, the Pequannock and Ramapo Rivers, will all, pro-\\nbably, be brought into use by the improvements already made and projected. Her\\nZrti; III lfT f y ^y ^^^^s and day, will be\\nwiS ^y l ^i S^^^^iy increase her\\nweaUh her copper profusely scattered over a Iarg\u00c2\u00ab area, accessible as any in the", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "5\u00c2\u00bb\\n40 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nworld her inexhaustible and unsurpassed beds of iron her stupendous veins of\\nzinc will, at no distant day, give employment to additional thousands of in elligent\\nand contented labourers, and instead of pouring forth her population to fertilize\\nenrich and bless other lands, she will give to her sons full employment and the\\nmean of wealth, within her own limits. Already has the reflux of population com-\\nmenc d Newark, Patterson, Bloomfield, Trenton, Boonton and Rah way, will, m\\nTen years, have doubled their population and New Jersey will we believe, at he\\ncensus of 1840, have increased her inhabitants in a ratio equal to that of any of he\\noriginal states; and among the stars which form the bright constellation of the\\nUnion though small, she will not be the least brilliant.\\nCLmATE.i-It is supposed that the climate of our country has undergone, and s\\nstill undergoing, a matirial change; that thunder and lightning are less frequent,\\nhe cold of^oir winters, and heat of our summers, less, and more variable the springs\\nCO der and the autumns more temperate. It is possible, but we think doubtful that\\nthe variability of the climate has increased; but the average severity of heat and\\nCO d hi not been diminished. The following description of the weather, by a settler\\nof East Jersey, in 1683, will be recognised as true at the present day. As for\\nthe tenperat r e of the air, it is wonderfully suited to the humours of mankind; the\\nlindTnd weather rarely holding in one point, or one k nd, for ten days together^ It\\n^rare thing for a vessel to be windbound for a week togelher the wind seldom\\nhoM ng in a point more than 48 hours and in a short tinie we have wet and dry,\\nwarm Ld cold weather, which changes we often desire in England, and look for be-\\nfore^ey come.- Alternations of cold and mild winters, of hot and coo sumniers,\\nof earl/and late commencen.ents of frosts, of drought and superabundant rain, have\\nbeen continued, from the earliest period to which our knowledge of the country ex-\\ntends A revi;w of the seasons from 1681, shows no less than 39 years in which\\nremained closed until the 13th March. In 1790, it closed on the 8th, and in 1797\\nremained ciosea I rigorous cold weather began in November and\\nrDe,lw,l t sTzt L o\u00e2\u0080\u009e .he ,U, December. In 1780, in .he ^onth\u00c2\u00ab\\n1 S: TJLZ Z D^ r i. i:u,.^S:\u00c2\u00bbr:rDe V,i.. He .ea .h. T.,e. on.\\nr;.toeee\u00e2\u0080\u009e.e,.\u00c2\u00ab3^a\u00e2\u0080\u009ea..ve^^^^\\nIhe winter oi i/oo orchards were m full bloom, and\\nrrrr o^ ,;in fh L \u00e2\u0080\u009e.h or .nne j h\u00e2\u0080\u009e, o-h-sa .now f.U I\\nSsffo* in .t \u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e.K of Dece,nbe,, J\u00c2\u00bbn\u00e2\u0080\u009ey and r.l,rn.r, -i -^-I-\\nfSsKys when .i e .\u00c2\u00abn was PP- ,,f ;-:I \u00c2\u00b0r;i r^V/Ja^ tr lSoV\\n;Lr.h: \u00e2\u0080\u009e,tr.:rpr.;.,. /r:hr:;!:\u00e2\u0080\u009eJrvSa.\u00e2\u0080\u009e ^.=^.0 j-. .he .\u00c2\u00bb\u00e2\u0080\u009e.f\\nthe whole period was 39\u00c2\u00b0 of Fahrenheit\\nof the air is nearly the same, as in the P-ced.ng day^ Aft r ^J^ h\u00c2\u00b0 -t d y\\nevenings are generally agreeable, and often delightful. Ihe mgner xn\\nSmith s N. J. 169.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN DIVISION. 41\\nrises in the day, the lower it falls the succeeding night. From 80\u00c2\u00b0, it commonly\\nfalls to 66\u00c2\u00b0; but from 60\u00c2\u00b0 only to 50*. This disproportion between the temperature\\nof the day and night, in summer, is always greatest in the month of August, when\\nthe dews are heavy in proportion to the coolness of the evening. They are some-\\ntimes so considerable as to wet the clothes; and marsh meadows and creeks, drained\\nby the heat, have been supplied with their usual water from this source, in this month\\nand the first weeks of September. The violent heats of summer seldom continue\\nmore than two or three days, without intermission. They are generally broken by\\nshowers of rain, sometimes accompanied by thunder and lightning, and succeeded\\nby a north-west wind, which produces an agreeable and invigorating coolness in\\nthe air.\\nThe warmest weather is generally in July but intensely hot days are often felt\\nin May, June, August and September, and the mean heat of August has been\\ngreater than that of July. The transitions from heat to cold are often sudden, and\\nsometimes to very distant degrees. After a day in which the mercury has been at\\n86\u00c2\u00b0 and even at 90\u00c2\u00b0, it has fallen in the course of a single night to 60 and fires\\nhave been found necessary the ensuing morning, especially if the change in the\\ntemperature of the air has been accompanied by rain and a S. E. wind. In a sum-\\nmer month, the mercury has been known to fall 20\u00c2\u00b0 in an hour and a half. There\\nare few summer months in which fires are not agreeable in some part of them.\\nMr. Rittenhouse informed Dr. Rush, that there was not a summer during his resi-\\n;dence in the country, in which he did not discover frost in every month.\\nThe weather is equally variable during the winter. The mercury has fallen from\\n37 to 42* below in 24 hours. In this season, nature seems frequently to play at\\ncross-purposes. Heavy falls of snow are often succeeded by a thaw, which, in a\\nshort time, wholly dissolves them. The rivers are frozen sufiiciently hard to bear\\nhorses and carriages, and thawed so as to be navigable, several times in the course\\nof the winter. Ice is commonly formed gradually, and seldom until the rivers have\\nbeen chilled with snow. Yet, sometimes its production is sudden, and the Dela-\\nware has frequently been frozen over in a night, so as to bear the weight of a man.\\nIn the alluvial district of New Jerse} frost and ice appear in the latter end of\\nOctober, or beginning of November. But intense cold is rarely felt, until about\\nChristmas. Hence the vulgar saying, as the day lengthens, the cold strengthens.\\nThe coldest weather is from the middle of January, to the middle of February. As\\nin summer there are often days in which fires are agreeable, so in winter they some-\\ntimes are incommodious. Vegetation has been observed in all the winter months.\\n.Garlic was tasted in butter in January, 1781; the leaves of the willow, the blossom\\nof the peach, and the flowers of the dandelion, were all seen in February, 1779, and\\nDr. Rush says, that 6P years since, he saw an apple orchard in full bloom, and small\\napples on many of the trees in the month of December. In February, 1828, we\\ngathered flowers from the unprotected garden, and saw cattle cropping good pas-\\nturage in the fields. A cold day is often the precursor of a moderate evening. The\\ngreatest degree of cold recorded in Philadelphia, is 5\u00c2\u00b0 below zero, and of heat 95\u00c2\u00ae\\nF. The standard temperature of Southern Jersey may be 52 which is that of our\\ndeepest wells and the mean heat of common spring water.\\nThe spring is generally unpleasant. In March, the weather is stormy, variable\\nand cold; in April, and sometimes far in May, moist and raw. From the variable-\\nness of the spring, vegetation advances with unequal pace in different seasons.\\nThe colder the spring, the more favourable the prospect of fruit. The hopes of the\\nfarmer from his fruit-trees, are, in a warm spring, often blasted by frost in April or\\nMay, and sometimes even by snow, at a later period. The colder the winter, the\\ngreater is the delay of the return of spring. Sometimes the weather, during the\\nspring months is cloudy and damp, attended occasionally with gentle rain resem-\\npling the spray from a cataract.\\nJune is the only rnontJi of the year which resembles the spring in the southern\\ncountries of Europe. Tlien, generally, the weather is temperate, tlie sky serene,\\nahd the verdure of the country universal and delightful.\\nThe autumn is the most agreeable season of the year. The cool evenings and\\nmornings, which begin about the middle of September, are attended with a mode-\\nrate temperature of the air during the day. This kind of weather continues, with an\\nincrease of cold scarcely perceptible, till the middle of October, when it is closed by\\nrain, which sometimes falls in such quantities as to produce destructive freshets; at\\nothers, in gentle showers, which continue, with occasional interruption by a few fair\\nF", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "42 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\ndays, for two or three weeks. These rains are the harbingers of winter, and the In-\\ndians long since taught us, tliat, the cold of that season is proportionate to the quan-\\ntity of rain wJiicli falls during the autumn. From this account, it is apparent, that\\nthere are seldom more than four months of the year in which the weather is agree-\\nable without fire.\\nIn winter the winds generally come from the N. W. in fair, and from the N. E.\\nin foul weather. The N. W. winds are dry and cold. The winds, in fair weather\\nin the spring, and in warm weatlier in the summer, blow from the S. W. and\\nW. N.W. The S. W. winds usually bring with them refreshing showers of rain in\\nspring and summer, whicli moderate the heat when succeeded by a N. W. wind\u00c2\u00bb\\nSometimes showers come from the W. and N. W.\\nThe moisture of the air is said to be greater than formerly; occasioned, prebably,\\nby the exhalations which fell in the form of snow, now descending in rain. The\\ndepth of the snow is sometimes between two and three feet; in 1828-9, it was near\\nfour, but in general it is from six to nine inches. Hail frequently falls with snow\\nin the winter. At intervals of years, heavy showers of ha.il fall in the spring and\\nsummer, running commonly in veins from 40 to 50 miles long, and from half a mile\\nto two miles in breadth. On such occasions, destruction of grain, grass and win-\\ndows, to great value, is not unfrequent. From sudden changes of the air, rain and\\nsnow often fall together, forming what is commonly called sleet. In the northern\\nparts of the State, in protected spots, snow sometimes lies until the first of April.\\nThe backwardness of the spring has been ascribed to the passage of the air over the\\nice and snow which remain, after the winter months, on the plains and waters of the\\nnorth-west country.\\nThe dissolution of the ice and snow is sometimes so sudden, in the spring, as to\\nswell the creeks and rivers to such a degree as to lay waste the hopes of the hus-\\nbandman, and in some instances to sweep his barns, stables, and even his dwelling\\ninto their currents. Of this power of the flood, the years 1784 and 1832, afford\\nmemorable examples. The wind, during a general thaw, comes from the S. W. or\\nS. E.\\nThe air, when dry, has a peculiar elasticity, which renders the heat and cold\\nless insupportable than the same degrees of both in moister countries. It is only\\nwhen summer showers are not succeeded by N. W. winds, that the air becomes op-\\npressive by combination with moisture. With the removal of the forest the waters\\nhave decreased considerably.\\nThe average quantity of water which falls yearly, is from 24 to 26 inches, ac-\\ncording to the statement of Dr. Rush but this would seem much too small, since\\na table of 20 years, from 1810 to 1829, inclusive, 14 of which were kept by P. Le-\\ngeaux, Esq. at Springmills, and 6 at the Pennsylvania Hospital, give 35.16 inches;\\nand a table for 10 years, ending 1827, kept by Dr. Darlington, of West Chester,,\\ngives 49.92. In the first table, the highest was 43.135 inches, in 1814; and the\\nlowest, 23.354, in 1819. In the last table the highest was 54.1 inches in 1824, and\\nthe lowest 39.3 inches in 1822.\\nFrom the foregoing remarks we may justly conclude that, in New Jersey no two\\nsuccessive years are alike; that even the successive seasons and months differ from\\neach other every year. Perhaps there is but one steady trait in the character of our\\nclimate, and that is, that it is never steady, but uniformly variable. The foregoing\\nremarks apply generally to the whole State, yet with some variation. Thus, in the\\nlow flat country in the alluvial district, the climate is warmer in winter and hotter\\nin summer, than in the more northern and elevated lands of the other sections. The.\\nheat of the summer and the cold of the winter are, however, tempered by the wa-\\nters which bound it on three sides. In summer, upon the ocean and bay, the sea i\\nbreeze prevails, and with the prostration of the forest, it finds its way yearly further-^\\ninterior. As the country north of Trenton rises in aerial height, as well as in lati-\\ntude, its temperature necessarily decreases from both causes. The change, however,\\nis not very considerable until we reach the mountains, where the diminution of heat\\nis apparent in the difli erence of the seasons. Vegetation in the spring is from one\\nto two weeks later than in the lower country, and the approach of winter is i\\nmuch earlier. It is to their altitude more than latitude, that the mountains owe theit {j\\ncool and invigorating breezes which render them attractive in the summer season. i|", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "43\\nPREFATORY CHAPTER.\\nTAJSLT II.\\nContaining a Moral View of the State.\\nDivision of the Political Poioer into Three Great Branches. I. Legislatire Council and\\nJlssevihly hij whom Elected A om.inations Forra of Elections Legislative Council\\nhow Composed Potoers Jissemhlij hoio Constituted Potcers. II. Execative\\nBranch Jt hat Governor his Paiccrs and Duties Secretary of State Poivers and\\nDuties Treasurer Powers and Duties Revenue and Expenditures of the State\\nBurden on the Citizens Jittorncy General Sheriff Coroner Officers of State Prison\\nPolitical Division of Counties and Toicnsldps of Township Officers Services in\\nTaxation Relief of the Poor Making and Repairing Roads Executive Duties of\\nCounty Clerk Militia System. III. Judiciary Courts for Trials of Small Causes\\nCourt of Quarter Sessioris Common Pleas Orphans Court Supreme and Circuit\\nCourts Court of Cliancery Court of Appeals Compensation of Officers. IV. Pro-\\nvisions for Religious, Moral and Intellectual Improvement Religious Societies Li-\\nterary Institutions established by Individual Largess Common Schools established\\nby the State Publication of the Laws Newspapers in the State.\\nIn the organization of the Commonwealth, the political power here, as elsewhere\\nin well constituted States, has been divided into three great branches; the Legisla-\\ntive, Executive, and Judicial. But, in the existing constitution, these divisions\\nhave not been well preserved, the first having received the greater proportion of the\\nprovince of the second, and having the third wholly dependent upon it.\\nI. The legislative power is vested in a council and assembly, chosen by qualified\\nelectors, on the second Tuesday of October, and the day succeeding, annually. The\\nelection is then holden for Slate officers, and on the first Tuesday of November, when\\noccasion requires, for members of congress and electors of president and vice president.\\nSuch electors must be free white citizens, of full age, who have resided within the\\ncounty in which they claim to vote, for twelve months immediately preceding the elec-\\ntion, and who have paid a tax or been enrolled on any duplicate list of the last State or\\ncounty tax, and possess fifty pounds, clear estate. But, from the requisite of taxation\\nor enrolment, as the case may be, are exempted ])ersons who may have arrived at the\\nage of twenty-one years since the date of the last duplicate; persons removing from\\nthe township where they have paid tax, to another in the same county and persons\\nwho have been inadvertently overlooked by the assessor; the names of the last\\nbeing immediately entered upon the tax list. The property qualification, though\\ndemanded by the constitution, has been virtually annulled by the act of 1st June,\\n1820, providing that every person paying a State or county tax, whose name shall\\nbe enrolled on such duplicate list, shall be taken to be worth fifty pounds clear es-\\ntate and thus by the omnipotence of the legislature, things essentially difiierent are\\nmade the same.\\nThe electors vote only in the township in which they reside. An attempt to vote\\na second time, is punishable by a fine of fifty dollars to the use of the poor, recover-\\nable by the overseer of the township. The assessor or collector enrolling one under\\nage, or non-resident in the township, with intent to admif him to vote, is subject to\\nthe penalty of i|100 to the like use, and recoverable in like manner.\\nSuch elections are conducted after the following mode. The clerks of the re-\\nspective courts of Common Pleas, attend at the court house, on the first Mondays of\\nSeptember, annually, to receive from voters, lists of candidates for public suffrage,\\nsigned by the nominator, and transmitted by letter or delivered in person. From\\nthese, the clerk makes a general list of the nominees for the several offices, a copy\\nwhereof he sends, within a week from the nomination, to the clerks of the several\\nprecincts of the county; and, in case of nominations for congress or electors of pre-\\nsident, a copy to the governor, who transmits a copy of all tlie nominations to the\\nclerk of every county, who sends these also to the township clerks. At the elec-\\ntion, no vote can be given unless for such nominee.\\nThe precinct clerks, by public advertisement fourteen days before that of the\\nelection, make known the time and place of holding it, and the names of the candi-\\ndates, when and where the election officers, viz. the judge, assessor, collector, and\\ntown clerk, attend. The clerk posts on the door of the house where the election is", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "44 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nholden, the list of the nomineeB, and the other ofTicers open the polls at 10 o clock of\\nthe day. If any one of such officers be in nomination, he is disqualified from assist-\\ning at the election, unless before its commencement he publicly decline and should\\nhe assist, and be elected, his election is void. The town clerk, with the approba-\\ntion of his fellow officers, may appoint a substitute; or, if he be absent, dead, or\\notherwise disqualified, and no substitute have been appointed, such uiiieers may no-\\nminate a clerk for the occasion. And if the judge, assessor, or collector be absent\\nor disqualified, his place may be filled by the voters present, and the absentee is\\nsubject to punishment by fine, unless he satisfactorily excuse himself to the court of\\ncommon pleas. Malfeasance by an officer of the election, is punishable by a fine of\\n$100 for the use of the poor. Each officer swears or affirms to the faithful perform-\\nance of his duty, and may administer like oath or affirmation to his fellows. For the\\npreservation of order, the judge and inspectors may commit riotous or disorderly\\npersons either to the charge of the constable, or to the common gaol for any time\\nnot exceeding twenty-four hours.\\nThe poll is open for two days but may be adjourned for short periods, as occasion\\nmay require, in case no voters appear. On the evening of the first day, it is closed at\\n9 o clock; and opened on the morning of the 2d at 8; and is finally closed at 7\\no clock of the evening of the second day.\\nAll elections, for representatives in Congress, electors of President and Vice-\\nPresident of the United States, members of council and assembly, sheriffs and\\ncoroners, are by ballot, which may be written or printed, or partly both, and must\\nbe delivered by the voter to the judge or either of the inspectors; and the name of\\nsuch voter, being pronounced, by the officer, in an audible voice, and being unob-\\njected to, is entered upon the poll-list, and the ballot deposited in the ballot-box.\\nWhen the poll is closed, the poll-list is signed by the officers, the ballots read,\\nregistered, and filed. If there be a greater number of ballots than names on the\\nlist, no more ballots are enumerated than names: if two or more ballots be folded,\\nor rolled together, or a ballot contain more names than it ought, or otherwise appear\\nto be fraudulent, it is rejected, and as many numbers, deducted from the poll-list\\nas there are ballots, cast away. The number of votes being ascertained, the election\\nofficers, or any two of them, certify the number for each candidate, after a prescribed\\nform a duplicate of which, duly attested, is filed in the office of the towp clerk, with\\nthe poll-list; and the original is transmitted to the clerk of the pleas, on or before the\\nSaturday, next after the day of election who makes a list of the votes for each can-\\ndidate, from the several certificates, and ascertains who are duly elected, by a plu-\\nrality of votes; files the certificates and list in his office, and makes a certificate of\\nthe election of each officer, a copy of which, with a copy of the list filed, he trans-\\nmits to the governor.\\nIn case the election be for members of Congress, or electors of President, the\\ngovernor, within five days of the receipt of the list, before a privy council, deter-\\nmines the persons elected, whom the governor commissions under the seal of the\\nState.\\nIn case two or more candidates, nominated for council, assembly, sheriff or coro-\\nner, have an equal number of votes, tliere not being a sufficient number having a\\nplurality, the county clerk proclaims, by advertisement, that he will attend at the\\ncounty court-house, at a day certain, to receive nominations of persons to supply the\\nvacancy; and the nomination and the election, holden thereon, are conducted in\\nthe manner already described except that, the nominations are made ten days, only,\\nprevious to the election.\\nIn case of vacancy in the council, or assembly, the vice-president of council, or\\nspeaker of the house, as the case may be or in case there be no vice-president or\\nspeaker, the governor, causes the vacancy to be filled unless it be probable that\\nthe services of tlie member will not be required during the remainder of the unex-\\npired legislative year. But if the board of freeholders, of the county in which the\\nvacancy happens, desire that the vacancy be filled, it is done without delay. Thus,\\nif a member refuse to take his seat pursuant to his election, or to Send a satisfactory\\nexcuse within twenty days after the meeting of the legislature, die, remove from the\\nstate, or be expelled, the vice-president, or speaker, as the case may be, issues his\\nwarrant, to the clerk of the county, who takes measures similar to those above de-\\nscribed, for filling the vacancy.\\nThe legislative council consists of the governor, who is its perpetual president,\\nhaving a casting voice of a vice-president elected by the members, who presi les in:", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "LEGISLATIVE POWER. 45\\nthe absence of the president; and a member from each county, elected annually.\\nIt has powers co-ordinate with the assembly, except in the preparation or alteration\\nof money bills, which is reserved to the latter. It is convened, from time to time,\\nby the governor, or vice-president, and must be convened at all times, when the\\nassembly sits its members must be, and have been, for one whole year, next before\\nelection, inhabitants and freeholders in the county for which they are respectively\\nchosen, and worth at least one thousand pounds of real and personal estate, within\\nsuch county. Seven members form a quorum for business. This property qualifi-\\ncation, in practice, is scarce more respected than that of the voters.\\nThe assembly is composed of such number of delegates, from each county, as the\\nlegislature may, from time to time, direct; making together, not less than thirty-\\nnine. The delegate must be, and have been, for one whole year next before his\\nelection, an inhabitant of the county he represents, and worth five hundred pounds,\\nin real and personal estate, therein. The assembly have power to choose a speaker,\\nand other their officers to judge of the qualifications and election of their own\\nmembers; sit on their own adjournments; prepare bills to be passed into laws; and\\nto empower their speaker to convene the members when necessary.\\nNo judge of the Supreme, or other court, sheriff, or person holding any post of\\nprofit under the government, other than justices of the peace, may sit in the assem-\\nbly. On the election of such person his office becomes vacant.\\nOn the second Tuesday next after the day of election, the council and assembly\\nmeet, separately, and the consent of a majority of all the representatives in each\\nbody, is requisite to the enactment of a law. At their first meeting, after each annual\\nelection, the council and assembly, jointly, by a majority of votes, elect the governor;\\nthey appoint the field, and general officers of the militia the judges of the Supreme\\nCourt for seven years, the judges of the inferior courts of Common Pleas, justices of\\nthe peace, clerks of the Supreme Court, and of the Common Pleas and Sessions, the\\nattorney general and secretary of state, for five years; and the state treasurer, for\\none year; all of whom are commissioned by the governor; are capable of reap-\\npointment, and are liable to be dismissed, when convicted by the council on the im-\\npeachment of the assembly. Each member of council and assembly makes oath, that\\nhe will not assent to any law, vote, or proceeding which shall appear to him injurious\\nto the public welfare, nor that shall annul or repeal that part of the third section of\\nthe constitution which makes the election of members of the legislature, annual;\\nnor that part of the twenty-second section, which provides for trial by jury nor the\\neighteenth and nineteenth sections which relate to religion. And such oath may\\nbe administered to the members by any member of the respective houses. The oath\\nof the legislators being to preserve a part only of the constitution, sound construc-\\ntion warrants the induction, that they have a constitutional authority to change all\\nother parts of that instrument; and thus, their power is unrestrained, as much as\\nthat of the British Parliament, which may, by a simple act of legislation, remodel\\nthe State, as has been lately done in Great Britain.\\nII. The executive power is vested in the governor, secretary of state, treasurer, the\\nattorney general, and county prosecutors, and in the officers of the several town-\\nships, counties, and other precincts, viz in the township clerks, assessors, collectors,\\ncommissioners of appeals, surveyors and overseers of the highways, pound keepers,\\noverseers of the poor, judges of elections, township committees, and constables:\\nand in the chosen freeholders of the county, the county clerk, collector, sheriff\\ncoroners, and the militia.\\nBy the 8th article of the constitution, the governor is said to have the supreme\\nexecutive power but his executive duties are circumscribed by very narrow limits,\\nand in their performance he may be aided, perhaps controlled, by any three or more\\nof the council, whom he is authorized to call as his privy council. Before enterinor\\non his office he swears faithfully and diligently to execute his office, and to promote\\nthe peace and prosperity, and to maintain the lawful rights of the State to the best\\nof his ability. He is captain-general, and commander-in-chief of all the militia, and\\nother military force of the State, and is by special act of assembly, trustee of the\\nschool fund. He is empowered, when the post of vice president of council, or\\nspeaker of assembly is vacant, to cause vacancies in the respective chambers to be\\nfilled. He may proclaim rewards of not more than |t300 for one offender, for the\\napprehension of any person charged with murder, burglary, robbery, or other dan-\\ngerous outrage upon the person or property of the citizen, for the api^rehension of\\ntheir accessories, and for the arrest of any unknown perpetrator of such offences", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "46 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nmay demand fugitives from justice from this State, and draw his warrant for the\\nexpenses of their reclamation may remit costs of prosecution and debts due to the\\nState, from any criminal, on the recommendation of the inspectors of the State\\nprison may suspend the execution of the sentence of death against any criminal\\nuntil the rising of the next meeting, thereafter, of the governor and council; and in\\nconjunction with the legislative council, may grant pardon for any offence after\\ncondemnation he may authorize the owner of a slave condemned for certain\\noffences, to send him from the State distribute copies of the laws to the United\\nStates and other States license pedlars appoint notaries, who hold their offices\\nduring good behaviour appoint inspectors of flour in certain cities, removable at his\\npleasure order out the militia in case of invasion or other emergency, when and so\\nlong as he may deem necessary, not exceeding two months and perform other du-\\nties specially imposed upon him by the legislature.\\nThe secretary of state, as we have seen, is elected by the assembly in joint meet-\\ning, for five years. Before entering on the duties of his office, he makes oath that\\nhe will faithfully perform them, and gives bond conditioned to like effect. He must\\nreside at Trenton. He must file in his office the laws of the State as they are\\nenacted, so that those of each session be kept in separate bundles, and give copies of\\ntliem when required, under his hand and seal of office; and, within four weeks from\\nthe end of every session, deliver a copy of the laws therein passed, to the printer\\nthereof, assist him in comparing the proof sheets with the laws, and make marginal\\nnotes thereto. He must record all papers which come to his hands pertaining to\\nhis office and tri-monthly report to the governor, an account of the business done\\nin his ofiice, relating ta the record of wills, letters of administration and guardian-\\nship, and of the unfinished business therein and must lay a general statement of\\nthe business in his office before the legislature at their first session, annuall}^; must\\nkeep the bookg and papers of the late auditor s office, and settle the accounts, if any\\nbe unsettled, of any of the agents of forfeited estates must record all deeds delivered\\nto him for record, duly acknowledged and proved, and must index such deeds; must\\nin all cases, where money is paid into the public treasury, and the receipt of the\\ntreasurer therefor is brought to him, enter the same in the public books in his office,\\nin an account with the treasurer, and indorse such entry upon the receipt, without\\nwhich it is not available against the State. He must prosecute clerks of courts, on\\nthe report of the treasurer, who fail to return the abstracts of fines, amercements\\nand judgments on forfeited recognizances for use of the State. He is register of\\nthe prerogative office and court, and is required to record the names of testators of\\nall wills, and of intestates, the inventories of whose estates he may receive, and to\\nfile such wills and inventories. He must record bonds given by the keeper of State\\nprison and the partition lines of townships and counties, as returned by the com-\\nmissioners of survey. He is also clerk of the court of appeals, and trustee of the\\nschool fund and he must keep suspended for public view a list of the fees payable\\nin his several offices.\\nThe treasurer, before entering on his office, is required to take and subscribe an\\noath of office, and give bond with sufficient sureties approved by the legislature, in\\nthe sum of fifty thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties\\nand for the fidelity of those employed by him; which oath and bond are to be made\\nbefore the vice president or justice of the Supreme Court, and to be deposited in the\\noffice of the secretary of state. His duty is to receive and keep the monies of the\\nState, and to disburse them agreeably to law; to take receipts for all payments; to\\nkeep accounts of receipts and expenditures, and of all debts due to, and from the\\nState; to make reports and give information to either branch of tiie legislature in\\nperson or in writing, as he may be required, respecting matters referred to him by\\nthe council or assembly, or appertaining to his office; and generally to perform all\\nservices relative to the finances which he may be directed to perform to state, in\\nbooks, the account of monies which he shall receive for taxes, or other account in\\nbehalf of the State, or which he shall pay, in pursuance of the acts and resolutions\\nof the legislature, so that, the net produce of the whole revenue, as well as of each\\nbranch thereof, and the amount of disbursements, may distinctly appear; and to lay\\nsuch accounts, from time to time, before the legislature to receive reports of clerks\\nof courts, of fines, amercements and judgments on forfeited recognizances, and within\\ntwo days after the first day of November, annually, to return the name of every de-\\nlinquent clerk, to the secretary for prosecution to cause to be set up in his office,\\nthat clause of the act of 19th Nov. 1799, which requires tlie treasurer s receipt for", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 47\\nmonies paid him, to be entered in the office of the secretary, and endorsed by him;\\nto receive taxes collected for the State from the county collector, and to prosecute\\nfor the same when wrongfully withheld to prosecute for the recovery of the tax\\nupon bank stock, when not paid according to law j to sue for all sums of money\\nwhich may become due to the State, and receivable in his office, and to make dis-\\ntribution, annually, of the laws of the State according to law 3 he is also a trustee\\nof the school fund.\\nThe following abstract from the report of the State Treasurer made to the Legisla-\\nture, Oct. 1832, exhibits the condition of the Treasury, and the sources of its revenue,\\nwith the exception, that $30,000 at least is to be added to receipts of the current and\\nfuture years, for the annual bonus of the Camden and Amboy Rail-road, and the\\nDelaware and Raritan Canal. It will also be observed, that besides the $40,000 tax\\nlevied directly upon the State, there is a further sum of about $11,000 annually, but\\nindirectly, levied upon the holders of Bank stock, and appropriated to the school\\nfund. We append, also, the treasurer s report on the banks, exhibiting in detail the\\nincome derived from that source, and the actual condition of this branch of business\\nin the State. We may also remark, here, that the only property possessed by the\\nState, save a small tract of land at Patterson, and some lots and buildings at Tren-\\nton, and the oyster beds in her rivers and on her coasts, and the stocks mentioned\\nin the treasurer s report, consists of 2000 shares of Camden and Amboy Rail-road\\nstock and Delaware and Raritan Canal stock, valued at par at $200,000.\\nDr.\\n1832. Dolls. Cts.\\nSurplus monies loaned $20,000 00\\nCommissioners for negotiating loan 50 00\\nDeaf and Dumb, amount of account 2,089 04\\nState Library, do. 117 48\\nJurisdiction, amount of account for defence\\nof suit against New York in relation to\\nboundary 1,401 36\\nLegislature, amount of account 18,728 98\\nPrinting accourlt, do. 2,253 00\\nState Prison, do. 5,800 20\\nSalaries, do. 6,636 00\\nIncidentals, do. 1,716 91\\nTransportation of Criminals, do. 1,758 43\\nPensions, do. 856 86\\nInquisitions, do. 1,637 36\\nMilitia, do.* 398 78\\nState account, including salaries of Gover-\\nnor, Judges, c. 4,019 00\\nConstable s account 15 00\\nBills receivable\\nDue from T. G. $1000\\nDue from Presbyterian Church at Patter-\\nson 150\\n57,076 06\\n1,150 00\\nTrenton Bank,\\nDue from Bank\\nDue from State Bank at Morris\\nDue from State Bank at Newark\\nDue from George Sherman\\nTrenton, October 2Zd, 1832.\\n10,552\\n9,779 91\\n195 47\\n87 45\\n300 00\\n34\\n83\\n$77,991\\n23\\nThe amuial chara;e for militia expenses is $620 viz: $dO to the brigade inspector of\\nch county, and 200 to the ((uartermaster and inspector generals.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "48 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\n1832.\\nContra.\\nCr.\\nDolls. Cts.\\nBills receivable\\nReceived for surplus money loaned $20,000\\n00\\nReceived for commissions paid, being\\npart of interest 50\\n00\\nBalance on hand, October 25th, 1831 14,819\\n66\\nTaxes-\\nReceived from the several counties 40,000\\n00\\nDebts outstanding\\nAmount received on this account 509 34\u00c2\u00a7\\nAmount due this account 1,150 80\\n1 fi^O\\n34i\\nFines and forfeitures\\nReceived on this account 760\\n00\\n77,289 00*\\nPremiums\\nReceived on this account 306 22^\\nRevised laws\\nReceived for one copy sold 3 00\\nPedlar s license\\nReceived for this account 585 00\\nInterest account\\nReceived balance of interest for use of\\nsurplus money loaned 808 00\\n1,702 22^\\n78,991 23\\nBalance due as above per contra\\nDeposited in Trenton Bank 9,779 91\\nDo. State Bank at Morris 195 47\\nDo. State Bank at Newark 87 45\\nDue from George Sherman, for advance made for printing\\nlaw reports now in progress 300 00\\nBalance on settlement 10,362 23", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "49\\nEM\\no o o o o o o\\nO O O lO o o o\\nO O O lO VO o o\\nC O O W O! O C2\\no_o_o^o o o o\\ncT lo i r of r-T o~\\nM o o o ir: lo o o o\\noo r-~2 o c c\\\\j O! o o ^o ;r^\\na __ o o o^o o o o O lO C)\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-i ^-^o u f iC oi TjT o ^^co\\nO O\\nm\\nc* o o o o o o o o o o o\\nr^OLOOOO f^\\nPt o o o o o\\ng o u\\na 3\\nCm K\\no o o\\nOCOOOO-^OOJ OOl-\u00c2\u00bbOOlO\\nlO i o o ^s J o Cj o o CO m o t^\\nC O O O O O O CO\\no o o o o o\\n(^J\\nO O O C o o o\\nO T) o o OJ O 00\\nlo c?3 o 00 CO ai t\\nCO oj CO f-i oj\\n~o o o o c o c o o o o o\\n000000000000(\\nIC OOOOOOOOOOO\\n(NOOOOOOOOOOO\\nC_ C; L0_ o_ o^ o o_ -v^ o_ o_ c o\\nof o tC o o m o co o o o lO\\nlOOO\u00c2\u00bbCOCOl 3 C30CO -CJ\\noooooc^oooooooo\\nOOOOCSOO OOOOOOO\\no o_ o^ o_^ o^ o_ o_ o_ o^ o_ o_ c;_^ o o_\\n:i O O O O i 1.0 C: C: O O lO UO IT o\\noooooooo\\noooooooo\\no_ o__ o_ o_ o_ o_ o_ o_\\no o o cT o o o o c o o o o lo o o o o o cT o o cT\\nO C O O O O O O ttl O O O O i 1.0 C: 1\\nQO\u00c2\u00abc^ao^cjTi oi-\\nSo.\\n3 5\\nt^\\nC N S\\n.-3 0)::=-^\\n5 0):= u\\ns O W S\\nbxi-,\\n.2 o\\nc 22\\no -ti\\no u\\ns\\nt: o en\\ng fe\\n(1 L, U\\ncd c3 a a\\nJi .M -M\\nC M-bj\\n^M\\nbo ed\\na\\nc c c c c\\na 0^ 0) 0^\\nc3 ed ed\\nmmmm\\n-is CQ\\n;M ra\\nP3\\nS i I S 3\\n.2 c\\nE_ dj en 03\\nT -C r-\\neq\\n(U\\nbe aj -a\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0=m\\nc o\\nOB uJi-^cd_.--\\nU CC C S fa O Ci, K\\n\u00c2\u00ab5 a\\nso 1-1\\nOD CO\\nto GO (M\\nOO CO OD CO\\n10 00 o c\u00c2\u00ab\\nSOJ (M CO CO CO\\n00 00 00 00 CO\\nc J=\\nO\\nOJ\\ns.:-2\\nO m\\nO -D\\no\\no\\no_\\no\\no\\nCQ\\nbD\\na\\ncd\\nbD\\nc\\n00\\nE\\no\\nCO\\n5.S\\n(d bo H\\n5\\na. t- c g-\\ng E\\ng_g:5i2\\n0-5 SCO c\\nI c\\nC5 bD C\\nbD 5 b: O hr rd\\ns\\n3 0)\\n2\\n3\\nbn\\n5 lo\\nO \u00c2\u00ab5\\ns tdO o^ 3\\nOl\\nO) r o C ed\\n5 ix j= f _2\\ni, 05 Id o\\nbD S K 2Q\\n03\\nId\\nPi J\u00c2\u00a3\\ncd\\nfq I 7, rt\\ncd-?p3^ CJ= M-^\\n^Wfc. C^Q3 ;^Krt\\n^o o o g I Cd g\\ng i: rt 3 o be a\\nG", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "50\\no\\no\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\ni\\nW\\nEh\\nCO\\na \u00c2\u00abi\\nc\\nr-t goOO\\n^H\\no S o o o\\no\\n!\u00c2\u00bb_ O O O_Q0\\no\\nVH\\no ii\\npH\\n(JJ\\nAmt.\\npaid\\nsurer\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n\\no\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00941 iSoooo\\no\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\no aoooo\\no\\nC 3\\no^ o o_o_o_o^\\no\\n3 C\\ni-T .1; si^ift lo\\noT\\nO o\\no rj oi\\nrt\\nS\u00c2\u00ab\\nn\\n9)\\nO\\n(m\\nd-\\no \u00c2\u00aeooo o\\no\\nO -w O O O Irt\\nlO\\nS.S\\nM C O O O i-H\\nlO\\n^:3\\nci\\nCO\\n*J cS\\nGO\\nc a-\\ncd\\nm-\\n(35\\np\\noooooooo\\no\\ncd\\noooooooo\\no\\nu\\noooooooo\\no__\\nOOIOOOOOO\\nlO\\no,^\\nOOtxlOOOOO\\ns*\\n\u00c2\u00abj cd\\n(nci rt lo oj\\nrH\\nc\\nof\\na\\no\\nm\\nS\\nt^G\\n..|l....\\nS o\\n.9!E\\n.O^\\nbfl\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab\\n.s\\ns\\n-gl-\\nSUi^\\nST^O a\\nM\\nho a\\nO\\nS a it H\\na ts^S rt\\n^ns a a bfl\\nJ2 bo 2 O t3 c3\\nCO\\na ^cJ? hi *j *J ej\\nSOD S 2- a a a\\n02 \u00e2\u0096\u00bas 02 H S ^g; ffi\\nd\\ne\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2N\\nOJOOOJCO-*\\n.-HrHOJOJOJ s\\n^5\\nC\u00c2\u00bb XI 00 CO 00\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I IM I-H T-l l-(\\n-c\\no", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 51\\nPerhaps no country of equal territorial extent and population, in the world, is\\ngoverned at less cost than the State of New Jersey; and if the happiness of the\\npeople be the object and evidence of good government, we do not hesitate to say,\\nthat none is better governed. The sum actually levied on the people directly and\\nindirectly, for the maintenance of the State government, exclusive of the township\\nand county poHty, will not exceed 55,000, and is more likely to be diminished\\nthan increased. The whole population, at the present period, 1833, is not less than\\n330,000, which gives to each individual 16 2-3 cents tax; or dividing the number of\\nindividuals by six, for the number of families, gives one dollar for every head of a\\nfamily in the State. This, it will be observed, is only the tax levied by the State,\\nas contradistinguished from township and county taxes. To ascertain the burden\\nactually supported by the people, we must include not only the latter, but also the\\nsums paid for the maintenance of tlie militia, and of religious instruction. An\\nopportunity is thus afforded, we trust, of settling, satisfactorily, the question which\\nhas lately been agitated, relative to the proportions paid by the inhabitants of the\\nNorth American republics, and the subjects of European kingdoms, for the mainte-\\nnance of the social relations.\\nBy the singular character of our political association, each citizen contributes to\\nthe maintenance of two governments. The sum paid to the general government, by\\nthe whole community of the United States, is the net amount of duties after the\\ndeduction of drawbacks.\\nTaking that amount at twenty-five millions,* and dividing it by fourteen millions,\\nthe probable population of tlie United States, in January, 1834, we have a charge of\\n1 78^ nearly. But a more favorable view may be taken of this subject. The\\nextent of revenue, required for a liberal administration of the government, is esti-\\nmated at fifteen millions of dollars, and it is highly probable, that the nation will\\nnot, for many years, consent to pay a larger sum than is requisite, and which, from\\naccumulation, may become dangerous to her welfare. This sum would impose a\\ntax, supposing it be collected from commerce alone, and the proceeds of lands to be\\ndivided among the states, of 1 06 and a fraction upon each individual.\\nFrom the general statistical table of the State, it appears, that for the year 1832,\\nthere were levied, for State purposes, exclusive of the tax on banks, $40,366 71\\nTax on banks, per treasurer s report, 11,585 44\\nCounty tax, as per return of assessors, 104,166 00\\nTownship taxes, viz Poor, 78,131 00\\nRoad, 192,859 00\\nSchool, 1,366 00\\n271,386 GO\\n427,504 15\\nThe militia expenses, actually paid by the treasury of the State, are included in\\nthe foregoing amount; but the time devoted, we had like to have said, wasted, in\\nmilitia duties, together with the money uselessly expended, cannot be estimated at\\nless than one dollar for every prescribed day of service, for each person enrolled, or\\nplaced on the exempt list. There are three training days in the year. The fine for\\nnon-attendance is two dollars per day, and the sum paid by the exempt is five dollars\\nper annum, in form of tax. Every ofiicer and private expends, on the day of service,\\nmore than would support him at home. The military force of the State, by the\\nadjutant general s report for 1832, amounted to $35,360; that number multiplied\\nby four dollars, which we take as the mesne expense of each oflacer, private, and\\nexempt, gives a total annual amount of 141,440 00\\nThe annual cost of religious instruction, according to the statement\\nhereinafter given, 120,000 00\\nGeneral government for duties at 179 per head, 590,700 00\\nState charges, including township and county rates, at one dollar\\ntwenty-nine cents and five mills per head, nearly, 427,504 15\\n1,279,644 15\\nThe receipts of the treasury, for the three first quarters of 1832, were $21,730,717 19;\\nand the treasurer s estimate, for 18.13, was twenty-one millions; but it is generally supposed\\nthat the receipt will much exceed the estimate.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "52 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nThis sum divided by the number of inhabitants, (330,000,) gives a charge of\\n3 86,** nearly, upon each inhabitant, for the payment of principal and interest\\nof the public debt the pension list for the support of the General and State go-\\nvernments for the maintenance of schools in part for the support of the clergy,\\nand the founding and preservation of churches for the support of the poor for\\nmaking and repairing all other than turnpike roads, and the erection of bridges by\\nthe townships and counties and in a wrord, for all kinds of public expenditure.\\nThe attorney general is the representative of the Slate in all the courts of the\\ncommonwealth, and prosecutes in her name all offenders against her peace and\\ndignity, and sues and defends all suits in which she has an interest. Deputy\\nattornies are appointed by the legislature for the counties respectively, whose\\nterm of office is five years; they are vested in their respective districts with the\\nsame powers, entitled to the same fees, and subject to the same penalties as\\nthe attorney general. Yet, notwithstanding such appointment, he may acf in\\nsuch counties when present; and any court is empowered to appoint a special sub-\\nstitute, for the term, in case neither the attorney general nor the general deputy\\nshall attend. For neglect of duty, in prosecuting forfeited recognisances, fines,\\ndebts, c. due to the State, he may, on conviction before council, on impeachment^\\nby the assembly, be disabled to act as attorney or solicitor in any court of the State,\\nfor one year. The attorney general is one of the trustees of the school fund.\\nA sheriff is annually elected by each county, who is eligible three times consecu-\\ntively, but who, after the third year, cannot be again re-elected, until after the lapse\\nof three years. He must be, and have been, an inhabitant and freeholder of his\\ncounty for at least three years next preceding his election; must give bond to the\\nState with five sureties in the sum of ^20,000, approved by the judges of the Com-\\nmon Pleas, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duty, and make oath or\\naffirmation to like effect; both of which are filed in the office of the county clerk.\\nIf he fail to give such bond and take such oath, a new election may be had; but this\\ndone, he may act before receipt of commission from the governor. When occasion\\nrequires, suits may be instituted on his bond, by order of that officer. He is par\\nexcellence the executive officer of his county, is the chief conservator of its peace,\\nand has authority to call forth and direct its physical force to maintain the laws.\\nHe has charge of the jails of the county, and is responsible for the conduct of their\\nkeepers. He summons all juries, and executes all process civil and criminal issuing\\nfrom the courts, and carries their judgments into effect. He may appoint deputies,\\nwho give bond and make oath for faithful performance of their duties, and have\\ntheir appointment filed with the county clerk. At the request of the United States,\\nand by the statute of this State, he has charge of prisoners committed by authority\\nof the general government. He may not, during the continuance of his office, act\\nas justice of the peace or keep tavern; nor become bail in any suit. In case of his\\ndeath, removal or disability, a new election is had upon certificate thereof by a jus-\\ntice of the peace, to the county clerk and during the vacancy, the duties of his office-\\nmay be performed by the coroner.\\nThree coroners are annually elected in each county, must be inhabitants and\\nfreeholders, and be commissioned by the governor; but may act before commis-\\nsion; and must take oath, faithfully to execute their duties. The coroner, as we\\nhave seen above, is the substitute for the sheriff where the office of the latter is va-\\ncant, or where under particular circumstances, as when the sheriff is interested c*\\nThe Revile Britamque, No 12, for 1831, avers, that notwithstanding the asserted\\neconomy of the American republic, its expenses exceeded, proportionably to its popula-\\ntion, those of the French monarcliy. The charge upon each individual in France is admit-\\nted, by the reviewer, to be 31 francs, and that in the United States is asserted, to be 35\\nfrancs. The French estimate does not include ecclesiastical expenses, the sums paid for\\nthe extinction of the public debt, the maintenance of the poor, the charges for education\\nand other expenses, whilst our estimate contains all these. Vahung the dollar at 5 francs\\n33 centimes, the charge on each individual in the State of New Jersey would be 20 francs\\n69 cts. But if we include, in the American impost, no other charges than those of the\\nFrench estimate, the American citizen, by the rate paid in this State, does not pay for\\nevery species of taxation, more than one-third of the amount of the French subject, whose\\nburden is less than that of the subject of any other of the principal monarchies in Europe.\\nThe burden on tlie people of New Jersey is, perhaps, something less than that upon the\\ncitizens of some of tiie other States, which may have contracted considei-able debts; but\\nit is larger than is imposed in most of the Western States, and, we think, may be taken\\nas a fair average of chai ges throughout the Union.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 53\\nhas not given bond, he is disqualified. Where any writ from any court is directed\\nto the coroner, the return made and signed by one of them is sufficient, but sucli re-\\nturn does not prejudice or affect the rest. The most ordinary duty of the coroner,\\nhowever, is to talie inquests relative to deaths in prison, and of all violent, sudden\\nor casual deaths within his county which he performs through a jury summoned\\non his writ, by the constable, and over which he presides.\\nThe constable is the next in grade, but is not the least important of the executive\\nofficers. He is annually elected by the qualified voters of the township, of which\\nhe may be considered the sheriff. He makes oath or affirmation, and gives bond to\\nthe township, for the faithful performance of his duty. He executes all process\\nfrom the justices courts, and that issued by coroner on inquest of death and he is\\ncharged v/ith various executive duties, the performance of which moves from him-\\nself. Thus, he is a conservator of the peace, and may arrest and confine persons\\nfound in breach of it, or contravening the act for the suppression of vice and immo-\\nrality; may call out the inhabitants to extinguish fires in forests, c. may make\\nproclamation in case of riots, and seize rioters may arrest and disperse slaves meet-\\ning together in an unlawful manner, and the like.\\nAll officers of the State appointed by the legislature in joint meeting, must reside\\nwithin the State, and execute in person such office; except, that, the surrogate ge-\\nneral may appoint deputies officers of counties must reside within their respective\\ncounties, and are prohibited from farming out their offices to others, under penalty of\\nfive hundred pounds. Such officers desirous of resigning, must make their resigna-\\ntion during the sitting of the legislature, and to the members thereof in joint meeting,\\nattending in person for that purpose, or by letter. And every officer issuing or\\nexecuting a warrant for removing a prisoner out of the State, an inhabitant thereof,\\nas prohibited by the habeas corpus act, is disqualified to hold office, and is punish-\\nable by fine and imprisonment at hard labour. The civil office of any person held\\nunder the State, is vacated by election and acceptance by the incumbent of a seat\\nin congress; the office of governor is also vacated, if incumbent accept of any office\\nor appointment under the United States, except such as may be for defence of the\\nState or adjoining posts; and the seat of a member of council or assembly is also\\nvacated by such election and acceptance, and by the acceptance of any appoint-\\nment under the government of the United States. All officers elected in joint meet-\\ning neglecting or refusing to qualify themselves for the space of two months after\\ninformation of their election, make void their posts. No alien can hold, or elect to\\nany oflice.\\nThe officers of the state prison are essential arms of the executive power, since\\nthey aid in executing the judgments of the law. They consist of three inspectors,\\ntwo of whom make a quorum, appointed annually, in joint meeting by the assem-\\nbly the keeper nominated and removable by the inspectors, and his deputies and\\nassistants appointed by him and approved by the inspectors. The inspectors are\\nempowered to examine the accounts of the keeper, and any witness in relation\\nthereto, including the keeper, upon oatli to appoint annually or oftener, one of\\ntheir number acting inspector; to meet as often as shall be necessary, and at least\\nquarterly; and the acting inspector is required to attend tiie prison, at least once a\\nweek to inspect the management thereof, and the conduct of the keeper and his de-\\nputies; to make regulations to give effect to the law, for the punishment of crimes\\nand the good government of the prison; to punish prisoners in case of refractory,\\ndisorderly behaviour, or disobedience to the rules of the prison, by confinement in\\nthe cells and dungeons on biead and water for any time not exceeding twenty days\\nfor one offence, and for prevention or escapes, to put prisoners in irons to appoint\\nan agent where they may deem proper, for the sale of articles manufactured in the\\nprison. If any vacancy happen in the board during the recess of the legislature, it\\nmay be filled by the governor. The inspectors are allowed one dollar and fifty\\nCents per day, for every day necessarily employed in the duties of their office.\\nThe keeper, before entering on the duties of his office, is required to give bond to\\nthe State treasurer, with two sureties in the sum of ,f 1,000, conditioned that he, his\\ndeputy and assistants, shall faithfully perform their trusts, to be filed in the office of\\nthe secretary of state. He receives a salary of $1,000, and his six assistants each\\n$475, per annum. The keeper is required to receive all prisoners duly committed\\nto his custody, to treat them as directed by law and the rules of the prison to pro-\\nvide, with the approbation of the inspectors, stock, materials and tools for prisoners;\\nto contract for their clothing and diet, and for the sale of the produce of their la-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "54 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nbour; to keep accounts of the maintenance of offenders, of the materials furnished,\\nand manufactures produced, subject to the inspection of inspectors, and to furnish\\nan abstract thereof to the legislature. He may punish offenders guilty of assaults,\\nwhere no dangerous wound or bruise is given, of profane cursing or swearing, inde-\\ncent behaviour, idleness, negligence or wilful mismanagement in work, or disobe-\\ndience to regulations, by confining offenders in the cells or dungeons on bread and\\nwater, for a time not exceeding two days; and in case of offences which he is not\\nauthorized to punish, he is required to make report to the inspectors. The keeper,\\nhis deputy or assistant, who siiall obstruct the inspectors in the exercise of their\\npowers, is subject to a tine of |i30, and removal from office.\\nIt is not within the scoj)e of this work to detail the system of criminal jurispru-\\ndence in the State. But we may, with propriety, observe, that so early as 1789,\\nshe adopted the humane principles which now characterize the criminal laws of\\nthe Union; abolisliing the punishment of deatli in all cases, save treason and mur-\\nder, and applying imprisonment and hard labour to the correction of other offences\\nin proportion to their enormity, and seeking to reclaim tlie offender from tiie evil of\\nhis ways. With these views she has constructed and regulated her penitentiary,\\nand advancing with the improvements of the age, has, in the year 1833, directed the\\nbuilding of a new State prison upon the latest and most approved models.\\nThe first steps in the science of reforming criminals in this, as in other States,\\nhave been unsteady, uncertain, and tending to thwart, rather than to effect, the pro-\\nposed object. Tlie prisons have every where been too small, and have not been con-\\nstructed upon plans which would admit of tlie indispensable separation of the\\nprisoners and have, from the free intercommunion of the criminals, been converted\\ninto schools of vice, instead of asylums for repentance, where the convict might se-\\ncurely and unimpeded by ridicule or seduction, pursue the work of his own regene-\\nration. The effects of this system are but too truly stated by the late governor\\nDe Vrooin, in his message to the legislature of 1832. The situation of our\\nprison, he says, is such as to invite to the commission of crime within our State..\\nIts condition is well known to that class of offenders who are familiar with punish-\\nments. It offers to them all the allurements of that kind of society which they have\\nlong been accustomed to, freed from the restraints to which they would be obliged\\nto submit in other places of confinement, and at the same time holds out a prospect\\nof speedy escape. To this may be attributed the great number of our convicts, and\\nas long as it continues, we may expect our prisons to be filled. Within the last\\nthree years, the number has increased from eighty-seven to one hundred and thirty,\\nbeing an increase of fifty per cent. The remedy for these evils, now obvious, was\\nthe adoption of a system of penitentiary discipline, combining solitary confinement\\nat labour, with instruction in labour, in morals, and religion. This system has been\\npartially adopted by the act of 13th February, 1833, authorizing the construction of\\na penitentiary on the plan of the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, with such\\nalterations and improvements as the commissioners may approve, adhering to the\\nprinciple of separate confinement of the prisoners, with hard labour. The estimate\\nof the cost of this building is ^150,000, and it is to be of sufficient capacity for the\\nconfinement of one hundred and fifty persons. The system will be further perfected-\\nby modelling tlie criminal law to the new species of punishment, when the prison,\\nshall have been completed. That the reader may have some idea of the plan of the\\npenitentiary now being erected on the lot belonging to the State, near the old state\\nprison, we give the following description of its model.\\nThe Eastern State Penitentiary is situated on one of the most elevated, airy,\\nand healthy sites in the city of Philadelphia. The ground occupied by it, contains\\nabout 10 acres. The material with which the edifices are built is gneiss, in large\\nmasses; every room is vaulted, and fire proof. The design and execution, impart a\\ngrave, severe and awful character to the external aspect. The effect on the ima--\\ngination of the spectator is peculiarly impressive, solemn and instructive. The ar-\\nchitecture is in keeping with the design. The broad masses, the small and well\\nproportioned apertures, the continuity of lines, and the bold simplicity which cha-\\nracterize the fagade, are happily and judiciously combined. This is the only edific^\\nin this country, which conveys an idea of the external appearance of those magnifi-.\\ncent and picturesque castles of tiie middle ages, which contribute so eminently to\\nembellish the scenery of Europe. The front is composed of large blocks of hewn\\nstone the walls are 12 feet thick at the base, and diminish to the top, where they\\nare 2 3-4 feet in thickness. A wall of forty feet in height, above the interior plat-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 55\\nform, incloses an area 640 feet square at each angle of the wall is a tower, for the\\npurpose of overlooking the establishment three other towers are situated near the\\ngate of entrance. The faqade or principal front is 670 feet in length, and reposes\\non a terrace, which, from the inequalities of the ground, varies from three to nine\\nfeet in height; the basement or belting course, which is 10 feet high, is scarped,\\nand extends uniformly the whole length. The central building is 200 feet in\\nlength, consists of two projecting massive square towers, 50 feet high, crowned by\\nprojecting embattled parapets, supported by pointed arches, resting on corbets or\\nbrackets. Thd pointed, munnioned windows in these towers, contribute in a hio-h\\ndegree to their picturesque effect. The curtain between the towers is 41 feet high,\\nand is finished with a parapet and embrasures. The pointed windows in it are very\\nlofty and narrow. The great gateway in the centre is a very conspicuous feature;\\nit IS 27 feet high, and 15 wide, and is filled by a massive wrought iron portcullis,\\nand double oaken gates, studded with projecting iron rivets, the whole weighing\\nseveral tons nevertheless, they can be opened with the greatest facility. On each\\nside of this entrance, (which is the most imposing in the United States,) are enor-\\nmous solid buttresses, diminishing in offsets, and terminating in pinnacles. A lofty\\noctangular tower, SO feet high, containing an alarm bell and clock, surmounts this\\nentrance, and forms a picturesque proporUonal centre. On each side of this main\\nbuilding, (which contains the apartments of the warden, keepers, domestics, c.)\\nare screen wing walls, which appear to constitute portions of the main edifice;\\nthey are pierced with small blank pointed windows, and are surmounted by a para-\\npet; at their extremities are high octangular towers, terminating in parapets,\\npierced by embrasures. In the centre of the great court is an observatory,\\nwhence long corridors, eight in number, radiate. On each side of these cor-\\nridors, the cells are situated, each at right angles to them, and communicating\\nwith them only by small openings, for the purpose of supplying the prisoner\\nwith food, c., and for the purpose of inspecting his movements without at-\\ntracting his attention; other apertures, for the admission of cool or heated air,\\nand for the purpose of ventilation, are provided. A novel and ingenious con-\\ntrivance in each cell, prevents the possibility of conversation, preserves the purity\\nof the atmosphere of the cells, and dispenses with the otherwise unavoidable\\nnecessity of leaving the apartment, except when the regulations permit flues\\nconduct heated air from large cockle stoves to the cells. Light is admitted by a\\nlarge circular glass in the crown of the arch, which is raking, and the highest part\\n16 feet six inches above the floor, (which is of wood, overlaying a solid foundation\\nof stone.) The walls are plaistered, and neatly whitewashed; the cells are 11 feet\\nnine inches long, and seven feet six inches wide at the extremity of the cell, op-\\nposite to the apertures for inspection, c., previously mentioned, is the door-way\\ncontaining two doors; one of lattice work or grating, to admit the air and secure the\\nprisoner; the other, composed of planks, to exclude the air, if required this door\\nleads to a yard (18 feet by eight, the walls of which are il^ feet in height,) at-\\ntached to each cell. The number of the latter, erected on the original plan, was\\nonly 266, but it may be increased to 818 without resorting to the addition of second\\nstories.\\nI For the better administration of the government, the State has been divided into\\ncounties, townships, cities and boroughs. The object of these divisions is to allocate\\nand circumscribe the duties of the various administrative ofiicers, in the enforce-\\nment of the laws, civil and criminal, the collection of the revenues required by the\\ncommonwealth and its subdivisions, and, more especially, the better to enable the ci-\\ntizens to promote their own happiness by the improvement of the roads, bridges\\nc., the education of their offspring, and the maintenance of the indigent. The\\ndivision into counties is the most general, and embraces the others, all of which were\\nreadily adopted by the first English settlers, upon their coming hither, from models\\nto which they had been accustomed in Europe. Several of the counties were or-\\nganized before the year 1709; but many inconveniences having arisen from the im-\\nperfect definition of their boundaries, the limits of Bergen, Essex, Somerset Mon-\\nmouth, Middlesex, Burlington, Gloucester, Salem, and Cape May, were accurately\\ndesignated by an act of assembly, passed 21st January, of that year. These limits\\nhave been since modified, in the erection of Hunterdon, Morris, Salem, Sussex\\nWarren, and Cumberland counties (for which see the titles respectively of these\\ncounties). By an act of 9th March, 1798, provision has been made for ascertaining\\nthe bounds of each county and township, in case of any dispute in relation to them.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "56 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nThe State contains at present 14 counties and 125 townships. The use of these\\ndivisions will be better understood by examining first the constitution of thp town-\\nships. These are made bodies corporate by the act of 21st February, 1798; and\\nnew ones are created, and so constituted, by special laws, as the public convenience\\nrequires. They are thus empowered to sue, and be sued, by process left with the\\ncounty clerks. And the qualified inhabitants are authorized to hold town meetings\\nin their respective townships, upon specified days, and, also, on special convocation,\\nat such places as the electors may from time to time appoint. At such meetings,\\nevery white male citizen of the State, of the age of twenty-one years, having re-\\nsided within the township six calendar months, and paid taxes therein or being\\nseized of a freehold, or having rented a tenement, of the yearly value of five\\ndollars, for the term of one year therein, is entitled to vote. A presiding oflScer,\\nappointed by a plurality of voices, directs the business of the meeting, and deter-\\nmines who have or have not the right to participate therein and to preserve\\norder he may expel, and fine not exceeding one dollar, the unruly, and even im-\\nprison an ofi ender during the session of the meeting. The voters of the township\\nmay make regulations and by-laws, from time to time, as they may deem proper, for\\nimproving their common lands in tillage or otherwise, and for the making and main-\\ntaining pounds and may enforce such regulations by fine, not exceeding twelve\\ndollars, for each offence the regulations to be recorded by the clerk of the township,\\nin a book kept for the purpose. Such meeting may, also, provide and allow rewards\\nfor the destruction of noxious animals may raise money for the support of the indi-\\ngent, and education of poor children the building and rearing of pounds, the\\nmaking and repairing of roads, the ascertaining the lines of the township, defending\\nits rights, and for other necessary charges and legal objects and purposes as the\\nmajor part may deem proper being such as are expressly vested in the inhabi-\\ntants of the several townships, by some act of the legislature. The meeting may\\nelect annually, and whenever there shall be a vacancy, one clerk, one or more assess-\\nors, one or more collectors, who must give bond, with surety, for the faithful per-\\nformance of their duties; three or more freeholders, to determine appeals relative to\\nassessments in taxation three school committee men two freeholders, commonly\\ncalled chosen freeholders; two surveyors of the highways; one or more overseers of\\nthe poor; one or more constables; so many overseers of the highways, and pound-\\nkeepers, as they shall judge necessary one reputable freeholder as judge of elec-\\ntions; and five freeholders, denominated the township committee whose duty is\\nto examine and report to the town meeting the accounts and vouchers of the\\ntownship officers, to superintend the expenditure of monies of the township, and\\nin case of neglect of the township meeting to supply vacancies, to fill such vacan-\\ncies, among the township officers as may occur. Service in a township office for one\\nyear, or payment of a fine for refusal to serve, excuses the party from services in\\nsuch office for five years thereafter.\\nThe townships being thus empowered to select their officers, and to provide for\\ntheir wants, are made responsible for the proper performance of duty by their agents;\\nand may be fined for the bad condition of the roads, and compelled to make good\\nany loss sustained in the collection of state and county taxes, by the unfaithfulness i\\nof the collectors.\\nThe chosen freeholders of the several townships of each county, form the admi-\\nnistrative council, or board of the county. They are, also, incorporated, by the act of\\n13th February, 1798, with power, to sue and liability to be sued; to hold lands and if\\nchattels, c. in trust for their respective counties, and for such uses as may be desig-\\nnated by law, and to sell and dispose of the same; to make and enforce such regu-\\nlations as may be necessary for the government of their respective corporations, not\\ncontrary to the laws of the State; to raise, at their annual or other meeting held for II\\nthe purpose, monies for the building, purchase or repairs of poor-houses, gaols,\\ncourt-houses and bridges; the surveying and ascertaining the lines, the prosecuting\\nand defending the rights, defraying the public and other necessary charges, and ex-\\necuting the legal purposes and objects of the county, as the major part of them shall i\\ndeem proper; which monies are expended under the direction of the corporation:\\nto elect, annually, and pro tempore in case of absence or refusal to act, a director to\\npreside at the meetinjr of the board to meet, annually, upon the second Wednesday III\\nin May, at the county town to elect a clerk annually, who shall record the pro-\\nceedings of the board and a county collector, a freeholder and resident of the j\\ncounty, who shall give bond, with sureties, for the faithful performance of his duty ji", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 67\\nto raise monies voted by the board, by precepts to the assessors of the respective\\ntownships, commanding them to assess sucli amount on the inliabitants and tlieir es-\\ntates, agreeably to the law for the time being, for raising money by taxation for the\\nuse of the State.\\nWhen the lines of the county have not been surveyed and distinctly marked, the\\nfreeholders, by prescribed form, may apply to the Supreme Court for commissioners\\nto survey tliem. They may, also, at their discretion, build or purchase a workhouse\\nwithin their county, and provide for its government, and the employment of its\\ninhabitants; and may establish a market, once or oftener in every year, within the\\ncounty, for the sale of live stock, to continue not more than four days, and establish\\nlaws for its regulation.\\nFrom all assessments, an appeal lies to the commissioners of appeal, who hold\\nstated and special meetings at the usual place of the respective town meetings, at-\\ntended by the proper assessor, and have power to summon and qualify witnesses,\\nand whose decision upon the case is final.\\nThe township collector is charged, with the collection, within his precinct, of all\\ntaxes, whether levied by the township, county or state; to make return of default-\\ners in payment, on oath, to a justice of the peace, who is required to issue his war-\\nrant, to the constable of the township, for levying the tax by distress and sale of the\\ngoods, or imprisonment of the delinquent; and the constable must account with the\\ntownship collector. And such collector and constable are respectively required to\\nrender to the people, in township meeting, an account of monies by them received,\\nand to pay, according to their direction, any overplus which may be in their hands.\\nAll monies levied for county use are to be paid by the respective township collec-\\ntors, on or before the 22d day of December, annually, to the proper county collector,\\nwho, in case of default, may proceed summarily against them. Monies levied for\\nState use, are to be paid to the state treasurer by tlie county collector on or before\\nthe 30th December, annually and such tax money, as he may receive from sheriffs,\\nwithin ten days after the same shall have been paid and in case of the default of\\nany county collector, the state treasurer may recover from him, for the use of the\\nState, the penalty of fifty dollars, before a justice of the Supreme Court, who has ex-\\nclusive cognizance thereof; and when such collectors shall not have paid over\\nmonies received by them, the same may be recovered by the state treasurer by proper\\naction at law. The counties are responsible for all monies belonging to the State,\\nreceived by the county treasurer, and not paid over by him to the state treasurer.\\nAnd it is the duty of the latter to add the annual deficiency of each county, to the\\nquota of the county for the subsequent year and of the county collector to charge\\nsuch deficiency, and also deficiency of county tax, to the delinquent township.\\nThe county collector disburses the monies of the county upon the orders of the\\nboard of chosen freeholders, and for neglect or refusal so to do, or to perform any of\\nthe duties connected with the levy of taxes imposed by such board, he is subjected\\nto a penalty of 300 dollars.\\nThus, in these subdivisions of the State, we have examples of a pure democracy\\nand simple representative government. The people in their township meetings, (and\\nthe word township comprehends precincts and wards,) discuss their common wants,\\npropose the remedies, and appoint the agents to give them effect. In the larger dis-\\ntricts, where legislation in their proper persons would prove inconvenient, as well by\\nthe distance of the people from each other, as from their number when collected, the\\ncitizens have devolved the necessary legislative power upon agents, endowed also\\nwith an adequate executive capacity. This system works well, and might, possibly,\\nbe beneficially extended, by enlarging the sphere of action of the chosen freeholders,\\nparticularly, in giving effect to a general and uniform system of education.\\nHaving thus incidentally noticed the taxation of the townships and counties, we\\nmay give here the provisions for raising revenues for the State, to which those in\\nother cases are analagous. [See Note A.]\\n1. The legislature annually ascertains what sum of money will be requisite for\\nState expenses during the succeeding year, and passes an act apportioning such sum\\namong the several counties, in a ratio of their wealth and population, and fixes a\\nday for the payment of the respective quotas.\\n2. On certain subjects of taxation, they direct specific sums to be levied, viz: on\\nstud horses above three years old, any sum not exceeding 10 dollars; on other horses\\nand mules of like age, any sum not exceeding six cents and on neat cattle three\\njearu old and upwards, any sum not exceeding four cents.\\nH", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "58 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\n3. The following subjects of taxation are valued and rated at the discretion of the\\nassessor, viz tracts of land at any sum not exceeding 100 dollars the hundred\\nacres. But houses and lots of ten acres and under, are rated with regard to their\\nyearly rent and value.*\\nHouseholders, (under which description all married men are included, the esti-\\nmated value of whose rateable estate does not exceed 30 dollars,) three dollars over\\nand above their certainties and other rateable estate merchants, shopkeepers and\\ntraders, not exceeding ten dollars fisheries, ten dollars grist mills, six dollars the\\nrun of stones cotton manufactories thirty dollars sail duck manufactories, ten\\ndollars; woollen manufactories, ten dollars; carding machines, unconnected with\\ncotton or woollen manufactories, and propelled by water or steam, three dollars; all\\nfurnaces, (other than blast) ten dollars; blast furnaces, thirty dollars; sawmills, for\\neach saw, eight dollars; forges that work pig iron, and forges and bloomeries that\\nwork bar iron immediately from ore or cinders, for each fire, six dollars rolling and\\nslitting mills, ten dollars paper mills, eight dollars snuff and oil mills, nine dollars\\npowder mills, fifteen dollars; fullingmills, unconnected with woollen manufactory, four\\ndollars every ferry or toll bridge, twenty dollars; tan yards, each vat, thirty cents;\\nevery single man, two dollars; but if he possess rateable estate, the tax whereof\\namounts to that sum, then for such estate only; no person taxed as a single man\\nmay be taxed as a householder; every male slave, able to labour, under the age of\\nsixty years, one dollar; distillery for grain, molasses or other foreign material, thir-\\nty-five dollars; other distillery, nine dollars coach or chariot, five dollars; phfeton,\\ncoachee or four-wheeled chaise, with steel or iron springs, four dollars; four horse\\nstage wagon, five dollars; two horse stage wagon, two dollars and fifty cents;\\ncovered wagon, with frame or fixed top, one dollar two horse chair, curricle, and\\nevery two horse riding chair, with steel or iron springs, one dollar and fifty cents;\\nriding chair, gig, sulkey or pleasure wagon, dearborn wagon, with steel, iron or\\nwooden springs, seventy-five cents; printing, bleaching and dying company, five\\ndollars; glass factory, five dollars.\\nThe assessor is required to enter in his tax book and duplicate, a valuation of the\\nreal estate, having regard to the yearly rent and value thereof, and the amount of\\ntax assessed in each township, above that raised from the certainties, is to be levied\\nby a per centage upon such valution.\\nHe is required between the 20th of June and 20th August, annually, to make an\\nexact list of the persons, lands, chattels and estates, including certainties, made\\nrateable by law in that year, by which all assessments during the year is regulated\\nand persons refusing to render an account, or rendering a false one, are liable to be.\\ndoubly taxed.\\nThe assessors of the several townships of the county meet at the seat of justice,\\non the first Monday of September, annually, to ascertain the amount of the certain-\\nties, and to estimate the estates, real and personal, taken by the assessors of each\\ntswnship, at such valuation as a majority present shall think just, according to law,\\nand thereby to adjust and fix the quota of tax to be levied in each township and it\\nis their duty at such meeting to make out two abstracts of the rateables in each town-\\nship, signed by the assessors present, and to deliver the same to the county tieasu-\\nrer, who is required to lay one of such abstracts before the legislature during the\\nfirst week of their stated annual session and within fifteen days after their meet-\\ning, a duplicate of such assessment shall be delivered by the assessors to the town-\\nship and county collectors; the last of whom is required also to lay such duplicate,\\nat the time abovementioned, before the legislature.\\nThe amount of the certainties being deducted from the quota of each township,\\nTlie rationale of this arbitrary limitation to the value of the lands, is not very apparent. It\\nis not i)Ossible in any case, due regard to i-elative value being preserved, that the valuation can\\napproximate to the true marketable value of lands, ^vhich is in manytascs more than fifty\\ntimes the raaxiniura of the statutory limitation. The asses.sor must make bis valuation by\\nadopting a maximum or minimum, always arbitrary, from which to commence his gradation,\\nand determine the value of the several classes of property by the best comparison in his power.\\nIf the rule for valuation be uniform in all the counties, the taxation will be equal. But how\\nis this uniformity to be obtained to what .standard shall an appeal be made. It is certain that\\nthis mode of valuation affords no means of judging of the wealth of the several counties, nor\\nof comparing the value of lands in this state with that of lands in other states. If the standard\\nof valuation were the marketable value of lands, though a variable one, it would be one of easy\\nattainment; and inequality, designed or accidental, could be detected by a standard that was\\nnotorious.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 59\\nthe remainder, with the fees of assessment, collection and paying over to the trea-\\nsurer, is assessed on the other taxable property within the township, at such rate per\\ndollar as will produce the sum required. Any party aggrieved by such assessment,\\nmay seek redress from the commissioners of appeal, who, for that purpose, meet on\\nthe second Tuesday of November, annually.\\nThe township collector is required, within thirty days after receipt of the dupli-\\ncate, to demand payment of tlie tax from each individual of his township, in person\\nor by notice left at his place of residence, and also to give notice of the time and\\nplace of the meeting of the commissioners of appeal; and to pay the taxes, fines and\\nforfeitures by him received, by virtue of any law of the State, lo the collector of the\\ncounty, by the 22d December, annually; and such sums as may be recovered by\\nprosecution, thereafter, as soon as received. If the taxes be not paid at the time\\nappointed, the collector is to make return to a justice of the peace, on the 22d De-\\ncember, annually, of delinquents, with the sums due frona them, declaring on oath\\nthat he had in relation to them, respectively performed his duty according to law;\\nand to take a receipt for such list from the justice.\\nWithin five days after receipt of such list, it is the duty of the justice to deliver\\nwarrants to the constables, requiring them to levy the tax in arrears, with costs, c.\\nby distress and sale of chattels of delinquent or, in default of chattels, to imprison\\nthe body until payment be made; giving four days notice, at least, by advertise-\\nment, of tlie time and place of such sale. And it is the duty of the constable to\\npay such tax to the township collector, within forty-five days from the date of the\\nwarrant to return the warrant to the justice, with an account of the manner of his\\nexecuting the same; a copy of which warrant and return, the justice shall, if de-\\nmanded, give to the collector, and return the original warrant, if not fully executed,\\nto the constable.\\nThe constable is liable for so much of the taxes, which by such warrant he was\\nrequired to collect, as shall not be paid over to the collector, unless the deficiency\\nhappen without neglect, fraud or default, on his part, in suit, by township collector,\\nbefore a judge of the Common Pleas; and like suit may be brought against township\\ncollector, by the county collector, for monies collected by him, or received from\\nconstable, and not paid over, according to law; and in case the constable be prose-\\ncuted, such warrant, on cause shown, may be taken from him, and transferred to\\nanother.\\nTenants or persons having charge of lands, and tenements and their chattels, are\\nliable for taxes imposed on such lands; and on payment, may deduct the amount from\\ntheir rent, or recover it by suit, where no contract prevents and when the tax is on\\nunimproved or untenanted land, or the tenant is unable to pay, the tax may be\\nlevied by the constable on the warrant of a justice, at the instance of the collector,\\nby sale of timber, wood, herbage, or other vendible property of the owner, on the\\npremises.\\nThe justices, constables and township collectors, render to the township commit-\\ntee, when required, an account of the monies they or any of them may have re-\\nceived on any assessment, and not paid to the county collector, and must pay to such\\ncommittee, on demand, such monies; and in default, are liable to suit by the clerk\\nof the township, in the name of the inhabitants thereof.\\nDue provision is made for the compensation of the respective township and county\\nofficers, for enforcing performance of their duties by proper sanctions, and for levy-\\ning monies becoming due from them by virtue of their official stations.\\nAnother prominent use made of the township and county division, is in the system\\nfor the maintenance of the poor.\\nThe provisions for this purpose, like the political subdivisions themselves, have,\\nIn their principal features, been copied from Great Britain. The wisdom of this\\nsystem is less than equivocal, but the genius of legislation has not yet been able to\\nsubstitute a better. Each township, or precinct, is required to maintain the poor\\nsettled within it. A settlement is gained by the acquisition of a freehold estate of\\nfifty pounds value, and residence of a year; apprenticeship, or servitude by inden-\\nture, for a year; residence of one year by a mariner, or a person arriving directly\\nfrom Europe; and such residence and notice to the overseer, recorded by the town\\nclerk, in case of other persons. From these provisions are excepted servants pro-\\ncured from gaols and hospitals in other states. Bastard children have the settlement\\nof the mothers. Penalties are inflicted upon such inhabitants as receive into their\\nhouses, vagabonds, vagrants, sturdy beggars, and idle strolling aad disorderly per-\\ni*-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "60 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nsons and they are liable to maintain such wanderers, and to pay the expenses of\\ntheir funerals in case of death. A person may remove from one precinct to another,\\nbearing the certificate of tlie overseers of the poor of the precinct in which he has\\na settlement, attested and allowed by two justices of the peace, declaring such set-\\ntlement, and delivering such certificate to the overseers of the district into which\\nhe shall remove. But such person, becoming chargeable, may be returned to his\\nplace of settlement residence under the certificate not giving settlement and ex-\\npenses incurred by the township for maintenance, reliefer burial of such resident,\\nmust be paid by the precinct in which he has a legal settlement.\\nRelief is granted to paupers, on the order of a justice, at the application of the\\noverseers; the order fixing tlie amount, and serving as the voucher for expenditure.\\nAnd, as a check upon the overseers, they are required to register the name and de-\\nscription of the pauper, and such order, in the township book, together with the\\naccount of monies received or disbursed for the use of the poor, and registry of\\ntransactions of their office, and to lay such book before the inhabitants in town\\nmeeting.\\nBefore relief granted, the goods of the applicant are to be inventoried, and in case\\nof death, sold; and the proceeds applied to reimburse the expenditure for the pauper.\\nPoor children, who have no parents, or whose parents are applicants for relief,\\nand children of paupers brought up in sloth and ignorance, maj by the overseers,\\nwith the assistance and application of two justices, be bound apprentices for such\\nnumber of years as they may think proper, males until 21, and females until 18 years;\\ninserting in the indenture, a clause binding the master to cause such apprentice to\\nbe instructed to read and write. And the overseers and justices continue the guar-\\ndians of the apprentice.\\nWhere the father deserts his family, or a widow her children, leaving them a\\npublic charge, and leaving estate, real or personal, such estate may be taken by the J\\noverseers, upon the warrant of two justices, and the rents of the land, and the pro-\\nceeds of the sale of the chattels, applied to the maintenance of the deserted family.\\nThe overseers, with the assent of the town meeting, may purchase or rent a\\nworkhouse, in which to employ and maintain the poor of the precinct, applying the\\nproceeds of their labour to the poor fund and suck house may be erected by two\\nor more townships conjointly. Or the overseers of the township may contract with\\nthe overseers of any other place, for the maintenance and employment of the poor\\nof such other place or the chosen freeholders of the county may purchase or build\\na poorhouse for the whole county. Persons claiming relief and refusing to be lodged,\\nkept to work, and maintained in such house, are rejected.\\nWhen the overseers have reason to believe, that any person not having a settle-\\nment in their precinct is, or is likely to become, chargeable, they may bring him, by,\\nwarrant from two justices, directed to and served by the constable, before such ma-\\ngistrates, who shall examine such person on oath touching his last place of settle-\\nment, and direct him to remove thither by a staled time and on his neglect or re-\\nfusal to comply with such order, may issue their warrant to the constable, command-\\ning him to convey such person to the constable of the next precinct; and so, from\\nprecinct to precinct, until he reach the place of his legal settlement. And in case\\nsuch person return to the place from which he was removed, and does not depart\\ntherefrom, within 24 hours after notice given, such person, if male, is liable, on\\nthe order of a magistrate, to receive fifteen lashes; if female, in the discretion of\\nthe magistrate, to be sent away again, or committed to close confinement, and fed, at\\nthe expense of the township, on bread and water only and both to be sent back to\\nthe place to which they may have been first ordered. But if any person complained\\nof, as a pauper, give bond with two sufficient sureties, conditioned to indemnify the\\nprecinct against the charge of his maintenance, he shall not be removed.\\nThe overseers of the township, to which such pauper shall be legally removed,\\nare required to receive him, under penalty of five pounds, on conviction of refusal,\\nbefore a justice, to the use of the place from which the removal was made. An ap-\\npeal from the order of removal lies by the pauper, or other person aggrieved, to th6\\nsessions.\\nAn idle vagrant, vagabond, or beggar, strolling and begging through the country,\\nmay be apprehended by the constable, or any inhabitant, and carried before a jus-\\ntice, who is required to examine him on oath; and if it appear that he have a set-\\ntlement, to grant a warrant for removal as abovementioned, but if he have no set-\\ntlement in the State, then to direct by such warrant that he be conveyed back by i", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 61\\nevery precinct tlirough which he had wandered, until he be transported out of the\\nState and such vagrant returning into the State, is liable to punishment by whip-\\nping. These provisions respecting the removal of indigent persons, though in\\nforce, are not often executed.\\nThe fund for maintenance of the poor is augmented by fines imposed for breach\\nof the laws, and by the personal estates of such persons as may die intestate, with-\\nout any representative. The pauper may sue without costs, and have counsel ap-\\npointed him by the court, who shall conduct his cause without fee or reward.\\nAuthority is given to the respective townships to raise, as for other township\\npurposes, such sum of money as may be deemed proper for the education of pauper\\nchildren and children of paupers.\\nThe father and grandftvther, mother and grandmother, child and grandchild, when\\ncompetent, are liable to maintain the pauper.\\nA third essential benefit, promoted by the territorial subdivision of townships and\\ncounties, is the formation and preservation of roads. The common roads of the\\ncountry are either public or private. When ten or more freeholders deem a new\\npublic road necessary, or one existing, unnecessary or proper to be altered, they may\\nby petition, after giving ten days public notice in the townships through which the\\nroad is intended to pass, obtain from the court of Common Pleas the appointment of\\nsix surveyors of the highways, liaving regard to those of the township in which the\\nroad lies or is to be made. When the road is to be on the county line, the applica-\\ntion must be made to, and the surveyors appointed by, the Supreme Court, three\\nbeing taken from each county. The surveyors, after a prescribed notice has been\\ngiven, meet and view the road or ground proposed for the road, and lay out, vacate\\nor alter it, as the case may require and return a map thereof, with the time when\\nthe same may be opened, to the clerk of the Common Pleas, or to the clerk of the\\nSupreme Court, as the case may be, who records the return, and the road so laid out\\nand opened becomes, or if vacated ceases to be, a public highway unless a caveat be\\nentered thereto within fifteen days, which operates as a supersedeas of proceedino s\\nuntil the succeeding court.\\nUpon the complaint of any one alleging himself aggrieved, the court will appoint\\nsix of the chosen freeholders of the county, who, after due notice as prescribed by\\nlaw, also view the road proposed to be made, vacated or altered, and concurring in\\nreport with the surveyors, it is definitively confirmed, so that no further proceedings\\nmay be had thereon for one year. But, if their report differ from that of the sur-\\nveyors, the latter becomes void, and the road or alteration may be again applied for\\nunder a year. If no caveat have been entered, or the person entering it do not pro-\\nsecute it according to law, or the freeholders make no unfavourable report, or be\\nequally divided in their opinions, the proceedings of the surveyers become valid. If\\nthe application for review be in Cape May county, and the proposed or actual road\\nrun through lands of any of the chosen freeholders, one or more justices of the peace\\nmay be appointed on the review. And where the application relative to the road is\\nin the Supreme Court, three such freeholders from each county are appointed to re-\\nview, and like proceedings are had in regard to their report, as in the former case.\\nAny neglect of the ofiicers in regard to these proceedings, is punishable by a fine of\\nsixteen dollars, to the use of the prosecutor. Four of the surveyors or freeholders,\\nwhere the road proposed to be made or altered is in one county, and two from each\\nof the counties, where there are more than one, are necessary to, and sufficient for,\\nthe return.\\nThe proceedings for making, vacating, or altering private roads, are similar in\\nmost respects, to those in the case of public ones. Such roads, however, are made\\nand preserved at the expense of those interested in them, who may hang gates\\nthereon, which are protected by a penalty against those injuring them. By-roads,\\nif shut up, may be laid out by three of the chosen freeholders, and remain as private\\nroads until vacated, or altered in the manner abovementioned.\\nFor the purpose of making or repairing roads, the township committee assign, in\\nwriting to the overseers of the roads respectively, their several limits of tlie high-\\nways within the township. And it is the duty of such overseers to provide la-\\nbourers, animals, implements and materials for the work, and to erect such bridges\\nas can be built by common labourers the monies for which are raised by order of\\nthe town meeting, as in other cases of township expense, and the overseer accounts\\nwith the town meeting.\\nIf the township be fined upon the presentment of the grand jury, or information", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "62 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nof attorney general, for the bad condition of the roads, the overseer within whose\\nlimits the cause arose, is responsible therefor with costs, or he may be proceeded\\nagainst in the first instance. Tlie road ta.x payable by any individual, may be paid\\nin labour on the road by himself or substitute; and the roads over mill-dams are to\\nbe kept in good and safe condition by the owners of the mills respectively, so long\\nas they shall be uplield.\\nThe town meeting may determine whether the highways shall be maintained by\\nhire or by labour. But if the resolution be to maintain the roads by labour, the\\ntownship committee divide tlie higliways, in their townsliip, into convenient districts,\\nand assign the inhabitants to them, in equitable proportions. And whatever mode\\nbe thus adopted, must be continued for three years. Inhabitants who neglect to\\nperform their quota of work, are each finable one dollar per day, for absence them-\\nselves one dollar and a half for a horse and cart, and two dollars for wagon or cart\\nwith two horses or oxen, which have been warned out and shall be absent. If the\\ntownship vote to maintain the roads by hire, but do not supply the money therefor,\\nthe overseers must resort to the labour system. If the overseer neglect his duty, he\\nis liable to an action, and the magistrate on complaint of three freeholders, may issue\\nhis precept against overseer, and on conviction, fine him any sum not over twenty,\\nnor under five dollars. The board of freeholders is authorized, at the county s ex-\\npense, to erect guide posts and mile stones, where they may deem expedient.\\nWhen bridges are required in a township, or between two townships, they are\\nbuilt at the county expense, and if between two counties, at their joint expense.\\nWhere the cost does not exceed thirty dollars, the overseer and chosen freeholders\\nof the township, are competent to order its execution; where the cost does not ex-\\nceed one hundred and fifty dollars, the approbation of the overseers of the townsliip,\\nand of the chosen freeholders of that, and of the two adjacent townships, are neces-\\nsary and where the expense will exceed one hundred and fifty dollars, the assent\\nof the overseers of the highway, and of the board of chosen freeholders of the county,\\nis required.\\nIn addition to his services as register of the proceedings of the Circuit Courts, the\\nCourt of Sessions and Common Pleas, the county clerk performs many other execu-\\ntive duties. We have already noticed his ministry in general elections. He is the\\nrecorder of deeds, mortgages, and other conveyances of lands in his county, and re-\\ngister of marriages returned to him by justices of the peace and ministersof the\\ngospel the receiver of monies for tavern licenses, which he pays over to the county\\nfreeholders; and is the depository of the dockets of the justices of his county, after\\ntheir deaths. He is forbidden to act as surrogate, or practice as an attorney, within\\nhis county.\\nThe township clerk records the proceedings of the town meetings, registers es-\\ntrays, and receives for the use of the township its share of money produced by the\\nsale of unclaimed beasts impounded, for damage feasance; and registers all births\\nand deaths in his township duly communicated to him.\\nThe present militia system of the State, is founded on the act of 18th February,\\n1815, and the supplements of 1818, 1819, and 1830 which require, that every free\\nable bodied white male inhabitant, of the age of 18, and under 4.5, years, shrill be en-\\nrolled by the commanding officer of the company withiri whose bounds he may reside.\\nProm this requisition are exempted, ministers of the gospel; the vice president of\\nthe United States; the officers, judicial and executive, of the government of the\\nUnited States; the judges of the Supreme Court of this State; the members of both\\nhouses of congress, and their respective officers; all custom house officers, with\\ntheir clerks; all post officers and stage drivers employed in the transit of the mail;\\nferrymen; inspectors of exports pilots; mariners actually employed in the sea ser-\\nvice of any merchant within the United States; all students of divinity and students\\nof the two colleges in this State, except in cases of actual invasion and persons who.\\nshall have served ten years in any uniform corps of the State; and, at the discretion\\nof the brigade board, an officer who has held a commission for one year in the army\\nof the United States, or under the authority of any one of the States, and any sol-\\ndier who may have faithfully served 18 months in the late war.\\nA brigade is formed in each county, except Cape May; in that, there is an inde-\\npendent regiment, under the command of a lieutenant colonel, whose field officers\\nform a regimental board, with the power of a brigade board, in many particulars.\\nThe brigades are formed into four divisions, of which those of Burlington, Glouces-\\nter, Salem and Cumberland, with the Cape May regiment, make the first those of", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 63\\nBergen, Essex, and Morris, the second; those of Somerset, Middlesex, and Mon-\\nmouth, the third; and those of Hunterdon and Sussex, the fourth.\\nThe governor is commander in chief. There is a general staff, of whicli he ap-\\npoints his four aids-de-camp, with the ranli of lieutenant colonel; one quartermas-\\nter and one adjutant general, witli the rank of brigadier; and, when the service\\nmay require it, one deputy adjutant, and one deputy quartermaster general, to each\\nbrigade or division, with rank of lieutenant colonel. To each division there is one\\nmajor general, and two aids-de-camp appointed by him, with the rank of major; to\\neach brigade, one brigadier general, with a brigade inspector, acting also as bricrade\\nmajor, one aid-de-canip taken from the line, appointed by the general, judge advo-\\ncate, paymaster and quartermaster to each regiment, one colonel to each battalion\\nor squadron, one major; to each company of infantry, light infantry and grenadiers,\\none captain, one lieutenant, one ensign, four sergeants, four corporals, one drummer,\\nand one fifer to each troop of horse, one captain, two lieutenants, one cornet, four\\nsergeants, four corporals, one saddler, one farrier, one trumpeter, and the foot and\\ncavalry companies contain not more than 64, nor less than 40, privates. Compa-\\nnies of horse can be raised only by permission of the commander in chief. To each\\ncompany of artillery there are a captain, two lieutenants, four sergeants, four cor-\\nporals, one drummer, one fifer, not more than six, nor less than three, gunners and\\nbombardiers, nor morq than 62, nor less than 15, matrosses. The regimental staff\\nconsists of one adjutant and quartermaster, ranking as lieutenants, taken from the\\nsubalterns of the regiment, a paymaster to each battalion a surgeon, surgeon s\\nmate, chaplain, sergeant major, drum major, fife major, and quartermaster sergeant;\\nall of whom, except the paymasters, are appointed by the field officers. To each\\ncompany of rifleznen there belong a captain, three lieutenants, four sergeants, four\\ncorporals, and drummer, fifer, or bugler. Such companies are attached to the bat-\\ntalion in whose bounds a majority of the members reside. To each troop of horse\\nartillery, there are a captain, four lieutenants, one quartermaster sergeant, four ser-\\ngeants, four corporals, one saddler, one farrier, one bugler, one trumpeter, and not\\nmore than 100, nor less than 40, privates.\\nAll officers take rank from the date of their commissions, except when they are of\\nthe same date, and then by lot. The captains, and all other inferior officers of the\\nmilitia, are chosen by the companies but field and general officers by the council\\nand assembly, and all are commissioned by the governor. Tlie brigade and regi-\\nmental staff officers, are commissioned by him on certificates of their appointment by\\nthe officers making them non-commissioned officers and musicians, are appointed\\nby the captains and subalterns. The uniform is that worn by officers of the United\\nStates.\\nThe commanding officers of each regiment, independent battalion, and squadron,\\nare required to convene their respective officers twice a year; and at one of such\\nmeetings, the orderly sergeants; and at the meeting not attended by the non-com-\\nmissioned officers, may direct the attendance of one of the companies under their\\ncommand, for the purpose of military improvement. The attendance of such com-\\npany is in lieu of company training, and absence is punishable as in other cases of\\nneglect of military service. And the non-commissioned officers attending such drill,\\nis entitled to fifty cents per day.\\nThe militia meet three times, annually, for improvement in discipline and martial\\nexercise once by companies or troops, on the 3d Monday in April once by batta-\\nlit)n or squadron, and once by regiment or independent battalion. The fine for non-\\nattendance on days of exercise, absence from roll call, or leaving parade without\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2permission, is, on a field officer, eight dollars every other commissioned officer,\\nfour dollars; on every non-commissioned officer and private, two dollars per day;\\nand for appearance on parade without appropriate arms, fifty cents, where the soldier\\nis able to provide them. When called into active service, every militiaman must\\nappear fully equipped, with every article required by act of congress, under penalty,\\nif an officer, of ten dollars; and if a private, two dollars. No militiaman having a\\nsubstitute in actual service, is thereby excused from duty on parade days. But no\\nmilitiaman is finable more than two dollars in one year, for neglect of duty, if he\\nhave attained thirty-five years; provided, that when he shall attend at any one of the\\ndays required by law, and perform military duty, he shall be fined one dollar for\\nevery other day s absence therefrom. And when the brigade board shall disband\\nany company, its officers may be exempted from military duty.\\nDelinquents are marked at roll call by the orderly sergeant, and reported to the", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "64 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\ncompany court, composed of the officers of the company or troop, of which the of-\\nficer first in rank is president. Such court is empowered, to hear and decide on,\\nthe excuse of delinquents reported, and the president is required to make return\\nwithin ten days, to the commanding otticer of the battalion, of all delinquents, and\\nthe sum imposed on each. The battalion court of appeal, consists of the command-\\ning officer of the battalion, the surgeon, or surgeon s mate, and the senior captain,\\nor, in his default, of the captain next in rank and is empowered to hear excuses on\\nappeal, and to remit fines and in case of permanent inability, by certificate, to dis-\\ncharge from military duty. The president of this court, makes returns of delin-\\nquents and the fines imposed, to the battalion and brigade paymasters. Failure to\\nattend such court by its members, or the president to make return, is punishable, in\\nthe first case, by a fine often, and in the second, by a fine not exceeding thirty, nor\\nless than fifteen, dollars.\\nThe battalion paymaster, on receipt of the return, and such fines as may have\\nbeen collected by the battalion commandant, after efltbrts to collect, and after the\\nfirst Monday in September, delivers the list of delinquents to a justice of the peace,\\nwho issues execution against them, as in case of taxation; the constable being re-\\nquired to levy the same on the goods of the delinquent, or in default of goods, to\\ncommit him to prison, until payment, t c. But the brigade board, or any three of\\nthem, may discharge delinquent unable to pay. If, upon levy and sale, there be a\\nbalance in the hands of the constable which the delinquent will not receive, he pays\\nit to the paymaster of the battalion, to be accounted for in his settlement with the\\nbrigade board, and certifies the same to the judge advocate, or brigade board.\\nThe fines and penalties imposed on minors, are payable by the parent, guardian, or\\nmaster.\\nThe battalion paymaster returns to the brigade board the list of delinquent com-\\nmissioned officers certified by the orderly; keeps a journal of their proceedings; an\\naccount of fines and the modes of their payment, whether voluntary or involuntary,\\nand of such as may not be recovered, with the reason thereof; all which is submitted\\nto the brigade board. The battalion and brigade paymasters are appointed by such\\nboard, and give bond with sureties, the first in five hundred, and the second in two\\nthousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of their duties to which\\neffect, they, also, make oath before the county clerk. The brigade paymaster re-\\nceives all vouchers and returns, and keeps distinct accounts of the monies arising\\nfrom fines and forfeitures in the several regiments and battalions in the brigade, and\\nof monies received and paid by him, subject to the examination of the brigade board\\ncollects the fines imposed by the board on delinquent officers, and, in case of non-\\npayment for sixty days, puts the list into the hands of a justice of the peace, which\\nis then proceeded upon as above stated.\\nThe brigade board is composed of the brigadier general, brigade major and,\\ncommandants of regiments, independent battalions, and squadrons of the re-\\nspective brigades a majority of whom form a quorum, meeting annually on the\\nthird Monday in December, at a place of their own appointment, within the brigade.\\nThe officer of first grade and seniority presides, and the board has power: To com-\\npel the attendance of its members by fine, not exceeding twenty dollars to ar-\\nrange the regiments, battalions, squadrons, troops, and companies, as they may\\ndeem expedient to authorize the formation of new uniform companies, and to at-\\ntach them to such battalion or regiment as they may deem proper to draw orders\\non the brigade paymaster for lawful expenses to make a reasonable compensation\\nto the brigade and battalion paymasters for their services; adjust their accounts, re-\\nmove them in case of malfeasance, and to appoint a successor who in case of bri-.\\ngade paymaster shall prosecute his predecessor for monies of the brigade in his\\nhands and also the battalion paymasters who may be in arrears to allow adju-\\ntants for extra services to compensate brigade judge advocates to assess fines on\\ndelinquent officers, returned by the brigade major or battalion paymaster to pre-\\nserve order at their meetings by imposition of fines not exceeding ten dollars, upon\\ntransgressors, and to erect a covering for the protection of field artillery to keep\\nan account of all sums by them received from their several battalion paymasters, and\\ndisbursements, with an account of the expenses of the militia system, and the ap-\\npropriations made for arms, c. and make reports thereof, annually, to the legis-\\nlature.\\nThe judge advocate is appointed by the brigade board, of which he is tt officio\\nclerk, and is required to attend its meetings and record its proceedings", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 65\\nveSco ,1 g^ ,f. ^t butes all orders of the commander in chief, to the se-\\nHetThll public reviews If required, when the commander in chief re-\\nviews the troops,-obeys all orders from him, executing or perfecting the militarv\\nsys em established by law,-furnishes blank forms of the different efurns 7m\\nby the commander in chief,-receives from the several officers returns of il militia\\nTc from vliTT T^ with reports of the state of the arms, ammuStiot\\nc^c. irom vvh cli he reports proper abstracts to the commander in chief who lavs\\nout 1 v?h J P o^^^^dings relative to the details of the military force ordered\\nUnited S? T f P\u00c2\u00b0 requisitions of the president or Congress of the\\nof electing r II! f e -gency-Records all certificates\\n]L1Z yf f commissioned by the commander in chief-and lavs\\nd ed dn^r legislature, who appropriate, annually, one hun-\\nared dollars for his services. r j, nuu\\nmeIl!L^.Tih P f.*\u00c2\u00b0 the brigade, regimental and independent battalion\\nbetn fnd/r P\u00c2\u00b0f .g tbeir several brigades, during the time of their\\nW u* J makes returns, annually, to the ad-\\njutant general of the militia of his brigade, reporting particularly the name of the\\nrev,ew,ng officer, the state of the arms, c. and ev^r^ thing which, in his judg!\\nTtv Zl,T discipline. H: receives for ordinar^y\\nboard I 7v%i ..r P r y -allowance as the brigade\\nforfeit 7nfK f y nialfeasance, and the\\ntanVir. \u00c2\u00b0f i \u00c2\u00ab^l^^y- less be produce the acknowledgment of the adju-\\nWoffi er inspector, the command-\\ning officer appoints some one to perform his duties.\\nbafTZr^^wv^ f 7\u00c2\u00b0 acceptance of office to the commanding officer of the\\ndelmed ^ofd R 7 J ^^^^t ^^^erwise the election is\\naeemed void. Resignations are made to the brigade commander; and where vacan-\\nrec s hf, r company, by death, removal or resignation, such commander di-\\ncanc battalion commandant, to hold an election to supply the va.\\ninJ^.T i uniform company are, upon the certificate of the command-\\no^Ln nn/- T f^ l^ t certificate may not be\\nupon the officeT appeared in uniform, under penalty of ten dollars\\ni\\\\Jt^ are charged with organizing the several companies under their respec-\\ntive commands. Where the militiamen of any company or district, fail to choose offi-\\ncers, tne major may appoint a sergeant, to take command of the company until nro-\\nper officers are duly qualified; and to constitute his company court, such sergeant\\nmay appoint persons from the list of the company, who may elect one of their num-\\nner president.\\nNo officer or private, on his way to, or return from, militia service, may be\\nCharged toll or ferriage, and refusal to permit his passage is punishable by fine of\\neight do lars; nor can he be arrested on civil process on any legal day for training\\nnor can his arms, c. be levied on and sold under execution.\\nThe commander in chief may, in case of invasion or other emergency, order out\\nany proportion of the militia of the State, to march to any part thereof, and conti-\\nnue so long as he may think necessary, not exceeding two months. In such case\\nsubstitutes may be received for any person called on to do a tour of duty but no\\nsubstitute IS admissible at ordinary training, under penalty on the officer of ten\\ndollars. Plorses of militiamen, taken into service, are registered and appraised\\nand their value paid to the owner, in case the horse be killed or taken by the ene-\\nmy. The accounts of the quartermaster, for rations or ammunition, must be ap\\nproved by the commanding officer of the regiment or independent battaUon and bv\\nthe governor, before payment at the treasury.\\nCourts martial are appointed, for the trial of officers above the rank of field offi\\ncers, by the commander in chief,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for field officers, by the mnjor generals in their\\nrespective divisions,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for captains and subaltern commissioned officers by the bri\\ngadier generals, each in his own brigade. And the commandant of reo-iments and\\nindependent battalions may institute a regimental court marti:il wheneve they shall\\nhnd it necessary. Officers appointing such court must, in all cases, approve or dis-\\napprove its sentence, and may mitigate or remit the punishment, except where the", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "66 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\noffence is of a personal nature, when the sentence is conclusive. And such officer\\nmay, in case of emergency, appoint a judge advocate, pro tempore.\\nThe regimental court martial is composed of five members, the president of whom\\nshall not be under the rank of captain. The general court martial consists of thir-\\nteen commissioned officers, not under the rank of captain, the senior of whom is\\npresident. The concurrence of two-thirds of the court is necessary, in every sen-\\ntence for inflicting punishment; and each member, with the judge advocate, swears\\nto determine the case according to the evidence, that he will not divulge the sen-\\ntence until it have been approved or disapproved and will at no time, discover the\\nvote or opinion of any member, unless required to give evidence thereof in a court\\nThee^xpense of a court martial, trying an officer of the general staff, is payable\\nfrom militia fines in the State treasury trying an officer above the grade of major,\\nby the paymaster of the brigade trying a major, or inferior officer, by the battalion\\npaymaster. Members of courts martial receive 1 50 per day, and witnesses fifty\\ncents payable on certificates of the judge advocate.\\nCommissioned officers guilty of unofficer-like conduct, may be cashiered by the\\ncourt, or punished by fine, not exceeding fifty dollars. The commanding officer of\\na regiment, battalion, or squadron, failing to give orders for assembling his command,\\nas directed by his brigadier, or in case of invasion, may be cashiered, and punished\\nby a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars: and a commissioned officer of a com-\\npany, guilty of like offence, under the orders of the commandant of the regiment,\\nc., is^subject to like punishment; and a non-commissioned officer, to a fine not\\nexceedincr thirty dollars. The commanding officer of a company, c., failing to\\nreturn a Tist of persons, notified to perform a tour of duty, to the colonel, c., may\\nbe cashiered, or fined in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars.\\nNon-commissioned officers, or privates, appearing drunk upon parade, disobeying\\norders, using reproachful or abusive language to officers, quarrelling or promoting\\nquarrels among fellow-soldiers, may be disarmed and put under arrest, until the\\ncompany be dismissed, and be fined by court martial, not exceeding eight dollars. A\\nmilitiaman deserting whilst on a tour of duty, may be fined not exceeding one hun-\\ndred dollars, and imprisoned not more than two months; and if a non-commissioned\\nofficer, shall be degraded to the ranks. Non-commissioned officer, or private,\\nbringing on parade, or discharging, within a mile thereof, any loaded fire arms, on\\nthe day assigned for improvement or inspection, without permission from a commis-\\nsioned officer, is subject to a fine of one dollar.\\nWhen ordered out for improvement or inspection, the militia are under military\\ndiscipline, from the rising to the setting of the sun, and none, during such time,\\nmay be arrested on civil process on days of exercise they may be detained under\\narms, on duty, in the field, six hours; but not more than three hours without time\\nbeing allowed to refresh themselves. The retailing of spirituous liquors, on, or\\nwithin a mile of the parade, is prohibited under a penalty of forfeiture of such\\nliquors. The rules of discipline are such as may be established by Congress for dis-\\nciplining the regular troops of the United States.\\nBy-standers at any muster, molesting or insulting, by abusive words or behaviour,\\nany officer or soldier, while on duty, may be put under guard, and kept at the discretion\\nof the commanding officer, until sundown; and if guilty of like misconduct, before a\\ncourt martial, may be fined not exceeding twenty dollars, and costs of prosecution.\\nFines imposed by courts martial, are certified by the judge advocate to the brigade\\nboard, and are collected by the brigade paymaster, in the manner above directed.\\nThe surplus money in the hands of the brigade paymaster, is appropriated to the\\npurchase of arms, accoutrements, colours, instruments of music, and the preserva-\\ntion of arms (the arms being subject to the order of the commander in chief, in case\\nof invasion, insurrection, or war). And the judge advocate is required, after the\\nannual meeting of the brigade board, to transmit to the adjutant general, a statement\\nof the disbursements, and arms, c., to be laid by him before the legislature. The\\ncommandants of regiments, independent battalions, and squadrons, account to the\\nbrigade board for the monies received by them for teaching music, and other pur-\\nposes.\\nThe commander in chief, or of brigade, when the militia may be called into actual\\nservice, may receive uniform companies from any brigade in the State as volunteers,\\nwho having served their tour, are exempted from draft, until their battalions, regi-\\nment, or brigade shall have performed like service and their brigade is accredited\\nI", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE POWER. 67\\nfor the number so volunteering, Due authority is given to the commander in\\nchief for organizing companies on the sea-board when necessary for its protection:\\nand he may furnish any uniform company with arms, the property of the State the\\nofficers giving bond for keeping them in repair, and returning them when required.\\nUniform companies are attached to the battalion within the bounds of which a major-\\nity of the company resides-\\nAny person desirous to be exempt from militia duty, is required, on or before\\nthe first of April, annually, to report himself to the commanding officer of the com-\\npany, in the bounds of which he may reside. Such officer returns the list of exempts\\nto the township collector, on or before the twentieth of June, annually, who taxes\\neach, the sum of five dollars, in addition to his other taxes; designating it in his\\nduplicate, delivered to the townsliip collector; and he, also, furnishes the collector\\nof the county, on or before the first of December, annually, two certified abstracts\\nof the names of such exempts. The township collector pays to the county collector,\\nsuch taxes, and his certificate of the death, insolvency, or absconding of the exempt,\\nis a sufficient voucher against the tax and the county collector pays to the State\\ntreasurer, the exempt taxes, with other State taxes, and the treasurer carries them\\nto the credit of the school fund.\\nThe commanders of the respective companies enrol all persons within their\\nbounds liable to perform militia duty, not returned as exempts, and fine them for\\nnon-attendance on days of parade, according to law, under the penalty of thirty\\ndollars for omission. But exempts rnay be classed as enrolled militia when called\\ninto actual service. And due provision is made by law for classifyng the militia for\\nactual service when required.\\nThe following is the state of the militia, apparent from the last return of the ad-\\njutant general, viz: Commander in chief, 4 aids-decamp; 1 quartermaster general,\\n4 deputies 1 adjutant general, 4 deputies; 4 major generals, each having two aids\\n13 brigades and brigadiers, and the independent battalion of Cape May county.\\nBrigade Staff, consisting of 13 brigade majors and one adjutant, 13 paymas-\\nters, 11 quartermasters, 6 surgeons, 13 judges advocate.\\nCavalrv 1 brigadier general, 4 colonels, 9 majors, 31 captains, 63 lieutenants,\\n25 cornets, 86 sergeants, 73 corporals, 11 saddlers, 10 farriers, 36 trumpeters, and\\n1673 privates, making an aggregate of 1810. Cavalry arms sabres 734, pairs of\\npistols 609, holsters 733, cartridges 376, cartridge-boxes 359, horses, saddles, and\\nbridles, each, 963.\\nArtillery: 30 captains, 54 lieutenants, 93 sergeants, 75 corporals, 40 bombar-\\n.diers, 68 gunners, 36 drummers, 25 fifers, 1802 privates, total 1886. Ordnance\\napparatus and equipments: 18 six pounders, 8 four pounders, 1 two pounder,!\\nswivel, 18 tumbrels and wagons, 25 ramrods and screws, 16 port-fire stocks, 33\\ndragropes, 14 handspikes, 159 muskets, 19 bayonets, S29 swords, 39 cartouche\\nboxes, 23 powder horns and wires, and 43 knapsacks.\\nRifle Corps 17 captains, 44 lieutenants, 48 sergeants, 16 corporals, 22 drum-\\nmers, 16 fifers, 12 buglers, 1052 privates, total 1115. Jlrms and equipments 54\\newords, 336 rifles, 132 fusees, 117 muskets, 17 powder horns and pouches.\\nInfantry: Colonels 47, majors 96, adjutants 58, paymasters 98, quartermasters\\n48, surgeons 47, surgeon s mates 37, drum majors 20, fife majors 21, sergeant-\\nmajors 33, captains 406, lieutenants 397, ensigns 327, sergeants 1065, corporals\\n664, drummers 329, fifers 263, privates 28,882,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 aggregate 30,456. Arms and\\nequipments: swords 796, espontoons 57, muskets 8268, bayonets 3565, iron ram\\nrods 5084, firelocks, other than muskets, 3373, cartridge boxes 1293.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "68\\nGENERAL DESCRIPTION\\nRECAPITULATION.\\nD\\nu\\n4-\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\naJ\\nc\\n^-ki\\nu aj\\nS\\nV cd\\ne3\\nS an\\nbo\\nCOUNTIES.\\nS I-\\nP3\\nQ\\nd\\nri\\nr-K\\n3 T3\\nUJ\\n0}\\nc\\nb\\n03\\n6\\n13\\n.2\\n3\\nrf\\nfH\\nQ\\ns\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\nH\\nH\\nBurlington,\\n46\\n44\\n3288\\n3378\\nGloucester,\\n37\\n81\\n1948\\n2066\\nSalem,\\n88\\n152\\n120\\n1508\\n1868\\nCumberland,\\n45\\n187\\n1746\\n1978\\nCape May,\\n124\\n424\\n548\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n9838\\nBergen,\\n93\\n153\\n21\\n2074\\n2341\\nEssex,\\n250\\n422\\n51\\n4283\\n5006\\nMorris,\\n155\\n123\\n227\\n23C9\\n2874\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n10,221\\nMiddlesex,\\n238\\n93\\n37\\n1443\\n1811\\nMonmouth,\\n124\\n50\\n213\\n3292\\n3679\\nSomerset,\\n158\\n107\\n93\\n1304\\n1662\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n7152\\nHunterdon,\\n327\\n2584\\n2911\\nWarren,\\n77\\n198\\n142\\n1883\\n2300\\nSussex,\\n172\\n152\\n211\\n2310\\n2845\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n8056\\nGrand total\\n15\\n78\\n1810\\n1886\\n1115\\n30,456\\n35,267\\n35,267\\nIII. The judiciary, as established under the colonial government, was recognised\\nby the constitution, in the general clause continuing the laws existing at the time of\\nits adoption, and in that, limiting the tenure of office of the judges. Some modifi-\\ncations and enlargement of jurisdiction have, however, since been made and the\\njudiciary power is now vested in a Court of Appeals, Court of Chancery, Supreme\\nand Circuit Courts, Courts of Oyer and Terminer, and General Jail Delivery:\\nCourts of Common Pleas, Quarter Sessions and Orphan s Court, and Courts for the.\\ntrial of small causes, holden by Justices of the Peace. These institutions will be\\nbest viewed, passing from those of the lowest to those of the highest order and at-\\ntempting an outline of the constitution of each.\\nThe courts for the trial of small causes or Justices Courts, now depend upon the\\nact of 12th of February, 1818, and its supplements. By these, every suit of a\\ncivil nature, at law, including suits for penalties, where the matter in dispute does\\nnot exceed the value of one hundred dollars, is cognizable before a justice of the\\npeace of any county, who holds a court of record, endowed with the usual pow-\\ners of such courts. From this jurisdiction, however, are excepted, actions of re;\\nplevin, slander, trespass for assault, battery, or imprisonment, and actions whereiii\\nthe title to real estate may come in question. The territorial jurisdiction of the jus-\\ntice is coextensive with his county, and his process is confined to it, except in the\\ncase of the subpana ad testificandum, which may run into other counties. The con-\\nstables of the several townships of the county are the ministerial officers of the court,\\nwho execute its process, tested on the day it is issued, and signed and sealed, by the\\njustice.\\nThe initiatory process is summons or warrant. The first is required when the de-\\nfendant is a freeholder, and resident of the county where issued, and in cases where\\ndefendant cannot be held to bail; and may be used on all occasions, at the election\\nof plaintiff; the warrant may issue against persons not freeholders, or against free-\\nholders about to abscond from the county. The summons is returnable in not less\\nthan five, nor more than fifteen days from its date and must be served at least five\\ndays before the day given therein for appearance, personally, upon the defendant.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "JUDICIARY. 69\\nor by a copy left at his dwelling. The warrant is returnable forthwith. Upon ar-\\nrest the defendant either gives bond, with freehold surety, to the constable for hia\\nappearance at a stated day, not more than eight from the service, or is carried be-\\nfore the justice, where he enters into recognisance with like security, conditioned\\nfor his appearance, or is committed to prison to await the time of hearing, which\\nmust not be more than three days from the return of the warrant or he is held by\\nthe constable, until the plaintiff be notified and have time to proceed to trial.\\nThe amount of the sum demanded is endorsed upon the writ, with the costs, and\\nmay be paid to the constable in full discharge of the debt and arrest.\\nOn the appearance of the parties, the trial is had, or the hearing is adjourned,\\nby the justice himself, or on cause shown by either party, not longer than fifteen days\\nbut if the defendant do not appear, judgment may be rendered by default; and by\\nconsent of parties may be entered, without process, for any sum within the juris-\\ndiction of the justice.\\nAfter appearance of defendant, and plea entered, and before inquiry into the me-\\nrits of the cause by the justice, either party may demand a trial by jury; upon\\nwhich, where the sum claimed does not exceed sixteen dollars, six jurymen, and\\nwhere over sixteen dollars, twelve jurymen may be summoned. The costs of the\\njury of twelve, when finding for the applicant, above five, and not exceeding twenty-\\nfive dollars, are paid, in part by him but if finding for him, five dollars, or under,\\nthen the whole costs are paid by the applicant; the costs of the jury of six, finding\\nin favour of the applicant, under five dollars, are wholly payable by him.\\nBy consent, and at request of the parties, the justice may enter rules of refer-\\nence of the matters in difference to such persons as shall be nominated by the par-\\nties.\\nUpon judgment rendered before the justice, no execution can issue against a fe-\\nmale, when the debt is under two dollars. Where the debtor is a freeholder, and\\nwhen sued by summons, he is to be taken as such, unless the presumption be dis-\\nproved, or when a sufficient freeholder of the county shall join with him in confes-\\nsion of judgment to the adverse party, stay of execution may be had, where the\\njudgment is over five, and under fifteen dollars, for one month; when over fifteen\\nand under sixty dollars, for three months, and when over sixty dollars, for six months.\\nThe execution continues in force for one year from the time it is issued but may\\nbe renewed upon scire facias, and judgment thereon, and takes priority from the\\ntime of levy made, and the surplus proceeds of sale under the first execution are\\napplicable to the satisfaction of others, in successive order. The levy is made on\\nthe goods and chattels of defendant and if another claim property in the goods le-\\nvied upon, the constable stays the sale for ten days, unless indemnified by plaintiff;\\nduring which, the claimant, on application to a justice, may have his rights tried by\\na jury of six men, and if the application be not made within that time, the claim is\\ndeemed abandoned. The verdict, if against the claimant, protects the constable in\\nmaking sale of the goods. For want of goods whereon to levy, the body of the de-\\nfendant is liable to imprisonment until the debt and costs be paid, or until delivered\\nby due course of law. and where there are no personal effects an action may be\\nbrought in the Common Pleas, on the judgment before the justice, in order to reach\\n.the real estate.\\nFrom the judgment of the justice, on default, on absence or confession of defen-\\ndant, or when the matter in dispute does not exceed three dollars in value, there is\\nno appeal. In other cases, an appeal lies by either party to the Common Pleas to\\nbe holden next after rendition of judgment the appellant giving bond, with surety,\\nto the other party conditioned for the prosecution of his appeal. The justice de-\\ntermining the cause is excluded from sitting upon it in the appellate court.\\nThe judgment of the justice may, also, be revised by the Supreme Court, by\\ncertiorari (but not by writ of error) issued within eighteen months from the rendi-\\ntion. Any justice is authorized, in cases in a Justice s Court, to take the deposition\\nof infirm, sick, or going witnesses, and to issue commission for the examination of\\nwitnesses.\\nThe justices (among whom are to be esteemed the mayor, recorder, and alder-\\nmen of any city, borough, or town corporate, within their respective territorial ju-\\nrisdictions) are chosen by the legislature in joint meeting, for the term of five years,\\nand may be reappointed for such terms, indefinitely, and dismissed upon impeach-\\nment by the assembly, and conviction by the council. Such justices are, by the act\\nof 1794, conservators of the peace, and as such, are charged and empowered to", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "70 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\ncause the laws to be observed, and to apprehend and punish offenders as the laws\\nmay direct. They exercise also many ministerial duties, as notaries in certain cases;\\nand act as substitutes for the coroner, c. c. As the Justices Court is that which\\ndisposes of the major part of the disputes atMong the citizens, we have occupied\\nmore space in relation to it than we shall give to the courts of higher order.\\nThe Court of Quarter Sessions, in eacli county, is composed of the justices of the\\ncounty, or any three of them and is a court of record, having cognisance of all in-\\ndictable offences perpetrated in the county and authority by its precepts to the\\nsheriff, to summon grand and special juries, and to do all necessary things relative\\nthereto, as directed by law sending, however, all indictments found for treason,\\nmurder, manslaughter, sodomy, rape, polygamy, arson, burglary, robbery, forgery,\\nperjury, and subornation of perjury, to be tried in the Supreme Court, or Court of\\nOyer and Terminer. To this court the several justices of the county send their re-\\ncognisances for keeping the peace or good behaviour, and the examination of of-\\nfenders, taken before them and generally return to it the recognisances of witnesses\\nand of bail in criminal cases. It has cognisance of cases of bastardy may grant\\ntavern licenses, the sums payable for which, not less than $10 nor more than $70,\\npertain to the county treasury; may recommend to the governor persons for license\\nas pedlars; may hear appeals from the order of justices, between master and ser-\\nvantj and in pauper cases, and from conviction, by justices, under the acts for sup-\\npressing vice and immorality, c.; and has, generally, the powers of a court of\\nrecord, relative to the subjects of its jurisdiction.\\nThe Common Pleas consist of judges appointed by the legislature, in joint meet-\\ning, who hold their offices for five years. The number in each county is unlimited,\\nand varies from time to time. Any one of the judges may hold the court. They\\nchoose their own president for a year, and receive no salary or compensation, but\\ncertain bench fees, divided among them, rarely amounting to their expenses at the\\ncourt. Their territorial jurisdiction is only coextensive with the county, but they may\\nissue subpoenas for witnesses throughout the State. The court has unlimited ori-\\nginal jurisdiction, at common law, in all personal actions where the freehold does\\nnot come in question, with some restriction as to costs, in cases cognisable before a\\njustice. Its proceedings may be revised on writ of error to the Supreme Court.\\nThe judges of the Court of Common Pleas, in the several counties, or any three of\\nthem, constitute the Orphans Court which is a court of record, and is holden four\\ntimes a year, in the same week with the Courts of Quarter Sessions, and at such other\\ntimes as the judges may deem proper. This court is empowered to determine all\\ncontroversies respecting the existence of wills, the fairness of inventories, the right\\nof administration and guardianship, the allowance of the accounts of executors, ad-\\naninistrators, guardians, or trustees, audited and stated by the surrogate to award\\nprocess to bring before them all persons interested, or witnesses, in any pending\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2cause; or who, as executors, administrators, guardians, trustees, or otherwise, are\\naccountable for any property belonging to an orphan, or person under age. And\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2the ordinary, his register, and surrogates, are required to transmit into this court,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0upon application, copies of all bonds, inventories, accounts, c., relating to estates\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of orphans, c. Where insufficient surety has been taken on granting letters of\\nadministration, or guardianship, this court has power to require administrators or\\nguardians to give furtiier security and upon refusal, or malfeasance in their trust,\\nto dismiss them and substitute others: and where an executrix having minors of her\\nown, or is concerned for other minors, or is like to marry without securing the\\nminors estates; or where an executor, guardian, or other trustee of minors estates\\nis like to prove insolvent, refuses or neglects to account for such estates, to order\\nthat he give security to those for whom he is concerned, by mortgage or bond, in\\nsuch sum as the court may deem proper; conditioned for the performance of their\\nrespective trusts and, where the surety in bond given by an administrator or guar-\\ndian, alleges that such officer is wasting or mismanaging the estate, whereby the\\ncomplainant is liable to damage, the court may compel such officer to render an ac-\\ncount, and if the malfeasance be apparent, may, on pain of dismissal, compel him\\nto give separate security to his surety for the faithful performance of duty and\\nwhere there are two or more acting executors, guardians, or administrators, the court\\nmay, from time to time, on the application of any one of them, and sufficient reason\\nshown, order the executor, c., to account with his coexecutor, c., and compel\\nhim to give separate security to such executor, c., and on refusal, to authorize such, I\\ncoexecutor, \u00c2\u00abSkc., to sue for the assets in the hands of the executors, \u00c2\u00abfcc., refusing.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "JUDICIARY. 71\\nThe court has also authority, to make partition of the lands of an intestate,\\namong his heirs, when any of them are under the age of twenty-one years and also\\nof the lands devised to two or more devisees, under such age, where the bounds of\\neach devisee s share is unascertained and to appoint commissioners for the ad-\\nmeasurement of dower. But where the lands of such intestate or devisor lie in two\\nor more counties, the duty of partition devolves upon the surrogate general. The\\ncourt may order sale of lands for the payment of debts when the personalty is ex-\\nhausted, either upon application of the executor, administrator, or creditor or the sale\\nof lands of orphans, when necessary for their maintenance and education; and direct\\nthe fulfilment of contracts for the conveyance of real estate, made by the testator or\\nintestate, in his life time: and may also compel creditors of the estates of decedents,\\nto render their accounts, within a stated time, under penalty of being barred of their\\nactions. And in case the estate prove insolvent, may direct distribution of pro-\\nceeds among creditors; and where the debts are paid, may divide the balance among\\nthe representatives of decedent.\\nThis court has jurisdiction, also, in the settlement of the accounts of assignees,\\nunder the assignaient of a debtor for the benefit of creditors.\\nBy the 8th article of the constitution the governor is tx officio ordinary, or sur-\\nrogate general. One deputy or surrogate, in each county, is appointed by the legis-\\nlature, for five years, whose power is confined within the same, and whose duty\\nis to take the depositions to wills, (ten days after death of testator) adminis-\\ntrations, inventories, and administration bonds, in cases of intestacy, and issue\\nthereon letters testamentary and of administration; but where doubts arise on\\nthe face of the will, or a caveat be put in against proving it, or disputes hap-\\npen respecting the existence of a will, the fairness of an inventory, or tlie right of\\nadministration, he is to issue citations to all persons concerned, to appear at the\\nnext Orphans Court, of the county, where the cause is determined in a summary\\nway, subject to an appeal to the Prerogative Court, to which all other proceedings\\nof the surrogate may, also, be carried directly by appeal; To record all wills and\\ninventories proven before him, or the Orphans Court, with the proofs all letters of\\nguardianship and letters testamentary by him granted, a copy of which, under his\\nhand and seal, is evidence in any court of the State. He transmits to the register\\nof the Prerogative Court, on the first Mondays of February, May, August, and\\nNovember, annually, all wills and inventories proved by him, and a return of all\\nletters of administration granted during the preceding three months, to be filed in\\nthe register s office. Files all administration and guardianship bonds, and other\\nwritings, required by law, in conducting the business of his office: Gives bond for\\nthe faithful performance of his duties, with sureties in the sum of two thousand\\ndollars: Audits and states the accounts of executors and administrators, exhibited\\nto him, and report the same to the Orphans Court, giving at least two months no-\\ntice of his intention, in at least five of the most public places of the county, as near\\nas may be, to the place of residence of the parties concerned. He is required to\\nkeep up in his office, at all times, in some conspicuous place, a true list of all fees,\\nlawfully demandable by him as surrogate, or as clerk of the Orphans Court; and he\\nis punishable for extortion by fine.\\nThe jurisdiction of the ordinary or surrogate general extends only to the grant-\\ning of probate of wills, letters of administration, letters of guardianship and the\\nhearing and finally determining all disputes that may arise thereon. For the last\\npurpose, he holds, at stated periods, a Prerogative Court, at the times and places\\nfor holding the Court of Chancery, where he hears, and finally determines, all\\ncauses that come before him, either directly or by appeal from any of the surrogates\\nor from the Orphans Court. Of this court the secretary of state is register, and is\\nrequired to record the names of the testators of all wills he may receive, in alpha-\\nbetical order, with the year in which they were proved, and to file such wills in his\\noffice, the wills of each year and county to be put by themselves and in like man-\\nner to record the names of all intestates, and all inventories in manner aforesaid\\nand. transcripts of any will or testament registered by him are receivable in evidence\\nin all courts of the commonwealth.\\nSupreme and Circuit Courts. The first consists of a chief justice and two as-\\nsociates, and holds, annually, at Trenton, four terms, commencing on the last\\nTuesday of February, the second of May, the first of September, and the second\\nof November, by the chief justice or any one of the justices. Issues in this\\ncourt, determinable by jury, are tried in the county where the lands in question", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "72 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nlie, or the cause of action arises; unless upon motion upon behalf of the State,\\nwhen the State is party, or where the amount in dispute is three thousand dol-\\nlars, and either party order the trial at bar, which he may do, receiving only\\nthe costs of a Circuit Court if he do not recover that sum. Transitory actions,\\nat the discretion of the court, are tried in the county in which the cause of action\\narose and trials by foreign juries may be had where the court deem it proper.\\nThe court has original jurisdiction in all cases without regard to amount, but the\\nparty recovering not more than two hundred dollars, exclusive of costs, is not entitled\\nto costs, unless the freehold, inheritance or title to real estate may come in question,\\nor the suit be removed into this court by the defendant. But no suit may be re-\\nmoved from an inferior court by habeas carpus unless the value of the matter in con-\\ntroversy exceed two hundred dollars. It has power to appoint commissioners of bail,\\nand to make rules for justifying such bail; to try treason committed out of the State;\\nto review proceedings of justices in cases of landlords and tenants to authorize\\nthe filing of an information in the nature of a quo warranto; to make partition of\\nland and tenements between jointtenants and tenants in common; to appoint com-\\nmissioners to ascertain county lines; to entertain prosecutions against vessels seized\\nfor engaging in the slave trade; to issue writs of dower, and admeasurement of\\ndower, c.; and writs of error in all cases to the Common Pleas, and to determine\\nthereon, and also to determine causes removed Iiither b} certiorari from the Or-\\nphans Court to appoint viewers of roads in certain cases, and to receive and de-\\ntermine on their report.\\nThe chief justice, or one of his associates, twice in a year, holds a Circuit Court\\nin every county e.xcept in that of Cape May, for the trial of issues which have been\\njoined in, or brought into the Supreme Court, and which may be triable in the county:\\nbut the same judge does not hold the court twice in succession in the same county,\\nunless on special occasions; and the clerks of the Common Pleas, in the several\\ncounties, are clerks of the Circuit Courts, and of the Courts of Oyer and Terminer\\nand General Jail Delivery.\\nThe Court of Oyer and Terminer is holden semi-annually, in each county, except\\nthat of Cape May, where it is holden annually only, by one of the justices of the Su-\\npreme Court, and the judges of the Courts of Common Pleas, or any three of them.\\nIt has cognisance of all crimes and offences within the county; and authority to de-\\nliver the jails of the prisoners therein. Its process runs into all the counties of the\\nState, and it may direct that indictments found in it for offences indictable in the\\nQuarter Sessions be sent to the sessions for trial.\\nThe Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in criminal cases, and appellate ju-\\nrisdiction from the Court of Oyer and Terminer, c.\\nThe governor is, by the constitution, chancellor of the State, and holds at Tren-\\nton, annually, four stated terms on the third Tuesday of January, the first in April,\\nthe second in July, and the second in October, and such stated terms as he may from\\ntime to time appoint. If the court be not opened at any of the said terms, the pro-\\ncess returnable, and the suits pending tlierein, are continued, of course, until th^\\ncourt shall sit. This court is considered as always open for the granting of injunc-\\ntions, writs of ne exeat to prevent the departure of defendants from the State, and\\nother writs and process in vacation. The chancellor may call to his assistance the\\nchief justice or other justice of the Supreme Court, or one or more masters of chan-\\ncery, to advise with on the hearing of a cause, argument, or motion; or he may send\\nany matter of law to the Supreme Court for its opinion or if a matter of fact ren-\\nder the intervention of a jury necessary, he may send an issue for trial to such court.\\nThe masters in chancery are appointed by the chancellor, and the clerk of the court\\nformerly named by him, is now, by virtue of the act of 14th February, 1831, ap-\\npointed by the legislature in joint meeting, and continues in office five years.\\nIn addition to the subjects of jurisdiction abovementioned, we may add here, that\\nof foreclosure of mortgages as a prominent one. But the jurisdiction of this court\\nis extensive and complex, embracing those many subjects on which the law cannot\\njustly operate, by reason of its generality, and is not defined by the statutory law.\\nA knowledge of it can be obtained, therefore, only from the thousand volumes of\\nEnglish and American law, and it must remain a mystery to all but the erudite\\nstudent.\\nTo tlie Supreme and Chancery Courts a reporter is attached, whose duty is, to re-\\nport and publish their decisions.\\nThe governor and council, seven of whom make a quorum, constitute the court of\\nappeals in the last resort, in causes of law or equity removed from the Supreme i", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "JUDICIARY. 73\\nCourt, or from Chancery, after final judgment; and possess the power of granting\\npardons to criminals after condemnation, in all cases of offence. This court holds\\nannually at Trenton, two terms one commencing on the third Tuesday in May, and\\nthe other on the first Tuesday of November but, if the legislature be elsewhere in\\nsession at either of the said terms, the court i.s holden where the legislature may be;\\nand the governor, with the advice of the council, or three of them, may hold ano-\\nther term, at Trenton, annually. The secretary of state is the elerk of the court.\\nThe members of council, sitting as judges, receive the same pay and mileage, as\\nwhen sitting in council and the clerk, as when acting as clerk of council. If a suf-\\nficient number of members do not attend the court, on the first day of term, it may\\nadjourn from day to day, or until the next term, and all proceedings therein are con-\\ntinued, of course.\\nCompensation of Officers. The compensation of the chancellor, judges of the\\nCommon Pleas, Orphans Courts, tt uarter Sessions, and justices, and of the clerks,\\nsheriffs, coroners and constables, engaged therein, secretary of state, attorney gene-\\nral and deputies, is by fees, respectively, allotted to them by law.\\nThe chief, and other justices of the Supreme Court, are allowed a per diem com-\\npensation for attending the Circuit Courts, in addition to their annual salaries, and\\ncertain fees on law proceedings, and an allowance for travelling expenses, which may\\nincrease their compensation on the whole to !|1,300 or $1,400 per annum. The\\nstatutes regulating fees are perpetual but those which fix salaries are annual and\\nthus the chief officers of State are kept dependent upon the legislature. The act of\\n2d Nov. 1832, allotted for the then next succeeding year, to the governor, at the\\nrate of $2,000; chief justice, $1,200; associate justice of Supreme Court, $1,100;\\ntreasurer, $1,000; law reporter and chancery reporter, each $200; attorney gene-\\nral, $80; quartermaster general, $100; adjutant general, $100. All of which are\\npayable, on warrants signed by the governor or vice president. The salary ceases\\non the removal of the officer by death or otherwise.\\nThe same act, allotted to the vice president of council and speaker of assembly,\\n$3 50; and to every member of council and assembly, $3 per day; and $3 for\\nevery twenty miles of travel to and from the seat of government; to the secretary\\nof council and clerk of assembly, each $3 50 per diem and eight cents per sheet\\nof 100 words, for recording minutes, and the like for copy for the printer, and per\\nsheet to engrossing clerk. To the sergeant at arms and door keepers, $2 per day.\\nIV. Having, as fully as our limits will permit, pourtrayed the physical and poli-\\ntical condition of the State, it remains, to complete our view, that we trace an out-\\nline of the provisions which exist for religious, moral, and intellectual improvement.\\nThe principal religious associations are the Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Dutch\\nReformed, Quaker, and Catholic. Beside these, there are several other Christian\\ndenominations, such as Universalists, Chris-ti-ans, c. c., but the number of mem-\\nbers pertaining to them, are inconsiderable. We have sought to give the condition\\nof each from their records, and where such documents were not accessible, from\\nother authentic sources.\\nThe Synod of the Presbyterian Church of New Jersey, comprises the Presbyteries\\nof Newark, Elizabethtown, New Brunswick, Newton, and Susquehanna. But we\\ndo not note the latter. The reader will observe, that in the following table, P. at\\ntached to a minister s name, denotes that he is pastor of some church, and P. at\\ntached to a church, that it has a pastor. W. C. stands for, loithout charge; S. S\\nfor stated supply; O. S. for occasional supply; V. for vacant; Presh. for Presby\\ntery Prest. for president of some college Prof, for professor in some college or\\ntheological seminary Miss, for missionary Chap, for chaplain to the navy or some\\npublic station; Ch. for church; Cong, for congregational. The expense of each\\nchurch will not exceed .$600.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "S fi\\nCO d\\nd o\\np-ioi\\n74\\na 3\\n.B-B p\\n0! O C\\n.iz;\\na o\\n\u00c2\u00bb|1 bog\\nO M^\\n05 5 (U i; (d\\nm JO pun j\\nCO\\nCO\\npgsTBJ spun^\\nuoi^Bonpa\\ni o o\\nCJOCO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sja\\nc^ooco\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lO i-i\\nS^\\non\\nCO\\n.-1 t^(N\\nt^\\n-UOTSSIUIU103\\nSiCir-i\\nLOCO\\nCO\\nTt\\nCO\\nJ OOJr-(\\nOJ\\nT-H\\njoj spun j\\nm\\npasiTij spun J\\nXlTJUOISSIJ^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SUISI t\\n-dBg JO iB^oj,\\n05 CO CO\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\n00 00\\ncQco\\nCO\\nC5 CO CO\\nT-H 00 t\u00c2\u00bb\\nCOrHIM\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s;uBoiunui\\n-raoojof BiGX\\n05 CO\\nCO Ttl\\nl^\\nCD l rt\\nCO rH\\nt Tf 00\\nl-H CO t^\\nTf r-l\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2oyi^jtao uo\\npappB -uioQ\\nt^ TJI\\nt-\\n00 i\\nr-l\\nl J CO CO\\ni-HC^CO\\n(NOJ\\nEuiuiBxa uo\\npappB 0103\\n2\\n3^2\\nlOCO\\nl-H 1\\n(71 C^\\nCO CO\\n00\\nm\\ng\\n^tu\\nAh 02\\nOJ\\nPi rTC\\na;^L\\n-^1\\nc^\\n13 sO\\ng\\nfe-a r.\\n-SO-\\ntH d\\n(P 4,1\\n0,5m\\nPhCC\\nM O\\nCLiPh 0-,M\\ns 5;o\\ni go\\nS\\n!0\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^F^\\nou\\n2|\\n.2\\no\\n02\\n02\\n-2,\\n02\\nC CO rH 0{ Z\\n02\\nPh h\\n.02\\nlz;a2pq!il\\nP- SPh\\nOh\\n02\\nS o.Sffi\\n5 M g .5\\n5 5 K s\\nrt (D =5 i\\n.0\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21 f^ 2~ Ph\\niO a o S\\n02 .1\\n02^^ i\\nPi\\n2?\u00e2\u0080\u009epi\\nOh\\n02|:q\\nIII\\nfCW", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "75\\n^:SfaK\\n-C\\n;\u00c2\u00a7w;\\ni-( TO\\nl-\u00c2\u00bb\\n12;\\na\\n2\\nc\\n-a\\nFi\\n\u00c2\u00ab43\\n-a\\na\\ntrt\\n0)\\nO\\nPh\\n\u00c2\u00a7S\\n^2\\n9\\nS52\\n1?;\\n0^02\\n.2\\n15\\na\\nH\\no\\na\\nO\\n01\\nsT\\nSo\\na\\no\\nMp-i JH\\nS^OlCOOOlOlO\\n(^JOCOlOOlOCvJO!\\nCO\\nI-H M O\\nCi in\\nCO tH rH\\nCO\\nCO\\nr in\\n8\\n7\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCD\\no\\n1-H\\noo\\noo\\nlO o\\nO O CO O O CC lO o\\nO O O O LO O Ol o\\ninocj(rjcocoo}Ci\\nr-l CO\\no\\no\\nOOl\\n1\\nin\\nID\\nOi\\nO lO\\n1-H O\\nW O lO O O O lO lO\\n(?jooinoin(M M\\nlOi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ic^c^Tti-ico\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nCO\\n--H MO\\nCi in\\nCO r^ r^\\nCO\\no in\\nini^\\noco\\no\\no\\no\\nO O lO CO\\nO O rt rH\\nO (NCDO\\nin 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\nl-H\\nO O\\nO O\\nO 1\\nin\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\n00\\nCO\\nrH\\nrH\\nS\\nM\\n^s; S2^?8\\nS5\\nl-H CO O rH\\nC^ COrH\\nCO\\n00 00\\nCOT^\\nt^\\nC*CC OlO-^iOO\u00c2\u00a3^iOC01\\n0)l .t-l a0OO(MOG3l0\\ni-t in I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 t-i i-( 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 1-1 c j oi\\nCO Ci GO Oi Tt r^\\nin\\nCO\\nO C5\\n^2\\nCO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00ab3\\n1\\nWtj.\\nojo eoeocio\\ni-H\\nCO\\nrH-^(M(?J\\nCO\\nOrH\\nc\u00c2\u00ab\\no\\n^?8\\nT-H CO T-H\\nCO (ji i-H T5 CO\\n1 CO i-H\\ncoin\\nIP\\nW O\\nfe XI\\na 5\\nO O)\\nPh\\nPh\\nSO\\no^\\ns-SO\\napH\\nt. i^ 3 m\\n01 Ph 5 tc\\nES\\ng^pH^I\\n2 o S i:\\nIrH i Oj o\\n2 o\\n1^\\na\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00a7o\\nPh\\nS\\ni 5 r;b\\nCPh\\nQ\\no o\\ng\\nP^.J\\nPh\\nc =2 c\\n=5 c .^-a oi\\nP5\\n;r 5 o rih3\\no) t;- jj oj\\nm fl C\\nfa/1 3 ei S\\n^Wir-; ^Q\\no-t; o s rt\\nS 3 S 2 S\\nt3\\nO\\np:^\\nfi^\\nai\\no ts 2", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "76\\n-.(fjqujassy\\noq; JO pun^\\n^uaSui^uoQ\\npasTTJi spun J\\nuoijBonpg\\nsia\\n-UOISSIUIUIOQ\\njoj spunj\\npasiBJ spunj\\njfjBUOTSSTI\\\\[\\nO j-\\nt C\\nH^ C\\nll^ o-Z\\ngton,\\ntown,\\nn, N.\\ntown\\nton, N\\nelphia\\nncevil\\nsbury,\\nton, N\\nOT3 S\\ng bo (U W\\nl^^^^l\\ncSkhS\\nOnPHi-JaipH\\nlO lO lO Oi t\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2suisii\\n-dBajopiox\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s;ui30iunui\\nmoojoi^iox\\nCO (M in 1-1 CO\\nO i t^ CO uo\\nT CMi-l\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ogpjao uo\\npappu uio^\\nBUiuiBxa uo\\npapp B \u00e2\u0096\u00a01U03\\nOh a J-\\nti O I o t*\\nOgQ i3r\\ni^\u00c2\u00b1i.\\nS 2^^\\n2 tip a 2.\\ncq c _: o .aJ\\n.02\\na) a 3\\nJ- a J3\\nO\\nCQ M\\nh4\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^^-P-i oi\\n:0 O\\n-rr-\u00c2\u00ab2\\n2 fU kJ Pi\\nbo S^ bct\\n2 03 CO .2\\nto.\\nI ^ma.\\nS ^11\\nmm Q 5 S\\n(D C g\\noj ns 0) c\\n-^UPh\\n;ph\\nbD\\nT3 3 .2\\nb ts\\n03 _iH Q\\nS t^ ,m tf\\n0-5\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00a7^giw\\nc 5 S c\\nr\u00e2\u0080\u009eCO\\n2 s\\n03 S-C\\nRJ O\\n__ O N r\\nCBHPS -sMk", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "77\\n.5r\\niz-a\\nury, N\\ntown,\\nN. J.\\nN.J.\\nN.J.\\nton, N\\nille, N\\nridge,\\njoroug\\nBloomsb\\nRackets\\nRingoes\\nNewton\\nAsbury,\\nFleming\\nCentrev\\nBasking\\nJohnson\\nz\\nM m\\n6^\\nu rr\\nTl \u00c2\u00a9J CO O 00 C5\\nr-i i-i M CO\\nfOG5GQMC*C (Ci\u00c2\u00abD CDOOIOlca3 3 00\\nCOi .C5i-ICO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (QOOrHOOCOOJCOOt^COlO\\nI-l CO l-H 1-1 W I-l I-l 1-1 Tt T\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 Ol T-l\\nPh i^Ah\\n.^-n\\np^\\nJ5 ^-:h m p s\\nCQ o\\n5 S cd S E u 2iJ S C rt cd =2 a o o -!i\\nr- bS a O (D\\no fe I\\ncj O\\n^m\\nr oiniP-\\nd^p-.\\n;ph\\nca-5 _\\nS o\\n2 c\\nBi OcS OrtO OJO\\nS* -s i-j i-i -S\\ni\\nI i\\no\\nOS ti\\n;i S u o\\ns\\n11\\nw\\nrt p\\no -I", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "78\\nGENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nThe Baptists in New Jersey liave sixty-one churches, whose location and condition,\\nin some measure, appears from the following table. Their general affairs are directed\\nby a state convention, which assembles, annually, on the first Wednesday of Novem-\\nber, at such place as may be fixed at the prior meeting. It maintains six missiona-\\nries, and its funds, in 1832, amounted to $1143 74. The cost of maintaining each\\nchurch, including the funds raised for all kinds of ecclesiastical purposes, is esti-\\nmated at $300, making in the whole, $18,300.\\nSTATISTICAL TABLES OF ASSOCIATIONS AND CHURCHES.\\nNEW JERSEY ASSOCIATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There is a healthful action in this body. Sabbath schools, tracts,\\ntemperance and missionary operations, are encouraged to a very laudible extent by the churches; and in\\nmany of them seasons of refreshing have been enjoyed during the year past. Tliere is an efiicient body of\\nministers belonging to the association, most of them in the prime of manhood.\\nCHURCHES.\\nCohansey,\\nCape May,\\nSalem,\\nDividing Creek,\\nTuckahoe,\\nPemberton,\\nPittsgrove,\\nUpper Freehold,\\nManahawkin,\\nJacobstown,\\nWest Creek,\\nBurlington,\\nMount Holly,\\nEvesham,\\nTrenton and Lam-\\nberton,\\nWilliamsburg,\\nPort Elizabeth,\\nHaddonfield,\\nCanton,\\nBordentown,\\nWoodstown,\\n2d Cohansey,\\nAllowaystown,\\n2d Cape May,\\nChurches 24.\\nIVIINISTERS.\\nH. Smalley, W. Sheppard,\\nSamuel Smith,\\nCharles J. Hopkins,\\nThomas Brooks,\\nWilliam Clark,\\nClarence W. Mulford,\\nWilliam Bacon,\\nJames M. Challiss,\\nC.C.Park,\\nEzekiel Sexton,\\nG.Allen, P. Powell, J. Boozer.\\nJ. Sheppard, J. Maylin,\\nJ. E. Welsh, E. W. Dickerson,\\nMorgan J. Rhees,\\nJohn Sisty, S. Hervey,\\nE. M. Barker; J. P. Thompson,\\nJ. C. Harrison,\\nAmbrose Garrett,\\nMinisters 24.\\nPOST OFFICES.\\nRoadstown,\\nCape May,\\nSalem,\\nDividing Creek\\nTuckahoe,\\nPemberton,\\nPittsgrove,\\nImlaytown,\\nManahawkin,\\nNew Egypt,\\nBurlington,\\nMount Holly,\\nEvesham,\\nTrenton,\\nPrinceton,\\nMillville,\\nHaddonfield,\\nCanton,\\nBordentown,\\nBridgetown,\\nAllowaystown,\\nCape May,\\nBap.\\nTotal\\nConsti.\\n55\\n188\\n1900\\n7\\n80\\n1712\\n5\\n141\\n1755\\n5\\n55\\n20\\n1762\\n28\\n170\\n1764\\n4\\n34\\n1771\\n16\\n196\\n1766\\n5\\n25\\n1770\\nG\\n62\\n1785\\n4\\n33\\n1792\\n1\\n77\\n1801\\n7\\n92\\n1801\\n12\\n58\\n1803\\n20\\n159\\n1805\\n2\\n38\\n1805\\n2\\n]1\\n1805\\n2\\n54\\n1818\\n12\\n64\\n1811\\n36\\n1821\\n11\\n43\\n1821\\n5\\n74\\n3\\n50\\n1830\\n42\\n1828\\n213\\n1802\\nNEW YORK ASSOCIATION.\\nCHURCHES.\\nMINISTERS.\\nCLERKS.\\nPOST OFFICES.\\nBapt.\\nTotal\\nConsti.\\nMiddletown,\\n_\\nMiddletown,\\n14\\n132\\n1688\\nPiscataway,\\nNew Brunswick,\\n18\\n129\\n1689\\nScotch Plains,\\nJohn Rogers,\\nE. Frost,\\nScotch Plains,\\n18\\n126\\n1747\\nMorristown,\\nP. C. Broome,\\nMorristown,\\n1\\n39\\n1752\\nMount Bethel,\\nM. R. Cox,\\n22\\n83\\n1767\\nLyon s Farms,\\nP. Sparks,\\nJ. Wilcox,\\n14\\n58\\n1769\\nNorthfield,\\nA. Elliott,\\n2\\n72\\n1785\\nSamptown,\\nL. Lathrop,\\n30\\n133\\n1792\\nNewark,\\nDaniel Dodge,\\nNewark,\\n8\\n120\\n1801\\nRandolph,\\nM. Quin, sup.\\n20\\n1802\\nNew Brunswick,\\nG. S. Webb,\\nP. P. Runyon,\\nNew Brunswick,\\n29\\nni\\n1816\\nPerth Amboy,\\nJacob Sloper,\\n1\\n3b\\n1818\\nPlainfield,\\nD. T. Hill,\\nD. Dunn,\\nPlainfield,\\n24\\n113\\n1818\\nPaterson,\\nD.D.Lewis,\\nPaterson,\\n1\\n48\\n1825\\nChurches 15.\\nMinisters 14.\\nTotals\\n190\\n1319", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "79\\nWARWICK ASSOCIATION.\\nCHURCHES.\\nMINISTERS.\\nCLERKS.\\nPOST OFFICES.\\nBap.\\nTotal\\nConsti.\\n1st Wantage,\\nTim. Jackson,\\nH. Martin,\\nDeckertown,\\n24.5\\n1756\\n2d Wantage,\\nA. Harding,\\nIsrael Dillison,\\n39\\n1797\\nNewfoundland,\\nI. Dean,\\nNewfoundland,\\n1\\n27\\nHardiston,\\nHenry Bail,\\nT. Beardslcy,\\n4\\nG3\\n1st Newton,\\nT. Teasdale,\\nJ. B. Maxwell,\\nNewton,\\n23\\n50\\nHamburg,\\nJohn Teasdale,\\nI. H. Wood,\\nHamburg,\\n11\\n88\\nChurches 6.\\nMinisters 4.\\nTotals\\n39\\n512\\nCENTRAL ASSOCIATION.\\nCHURCHES.\\nMINISTERS.\\nPOST OFFICES.\\nBap.\\nTotal\\nConsti.\\n1st Hopewell,\\nJohn Boggs,\\nHopewell,\\n7\\n172\\n1715\\nHightstown,\\nJohn Seger,\\nHightstown,\\n5\\n220\\n1745\\nAmwell,\\nC. Bartolett, Thos. Burrass,\\nWm. Pollard, E. Burrass,\\n23\\n1G4\\n1798\\n2d Hopewell,\\nC. Suydam,\\n1\\n48\\n1803\\nSquan,\\nManasquam,\\n40\\nNottingham Square,\\nTrenton,\\n115\\nSandy Ridge,\\nJoseph Wright,\\n7\\n79\\nLambertsville,\\nD.B. Stout,\\nLambertsville,\\n4\\n27\\nOxford,\\n18\\n30\\n1831\\nWashington,\\nJ. C. Goble,\\nSouth River,\\n27\\n129\\nChurches 10.\\nMinisters\\n10.\\nTotals\\n92 ll024\\nHUDSON RIVER ASSOCIATION.\\n2d Newark,\\nP. L. Piatt,\\nNewark,\\n15\\n33\\n1831\\nPHILADELPHIA ASSOCIATION.\\nKingwood,\\nWm. Curtis, j3. WiUia.mson,\\\\Kingwood,\\nJV. R. Robinson, I\\n198\\n1742\\nCENTRAL UNION ASSOCIATION.\\nCamden,\\nA. Smith, C. Sexton, Camden\\n33 1818\\nUNASSOCIATED CHURCHES.\\nSchooly s Mountain,\\nHackensack,\\nMichael Quin,\\nHenry Tonkin,\\nSchooly s Mountain.\\nHackensack,\\n1832\\n1832\\nSUMMARY VIEW.\\nASSOCIATIONS.\\nr/i\\n24\\n10\\n15\\nG\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n3\\nGl\\n6\\n9\\n3\\n3\\n1\\n1\\n17\\nO\\n21\\n9\\n13\\n4\\n1\\n1\\n2\\n2\\n53\\n3\\n1\\n1\\n2\\n7\\nffl\\na\\no\\nc\\no\\nO\\nMEETINGS IN 1833.\\nNew Jersey,\\nCentral,\\nJfew York,\\nWarwick,\\nHudson Hiver,\\nPhiladelphia,\\nCentral Union,\\nUnassociated chs.\\n213\\n92\\n190\\n39\\n15\\n7\\n4\\n560\\n1802\\n1024\\n1319\\n512\\n33\\n198\\n33\\nGO\\n1811\\n1791\\n1791\\n1815\\n1707\\n1832\\nUpper Freehold, Sept. 24.\\nWashington, Oct. 16.\\n1st. Ch. N. Y. city. May 28.\\nOrange, N. Y. June 11.\\nOliver Street Church, June 19.\\nSpruce Street Church, Oct. 1.\\nSecond Street Church, May 28.\\nTotals\\n3981", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "80\\nGENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nThe clergymen report, that during the years 1831 and 1832, 1000 persons have\\nbeen baptized in the State, and that a spirit of enlightened liberality is diffusing\\nitself among the ciiurches.\\nIn addition to what is done for the objects of the convention, from two to three\\nhundred dollars are annually raised for foreign missions.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church, in New Jersey, is divided into three districts,\\neach under the charge of a presiding elder, always a minister, appointed by the\\nbishop, and changed at least once in four years. Each district is divided into cir-\\ncuits and stations thus, the district of West Jersey, comprehending Burlington\\ncounty, and the country south thereof, contains eight circuits and three stations, and\\nsupernumeraries included, twenty-three ministers the district of East Jersey, in-\\ncluding the country as far north as Flemington and Belleville, four circuits and ten\\nstations, and twenty-three ministers and Asbury district, comprehending the re-\\nmainder of the State, eight circuits, three stations, and eighteen ministers.\\nCircuits are formed of territories of greater or less dimensions, including several\\nchurches, under the charge of one pastor, aided, commonly, by one or more assistants,\\nwho serve the churches in rotation. Stations consist, generally, of one church, but\\noccasionally, of more, confided to the care of one pastor, who, sometimes, where\\nthere are more churches than one, has an assistant. The circuits and stations de-\\npend, in their government, upon the annual conference of Philadelphia, and upon\\nthe quarterly conferences held in them respectively. Disputes among the members\\nof any church, may be considered, in the first instance, by a committee of their\\nchurch, from whose decision an appeal lies to the quarterly conference, composed of\\nthe pastor, local preachers, exhorters, stewards, and class leaders, at whose head is\\nthe presiding elder of the district; and its determination is conclusive, unless one of\\nthe parties be a minister in such case, he may appeal to the annual conference and\\nif he be a travelling minister, from the annual, to the general, conference.\\nThe whole number of clergymen of this denomination, in the State, is sixty-four;\\nthe cost of whose maintenance, including donations of every character, together\\nwith the expenses of maintaining the churches, is estimated at about $412 each, per\\nannum which, distributed among the whole number of members, (15,467,) gives an\\naverage charge of $1 77, annually, upon each member. And the annual cost of\\nestablishing and repairing churches, is stated at twenty-five cents, each member;\\nso that the whole average annual charge, for religious instruction, upon each mem-\\nber of the Methodist Church, may be set down at about two dollars.\\nThe following table shows the circuits and stations of the several districts, with\\nthe number of communicants and clergymen, in each, for the year 1832.\\nWEST JEKSEY\\nDISTRICT.\\nEAST JERSEY\\nDISTRICT.\\nASBURY DISTRICT\\nMem s.\\nMin s.\\nMem s.\\nMin s.\\nMem s.\\nMin\\nBurlington,\\n424\\n2\\nNew Brunswick and\\n1 268\\nQ\\nKingswood,\\n170\\n1\\nPemberton,\\n878\\n4\\nSomerville,\\nAsbury,\\n698\\n2\\nTuclceitoii,\\n848\\n2\\nFreehold,\\n678\\n4\\nBelvidere and Warrent. 167\\n4\\nBaigaintovvn,\\n989\\n2\\nTrenlon,\\n360\\n1\\nNewton and Hamb\\nurg, 937\\n4\\nCumberland,\\n894\\n2\\nCrosswicks,\\n539\\n2\\nMiltbrd,\\n50\\nBridgeton,\\n3.57\\n1\\nPennington,\\n1,56\\n1\\nHaverstraw,\\n210\\n1\\nGloucester,\\n955\\n2\\nPiainfield,\\n32\\n1\\nPaterson,\\n420\\n1\\nSalem,\\n1160\\n5\\nRahway,\\n1.52\\n1\\nEssex,\\n445\\n2\\nCamden,\\n713\\n2\\nElizabethtown,\\n1.36\\n1\\nMorristown,\\n178\\n1\\nPre.siding Elder,\\n1\\nVVoodbridge,\\n75\\n1\\nNew Providence,\\n150\\n1\\nBloomfield and Orange, 4.50\\n2\\n7218\\n23\\nBelleville,\\nItiO\\n1\\n4425\\n18\\nNewark,\\n779\\n2\\n3924\\n23\\nSomerset Mission,\\n106\\n4\\n7218\\n23\\nBergen Neck, do.\\n33\\n1\\nPresiding Elder,\\n3924\\n1\\n23\\n15,567\\n64\\nThe condition of the Episcopalian Church is drawn from the report of the gen\u00c2\u00abi\u00c2\u00bb\\nral convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the United States .of Ame-\\nrica, held in the city of New York, October 1832, and from the report of the 50th\\nannual convention of the church in the diocese of New Jersey, held at Camden in\\nMay 1833. From these it appears that during the year, ending October 1832, there\\nwere three persons admitted to the order of the priesthood, and one to that of dea-\\ncon: That there have been eleven institutions within the last three years; that\\neight clergymen have been received in the diocese, and there were therein eighteen\\nresident, all presbyters: That the number of Episcopal families is 340; of commu-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.\\n81\\nnicants, 900; baptisms reported, 517; persons confirmed,168 candidates for the\\nministry, 2 and congregations, 33; located and supplied, as mentioned in the fol-\\nlowing list.\\nNAME.\\nPLACE.\\nINCUMBENTS.\\nChrist,\\nNew Brunswick,\\nJ. Croes.\\nSt. Matthew s,\\nJersey City,\\nE. D. Barry, D. D.\\nSt. Paul s,\\nPaterson,\\nR. Williston, Minister.\\nTrinity,\\nNewark,\\nM. H. Henderson.\\nChrist Chapel,\\nBelleville,\\n(Vacant.)\\nSt. John s,\\nElizabeth town.\\nB. G. Noble.\\nSt. Mark s,\\nOrange,\\nB. Holmes.\\nSt. Peter s,\\nMorristown,\\nH. R. Peters.\\nChrist,\\nNewton,\\nC. Dunn.\\nSt. Luke s,\\nHope,\\nP. L. Jaques, dea. M y.\\nSt. James s,\\nKnowlton,\\nP. L. Jaques, dea. M s.\\nSt John s,\\nJohnsonsburgh,\\nP. L. Jaques, dea. M y.\\nSt. Peter s,\\nSpotswood,\\nJ. M. Ward.\\nSt. Peter s,\\nFreehold,\\nJ. M. Ward, Minister.\\nChrist,\\nShrewsbury,\\nH. Finch.\\nChrist,\\nMiddletown,\\nH. Finch.\\nSt. Peter s,\\nPerth Amboy,\\nJ. Chapman.\\nSt. James s,\\nPiscataway,\\nW. Douglass, Minister.\\nTrinity,\\nWoodbridge,\\nW. Douglass, Missionary.\\nSt. Thomas s,\\nAlexandria,\\nW. Douglass, Missionary.\\nSt. Michael s,\\nTrenton,\\nF. Beasley, D. D.\\nTrinity,\\nPrinceton,\\n(Just organized.)\\nSt. Mary s,\\nBurlington,\\nC. H. Wharton, D. D.\\nSt. Andrew s,\\nMount Holly,\\nG. Y. Morehouse.\\nSt. Mary s,\\nColestown,\\n(Vacant.)\\nSt. Paul s,\\nCamden,\\n(Vacant.)\\nSt. Peter s,\\nBerkeley,\\n(Vacant.)\\nTrinity,\\nSwedesborough,\\nN. Nash, Rector Elect,\\nSt. Thomas s,\\nGlassborough,\\n(Vacant.)\\nSt. John s,\\nChew s Landing,\\n(Vacant.)\\nSt. Stephen s,\\nMullica Hill,\\n(Vacant.)\\nSt. John s,\\nSalem,\\nH. M. Mason.\\nSt. George s,\\nPenn s Neck,\\nH. M. Mason.\\nIt also appears, that the Sunday schools flourish, and are gradually connecting\\nthemselves with the diocesan Sunday school society that the missionary fund\\namounts to $4,500, which contributes to aid, most materially, in reviving and sup-\\nporting old and decayed, as well as new congregations; the episcopal fund, to\\n^2,049.33 that the fund for the relief of widows and children of deceased clergy-\\nmen, has of late years rapidly increased, and now amounts to almost $15,000; and\\nthat the Episcopal Society for the promotion of Christian Knowledge and Piety pur-\\nsues the even and noiseless tenor of its way, doing good by the distribution of Bi-\\nbles, prayer books, tracts, and aiding the missionary fund, and candidates for orders.\\nIts permanent fund exceeds $1,.500. Six hundred dollars per annum is estimated as\\nthe annual expense of each church.\\nThe want of full parochial reports renders it impracticable to give an accurate\\nstatement of the actual condition of the respective churches.\\nThe Reformed Dutch Church of New Jersey consists of three classes, attached\\nto the particular synod of New York, the condition of which is apparent from the\\nannexed tables. We are unable to furnish a detailed account of the cost to the\\nmembers of maintaining this church, but we are instructed, from good authority,\\nthat $650 will amply cover all the expenses of each church. There are 36 churches,\\nand consequently the whole charge, about $23,400, annually, including theological\\nand missionary contributions.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "82\\nGENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nCLASSIS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.\\nCHURCHES.\\nPASTORS.\\nCensus.\\nCo 111 in un\\ncants\\nBapt.|\\n3\\nO 7)\\nCD\\nU\\ns\\n3\\na\\no\\nO\\n^1\\na\\nt\u00c2\u00ab fcC\\no a\\nB\\no\\n4\\na,\\nH\\na 10\\nC cd\\nO\\n\u00c2\u00a33\\nRc d.\\na\\n1\\nQ\\n5\\n-3\\nV\\n-o\\nc\\n0)\\na.\\n05\\n-d\\nQ\\n2\\n3\\nE\\nS\\no\\no\\na\\no\\nS\\nc\\n25\\na\\n-a\\n3\\n6\\na\\nu\\na)\\nc\\nO\\n20\\ns\\ni\\nJ\\na\\nO\\n24\\nNew Brunswick,\\nSamuel B. Howe,\\n345\\nSix Mile Run,\\nVacant,\\nHillsborough,\\nJ. L. Zabriskie,\\n130\\n279\\n8\\n14\\n9\\n8\\n284\\n26\\n4\\nRaritan,\\nA. Messier,\\n310\\n1700\\n7\\n12\\n8\\n11\\n355\\n16\\nBedininster,\\nIsaac M. Fisher,\\nNorth Branch,\\nA. D. Wilson,\\nRockaway,\\nJacob I. Shultz,\\n78\\n508\\n101\\n9\\n1\\n1\\n108\\n17\\n2\\nLebanon,\\nDo.\\n110\\n600\\n100\\n1\\n3\\n3\\n1\\n100\\n!2\\n1\\nSpotswood,\\nHenry L. Rice,\\n208\\nIIGO\\n15\\n1\\n115\\n21\\n5\\nFreehold,\\nS. A. Van Vranken,\\nMiddietown,\\nJ. T. Beekman,\\n110\\n600\\n125\\n17\\n142\\n8\\n12\\nMinisink,\\nC. C. Eltinge,\\n90\\n2\\n2\\n2\\n190\\n11\\n25\\nMahakkainak,\\nDo.\\n1\\n29\\n2\\n3\\n130\\n4\\n5\\nWalpack,\\nVacant,\\nf\\nCLASSIS OF BERGEN.\\nBergen,\\nHackensack,\\nE. Neighbourhood,\\nBelviUe,\\nFairfield,\\nPonipton Plains,\\nPompton,\\nMontville,\\nPonds,\\nPreakness,\\nWyckotF,\\nBergen Neck,\\nJersey City,\\nScliraalenberg,\\nStonehouse Plains,\\nB. C. Taylor,\\nJ. V. C. Romeyn,\\nPhilip Duryea,\\nGustavus Abeei,\\nHenry A. Raymond,\\nJames R. Talmage,\\nIsaac S. Demund,\\nFrederic F. Cornel),\\nZ. H. Kuypers,\\nDo.\\nDo.\\nIra C. Boice,\\nVacant,\\nVacant,\\nVacant,\\n185\\n1050\\n195\\n2\\n12\\n1\\n10\\n198\\n24\\na\\n90\\n98\\n100\\n12\\n16\\n1\\n1\\n8\\n71\\n32\\n120\\n118\\n9\\n21\\n1\\n2\\n145\\n30\\n170\\n1000\\n133\\n2\\n1\\n2\\n132\\n18\\n170\\n1060\\n108\\n6\\n114\\n25\\n130\\n100\\n2\\n11\\n1\\n1\\n111\\n8\\n1\\n100\\n500\\n50\\n3\\n17\\n1\\n70\\n10\\n1\\n65\\n353\\n46\\n16\\n1\\n65\\n19\\n55\\n251\\n48\\n53\\n10\\n78\\n457\\n62\\n67\\n15\\n64\\n384\\n35\\n1\\n5\\n2\\n39\\n7\\n56\\n254\\n63\\n2\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n61\\n9\\n166\\n157\\nMinister without charge Rev. John Duryea.\\nN. B. The Report from the Church at English Neighbourhood is for four years.\\nCLASSIS OF PARAMUS.\\nTappan,\\nN. Lansing,\\n161\\n617\\n150\\n1\\n13\\n4\\n5\\n155\\n34\\n3\\nClarkstown,\\nAlex. H. Warner,\\n159\\n714\\n3\\n3\\n5\\n160\\n11\\nSaddle river and\\nStephen Goetchius,\\n147\\n611\\n248\\n1\\n5\\n3\\n2\\n3\\n250\\n16\\nPasgack 5\\nDo.\\n72\\n225\\n51\\n.51\\n8\\nParamus lstRef\\nD. C. ofTotowa, 5\\nW. Eltinge,\\n170\\n1065\\n286\\n10\\n3\\n2\\n291\\n25\\nDo.\\n130\\n765\\n112\\n9\\n121\\n23\\n2\\nWarwick,\\nJ. I. Christie,\\n2\\n5\\n7\\n1\\n3\\n1\\n2dRef. D.C.Totowa,\\nIsaac D. Cole,\\n100\\n4.50\\n11\\n5\\n4\\n90\\n23\\nAquackinunck,\\nWm. R, Bogardus,\\n200\\n1068\\n119\\n3\\n42\\n2\\n160\\n29\\n2\\nWestNew-Hamp-\\nJ. Wynkoop,\\nstead Ramapo,\\nDo.\\nThe Quakers, or Society of Friends, as is well known, have been divided into\\ntwo great parts, each claiming to hold the ancient doctrines of the church. As these", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 88\\nparts do not concur in the account of their former or present condition, we have\\ndeemed it proper to publish the statement of each. Both parties claim the vene-\\nrated name of Friends, but we are compelled to distinguish them by the titles\\nthey give to each other. The first of the following statements is given by the\\nHicksile, and the second by the Orthodox party.\\n1st. Friends meetings in New Jersey, and members. Burlington quarterly meet-\\ning, before the division, was composed of five monthly meetings, eighteen meetings\\nfor worship, and 1849 members.\\nBurlington quarterly meeting of Friends, since the division, is composed of four\\nmonthly meetings, fourteen meetings for worship, and 1049 members.\\nAnd that of the Orthodox Friends, four monthly meetings, thirteen meetings for\\nworship, and 800 members.\\nHaddonfield quarterly meeting, before the division, was composed of five monthly\\nmeetings, ten meetings for worship, 1686 members. Haddonfield quarterly meet-\\nings of Friends, since the division, is composed of four monthly meetings, six\\nmeetings for worship, 8-59 members. That of the Orthodox Friends consists of five\\nmonthly meetings, nine meetings for worship, and 827 members.\\nSalem quarterly meeting, before the division, was composed of five monthly\\nmeetings, ten meetings for worship, 1536 members. Salem quarterly meeting of\\nFriends, since the division, is composed of five monthly meetings, ten meetings for\\nworship, and 1238 members. And that of the Orthodox Friends, three monthly\\nmeetings, four meetings for worship, and 298 members.\\nShrewsbury quarterly meeting, before the division, was composed of four monthly\\nmeetings, eight meetings for worship, and 92.5 members. Shrewsbury quarterly\\nmeeting of Friends, since the division, is composed of four monllily meetings,\\neight meetings for worship, and 750 members. And that of the Orthodox Friends,\\nof two monthly meetings, three meetings for worship, and 175 members. About\\n6000 members, in New Jersey, in all.\\n2d. The following statement of the number of members in the Society of Friends\\nprevious to the late division, and also of the two portions into which it has been\\nseparated, is made out from authentic sources, and a careful examination of the\\nstate of the respective meetings.\\nAt the time of the separation, there were in the state of New Jersey four quarterly\\nmeetings, nineteen monthly meetings, and forty-six meetings for divine worship.\\nFriends now hold five quarterly meetings, fourteen monthly meetings, and twenty-\\nnine meetings for divine worsliip.\\nThe quarterly meetings are as follow: Burlington quarterly consisted, before the\\nseparation, of five monthly meetings, and eighteen meetings for worship, comprising\\ntwo thousand one hundred and twenty-five members. Since the separation, it has\\nfour monthly meetings, twelve meetings for worship, and one thousand one hundred\\nand eighty-eight members. The Hicksites, in this quarter, are nine hundred and\\nthirty-seven in number, and hold four monthly meetings.\\nHaddonfield quarterly meeting, both before and since the separation, consisted\\nof five monthly meetings, and ten meetings for worship, embracing one thousand\\nseven hundred and eighty-eight members, of whom six hundred and forty-four\\nwent with the Hicksites, and forty-seven remained undivided, leaving one thousand\\nand ninety-seven Friends. The Hicksites, in this quarter, hold four monthly\\nmeetings.\\nSalem quarterly meeting, before the division, had five monthly meetings, and ten\\nmeetings for worship, including one thousand six hundred and tin-ee members.\\nSince the separation. Friends hold four meetings for worship, and three monthly\\nmeetings, embracing four hundred and fifty-four members. The Hicksites have\\none thousand one hundred and forty-five members, and hold five monthly meetings.\\nShrewsbury and Rah way quarterly meeting, at the time of the separation, was\\ncomposed of four monthly meetings, eight meetings for worship, and eight hundred\\nand eighty-eight members. Friends now hold two monthly meetings, and three\\nmeetings for worship, including two hundred and thirty-three members. Tlie\\nHicksites, in this quarter, are six hundred and fourteen in number, and hold four\\nmonthly meetings. There were forty-one members who did not side with either\\nparty.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "84 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nThe whole number of Friends in New Jersey is, 2,972\\nHicksites, 3,344\\nNeutrals, 81\\nTotal, 6,404\\nSee Foster s Report, vol. II. p. p. 388 and 395.\\nOf the forty-five meeting houses in which meetings of Friends were held previous\\nto the separation, there are now jive in the exclusive possession of Friends fifteen\\nwhich are occupied by Friends and Hicksites, jointly, and twenty-five in the exclu-\\nsive possession of the Hicksites.\\nRECAPITULATION.\\nThus it appears that the Presbyterians have 85 churches.\\nBaptists, 61 do.\\nMethodists, 64 ministers.\\nEpiscopalians, 33 churches.\\nDutch Reformed, 36 do.\\nQuakers, 67 meetings.\\nOther denominations, conjectural, 10\\nTotal number, 356\\nIn this summary, we have given, we believe correctly, the number of churches of\\neach denomination, save that of the Methodist, which has many more churches than\\nministers; but we have not been able to ascertain the number of churches, although\\nwe have taken much pains for that purpose. In the circuits, there are commonly\\nnot less than two churches or congregations to a minister but in such cases tl^e\\ncongregations consist of ^ew members. Many of the churches have no pastors.\\nThe Quakers, it is well known, have none; and of the 289 churches which remain\\nin the list after deducting their meeting houses, we consider that 39 may continue\\nconstantly vacant. We have then 250 churches whose maintenance may be deemed\\na steady charge upon the people.\\nIn the maintenance of the churches, we include all the expenditures for religious\\npurposes, comprehending the sums conventionally paid to the pastors, the donations\\nof every kind, made directly to them or for their use, the amount expended in the\\nerection and repair of churches, and in aids to bible missionary and tract societies\\nand we, upon consultation with distinguished clergymen of various denominations,\\nset down as an average expenditure for each church, the sum of $480 per annum,\\nwhich, multiplied by 250 churches, make the actual charge of $120,000, upon the*-\\nstate for all the expenses of religion, and which we consider sufficiently liberal to\\ncover the expenses of the Society of Friends for the like purpose. The Quakers,\\nhave no salaried clergy; and the expenses of their association consist of the very\\nsmall sums requisite to keep their meeting houses and grave yards inrepair, and the\\ncontributions for the support and education of their poor members. Demands of this\\nkind are rare and occasional, only; and the interest of funds vested for schools, by\\nFriends, has been employed in the education of the poor children of other denomi-\\nnations.\\nIn addition to the 356 churches of all denominations, which the State contains, the\\ninhabitants have exemplified their disposition to sustain and improve their moral\\ncondition, by the establishment of bible societies, missionary societies, Sunday school\\nunions, and temperance societies. In every county there are bible societies, in\\nmost, considerable sums are collected for the missionary cause, and almost every\\nthickly settled neighbourhood has its Sunday school. Temperance societies, in\\nmany districts, have effectually bruised the head of the icorm of the still.\\nThe cultivation of literature and science has, until of late years, been too little\\nregarded but not less, than in the adjacent and more wealthy states. Yet in the\\nhigher departments the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, has for more than\\neighty years maintained a reputation unsurpassed in the Union; Rutger s College,\\nat New Brunswick, has, for several years, been in successful operation academies\\nhave been established in most of the county towns and large villages; and common\\nschools are every where seen in populous districts. The School Fund, which has\\nlately been established, will rapidly increase, and will, at nc distant day, furnish\\nI", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 85\\nmeans to teach the rudiments of science to the whole population. We proceed to\\ngive a more particular notice of the colleges and the school fund.\\nThe College of New Jersey was first incorporated in the year 1746, and in\\n1748 obtained, through the aid of Governor Belcher, an ample and liberal charter\\nfrom George II. which, after the revolution, was confirmed by the legislature of this\\nState. The institution was located, first, at Elizabethtown, under the direction of the\\nRev. Jonathan Dickenson. Upon his death, in 1748, it was removed to New-\\nark, and the Rev. Aaron Burr became its president. In the year 1756, it was per-\\nmanently established at Princeton, whither president Burr removed with his pupils,\\nand where for nearly eighty years it has maintained a higli and unvarying repu-\\ntation, as a seat of literature and science; and, with occasional diminution of num-\\nbers, has continued to command a large share of public confidence and patronao-e.\\nThe present number of under graduates (1833) is one hundred and forty-four.\\nThe faculty consists of a president, seven professors, and three tutors.\\nProvision is made for imparting instruction in the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish,\\nGerman, Italian, and English languages in mathematics, (the study of which is\\npursued to an extent, not excelled by any college in the country,) in natural philoso-\\nphy, in chemistry, and the various branches of natural history in belles lettres, in\\nmental and moral philosophy, in logic, political economy, natural theology, the evi-\\ndences of Christianity, and the exposition of the holy scriptures in anatomy and\\nphysiology, in architecture, and civil engineering. The libraries of the colleore, and\\ntwo literary societies connected with it, contain about twelve thousand volumes. The\\ncollege has a very valuable philosophical and chemical apparatus, a museum of\\nnatural history, a small anatomical museum, and a mineralogical cabinet.\\nThe principal edifice, called Nassau Hall, is one hundred and seventy-six feet long,\\nfifty wide, and four stories high, and is used chiefly for the lodging of students\\nanother building, erected for the same purpose in 1833, is one hundred and twelve\\nfeet in length, and four stories high. There are two other buildings, each sixty-six feet\\nin length, by thirty-six in breadth, and three stories high. One of them contains the li-\\nbrary and recitation rooms the other the refectory, museum, and chemical laboratory.\\nThere are also, at Princeton, several other literary institutions, (see Princeton,)\\namong which, the theological seminary claims the first place.\\nThis school was founded by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of\\nthe United States, and is under its control and patronage. The plan of the insti-\\ntution was formed in 1811, and carried into eff ect in May, 1812, by the appoint-\\nment of trustees, and a professor of didactic and polemical theology. The latter\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2was inaugurated, and entered upon his duties, with three students only, on the 12th\\nAugust following. In May, of 1813, a professor of ecclesiastical history was\\nnamed, and ten years afterwards, the plan was completed by the nomination of a\\nprofessor of oriental and biblical literature.\\nThe edifice for the use of the seminary, commenced in 1813 and rendered habit-\\nable in the autumn of 1817, is of stone, one hundred and fifty feet long, fifty wide,\\nand four stories high, including the basement; and is regarded as a model of econo-\\n-mical, neat, and tasteful architecture. Besides the apartments for the library, reci-\\ntations, refectory, and the steward, there are accommodations for eighty students.\\nThis institution is conducted on very liberal principles for, though founded and\\nsupported by the Presbyterian church, and primarily intended to promote the train-\\ning of a pious and learned ministry for that church, students of all Christian denomi-\\nnations are admitted into a full participation of its benefits, upon equal terms. It is\\nwholly unconnected with the college, but enjoys, by contract, the free use of the\\ncollege library.\\nThe funds of the institution, though considerable, are yet inadequate to the full\\nsupport of its officers. The endowment of four professorships has been commenced\\nbut none is fully completed. Twenty-three scholarships have been founded, by as\\nmany benevolent individuals, and maintain that number of poor and pious youth, in\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a course of theological study. There are, here, two public libraries; one called after\\nthe Rev. Ashbel Green, D. D. L. L. D., one of the most ardent and liberal of its\\ncontributors and the other presented by the synod of the Associate Reformed Church\\nand named ihe Mason Library, in honour of the Rev. John M. Mason, D. D. by\\nwhose exertions, chiefly, it was collected. The former contains six, and the latter\\nfour thousand volumes.\\nThe course of study is extended through three years. The first is devoted to the\\n^Hebrew language, exegetical study of the scriptures, biblical criticism, biblical anti-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "86 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nquities, introduction to the study of the scriptures, mental and moral science, evi-\\ndences of natural and revealed religion, sacred chronology, and biblical history.\\nThe second to the continued exegetical study of the Hebrew and Greek scriptures,\\nand to didactic theology and ecclesiastical history. The third to polemic theology,\\nchurch government, pastoral theology, composition and delivery of sermons. The\\nclasses are distinguished, numerically, into First, Second and Third. The members\\nof the first, or highest class, are required to exhibit original compositions, once in\\ntwo weeks those of the second class, once in three weeks and those of the third\\nclass, once in four weeks.\\nThere are three vacations in each year. The first of six weeks, from the first\\nThursday of May the second of six weeks, from the last Wednesday of September\\nand the third of two weeks, in the month of Feb., at the discretion of the professors.\\nBoard may be obtained at various prices, from $1 25 to $1 75 per week j fire-\\nwood from $4 to $6 per annum; washing, $7; each student pays to the seminary\\n$10 per annum, towards the general expense fund but there is no charge for tui-\\ntion, use of library, c. The number of students on the catalogue of the institution\\nfor the current year (1833) is 132.\\nRutgers College, located at New Brunswick, was chartered by George III. in\\n1770, and was called Queen s College, in honour of his consort. The present name\\nwas substituted by the legislature of the State, in 1825, at request of the trustees,\\nin honour of Col. Henry Rutgers, of New York, to whom the institution is indebted\\nfor liberal pecuniary benefactions. The charter was originally granted to such Pro-\\ntestants as had adopted the constitution of the reformed churches in the Netherlands,\\nas revised by the national synod of Dordrecht, in the years 1618 and 1619. That\\nsynod, composed of distinguished delegates from almost all denominations of Protes-\\ntant Europe, formed one of the most august ecclesiastical assemblies of modern\\ntimes. Their doctrines as embodied in the confession of faith and catechisms of the\\nReformed Dutch Church in America, substantially comports with the 39 articles of\\nthe church of England, and entirely with the doctrines of the Presbyterian church\\nin the United States and the government of the church is strictly Presbyterian.\\nThis denomination of Christians is established chiefly in New York, New Jersey,\\nand Pennsylvania. In the city of New York, alone, it has twelve churches, in\\nwhich divine worship has long been exclusively conducted in the English language.\\nDr. Jacob R. Hardenburg, an American, was appointed first president of the col-\\nlege, in 1789; he was distinguished by a powerful mind, great piety and industry,\\nand success in the ministry. He died in 1792.\\nThe Theological College of the Reformed Dutch Church is established here, and\\nintimately blended with the literary institution. At a meeting in New York, Oct.\\n1771, of Coetus and Confercntie, until then, contending parties in the church, peace\\nwas restored, and a plan laid for the organization of this, the first theological school j\\nin America. Its completion, however, was delayed by the revolutionary war, until\\n1784, when the Rev. Dr. John H. Livingston, was chosen professor of didactic and\\npolemical theology, who performed the duties of this office, in New York, in con-\\nnexion with his pastoral services. In 1807, by a covenant between the trustees and\\nthe synod, the professorate was united with the college; of which, in 1810, Dr.\\nLivingston was chosen president, on the death of Dr. Ira Condict. The duties of\\nthe literary institution were at this time suspended, for want of funds. Dr. Li-\\nvingston died, 20th January, 1825, in the 79th year of his age, the 55th of his mi-\\nnistry, and the 41st of his professorial labours.\\nAt a general synod, convened at Albany, in February, 1825, the Rev. Philip\\nMilledoler, D. D., was chosen professor of didactic and polemical theology and in\\nthe September following, was elected, by the trustees, president of the college, and\\nprofessor of the evidences of Christianity and moral philosoph3^ At the same time\\na plan was matured for reviving the literary institution; by which, one of the theo-\\nlogical professors must always be chosen president of the college, and each of such\\nprofessors must hold a professorship therein, and be a member of its faculty.\\nThe effect of this amalgamation of theology and literature, is said to liave been\\nhighly favourable to the moral character of the institution, and not to have imparted\\nto it a sectarian influence.\\nThe college edifice, of dark red freestone, is a handsome spacious building, sur-\\nmounted by a cupola. It is reared on an eminence near the town, a site of great\\nbeauty, presented to the institution by the honourable James Parker, of Amboy.\\nThe views from thence, embracing great variety of scenery, of mountain and vnlley,", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 87\\nforest and river, are delightfully picturesque, and the country is as healthy as it is\\nlovely. The institution may be considered in a flourishing condition. The number\\nof students in September, 1833, was eighty, with the prospect of much increase\\nduring the session. The charge for board and tuition is about $125 per annum.\\nThe students board in respectable private families, under the supervision of the\\nfaculty, where their habits, morals, and manners are duly regarded. The number of\\nstudents in theology has varied from si.xteen to thirty. There are three libraries\\nthat of the college is large and valuable, and those pertaining to the Peithesopian\\nand Philoclean Societies, are respectable. The cabinet of minerals is considerable,\\nand increasing and the philosophical and chemical apparatus extensive.\\nThe faculty (in 1833) consists of the Rev. Philip Milledoler, D. D., president,\\nprofessor of moral philosophy and didactic and polemical theology the Rev. Jacob J.\\nJanewatj, D. D. vice president and professor of rhetoric, evidences of Christianity,\\npolitical economy, \u00c2\u00abfcc.; the Rev. James S. Cannon, D. D., professor of metaphysics\\nand philosophy of the human mind, of ecclesiastical liistory, church government,\\nand pastoral theology Theodore Strong, A. A. S., C. A. S., professor of mathematics\\nand natural philosophy; the Rev. Mexander M Clelland, D. D., professor of oriental\\nand biblical literature; Lewis Black, M. D., professor of chemistry and natural his-\\ntory John D. Ogilbij, A. M., professor of languages; and Frederic Ogilby, A. B.,\\nassistant instructor of languages.\\nThe grammar school attached to the college, and under the immediate inspection\\nof the trustees and faculty, is committed to the rectorship of the Rev. Cornelius\\nD. JVeslbrook, D. D., assisted by Isaac A. Blauvelt, A. M., an alumnus of the college.\\nThe location of this college equidistant from Philadelphia and New York, the\\nhealthfulness and beauty of the adjacent country, the excellent morals which prevail\\nin the city as in the college, the high character and capability of the professors, and\\nthe cheapness of tuition and subsistence, give this institution strong claims to the\\nattention of the public.\\nThe first step towards the establishment of the school fund of this State, com-\\nmenced with the act of 9th February, 1816, which directed the treasurerto in-\\nvest in the public six per cent, stocks of the United States, the sum of $15,000,\\narising from the payment of the funded debt, and from the dividends on the stock\\nheld by the State in the Trenton Bank and at the end of every year, to invest the\\ninterest on the capital, in the same manner.\\nOn the 12th February of the succeeding year, the Act to create a fund for free\\nschools was passed, setting apart the stock and its accumulations vested under the\\nact of 1816 the dividends on the stock held by the State, in the Cumberland Bank,\\nand in the Newark Turnpike Company, the proceeds of tlie sale of a house and lot,\\nin New Brunswick, the property of the State, and one-tenth part of all monies, there-\\nafter raised by tax for State use; and the treasurer was instructed to vest these as\\nthey came to his hands, in the public stocks of the United States. By the act of 12th\\nFebruary, 1818, the governor, vice-president of council, speaker of assembly, the\\nattorney general, and secretary of state, for the time being, were appointed Trus-\\ntees for the support of Free Schools; and the treasurer was directed to transfer\\nto them the school funds, to be by them applied in the mode to be prescribed by the\\nState, reserving to the legislature the authority to change the existing fund, and to\\ndissolve the trust at pleasure; and requiring an account of the fund to be annually\\nlaid before the legislature. This act made the following additions to the fund.\\nThe balance of the old six per cent, stock, due 12th February, 1817, with the\\ninterest and reimbursement thereof since 9th Feb., 1816; the three per cent, stock\\nof the U. States, belonging to the State on the 12th February, 1817; the shares of the\\nState in the Trenton and Cumberland Banks, with the dividends since 9th February,\\n1816; all monies receivable from the foregoing items, future appropriations, and\\nsuch gifts and grants, bequests and devises, as should be made for the purposes con-\\ntemplated by the act; and one-tenth part of the State tax for the year 1817. The\\nlast appropriation, being, specifically, one-tenth of the tax, has been construed as\\nrepealing the general appropriation on the tax under the act of 1817.\\nThe fund thus augmented and transferred to the trustees amounted to $113,233 78,\\n.and consisted of the following sums\\n1st. Six per cent, stock U. States, purchased under the law of 1816, $15,000 00\\n2d. Six percent, stock United States, purchased under act 1817, 16,224 15\\n3d. Stock in Newark Turnpike Company, 12,500 00\\n4th. Three per cent, stock of United States, 7,00912", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "m/rp\\n88 ^J^ GENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\n5th. Interest, and reimbursement, of the principal of the deferred six\\nper cent, stock of United States, 7,810 7 d\\n6th. Twelve hundred,shares Trenton Bank stock, 36,000 00\\n7th. Forty shares in the Cumberland Bank, 2,000 00\\n8th. Interest and dividends from the several stocks since 9th Feb. 1816, 10,429 66\\n9th. Cash and one-tenth of State tax for 1817, 6,265 12\\nSince 1818, there have been added to the principal of the fund the following\\nitems by legislative appropriation\\n1st. Proceeds of sale of the State House in Jersey City,\\n2d. Twenty-two shares in Sussex Bank,\\n3d. Donation from William J. Bell Co.\\n4th. Bonus of People s Bank at Paterson, reed. 26th Sept. 1825,\\n5th. Bonus from Monmouth Bank, 9th June, 1825,\\n6th. Sale of part of a lot in Trenton,\\n7th. Under the act 28th December, 1824, one-tenth of State tax, and\\ntax on Monmouth bank for the year 1826,\\nSame, 1827,\\nSame, 1828,\\n8th. Under the act 5th March, 1828, repealing act of 28th December,\\n1824, and in lieu of one-tenth of the State tax, giving all the tax\\nfrom banking, insurance and other incorporated companies, which,\\nin the year 1829, amounted to 11,709 58\\nAnd estimated to produce, annually, $10,000.\\n54,907\\n64\\n1000\\n00\\n23\\n15\\n4,000\\n00\\n800\\n00\\n1,061\\n00\\n2,200\\n00\\n2,200\\n00\\n3,200\\n00\\n$31,101 37\\nMaking whole amount of appropriations by legislature, in 1830, $144,240 15\\nIn the management of the fund, great advantage has arisen from the act of 18th\\nFeb. 1829, directing the investment of the annual income in advance, by which the\\ntrustees were empowered, to invest on or before the first of March, annually, an\\namount equal to the estimated receipts of the fund during the year, to be advanced\\nby the State treasurer, and to be replaced by him as the monies accruing from the\\nfund shall be received; thus enabling the trustees to invest at one time all the in-\\ncome of the year.\\nThe sources of income of the school fund, are now, the dividends on the various\\nstock which the trustees hold, and which, in October 1832, amounted to $228,611 75.\\nAnd the annual tax of half per cent, upon the dividends of the several bank and in-\\nsurance companies of the State, which amounts annually to near $11,000.\\nThe first exj)enditure which has been directed out of the fund, was by the act\\nestablishing common schools, passed 21st February, 1829, appropriating annually\\n$20,000 from the income of the fund, for the establishment and maintenance of\\nschools. This act was altered and amended by the act of 1st March, 1830. But both\\nacts were repealed by that of 16th February, 1831, by which the system of common\\nschools is now regulated. That act appropriates $20,000 annually, from the in-\\ncome of the school fund, to the establishment and maintenance of such schools; and\\ndirects, in case such annual income shall not have been received in full on the first\\nMonday of April, or shall be insufficient to cover the appropriation, the trustees to\\ndraw from the State treasury for the deficiency such amount to be replaced from-\\nthe annual receipts of the school fund. The act further provides, that the trustees\\nshall apportion the sum, so appropriated, among the several counties, in the ratio of\\ntheir taxes paid for the support of government, and shall file a list of such apportion-\\nment with the treasurer, that he may notify the collectors of the several counties, to\\ndraw for the same that the boards of chosen freeholders, of the respective coun-.\\nties, shall at their annual meetings, apportion among the several townships, the mo-\\nnies received by the collectors, in the ratio of the county tax paid by the several\\ntownships, a list of which apportionments, the clerk of the freeholders is required, to\\nfile, to deliver a copy thereof, to the county collector, and to notify the collectors\\nof the several townships of the amounts so apportioned, suce collectors report such\\namounts to the inhabitants, at their next annual town meeting; that; may, (and they\\nare recommended so to do,) at such meetings, raise, by tax or otlierwise, such addi-\\ntional sum for the same object, as they may deem proper and may authorize the\\ntownship collector, to draw on the county collector, for the amount apportioned, and", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 89\\nmay apply the sum received from the State, to schooling the indigent poor of the town-\\nship, if they so elect that the inhabitants at their town meetings, annually, shall\\nchoose, as other town officers are chosen, three or more persons, who shall constitute\\nthe school committee, and whose duty is to recognise and ascertain the number of\\ncommon schools within their respective townships that the patrons, supporters, or\\nproprietors of the several common schools in the respective townships, be authorized to\\norganize such schools, by the appointment of a board of trustees, in such form, and\\nconsisting of such number, as they may deem proper and any board of trustees so or-\\nganized shall transmit to the school committee, of the proper township, a certificate of\\nits organization, and shall thereon be recognised by the committee as entitled to an ap-\\nportionment of the monies assigned to such township from the school fund. And\\nsuch trustees are required to render to the school committees, on or before the first\\nMonday of April, annually, a statement of the average number of scholars resident\\nin the township, taught in such school during each quarter of the preceding year,\\nand where from convenience, scholars from an adjoining township attend such\\nschool, to report their number c. to the school committee of such adjoining town-\\nship; to visit and inspect the affairs of their respective schools, to apply the mo-\\nnies received, at discretion, for their benefit, and at the end of every year, to exhibit\\nto the school committee, a correct account of the expenditure of such monies; that\\nthe school committees, at or before the end of their term of service, shall apportion\\nthe whole of the monies assigned to their respective townships, and raised therein,\\namong such common schools, in the ratio of the number of scholars reported to\\nthem, respectively, during the preceding year; or where any township may elect to\\nappropriate such funds exclusively to the education of the poor, to apportion the\\nsame among the several schools, in proportion to the number of poor children taught;\\nand shall draw in favour of the boards of trustees respectively, for the amount\\nof their several dividends, on the town collector; and shall on or before the first\\nWednesday of May, yearly, transmit to the clerk of the board of chosen freeholders\\nof their respective counties, a written statement, embracing he number of common\\nschools duly organized within their respective townships, the number of scholars\\ntaught therein, the amount of the monies received by tliem from the township col-\\nlector, and raised by the township, and the manner in which the same has been ap-\\nplied that such plerk shall condense such statements into a report, in writing, and\\ntransmit the same to the trustees of the school fund, to be laid before the legislature,\\nin a condensed form. No compensation is allowed under this act.\\nIt will be observed, that in framing this system, no attempt has been made to co-\\nerce the respective townships into raising monies, in addition to their allotted share\\nof the sum appropriated from the school fund but, in accordance with the spirit of\\nthe government of the State, which considers the townships as integral corporations,\\nwhose inhabitants are competent to judge of their wants, and possess the means to\\nsupply them, the legislature has, we think, wisely left with each township, the li-\\nberty to tax itself for the purposes of education, as to it may seem meet; whilst\\nit has promptly offered all the aid which it has to bestow. It is possible, that learn-\\ning may advance less rapidly, than if urged by a forced culture but we are not sure,\\nthat the happiness of the people will be less promoted. We would not be under-\\nstood to mean that literature is not a source of happiness; but it is not the only one.\\nHe who is compelled to a diet which is unacceptable to his appetite, will not boast\\nof his enjoyment; and we have no difficulty in determining, which is the most hos-\\npitable host, he who forces manna upon the revolting stomach of his guest, or he,\\nwho, placing the dish before him, permits him to eat at pleasure, whilst he expa-\\ntiates upon its agreeable and nourishing properties. None, properly instructed,\\nwould reject the joys of paradise; but, were paradise a prison, we should long to\\nleap its crystal walls. Emulation, we think, will soon be awakened among the\\ntownships of each county, and among the counties, upon this all-important subject;\\nand although the sum of ^20,000 is a small one to distribute among a population of\\n330,000 souls, it will have one excellent effect; it will turn, periodically, the at-\\ntention of the people to the means of mental improvement, will set them to com-\\npare their condition with that of their neighbours, and when inferior, to improve it.\\nFor it may be taken as a truism, that when the people are at liberty to consider and\\nimprove their condition, they will, when dissatisfied, amend it.\\nAmong the provisions for enlightening the public mind, we may justly include\\nthose for publishing the laws, not only of the State, but also of the general govern-\\nM", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "90\\nGENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nmerit. The act of 7th June, 1820, directs 1st, That the secretary of state shall\\ncause the laws of the State to be published immediately after the passing thereof,\\nin one of the public newspapers, of the city of Trenton and that they shall also be\\npublished in a pamphlet form, together with the votes and proceedings of assembly,\\nthe journals of council, and minutes of joint meetings, and delivered by the printer\\nwithin sixty days from the rising of the legislature, to the State treasurer, who shall\\ndistribute them in the following manner, at the expense of the State, viz to him-\\nself, two copies to the governor, for himself, three copies, and also to be forwarded\\nby him, and presented to the secretary of state of the United States, four copies to\\nthe executive of each state, and territory of the United States, for the use of the\\nexecutives and legislatures, three copies to each of the senators, and representa-\\ntives of this State, in congress, one copy; to the president of the American Anti-\\nquarian Society, one copy to the justices of the Supreme Court, the attorney ge-\\nneral, secretary of state, clerk of council, assembly, Courts of Chancery and Su-\\npreme Court, each one copy; to the clerk of the council, for the use of council\\nand assembly, sixty copies; and the remainder among the several counties in the\\nratio they contribute to the support of the government, directed to the county\\ncollector. The county collector, retaining a copy for himself, transmits, at the ex-\\npense of the county, one set of the laws and proceedings, to each of the following\\nofficers: the judges and clerk of the Common Pleas, the justices of the peace, the\\nmagistrates of corporate towns, the sheriff, surrogate, clerk of the board of chosen\\nfreeholders, and the representatives of the county in the legislature, and each incor-\\nporated library company and divides the remainder among the several townships\\nof the county, transmitting equal proportions to the clerk of each township, who,\\nretaining one copy for the use of the township, causes the residue to be distributed\\namong the officers of the township, giving preference in the following order to\\nthe assessor, collector, chosen freeholders, and overseers of the poor, each one set.\\nThe laws of the United States, apportioned to this State by Congress, are distributed\\nby the treasurer, at the expense of the State to himself, to the governor, attorney\\ngeneral, justices of Supreme Court, secretary of state, members of the legislature,\\neach one set to the clerk of council, and the clerk of the assembly, four sets to the\\nlibrarians of Princeton college, and to the two library societies in the college, each\\none set and the remainder, among the counties in proportion to their quota of State\\ntaxes, to be transmitted to the collectors, and by them distributed to the clerk and\\njudges of the court of Common Pleas, each one set, and to every public library one\\n.set; and the residue, as may be directed by the board of chosen freeholders.\\nReports of the decisions of the Supreme and Chancery Courts are annually pre-\\npared by officers appointed by the legislature for a term of five years, who re-\\nceive a compensation of $200 per annum. Such reports are printed, and distri-\\nbuted, annually, with the pamphlet laws.\\nLastly, and certainly not least, among the agents of moral improvement, we must\\nrank the periodical journals of the State. The commonwealth partakes largely in\\nthe benefits flowing from the press, in the cities of Philadelphia and New York, and\\nwe therefore might suppose would not extensively encourage newspapers within her\\nown boundaries; yet she has not less than thirty-one weekly papers, engaged in\\nsowing broadcast tlie germs of literature and science. Of these useful auxiliaries\\nwe annex the following table.\\nNEWSPAPERS.\\nBergen County Courier,\\nSussex Register,\\nN. J. Herald,\\nBelvidere Apollo,\\nWarren Journal,\\nPalladium of Liberty,\\nJerseyman,\\nRah way Advocate,\\nFredonian,\\nTimes,\\nSentinel of Freedom,\\nDaily Advertiser,\\nNewark Monitor,\\nDo. Eagle,\\nHall,\\nGrant Fitch,\\nFranklin Ferguson,\\nFitch Co.\\nJohn R. Eyres,\\nRobbins,\\nThomas Green,\\nRandolph and Carman,\\nGeorge Bush Co.\\nS. L. B. Baldwin,\\nBartlett and Crowell,\\nWHERE PUBLISHED.\\nJersey City, Bergen Co.\\nNewtOTi, Sussex Co.\\nDo. do.\\nBelvidere, Warren Co.\\nDo. do.\\nMorristown, Morris Co.\\nDo. do.\\nRahway, Middlesex.\\nNew Brunswick, do.\\nDo. do.\\nNewark, Essex.\\nDo. do.\\nDo. do.\\nDo. do.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "LITERARY INSTITUTIONS.\\n91\\nPrinceton Courier,\\nAmerican System,\\nSomerset Messenger,\\nState Gazette,\\nNational Union,\\nEmporium,\\nHunterdon Gazette,\\nMonmouth Enquirer,\\nBurlington Herald,\\nMount Holly Mirror,\\nCamden Mail,\\nNational Republican,\\nVillage Herald,\\nSalem Statesman,\\nDo. Messenger,\\nWashington Whig,\\nBridgeton Observer,\\nBaker and Connolly,\\nJ. Robinson Co.\\nGore and Allison,\\nGeorge Sherman,\\nE. B. Adams,\\nJoseph Justice,\\nChas. George,\\nJohn J. Bartleson,\\nJoseph Pugh,\\nNathan Palmer,\\nSickler and Ham,\\nJosiah Harrison,\\nJoseph Sailor,\\nH. H. Elwell,\\nElijah Brooks,\\nNelson and Powers,\\nF. Pierson,\\nPrinceton, Somerset.\\nDo. do.\\nSomerville, do.\\nTrenton, Hunterdon.\\nDo. do.\\nDo. do.\\nFlemington, do.\\nFreehold, Monmouth,\\nMount Holly, Burlington.\\nDo. do.\\nCamden, Gloucester.\\nDo. do.\\nWoodbury, do.\\nSalem, Salem.\\nDo. do.\\nBridgeton, Cumberland.\\nDo. do.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "GAZETTEER OF NEW JERSEY.\\n^5 OMn*\\nACQ\\nAbsecum, post town of Galloway 1\\nt-ship, Gloucester CO., 50 miles S. E.\\nfrom Woodbury, 95 from Trenton,\\nand 105 from W. C, upon Absecum\\ncreek, about two miles above Abse-\\ncum bay, contains a tavern, store,\\nand 8 or 10 dwellings, surrounded\\nby sand, and pine forest.\\nAbsecum Creek rises by several\\nbranches, on the line between Gallo-\\nway and Egg Harbour t-ship, Glou-\\ncester CO., and flows S. E., by a\\ncourse of 8 or 9 miles, into Abse-\\ncum bay. It gives motion to several\\nsaw mills.\\nAbsecum Bay, a salt marsh lake,\\nGloucester co., on the line of Egg\\nHarbour and Galloway t-ship, cir-\\ncular in form, and about 2 miles in\\ndiameter, communicating with Reed s\\nbay, and by a broad channel, called\\nAbsecum Inlet, 4 miles in length, with\\nthe ocean.\\nAbsecum Beach, on the Atlantic\\nOcean; extends, eastwardly, from\\nGreat Egg Harboiu Inlet, about 9\\nmiles to Absecum Inlet broken, how-\\never, by a narrow inlet, near mid-\\nway between its extremities.\\nAckermaii s Run, small stream, 2\\nmiles long, flowing to the Passaic\\nRiver, about 3 miles below Pater-\\nson, from Saddle River t-ship, Ber-\\ngen CO.\\nAcquackanonck, t-ship, Essex co.,\\nbounded on the N. W., N. E. and\\nE. by the Passaic river, which forms\\na semi-ellipsis, N. by Paterson t-ship,\\nand S. by Bloomficld and Caldwell\\nt-ships centrally distant, N. from\\nNewark, 10 miles; greatest length,\\nE. and W. 7, breadth N. and S. 6*\\nmiles; area abotit 14,000 acres.\\nMountainous on the W., rolling on the\\nE. soil red shale, and where well\\ncultivated, productive. Acquackan-\\nonck, Little Falls, and Weasel are\\nALA\\nvillages, of the t-ship; the two first,\\npost towns. Acquackanonck, on the\\nPassaic river, distant 5 miles S. E.\\nof Paterson, is at the head of tide\\nwater, and consequently the outport\\nof Paterson. Pop. in 1830, about\\n1,300. In 1832, the t-ship contained :J\\n300 taxables, 125 householders, 47\\nsingle men, 7 merchants, 6 grist\\nmills, 2 cotton factories, 5 saw mills,\\n1 paper mill, 13 tan vats, one print-\\ning and bleaching establishment, 1\\nwoollen factory, 345 horses and\\nmules, and 766 neat cattle above 3\\nyears of age; and it paid state tax,\\n$230 62 cents; county, $607 37 c;\\npoor, $500; and road, $700. Aquack-\\nanonck town is a p-t, 8 miles N. E.\\nof Newark, 224 from W. C, 58 from\\nTrenton, 10 from New York, to which\\nthere is a turnpike and rail road. It\\ncontains 3 taverns, 6 stores, about\\n80 dwellings, and a Dutch Reformed\\nchurch has six sloops trading with\\nNew York. A small stream, which\\nmay be termed the Fourth river, runs\\nnear the town, and gives motion to se-\\nveral mills. Blatchley s mineral\\nspring lies about 1^ miles W. of the\\ntown. This is the depot of lumber for\\nthe neighbourhood.\\nAlamucJie, p-t. of Independence\\nt-ship, Warren co., on the eastern part\\nof the t-ship by the post route 228\\nmiles N. E. of W. C, and 65 from\\nTrenton, and 17 from Belvidere the\\nC. T.; seated on a small tributary of\\nRequest creek, and near a lake of the\\nsame name, contains a grist and saw\\nmill, a grain distillery, a store, tavern,\\nand 12 or 15 dwellings. It is sur-\\nrounded by a limestone soil of excel-\\nlent quality, well cultivated.\\nAlamuche Lake is one of the many\\nmountain ponds which characterize\\nthis country, and which are, in many\\ncases, reservoirs formed in limestone", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "ALL\\n93\\nALL\\nrock. This is about a mile in diame-\\nter, and sends forth a tributary to the\\nPequest creek.\\nAlamuche Mountain is one of the\\nchain of hills which bounds the valley\\nof the Musconetcong creek in War-\\nren county.\\nAlberson s Brook, a tributary of\\nSpruce Run, a fork of the south\\nbranch of the Raritan river, rises at\\nthe south foot of the Musconetcong\\nmountain, and flows easterly by a\\ncourse of 7 or 8 miles to its reci-\\npient.\\nAlexandria, p-t. of Alexandria\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., on the bank of\\nthe Delaware river, at the junction of\\nNischisakawick creek with that\\nstream, 11 miles W. of Flemington,\\n35 N. of Trenton, 189 from W. C;\\ncontains a tavern, store, grist mill,\\nand 8 or 10 dwellings, a Presbyte-\\nrian and an Episcopalian church.\\nAlexandria t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nbounded on the N. E. by Bethlehem\\nt-ship, N. W. by the Musconetcong\\ncreek, which separates it from War-\\nren CO., and S. W. by the river Dela-\\nware; centrally distant, N. E. from\\nFlemington, 12 miles greatest length,\\nE. and W., 12 miles breadth, N. and\\nS., 9 miles area 33,000 acres. Sur-\\nface on the N., mountainous, the\\nMusconetcong mountain running N.\\nW. across the t-ship. Soil, on the S.\\nE., red shale at the foot of the moun-\\ntain, grey limestone; and on the\\nmountain, clay, sand and loam. It is\\ndrained, S. W. by the Nischisakawick,\\nthe Hakehokake, and other small\\nmill streams. Alexandria, Milford,\\nMount Pleasant, and Pittstown are\\np-towns of the t-ship. Pop., in 1830,\\n3,042. In 1832, the t-ship contained\\n10 saw mills, 7 grist mills, 4 oil\\nmills, 4 ferries and toll bridges, 6\\ndistilleries, 8 stores, 861 horses, 1287\\nneat cattle above the age of 3 years\\nand it paid poor tax, $1000; road\\ntax, $800 and state and county tax,\\n$1413 48 cents.\\nAllentown, p-t. of Upper Freehold\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., near the west-\\nern line of the county, between Doc-\\ntor creek and Indian run, on the road\\nfrom Bordentown to Freehold, 8 miles\\nfrom the former and 18 from the lat-\\nter, 177 from W. C, and 11 from\\nTrenton; contains from 75 to 80\\ndwellings; 1 Presbyterian church,\\nwith cupola and bell, handsomely si-\\ntuated on the hill on the west; an\\nacademy, 2 schools, 1 Methodist\\nChurch, grist mill, saw mill, and tilt\\nmill, on Doctor creek, and saw mill\\non Indian run; below which, at a\\nshort distance west of the town, is a\\ncotton manufactory. This is a com-\\npact pleasant village, with some very\\ngood frame and brick houses but the\\nlands ai ound are sandy, and not of\\nthe best quality. A considerable\\nbusiness is done in the town.\\nAlexsocken Creek, a small mill\\nstream of Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon\\nCO., which flows westerly into the\\nDelaware river, by a course of 5 or\\n6 miles, about a mile above Lam-\\nbertville.\\nAlloways Creek, Salem co., rises\\nin the N. W. angle of Pittsgrove\\nt-ship, and flows by a S. W. course\\nof more than 20 miles, through Up-\\nper and Lower Alloways, and Elsin-\\nborough t-ships, to the Delaware ri-\\nver, below Reedy island. It is na-\\nvigable above AUowaystown, in Up-\\nper Alloways t-ship, a distance of\\nabout twelve miles from the mouth,\\nfor wood shallops; along its margin\\nfor about 10 miles, are some excellent\\nbanked meadows.\\nAUowaystown, p-t. of Upper Al-\\nloways t-ship, Salem co., about 7\\nmiles E. of Salem, 177 N. E. from\\nW. C, and 71 S. from Trenton con-\\ntains from 70 to 80 dwellings, 2 ta-\\nverns, 4 or 5 stores, 1 Methodist,\\nand 1 Baptist church. The Messrs.\\nReeves, have here 2 veiy powerful\\nsaw mills, engaged principally in\\ncutting ship timber, and a valuable\\ngrist mill, on the Alloways creek.\\nThey employ from 75 to 100 horses\\nin drawing timber c., to their works.\\nAlloways Creek, Upper, t-ship,\\nSalem co., bounded N. E. by Pitts-\\ngrove t-ship, S. E. by Deerfield,\\nHopewell, and Stow creek t-ships,\\nCumberland co.; S. W. by Lower\\n1", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "ALL\\n94\\nAND\\nAlloways creek t-ship, and N. W.\\nby Elsinborough and Mannington\\nt-ships; centrally distant, S. E. irom\\nSalem 7 miles. Greatest length\\nE. and W. 10^, breadth N. and S. 9\\nmiles. Area, about 34,000 acres;\\nof which more than 10,000 are unim-\\nproved. Soil upon the N. E., stiff\\nclay and loam; on the S. E. sand\\nand gravelly loam, with rolling sur-\\nface. The forest known as the\\nBarrens, runs here, producing\\nmuch white oak and pine wood for\\nmarket, which finds its way to Phi-\\nladelphia, by Alloways creek. By\\nthe census of 1830, the township\\ncontained 2136 inhabitants, and by\\nthe assessor s abstract of 1832, 415\\ntaxables, 5 grist mills, 10 saw\\nmills, 2 carding machines, 1 ful-\\nling mill, 2 distilleries, 416 horses\\nand mules, and 854 neat cattle,\\nupwards of 3 years old; and it\\npaid t-ship tax, $400; county tax,\\n$834 10; State tax, $218 74. The\\nt-ship is drained by Alloways creek,\\nwhich runs centrally through it, by a\\nS. W. course, and by Stow creek,\\nwhich forms part of the southern\\nboundary. AUowaystown and Quin-\\nton s Bridge, are villages and post-\\ntowns of the t-ship. Guineatown is\\na name given to a few negro huts, on\\nthe northern boundary. Friesburg,\\nlies near the south line.\\nAlloioays Creek, Louder, t-ship,\\nSalem co., bounded N. by Elsinbo-\\nrough, Salem and Upper Alloways\\ncreek t-ships; on the E. by Upper\\nAlloways creek t-ship on the S. by\\nStow creek, which divides it from\\nStow creek and Greenwich t-ships,\\nof Cumberland co., on the W. by\\nthe river Delaware centrally distant,\\nS. from Salem, 9 miles; greatest\\nlength N. and S. 12 miles; breadth\\nE. and W. 9 miles; area, about\\n30,000 acres surface level soil on\\nthe W. for more than half the t-ship,\\nmarsh meadow, much of which is\\nembanked; and on the E. a deep\\nclay and loam well cultivated. It is\\ndrained by Alloways creek on the\\nN., and Stow creek on the S., and\\nby Hope creek, Deep creek, and\\nMuddy creek, small streams which\\nflow into the Delaware, from the\\nmarsh between them. Pop. of the\\nt-ship by census of 1830, 1222. By\\nthe assessor s abstract of 1832, it con-\\ntained 260 taxables, 3 stores, 2 grist\\nmills, 2 distilleries, 255 horses and\\nmules, and 881 neat cattle above 3\\nyears old. It has 3 schools, 1 Metho-\\ndist, and 1 Friend s meeting house.\\nAmboy. See South Amboy, Perth\\nAmboy.\\nAmwell t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nbounded N. by Lebanon t-ship, N.\\nE. by Readington t-ship, E. by Hills-\\nborough t-ship, of Somerset |C0., S.\\nE. by Hopewell t-ship, and S. W. by\\nthe river Delaware, and N. W. by\\nRingwood t-ship. Greatest length\\nN. and S. 16; breadth E. and W.\\n15 miles; area, 77,000 acres; sur-\\nface hilly on the N. W. and S. E.\\non the first, there being a clay ridge\\nwell timbered and productive, and on\\nthe latter, a chain of trap hills, rough,\\nbroken, and barren. The interven-\\ning space is undulating valley, of red\\nshale, which, where covered with suf-\\nficient soil, is grateful for the care\\nbestowed upon it, producing particu-\\nlarly fine crops of grass. The t-ship\\nis drained on the N. E. by the south\\nbranch of the Raritan, on the N. W.\\nby the Laokatong and Wickheche-\\ncoke creeks; S. W. by the Alex-\\nsocken and Smith s creeks, on the\\nS. by Stony brook, flowing easterly\\nto the Raritan river. Pop. in 1830,\\n7385; in 1832, the t-ship contained\\n2 Presbyterian churches, 4 stores, 8\\nfisheries, 15 sawmills, 21 grist mills,\\n3 oil mills, 2 ferries and toll bridges,\\n88 tan vats, 12 distilleries, 4 carding\\nmachines, 2 fulling mills; and it\\npaid poor tax, $1200; road tax,\\n$2500 State and county taXj\\n$3722 62. Flemington, Sergeants-\\nville, Ringoes, Prallsville, Lamberts-\\nville, are p-ts. of the t-ship.\\nAnderson, p-t. of Mansfield t-ship,\\nWarren co., on the turnpike road\\nleading from Philipsburg to Schoo-\\nley s mountain, and between the Mor-\\nris canal and Musconetcong creek,\\nwithin a mile of either distant by the", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "ASS\\n95\\nBAB\\npost route from W. C. 205, from\\nTrenton 49, and from Belvidere, the\\nCO. town, E. 11 miles; 16 miles from\\nEaston, and 25 from Morristown\\ncontains 2 stores and 15 dwellings;\\nsituate in a fertile limestone valley.\\nLands valued at $50 the acre.\\nAndover p-t., Newton t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO., on the south angle of the\\nt-ship on the Newton turnpike road,\\ndistant by the post-route from W. C.\\n228, from Trenton G5, and from\\nNewton 5 miles.\\nAndover Forge, Byram t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO., on the N. bank of the Mus-\\nconetcong river, at the junction of\\nLubber run with that stream, and\\nwithin 2 miles of the Morris canal, is\\nsituate in a very narrow valley, and\\nhas around it a store, saw mill, and\\nsome 6 or 8 dwellings.\\nAnthony, hamlet on Schoolcy s\\nmountain, Lebanon t-ship, Hunterdon\\nCO., 18 miles N. E. of Flemington, on\\nSpruce run; contains a saw mill, and\\nsome half dozen dwellings.\\nArneystoion, p-t. of Hanover t-ship,\\nBurlington co., near the eastern line;\\n13 miles N. E. of Mount Holly, 175\\nfrom W. C, 11 from Trenton S. E.,\\nand 8 E. from Bordentown contains\\na store, tavern, 15 dwellings, and a\\nlarge meeting house pertaining to\\nFriends, surrounded by a country\\nof fertile loam.\\nArthur s Kill. See Staten Island\\nSound.\\nArties^ Brook, tributary of the\\nnorth branch of the Raritan river,\\nBedminster t-ship, Somerset CO. unites\\nwith its recipient after a S. course of\\nfive miles.\\nAshury, p-t. of Mansfield t-ship,\\nWarren co., in the S. W. angle of\\nthe t-ship near the Musconetcong\\ncreek, by post-route 199 miles from\\nW. C, and 40 from Trenton, 11\\nmiles S. E. from Belvidere; lying in\\na deep and narrow valley on a soil\\nof rich limestone, contains a Me-\\nthodist church, 2 grist mills, 1 saw\\nmill, an oil mill, a woollen factory, 1\\ntavern, 3 stores, and about thirty\\ndwellings.\\nAssiscunk Creek, Burlington co.,\\nrises on the line between Mansfield\\nand Springfield t-ships, and flows\\nwestward about 14 miles, forming,\\nfor the greater part of that distance,\\nthe boundary between the t-ships,\\nuniting with the Delaware river, be-\\ntween the city of Burlington and the\\npoint of Burlington island. It has one\\nor two mills upon it.\\nAtqiiatqua Creek, branch of the\\nAtsion river, rising on, and forming\\npart of the S. W. boundary of Bur-\\nlington CO. It may be deemed the\\nmain stem of the river under another\\nname.\\nAtsion, p-t. and furnace, on the\\nAtsion river, partly in Galloway\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., and partly in\\nWashington t-ship, Burlington, co.,\\n9 miles above the head of navigation,\\n12 miles from Medford, 17 from\\nMount Holly, on the road leading to\\nTuckerton, and 57 from Trenton.\\nBesides the furnace, there are here, a\\nforge, grist mill, and three saw mills.\\nThe furnace makes from 800 to 900\\ntons of castings, and the forge from\\n150 to 200 tons of bar iron annually.\\nThis estate, belonging to Samuel\\nRichards, Esq., embraces what was\\nformerly called Hampton furnace and\\nforge, and West s mill, and contains\\nabout 60,000 acres of land. There\\nare about 100 men employed here,\\nand between 6 and 700 persons de-\\npending for subsistence upon the\\nworks.\\nAtsion River, main stem of Little\\nEgg Harbour river, forming in part,\\nthe boundary between Gloucester and\\nBurlington cos. It bears this name\\nfor about 14 miles above Pleasant\\nMills, and is formed by the union\\nof the Atquatqua and Tuscomusco\\ncreeks. Atsion furnace is on the\\nnorth side of the river, in Burlins-\\nton CO.\\nAugusta, p-t. of Frankford t-ship,\\nSussex CO., distant bv post-route from\\nW. C. 233, from Trenton 75, and\\nfrom Newton 7 miles, contains 7 or\\n8 dwellings and a Presbyterian\\nchurch.\\nBahcock s Creek, Hamilton t-ship,\\nGloucester co., rises by 4 branches,", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "BAR\\n96\\nBAT\\nviz: North, East, Main, and Jack\\nPudding, which, uniting near May s\\nlanding, flow westerly into the Great\\nEgg Harbour river at that village.\\nBack Creek, Fairfield t-ship, Cum-\\nberland CO., flows about 6 miles into\\nNautuxet cove, Delaware bay.\\nBack Water, branch of Maurice\\nriver, Millville t-ship, Cumberland\\nCO., has a westerly course to its re-\\ncipient, of about 7 miles.\\nBacon Creek, a tributary of Pe-\\nquest creek. Independence t-ship,\\nWarren co., having a westerly course\\nof 2 or 3 miles.\\nBacon s Neck, a strip of rich land,\\nin Greenwich t-ship, Cumberland co.,\\nbetv/een Cohansey and Store creeks.\\nBack Neck, a strip of land of Fair-\\nfield t-ship, Cumberland co., compre-\\nhended by the bend of Cohansey\\ncreek and Cohansey cove.\\nBambo Creek, small tributary of\\nthe Lamington river, rising in Ches-\\nter t-ship, Morris co., and flowing by\\na southerly course of about 4 miles, to\\nits recipient in Bedminster t-ship, So-\\nmerset CO.\\nBaptisttown, Middletown t-ship,\\nHunterdon co. See Holmdel.\\nBaptisttown, p-t. Ringwood t-ship,\\nHunterdon co., 9 miles W. of Flem-\\nington, 33 N. of Trenton, and 187\\nfrom W. C, contains a tavern, a store,\\n8 or 10 dwellings, and a Baptist\\nchurch. There is a Presbyterian\\nchurch within a mile of the town.\\nThe surrounding country is level,\\nwith soil of red shale, of good quali-\\nty, and carefully cultivated.\\nBargaintoton, Egg Harbour t-ship,\\nGloucester co., p-t., on Cedar Swamp\\ncreek, 4 miles from Great Egg Har-\\nbour bay, 45 S. E. from Woodbury,\\n90 from Trenton, and 200 by post-\\nroute from W. C, contains 2 taverns,\\n1 store, a grist mill, Methodist church,\\nand about 30 dwellings.\\nBarnegat Bay, Monmouth co.,\\nextends N. from Barnegat Inlet to\\nMetetecunk river, the distance of 20\\nmiles, varying in breadth from 1 to\\n4 miles. It is separated from the\\nocean by Island Beach and Squam\\nBeach, narrow strips of land no where\\nexceeding a mile in width. It receives\\nthe waters of Metetecunk river. Kettle\\ncreek, Toms river. Cedar creek, and\\nForked river. The inlet from the\\nocean is over a mile wide. By act of\\nassembly, 21 Feb. 1833, authority\\nwas given to a company, by a canal,\\nto connect the head of this bay with\\nManasquan Inlet, by which much\\ntime and space will be saved to ves-\\nsels bound thence to New York. The\\ncapital proposed for this undertaking\\nis $5000.\\nBarnegat, p-t. of Stafford t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., near Barnegat Inlet,\\n36 miles S. from Freehold, 78 S. E.\\nfrom Trenton, and 202 N. E. from\\nW. C, contains about 50 dwellings,\\n3 taverns, 4 stores, on a sandy soil,\\nsurrounded by pine forest.\\nBarnesboroi/gh, village, of Green-\\nwich t-ship, Gloucester co., 6 miles\\nS. W. from Woodbury, contains a\\nstore, tavern, and 12 or 15 dwellings.\\nIt lies on the edge of the pines.\\nBarrentoion, Freehold t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., on the road from Free-\\nhold to Middletown, 4 miles from the\\none, and 10 from the other, contains i\\nsome 6 or 7 dwellings, in a poor sandy\\ncountry.\\nBaskingridge, p-t. of Bernard\\nt-ship, Somerset co., 11 miles N. E.\\nof Somerville, 213 from W. C, and\\n47 from Trenton, beautifully situ-\\nated in a high, rich, well cultivated,\\nand healthy country contains a Pres-\\nbyterian church, an academy for\\nyoung gentlemen, in much repute,\\nformerly under the care of Drs.\\nBrownlee and Findl^y. The resi-\\ndence and estate of General Lord\\nSterling were near this town.\\nBass River Hotel, p-o.. Little Egg\\nHarbour t-ship, Burlington co., 183\\nmiles N. E. from W. C., and 71 S.\\nE. from Trenton.\\nBatsto River, Washington t-ship,\\nBurlington co., a large branch of\\nLittle Egg Harbour river, which rises\\nin Northampton t-ship, and flows by a\\nsoutherly course of 16 miles, to the\\nAtsion river, below Pleasant Mills;\\nthe united streams form the Little Egg\\nHarbour river. Batsto Furnace is", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "BEA\\n97\\nBED\\non the former within 2 miles of their\\njunction, and near the head of the\\nstream, are Hampton Furnace and\\nForge, now in ruins.\\nBatsto Furnace is about 8 miles\\nabove Gloucester Furnace, about 30\\nmiles S. E. from Woodbury, and one\\nfrom Pleasant Mills. There are made\\nhere 850 tons of iron, chiefly castings,\\ngiving employment to 60 or 70 men,\\nand maintaining; altogether near 400\\npersons. There are here also, a grist\\nand saw mill, and from 50 to 60,000\\nacres of land appurtenant to the\\nworks.\\nBear Fort Mountain, near the W.\\nboundary of Pompton t-ship, Bergen\\nCO. It is broken through by Wood-\\nruff s Gap, from which runs a branch\\nof Belcher s creek, and by which\\nI passes the Ringwood and Long Pond\\nturnpike road. The whole length of\\ni the range of hills in this t-ship is about\\n11 miles.\\nI Bear BrooJc, western branch of\\nPequest creek, rises in Hunt s Pond,\\nj Green t-ship, Sussex co., and flows\\nS. W., through the S. E. angle of\\nIHardwick t-ship, Warren co., and\\njoins the main stream, in the Great\\nMeadows, Independence t-ship, hav-\\niing a course of about 10 miles.\\nI Bear Swamp, a noted swamp of\\nDowne t-ship, Cumberland co., near\\nNantuxet or Newport, through which\\niflows the Oronoken creek. The\\nI timber upon it is chiefly oak and\\nI poplar.\\nBear Swamp, Burlington co., near\\n!the west boundary of Northampton\\nIt-ship, about 2 miles in length by 1\\nin breadth.\\nBeasley^s Point, Upper t-ship.\\nCape May co., on Great Egg Harbour\\nBay. There are here, upon a neck\\nof land, between the salt marshes, of\\nabout 1 mile wide, 2 taverns, and se-\\nveral farm houses, where visiters to\\nthe shore may find agreeable accom-\\nmodations.\\nBeatty s Town, on the N. E. angle\\nof Mansfield t-ship, Warren co., on\\nthe bank of the Musconetcong creek,\\nand at the west foot of Schooley s\\nMountain, within 2 miles of the mine-\\nral spring, and 16 E. of Belvidere.\\nThe Morris Canal is distant 2 miles\\nfrom it on the north. The village\\ncontains 1 store, 1 tavern, a grist and\\nsaw mill, a school, and from 15 to 20\\ndwellings. The land around it is\\nlimestone, of excellent quality, and\\nvalued, in large farms, at 50 dollars\\nthe acre.\\nBeaver Brook, tributary of the\\nRockaway river, Pequannock t-ship,\\nMorris county, flows by a S. W.\\ncourse of 8 miles thi ough a hilly\\ncountry, giving motion to several\\nforges.\\nBeaver Brook, Warren co., rises\\nby two branches, one in Hardwick\\nt-ship, from Glover s Pond, the other\\nin Knowlton t-ship, from Rice s Pond,\\nwhich unite in Oxford t-ship, near to,\\nand south, from the village of Hope,\\nand thence join the Pequest creek,\\nabout 3 miles from its mouth, having\\na course of about 14 miles.\\nBeaver Run, Galloway t-ship,\\nGloucester co., ati-ibutary of Nacote\\ncreek, flowing to its recipient below\\nGravelly Landing.\\nBeaver Dam Run, a tributary of\\nthe south branch of Rancocus creek,\\nwhich flows to its recipient, by a north\\ncourse of about 4 miles, at Vincent-\\ntown.\\nBeaver Branch, of Wading river,\\nrises in Little Egg Harbour t-ship,\\nand flows westerly by a course of\\nabout 6 miles, to its recipient, about a\\nmile below Bodine s bridge and mill.\\nBeden s Brook, a mill stream, rises\\nin the Nashanic mountain, Hopewell\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., and flows E.\\nabout 8 miles, through Montgomery\\nt-ship, Somerset co., to the Millstone\\nriver, receiving several tributaries by\\nthe way.\\nBedminster Township, Somerset\\nCO., bounded N. by Washington,\\nChester, and Mendham t-ships, Mor-\\nris CO. E. by the north branch of the\\nRaritan, dividing it from Bernard\\nt-ship S. by Bridgewater t-ship, from\\nwhich it is divided by Chamber s\\nbrook and Lamington river; and W.\\nby Lamington river, forming the\\nboundary between it and Tewksbury", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "BEL\\nBEL\\nand Readington t-ships, Hunterdon\\nCO.; Centrally distant, N. W. from\\nSomerville, 8 miles; greatest length,\\nN. and S., 8 miles; breadth, E. and\\nW., 4^ miles; area, 19,300 acres;\\nsurface, hilly; soil, lime, clay, and\\nred shale; generally well cultivated\\nand fertile. Pepack, Little Cross\\nRoads, Pluckemin, Lamington, and\\nCross Roads, are villages; the three\\nfirst, p-ts. of the t-sliip. Pepack and\\nArtie s brooks are tributaries of the\\nN. branch, flowing through the t-ship.\\nPop. in 1 830, 1453. Li 1 832, the t-ship\\ncontained about 300 taxables, 60\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30, 40 single men, 8 mer-\\nchants, 6 saw mills, 6 grist mills, 1 9\\ntan vats, 3 distilleries, 499 horses and\\nmules, and 818 neat cattle, 3 years\\nold and upwards and paid state tax,\\n$242 48; county tax, 626 30.\\nThere is a Dutch Reformed church in\\nthe t-ship.\\nBelcher Creek rises near the cen-\\ntre of Pompton t-ship, Bergen co., and\\nflows northerly about 7 miles, to min-\\ngle its waters with those of Long\\nPond, or Greenwood lake.\\nBelle Mount, a circular hill in the\\nN. W. angle of Hopewell t-ship, Hun-\\nterdon CO., on the shore of the Dela-\\nware river, between which and an\\noval hill on the south, flows Smith s\\ncreek.\\nBelvidere, p-t., and seat of justice\\nof Warren co., situate on the river\\nDelaware, in Oxford t-ship, at the\\njunction of the Request creek, with\\nthat stream; by the post road, 210\\nmiles from W. C., and 54 from Tren-\\nton, 69 from Philadelphia, 13 from\\nEaston, 70 from New York, and 19\\nfrom Schooley s mountain springs.\\nThe town is built on an alluvial flat,\\nbased on limestone, and extends for\\nabout half a mile, on both sides of\\nthe creek, over which there are 2\\nbridges for carriages, and 1 for foot\\npassengers. The town, which rapidly\\nincreases, contains a spacious court\\nhouse, of brick, with offices attached,\\nand a prison in the basement story\\nthe doors of which, to the honour of\\nthe county, are commonly unclosed,\\nand its chambers tenantless, save by\\nthe idle warder a very large and neat\\nPresbyterian church, a Methodist\\nchurch, an academy, in which the\\nclassics arc taught a common school,\\n2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, a clover\\nmill, 6 stores, 3 taverns, a turning\\nlathe, driven by water, and an exten-\\nsive tannery; a bank, chartered in\\n1829, with a capital of $50,000, but\\nwhich may be extended; a county\\nbible society, a county Sunday school\\nunion, auxiliary to the great charity\\nestablished at Philadelphia tract and I\\ntemperance societies 2 resident ,t\\nclergymen, 3 lawyers, and 2 physi-\\ncians 2 weekly journals, viz The\\nApollo, edited by Franklin Ferguson\\nand the Warren Journal, by James J.\\nBrowne; and above 80 dwellings,\\nmost of which are neat and commo-\\ndious, and many of brick and stone;\\namong which, the residence of Dr.\\nGreen deserves particular notice, as\\nwell from its size and linish as from\\nits beautiful and commanding situa-\\ntion. A very extensive business is\\ndone here, in general merchandise, in\\nflour and lumber, the saw mills being\\nabundantly supplied with timber from ni\\nthe Delaware. The Request creek l!\\nhaving a large volume of water, and\\na rapid fall, affords very advantageous\\nmill sites. Within 144 chains from\\nthe mouth of the creek the available\\nfall is 49 feet 64-100, equal to 768\\nhorse power, the whole of which is\\nthe property of Garret D. Wall, Esq.,\\nwho offers mill seats for sale here on i\\nadvantageous terms. But in addition i\\nto this great power derived from the\\ncreek, the Delaware river, within 2\\nmiles of the town, offers a still greater,\\nwhere the whole volume of that stream\\nmay be employed. A company has\\nbeen incorporated, with a capital of(\\n$20,000, for erecting a bridge across\\nthe river at or near this place, for\\nwhich three sites have been proposed.\\n1st. At the Foul Rift, where the chan-\\nnel is 170 yards wide. 2d. Thel\\nmouth of the Request, where it is 205\\nyards. 3d. At the Deep Eddy, above\\nthe creek, where the channel is divid-\\ned by Butz s island, and the stream^\\non the Jersey side, is 127 yards, the\\nisland 86 yards, and the remaining", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "BEL\\n99\\nBER\\nwater 23 yards. The proposed rail\\nroad through New Jersey, from Ehza-\\nbethtown, is designed to cross the\\nDelaware here, and to connect with\\nthe Delaware and Susquehanna rail\\nroad.\\nBelleville, p-t. of Bloomfield t-ship,\\nEssex CO., beautifully situated on the\\nright bank of the Raritan river, 3^\\nmiles N. E. from Newark, 218 from\\nW. C, 52 from Trenton, and 9 from\\nNew York. The margin of the river,\\nhere, has width sufficient for a road\\nor street, and for dwellings with spa-\\ncious lots on both its sides, from which\\nthe gently sloping hill, clad in rich\\nverdure, has a very pleasant appear-\\nance. Including North Belleville the\\ntown is considered as extending 3\\nmiles along the river, and in that dis-\\ntance contains a handsome Dutch Re-\\nformed church, having a very large\\ncongregation, 1 Methodist and 1 Epis-\\ncopalian church, 2 large schools for\\nboys, a school for girls, under the su-\\nperintendence of a lady, a boarding\\nschool for males and females, under\\nthe care of the Rev. Mr. Lathrop 2\\npublic houses, one a very large and\\nwell finished hotel, kept by Mr. Chand-\\nler, where many summer boarders\\nmay be accommodated, in this de-\\nlightful retreat, from the bustle and\\nnoise of the great neighbouring city\\n6 stores, and about 200 dwellings.\\nTwo streams, which flow into the Pas-\\nsaic, at about 3 miles distance from\\neach other, and which, within 2 miles\\nof their course have, respectively, a\\nfall much over an hundred feet, render\\nthis place as interesting for its manu-\\nfactures as for its beauty. Thei e are\\nhere 1 brass rolling mill and button\\nmanufactory, belonging to Messrs.\\nStevens, Thomas, and Fuller, occa-\\nsionally engaged in copper coinage\\nfor Brazil the copper founderies and\\nrolling mills of Messrs. Isaacs, and\\nof Hendricks and brothers the calico\\nprint works of Mr. Andrew Gray, the\\nsilk printing establishment of Messrs.\\nDuncan and Cunningham the Brit-\\ntania metal factory of the Messrs.\\nLee the lamp factory of Stephens\\nand Dougherty, and the grist mill of\\nMr. Kindsland. These works are\\nestimated to produce, annually, manu-\\nfactured articles worth two millions\\nof dollars. Two thousand tons of\\nmerchandise are supposed to be trans-\\nported to and fi om the wharves of\\nBelleville annually.\\nBelleville, p-o., Sussex co., 241\\nmiles N. E. from W. C, and 75 from\\nTrenton.\\nBen Davis* Point, W. Cape of\\nNantuxet cove, in the Delaware bay,\\nand in Fairfield t-ship, Cumberland co.\\nBergen County, was established\\nwith its present boundaries, by the\\nact of 21 January, 1709-10, which\\ndirected That on the eastern divi-\\nsion, the county shall begin at Con-\\nstable s Hook, and so run up along the\\nbay and Hudson river, to the parti-\\ntion point between N. Jersey and the\\nprovince of N. York, and along that\\nline between the provinces, and the\\ndivision line of the eastern and west-\\nern division of this province, to Pe-\\nquanock river; thence by such river\\nand the Passaic river, to the Sound\\nthence by the Sound to Constable s\\nHook, where it began. Bounded\\nN. E. by Orange and Rockland co.,\\nN. Y.; E. by N. Y. bay and North\\nriver; S. by the sti ait, which con-\\nnects N. Y. bay with Newark bay,\\nS. W. by Essex and Morris co., and\\nN. W. by Sussex co. It is shaped\\nlike an I Greatest width N. W.\\nand S. E. 32 miles greatest breadth\\nN. E. and S. W. 28 miles. Area\\n267,500 acres, or about 418 square\\nmiles.\\nS. E. of the Ramapo mountain, the\\ncounty consists of the old red sandstone\\nformation, which appears under the\\nform ofred shale, and of massive stone,\\nwell adapted to buildings; large quar-\\nries of which, have been M orked on\\nthe Passaic near Belleville, and at\\nother places. This formation is in\\nplaces, covered with trap rock, which\\nin the Closter mountain, assumes a\\ncolumnar form, in the palisades, 400\\nfeet high, on the North river and the\\nsame form is visible in the continua-\\ntion of the First and Second mountains\\nacross the Passaic at Paterson and\\ni", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "BER\\n100\\nBER\\nLittle Falls. In the Ramapo moun-\\ntain, and upon tlie N. W. of it, the\\nprimitive formation prevails, and the\\nlarge township of Pompton is broken\\ninto ridges and knolls, of considerable\\nelevation. Limestone is found in the\\nvalleys, here, and magnetic iron ore\\nin the hills. The great vein of such\\nore, which is first discoverable in the\\nWhite Hills of New Hampshire, may\\nbe traced through this county.\\nThe surface of the country W. of\\nthe Saddle river, is hilly, with broad\\nand fertile valleys. The left bank of\\nthat river, is also high ground, and a\\nvery fine valley lies between it and\\nthe Closter mountain, which is drain-\\ned by the Hackensack river. The\\nsouthern part of the valley is low, and\\nadmits the tide to the town of Hack-\\nensack, 20 miles from the sound. In\\nthis distance, there is a body of salt\\nmarsh and valuable cedar swamp.\\nThe northern part of the valley and\\nits banks, on the Saddle river, the\\nPassaic and the Hudson, are divided\\ninto small well cultivated farms, whose\\nneat, cleanly, and cheerful appearance,\\ndeclare the thrift and content of their\\nowners. There are few spots in New\\nJersey presenting more pleasing at-\\ntractions than this country above the\\nHackensack, and on the highlands on\\neach side of the river. The houses,\\ngenerally, built in the ancient Dutch\\ncottage form, of one full story, with\\nits projecting pent houses, and dormi-\\ntories within the slopes of the roof,\\nare sometimes large, always painted\\nwhite, and surrounded with verdant\\nlawns, shrubbery, and well cultivated\\ngardens. And we may here remark,\\nthat the taste for horticulture and or-\\nnamental shrubberies, appears more\\ngeneral in the central and northern\\nparts of New Jersey, than in the\\nsouthern parts, or in the state of\\nPennsylvania.\\nExtensive deposits of copper are\\nfound on the banks of the Passaic, in\\nLodi t-slnp, about 1 mile S. E. of\\nBelleville.\\nThe county is well watered, having,\\nbeside the rivers on its boundaries,\\nRingwood, Ramapo, and Saddle\\nrivers all of which, rising in New\\nYork, flow S. to the Passaic; each\\nhaving considerable tributaries, which\\nthough short, are by their rapid falls\\nmade available for hydraulic purposes.\\nRingwood river receives a consider-\\nable accesion to its waters, from Long\\npond or Greenwood lake, in a high\\nand narrow valley between a ridge\\nof the Wawayanda mountains and\\nSterHng mountain. The lake is near-\\nly 5 miles long, but only about a mile\\nof its length is within the state of New-\\nJersey. It pours forth its tribute\\nthrough Long Pond river.\\nHohokus Brook is a rapid stream\\nof Franklin t-ship, which, after hav-\\ning, in a course of 9 miles, given\\nmotion to many mills, unites with the\\nSaddle river. The Hackensack, also\\nrising in New York, has an indepen-\\ndent course to Newark bay, and re-\\nceives several tributaries from either\\nhand.\\nIn this county, the first settlements\\nof the state by Europeans were made, j\\nThe Hollanders were here the pio-\\nneers of civilization, aided probably\\nby some Danes or Norwegians, who\\nadopted the name of Bergen from the.\\ncapitol of Norway. Their descend-\\nants occupy the lands of their ances-\\ntors, and retain much of their primi-\\ntive habits and virtues, their industry,\\ncleanliness, and love of flowers for\\nthe latter is a taste so pure and de-\\nlightful, that we dare to rank it among\\nthe virtues. New York is much in-\\ndebted to the Dutch gardeners for her\\nsupplies of flowers and vegetables.\\nAfter the country was reduced un-\\nder the English rule, in 1764, Eng-\\nlish settlers came in considerable num-\\nbers from Long Island and Barbadoes.\\nThey were not so numerous, how-\\never, as immediately to lose their\\ncharacter of strangers, and they re-\\nsided chiefly in the ^English Neigh-\\nbourhood and at New Barbadoes.\\nIn 1830, the population of the coun-\\nty was 22,412, divided as follows:\\nwhite males 10,299, white females\\n9634, free coloured males 1061, fe-\\nmales 834, male slaves 306, female\\nslaves 280. Of these, there were", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "BER\\n101\\nBER\\naliens 213; deaf and dumb whites 10,\\nblacks 3 blind, whites 12, blacks 5.\\nThe provisions for moral instruc-\\ntion are the religious societies, con-\\nsisting of the German Reformed,\\nEpiscopalian, Presbyterian, Baptist,\\nand Methodist a county bible socie-\\nty, Sunday schools, and temperance\\nsocieties academies in the larger vil-\\nlages, and common schools in every\\npopulous vicinity.\\nThe chief towns are Jersey City,\\nHoboken, Bergen, Hackensack, the\\nseat of justice, Closter, New Milford,\\nNew Prospect, Godwinsville, New\\nManchester, Ryerson s, Ramapo,\\nBoardville, Ringwood, Stralenberg,\\nOld Bridge, New Bridge, New Dur-\\nham, English Neighbourhood, Com-\\nmunipaw, and Pamrepaw.\\nIn 1832, the county contained\\n5796 taxables, 1262 householders,\\nwhose rateables did not exceed 30 dol-\\nlars, 533 single men, 75 merchants, 7\\nfisheries, 84 run of stones for grind-\\ning grain, 16 cotton factories, 5 wool-\\nlen factories, 10 carding machines, 4\\nfurnaces and 16 forges, 93 saw mills,\\n3 paper mills, 4 fulling mills, 127 tan\\nvats, 13 distilleries, 1 flint glass, and\\n1 china manufactory, both extensive\\n1 printing, dyeing and bleaching es-\\ntablishment, and 4025 horses and\\nmules, and 10,188 neat cattle above\\n3 years of age and it paid state tax\\n$2631 43, county tax $5000, poor\\nI tax $2500, school tax $100, road\\ntax $6000.\\nThe county is extensively agricul-\\ntural, raising a large surplus of grain\\nand esculent vegetables for its ma-\\nnufacturing population, and for the\\nNew York market.\\nThe improved means for trans-\\nporting its produce to market, are\\nbeside the ordinary country roads,\\nnine turnpikes and two rail-roads, ex-\\nclusive of that made by Mr. Stephens\\nalong the North river. The turn-\\npikes are, two from Jersey City to\\nNewark, one from Hoboken to Pa-\\nterson, one from Hoboken to Hack-\\nensack, one from Hackensack to\\nPaterson, one from New Prospect\\nto the Ramapo works, in the State of\\nNew York, the Ringwood and Long\\nPond road, the Newark and Pomp-\\nton, and the Paterson and Hamburg.\\nThese have been made, and others\\nhave been authorized by law. A\\nrail-road has been completed from\\nJersey City to Paterson, and another\\nis now being made from the Hudson\\nriver through Newark, Elizabeth-\\ntown, Rahway and Woodbridge, to\\nNew Brunswick.\\nThe courts of the county are holden\\nat Hackensack; the common pleas,\\norphans and general quarter ses-\\nsions, on the following Tuesdays, viz.\\n4th January, 4th March, 2d August,\\n4th October and the circuit courts,\\non the Tuesdays of 4th March and\\n4th October.\\nBergen sends 1 member to the le-\\ngislative council, and 3 to the assem-\\nbly.\\nThe following notice of the coun-\\ntry embraced by this county, taken\\nfrom Smith s History of New Jersey,\\nwill be interesting to its present inha-\\nbitants. Near the mouth of the\\nbay, upon the side of Overprook\\ncreek, adjacent to Hackensack river,\\nseveral of the rich valleys were then,\\n(1680,) settled by the Dutch; and\\nnear Snake hill was a fine planta-\\ntion, owned by Pinhorne and Eickbe,\\nfor half of which, Pinhorne is said to\\nhave paid \u00c2\u00a3500. There were other\\nsettlements upon Hackensack river,\\nand on a creek near it, Sarah Kier-\\nsted, of New York, had a tract given\\nher by an old Indian sachem, for\\nservices in interpreting between the\\nIndians and Dutch, and on which\\nseveral familiss were settled; John\\nBerrie had a large plantation, 2 or 3\\nmiles above, where he then lived,\\nand had considerable improvements;\\nas had also near him, his son-in-law.\\nSmith, and one Baker, from Barba-\\ndoes. On the west side of the creek,\\nopposite to Berrie, were other plan-\\ntations; but none more north( rly.\\nThere was a considerable settlement\\nupon Bergen point, then called Con-\\nstable Hook, and first improved by\\nEdsall, in Nicoll s time. Other small\\nplantations were improved along Ber-\\nI", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "BER\\n102\\nBER\\ngen neck, to the east, between the\\npoint and a large village of 20 fa-\\nmilies Communipaw). Further along\\nlived 16 or 18 families, and opposite\\nNew York about 40 families were\\nseated. Southward from this, a kw\\nfamilies settled together, at a place\\ncalled Duke s farm and further up\\nthe country was a place called Ho-\\nbuck, formerly owned by a Dutch\\nmerchant, who, in the Indian wars\\nwith the Dutch, had his wife, chil-\\ndren and servants murdered by the\\nIndians, and his house and stock de-\\nstroyed by them but it was now set-\\ntled again, and a mill erected there.\\nAlong the river side to the N. were\\nlands settled by William Lawrence,\\nSamuel Edsall, and Capt. Beinfield;\\nand at Haversham, near the High-\\nlands, governor Carteret had taken up\\ntwo large tracts one for himself, the\\nother for Andrew Campy ne, and Co.,\\nwhich were now but little improved.\\nThe plantations on both sides of the\\nneck, to its utmost extent, as also\\nthose at Hackensack, were under the\\njurisdiction of Bergentown, situate\\nabout the middle of the neck where\\nwas a court held by selectmen or\\noverseers, consisting of 4 or more\\nin number, as the people thought\\nbest, chose annually to try small\\ncauses, as had been the practice in\\nall the rest of the towns at first 2\\ncourts of sessions were held here\\nyearly, from which, if the cause ex-\\nceeded \u00c2\u00a320, the party might appeal\\nto the governor, council, and court of\\ndeputies or assembly.\\nBergen, a compact town which\\nhad been fortified against the Indians,\\ncontained about 70 families; its in-\\nhabitants were chiefly Dutch, some of\\nwhom had been settled there upwards\\nof 40 years.\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF BERGEN COUNTY.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0t^\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0B\\nPopulation.\\nTownships, c.\\nQD\\n13\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\npq\\n1810\\n1820\\n1830\\nBarbadoes, New,\\n7\\n4\\n11,500\\nlevel.\\n2835\\n2592\\n1693\\nBergen,\\n13\\n4\\n20,000\\npart hilly,\\n2690\\n3137\\n4651\\nFranklin,\\n10\\n9\\n45,000\\nhilly, rolling,\\n2839\\n2968\\n3449\\nHackensack,\\n9\\nH\\n24,000\\nhill and valley.\\n1918\\n2076\\n2200\\nHarrington,\\nH\\n7\\n34,000\\ndo. do.\\n2087\\n2296\\n2581\\nLodi,\\n10\\n5\\n22,000\\nflat,\\n1356\\nPompton,\\n14\\n12\\n70,000\\nmountainous,\\n2060\\n2818\\n3085\\nSaddle River,\\n10\\n8\\n41,000\\n267,500\\ndo.\\n2174\\n2291\\n3397\\n16,603\\n18,178\\n22,412\\nBergen, village, of Bergen t-ship,\\nBergen co., about 16 miles S. of\\nHackensack, and 3 west of Jersey\\ncity, upon the summit of Bergen\\nridge, and equidistant between the\\nturnpike roads leading to Newark,\\ncontains a Dutch Reformed church,\\nand some twenty or thirty houses.\\nThis town was settled about 1616,\\nprobably by Danes, who accompa-\\nnied the Hollanders.\\nBergen t-ship, Bergen co., is\\nbounded N. by Hackensack t-ship,\\nE. by Hudson river and New York\\nbay, S. by the strait called Kill Van\\nKuhl, W. by the Hackensack river\\nand Newark bay; greatest length\\nN. and S. 13, breadth 4 miles; area,\\n20,000 acres. Surface hilly on the\\nN. E., on the W. and S. level. Soil,\\nred shale and marsh. A large body\\nof the latter, with Cedar swamp, lies\\non the Hackensack river, extending\\nfrom the head of Newark bay, through\\nthe t-ship. The t-ship is intersected\\nby several turnpike roads running in\\nvarious directions. New Durham,\\nWeehawk, Hoboken, Jersey City,\\nBergen, Communipaw, and Pamre-\\npaw, are towns of the t-ship. Tkere\\nare post-offices at Jersey City and\\nHoboken. Population in 1830, 4651.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "BER\\n103\\nBIL\\nIn 1832, there were in the t-ship 1167\\ntaxables, 366 householders, whose\\nratable estate does not exceed 30\\ndollars, 191 single men, 22 mer-\\nchants, 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 3\\nferries, 1 toll bridge, 10 tan vats, 1\\ngrain distillery, 1 glass and 1 china\\nmanufactory, and 1 woollen manu-\\nfactory, 446 horses and mules, and\\n1287 neat cattle above the age of\\nthree years. The t-ship paid state\\ntax, $422 74; county, $613 36; poor,\\n$800; road, $1500.\\nBerkely. (See Sandtown.)\\nBerkshire Valley, the S. W. part\\nof Longwood valley, Jefferson t-ship,\\nMorris co., W. of Greenpond moun-\\ntain, 12 miles N. W. from Morris-\\ntown, 237 from W. C, and 71 from\\nTrenton. A wild and rocky spot,\\nthrough which runs a branch of the\\nRockaway river, giving motion to se-\\nveral forges, c. There is also a\\npost-office and a Presbyterian church\\nhere.\\nBernard t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nbounded N. by Mendham t-ship,\\nMorris co.; E. by the Passaic river,\\ndividing it from Morris t-ship, of the\\nsaid county S. E. by Warren t-ship,\\nS. W. by Bridgewater t-ship, and W.\\nby Bedminster t-ship. Centrally,\\ndistant N. E. from. Somerville, 7\\nmiles greatest length, N. and S. 9\\nbreadth, E. and W. 7 miles; area,\\n25,000 acres; surface hilly, and in\\ngreat part mountainous soil on hills,\\nclay and loom; in the valleys, lime-\\nstone well cultivated by wealthy far-\\nmers. The north branch of the Ra-\\n.ritan flows on the western boundary,\\nand receives from the t-ship Mine\\nbrook and smaller tributaries. Dead\\nrun flows to the Passaic, on the S. E.\\nline. Baskingridge, Liberty Corner,\\nLogtown and Vealtown, are villages\\nof the t-ship the two first post-towns.\\nPopulation in 1830, 2062. In 1832,\\nthe t-ship contained about 400 taxa-\\nbles, 68 householders, whose ratable\\nestate did not exceed 30 dollars, 34\\nsingle men, 5 stores, 8 saw mills, 3\\ngrist mills, 1 fulling mill, 5 distille-\\nries, 461 horses and mules, and 1105\\nneat cattle 3 years old and upwards.\\nand paid state tax, $306 70 county\\ntax, $695 50.\\nBerry s Creek, a marsh creek of\\nLodi t-ship, Bergen co., has a south-\\nerly course of about 4 miles.\\nBethany Hole Run, small tributary\\nof Plains creek, Evesham t-ship, Bur-\\nlington CO., flows by a course of\\nabout 3 miles into the dam of Taun-\\nton furnace.\\nBethel, mount and church, Mans-\\nfield t-ship, Warren co., 12 miles E.\\nof the town of Belvidere.\\nBethlehem t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nbounded N. W. by the Musconetcong\\nriver, which divides it from Warren\\nCO., N. E. by Lebanon t-ship, S. E.\\nby Ringwood, and S. W. by Alexan-\\ndria. Centrally distant N. W. from\\nFlemington, 13 miles greatest length\\nE. and W. 9 miles, breadth N. and\\nS. 9 miles; area 25,000 acres; sur-\\nface mountainous on the north, else-\\nwhere hilly soil, clay, red shale, and\\nloam, with a vein of limestone on the\\ncast foot of the Musconetcong moun-\\ntain; drained chiefly by Alberson s\\nbrook, a tributary of Spruce run, and\\nsome small tributaries of Musconet-\\ncong creek. Charleston, Bloomsbury,\\nHickory, Pattenburg, are villages of\\nthe t-ship Vansyckles and Perry-\\nville, post-towns. Population in 1 830,\\n2032. In 1832, the t-ship contained\\na Presbytei ian church, 3 stores, 3\\nsaw mills, 5 grist mills, 1 oil mill, 25\\ntan vats, 5 distilleries, 480 horses and\\nmules, and 820 neat cattle above the\\nage of 3 years and paid poor tax,\\n$900; road tax, $700; county and\\nstate tax, $791 68.\\nSevens, p-o., of Sussex co., named\\nafter the postmaster, James C. Be-\\nvens, 241 miles N. E. from W. C,\\nand 83 from Trenton.\\nBillingsport, more properly writ-\\nten Byllingsport, named after Edward\\nBylling, a merchant of England, the\\npurchaser of Lord Berkeley s undi-\\nvided moiety of the province. It lies\\nupon the river Delaware below the\\nmouth of Mantua creek, and 12 miles\\nbelow Camden, and was rendered fa-\\nmous by the fort erected here during\\nthe revolutionary war, for defence of", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "BLA\\n104\\nBLO\\nthe channel of the river, remains of\\nwhich are still visible. It contains a\\ntavern and ferry, and some half dozen\\ndwellings.\\nBirmingham, small hamlet of\\nTrenton t-ship, Hunterdon co. 5 miles\\nN. W. from tlie city of Trenton, con-\\ntains a tavern and some half dozen\\ndwellings.\\nBirmingham, formerly called New\\nMills, village, on the north branch of\\nthe Rancocus creek, Northampton\\nt-ship, Burlington co., 4 miles S. E.\\nof Mount Holly, contains a cotton\\nmanufactory, a grist mill, saw mill,\\nfulling mill, a cupola furnace, and\\nfrom 15 to 20 dwellings. Shreve s\\ncalico printing works are within two\\nmiles of the village, upon the same\\nstream.\\nBlack Creek, Vernon t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO., rises on the S. E. foot of the\\nPochuck mountain, flows northward-\\nly, about 5 miles to the Warwick\\ncreek.\\nBlackwoodtoicn, village of Glou-\\ncester CO., upon the main branch of\\nBig Timber creek, near the head of\\nnavigation 8 or 9 miles from its\\nmouth, 5 miles S. E. of Woodbury,\\nand 11 miles from Camden; contains\\n1 Presbyterian and large Methodist\\nchurch, an extensive woollen manu-\\nfactory chiefly employed on kersey-\\nnette, belonging to Newkirk and Co.,\\n3 stores, 1 tavern, and about 50\\ndwellings a 2 horse stage plies daily\\nbetween this town and Camden.\\nBlack s Creek, S. W. boundary of\\nChesterfield t-ship, rising by several\\nbranches in Hanover t-ship, flowing\\nW. and N. W. about 8 miles to the\\nriver Delaware, below Bordentown.\\nThe Amboy rail-road crosses its\\nmouth over a wooden bridge. Ba-\\ncon s run is a branch of the stream,\\nand part of the aforesaid boundary\\nthe creek drives several mills.\\nBlack Horse. (See Columbus.)\\nBlade Run, tributary of the S.\\nbranch of Toms river, Dover t-ship,\\nMonmouth co.\\nBlack Brook, tributary of the Pas-\\nsaic river, rises at the N. E. base of\\nLong hill, Chatham t-ship, Morris\\nCO., flows westerly along the hill, by\\na course of 7 or 8 miles to its reci-\\npient in Morris t-ship.\\nBlackleifs Mineral Spring, Ac-\\nquackanonk t-ship, Essex co., 10\\nmiles N. W. from New York, 4 S.\\nE. from Paterson; formerly much\\nfrequented as a useful chalybeate.\\nBlackwood Meadow Brook, a\\nsmall tributary of the Passaic river,\\nflowing W. to its recipient in the N.\\nW. angle of Livingston t-ship, Essex\\nCO.\\nBlack River, is the name given to\\nthe Lamington river, above Potter s\\nFalls. It rises by 2 small branches,\\non the borders of Roxbury and Ran-\\ndolph t-ships, flows under this name\\na S. W. course of about 16 miles, to\\nthe falls at the point of junction, be-\\ntween Hunterdon, Somerset and Mor-\\nris CO., draining a valley of conside-\\nrable extent, and in parts very fertile.\\nBlack River, or Cooper s Mills,\\nis also the name of a small village\\non the above stream, situate in Ches-\\nter t-ship, Morris co., on the turnpike\\nroad leading from Morristown to\\nEaston, 14 miles N. W. from the for-\\nmer; contains 1 grist inill, 2 saw\\nmills, a store, and 6 or 8 dwellings\\nit is a place of considerable business\\nthe country around it is hilly, and\\nnot very fertile.\\nBlacktvells, hamlet of Hillsbo-\\nrough t-ship, Somerset co., on the^\\nleft bank of the Millstone river, 6^\\nmiles S. of Somerville, pleasantly si-\\ntuated, in a fertile country contains i\\na large grist mill, fulling mill, store,\\nand several dwellings a bridge\\ncrosses the Millstone river here.\\nBlack Point, at the confluence of.\\nthe Shrewsbury and Nevisink rivers,\\nShrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co.\\nBlazing Star Ferry, over Staten\\nIsland Sound, on the road from\\nWoodbury to Staten Island, about 7\\nmiles N. E. from Amboy the post-\\nroute to New York, formerly lay by\\nthis ferry.\\nBloomfield t-ship, Essex county,\\nbounded N. by Acquackanonck t-sp,\\nE. by the Passaic river, which di-\\nvides it from Bergen co., E. by New-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "BLO\\n105\\nBLU\\nark t-ship, S. and S. W. by Orange,\\nand W. by Caldwell. Centrally dis-\\ntant N. Irom Newark, 6 miles\\ngreatest length 5, breadth 4^ miles\\narea, 14,000 acres; surface hilly;\\nmountainous on the west; on the\\neastern boundary, the ground rises\\ngradually from the river, and offers\\nbeautiful sites for country seats,\\nmany of which are thus occupied. It\\nis drained by two streams which rise\\nnear the foot of the mountain, and\\nflow by tortuous courses to the river,\\nknown as the Second and Third ri-\\nvers. The first has a length scarce\\nexceeding 6 miles, and the last,\\nwhich forms a semi-ellipsis, and rises\\nin the notch in Acquackanonck t-ship,\\nmay be double that length. These\\nstreams are the source of the wealth\\nof tlie t-ship, and have converted it\\nalmost wholly into a manufacturing\\nvillage. The soil is based on red\\nsandstone, in which are exhaustless\\nquarries of fine building stone, vast\\nquantities of which have been sent to\\nNew York, and other places. The\\nvillages of the t-ship are Belleville,\\nBloomfield, Spring Garden, and\\nSpeertown. At the two first are\\npost-offices. Pop. in 1830, 4.309; in\\n1832, the t-ship contained 500 taxa-\\nbles, 206 householders, whose ratable\\nestate did not exceed $30 82 single\\nmen, 17 merchants, 6 grist mills, 2\\ncotton manufactories, 5 saw mills, 4\\nrolling mills for copper, 3 paper mills,\\n1 paint factory, 2 calico printing and\\nbleaching works, 1 very extensive;\\n40 tan vats, 3 woollen factories, and\\nseveral very extensive shoe factories\\n387 horses and mules, and 862 neat\\ncattle above three years old. And\\nthe t-ship paid state tax S754 50;\\ncounty $2.38 37; poor $1200; and\\nroad $1200. The annual value of\\nI manufactured products, probably ex-\\nceed 2-2 millions of dollars.\\nBloomfield, p-t. of the above t-ship,\\n:^2 niiles N. of Newark, extending\\nfor near 3 miles in a N. W. direc-\\ntion, and including what was fornier-\\nly known as West Bloomfield. The\\nchief part of the town lies upon the\\nold road, but part of it on (he turn-\\npike; it contains about 1600 inhabi-\\ntants, above 250 dwellings, 2 hotels,\\nan academy, boarding school, 4 large\\ncommon schools, 12 stores, 1 Pres-\\nbyterian church, 2 Methodist church-\\nes a very extensive trade is carried\\non here in tanning, currying, and\\nshoemaking, and the following manu-\\nfactories are considered as annexed\\nto the town: 2 woollen factories, 1\\nmahogany saw mill, 1 cotton mill, 1\\nrolling mill, 1 calico printing work,\\n2 saw mills for ordinary work, 1\\npaper mill, and 1 grist mill.\\nBloomingdale, village on the Pe-\\nquannock creek, Pompton t-ship, Ber-\\ngen CO., 20 miles N. W. from Hack-\\nensack, upon the Paterson and Ham-\\nburg turnpike road contains 1 forge,\\na saw mill, grist mill, machine fac-\\ntory, bark mill, 1 tavern, 2 stores,\\nand some 8 or 10 dwellings; the\\ncountry around it is mountainous and\\nbarren.\\nBloomsbnry, p-t. of Greenwich\\nt-ship, Warren co., on the turnpike\\nroad from Somerville to Philipsburg,\\nand on both sides of the Musconet-\\ncong creek, part of the town being in\\nHunterdon co. by the post-route\\n198 miles from W. C, 49 from Tren-\\nton, and 14 S. from Belvidere, 18\\nmiles N. W. from Flemington; con-\\ntains 1 grist mill, 1 oil mill, a cotton\\nmanufactory, 2 taverns, 1 store, and\\nfrom 30 to 40 dwellings; the soil of\\nthe valley around it is rich limestone.\\nBloomshnry, village of Notting-\\nham t-ship, Burlington co., a suburb\\nof the city of Trenton, below the As-\\nsunpink creek, and at the head of\\nthe sloop navigation of the river.\\nThe bridge across the Delaware runs\\nfrom the centre of the village there\\nare here a Presbyterian meeting,\\nseveral taverns and stores, steam-boat\\nlandings and wharves, with about 150\\ndwellings and 900 inhabitants. The\\nrace-way of the Trenton water power\\ncompany, will pass through the vil-\\nlage. (See Trenton.)\\nBlue Ball, village of Howell t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., 4 miles S. from Free-\\nhold; contains a tavern and store, 10\\nor 12 dwellings, 1 Presbyterian and", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "BOR\\n106\\nBOR\\nJ\\n1 Methodist church. The soil here\\nhas been so greatly improved by\\nmarl, that lands which 15 years\\nsince would not bring $20 the acre,\\nnow command $50.\\nBlue Anchor, tavern and hamlet\\nof Gloucester t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nin the heart of the pine forest, about\\n25 miles S. E. from Camden.\\nBoonton, manufacturing village of\\nHanover t-ship, Morris co., on the N.\\nside of Rockaway river, 9 miles N. of\\nMorristown, situate on the side of a\\nhigh hill, at the entrance of a dark, nar-\\nrow, rocky valley contains the works\\nof the East Jersey Iron Manufactur-\\ning Company, consisting of an exten-\\nsive rolling mill, a blast furnace and\\nfoundery 3 stores, and about 40 dwell-\\nings, a school house and a handsome\\nchurch. In forcing the Trowbridge\\nmountain here, the stream has form-\\ned a rapid and a picturesque cascade\\nof about 30 feet fall, and this circum-\\nstance has made the site a very ad-\\nvantageous one for hydraulic works.\\nThe Morris canal ascends from the\\nvalley by an inclined plane 800 feet\\nlong, having a lift of 80 feet, which\\nis passed over in from 12 to 15 mi-\\nnutes. Pop. between 300 and 400,\\nprincipally English; the village was\\nfounded in 1828, and is one of the\\nmost romantic spots in the state.\\nBonhamtoicn, Woodbridge t-ship,\\nMiddlesex co., 5 miles N. E. from\\nNew Brunswick, on the turnpike road\\nleading thence to Woodbridge, from\\nwhich it is distant 6 miles contains\\n10 or 12 dwellings, 2 taverns, 1 store\\nand school house surrounded by a\\ngravelly and poor soil.\\nBoardville, on Ringwood river,\\nand on the Rina;wood and Longwood\\nturnpike road in Pompton t-ship, Ber-\\ngen CO., 21 miles N. W. from Hack-\\nensack; contains a Dutch Reformed\\nchurch, a forge, distillery, a school\\nhouse, and several farm houses. The\\nnarrow valley in which it lies is rich\\nand well cultivated.\\nBordentown, borough and p-t., of\\nChesterfield t-ship, Burlington co., si-\\ntuate on the bank of the Delaware\\nriver, at the junction of the Cross-\\nwick s creek with that stream, 11\\nmiles N. W. from Mount Holly, 170\\nN. E. from W. C, 30 from Phila-\\ndelphia, 10 from Burlington, and 7\\nS. E. from Trenton; contains about\\n1000 inhabitants, 200 dwellings, a\\nQuaker meeting house, a Baptist and\\na Methodist church, 5 stores and 5\\ntaverns, and is surrounded by a fer-\\ntile and well cultivated country of\\nsandy loam. The Camden and Am-\\nboy rail-road passes through the\\ntown, by a viaduct beneath its prin-\\ncipal streets and stages run from the\\ntown, daily, to Trenton, Princeton,\\nNew Brunswick, Long Branch, New\\nEgypt, Mount Holly, c. c., and\\n4 steam-boats, to Bristol, Burlington,\\nand Philadelphia.\\nThis town was founded by Mr. Jo-\\nseph Borden, an early settler here,\\nand a distinguished citizen of the\\nstate, and has borne his name for\\nnearly a century. It was incorpo-\\nrated 9th December, 1825. Its site\\nis perhaps the most beautiful on the\\nDelaware, and the village is alike re-\\nmarkable for its healthiness and clean-\\nliness, and the neatness of its dwell-\\nings. Built upon a plain 65 feet\\nabove the surface of the river, and\\nfrom which there is a descent upon\\nthree sides, its streets, speedily drain-\\ned after the rain, are dry and lined\\nby umbrageous trees, furnish always\\nan agreeable promenade during the\\nsummer season. From the brow of\\nthe hill, there is a delightful view of i\\nthe majestic Delaware, pursuing for\\nmiles its tranquil course through the\\nrich country which it laves. Th(\\nbeauty of this scene is greatest in thi\\nautumn, when the thousand vario\\nand brilliant tints of the forest treeS;\\narc contrasted with the deep azure of\\nthe sky, and the limpid blue of the\\nmirror like waters. The attractions\\nof the scene determined Joseph Buo-\\nnaparte, Count de Surveilliers, in his\\nchoice of a residence in this country\\nand this distinguished exile, who has\\nfilled two thrones, and has preten-\\nsions based on popular suffrage to a\\nthird, has dwelt liere many years in\\nphilosophic retirement. He has in", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "BOT\\n107\\nBRI\\nI\\nthe vicinity about 1500 acres of land,\\npart of which possessed natural beau-\\nty, which his taste and wealth have\\nbeen employed to embellish. At the\\nexpense of some hundred thousand\\ndollars, he has converted a wild and\\nimpoverished tract, into a park of sur-\\npassing beauty, blending the charms\\nof woodland and plantation scenery,\\nwith a delightful water prospect. The\\npresent buildings, plain but commo-\\ndious, are on the site of the offices of\\nhis original and more splendid man-\\nsion, which was destroyed by fire,\\ntogether with some rare pictures from\\nthe pencils of the first masters, whose\\nmerit made them invaluable. With\\ncharacteristic liberality, the Count\\nhas opened his grounds to the public,\\nbut we regret to perceive, that he has\\nbeen ungratefully repaid, by the de-\\nfacement of his ornamental struc-\\ntures, and mutilation of his statues.\\nBordentown is much resorted to by\\nthe citizens of Philadelphia during the\\nhot months, who find excellent enter-\\ntainment in the large commodious\\npublic houses, and in private and\\nmore retired mansions. Few places\\nnear the city are more desirable as a\\nsummer residence, which is now ren-\\ndered uncommonly convenient to ci-\\ntizens by the almost hourly means of\\ncommunicating with Philadelphia and\\nNew York. The benefit of these ad-\\nvantageous circumstances to the town,\\nbecomes apparent in its increase, ma-\\nny new houses having been built in\\n1832 and 1833. The outlet lock of\\nthe Delaware and Raritan canal is in\\nfront of the town, which will in all\\nprobability become a depot, for much\\nproduce of the surrounding country\\ndestined for the New York or Phila-\\ndelphia market. Under these pros-\\npects the value of property here, we\\nare told, has risen 50 per cent, within\\ntwo years.\\nBordeii s Run, an arm of the S.\\nbranch of Toms river. Upper Free-\\nhold t-ship, Monmouth co., flows E.\\nabout 7 miles through the S. E. an-\\ngle of the t-ship.\\nBottle Hill, p-t., Chatham t-ship,\\nMorris co., on the turnpike road from\\nElizabethtown to Morristown, 1 3 miles\\nfrom the one, and 4^ from the other\\n223 N. E. from W. C. and 57 from\\nTrenton; contains a tavern, three\\nstores, a Presbyterian church, an\\nacademy,, and above 40 dwellings,\\ngenerally very neat; the surrounding\\ncountry gently undulating, and well\\ncultivated.\\nBound Brook, p-t., of Bridge.water\\nt-ship, Somerset co., on the S. W.\\nboundary of the county, at the con-\\nfluence of the Green Brook with the\\nRaritan river. A part of the village\\nis in Piscataway t-ship, of the adjoin-\\ning county of Middlesex, on the turn-\\npike road from New Brunswick to\\nSomerville, 7 miles from the one, and\\n4 from the other. The town, in-\\ncluding Middle Brook, extends a mile\\nfrom Green Brook to Middle Brook,\\nand contains a large and neat Pres-\\nbyterian church, an academy, 3 ta-\\nverns, 4 stores, a large grist mill,\\nLC., and about 50 dwellings. There\\nis a bridge over the river here. The\\nsurrounding country is fertile. The\\nDelaware and Raritan canal runs\\nnear the town.\\nBound Brook, small stream rising\\nin Newark t-ship, and running S. E.\\nthrough the marsh, into Newark bay,\\nforming the boundary between Eliza-\\nbeth and Newark t-ships.\\nBound Brook. (See Green Brook.)\\nBowentown, Hopewell t-ship, Cum-\\nberland CO., a small hamlet, of\\nsome half dozen houses, midway\\non the road from Bridgetown to\\nRoad s town, about 2^ miles from\\neach.\\nBranchville, p-t., of Frankford\\nt-ship, Sussex co., on the Morris\\nturnpike road, by the mail route, 235\\nmiles from Washington city, 77 from\\nTrenton, 7 from Newton, and 2 from\\nAugusta. There are several mills\\nhere upon a branch of the Paulins-\\nkill, within the space of two miles.\\nBread and Cheese Run, tributary\\nof the south branch of Rancocus\\ncreek, Northampton t-ship, Burling-\\nton CO., unites with that stream 8 or\\n10 miles below its source.\\nBrigantine Inlet, Old, formerly", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "BRI\\n108\\nBRI\\nthrough Brigantine Beach, on the\\nAtlantic, now closed.\\nBrigantine Beach, on the Atlantic\\nocean, Galloway t-ship, Gloucester\\nCO., extends from Quarter s Inlet,\\neastwardly, to Old Brigantine Inlet,\\nabout 6 miles, by about a half a mile\\nin width. Several salt works have\\nbeen established here.\\nBricksborough, village, of Maurice\\nt-ship, Cumberland co., upon the left\\nbank of Maurice river, 12 miles from\\nits mouth, within 2 of Port Elizabeth,\\nand 14 of Bridgeton, contains from 12\\nto 15 dwellings. It lies at the conflu-\\nence of Muskee run, with the river.\\nBridgeport, small hamlet of Wash-\\nington t-ship, Burlington co., upon\\nthe left bank of Wading river, 29\\nmiles S. E. from Mount Holly, and\\n5 from the confluence of Wading with\\nthe Little Egg Harbour river, contains\\na tavern, store, and some 4 or 5 dwell-\\nings, in sandy, pine country. The\\nriver is navigable above the town.\\nBridgeton, p-t. and seat of justice\\nof Cumberland co., upon the Cohan-\\nsey creek, 20 miles from its mouth,\\n175 N. E. from W. C, and sixty S.\\nof Trenton. The town is built on\\nboth sides of the creek, over which is\\na wooden drawbridge, from whence\\nit has its name. It formerly bore that\\nof Cohansey. It contains a court-\\nhouse of brick, in the centre of a\\nstreet, upon the W. bank of the creek,\\na prison of stone, and public offices,\\non the E., a Presbyterian, a Baptist,\\nand a Methodist church a bank with\\nan authorized capital of $200,000, of\\nwhich $50,000 have been paid in a\\npublic library, a Masonic lodge, an\\nacademy, a woollen manufactory, a\\ngrist mill, an extensive rolling mill,\\nfoundery, and nail factory. It ex-\\nports lumber, flour, grain, nails, and\\niron castings. Thirty schooners and\\nsloops, of from 50 to 80 tons bur-\\nthen, sail from the port, which is one\\nof entry and delivery. The collection\\ndistrict of Bridgeton comprehends the\\ncounties of Gloucester, Salem, Cum-\\nberland, and Cape May; excepting\\nsuch parts of Gloucester and Cape\\nMay, as are included in the district\\nof Egg Harl)our. The collector re-\\nsides at Bridgeton. 250 licenses is-\\nsued fi om his office in the year 1832.\\nThe country around is a sandy loam,\\nrich and pi oductive in wheat, corn,\\nand rye. The most remarkable\\nobject, here, is the iron works of\\nMessrs. Reeves and Whitaker, which\\noccupy a number of stone buildings\\non the W. side of the creek, above\\nthe bridge, and are driven by a water\\npower of 15 feet head and fall. They\\nwere originally built in 1815, but were\\nconsumed by fire in 1822, and rebuilt\\nand enlarged in the same year. The\\nrolling mill is capable of manufactur-\\ning into hoop and round iron, from\\nblooms, 25,000 tons per annum. The\\nnail factory contains 29 nail machines,\\ncomj)etent to make 1500 tons of nails\\nannually and the foundery will make\\n250 tons of castings, from a cupola\\nfurnace, with anthracite coal. These\\nworks give employment to 125 men\\nand boys, who receive their wages,\\nmonthly, in cash, to the amount of\\n$30,000 per annum; and yield the\\nmeans of support to nearly 500 per-\\nsons. Two vessels are constantly\\nemployed in bringing coal to the\\nworks from Richmond, and one in\\nthe intercourse with the city of Phila-\\ndelphia. There are some very good\\nhouses in the town, which has quita\\nan air of business.\\nBridgeville, small hamlet of Ox-\\nford t-ship, Warren co., 4 miles E.\\nof Belvidere, the county town.\\nBridgewater- t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nbounded N. by Bedminster and Ber-\\nnard t-ships, N. E. by Warren t-ship,\\nS. E. by Greenbrook, dividing it\\nfrom Piscataway t-ship, Middlesex.\\nCO., S. by the Raritan river, separat-\\ning it from Franklin and Hillsborough\\nt-ships, and S. W. by Readington\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co. Greatest length\\nN. E. and S. W. 13 miles; breadth E.\\nand W. 11 miles; area, about 35,000\\nacres; surface, on the N. E., moun-\\ntainous, elsewhere level, or gently un-\\ndulating; soil, generally, red shale,\\nand well cultivated in grain and grass.\\nThe N. branch of the Raritan unites\\nwith the Lamington river, on the N.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "BRU\\n109\\nBRU\\nboundary, and flows thence, S. to meet\\nthe S. branch, about 4 miles W. from\\nSomerville; the latter river receives\\nfrom the W., Holland and Campbell s\\nBrooks Middle Brook crosses the E.\\npart of the t-ship to the main branch\\nof the Raritan, about 5 miles E. of\\nSomerville. Somerville, the county\\ntown. North Branch, Bound Brook,\\nand Middle Brook, are villages, the\\nthree first named, post-towns. Popu-\\nin 1830, 3549. In 1832 the t-ship\\ncontained about 700 taxables, 152\\nhouseholders, whose ratable estate\\ndid not exceed 30 dollars, 93 single\\nmen, 17 stores, 5 saw mills, and 3\\ngrist mills, 3 fulling mills, 29 tan vats,\\n4 distilleries for cider, 6 carding ma-\\nchines, 858 horses and mules, and\\n1570 neat cattle, 3 years old and up-\\nwards and paid state tax, S464 96\\ncounty, $1145 32.\\nBroadway, village, of Mansfield\\nt-ship, near the S. W. boundary line,\\nWarren co., on the turnpike road\\nfrom Phihpsburg to Schoolcy s moun-\\ntain, about 10 miles from the former,\\nand 14 from the latter, contains a\\nstore and tavern, 2 grist mills, 1 saw\\nmill, and 10 or 12 dwellings. It lies\\nin the valley of the Pohatcong creek,\\nupon a soil of fertile limestone.\\nBroad Oyster Creek, Downe t-ship,\\nCumberland co., flows from Orano-\\nken creek, through the salt marsh,\\ninto the Delaware bay.\\nBrooklyn, hamlet, of Piscataway\\nt-ship, Middlesex co., on Dismal\\nBrook, 6 miles N. E. from New\\nBrunswick, contains a grist mill, saw\\nmill, and some 8 or 10 dwellings.\\nBrown s Point, on the Raritan bay,\\nat the mouth of Middletown creek,\\nMiddletown t-ship, Monmouth co., 5\\nmiles S. E. from Perth Amboy, 14\\nmiles N. E. from Freehold. There\\nare here, a good landing, 2 taverns,\\n3 stores, and 12 or 15 dwellings; sur-\\nrounding country, flat and sandy, but\\nmade productive by marl.\\nBrunswick, North, t-ship, of Mid-\\ndlesex CO., bounded N. by the river\\nRaritan, E. by South Amboy t-ship,\\nS. by South Brunswick, and W. by\\nFranklin t-ship, Somerset co. Great-\\nest length E. and W. 9 miles breadth\\nN. and S. 7 miles; area, 23,000\\nacres, of which 5000 are unimproved\\nsurface level soil red shale and sandy\\nloam, drained on the N. by the Rari-\\ntan, N. E. by South river, centrally\\nby Lawrence s Brook, and N. W. by\\nSix Mile run and its branches. The\\nPrinceton and Brunswick, and the\\nTrenton and Brunswick turnpike\\nroads run along and through the\\nt-ship; the first on the W. boundary\\nof the t-ship and county. New Bruns-\\nwick, the seat of justice of the county,\\nWashington, Six Mile Run, and Old\\nBridge, are villages, and the three first,\\npost-towns of the t-ship. Population\\nin 1830, 5274. In 1832 the t-ship\\ncontained about 1050 taxables, whose\\nratable estates did not exceed 30 dol-\\nlars, 111 single men, 47 stores, 1 saw\\nmill, 4 run of stones for grain, 1\\nplaster mill, 3 carding machines and\\nfulling mills, 90 tan vats, 4 distilleries\\nfor cider, 593 horses and mules, and\\n831 neat cattle, above the age of 3\\nyears and it paid state tax, $456 84\\ncounty, $501 76; road, $200; poor,\\n$1250.\\nBrunswick, South, t-ship, of Mid-\\ndlesex CO., bounded on the N. E. by\\nNorth Brunswick, E. by South Am-\\nboy, S. by East and West Windsor,\\nand W. and N. W. by Franklin t-ship,\\nSomerset co. Centrally distant from\\nNew Brunswick S. W. 12 miles;\\ngreatest length N. and S. 10 breadth\\nE. and W. 7 miles; area, about 36,000\\nacres; surface, genei-ally, level, with\\nsome hills on the west soil sandy\\nloam and red shale in places ex-\\ntremely well cultivated and produc-\\ntive; drained N. E. by Lawrence s\\nBrook, S. W. by Millstone river and\\nits tributaries. Cranberry Brook,\\nDevil s Brook, Heathcoat s Brook.\\nKingston, and Cranberry, are post-\\ntowns, lying partly in the t-ship; and\\nPlainsborough Cross Roads and Ma-\\nplestown arc hamlets of the t-ship.\\nPopulation 2557, in 1830. In 1832\\nthe t-ship contained 527 taxables,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed 30 dol-\\nlars; 32 single men, 10 merchants, 7\\nsaw mills, 8 run of stones for grist, 5", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "BUR\\n110\\nBUR\\ntan vats, 10 distilleries for cider, 755\\nhorses and mules, and 1275 neat cat-\\ntle; and it paid state tax, $438 79;\\ncounty, $539 49 poor, $700.\\nBuck Pond, Pompton t/ship, Ber-\\ngen CO., near Bear Fort mountain,\\ncovers about 150 acres, and sends a\\nsmall tributary to the Pequannock\\ncreek.\\nBuckshutem, hamlet, near the con-\\nfluence of Buckshutem creek with\\nMaurice river, Milleville t-ship, Cum-\\nberland CO., 3 miles from Port Eliza-\\nbeth; contains 8 or 10 dwelhngs, a\\ngrist and saw mill, and store.\\nBuckshutem Creek, tributary of\\nMaurice river, Cumberland co., rises\\nby 2 branches, one on the line between\\nMilleville and Fairfield t-ships; the\\nother on the line between Fairfield\\nand Downe t-ships, and the main\\nstream divides Milleville from Downe.\\nIt is a fine mill stream.\\nBuddstoion, hamlet, Northampton\\nt-ship, Burlington co., on Stop the\\nJade creek, a tributary of the south\\nbranch of the Rancocus contains a\\ntavern, store, and saw mill, on the\\nedge of the pines.\\nBudd^s Pond, small lake of Rox-\\nbury t-ship, Morris co., on the sum-\\nmit of Schooley s mountain, 17 miles\\nN. W. of Morristown, and 7 from the\\nmineral spring, from which the visiters\\nresort hither, for amusement, in boat-\\ning and fishing.\\nBulVs Creek, small tributary of\\nLittle Egg Harbour river. Sooy s\\nmill is near its mouth.\\nBulVs Island, in the Delaware\\nriver, 23 miles above Trenton, near\\nSaxtonville. The feeder of the Dela-\\nware and Raritan canal communi-\\ncates with the Delaware here.\\nBurlington County the first recog-\\nnition wc find of the bounds of this co.\\nis in the act of Assembly, 1694, but its\\nlimits were more definitely settled by\\nthe act 21st Jan. 1710, declaring, that\\nthe line of partition between Burling-\\nton and Gloucester counties begins\\nat the mouth of Pensauken, otherwise,\\nCropwell creek; thence up the same\\nto the fork thence along the southern-\\nmost branch thereof, sometimes called\\nCole Branch, until it comes to the\\nhead thereof; thence by a straight\\nline to the southernmost branch of\\nLittle Egg Harbour river; thence\\ndown the said branch and river, to\\nthe mouth thereof; thence to the next\\ninlet, on the S. side of Little Egg\\nHarbour s most southerly inlet\\nthence along the sea coast, to the line\\nof partition between East and West\\nJersey thence on such line, by\\nMaidenhead and .Hopewell, to the\\nnorthernmost bounds of Amwell t-ship;\\nthence to the river Delaware, and by\\nthe river, to the first mentioned sta-\\ntion. This surface has been reduced\\nby the act which established Hunter-\\ndon county, March, 1714, making the\\nAssunpink creek the N. boundary of\\nthe county. It is now bounded N. by\\nHunterdon co., E. by Monmouth co.,\\nS. E. by the Atlantic ocean, S. W. by\\nGloucester co., and N. W. by the\\nDelaware river. Central latitude,\\n39\u00c2\u00b0 50 longitude E. from W. C,\\n2\u00c2\u00b0 18 greatest length, N. W. and\\nS. E. 54; breadth, E. and W., 31\\nmiles area, 553,000 acres, or near\\n833 square miles.\\nExcept immediately on the border\\nof the Assunpink creek, where some\\nprimitive rock appears, the whole of\\nthis county is alluvial, composed of\\nsand, gravel, loam and clay, various-\\nly blended. It would seem that the\\ndiluvian of the mountainous country\\nabove has been spread by the Dela-\\nware river, over the northwestern\\nborder of the county, for some 12 or\\n14 miles from the present bank, form-,\\ning with the aggregations from the\\nsea a very fertile loam, which,-\\nmanured with stable dung, ashes, or\\nmarl, produces abundant crops of\\nrye, corn, oats, beans, peas, grass, and.\\npotatoes. Strips of sand occur in\\nthis loamy belt, and sometimes\\nmasses of stiff clay, which were pro-\\nbably once washed by the tides of the\\nocean. East of the belt of loam, is a\\nmass of sand overlaying clay, and ex-\\ntending, for near 40 miles, to the\\nmarshes, which border the sea shore.\\nIn this sandy district, there are occa-\\nsionally spots where the clay, ap-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "BUR\\n111\\nBUR\\nproaching the surface, mingles with\\nthe sand, and forms tolerable soil,\\nproducing oak; and in low grounds,\\nwhere marl is near the surface, some\\nnatural meadow, easily brought to pro-\\nduce the reclaimed grasses. But the\\ngreat wealth of this portion of the\\ncounty is the pine timber, with which\\nit is covered, and which is cut into\\nvaluable lumber, or fed to the fur-\\nnace of the iron foundery or steam-\\nboat. Bog ore is found in many\\nplaces; marl generally through the\\nwestern part of the county, and possi-\\nbly may be turned up every where,\\nby digging sufficiently deep. In the\\nmarl pits, animal reliques, such as\\nshells, bones, and also petrified vege-\\ntables, are frequent. But the most\\nextraordinary relic, yet discovered in\\nthese deposits, is a piece of wrought\\ncopper bolt, about an inch square, and\\ntwo inches long, bearing the marks of\\ntools, taken about 10 years since,\\nfrom a marl pit, 10 feet below the sur-\\nface, and within a short distance of\\nMount Holly, on the farm of Mr.\\nThomas Howell. Of the time when,\\nand the means by which such a de-\\nposit was made, it is scarce possible to\\nform a plausible conjecture.\\nThe waters of the county flow,\\neither N. W. to the Delaware river,\\nor S. W. to the Atlantic ocean. The\\nformer consist of the Assunpink,\\nCrosswick s, Black s, Craft s, Assis-\\ncunk, Rancocus, and Pensauken\\ncreeks, and their tributaries the lat-\\nJer of the Wading and MuUica rivers,\\nand their branches. The dividing;\\ntidge between these streams runs\\nnearly parallel with the Delaware,\\nand at about 20 miles distant from it.\\nThe streams are generally crooked,\\nand sluggish and the larger are na-\\nvigable for 10 or 15 miles from their\\nmouths. In Springfield t-ship, on the\\nfarm of Mr. James Shreve, is a well,\\nwhoso water petrifies wood. Blocks\\nof hickory, cut into the form of hones,\\nhave been converted into stone, in\\n5 years, by immersion therein.\\nThe chief villages, and post-towns\\nof the county are, Arneytown, Atsion,\\nBass River Hotel, Bordcntown, Bur-\\nlington, Columbus, Crosswicks, Eves-\\nham, Jacksonville, Jobstown, Julius-\\ntown, Medford, Moorestown, Mouiit\\nHolly, the seat of justice, Pembei ton,\\nRecklesstown, Tuckerton, Vincenton,\\nWrightstown, c. c.\\nThe county contained, by the re-\\nport of the assessors of 1832, 1 23,524\\nacres of unimproved land, which\\nmight, with propriety, be nearly\\ndoubled; 14,210 neat cattle, 6055\\nhorses over the age of three years, 19\\nstud horses, 3256 householders, with\\ntaxable property not exceeding $30 in\\nvalue; 1095 single men, 86 mer-\\nchants, 16 fisheries, 48 saw mills, 91\\ngrist mills, 4 furnaces, 3 forges, 2 pa-\\nper mills, one extensive, and of the\\nmost approved construction; 1 calico\\nprinting factory, 7 fulling mills, 4\\ncotton factories, 1 plaster mill, 350\\ntan vats, 11 carding machines, 35 dis-\\ntilleries for cider, 29 coaches and\\nchariots, 6 phaetons and chaises, 8\\nfour horse and 19 two horse stages,\\n392 dearborns, 977 covered wagons,\\n206 chairs and curricles, and paid\\nstate tax, $4607 12 county tax,\\n$15,000 and township tax, $13,450.\\nThe population of the county, in\\n1830, was 31,705; of whom 14,710\\nwere white males; 15,033 white fe-\\nmales free coloured males, 869 free\\ncoloured females, 901 male slaves,\\n77 female slaves, 115 174 aliens\\n12 white, deaf and dumb; 7 white, and\\n3 blacks, blind. The county sends 5\\nmembers to the Assembly, and one to\\nthe Council.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "BUR\\n112\\nBUR\\nSTATISTICAL\\nTABLE OF\\nBURLINGTON\\nCOUNTY.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05\\nPopulation.\\nTownships, c.\\na\\nArea.\\nSurface\\ngenerally level.\\n1810\\n1820\\n1830\\nBurlington,\\n7\\n7\\n9,702\\n2419\\n2758\\n2670\\nChester,\\n7\\n6\\n22,000\\n1839\\n2253\\n2333\\nChesterfield,\\n8\\n6\\n16,000\\n1839\\n2087\\n2386\\nEgg Harbour, Little,\\n20\\n10\\n76,800\\n913\\n1102\\n1490\\nHanover,\\n16\\n13\\n44,000\\n2536\\n2642\\n2859\\nMansfield,\\n10\\nH\\n21,000\\n1810\\n1957\\n2083\\nEvesham,\\n15\\n10\\n67,000\\n3445\\n3977\\n4239\\nNorthampton,\\n33\\n18\\n135,000\\n4171\\n4833\\n5516\\nNottingham,\\n10\\n7\\n25,000\\n2615\\n3633\\n3900\\nSpringfield,\\n10\\n6\\n18,000\\n1500\\n1568\\n1534\\nWashington,\\n20\\n19\\n112,000\\n1273\\n1225\\n1315\\nWillingboro\\n6\\n4\\n7,500\\n787\\n782\\n553,002\\n24,360\\n28,822\\n31,107\\nBurlington t-ship, Burlington co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Mansfield and\\nSpringfield t-ships, S. E. by North-\\nampton, S. W. by Willingboro and\\nN. W. by the River Delaware. Cen-\\ntrally distant N. W. from Mount\\nHolly, 6 miles length N. and S. 7\\nbreadth E. and W. 7 miles; area,\\n9702 acres; surface, level; soil,\\nsandy loam, very well cultivated, and\\nabundantly productive, in grass^ corn,\\nwheat, and garden vegetables, and\\nfruits drained by the Assiscunk creek\\non the north, and a branch of the\\nRancocus on the south. Burlington\\ncity is in the t-ship. Population in\\n1830, 2670. In 1832 the t-ship con-\\ntained, including the city, 575 taxa-\\nbles, 145 single men, 6 stores, 2 fish-\\neries, 2 grist mills, 1 ferry, 34 tan\\nvats, 1 distillery for cider, 14 coaches\\nand chariots, 2 two horse stages, 27\\ndearborns, 57 covered wagons, 9\\nchairs and curricles, and 30 gigs and\\nsulkies and it paid state tax, $373 45;\\ncounty tax, $1292 16 and t-ship tax,\\nflOOO.\\nBurlington Island, in the river\\nDelaware, above the city of Burling-\\nton, and opposite the town of Bristol,\\noriginally termed Matenicunk, and\\nalso Chygoes island. (See Burling-\\nton City.)\\nBurlington Collection District\\ncomprehends that part of West Jer-\\nsey lying on the eastward and north-\\nward of Gloucester, and all the wa-\\nters thereof within the jurisdiction of\\nthe state. Burlington city is the port\\nof entry, and Lamberton a port of\\ndelivery only the collector resides at\\nthe latter.\\nBurlington City, of Burlington\\nt-ship, Burlington co., 20 miles N. E.\\nfrom Philadelphia, 158 from W. C,\\nand 12 S. W. from Trenton, upon the\\nriver Delaware, and opposite to the -i\\ntown of Bristol contains about 300\\ndwellings, and 1800 inhabitants; one\\nEpiscopal, 1 Baptist, and 2 Methodist\\nchurches, one of which are for co-.\\nloured people, and 1 Friend s meet-\\ning house; 1 large and commodious\\nboarding school for girls, beautifully\\nsituate on the river bank, and 1 large.\\nboarding school for boys; the former v\\nunder the direction of S. R. Gum-\\nmere, and the latter of John Gum- jj\\nmere a free school maintained chief- 7\\nly from the rents of Matenicunk ot\\nChygoes island, lying near the town,\\nand which was given to it for that\\npurpose by the proprietaries, by act\\nof Assembly, 28th September, 1682.\\nThis island contains about 300 acres,\\nand yields a rent of about $1000 an-\\nnually. There are here also a board-\\ning school endowed by the Society\\nof Friends five common schools for\\nwhite, and one for coloured children.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "BUR\\n113\\nBYR\\nThe town is laid out upon 9 streets\\nrunning N. and S., and 4 E. and W.\\nThe lots are generally deep, admit-\\nting of spacious gardens, in which\\nmuch and excellent Iruit is produced,\\namong which grapes of various kinds\\nare common. Upon the main street,\\nthe houses are closely built, but in\\nother parts of the town they are wide\\nasunder, and surrounded by gardens,\\norchards, and grass lots. Many of\\nthe buildings are very neat and com-\\nmodious, and occupied as country\\nseats by citizens of Philadelphia\\nthose on the liver bank, below the\\ntown, ai e beautifully situated, vvith a\\nfine verdant velvet sward to the wa-\\nter s edge, giving them a perpetual air\\nof freshness and coolness, most desi-\\nrable in the summer months. There\\nare here, also, a public library, seve-\\nral fire companies, a beneficial so-\\nciety, a distinguished nursery of fruit\\ntrees, 7 considerable stores, 5 taverns,\\n3 practising attorneys, 3 physicians,\\nand extensive manufactories of shoes,\\nemploying near 300 hands. Bur-\\nlington was laid out as a town in the\\nyear 1677, by the first purchasers\\nfrom Lord Berkeley, and was incor-\\nporated by the proprietary govern-\\nment, including the island only, in\\n1693, and subsequently by Governor\\nCosby. The present incorporation\\nis by act of the state legislature, 21st\\nDecember, 1784, constituting the\\ntown and port of Burlington, of the\\nlength of .3 miles on the Delaware,\\nand such part of the river and islands\\nopposite thereto, within the jurisdic-\\ntion of the state, and extending fi-om\\nthe river at right angles one mile into\\nthe county, \u00e2\u0080\u00a2the city of Burlington;\\nand authorizing its government, by a\\nmayor, recorder, and 3 aldermen, an-\\nnually elective, with power to hold a\\ncommercial court monthly. Prior to\\nMay, 1676, the site of this town was\\nholden by 4 Dutch families, one of\\nwhom kept a public house for the en-\\ntertainment of travellei s passing to\\nand from the settlements on the west\\nshores of the Delaware, and New\\niTfork. The river here is about a\\nmile wide, the harbour pretty good,\\nbut the town has no commerce. A\\ngreat portion of the city is isolated by\\na creek, over which there are several\\nbridges; the tide has been stopped\\nout, and the marshes, which it for-\\nmerly covered, are good m.eadows.\\nThe town is deemed healthy. Four\\nsteam-boats pass this town, to and\\nfrom Philadelphia, daily.\\nBurnt Cabin Brook, principal\\nbranch of the Rockaway river, rises\\nin Greenpond, in the valley between\\nGreenpond mountain and Copperas\\nmountain. It has a S. W. course of\\nabout 8 miles, before it unites with the\\nmain stream.\\nBurnt Meadow Brook, small tri-\\nbutary of Ringwood river, Pompton\\nt-ship, Bergen co., into which it flows\\neastwardly by a course of about 6\\nmiles.\\nBvstlefon, hamlet, of Mansfield\\nt-ship, Burlington co., 7 miles N. W.\\nfrom Mount Holly, and 4 from Bur-\\nlington city; contains a Friends\\nmeeting house, and some half dozen\\nfarm houses, surrounded by a well cul-\\ntivated country of fertile sandy loam.\\nButcher^s Forge, on Metetecunk\\nriver, on the line between Howell and\\nDover t-ships, Monmouth co., at the-\\nhead of navigation, 18 miles S. E.\\nfrom Freehold. There are here a\\nforge, a grist mill, a tavern, 2 stores,\\nand 15 or 20 dwellings. The mill\\npond is the largest in the state, having\\na length of nearly 3 miles, by nearly\\nhalf a mile in breadth. Wood from\\nthe surrounding forest is boated on it\\nto the furnace.\\nByrain t-ship, Sussex co., bounded\\nN. W. by Newton t-ship E. by Har-\\ndiston t-ship, and by Joflerson t-ship,\\nMorris co.; S. by Roxbury t-ship, of\\nthe same co., and W. by Green t-ship,\\nof Sussex CO. Centrally distant S.\\nE. from Newton 8 miles; greatest\\nlength N. and S. 10 miles, breadth\\nE. and W. 8 miles; area, 21,760;\\nsurface mountainous, the t-ship being\\nwholly covered by the South mountain.\\nThe t-ship is drained chiefly by Lub-\\nber run, which receives the waters\\nof Lion pond, Hopatcong lake upon\\nthe E., and by Musconetcong river,\\nI", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "CAL\\n114\\nCAM\\nwhich courses the whole of the south-\\nern boundary. It is crossed N. W.\\nby the Morris and Newton turnpike\\nroad. By the census of 1830 it con-\\ntained 958 inhabitants; and in 1832\\n187 taxables, 5 stores, 5 saw mills,\\n10 forge fires, 6 tan vats, 1 distillery,\\n123 horses and mules, and 497 neat\\ncattle, over the age of 3 years.\\nAndover, Lockwood, Columbia, and\\nStanhope, are the names of the forges\\nwithin the t-ship Brooklyn forge lies\\non the S. E. boundary. The Morris\\ncanal touches the south boundary of\\nthe t-ship at Stanhope. The t-ship is\\nnoted for its iron and other minerals.\\nCabbagetown, hamlet, of Upper\\nFreehold t-ship, Monmouth co., on\\nthe line between that county and Mid-\\ndlesex, 17 miles from Freehold, and\\n12 from Ti enton, contains some half\\ndozen dwellings, a wheelwright, smith\\nand joiner s shop.\\nCalais, Randolph t-ship, Morris\\nCO., on the road from Morristown to\\nStanhope forge, 6 miles N. W. from\\nthe former contains a Presbyterian\\nchurch, store, tavern, and 12 or 15\\ndwellings.\\nCaldwell t-ship, Essex co., bound-\\ned on the W. and N. by the Passaic\\nriver, which se])arates it from Hano-\\nver t-ship, Morris co., E. by Acquack-\\nanonck and Bloomfield t-ships, S. by\\nOrange and Livingston t-ships. Cen-\\ntrally distant N. E. from Newark 10\\nmiles; greatest length E. and W. 7;\\nbreadth N. and S. 6; area, 16,500\\nacres; surface mountainous on the\\nE., elsewhere rolling, except in the\\nvalley of the river; drained, or rather\\nwatered, by Deep and Green brooks\\nsoil red shale and alluvion; towns,\\nCaldwell, Fairfield, and Franklin;\\nthe first a post-town; population in\\n1830, 2001. In 1832 the t-ship con-\\ntained 325 taxables, 36 single men,\\n8 merchants, 3 grist mills, 1 cotton\\nmanufactory, 3 saw mills, 12 tan vats,\\nI woollen factory, 325 horses and\\nmules, and 1001 neat cattle, over\\nthe age of 3 years: and it paid state\\ntax, $201 06; countv, $526 06;\\npoor, $600; road, $1327.\\nCaldwell, p-t. of preceding t-ship,\\nEssex CO., 10 miles N. E. from New-\\nark, 225 from W. C, and 59 from\\nTrenton, contains a tavern, 3 stores,\\na grist and saw mill on Pine Brook,\\nabout 30 dwellings, and 2 Presbyte-\\nrian churches. The country around\\nit is deep clay loam.\\nCamden, city and t-ship, of Glou-\\ncester CO., on the river Delaware, op-\\nposite to the city of Philadelphia, and\\nport of entry and delivery of Bridge-\\nton collection district, 8 miles N. W.\\nfrom Woodbury, 137 N. E. from W.\\nC, and 31 S. from Trenton. The\\nsite upon which it stands, was taken\\nup between the years 1681 and 1685,\\nin several parcels, by Messrs. Cooper,\\nRunyon and Morris. The city was\\nincorporated by acts 13 Feb. and 1\\nMarch, 1828, and 9 Feb. 1831 and\\nas a t-ship by act Nov. 28, 1831. Its\\nbounds by these acts are as follow\\nBeginning at the Pennsylvania line\\nin the Delaware, opposite the mouth\\nof a small run of water below Kaighn-\\nton, and running E. to the mouth of\\nsaid run; thence by the same, cross-\\ning the public road to Woodbury,\\nfrom the Camden academy; thence\\nN. by the E. side of said road, to the\\nroad from Kaighnton to Cooper s creek\\nbridge thence by the E. side of the\\nlast mentioned road, and the S. side\\nof the causey and bridge, to the mid-\\ndle of Cooper s creek thence by the\\nmiddle of the creek to the Delaware;\\nthence due N. to the middle of the\\nchannel, between Petty s island and\\nthe Jersey shore; thence down the\\nchannel to the nearest point on the\\nline between the states of Pennsylva-\\nnia and New Jersey thence by said\\nline to the place of beginning. The^,\\ndistrict has a length of 2^: miles on\\nthe river, by about 1^ in breadth to\\nthe bridge over Cooper s creek. But a\\nsmall portion only, of this area, is\\nbuilt upon the greatest portion is\\nemployed in tillage, chiefly of fruit\\nand early vegetables, for the Phila-\\ndelphia market, to which the soil is\\nadmirably adapted; and a consider-\\nable part is still in woods, yielding\\nshade and recreation to the inhabit-\\nants of the great city, in the hot sea-\\nI", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "CAM\\n115\\nCAM\\nson. The district is divided into 3\\ndistinct villages, separated by vacant\\ngrounds from halt a mile to nearly\\na mile in extent. That, opposite to\\nthe Northern Liberties, is known as\\nCooper s Point, at which there is an\\nextensive ferry establishment, tavern,\\nstore, livery stable, and a dozen dwell-\\nings. The lower village, nearly op-\\nposite to the Navy Yard, is called\\nKaighnton or Kaighn s Point, from\\nthe family of that name, which settled\\non it in 1696, and whose descend-\\nants, still residents on, and owners of\\nthe greater part of the adjoining pro-\\nperty, laid out town lots here, and\\nestablished the ferry to Philadelphia\\nin 1809. It contains 35 dwellings, a\\nstore, school house, 2 taverns, a tan-\\nnery, an extensive smithery and\\nmanufactory of steel springs for car-\\nriages. The central and largest part\\nof the city was originally called Cam-\\nden, about the year 1772, when first\\ndivided into town lots, by the then\\nproprietor, Jacob Cooper, and is near-\\nly equidistant between the two Points,\\nand opposite to the central part of Phi-\\nladelphia. The land at Cooper s Point,\\nand extensive adjacent tracts, were\\ntaken up in 1687, by William Cooper,\\none of the first and distinguished emi-\\ngrants to the province, after the sale\\nby Lord Berkeley to Byllinge; the\\nwhole of which is, at this time, not\\nonly possessed by his descendants,\\nbut actually, by descendants bearing\\nthe name of Cooper no portion of it,\\nat any time, having, in the space of\\n146 years, been aliened by the family.\\nAt the period of incorporation,\\n1828, the population of the district\\nwas 1143; in 1830 it had increased\\nto 1987, and now, Sept. 1833, by\\na census made for this work, amounts\\nto 2341 of whom 417 are heads of\\nfamilies, or housekeepers, 1237 males,\\n1104 females, 78 widows, and 105\\npeople of colour. It contains 364\\ndwelling houses, and 60 other build-\\nings used for manufactories, stores,\\nand schools, a Baptist, a Methodist,\\nand a Quaker meeting house, a court-\\nhouse, or town hall, where the city\\nsessions are holden, quarterly, by the\\nmayor, recorder, and aldermen, for\\nthe trial of minor oiiences, and a pi i-\\nson connected therewith an academy,\\nat which are taught the rudiments of\\na common English education; the\\nState Bank at Camden, with a capi-\\ntal of 8300,000 dollars; a turpentine,\\na patent leather, and a tinware manu-\\nfactory 2 tanneries, a steam saw mill\\nand steam grist mill, 2 saddlers and\\nharnessmakers, other than those con-\\nnected with the coach makers; 6 coach-\\nmakers, whose business exceeds in\\nvalue $60,000, annually, and whose\\nwork, much of which is exported, is\\nremarkable at once, for cheapness,\\nlightness, strength, and beauty of\\nfinish; 8 smitheries, connected with\\n2 of which are manufactories of steel\\nsprings; a white or silver smith, a\\nclock and watchmaker s shop, a comb\\nmanufactory, a trunk manufactory,\\n2 bakeries, 2 cooper s shops, 2 drug-\\ngist s shops, 12 stores, 5 lumber yards,\\n5 livery stables, 9 taverns, including\\nthe ferry houses, 2 cabinetmaker s\\nshops, 2 tailor s shops, 11 master\\ncarpenters, 4 master stone and brick\\nmasons, 2 painters and glaziers, a gold\\nand silver plater, 2 printing offices,\\nfrom each of which a weekly news-\\npaper is issued, and 3 physicians and\\n6 lawyers.\\nThere are here also several hand-\\nsome public gardens, much frequent-\\ned by the Philadclphians, who have\\nready access to them by the steam\\nferry boats constantly passing the\\nriver. Of these useful vessels, there\\narc at present eight belonging to the\\nfive ferry establishments, including\\nthose at Cooper s and Kaighn s Points;\\nemploying a capital of $60,000, ex-\\nclusive of the real estate, such as\\nwharves, ferry houses, c. valued\\nat $100,000. The gross income from\\nwhich, is estimated at not less than\\n$80,000 per annum. The boats adapt-\\ned for carriages and passengers cross,\\nin from 5 to 15 minutes, according\\nto the state of the tide; and arc im-\\npelled by steam engines of from 15 to\\n20 horse power.\\nThe ship channel is on the Philadel-\\nphia side of the river. The water on", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "CAP\\n116\\nCAP\\nthe New Jersey side is too shoal for\\nvessels of the largest size to ascend\\nhigher than Kaighn s Point, where it\\nis sufficiently deep for those of any\\ntonnage. Brigs and schooners of 150\\ntons come to the central parts of Cam-\\nden at high tide, and unload at the\\nwharves. Efforts are making to con-\\nvert this into a port of entry, and to\\nannex it to the Philadelphia collection\\ndistrict.\\nCampbelVs Brooh rises at the foot\\nof the mountain in Readington t-ship,\\nHunterdon co., and flows by a S. E.\\ncourse of about 7 miles to the south\\nbranch of the Raritan river, in\\nBridgewater t-ship, Somerset co.\\nCamptown, Orange t-ship, Essex\\nCO., 3| miles S. W. from Newai k,\\ncontains within a circle of a mile and\\na half in diameter, 75 dwellings, a\\nfree church of stone, of three sto-\\nries, the first used as an academy, the\\nsecond as a church, open to all de-\\nnominations of Christians, and the\\nthird a masonic lodge a Presbyteri-\\nan church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 saw\\nmill, and 1 grist mill, upon Eliza-\\nbeth river. The lands here vary in\\nvalue, according to quality, from 50\\nto $100 the acre. The name is derived\\nfrom the circumstance that the Ame-\\nrican army had a camp in the vici-\\nnity during the revolution.\\nCanoe Brook, small tributary of\\nthe Passaic river, Livingston and\\nSpringfield t-ships, Essex co., has a\\nwesterly course of three miles.\\nCape May County, by the act of\\nAssembly, 21st of January, 1710, be-\\ngins at the mouth of a small creek,\\non the west side of Stipson s island,\\ncalled Jecak s creek, and continues\\nthence by the said creek, as high as\\nthe tide floweth; thence, along the\\nbounds (of what was then Salem\\ncounty, now Cumberland,) to the\\nsouthernmost main branch of Great\\nEgg Harbour river thence down the\\nsaid river to the sea; thence along\\nthe sea coast to Delaware bay, and so\\nup the said bay to the place of begin-\\nning. It is, therefore, bounded on\\nthe north by Cumberland county, E.\\nand S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W.\\nby Delaware bay. Its greatest length,\\nN. E. and S. W. is 30 miles; great-\\nest breadth E. and W., 15 miles;\\nform semi-oval: area 252 square\\nmiles, or about 161,000 acres. Cen-\\ntral lat. 39\u00c2\u00b0 10 long. 2\u00c2\u00b0 7 E. from\\nW. C.\\nThis county is wholly of alluvial\\nformation. Upon the coast, from\\nthe mouth of Great Egg Harbour\\nbay, and for some miles on the De-\\nlaware bay, above the capes, is a\\nsand beach: on the east, this beach,\\nfrom a half mile to two miles in width,\\nis covered with grass which affords\\npasture for neat cattle and sheep. It\\nis broken by several inlets, by which\\nthe sea penetrates the marshes, and\\nforms lagunes or salt water lakes,\\nin several places, two miles in diame-\\nter, connected by various channels.\\nThe marsh has an average width of\\nabout four miles; a similar marsh\\nextends along the N. W. part of the\\ncounty, on the bay, widening as it\\nadvances northward. The Tucka-\\nhoe river, on the north, divides this\\nfrom Gloucester co., receiving from\\nCape May co. Cedar Swamp creek,\\nwhich interlocks with Dennis creek,\\nthe latter emptying into the Dela-\\nware bay. Both streams flow through\\nan extensive cedar swamp, stretch-\\ning for 17 miles across the county.\\nSeveral other, but inconsiderable\\nstreams, flow westerly into the Dela-\\nware bay. The fast land of the\\ncounty is composed of clay based on\\nsand, generally covered with oak fo-\\nrest, from which large quantities of\\ntimber and cord wood are annually\\nsent to the Philadelphia and New York\\nmarkets. The greater portion of the\\ninhabitants are settled on the east and\\nwest margins of this fast land, along\\nwhich run the main roads of the\\ncounty. The forest land, when\\ncleared, becomes arable, and, with\\ndue cultivation, produces good crops\\nof corn and rye. The farms are ge-\\nnerally large, running from the roads\\nlandward. Some cleared and culti-\\nvated tracts are interspersed with the\\nforest. The wealth of the county\\nis in its timber.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "CAP\\n117\\nCAP\\nThe name of this county is derived\\nfrom CorneHus Jacobse Mey, a navi-\\ngator in the service of the Dutch\\nWest India Company, who visited\\nthe Delaware bay in 1623, for the\\npurpose of colonization, but the set-\\ntlements, if any were made here by\\nhim, were soon abandoned. In 1630\\na purchase of land, extending along\\nthe bay for sixteen miles, and six-\\nteen inward, was made of the In-\\ndians, by the Dutch governor of New\\nAmsterdam, Van Twiller, for the\\nSieurs Goodyn and Blomaert, direc-\\ntors of the West India Company; but\\nwe do not learn that these lands were\\nimmediately peopled by Europeans.\\nFrom the records of the court of this\\ncounty, it appears probable that some\\nEnglish settlers were established here\\nat an early period, from New Eng-\\nland, and we may conjecture that\\nthey were colonists from New Ha-\\nven, some of whose descendants may\\nyet remain in the county.\\nThe county is divided into 4 t-ships\\nits pop. in 1830, was 4396 souls;\\nbeing about 20 to the square mile;\\nof whom 2400 were white males,\\n2308 white females, 118 free colour-\\ned males, 107 free coloured females,\\n3 slaves; among these were 1 deaf\\nand dumb, but there were none blind\\nnor alien.\\nThe seat of justice is centrally si-\\ntuated at Middletown, where there\\nare a frame court house, brick fire\\nproof offices, and a stone prison the\\nother public buildings of the county,\\nconsist of an Episcopalian church, 2\\nBaptist do., 2 Methodist do.\\nAt an early period of its history\\nthe inhabitants were engaged in the\\nwhale fishery at present, their chief\\nsupport is derived from the timber\\nand cord wood trade, raising of cat-\\ntle, and supplying the market with oys-\\nters, clams, fish, c. At Cape Island,\\na considerable revenue is derived from\\nthe company who visit the sea shore\\nduring the hot weather. By the as-\\nsessor s report for 1832, the county\\ncontained but 20,244 acres of im-\\nproved land, a little more than one-\\neighth part of its area; 669 house-\\nholders, 8 grist mills, the chief part\\nof which are moved by wind, 16 saw\\nmills, 29 stores, 679 horses, and\\n2093 neat cattle over 3 years of age;\\nand paid for t-ship purposes ^324 60\\nfor state purposes $646 01, and $2000\\nfor county uses.\\nBy the act of 8th March, 1797, it\\nsends 1 member to the assembly, and\\nby the constitution, 1 member to\\ncouncil.\\nThe court of common pleas and\\nquarter sessions for Cape May co., sit\\non the 1st Tuesdays of February, the\\nlast of May, the 1st of August, and\\nthe 4th of October; and the circuit\\ncourts on the last Tuesday of May,\\nannually, at Middletown.\\nThis portion of the state has not\\ngenerally been holden in due estima-\\ntion. If its inhabitants be not nume-\\nrous, they are generally as indepen-\\ndent as any others in the state, and\\nenjoy as abundantly the comforts of\\nlife. They are hospitable, and re-\\nspectable for the propriety of their\\nmanners, and are blessed, usually,\\nwith excellent health. Until lately\\nthey have known little, practically, of\\nthose necessary evils of social life,\\nthe physician and the lawyer. Morse\\nassures us, that their women possess-\\ned the power not only of sweetening\\nlife, but of defending and prolonging\\nit, being competent to cure most of\\nthe diseases which attack it. We\\nlearn, however, that their practice in\\nthe latter particular, has lately been\\ncontested; that one or more physi-\\ncians have crept in, but we rejoice to\\nhear that they find little employment.\\nWe learn also, that the county, like\\nIreland, refusing nourishment to nox-\\nious animals, no lawyer can subsist\\nin it.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "CAP 118 CED\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF CAPE MAY COUNTY.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05\\na\\n01\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\nPopulation.\\nTownships.\\n1810\\n1820\\n1830\\nUpper,\\nDennis,\\nMiddle,\\nLower,\\nm\\n14\\n12\\n8\\n11*\\n8*\\n10\\n8\\n37,000\\n43,500\\n60,000\\n21,000\\n161,500\\n1664\\n1106\\n862\\n2107\\n1157\\n1001\\n1067\\n1508\\n1366\\n996\\n4265\\n4936\\nCape May Court House, p-t. and\\nseat of justice of Cape May co., cen-\\ntrally situate in Middle t-ship, 104\\nmiles N. E. from W. C, and 102 S.\\nfrom Trenton, 34 S. E. from Bridge-\\nton, and 74 from Philadelphia; con-\\ntains a court house of wood, a jail of\\nstone, fire-proof offices of brick, 2 ta-\\nverns, 8 or 10 dwellings, and a Bap-\\ntist church of brick. Lat. 39\u00c2\u00b0 N.\\nlong. 2\u00c2\u00b0 8 E. from W. C. it is call-\\ned Middletown, in the post-office lists.\\nCape May, the most southern point\\nof N. J., and the eastern cape of the\\nDelaware bay, formed by the bay and\\nthe Atlantic ocean lat. 38\u00c2\u00b0 56 long.\\n2\u00c2\u00b0 18 E. from W. C; a fight house\\nstands upon the point. The name of\\nthis cape should have been written\\nMey, since it has its name from\\nCornelius Jacobse Mey, a distinguish-\\ned navigator, who visited the Dela-\\nware in 1623, in the employ of the\\nDutch West India Company. He\\ngave his Christian name, Cornelius,\\nto the west cape of the bay.\\nCape May Island, beach of the\\nAtlantic ocean, near the southern\\npoint of the state, in Lower t-ship,\\nCape May co., 104 miles by post-\\nroute from Philadelphia, 115 from\\nTrenton, and 117 from W. C. it is a\\nnoted and much frequented watering\\nplace, the season at which commences\\nabout the first of July, and continues\\nuntil the middle of August, or 1st\\nSeptember. There are here six\\nboarding houses, three of which are\\nvery large the sea bathing is conve-\\nnient and excellent, the beach affords\\npleasant drives, and there is excellent\\nfishing in the adjacent waters. There\\nis a post-office here.\\nt-ship, Cumberland co., between 3\\nand 4 miles N. E. of Bridgeton.\\nCarpenter s Landing, post-town of\\nGreenwich t-ship, Gloucester co., upon\\nMantua creek, at the head of sloop\\nnavigation, 3 miles S. W. from Wood-\\nbury 7 miles by the creek from the\\nDelaware; 42 miles from Trenton,\\nand 148 from W. C. It is a place\\nof considerable trade, in lumber, cord\\nwood, c., and contains 1 tavern, 2\\nstores, 30 dwellings, and 1 Methodist\\nchurch.\\nCat-tail, hamlet, of Upper Freehold\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., on Cat-tail\\ncreek, on the fine between Middlesex\\nand Monmouth cos., 16 miles S. W.\\nfrom Freehold, and 28 S. E. from\\nTrenton.\\nCedar Bridge, hamlet, Stafford\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., upon the Os-\\nwego, or E. branch of Wading river,\\n33 miles S. of Freehold, contains a\\nsaw mill, 2 taverns, and several\\ndwellings, surrounded by pine forest.\\nCedar Creek, Stafl ord t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., flows S. W. about 6 miles,\\ninto Little Egg Plarbour bay, 2 miles\\nbelow the mouth of Manahocking\\ncreek.\\nCedar CrceJc, Dover t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., rises by several branches,\\nand flows eastwardly about 16 miles,\\nto the Atlantic ocean. The village of\\nWilliamsburg is seated upon it, near\\nthe head of tide water, and contains\\n10 or 12 dwellings, 2 taverns, 2 stores,\\nGoodluck is a thickly settled neigh-\\nbourhood, a short distance on the S.\\nW. The country on the E. is salt\\nmarsh elsewhere, sandy, and cover-\\ned with pine forest.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "CEN\\n119\\nCHA\\nCedar Creek, Fairfield t-ship,\\nCumberland co., rises in the t-ship,\\nand flows westerly through it for\\nabout 10 miles, giving motion to se-\\nveral mills, and emptying into Nan-\\ntuxet cove, Delaware bay. It is na-\\nvigable about 4 miles to Cedarville.\\nCedar Pond, small lake of about\\n100 acres, Pompton t-ship, Bergen\\nCO., sends forth a portion of its waters\\nto supply the stream of Clinton forges.\\nCedar tiioamp Creek, Upper t-ship.\\nCape May co., rises in the t-ship by\\n2 branches, and flows N. E. 8 miles,\\ninto Tuckahoe river. Its course is\\nthrough an extensive cedar swamp.\\nCedar Sioamp C?-eek, of Egg Har-\\nbour t-ship, Gloucester co., a mill\\nstream, which flows S. W., by Bar-\\ngaintown, about 7 or 8 miles, into\\nGreat Egg Harbour bay.\\nCedarville, p-t. of Fairfield t-ship,\\nCumberland co., pleasantly situated,\\non Cedar creek, at the head of\\nnavigation, about 4 miles from the\\nmouth of the creek, 7 S. from Bridge-\\nton, 183, by post route, N. E. from\\nW. C, and 77 S. from Trenton; con-\\ntains about 60 dwellings, a store, and\\ntavern, grist and saw mill, and an\\nextensive button manufactory. The\\ncountry about it is sandy and poor\\nbut the lots in the village are careful-\\nly cultivated and productive. Trade,\\nwood and lumber. Inhabitants, 375.\\nCedarville, of Caldwell t-ship, Es-\\nsex CO., upon Peekman s run, about\\n2 miles above its confluence with the\\nPassaic river. There are here seve-\\nral small mills, such as grist mill, saw\\nmill, and cotton factory.\\nCentreville, p-t. of Pittsgrove t-ship,\\nSalem co., upon Muddy run, and upon\\nthe line dividing Salem from Cumber-\\nland CO., 17 miles S. E. from Salem\\ntown, and 75 S. from Trenton; con-\\ntains some 12 or 15 dwellings, ta-\\nvern, store, and school house.\\nCentreville, East Windsor t-ship,\\nMiddlesex co., upon the turnpike road\\nfrom Bordentown to Cranberry, 9\\nmiles from the former, and 18 miles\\nS. W. from New Brunswick, contains\\na tavern and several dwellings.\\nCentreville, small village, of\\nKnowlton t-ship, Warren co., on the\\nroad leading from Hope to Knowlton\\nmills and Columbia; about 4 miles\\nfrom the first and last, and 10 N. E.\\nfrom Belvidere; contains a tavern,\\nstore, smith shop, Presbyterian church,\\nand sevei al dwellings.\\nCentreville Post-Office, Hunter-\\ndon CO.; by post route, 189 miles\\nfrom W. C, and 30 from Trenton.\\nChambers Brook, tributary of the\\nnorth branch of the Raritan, and S.\\nE. boundary of Bedminster t-ship,\\nSomerset co., rises in the mountain on\\nthe E., and flows S. W., about 4 miles\\nto its recipient.\\nChambers Mill Branch, a small\\nstream, rising in the centre of Mon-\\ntague t-ship, Sussex co., and flowing\\nwesterly, about 5 miles, into the river\\nDelaware. It gives motion to several\\nmills near its mouth.\\nChange Water, furnace, on the\\nMusconetcong creek, in Mansfield\\nt-ship, Warren co., 3 miles from the\\nvillage of Mansfield, and 10 S. E.\\nfrom Belvidere, the county town.\\nCharlottesburg, the name of a fur-\\nnace, formerly on the Pequannock\\ncreek, Pompton t-ship, Bergen co.,\\nnow in ruins.\\nCharleston, small village, in the\\nN. E. part of Bethlehem t-ship, Hun-\\nterdon CO., on the Musconetcong\\nmountain, 13 miles N. of Flcmington\u00c2\u00b0\\nCharleston, hamlet, of Kingwood\\nt-ship, Hunterdon CO., 10 miles w. of\\nFlemington contains a tavern, store,\\nand several dwellings.\\nChatham t-ship, Morris co., bound-\\ned north by Hanover t-ship E. and\\nS. E. by the Passaic river, which\\nseparates it from Livingston, Spring-\\nfield and New Providence t-ships,\\nSussex CO. W. and S. by Morris\\nt-ship. Centrally distant, S. E. from\\nMorristown, 6 miles; greatest length,\\nN. and S. 9 miles breadth, E. and\\nW. 5 miles; area, 14,400; surface\\nundulating, except on the south,\\nwhich is covered by Long Hill.\\nBlack Brook rises in the t-ship and\\nflows W. to the Passaic river, through\\nMorris t-ship. Bottle Hill, Chatham,\\nand Columbia are villages of the", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "CHE\\n120\\nCHE\\nt-ship, the first, two post-towns popu-\\nlation in 1830, 1865. In 1832 there\\nwere in the t-ship 340 taxables, 40\\nsingle men, 9 stores, 3 saw mills, and\\n5 grist mills, 5 distilleries, 1 fulling\\nmill, 1 carding engine, 254 horses\\nand mules, and 1015 neat cattle, un-\\nder 3 years old; and the t-ship paid\\nstate tax, $248 35 county tax, $556\\n04; poor tax, $600; road tax, $600.\\nThe turnpike roads from Ehzabeth-\\ntown and Newark cross this t-ship to\\nMorristown.\\nChatham, p-t. of Chatham t-ship,\\nMorx is CO., on the road from Eliza-\\nbethtown to Morristown, 10 miles\\nfrom the one, and 1^ from the other\\n220 N. E. from W. C, and 54 from\\nTi enton contains 1 Presbyterian and\\n1 Methodist church, an academy, 3\\nstores, 2 taverns, a grist mill and saw\\nmill, and between 40 and 50 dwell-\\nings. A thriving village, with neat\\ndwellings, surrounded by a pleasant,\\nwell cultivated country, watered by\\nthe Passaic river, which flows through\\nthe town.\\nCheapdde, agricultural village, of\\nLivingston t-ship, Essex co., on the\\nturnpike road from Newark to Mor-\\nristown, 10 miles W. of the former.\\nChceseqiialce s Creek, with several\\nbranches flowing into the Raritan\\nbay, about 3 miles below Amboy,\\nMiddlesex co., drains a swamp of\\nconsiderable extent.\\nChesnut Neck, strip of fast land,\\nlying between Little Egg Plarbour\\nriver and Nacote creek, Galloway\\nt-ship, Gloucester co.\\nChesnut Rim, small branch of the\\nAssunpink creek, Upper Freehold\\nt-ship, Monmouth co.\\nChester t-ship, Morris co., bounded\\nN. by Roxbury t-ship, N. E. by Ran-\\ndolph t-ship, E. by Mendham t-ship,\\nS. by Bedminster t-ship, Somerset\\nCO., and W. by Washington t-ship.\\nCentrally distant W. from Morris-\\ntown 12 miles; greatest length N.\\nand S. 9, breadth E. and W. o miles;\\narea, 18000 acres; surface rolling;\\nsoil on the N. loam, on the S. grey\\nlimestone, under good cultivation;\\ndrained on the W. by the Black\\nriver, and on the E. by tributaries of\\nthe N. branch of the Raritan river;\\npopulation in 1830, 1338. In 1832\\nthe t-ship contained 324 taxables,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30;\\n23 single men, 3 stores, 5 saw mills,\\nand 2 grist mills, 4 distilleries, 1 forge,\\n2 fulling mills, and 311 horses and\\nmules, and 669 neat cattle, above 3\\nyears of age and paid the following\\ntaxes: state, $193 14; county, $432\\n43 poor $400 road, $400.\\nChester t-ship, Burlington co.,\\nbounded N. E. by the Rancocus\\ncreek, S. E. by Evesham t-ship, S.\\nW. by Pensauken creek, which di-\\nvides it from Gloucester co.. Water-\\nford t-ship, and N. W. by the river\\nDelaware. Centrally distant S. W.\\nfrom Mount Holly 9 miles; great-\\nest length 7, breadth 6 miles area,\\n22,000 acres; surface level; soil sand\\nand sandy loam, of good quality, ge-\\nnerally, well cultivated, and produc-\\ntive of grass, grain, vegetables, and\\nfruits. Beside the streams already\\nmentioned, the t-ship is drained by\\nthe N. branch of Pensauken creek,\\nby Pompeston creek, and Swede s\\nbranch, the last two emptying imme-\\ndiately into the Delaware. All are\\nmill streams. The Rancocus Draw-\\nbridge, Westfield, and Moorestown,\\nare villages of the t-ship, the last a\\npost-town; population in 1830, 2333.\\nIn 1832 the t-ship contained taxables\\n524, householders 205, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30 single men\\n96, stores 8, fisheries 5, grist mills 3,\\nsaw mills 6, tan vats 27, carding\\nmachines 2, distilleries for cider 3,\\ncoaches and chariots 7, two horse\\nstages 2, dearborns 52, covered wa-\\ngons 90, chairs and curricles 30, gigs\\nand sulkies 22, neat cattle 1060, and\\nhorses and mules 570, over 3 years\\nof age and it paid state tax, $336 38;\\ncounty, $1173 91; and road tax,\\n$1100.\\nChester, p-t. of Chester t-ship,\\nMorris CO., on the turnpike road lead-\\ning from Morristown to Easton, 13\\nmiles N. W. from the former, 50 N.\\nE. from Trenton, and 216 from W.\\nC; at the foot of a low isolated moun-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "CLA\\n121\\nCLI\\ntain, which covers it on the north it\\nextends along the road for more than\\na mile, and contains 1 Presbyterian,\\nand 1 Congregational church, 2 ta-\\nverns, 3 stores, and about 30 dwell-\\nings, and lies upon, or near, a vein of\\ngrey limestone.\\nChesterfield t-ship, Burlington co.,\\nbounded N. W. and N. by Cross-\\nwick s creek, which divides it from\\nNottingham t-ship, S. E. by Hanover\\nt-ship, S. W. by Bacon s run and\\nBlack s creek, and W. by the river\\nDelaware. Centrally distant N. E.\\nfrom Mount Holly 12 miles; greatest\\nlength N. and S. 8 miles; greatest\\nbreadth E. and W. 6 miles surface\\nlevel; soil, generally, sandy, mixed\\nwith clay and loam drained by the\\ncr6eks mentioned, which flow to the\\nDelaware river, the bank of which is\\nhere considerably elevated, giving a\\npicturesque appearance to the country,\\nespecially at and near Bordentown.\\nBordentown and Recklesstown are the\\npost-towns, and only villages of the\\nt-ship; population in 1830, 2386. In\\n1832 the t-ship contained 554 taxa-\\nbles, whose ratables did not exceed\\n$30 75 single men, 1030 neat cattle,\\nand 510 horses, above 3 years old;\\n10 stores, 1 saw mill, 2 grist mills,\\n40 tan vats, 6 distilleries for cider, 2\\ncoaches and chariots, 3 phaetons and\\nchaises, 7 four horse stages, 10 two\\nhorse stages, 41 dearborns, 58 cover-\\ned wagons, 8 chairs and curricles, 17\\ngigs and sulkies and it paid state\\ntax, $346 49; county tax, $1216 32\\nand t-ship tax, ilOOO.\\nChew^s Landing, p-t. of Glouces-\\nter t-ship, Gloucester co., upon the\\nN. branch of Big Timber creek, at\\nthe head of navigation, 9 miles S.\\nE. from Camden, and 6 N. E. from\\nWoodbury, 41 S. E. from Trenton,\\nand 149 N. E. from W. C. It is a place\\nof considerable business in lumber\\nand cord wood, and contains 2 stores,\\n2 taverns, 2 grist mills, and between\\n30 and 40 dwellings, 1 Episcopal and\\n1 Methodist church.\\nClarkesburg, hamlet, of Upper\\nFreehold t-ship, Monmouth co., on\\nthe road from Wrightsville to Free-\\nhold court-house, 12 miles from the\\nlatter, and 20 from Trenton contains\\nsome half dozen dwellings, store and\\ntavern.\\nClarkesborough, p-t. of Greenwich\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., 5 miles S. W.\\nfrom Woodbury, 44 from Trenton,\\nand 150 from W. C; contains a store,\\ntavern, and from 25 to 30 dwellings;\\nand within 2 miles S. W. there is a\\nFriend s meeting house.\\nClarkesville, (formerly called So-\\ndom) p-t. of Lebanon t-ship, Hunter-\\ndon CO., on Spruce run, and on the\\nMusconetcong mountain, on the west-\\nern line of the t-ship, 14 miles N. of\\nFlemington, 37 from Trenton con-\\ntains 1 tavern and store, 2 saw mills,\\n2 grist mills, and 6 or 8 dwellings;\\nthe surface is very rough and stony,\\nbut parts are productive iron abounds\\nin the mountain, and plumbago is also\\nfound in several places upon it, near\\nthe village.\\nClarkesville, small hamlet, of West\\nWindsor t-ship, Middlesex co., on\\nthe straight turnpike road from Tren-\\nton to Brunswick, 7 miles N. E. from\\nthe one, and 18 S. W. from the other;\\ncontains 2 taverns, and 6 or 8 dwell-\\nings soil good, and country pleasant\\naround it.\\nClementon, village, of Gloucester\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., on a branch of\\nBig Timber creek, 5 miles above\\nChew s landing, 10 miles S. E. of\\nWoodbury, and 13 from Camden;\\ncontained formerly some glass works,\\nat present 1 tavern, store, grist and\\nsaw mills, and some 12 or 15 dwell-\\nings marl abounds in the vicinity,\\nand is advantageously used upon the\\nsoil.\\nClinton, formerly called Hunt s\\nMills, p-t., of Hunterdon co., on the\\nsouth branch of Raritan river, at the\\npoint of junction of Lebanon, Bethle-\\nhem, and Kingwood t-ships, lying\\npartly in each, and on the turnpike\\nroad leading from Somerville to Eas-\\nton about 20 miles from the former,\\nand 17 from the latter; 10 miles N.\\nE. from Flemington, 33 from Tren-\\nton, and 210 from W. C. The town\\nis built in a valley surrounded on all", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "CLO\\n122\\nCOL\\nsides by hills, which on the N. N. E.\\nand N. W., approach closely to it,\\nbut are more distant on the south. It\\ncontains 1 Presbyterian church, 1\\ncommon English, and a Sunday\\nschool, 2 large grist mills, 2 runs of\\nstones each, an oil mill, at which from\\n8000 to 10,000 bushels of flaxseed\\nare annually manufactured, a wool-\\nlen manufactory, with fulling mill\\nand cards for country work, 3 stores,\\n3 taverns, and 35 dwellings. The\\nfall used at the water-works here, is\\n8^ feet only, but a very great power\\nmay be obtained, the stream having a\\nvery rapid descent, and large volume.\\nThe surrounding country is very fer-\\ntile, and carefully tilled, being enrich-\\ned by lime made from a grey stone,\\nwhich in a broad vein skirts the Mus-\\nconetcong mountain, and which rises\\nin cliffs at the village, nearly 100 feet\\nhigh. The average product in wheat\\nhere, is rated at 18 bushels the acre,\\nand from the best farms 25 bushels\\nthe acre are obtained. Iron ore, and\\nplumbago, abound in the neighbour-\\ning mountain, and the inhabitants\\nlook for increased prosperity from a\\nrail-road contemplated to be made\\nthrough their town, leading from\\nElizabethtown to Belvidere. The\\ntown lies 177 feet above tide water.\\nBy act of 19th February, 1833, au-\\nthority was given to incorporate a\\ncompany for any species of ma-\\nnufacture here, with a capital of\\n$120,000.\\nClinton Forge, Pompton t-ship,\\nBergen co., on a small stream flowing\\nfrom Hanks, Cedar, and Buck ponds,\\nand emptying into Pequannock creek,\\n28 miles N. W. from Hackensack.\\nClonmell Creek, small stream of\\nGreenwich t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nflowing by a course of 2 or 3 miles\\ninto the Delaware river, opposite to\\nLittle Tinicum island.\\nCloster, village, of Hackensack\\nt-ship, Bergen co., 4| miles N. E. of\\nHackensack town, near the W. foot\\nof the Palisade Hills, surrounded by a\\nsoil of rich loam, contains a tavern, a\\nstore, and from 12 to Indwellings.\\nCloster Mountain, part of the Ber-\\ngen ridge, Bergen co., Hackensack\\nand Harrington t-ships, forming the\\nright bank of the North river, and\\nthe Palisades. Its formation is trap,\\nresting upon red and grey sandstone.\\nHeight about 400 feet; the eastern\\nside precipitous, the west gently de-\\nclining thickly settled and well cul-\\ntivated; the top generally covered\\nwith wood.\\nClove River. (See Deep Clove\\nRiver.)\\nClove Church, on the bank of\\nClove river. Wantage t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO.\\nCohansey River, rises in Upper\\nAUoways creek t-ship, Salem co., its\\nhead waters interlocking with those of\\nAUoways creek. It flows, thence, by a\\ndue S. course of 15 miles, by Bridge-\\nton, forming the division line between\\nDeerfield and Hopewell t-ships. Cum-\\nberland co., into Fairfield t-ship;\\nturning, thence, westerly, it runs\\nabout 8 miles to the town of Green-\\nwich, and thence by a meandering\\ncourse S. W. of 7 or 8 miles, it unites\\nwith the Delaware bay. The river\\nis banked in, above Greenwich, to\\nwhich place it is navigable for large\\nbrigs and schooners; vessels of 80\\ntons burthen ascend to Bridgeton, 20\\nmiles from the mouth. Above Bridge-\\nton the stream is not navigable, but.\\naffords a very valuable water power,\\nwhich is used at the town for driving\\na rolling and slitting mill, nail factory,\\nand gristmill, c. c. (See Bridge-\\nton.)\\nCohansey Cove, bay of the Cohan-\\nsey creek, Fairfield t-ship, Cumber-\\nland CO., an inlet from the Delaware\\nbay.\\nCold Spring Inlet, Lower t-ship,\\nCape May co., between Two Mile\\nBeach, and Poverty Beach, upon the\\nAtlantic sea-board. It is less than\\nhalf a mile in width. It has its name\\nfrom a spring about 3 or 4 miles\\ninland, which sends its tribute to the\\nocean by this passage.\\nCold Spring, p-t., of Lower t-ship,\\nCape May co. Centrally situated on\\nthe road to Cape May Island, 9 miles\\nS. from Cape May court-house, 112", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "COL\\n123\\nCOP\\nfrom Trenton, and 117 N. E. from\\nW. C. contains 1 tavern, 2 stores,\\nfrom 15 to 20 dwellings, and an Epis-\\ncopal church. It derives its name\\nfrom a remarkble spring near it,\\nwhich rises in the marsh, and is\\noverflowed at every tide.\\nCold Brook, small tributary of\\nLamington river, flowing into it S. W.\\nfrom Tewkesbury t-ship, Hunterdon\\nCO., by a course of about 4 miles,\\ngiving motion to a mill near its\\nmouth.\\nCold Branch, tributary of Hospi-\\ntality creek, an arm of the Great Egg\\nHarbour river, Hamilton t-ship, Glou-\\ncester CO.\\nColestoton, hamlet, of Evesham\\nt-ship, Burlington co., 12 miles S.W.\\nof Mount Holly, and 3 from Moores-\\ntown; contains an Episcopal church\\nand several dwellings.\\nCollard Branch, of the west arm\\nof Wading river, rises in Northamp-\\nton t-ship, Burlington co., and flows\\nS. W. about 8 miles, to its recipient,\\nin Washington t-ship, at the head of\\nthe mill pond of Martha furnace.\\nCoWs Neck, p-t., Shrewsbury\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., 6 miles N. E.\\nof Freehold, 206 from W. C, and 41\\n-from Trenton; contains from 15 to\\n20 dwellings, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 3\\ngrist mills, 2 saw mills, a place of\\nconsiderable business, on a soil of\\nred and fertile sand.\\nColumbia, village, of Chatham\\nV t-ship, Morris co., on the turnpike\\nroad from Newark to Morristown, 13\\nmiles from the one, and 4 from the\\nother contains 1 store, 1 tavern,\\nand 5 or 6 dwellings, in a level plea-\\nsant country.\\nColumbia Forge, on Lubber run,\\ncentrally situate in Byram t-ship,\\nSussex CO.\\nColumbia, p-t. and village, of\\nKnowlton t-ship, on the Delaware\\nriver, near the mouth of Paulinskill,\\ndistant 253 miles from W. C, 94\\nfrom Trenton, and 10 from Belvi-\\ndere contains 2 taverns, a store, a\\nPresbyterian church, a glass house,\\na saw mill, and 20 dwellings. The\\ntown is prettily situated on a high\\nbank of the river, and surrounded by\\na limestone soil, tolerably well culti-\\nvated. A company was incorporated\\nby act of 12th February, 1833, with\\nauthority to employ $100,000 in the\\nconduct of the glass works here.\\nColumbia, p-t., of Hopewell t-ship,\\nHunterdon co., on the turnpike road\\nfrom New Brunswick to Lambert-\\nville, 10 miles S. E. from Fleming-\\nton, 17 N. from Trenton, formerly\\ncalled Hopewell Meeting House con-\\ntains 1 Baptist meeting, 2 taverns, 1\\nstore, and 10 or 12 dwellings.\\nColumbus, or Black Horse, p-t.,\\nof Mansfield t-ship, Burlington co., 7\\nmiles N. E. of Mount Holly, 5 S. E.\\nfi om Bordentown, 13 from Trenton,\\nand 163 from W. C; contains a ta-\\nvern, store, and about 30 dweUings,\\nsurrounded by a fertile country.\\nCommunipaw, village, on New\\nYork bay, 2 miles S. of Jersey city,\\nBergen t-ship, Bergen co., one of the\\nearliest settlements of the Dutch, and\\nremarkable for the tenacious adhe-\\nrence of its inhabitants to their pri-\\nmitive costume and manners; some\\n15 or 20 dwellings, whose inhabi-\\ntants are chiefly agriculturists.\\nCongassa Run, tributary of the S.\\nbranch of Toms river, Dover t-ship,\\nMonmouth co.\\nCooper s Creek, Gloucester co.,\\nrises by two branches, the N. near\\nthe E. boundary of the county, and\\nthe S. on, and forming, the line be-\\ntween Waterford and Newton and\\nGloucester t-ships, uniting N. of\\nHaddonfield, above which the stream\\nis not navigable. There are mills on\\nboth branches near their sources.\\nCooperstown, Willingboro t-ship,\\nBurlington co., 7 miles N. W. from\\nMountlHolly, and 3 S. W. from Bur-\\nlington contains a Friends meeting\\nhouse, tavern, store, and 8 or 10\\ndwellings.\\nCopperas Mountain, Pequannock\\nt-ship, Morris co., on the S. W. side\\nof Greenpond valley, thus named on\\naccount of the large quantity of the\\nsulphate of iron found here, and which\\nwas formerly made into the copperas\\nof commerce.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "CRA\\n124\\nCRO\\nCorson s Inlet, a passage of the\\nsea, through the beach, to the la-\\ngunes and marshes of Upper t-ship,\\nCape May co., about half a mile in\\nwidth.\\nCovrsenville, p-t. of Stillwater\\nt-ship, Sussex co., distant by post-\\nroute from W. C. 239 miles, from\\nTrenton 81 miles, and from Newton,\\nS. W., five miles; contains a store\\nand some half dozen dwellings; ad-\\njacent country, slate.\\nCove, small village of Upper Penn s-\\nneck t-ship, Salem co., about 12 or\\n13 miles N. of Salem, and 2 S. of\\nPenn s Grove, on the river Delaware\\ncontains 8 dwellings, a tavern and\\nstore.\\nCox Hall CreeJe, small stream of\\nLower t-ship. Cape May co., flowing\\ninto the Delaware bay.\\nCrahtoion, Howell t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO.; contains 10 or 12 dwell-\\nings, 2 taverns, and a store.\\nCraffs Creek, Mansfield t-ship,\\nBurlington co. rises near the eastern\\nborder of the t-ship, and flows W.\\nand N. W. about 9 miles to the river\\nDelaware, opposite the lower point of\\nNewbold s island. By act of assem-\\nbly passed 11th February, 1833, au-\\nthority was given to make a rail or\\nMacadamized road from the mouth of\\nthis creek to the neighbourhood of\\nNew Lisbon, a distance of 13 miles\\n39 chains.\\nCranberry p-t., lying partly in\\nSouth Brunswick t-ship, and partly\\nin South Amboy t-ship, Middlesex\\nCO., on the turnpike road leading\\nfrom Bordentown to South Amboy,\\n16 miles from the former, 185 from\\nW. C, and 15 from Trenton; plea-\\nsantly situated in a level country, and\\nlight sandy soil contains a Presby-\\nterian church with cupola and bell,\\nan academy, a grist mill, 2 tanne-\\nries, 3 taverns, 2 stores, and from\\n60 to 80 dwellings. Cranberry brook,\\ntributary of the Millstone river, flows\\nthrough the town.\\nCranberry Inlet, formerly from\\nthe ocean to Barnegat Bay, between\\nIsland beach and Squam beach.\\nCrane s Gap, in the first moun-\\ntain, Bloomfield t-ship, Essex co.,\\nthrough which passes the turnpike\\nroad from Newark to Rockaway.\\nCraven s Ferry, p-o., Salem co.\\nCropwell, village of Evesham t-sp,\\nBurlington co., near the western\\nboundary, 11 miles S. W. of Mount\\nHolly; contains a tavern, store, 12\\nor 15 dwellings, and a Quaker meet-\\ning house; soil, sandy loam.\\nCross Keys, hamlet of Trenton\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., on the road\\nfrom Trenton to Pennington; con-\\ntains 4 or 5 dwellings.\\nCross Creeks, name given to small\\ntributaries of Back creek, Fairfield\\nt-ship, Cumberland co., near the De-\\nlaware bay, which intersect each\\nother.\\nCross Roads, Bedminster t-ship,\\nSomerset co., between 7 and 8 miles\\nN. W. of Somerville, on Artie s\\nbrook, in a level, fertile, limestone\\ncountry contains a store, tavern, and\\n5 or 6 dwellings.\\nCross Roads, hamlet of South\\nBrunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., 9\\nmiles S. W. from New Brunswick;\\ncontains 2 taverns, a store, and seve-\\nral dwellings soil, light and sandy.\\nCross Roads, hamlet of Evesham\\nt-ship, Burlington co., 8 miles S.\\nfrom Mount Holly; contains a ta-\\nvern, a store, a Methodist church,\\nand 8 or 10 dwellings; soil, sandy\\nloam.\\nCrosswick s Creele, the Indian name\\nof which is said to be Clossweeksunk,\\na separation, rises by two branches,\\nthe north in Hanover t-ship, Bur-.\\nlington CO., near Wrightstown and\\nthe south in Upper Freehold, Mon-\\nmouth CO., uniting in the latter t-ship\\nand county near Ncav Egypt, thenc6\\nrunning northerly and north westerly\\nacross Chesterfield t-ship, Burlington\\nCO., to the River Delawai-e, at Bor-\\ndentown. It is a steady and service-\\nable mill-stream, whose course is se-\\nmicircular, and in length about 25\\nmiles it is navigable to Grove Mill,\\nabout 6 miles from the mouth marl\\nis frequently found on its banks.\\nCrosswicks, p-t. of Chesterfield\\nt-ship, Burlington co., on the high", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "CUM\\n125\\nCUM\\nsouthern bank of Crosswick s creek,\\n4 miles E. from Bordentown, 14 N.\\nE. from Mount Holly, 174 from\\nW. C, and 8 S. E. from Trenton\\ncontains from 40 to 50 dwellings, a\\nvery large Quaker meeting house and\\nschool, 4 taverns, 5 or 6 stores, a saw\\nmill and grist mill the village is\\npleasantly situated in a fertile coun-\\ntry, whose soil is sandy loam near\\nthe town is a bed of iron ore, from\\nwhich considerable quantities are\\ntaken to the furnaces in the lower\\npart of the county.\\nCulverts Pond, Frankford t-ship,\\nSussex CO., at the foot of the Blue\\nmountain one of the western sources\\nof the Paulinskill.\\nCulver s Gap, in the Blue moun-\\ntain, between Sandistone and Frank-\\nford t-ships, Sussex co., through\\nwhich the turnpike road from Milford\\npasses; distant from Newton N. W.\\n10 miles.\\nCumberland County, was taken al-\\ntogether from Salem, by the act of\\n19th Januaiy, 1748, with the follow-\\ning boundaries. Beginning at the\\nmouth of Stow creek, thence up the\\ncreek to John Buck s mills, leaving\\nthe mills in this county; thence up\\nStow creek branch to the house of\\nHugh Dunn, leaving such house with-\\nin the new county thence by a\\nstraight line to Nathan Shaw s house,\\nalso within the new county thence\\nby a N. E. course, intersecting the\\nPilesgrove line thence leaving Piles-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2grove, in Salem co., along such line\\ntill it intersects the line dividing the\\ncounties of Gloucester and Salem\\nthence S. E. down the Gloucester\\nline to the boundaries of Cape May\\nCO. thence by such county to the\\nDelaware bay, and up the bay to the\\nplace of beginning. By the same\\nact, the county was divided into six\\nprecincts or townships, viz. Green-\\nwich, Hopewell, Stow creek, Fair-\\nfield, Deerfield, and Maurice river;\\nto which Milleville, taken from Mau-\\nrice river and Fairfield t-ships, in\\n1801, and Downe t-ship, have been\\nsince added. The county is bounded\\nby the Delaware bay on the S. S. W.,\\nSalem co. N. W., Gloucester N. E.,\\nand Cape May co. on the S. E. Its\\ngreatest length is about 30 miles N.\\nand S., and breadth 30 miles E. and\\nW. area, 524 square miles, or\\n33,500 acres central lat. 39\u00c2\u00b0 20 N.\\nLong. 2\u00c2\u00b0 E. from W. C.\\nGeologically considered, Cumber-\\nland CO. belongs to the belt of dilu-\\nvial and alluvial formation, which ex-\\ntends along the continent of North\\nAmerica, from Long Island to the\\nGulf of Mexico, and contains in\\nplace, the deposits of greenish blue\\nmarl, intermixed with shells, similar\\nto those found in the limestone and\\ngrauwacke of the transition, and\\nabundantly in the secondary horizon-\\ntal limestone and sandstone, with beds\\nof bog iron ore, and ochre. The ele-\\nvated ridges between the streams, are\\ncrowned in places with sandstone\\nand puddingstone cemented with iron\\nore. The marl beds yet developed,\\nlie chiefly on Stow creek, and the\\niron ore in Greenwich t-ship. The\\nmarl is used for manure with much\\nadvantage upon the lighter soils, and\\nits use is daily extending. The sur-\\nface of the coimtry is generally flat\\nthe soil south of Cohansey creek is\\ngenerally sandy. A salt marsh ex-\\ntends along the Delaware bay, in\\nbreadth from half a mile to two\\nmiles, adjoining which, eastwardly,\\nis a strip of clay and loam, having an\\naverage width of about a mile, tole-\\nrably fertile and covered with farms.\\nA prolific marsh borders the creeks,\\nwhich are embanked, at various dis-\\ntances from their mouths, and em-\\nployed for grazing cattle. The\\nnorthern pai t of the county, particu-\\nlarly, that portion of it lying north\\nand west of the Cohansey creek, is\\ncomposed of clay and sandy loam,\\non which considerable quantities of\\nwheat, oats and corn, are grown.\\nThe timber above Cohansey, consists\\nof white oak, black and red oak, and\\nhickory, which also characterize the\\nclay and loam of the western belt.\\nBelow Cohansey, it is generally pine\\nforests of which cover the greater\\nportion of the eastern part of the", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "CUM\\n126\\nCUM\\ncounty, which, having been generally\\nonce, at least, cut over, are now in\\nvarious stages of growth.\\nThe principal streams are Stow\\ncreek on the N. W. boundary Co-\\nhansey creek in the N. W. section,\\nMaurice river running centrally\\nthrough the co., and Tuckahoe river\\nupon the east.\\nThe chief towns are Bridgeton, the\\nseat of justice, Greenwich, Deerfield,\\nRoadstown, Millville, Port EUzabeth,\\nNantuxet, or Newport, Dividing\\nCreek, Mauricetown, Bricksboro\\nDorchester, Leesburg, and Marshall-\\nville, or Cumberland Works, Cedar-\\nville, and Fairton.\\nThere are in the county 2 fur-\\nnaces, one at Millville, and the other\\nabove Port Elizabeth, on the Mana-\\nniuskin creek; and three extensive\\nglass manufactories, one at Millville,\\none at Port Elizabeth, and the third\\nat Marshall ville. At the last place,\\nand on Maurice river, there is con-\\nsiderable ship building, in vessels of\\nfrom 50 to 100 tons burthen. Large\\nquantities of grain are exported from\\nBridgeton, and timber and cord wood\\nfrom every creek of the county.\\nThe religious sects are Episcopali-\\nans, Presbyterians, Baptists, Metho-\\ndists, and Quakers.\\nA county Bible society holds its\\nmeetings at Bridgeton, and tempe-\\nrance societies have been established\\nwith great success in the townships.\\nThe provisions for education consist\\nof an academy at Bridgeton, another\\nat Port Elizabeth, and common\\nschools in the several towns and\\ntownships.\\nThe inhabitants of the county are\\nderived chiefly from English, Swiss,\\nand German settlers and it is proba-\\nble, from several circumstances, that\\na colony of Puritans, from Newhaven,\\nwas settled near the margin of the\\nDelaware so early as 1640, some of\\nwhose descendants may yet remain.\\nBy the census of 1830, the popula-\\ntion amounted to 14,093, of whom\\n6723 were white males 6582 white\\nfemales 2 female slaves 431 free\\ncoloured males; 355 free coloured\\nfemales of which 27 were aliens, 4\\ndeaf and dumb, and 7 blind.\\nBy the abstract of the assessors,\\nthere were, in 1832, in the county,\\n2742 taxables, 774 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30\\n33 single men; 54 storekeepers, or\\nmerchants; two fisheries, 1 woollen\\nmanufactory, 1 cupola furnace, 2\\nblast furnaces, 44 runs of stones for\\ngrinding grain, 21 saw mills, 1 forge,\\n1 rolling and slitting mill, 1 fulling\\nmill, 6 tanneries, 4 glass manufacto-\\nries, 4 distilleries for cider, 2053\\nhorses, 5713 neat cattle, above the\\nage of 3 years, and 9 stud horses.\\nBy the act of 3d November, 1814,\\nthe county sends 3 members to the\\nAssembly, 1 member to Council.\\nThe courts of common pleas and\\ngeneral quarter sessions, are liolden\\nannually at Bridgeton, on the third\\nTuesday of February, the fourth\\nTuesday of September, the first Tues-\\nday of June, and the last Tuesday of\\nNov. The circuit court is holden\\nat the same place on the first Tuesday\\nof June, and last Tuesday of Novem-\\nber, annually.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "DEC 127 DEE\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.\\nPopulation.\\nTownships.\\ncd\\nArea.\\ngenerally level.\\n1810\\n1820\\n1830\\nDeerfield,\\n11\\n9\\n34,000\\n1889\\n1903\\n2417\\nDowne,\\n14\\nlU\\n58,240\\n1501\\n1749\\n1923\\nFairfield,\\n15\\n8\\n46,720\\n2279\\n1869\\n1812\\nGreenwich,\\n7\\n6\\n13,440\\n858\\n890\\n912\\nHopewell,\\n10\\n6\\n20,000\\n1987\\n1952\\n1953\\nMaurice River,\\n19\\n11\\n79,360\\n208 5\\n2411\\n2724\\nMilleville,\\n16\\n16\\n73,500\\n1032\\n1010\\n1561\\nStow Creek,\\n7\\n6\\n10,240\\n1039\\n884\\n12,668\\n791\\n335,460\\n12,670\\n14,093\\nCumberland Furnace, on Mana-\\nmuskin creek, Maurice river t-ship,\\nabout 5 miles above Port Elizabeth,\\nand 17 east of Bridgeton.\\nCumberland Works, (See Mar-\\nshallville.)\\nDaretown, Pittsgrove t-ship, Salem\\nCO., near the N. W. boundary, on the\\nhead waters of Salem river, 1 3 miles,\\na little N. of E. from Salemtovvn;\\ncontains 12 or 14 dwellings, 2 stores,\\none Presbyterian, and one Methodist\\nchurch.\\nDead River, a tributary of the\\nPassaic river, rising by several branch-\\nes in the Mine mountain of Bernard\\nt-ship, Somerset co., and flowing\\nE. to its recipient, along the N. base\\nof Stony Hill including Harrison s\\n-brook, its longest branch, its length\\nmay be about 9 miles.\\nI)nyton s Bridge, post-office, Sa-\\nlem county.\\nDanville, post-office, Warren co.\\nDeal, small hamlet, and watering\\nplace, 220 miles N. E. from W. C,\\nand 64 from Trenton, on Poplar\\nSwamp creek, about a mile from the\\nsea, in Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth\\nCO., 16 miles E. from Freehold, and\\n3 S. of Long Branch boarding houses.\\nThere are several boarding houses at\\nthis place, where from 50 to 100 per-\\nsons may be comfortably accommo-\\ndated.\\nDeckertown, p-t., of Wantage\\nt-ship, Sussex co., at the intersection\\nof the Newton and Bolton, with the\\nPaterson and Hamburg turnpike\\nroad; 244 miles from W. C, 86\\nfrom Trenton, and 14 from Newton.\\nThe town contains a grist mill, a\\nPresbyterian church, 4 stores, 2 ta-\\nverns, and from 15 to 20 dwellings,\\nand lies in a rich limestone country.\\nDeep Brook, Caldwell t-ship, Es-\\nsex CO., rises in the Second mountain,\\nand flows N. to the Passaic river,\\nhaving a semicircular course of 3\\nor 4 miles, and receiving a small tri-\\nbutary, called Green Brook.\\nDeep Creek, Lower Alloways\\ncreek t-ship, Salem co., rises in that\\nt-ship, and flows S. W., a meander-\\ning course, through the meadows and\\nmarshes for 7 or 8 miles, to the Dela-\\nware. It is not navigable.\\nDeep Creek, Shrewsbury t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., makes in from the\\nocean, between 1 and 2 miles less\\nthan a mile above Shark inlet.\\nDeep Clove River, a tributary of\\nWallkill river rises at the east foot\\nof the mountain, in Wantage t-ship,\\nand flows S. E. by a course of 12\\nmiles, to its recipient receiving from\\nthe S. W. the Papakating creek, a\\nshort distance below Deckertown.\\nThere are several mills on both these\\nstreams.\\nDeep, or Great Run, a tributary\\nof the Great Egg Harbour river,\\nHamilton t-ship, Gloucester co., into\\nwhich it flows from the west, about a\\nmile below Weymouth furnace.\\nDeep Run, tributary of South ri-\\nver, rises in Upper Freehold t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., and flows by a N. W.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "DEL\\n128\\nDEL\\ncourse of between 8 and 9 miles, to\\nits recipient, in South Amboy t-ship,\\nMiddlesex co., a mill stream.\\nDeerjield Toionship, Cumberland\\nCO., bounded N. E. by Pittsgrove\\nt-ship, N. W. by Upper AUoways\\ncreek t-ship, Salem co. S. by Fair-\\nfield and Millville t-ships, and W.\\nby Hopewell t-ship, Cumberland\\nCO. Greatest length, N. and S. 11\\nmiles, breadth, E. and W. 9 miles;\\narea, 34,000 acres. Surface, level\\nsoil, clay, gravel and sand, and not\\nremarkable for fertility, but improv-\\ning under the application of marl.\\nIt is drained by the Cohansey creek,\\nwhich runs southward along its west-\\nern boundary, and by Muddy i-un, a\\nbranch of Maurice river, which flows\\non the S. E. line. Population in 1830,\\n2,417: In 1832, there were in the\\nt-ship, taxables, 305; 2 Presbyterian,\\n1 Baptist and 1 Methodist church;\\n1 academy and several schools; 118\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30; 11 stores; 9 pairs of\\nstones for grinding grain one wool-\\nlen manufactory 2 saw mills 1 full-\\ning mill; 316 horses, and 560 neat\\ncattle, above the age of 3 years and\\nthe township paid for township pur-\\nposes, $500, and for county and state\\ntax, $835 25. Bridgeton, Deerfield\\nand Carllsburg are towns of this t-ship.\\nDeerfield Street, post town of\\nDeerfield t-ship, Cumberland co., 7\\nmiles N. of Bridgeton 165 miles N.\\nE. of Washington city, and 63 S.\\nfrom Trenton; contains from 20 to\\n25 dwellings, occupied chiefly by\\nagriculturists, 1 tavern, 1 store, and\\na Presbyterian church.\\nDelVs Brook, small branch of the\\nRockaway river, flowing eastwardly\\nabout 5 miles through Pleasant val-\\nley, Randolph t-ship, Morris co.\\nDelaware River and Bay, called\\nby the Indians, Poutaxat, Marisque-\\nton, Makeriskitton, Makeriskkiskon,\\nLenape- Wihittuck (stream of the Le-\\nnape,) by the Dutch, Zuydt or South\\nriver, Charles river, and Nassau river,\\nand by the Swedes, Neio Swedeland\\nstream, one of the most considerable\\nin N. America, rises by two princi-\\npal branches, in the state of New\\nYork. The northernmost, the Mo-\\nhatck or Cooquago, issues from Lake\\nUtsaemthe lat. 42\u00c2\u00b0 45 takes a S. W.\\ncourse, and turning S. E. crosses\\nthe Pennsylvania line in lat. 42\u00c2\u00b0.\\nSeven miles below this point it re-\\nceives the Popackton branch, which\\nrises in the Katskill mountain, from\\nthe S. E. It touches the N. W. cor-\\nner of N. Jersey, in lat. 41\u00c2\u00b0 24 at\\nCarpenter s Point, at the mouth of\\nthe Nevisink or Mackackomack ri-\\nver. The course of the current,\\nabove and below the Blue mountain,\\nis crooked; and is through a moun-\\ntainous country, until it leaves the\\nWater Gap. The Delaware Water\\nGap is one of the greatest natural cu-\\nriosities of the state. It would seem,\\nfrom the quantity of alluvial lands,\\nabove the mountain, that at some\\nremote period, a dam of great\\nheight, here, impeded the progress of\\nthe river. Had the dam been half as\\nhigh as the mountain, it would have\\nturned the water into the North river.\\nIt may have had an elevation of 150\\nor 200 feet, forming a lake of more\\nthan 50 miles in length; extending\\nover the Minisink settlements. It\\nhas been conjectured that this dam\\nwas engulphed by some great con-\\nvulsion of the earth; and the opinion\\nis supposed to be sustained by the ex-\\ntraordinary depth of the channel in\\nseveral places of its passage through\\nthe mountain. An hundred years\\nago the boatmen reported, that they\\ncould not reach the bottom with their\\nlongest lines and even now we are\\ninformed that the bottom in these\\nplaces cannot be attained with two\\nplough lines attached to each other.\\nBut we see nothing in these appear-\\nances that renders it necessary to\\nresort to the conjecture, that an earth-\\nquake was employed to open an ade-\\nquate passage for the river, and that\\nit performed its office with such ac-\\ncuracy, and economy of power, as to\\ndo no more than was indispensable,\\nand to leave the rugged and lofty\\nwall, 1600 feet high, rising almost\\nprecipitously from the water s edge,", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "DEL\\n129\\nDEL\\nunbroken. The distance through the\\nmountain is about two miles. The rock\\npresents a great variety of strata, in\\nwhich granitic rock, slate, grauwacke\\nand the old sandstone alternate. The\\nsandstone is, at one place, at least,\\nand probably at others, so soft as to\\ndisintegrate rapidly. At the place re-\\nferred to, the water has scooped out a\\nbasin from the hill of many acres in\\nextent, which are now under cultiva-\\ntion. Before the bed of the river was\\nbroken down, there must have been\\na cataract here, higher than that of\\nNiagara. Supposing the waters to\\nhave been poured over the precipice\\nupon a bed of soft or disjointed stones,\\nvery deep excavations must have\\nbeen made, which the gi eat mass of\\nwaters, in seasons of freshet, would\\ncontinue to preserve. It is probable\\nthat so much of the mountain as\\nforms the present bed of the river\\nwas, throughout, of soft or very fria-\\nble material. The stream has obvi-\\nously sought the most practicable\\npassage and to attain it, has formed\\nan almost right-angled course through\\nthe mountain. Whatever may have\\nbeen the resistance, the conquest has\\nbeen complete, and it now flows\\nthrough the deep ravine in calm and\\nsilent majesty, without a ripple to\\ntell of its whereabout and occasion-\\nally resting in motionless pools, of\\nfrom two to three hundred yards\\nwide, as if to reflect the picturesque\\nscenery which surrounds and hangs\\nover it.\\nThe lovers of diversified nature\\ncannot visit this spot without high\\ngratification. The Gap, the\\nbreak, in the almost unvarying line\\nof the Kittatinny mountain is visible\\nat nearly as great a distance as the\\nmountain itself. As we approach it\\nfrom the S. E., the ground rises ra-\\npidly, almost precipitously, differing\\nin this particular, as do all the moun-\\ntain ranges of our country, from the\\nN. W. declivity, whose descent is long\\nand gradual. At the entrance, the sides\\nof the mountain, close to the water s\\nedge, leave scarce room for a road,\\noverhung by immense masses of rock.\\nthreatening destruction to the travel-\\nler beneath. The passage, however,\\nwidens as we proceed, and the scene-\\nry assumes a less imposing character.\\nVerdant isles stud the bosom of the\\nstream, and contrast beautifully with\\nthe rocky and wood -clad eminences,\\nwhich now have a more rounded\\nform. These islands are rich, and\\nbear the most luxurious harvests.\\nAbout two-thirds of the way through\\nthe mountain from the Jersey shore,\\nmay be seen, most advantageously,\\nnear Dutotsburg, on the Pennsylva-\\nnia bank, the pretty cascade formed\\nby Cherry creek, which precipitates\\nits waters in foam and spray, over a\\ndeclivity of more than 50 feet.\\nThe sunbow s rays still arch\\nThe torrent with the many hues of heav n,\\nAnd roll the sheeted silver s waving co-\\nlumn\\nO er the crags headlong perpendicular,\\nAnd fling its lines of foaming light along,\\nAnd to and fro, like the pale courser s tail,\\nThe giant steed, to be bestrode by Death,\\nAs told in the Apocalypse. Byron.\\nOn the top of the mountain, 2 miles\\nfrom the Gap, is a large chalybeate\\nspring, which deposits much ferrugi-\\nnous ochre, similar to that of the Paint\\nspring of Freehold t-ship, Monmouth\\nCO. and, also, a deep lake, near a\\nmile in circumference, well stored\\nwith fish. The margin of the river,\\nabove the mountain, is narrow, but\\nvery fertile and, on the Pennsylva-\\nnia side, abounds in lime. A road\\nfollows each bank through the moun-\\ntain. That on the Jersey shore,\\nrough, but safe, was made in the year\\n18.30, by the aid of a donation of\\n$2000 from the state. Before its\\ncompletion, we are told, that the in-\\nhabitants, north of the mountain, made\\ntheir way over the precipices by means\\nof laddei s of ropes.\\nWe know no more admirable spot\\nfor a summer retreat than at the\\nfoot of the mountain, on the north\\nside of the Gap. Here might be en-\\njoyed the charms of diversified and al-\\nways delightful scenery; a revivify-\\ning breeze, which follows the river\\nthrough the sinuosities of its valley\\nfine rides on its banks, into the rich", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "DEL\\n130\\nDEL\\nlimestone country of the Wallpack;\\nrenovated vigour from the bracing mi-\\nneral fountain fine fishing upon the\\nlake, the river and mountain brooks,\\nof which the richest spoil is the gilded\\nperch and speckled trout and the\\nmore manly exercise of shooting, the\\ncountry abounding in game. A good\\nhouse established at Brotzmanville,\\nupon the prattling stream, which there\\nmakes the air musical, and which\\nmight be used with great convenience\\nfor baths, and other purposes, we\\nthink would be much encouraged,\\nprovided the road through the moun-\\ntain be kept in good order.\\nFrom New Jersey, the principal\\ntributaries to the Delaware, above\\ntide water, are Flatkill, Paulinskill,\\nPequest, Musconetcong, Laokatong,\\nthe Wickhechecokc, and the Assim-\\npink below tide, the Crosswicks,\\nRancocus, Cooper s, Oldman s, Sa-\\nlem, Stow, and Cohansey creeks, and\\nMaurice river. At Easton, the Dela-\\nware receives, from Pennsylvania,\\nthe Lehigh river. From the South\\nmountain, below Easton, to the tide\\nwater at Trenton, the river has a S.\\nW. course of about 60 miles, in which\\nthere are 25 noted rapids, with an\\naggregate fall of 165 feet. But the\\nnavigation has been improved, and is\\nsafe at the ordinary height of the wa-\\nter. From Easton to Bristol, the\\nDelaware division of the Pennsylva-\\nnia canal has been completed, and in\\nconnexion with the Lehigh canal, af-\\nfords advantageous communication\\nwith the coal mines, and the valley of\\nthe Lehigh river. Two surveys have\\nbeen made for a canal along the val-\\nley of the Delaware from Easton to\\nCarpenter s Point.\\nThe Delaware and Raritan canal\\nreceives its water by a feeder, which\\ntaps the river on the left bank, about\\n23 miles above Trenton. The Mor-\\nris canal enters the river below Phil-\\nlipsburg, and opposite to Easton.\\nAt Camden, opposite Philadelphia,\\nthe river is divided into two channels,\\nby Petty s and Smith s islands. The\\nwestern, near the centre of Phila-\\ndelphia, is 900 feet wide, with a mean\\ndepth of 30 feet the eastern is 9100\\nfeet wide, with a mean depth of 9 feet\\nthe whole area equal to 46,350 feet,\\naffording a commodious and safe har-\\nbour, to which ships of the line may\\nascend.\\nAt the head of the bay, at Dela-\\nware City, and opposite to Fort Dela-\\nware, which commands the passage\\nof the river the Delaware and Che-\\nsapeake canal, 14 miles in length,\\nconnects this with the Chesapeake\\nbay, and its many tributary rivers.\\nThis point is distant from Camden 45\\nmiles, and the bay extends, thence, 75\\nmiles to the ocean, with a width vary-\\ning from 3 to 30 miles, occupying an\\narea of 630,000 acres. Its naviga-\\ntion is difficult and dangerous, being\\ninfested with shoals, which often prove\\ndestructive. It opens into the Atlan-\\ntic, between Cape Henlopen, on the\\nS. E., and Cape May, on the N. E.,\\nwhich are about 20 miles apart. The\\nlength of the bay and river, to the\\nhead of tide, at Trenton, is 155\\nmiles. A 74 gun ship may ascend\\nto Philadelphia, 120 miles; sloops,\\nto Trenton falls; boats, of 8 or 10\\ntons, 100 miles above them; and ca-\\nnoes 150 miles higher.\\nBelow Port Penn, 70 miles from\\nthe sea, the bay affords no safe har-\\nbourage nor is there S. of New York,\\nfor several hundred miles, any place,\\nwhere a vessel, during the rudest sea-\\nson of the year, when approach to the\\ncoast is most dangerous, may seek\\nprotection against the elements. The\\nlosses from this cause have induced\\nthe national government to form an\\nartificial port, or breakwater, at the\\nentrance of the bay. The law for\\nthis purpose was enacted, in 1828-9,\\nand the work is in steady progression,\\nand will be speedily completed. The\\nanchorage ground, or roadstead, is\\nformed by a cove in the southern\\nshore, directly west of Cape Henlo-\\npen and the seaward end rests on an\\nextensive shoal, called the Shears;\\nthe tail of which makes out from the\\nshore about 5 miles up the bay, near\\nBroadkill creek whence it extends\\neastward, and terminates at a point,", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "DEL\\n131\\nDEN\\nabout 2 miles to the N. of the shore,\\nat the cape. The breakwater con-\\nsists of an isolated dyke, or wall of\\nstone; the transversal section of\\nwhich is a trapezium, the base i-est-\\ning on the bottom, and the summit\\nline forming the top of the work.\\nThe other sides represent the inner\\nand outer slopes of the work that to\\nthe seaward being the greater. The\\ninward slope is 45\u00c2\u00b0, the top horizon-\\ntal, 22 feet in breadth, and raised 5^\\nfeet above the highest spring tides\\nthe outward, or sea slope, is 39 feet\\nin altitude, on a base of 105| feet;\\nboth these dimensions being measured,\\nin relation to a horizontal plane, pass-\\ning by a point 27 feet below the low-\\nest spring tides. The base bears to\\nthe altitude nearly the same ratio as\\nsimilar lines in the profiles of the Cher-\\nbourg and Plymouth breakwaters.\\nThe opening or entrance from the\\nocean is 650 yards wide, between the\\nnorth part of the cape and east end of\\nthe breakwater, and will be accessible\\nby all winds from the sea. The\\nBreaktvater, proper, is a dyke in a\\nstraight line from E. S. E. to W. N.\\nW., 1200 yards in length. At the\\ndistance of 350 yards from the upper\\nor westei-n end, that space forming\\nthe upper entrance, a similar dyke,\\n500 yards long, is projected in a di-\\nrect line W. by S. S., forming an\\nangle of 146\u00c2\u00b0 15 with the breakwa-\\nter. This part of the work is design-\\ned as an icebreaker.\\nThe whole length of the two dykes\\nwill be 1700 yards, and they will con-\\ntain, when finished, 900,000 cubic\\nyards of basalt and granite rock,\\nweighing from a quarter of a ton to\\nthree tons, and upwards. The depth\\nof water, at low tide, is from 4 to six\\nfathoms, over a surface of 7 tenths of\\na square mile. Although unfinished,\\nthis magnificent work has already\\nproved its utility, saving many vessels\\nand many valuable lives.\\nThere are five bridges erected over\\nthe Delaware river, viz. at Trenton,\\nat Lambertville, at Prallsville, at\\nPhilipsburg, and at Columbia. Au-\\nthority has also been given to erect a\\nbridge over the river at Philadelphia,\\nand another opposite Taylorsville.\\nThe Delaware and Hudson canal\\nci osses the river by means of a dam,\\nconstructed below the mouth of the\\nLackawaxan.\\nDen Brook, mill stream and tri-\\nbutary of the Rockaway river, rises\\nin Randolph t-ship, Morris co., and\\nflows by a course N. E., about 8\\nmiles along the N. W. base of Trow-\\nbridge mountain, to its recipient near\\nDanville.\\nDennis s Creek t-ship, Cape May\\nCO., bounded N. E. by Upper t-ship,\\nS. E. by the Atlantic ocean, S. by\\nMiddle t-ship, S. W. by Delaware\\nBay, W. and N. W. by Maurice\\nRiver t-ship, Cumberland co. Cen-\\ntrally distant from Cape May court-\\nhouse N. 9 miles greatest length E.\\nand W. 14 miles breadth N. and S.\\nS\\\\ miles area, 43,500 acres. Den-\\nnis s creek runs on the S. W. bor-\\nder, through a very extensive cedar\\nswamp, and the northern part of the\\nt-ship consists of sandy plains the\\npopulation in 1830 was 1508. In\\n1832 the t-ship contained about 300\\ntaxables, 198 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 3 grist\\nmills, 7 saw mills, 2 carding ma-\\nchines, 8 stores, and 1 85 horses, 503\\nhead of neat cattle, over 3 years of\\nage it paid t-ship tax, $94 27 state\\ntax, 162 75; and county tax, $503\\n54. Part of Ludlam s beach fronts\\nthe ocean, between which and Leam-\\ning s beach, the tide rushes in over\\nthe marshes and lagunes which bor-\\nder the eastern boundary for a breadth\\nof about 2 miles. Dennis s Creek is\\nthe post-town. There are 2 churches\\nin the t-ship.\\nDennises Creek, p-t. of Dennis s\\nCreek t-ship. Cape May co., at the\\nhead of the navigation of Dennis s\\ncreek, 6 or 7 miles from the Dela-\\nware bay, 7 miles N. from Cape May\\ncourt-house, 194 from W. C, and 97\\nfrom Trenton contains from 30 to\\n40 dwellings, 2 taverns, 5 stores, and\\na tide grist mill. The town is built\\non both sides of the creek, extending\\neach way, about half a mile. Ship", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "Die\\n132\\nDOV\\nbuilding and trade in lumber are car-\\nried on extensively here. The coun-\\ntry around it, above the marsh, is of\\nsandy loam.\\nDenrCs Branch, of Stow creek, a\\nsmall tributary of Stow creek, Salem\\nCO., flowing westerly into its recipient\\nby a course of 3 or 4 miles.\\nDenville, p-t. of Hanover t-ship,\\nMorris co., on the right bank of the\\nRockaway river, 7 miles N. of Mor-\\nristown, 231 N. E. from W. C, and\\n65 from Trenton contains a store,\\ntavern, cider distillery, and 6 or 8\\ndwellings.\\nDevits Brook, small tributary of\\nthe Millstone river, in South Bruns-\\nwick t-ship, Middlesex co., flowing S.\\nW. about 5 miles to the river.\\nDeptford t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Gloucester t-ship,\\nS. E. by Hamilton t-ship, S. W. by\\nGreenwich t-ship, and N. W. by the\\nriver Delaware. Greatest length N.\\nW. and S. E. 25, and breadth 7\\nmiles area, 57,600 acres surface\\nlevel soil sandy in the northern\\npart, grass, vegetables, and fruit are\\nsuccessfully cultivated the southern\\nis chiefly pine forest, valuable for\\ntimber and cord wood. It is drained\\nnorthward by Big Timber creek\\nMantua creek on the west boundary\\nand southward by Innskeeps, Squan-\\nkum, and Faraway, branches of the\\nGreat Egg Harbour river. Iron ore,\\nand some chalybeate waters are found\\nwithin 2 miles of Woodbury. Wood-\\nbury, the seat of justice for the coun-\\nty, Malaga, and Glassborough, are\\npost-towns of the t-ship population\\nin 1830, 3599. In 1832 the town-\\nship contained 449 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30\\nin value, 19 stores, 8 fisheries, 6\\ngrist mills, 1 cotton and 1 woollen\\nmanufactory, 1 carding machine, 9\\nsaw mills, 1 ferry, 1 distillery, 1\\nglass factory, 1389 neat cattle, and\\n672 horses and mules above the age\\nof 3 years.\\nDickerson, the seat of the Hon.\\nMahlon Dickerson, former Governor\\nof New Jersey, and representative of\\nthat state in the United States Senate,\\nand the site of one of the most ex-\\ntensive and valuable iron mines in\\nthe state; ten miles N. W. from\\nMorristown, Randolph t-ship, Morris\\ncounty, upon the northern part, or\\ncontinuation of Schooley s mountain.\\nDillon s Landing, Dover t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., on the north side of\\nToms river bay, about 2 miles from\\nits confluence with Barnegat bay.\\nDividing Creek, Downe t-ship,\\nCumberland co., rises centrally in\\nthe t-ship, and flows southerly by a\\nvery crooked course of 10 or 12\\nmiles, into Maurice creek cove, in\\nDelaware bay. It is navigable to the\\nvillage of Dividing Creek.\\nDividing Creek, p-t. of Downe\\nt-ship, Cumberland co., about 17\\nmiles S. of Bridgeton, 86 from Tren-\\nton, and 192 N.^E. from W. C; con-\\ntains from 25 to 30 dwellings, a store,\\ntavern, and grist mill.\\nDogtown, a mountain hamlet, on\\nthe line separating Amwell from\\nKingwood t-ship, Hunterdon co., 5\\nmiles N. W. from Flemington; con-\\ntains a tavern, a wheelwright shop,\\nand two or three cottages.\\nDoctor^s Creek, branch of the\\nCrosswicks, rises near Clarkeville, in\\nthe eastern part of Upper Freehold\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., and flows by a\\nwest course of about 14 miles, by Im-\\nlaystown and Allentown, to its reci-\\npient near the Sand Hills in Notting-\\nham t-ship, Burlington co., turning\\nseveral mills by the way.\\nDorchester, village, of Maurice\\nriver t-ship, Cumberland co., on the\\nleft bank of the river, about 10 miles\\nfrom the Delaware bay, and 20 S. E.\\nfrom Bridgeton contains between 30\\nand 40 dwellings, 1 tavern, and 2\\nstores. The soil about it is sandy.\\nDorson^s Brook, tributary of the\\nnorth branch of Raritan river, Mend-\\nham t-ship, Morris co., having a\\ncourse on and near the west t-ship\\nline of about 4 or 5 miles.\\nZ ot5er t-ship, Monmouth co., bound-\\ned N. by Howell and Freehold t-ships,\\nE. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Staf-\\nford t-ship, S. W. by Northampton\\nand Hanover t-ships, Burlington co..", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "DOV\\n133\\nDRA\\nand N. W. by Upper Freehold. Cen-\\ntrally distant S. from Freehold, 24\\nmiles greatest length E. and W. 22\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0breadth N. and S. 17 miles; area,\\nincluding Barnegat bay, and the At-\\nlantic beach, 200,000 acres. It ex-\\ntends from the Atlantic Ocean to the\\nwestern line of the county. Surface\\ngenerally level, but there are some\\nhills in the south, at the head of\\nForked river, called Forked River\\nmountains; soil, generally sand or\\nlight gravel, covered with pine forest,\\nwhence enormous quantities of tim-\\nber and cord wood are taken for the\\nNew York market, and for the supply\\nof iron works in the t-ship. It is\\ndramed E. by Toms river and its\\nseveral branches, Cedar creek, and\\nForked river on the W. by some\\nbranches of the Rancocus. Toms\\nriver, Cedar creek, and Goodluck, are\\nvillages the two first post-towns of\\nthe t-ship. Population in 1 830, 2898.\\nIn 1832, the t-ship contained about\\n550 taxables, 201 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed 30 dol-\\nlars, 72 single men, 9 stores, 7 saw\\nmills, 2 grist mills, 3 blast furnaces,\\n350 horses and mules, and 925 neat\\ncattle, 3 years old and upwards; and\\npaid in state and county taxes,\\n$1265 06.\\n_ Dover, p-t. of Randolph t-ship, Mor-\\nris CO., on the Rockaway river, 8\\nmiles N. W. from Morristown, 233\\nN. E. from W. C, and 67 from Tren-\\nton the mountains recede here, and\\nform a small plain, on which the town\\nis built, on several streets and on both\\nsides of the river, which is passed by\\none, perhaps more bridges. It con-\\ntains 3 large rolling and slitting mills,\\nboring and turning engines, a cupola\\nfurnace or foundery, and saw mill, the\\nproperty of the heirs of the late Mr.\\nM Farlane, of New York, a factory\\nof machinery, owned by W. Ford, a\\nbank with an actual capital of $50,000\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0and the right to extend it to $150,000,\\nan academy, used also as a church,\\nand about 30 dwellings; much busi-\\nness has formerly been done here;\\nthe Morris canal descends into the\\nvalley by an inclined plane and 4\\nlocks a valuable iron mine, known\\nas Jackson s, hear the town, is\\nextensively worked, and governor\\nDickerson s mine is about 3 miles\\ndistant.\\nDowne t-ship, Cumberland co.,\\nbounded N. by Fairfield and Mille-\\nville t-ship, E. by Maurice river,\\nS. and W. by the Delaware. Cen-\\ntrally distant, S. E. from Bridgeton,\\n14 miles; greatest length E. and W.\\n14, breadth N. and S. 12 miles; area,\\n58,240 acres; surface, level; soil,\\nmarsh upon the bay and Maurice\\nriver; loam for a narrow strip of\\nabout a mile in width, adjoining the\\nmarsh, the remainder sandy. Mau-\\nrice river follows the whole of the\\neast boundary; Nantuxet creek the\\nnorth-west, between which flows Di-\\nviding, Oranoken, Fishing, Broad,\\nOyster, and Fortescue creeks. Po-\\npulation in 1830, 1923; in 1832,\\nthere were in the t-ship, taxables,\\n310, householders 93, whose ratables\\ndid not exceed $30; stores 6, grist\\nmills 5, saw mills 2, carding ma-\\nchine 1 120 horses, 901 cattle above\\nthe age of 3 years; Mauricetown,\\nNewport, Dividing Creek, Port Nor-\\nris, and Buckshutem, are villages of\\nthe t-ship, of which the three first are\\npost-towns.\\nDouble Pond, a sheet of water in\\nthe Wawayanda mountain, Sussex\\nCO., which sends forth northwardly a\\nsmall stream called Double Pond\\ncreek, which unites with Warwick\\ncreek, in the state of New York.\\nDrakestoum, Morris co., on the\\nfine dividing Washington from Rox-\\nbury t-ship, on the road from Morris-\\ntown to Hackettstown, 15 miles from\\nthe former and three from the latter,\\nand upon Schooley s mountain con-\\ntains a store, and from 12 to 15\\ndweUings.\\nDrakesville, Roxbury t-ship, Mor-\\nris CO., on the turnpike road leading\\nfrom Morristown by Stanhope fur^\\nnace, 12 miles N. E. from the for-\\nmer, and upon the Morris canal con-\\ntains a tavern, a store, and from 12\\nto 15 dwellings. The country on\\nthe S. and S. E. is level, sandy, and", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "DUG\\n134\\nIP:\\nEDG\\npoor on the N. hilly and rough, but\\nimproving by the use of lime.\\nDrowned Lands, on the line sepa-\\nrating Wantage from Vernon t-ships,\\nSussex CO., and extending thence\\ninto Orange co., of New York.\\nThis is a morass of unusual extent\\nfor the northern states, and celebrated\\nfor the yearly inundation to which it\\nis subject, and the malaria which it\\noccasions during the autumn. It is\\ntwenty miles long, and varies in\\nbreadth from 1 to 5 miles. Through\\nit flows the Wallkill, with a current\\nscarce perceptible, to whose waters,\\nwhen swelled by the spring freshets,\\nit owes its annual submergence. It\\nis composed of an accumulation of ve-\\ngetable matter, whose surface is im-\\nperfectly converted into soil, abound-\\ning with carbonaceous substance, em-\\npyreumatic oil, and gallic acid, and\\ncovered in midsummer with rank and\\nluxuriant vegetation. The ditches,\\nmade in several places, in forming\\nroads across it, disclose peat of excel-\\nlent quality. This equivocal lake en-\\ncircles several islands, the largest of\\nwhich contains 200 acres of excellent\\nland, well cultivated the smaller ones\\nare uninhabited, and generally cover-\\ned with wood, among which the beau-\\ntiful flowering shrub. Rhododendron\\nMaximmn, laurelled leaved rose tree,\\ngrows abundantly. The rocks on the\\nisland, and upon the borders of the\\nmorass, indicate that it reposes on\\nblue cherty limestone; but in one\\nplace, at least the island near Wood-\\nville, primitive limestone, the rock of\\nthe neighbouring country appears.\\nNo successful eflbrt has yet been\\nmade to drain this vast swamp, which\\nis abandoned as pasturing ground to\\ncattle on the subsidence of the spring\\ninundation, for a few weeks only, and\\nis for the rest of the year a desolate\\nwaste.\\nDrij Branch, tributary of Paulin s\\ncreek, Knowlton t-p. Warren co.\\nDuch Island, in the Delaware ri-\\nver, above Bordentown, in Notting-\\nham township, Burlington county. It\\nis somewhat more than a mile in\\nlength.\\nDunker Pond, south of Bear Fort\\nmountain, Pompton t-ship, Bergen co.,\\nsends forth a small tributary to the\\nPequannock creek.\\nDunks s Ferry, a noted and long\\nestablished ferry on the Delaware ri-\\nver, Willingboro t-ship, Burlington\\nCO., 4 miles below the city of Burling-\\nton.\\nDyer^s Creek, a small marsh\\nstream of Middle t-ship, Cape May\\nCO., which flows into the Delaware,\\nafter a course of 3 or 4 miles.\\nDutch Neck, village of W. Wind-\\nsor t-ship, Middlesex co., 18 miles S.\\nW. from Trenton contains a tavern\\nand 3 or 4 stores soil, gravelly and\\npoor.\\nEast Creek, mill stream of Dennis\\nt-ship. Cape May co., flowing about\\n7 miles S. W. into the Delaware bay.\\nEast Windsor. (See Windsor,\\nEast.)\\nEayrstown, village of Northamp-\\nton t-ship, Burlington co., on the S.\\nbranch of Rancocus creek, near the\\njunction of Haines creek with that\\nstream, and at the head of tide, be-\\ntween 3 and 4 miles S. W. from\\nMount Holly contains a cotton fac-\\ntory, a grist mill, saw mill, fulling\\nmill, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 12 or 15\\ndwellings; soil, sandy loam, fertile\\nand well cultivated.\\nEdinburgh, W. Windsor t-ship,\\nMiddlesex co., on the Assunpink\\ncreek, 18 miles S. W. from N. B.,\\nand 8 miles E. of Trenton; contains\\na Presbyterian dliurch of wood, 1\\nstore, 1 tavern, a gi-ist mill, and 12\\nor 14 dwellings soil, sandy and\\nlight.\\nEaton, p-t. of Shrewsbury t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., 2 miles S. from\\nShrewsburytown, upon Shrewsbury\\nriver, 11 miles from Freehold, 48\\nfrom Trenton, and 213 from W. C,\\non a branch of Swimming river, 1^\\nmiles above navigable water con-\\ntains about 30 dwellings, 5 or 6 stores,\\n2 taverns, a grist mill, and an aca-\\ndemy, in a pleasant and fertile coun-\\ntry.\\nEdgepeling, a tributary of Atsion\\nriver, rising in Evesham t-ship. Bur-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "EGG\\n135\\nEGG\\nlington CO., and flowing by a south-\\nerly course of 8 or 9 miles, to its re-\\ncipient in Washington t-ship.\\nEgg Harbour, Little, t-ship, Bur-\\nlington CO., bounded N. by Oswego,\\nor east branch of Wading river,\\nwhich separates it from Northampton\\nt-ship, S. E. by Stafford t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., S. by Little Egg Harbour\\nriver and bay, and W. by Washington\\nt-ship. Centrally distant from Mount\\nHolly, S. E. 35 miles; greatest length\\nN. and S. 20 miles breadth E. and\\nW. 10 miles; area, 76,800 acres,\\nincluding bays and inlets; surface,\\nlevel; soil, gravel and sand. The\\nnorthern part of the township, call-\\ned the Plains, is of the former, covei*-\\ned with low pines and scrub oaks,\\nforming an excellent covert for deer\\nand grouse, which find abundant food\\nin the mast produced by the latter.\\nThe southern part of the t-ship is\\nsandy, covered with forest. It is\\ndrained chiefly by branches of Little\\nEgg Harbour river, of which Bass ri-\\nver is here the chief. Tuckerton,\\nupon Shorl s mill branch, is the post-\\ntown. Population in 1830, 1490. In\\n1832, the t-ship contained 150 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not ex-\\nceed $30; 347 taxables, 51 single\\nmen, 6 stores, 4 saw mills, 3 grist\\nmills, 1 two horse stage, 7 dearborns,\\n36 covered wagons, 10 gigs and sul-\\nkies, 640 neat cattle, 170 horses and\\nmules and it paid state tax, $127 48\\ncounty tax, $444 road tax, $300.\\nEgg Harbour Bay, Little, partly\\nin Little Egg Harbour t-ship, Bur-\\nlington CO., and partly in Staftbrd\\nt-ship, Monmouth co. extends about\\n14 miles in length, and from 2 to 4\\nin breadth, from Little Egg Harbour\\ninlet to Barnegat inlet, and contains\\nmany islands, the haunts of ducks,\\ngeese, and sea- fowl.\\nEgg Harbour, Little, or Mullica^s\\nRiver, rises by several branches in\\nBurlington and Gloucester cos.; the\\nchief of which are Batsto river, near\\nBurlington, Atsion river, on the boun-\\ndary between the two counties, Me-\\nchescalaxin and Nesochcaque, which\\nunite near Pleasant Mills, 25 miles\\nfrom the sea. Half way below this\\npoint. Wading and Bass rivers blend\\nwith the main stream, which is navi-\\ngable, for sloops, to Batsto furnace,\\n25 miles. The Little Egg Harbour\\nbay and inlet, and Great bay, form\\na sheet of salt water, separated fi om\\nthe ocean by Brigantine, Tucker s\\nand Long beaches, the communica-\\ntion with which, from the sea, is chief-\\nly by the New inlet, which admits\\nvessels of from 15 to 18 feet draught,\\nmany of which, during the late war,\\nentered and discharged valuable car-\\ngoes. The Old inlet, to the north\\nfrom Tucker s island, is now little\\nused, except for vessels of very light\\nburden. The collection district of\\nLittle Egg Harbour, comprehends\\nthe shores, waters, bays, rivers and\\ncreeks, from Barnegat inlet to Bri-\\ngantine inlet, both inclusively. Tuck-\\nerton is the sole port of entry, at which\\nthe collector resides.\\nEgg Harbour River, Great, rises\\nin Gloucester t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nby Inskeep s branch, and flows a S.\\nE. course through Deptford, Hamil-\\nton, Weymouth, and Egg Harbour\\nt-ships, to the ocean, about 45 miles\\nreceiving in its way several, but not\\nvery considerable tributaries, on either\\nhand, and draining a wide extent of\\nsandy soil and pine forest. It is na-\\nvigable for sloops of considerable bur-\\nden, above May s Landing, more than\\n25 miles and from this point flows\\nthrough a continued marsh. Large\\nquantities of wood, coal, and lumber,\\nare annually exported from this river.\\nGreat Egg Harbour bay is entered\\nby Great Egg Harbour inlet, between\\nAbsecum and Peck s beaches. The\\nbay is about five miles long, and has\\na very irregular breadth, varying\\nfrom half a mile to 4 miles. The\\ninlet, at its mouth, is more than a\\nmile in width, and communicates with\\nthe bay by several channels.\\nEgg Harbour t-ship, Gloucester\\nCO., bounded N. E. by Absecum\\ncreek, bay, and inlet, which separate\\nit from Galloway t-ship S. E. by the\\nAtlantic ocean S. W. by Great Egg\\nHarbour inlet, bay, and river, and N.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "ELI\\n136\\nELI\\nW. by Hamilton t-ship. Centrally\\ndistant from Woodbury S. E. 48\\nmiles; greatest length E. and W.\\n12; breadth N. and S. 12 miles;\\narea, 85,000 acres, including beaches,\\nbays, and rivers surface level marsh\\nseveral miles in width, within the\\nbeach; sandy elsewhere, and, gene-\\nrally, covered with pine forest. Bar-\\ngaintown and Somers Point are post-\\ntowns of the t-ship; population in\\n1830, 2510. In 1832 the t-ship con-\\ntained 122 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30 5 stores, 2\\ngrist mills, 1 carding machine, 6 saw\\nmills, 510 neat cattle, and 260 horses\\nand mules; and paid county taxes,\\n$307 59i; poor tax, $153 90; road\\ntax, $800.\\nGreat Egg Harbour, collection\\ndistrict, comprehends the river of\\nGreat Egg Harbour, together with\\nall the inlets, bays, sounds, rivers,\\nand creeks, along the sea coast, from\\nBrigantine inlet to Cape May.\\nEgg Island, Downe t-ship, Cum-\\nberland CO., Delaware bay, off the\\nwestern point of Maurice Cove, of a\\ntriangular form, extending about half\\na mile upon each side.\\nEgg Island, false, a point of Downe\\nt-ship, about 4 miles higher up the\\nbay, than the foregoing, and which,\\nfrom similarity of configuration, is\\noften mistaken for it.\\nEgg Islands, Barnegat bay, Dover\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., about 3 miles\\nbelow the mouth of Toms bay, each\\nnear a mile in length.\\nEight Mile Branch, of Cedar\\ncreek, Dover t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nrises west of the Forked mountains,\\nand flows eastwardly to its recipient.\\nElizabethtown, and t-ship, Essex\\nCO., thus named after Lady Elizabeth\\nCarteret, the wife and executrix of\\nSir George Carteret. The town lies\\nupon Elizabeth creek, 1|- miles W.\\nfrom a point of fast land, running\\nthrough the marsh to Staten Island\\nSound, and on the turnpike road and\\nrail-road, from New Brunswick to\\nNew York, 17 miles by the post\\nroad from the former, and 15 from\\nthe latter; 42 from Trenton, and 210\\nfrom W. C; pleasantly situated, in\\na level and fertile country, of clay\\nloam; contains 400 dwellings, 3\\nhandsome churches of brick, one be-\\nlonging to the Episcopalians, and two\\nto the Presbyterians, the first congre-\\ngation of whom, is, probably, as old\\nas the town itself; and 1 Methodist\\nchurch, of wood. There were two\\nchurches in this town, in 1748, which\\nthe Swedish traveller, Kalm, prefer-\\nred to any in Philadelphia: 2 tem-\\nperance societies, having together\\n450 members, whose beneficial influ-\\nence is said to be extensively felt,\\nthere not being a distillery in the\\nt-ship, and all the respectable farmers\\nconducting their labours without the\\nstimulus of ardent spirit; a bank\\ncalled the State Bank at Eliza-\\nbeth, with an authorized capital of\\n$200,000, of which $132,924, have\\nbeen paid in, conducted reputably\\nand profitably 5 taverns in the town\\nand two at the Point 9 stores, at none\\nof which is ardent spirit sold 1 book\\nstore, 2 boarding schools for girls, at\\nwhich there are about 100 pupils from\\nvarious parts of the country 1 clas-\\nsical boarding school for boys, con-\\ntaining 40 boarders, under the care\\nof the Reverend Mr. Halsey, all of\\nwhich are in high repute; 2 public\\nlibraries, one religious, the other mis-\\ncellaneous, called the Elizabethtown\\nApprentices Library, much and ad-\\nvantageously used; 1 printing office,\\nfrom which is issued the newspaper/,\\ncalled the New Jersey Journal, origi-\\nnally founded by the venerable judge\\nHallock, at Chatham, in 1779, re-\\nmoved to this town in 1786, and con-\\nducted by him for nearly half a cen-\\ntury an oil mill, large grist and saw\\nmill, 2 large saw mills for cutting\\nmahogany, with circular saws for\\nveneers 2 large oil cloth manufac-\\ntories, belonging to the same compa-\\nny; 2 earthenware, and 1 earthen,\\nand stoneware potteries; flax works,\\nwhich break and dress 2 tons per.\\nday, driven by steam; a rope, twine,\\nand cotton bagging factory, also\\ndriven by steam, and employing 20\\nhands; 2 tin, sheet iron, and stove", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "ELI\\n137\\nELS\\nfactories, 1 clock manufactory, and 1\\nshears manufactory, moved by steam\\n2 carriage makers, 2 tanneries, one\\nof which dresses oil, morocco, and\\nalum, leather; 1 iron foundery for\\nmaking malleable castings, connected\\nwith which is a steam engine factory,\\nand machine shop, worked by steam\\nand a book bindery.\\nThe town or t-ship is bounded N.\\nby Newark t-ship, E. by Newark\\nbay and Staten Island Sound, S. by\\nRahway, and W. by Union t-ships\\ngreatest length N. E. and S. W. 5\\nmiles breadth, 3^ miles; area, 10,000\\nacres soil, red shale, clay, loam,\\nand marsh from the last of which,\\nlarge quantities of grass are cut,\\nchiefly tor manure. The soil is of\\nexcellent quality, and repays the la-\\nbour of the husbandman abundantly.\\nBound Brook runs on the north, and\\nMorss Brook on the south boundary.\\nThere are 470 dwellings in the t-ship,\\nand the population was, in 1830,\\n34.55. In 1832, the t-ship contained\\n550 taxables, 235 householders, whose\\nratable estate did not exceed 30 dol-\\nlars, 83 single men, 22 merchants,\\n289 horses and mules, 579 neat cat-\\ntle over 3 years of age and it paid\\nin 1833, state tax, $313 13 county,\\n$819 17; road, $800; poor, $900.\\nThe t-ship has a house and farm of\\nSO acres, upon which its poor are\\nkept.\\nThis town was the first English\\nsettlement made in the state. The\\nland was purchased for a company\\ncalled the Elizabethtown Associates,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0from the Indians in 1664. These\\nAssociates, 74 in number, were origi-\\nnally from Jamaica, Long Island.\\nThey held adversely to Berkeley and\\nCarteret, the grantees of the Duke of\\nYork; and their pertinacious adhe-\\nrence to the right, real, or supposed,\\nobtained under the Indian grant, was\\ncause of disturbance and commotion,\\nnot only during the government of\\nthe proprietaries, but for many years\\nof the royal administration. During\\nthe revolution, the town suffered much\\nfrom its contiguity to New York. On\\nthe 21st January, 1780, the first\\nPresbyterian church was burned by\\nthe British, and in the following No-\\nvember, its minister, the Rev. James\\nCaldwell, was shot.\\nElizabethtown is a desirable resi-\\ndence, whether health, business, or\\npleasure, be in view. The excellent\\norder and morals which prevail here,\\nthe advantages derived from its\\nschools, the short distance from New\\nYork, to which the inhabitants, three\\ntimes a day, have access, by steam-\\nboats from the Point, and at other\\ntimes by stages; the rail-road now\\nbeing constructed through the town,\\nand that to be made by Somerville to\\nBelvidere, cannot fail to increase its\\npopulation, and the price of its lands.\\nThe town is built upon streets un-\\ncommonly wide, and has many very\\nhandsome buildings, surrounded by\\nlarge well improved lots. The t-ship\\nwas originally incorporated by Go-\\nvernor Philip Carteret, about the\\nsame time as its neighbour Wood-\\nbridge, by a most liberal charter;\\nand subsequently, 28th November,\\n1789, by act of Assembly, with\\nbounds including parts of the present\\nadjacent townships. Its area has\\nbeen greatly diminished by various\\nacts. The corporate officers of the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Borough of Elizabeth are a may-\\nor, deputy mayor, recorder, seven al-\\ndermen or assistants, a sheriff, coro-\\nner, treasurer, clerk, high constable,\\nand seven constables. It has power\\nto regulate general police, markets,\\nroads, c., and has a court of com-\\nmon pleas and general sessions,\\nholden 4 times annually, with a ju-\\nrisdiction like to, and exclusive of,\\nthat of the county courts. At Eliza-\\nbethtown Point there was formerly a\\nferry by which passengers, from and\\nto New York, crossed to Staten\\nIsland.\\nElUsburg, small hamlet, of Wa-\\nterford t-ship, Gloucester co., 6 miles\\nS. E. from Camden, 9 miles N. E.\\nfrom Woodbury, and 2 from Had-\\ndonfield contains a tavern, store,\\nsmith shop, and several dwellings.\\nElsinborough, t-ship, Salem co.,\\nbounded N. by Salem creek, and Sa-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "ENG\\n138\\nESS\\nlem t-shii), E. by Lower Alloways\\nt-ship, S. by Alloways creek; and\\nW. by the Delaware river. Cen-\\ntrally distant from the town of Sa-\\nlem, 3 miles greatest length N. and\\nS. 6 miles; breadth E. and W. 4\\nmiles; area, about 8000 acres; sur-\\nface, level soil, I iclii loam and marsh\\nmeadow, highly cultivated. The\\nt-ship is drained by Alloways creek\\non the south, and Salem creek on the\\nnorth. Population in 1830, 503. In\\n1832, the t-ship contained 56 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not ex-\\nceed 30 dollars, 117 taxables, 118\\nhorses and mules, and 547 neat cat-\\ntle, above the age of 3 years.\\nEmpty Box Run, Upper Freehold\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., a small branch\\nof the Assunpink creek.\\nEnglishtoion, p-t., of Freehold\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., upon Matcha-\\nponix creek, near the N. W. boun-\\ndary of the t-ship and, county con-\\ntains a grist mill, 2 taverns, 2 stores,\\nand about 30 dwellings, surrounded\\nby a light sandy soil.\\nEnglish Neighbourhood, pleasant\\nvillage, of Hackensack t-ship, Bergen\\nCO., 5 miles S. E. from Hackensack-\\ntown, and 5^ from Hoboken, on the\\nturnpike road to Hackensack; con-\\ntains a post-office, a Dutch Reformed\\nchurch, and a church of Chris-ti-ans,\\n3 taverns, 2 stores, and from 15 to\\n20 dwellings. This village is at a\\nconvenient distance from New York,\\nby a good road, which, through a\\npleasant country, affords a very\\nagreeable drive on a summer s after-\\nnoon, to the business-worn citizens.\\nEnglish Creek, asmari mill stream,\\nof Egg Harbour t-ship, Gloucester\\nCO., which flows by a S. W. course\\nof 4 or 5 miles, into the Great Egg\\nHarbour river, about 5 miles from the\\nbay.\\nEnglish Creek, a tributary of the\\nHackensack river, which rises, and\\nhas its course, in Hackensack t-ship,\\nBergen co.; and almost the whole of\\nits length of 7 miles is through a ce-\\ndar swamp. This creek formed the\\ndefence of the garrison of 3000, who\\nretreated from Fort Lee, attacked by\\nLord Cornwallis, 18th November,\\n1776.\\nEssex County, had its boundaries\\nfixed by act 21st January, 1709-10,\\ncommencing at the mouth of Rah-\\nway river, where it falls into the\\nStaten Island Sound thence up the\\nriver to Robeson s branch; thence\\nwest to the line between the former\\neastern and western divisions of the\\ncolony thence by the same line, to\\nPequannock river, where it meets the\\nPassaic river; thence down the Pas-\\nsaic to the Bay and Sound thence\\ndown the Sound to the place of be-\\nginning. These limits were modified\\nby the act of 4th November, 1741,\\nannexing part of the county to Somer-\\nset. Essex is now bounded W. N.\\nand E. by the Passaic river, which\\nseparates it, W. and N. W. from Mor-\\nris CO., N. and E. from Bergen co., S.\\nE. by Newark bay and Long Island\\nSound, S. by Middlesex co., and S.\\nW. by Somerset co. Greatest length\\nN. and S. 28 miles, breadth E. and\\nW. 19 miles; area in acres, 154,680,\\nor 241 5 square miles. Central lat.\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 45 N.; long. 2\u00c2\u00b0 45 E. from\\nW. C.\\nGeologically considered, this coun-\\nty will be classed with the secondary\\nor transition formation, as the old red\\nsandstone shall be determined to be-\\nlong to either. The whole seems\\nbased upon this substi atum. It is\\ncrossed, however, diagonally from S.\\nW. to N. E., by 2 mountain ridges,\\nentering New Providence and West-\\nfield t-ships from Somerset county,\\nwhich extend for 25 miles, unbroken^\\nby any stream of water, to the Pas-.\\nsaic, at Patersou. These are known\\nby the local names of First and Se-\\ncond Mountains, and the latter by\\nthat of Short Hills. These ridges,\\nfrom 1 to 2 miles asunder, are of\\ntrap formation, and in some points as-\\nsume, particularly at the Great and\\nLittle Falls, on the Passaic, a colum-\\nnar character and appearances of the\\naction of fire in their cellular form,\\nwhich support the igneous origin of\\nthat rock. These hills, generally\\ncovered with wood, send forth tribu-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "ESS\\n139\\nESS\\ntaries to the cardinal points of the\\ncompass, and their rocky basis have\\ncaused the beautiful cataracts of the\\nPassaic Falls.\\nThe great river of the county is\\nthe Passaic, whose main stream en-\\ncompasses it on all sides, save the\\nsouth, and receives, with few excep-\\ntions, all the other streams. On\\nthe west of the mountains, these\\ntributaries are Deep, Pine, Black\\nRock, Meadow, and River Canoe,\\nbrooks; on the east. Second and\\nThird rivers, and several inconsidera-\\nble streams. Peckman s river runs\\nnorthward, in the valley between the\\nmountains, emptying into the Passaic,\\nabout 2 miles below the Little Falls.\\nThe Rahway river, which rises iu\\nthe same valley, and whose source\\nis not a mile south of the former,\\nruns by an opposite course into Staten\\nIsland Sound. Green brook, which\\nrises in the Short Hills, has a south-\\nwest course to the Raritan, on the\\nline below Somerset and Middlesex\\ncounties. On the east side of the\\nmountains, there are 2 noted chaly-\\nbeate springs; one in Acquackanonck,\\nand the other in Orange township.\\nThe soil of the cotinty is generally\\nof red shale, except where formed of\\nthe debris of the mountains. The\\nfirst is almost every where well cul-\\ntivated, and in many places highly\\nproductive in grain and grass; and,\\nas a large proportion of the popula-\\ntion is employed in manufactures, an\\nadvantageous market is produced at\\nthe door of the farmer for all his pro-\\nductions consequently, the whole\\ncountry, almost without exception,\\nhas the air of growing wealth and\\n.present enjoyment. A large portion\\nof the surface of the county, on each\\nside of the mountains is level, but\\nsome of it, hilly.\\nThe principal towns are on the\\neast of the mountain; Newark, the\\nseat of justice Paterson, Weasel,\\nAcquackanonck, Bloomfield, Belle-\\nville, Orange, South Orange, Camp-\\ntown, Springfield, Elizabethtown,\\nRahway, Westfield, Scotch Plains,\\nPlainfield, c.\\nFour turnpike roads cross the\\ncounty, north-westerly, leading from\\nElizabethtown, Newark, and Jersey\\nCity, respectively.\\nIn the north part of the county, a\\nconsiderable portion of the agricultu-\\nral population is of Dutch descent,\\nwhilst the south has been peopled\\nfrom English sources, and principally\\nfrom Long Island and New Eng-\\nland. The inhabitants have the love\\nof order, decorum, industry, and\\nthrift of their ancestors.\\nIn 1830, the census gave an ag-\\ngregate of 41,911 souls, of whom\\n20,242 were white males; 19,-502\\nwhite females 921 free coloured\\nmales; 1018 free coloured females;\\n107 male slaves; 111 female slaves.\\nThere were 1 176 aliens whites, deaf\\nand dumb 27, and 22 blind and 1\\ncoloured person blind.\\nIn 1832, the county contained 7710\\ntaxables, 3370 householders, whose\\nratable estates did not exceed $30;\\n1412 single men, 306 merchants, 42\\ngrist mills, 22 cotton, and 1 3 wool-\\nlen manufactories, 41 saw mills, 5\\nfurnaces, 5 carding machines, 19\\npaper mills, 1 fulling mill, 223 tan\\nvats, 3 bleaching and printing esta-\\nblishments for cotton, c., and 5 dis-\\ntilleries. Besides these sources of\\ntrade, a very large business is done\\nin the manufacture of shoes and hats\\nfor foreign markets.\\nIn the same year, the county paid\\nstate tax, $3822 04, county tax,\\nil 0,000, poor tax, $10,570, road\\ntax, $10,204.\\nThe means for moral improvement\\nconsist of many religious institutions,\\nsuch as churches pertaining to Epis-\\ncopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists,\\nBaptists, and Dutch Reformed bible,\\nmissionary, and temperance societies\\nacademies in the principal towns, at\\nwhich the languages and the higher\\nbranches of an English education are\\ntaught, and common and Sunday\\nschools, in every vicinity.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "EVE\\n140\\nFAI\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF ESSEX COUNTY.\\nn3\\nPopulation.\\nTownships, c.\\na\\nca\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\nUt\\nm\\n1810.\\n1820.\\n1830.\\nAcquackanonck,\\n7\\n6^\\n14,000hilly,\\n2023\\n3338\\n7710\\nBloomfield,\\n5\\n4^\\n14,000\\ndo.\\n3085\\n4309\\nCaldwell,\\n7\\n6\\n16,500\\ndo.\\n2235\\n2020\\n2004\\nElizabeth,\\n5\\n3^\\n10,000] do.\\n2977\\n3515\\n3455\\nLivingston,\\n5\\nH\\n13,000 do.\\n1056\\n1150\\nNewark,\\n7\\n6\\n12,000ilevel,\\n8008\\n6507\\n10,953\\nNew Providence,\\n6\\n2s\\n7680\\npt.hill, pt. valley,\\n756\\n768\\n910\\nOrange,\\n7\\n5\\n14,000\\nhilly, rolling,\\n2266\\n2830\\n3887\\nRahway,\\n8\\n4.^\\n10,000\\nlevel.\\n1779\\n1945\\n1983\\nSpringfield,\\n6\\n5\\n13,500\\nhilly,\\n2360\\n1804\\n1653\\nUnion,\\nH\\n5\\n12,000ilevel,\\n1428\\n1567\\n1405\\nWestfield,\\n7\\n6\\n18,000\\npt. hilly pt. level.\\n2152\\n2358\\n2492\\n154,680\\n25,984\\n30,793\\n41,911\\nEtna, furnace and forge, and grist\\nand savv^ mills, on Tuckahoe creek,\\nWeymouth t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nabout 15 miles from the sea.\\nEverittstoum, Alexandria t-ship,\\nHunterdon co., 11 miles N. W. of\\nFlemington, upon the Nischisakawick\\ncreek, contains 1 tavern, a grist mill,\\na Methodist church, and several dwell-\\nings.\\nEvesham t-ship, Burlington co.,\\nbounded on the N. E. and E. by\\nNorthampton t-ship, S. E. by Wash-\\nington t-ship, S. W. by Waterford\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., and on the\\nN. W. by Chester t-ship. Centrally\\ndistant S. W. from Mount Holly 8\\nmiles; greatest length N. and S.\\n15 miles; breadth 10 miles; area,\\n67,000 acres; sui face, generally\\nlevel; soil, sand and sandy loam;\\nthe north-western portion pretty well\\ncultivated and productive. The south\\nbranch of the Rancocus forms, in\\npart, the N. E. boundary Haines\\ncreek, and several other tributaries,\\nare on the E.; and on the S. the t-ship\\nis drained by the head waters of the\\nLittle Egg Harbour river. Evesham,\\nMedford, Colestown, Lumberton,\\nFostertown, Evesham Cross Roads,\\nBodine, Cropwell, c. are the villages\\nof the t-ship, the two first are post-\\ntowns; population in 1830, 4239. In\\n1832 the f-ship contained taxables\\n850, householders 366, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30, single men\\n90, stores 9, saw mills 12, grist mills\\n7, fulling mills 2, distilleries for cider\\n4, phaetons and chaises 3, two horse\\nstages 1, dearborns 40, covered wa-\\ngons 221, chairs and curricles 39,\\ngigs and sulkies 11, 2303 neat cattle,\\nand 1016 horses and mules, above 3\\nyears old and it paid state tax, 8607\\n21 county tax, $2119 15; and t-ship\\ntax, $1500.\\nEvesham, p-t., Evesham t-ship,\\nBurlington co., 8 miles S. W. from\\nMount Holly, and 4 miles S. E. from\\nMoorestown, 34 from Trenton, and\\n147 from W. C; contains a Quaker\\nmeeting house and several dwellings.\\nEvesham Cross Roads, Evesham\\nt-ship, Burlington co., 6 miles S. W.\\nfrom Mount Holly.\\nEwing s Neck, on the Delaware\\nbay, between Tarkiln creek and Mau-\\nrice river t-ship, Cumberland co.\\nFactory Branch, of Cedar creek,\\nsmall stream of Dover t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO.\\nFairfield t-ship, Cumberland co.,\\nis bounded on the N. by Deerfield,\\nHopewell, and Greenwich t-ships,\\nfrom the two last of which, it is sepa-\\nrated by the Cohansey creek E. by\\nMillevillc t-ship, and S. by Downe\\nt-ship and the Delaware bay. Cen-\\ntrally distant S. from Bridgeton 7", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "FAI\\n141\\nFLA\\nmiles; greatest length E. and W. 15\\nmiles; breadth 8 miles area, 46,720\\nacres surface, level soil, with the\\nexception of a strip of marsh and up-\\nland on the bay, the latter of which\\nis clay and loam, is of sand. The\\nt-ship is drained on the north line by\\nthe Cohansey creek, on the south line\\nby Nantuxet creek, and intermediate-\\nly, by several small streams, of which\\nCedar creek is the most considerable\\nall of which tlow westward eastward\\nit sends forth some small tributaries\\nto Maurice river population in 1830,\\n1812. In 1832 there were in the\\nt-ship 410 taxables, 105 household-\\ners, whose ratables did not exceed i\\nin value $30 9 stores, 6 run of\\nstones for grinding grain; 2 saw\\nmills, 1 tannery, 310 horses, and\\n1188 neat cattle, above 3 years old\\nand it paid road tax, $100; county\\nand state tax, $868 55. Cedarville\\nand Fairton are post-towns of the\\nt-ship. There are in the t-ship a\\nPresbyterian and Methodist church.\\nFairjield, small village, in the\\nnorthern part of Caldwell t-ship,\\nEssex CO.; contains a Dutch Reform-\\ned church, and some 8 or 1 dwellings,\\ndistant 11 miles north west from New-\\nark.\\nFairton, p-t. of Fairfield t-ship,\\nCumberland co., in the fork formed\\nby Mill creek and Rattle Snake run,\\nwhich unite and flow into Cohansey\\ncreek distant about 4 miles S. of\\nBridgeton, 179 N. E. from W. C,\\nand 73 S. from Trenton contains\\nfrom 30 to 40 dwellings, 2 stores, a\\nMethodist church, and about 200 in-\\nhabitants. There is also a Presbyte-\\nrian church near the town. Marl has\\nbeen lately discovered here on the\\nestate of Michael Swing, the use of\\nwhich adds much to the fertility of\\nthe lands.\\nFairview, or Quakertoicn, p-t. of\\nKingwood t-ship, Hunterdon co., 7\\nmiles N. W. of Flemingtnn, 29 from\\nTrenton, and 188 from W. C; con-\\nfriins a Quaker meeting house, 2\\nstores, a tavern, and some 12 or 15\\ndwellings, and several mechanics\\nshops. The soil here is a stiff clay,\\nwhich is becoming fertile by the use\\nof lime.\\nFaraway Branch, small tributary\\nof Hospitality creek, an arm of the\\nGreat Egg Harbour river, in Franklin\\nand Deptlbrd t-ships, Gloucester co.\\nFenwicke Creek, Mannington t-sp.\\nSalem co., named after John Fen-\\nwicke, the first Quaker settler in this\\ncountry, rises by two branches, one\\nof which, and the main stem, form\\nthe eastern and northen boundary of\\nSalem t-ship, separating it from Man-\\nnington. The greatest length of the\\nstream may be 6 miles. It empties\\ninto Salem creek, at the town of Sa-\\nlem, where it is crossed by a neat\\ncovered bridge, to which it is navi-\\ngable.\\nFinesmlle, small village on the\\nMusconetcong creek, a mile above\\nits mouth, and 19 miles S. W. from\\nBelvidere, the county town, and 8\\nfrom Easton lies in a very narrow\\nbut fertile valley; contains a grist\\nmill, saw mill, and oil mill, a woollen\\nmanufactory, 1 tavern, 1 store, and\\nfrom 15 to 20 dwellings.\\nFinn s Point, a noted point on the\\nDelaware, of Lower Penn s Neck\\nt-ship, Salem co., about 4 miles above\\nSalem creek, and 1 above Fort Dela-\\nware. It has its name from the first\\nlanding or residence of the Finn s\\nhere.\\nFishing Creek, a small stream of\\nDowne t-ship, which flows from Ora-\\nnoken creek, through the salt marsh,\\ninto the Delaware bay.\\nFishing Creek, S. W. boundary of\\nMiddle t-ship. Cape May co., flows\\nwesterly 4 or 5 miles to the Dela-\\nware bay. It gives name to a post-\\noffice; distant 109 miles from W. C,\\nand 112 from Trenton.\\nFive Mile Beach, between Here-\\nford and Turtle Gut inlets, partly in\\nMiddle and partly in Lower t-ship.\\nCape May co., of a wedge-like form,\\nhaving in its greatest width about a\\nmile.\\nFlaggfoivn, p-t., of Hillsborough\\nt-ship, Somerset co., 6 miles S. W.\\nfrom Somerville contains 1 tavern,\\nand about a dozen houses. It is 191", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "FLE\\n142\\nFOR\\nmiles N. E. from W, C, and 25 from\\nTrenton.\\nFlanders^ p-t., of Roxbury t-ship,\\nMorris co., in the valley of the south\\nbranch of the Raritan river, and in a\\nfertile country, at the east foot of\\nSchooley s mountain; 13 miles N.\\nW. of Morristown, 54 N. E. from\\nTrenton, and 220 from W. C. con-\\ntains a grist and saw mill, a Metho-\\ndist church, a school, 2 taverns, 2\\nstores, and from 20 to 25 dwellings.\\nFlatkill, Big and Little, creeks,\\nof Sussex CO., both of which rise in\\nMontague t-ship, and unite near the\\nsouthern boundary of Sandistone\\nt-ship thence the stream flows S. W.\\ninto the river Delaware, at the Wal-\\npack Bend. The course of the main\\nstream is parallel with the Blue moun-\\ntain from its source, and for the\\nlength of 25 miles, in which it re-\\nceives some inconsiderable and inno-\\nminate tributaries from the mountain.\\nFlat Brookville, post-office, San-\\ndystone t-ship, Sussex co., 247 miles\\nN. E. from W. C, and 89 from Tren-\\nton.\\nFlemington, p-t., of Hunterdon co.,\\nsituate at the northern extremity of\\nthe valley, lying between Rock moun-\\ntain and Mount Carmel, and near the\\nS. E. foot of the latter, and 2 miles\\nE. of the south branch of the Raritan\\nriver, 23 miles N. from Trenton, 45\\nfrom Philadelphia, and 182 from W.\\nC, 25 N. W. from Brunswick, and\\n25 S. E. from Easton the two last\\nare the principal markets for this por-\\ntion of the country. The surface for\\nmany miles south and east is gently\\nundulating; the valley between the\\nmountains extending about 8 miles\\nthe soil is of red shale, underlaid by\\nthe old red sandstone formation, and\\nif not generous in spontaneous pro-\\nduction, is grateful for the careful\\ncultivation it receives, yielding abun-\\ndance of grass, wheat, rye, oats, In-\\ndian corn, and flax of the last, many\\nfarmers sow from 12 to 15 acres, for\\nthe product of which they find a ready\\nmarket at Philadelphia. The town\\nis also famed for excellent cheese,\\nmade at the extensive dairy of Mr.\\nCapner. Much attention is also given\\nhere to raising horses, of which the\\nbreeds are greatly admired, and ea-\\ngerly sought for. The town contains\\n50 dwellings, and about 300 inha-\\nbitants; a very neat Presbyterian\\nchurch, of stone, built about 35 years\\nsince a Methodist church, of brick,\\na neat building; and a Baptist church,\\nof wood two schools, one of which\\nis an incorporated academy, and 3\\nSunday schools a public library, un-\\nder the care of a company also in-\\ncorporated; a court-house, of stone,\\nrough-cast, having a Grecian front,\\nwith columns of the Ionic order.\\nThe basement story of this building\\nis used as the county prison the se-\\ncond, contains an uncommonly large\\nand well disposed room for the court\\nthe third, a grand jury room and\\nother apartments. From the cupola,\\nwhich surmounts the structure, there\\nis a delightful prospect of the valley,\\nbounded by mountains on the S. and\\nS. W., but almost unlimited on the\\nS. E., and of the hill, which rises by\\na graceful and gentle slope on the N.\\nand N. W., ornamented with well\\ncultivated farms to its very summit.\\nThe houses, built upon one street,\\nare neat and comfortable, with small\\ncourt yards in front, redolent with\\nflowers, aromatic shrubs and creep-\\ning vines. The county offices, de-\\ntached from the court-house, are of\\nbrick and fire-proof. There are here,\\n5 lawyers, 2 physicians; a journal,\\npublished weekly, called the Hunter-\\ndon Gazette, edited by Mr. Charles\\nGeorge a fire engine, with an in-\\ncorporated fire association. The name\\nof the place is from its founder, Mr.\\nFleming, who resided here before the\\nrevolution. A valuable deposit of\\ncopper is said to have been lately\\nfound here.\\nFork Bridge, over Maurice river,\\nabout 2 miles below the village of\\nMalaga, on the line between GIou-\\ncester, Salem and Cumberland coun-\\nties. It takes its name from the fork I\\nof the river above it. There are i\\nhere two mills and several dwellings.\\nForked River, Dover t-ship, Mon- i", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "FRA\\n143\\nFRA\\nmouth CO., rises at the foot of the\\nForked river mountains, and flows\\nE., about 10 miles, to the Atlantic\\nocean.\\nForked River Mountains^ two\\nconsiderable sand hills in the south-\\nern part of Dover t-ship, Monmouth\\ncounty.\\nForstertown, Evesham t-ship, Bur-\\nlington CO., 6 miles S. of Mount Hol-\\nly, is a cluster of some 8 or 10 farm\\nhouses, upon an excellent soil of\\nsandy loam, highly cultivated.\\nFortescue Creek, Downe t-ship,\\nCumberland co., flows from the Oran-\\noken creek, through the salt marsh\\ninto the Delaware bay.\\nFort Lee, on the North river, and\\nin Hackensack t-ship, Bergen co.,\\nabout 5 miles E. of Hackensack\\ntown. This was a noted post dur-\\ning the revolutionary war, command-\\ning in common with Fort Wasliing-\\nton, on the New York side, the na-\\nvigation of the river. Both forts\\nwere strongly garrisoned by the Ame-\\nrican troops, and bridled the English\\nforces in New York, after the battle\\nof Long Island. Possession of them\\nwas unfortunately holden after their\\ninsufficiency to prevent the passage\\nup the river by the British vessels had\\nbeen experimentally provea. The\\ncapture of Fort Washington lost the\\nAmericans 3000 men, and the like\\nnumber in Fort Lee were saved from\\nthe same fate only by the timely\\nabandonment of the works, by order\\nof Gen. Greene, on the 18th Novem-\\nber, 1776. A metallic vein was\\nworked near this fort, at the com-\\nmencement of the American war,\\nunder the impression that it contain-\\ned gold. But it has been determined\\nby Dr. Torrey, that the ore is pyi i-\\nI tous and green carbonate of copper,\\nt in a matrix of quartz and siliceous\\nI and calcareous breccia, dipping under\\ngreen sandstone.\\nFrankford t-ship, Sussex co.,\\n1 bounded N. by Wantage; E. by\\nI Hardiston; S. by Newton, and W.\\n1 by Sandiston t-ship. Centrally dis-\\n1 tant, N. from Newton, 8 miles;\\ngreatest length, 1 1 breadth, 8 miles;\\narea, 28,800 acres. The surface of\\nthe t-ship is hilly towards the west\\nthe boundary on that side running on\\nthe Blue mountain. The remainder\\nconsists of valley lands. At the foot\\nof the mountain, Long pond and Cul-\\nver s pond, are the principal sources\\nof Paulinskill creek, which flows\\nS. W. towards the Delaware. On\\nthe N. the t-ship is drained by the\\nPapakating creek, a tributary of the\\nWallkill river. Two turnpike roads,\\nthat from Morristown to the De-\\nlaware, opposite Milford, running\\nnorth-west, and the Newton and\\nBolton, running north-east, cross the\\ntownship. Augusta and Branchville\\nare post towns, lying on the for-\\nmer. Population in 1830, 1996.\\nTaxables in 1832, 370. There were\\nin the t-ship, in 1832, 110 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did exceed\\n830; 6 stores, 14 run of stones for\\ngrinding grain, 2 carding machines;\\n1 fulling mill, 460 horses and mules,\\nand 1540 neat cattle, above three\\nyears old 48 tan vats, 5 distilleries.\\nThe t-ship paid state and county tax,\\n$812 70; poor tax, $900 road tax,\\n$800. Lime and slate alternate in\\nseveral veins or beds, in the town-\\nship. Their soils are fertile.\\nFranklin t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nbounded N. by Bridge water t-ship\\nand river; N. E. by Raritan river,\\nscpai-ating it from Piscataway t-ship,\\nMiddlesex co. S. E. by North and\\nSouth Brunswick t-ships, of that\\ncounty and S. W. and W. by\\nMillstone river, dividing it from Mont-\\ngomery and Hillsborough t-ships,\\nSoinerset co. Centrally distant, S.\\nE., from Somerville, 7 miles. Great-\\nest length, N. E. and S. W., 13;\\nbreadth, E. and W., 8 miles; area,\\nabout 30,000 acres. Surface on the\\nS. W., hilly, elsewhere gently un-\\ndulating. Drained by the Millstone\\nand Raritan rivers, and by several\\ntributaries, of which Six Mile Run is\\nthe chief. Griggstown is a village of\\nthe t-ship; near it, at the foot of Rocky\\nhill, is a deposit of copper ore, not\\nwrought. Part of Kingston and Six\\nMile Run villages are within the east", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "FRA\\n144\\nFRE\\nboundary, on the Princeton and New\\nBrunswick turnpike. Population in\\n1830, 3352. In 1832, there were\\n716 taxables 67 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30, and 58\\nsingle men, 10 stores, 4 saw mills,\\n4 grist mills, 13 tan-vats, 2 distil-\\nleries, 862 horses and mules, and\\n1335 neat cattle above the ao-e of\\nthree years and it paid, state tax,\\ni709 30; county, 8996 11.\\nFranklin t-ship, Bergen co.,\\nbounded N. by Rockland co., state\\nof New York; E. by Saddle river,\\nwhich divides it from Harrington\\nt-ship S. by Saddle river t-ship,\\nand W. by Pompton. Centrally dis-\\ntant, N. W. from Hackensack, 13\\nmiles; greatest length, N. and S.\\n10 miles; breadth, E. and W. 9\\nmiles; area, above 45,000 acres.\\nThere are elevated grounds on the\\nE. and W. on the W. lies the Ra-\\nmapo mountain. The greater part\\nof the township is valley, with undu-\\nlating surface and diluvial soil, of\\ngravel, loam and sand, poured over\\na sandstone base; generally well\\ncultivated and productive and a\\nlarge portion of the produce is con-\\nsumed at the numerous manufactories\\nof the township. It is drained by\\nthe Ramapo river, coursing the base\\nof the Ramapo mountain, in the N.\\nW. angle, and by Saddle river on the\\neast boundary, with their tributaries.\\nPopulation in 1830, 3449. In 1832,\\nthe t-ship contained 862 taxables, 83\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30; 7 merchants, 18 grist\\nmills, 13 cotton mills, 25 saw mills,\\n3 paper mills, 1 woollen factory, 1\\nfurnace, 2 fulling mills, 22 tan vats,\\n4 distilleries, 803 horses, and 1780\\nmules, above 3 years old; and it paid\\nstate tax, $370 51, county tax,\\n$753 25, poor, $500, roads, $2000.\\nIn Franklin there are 4 Dutch Re-\\nformed, 2 Seceders, and 2 Methodist\\nchurches.\\nFranklin, t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Deptford t-ship,\\nS. E. by Hamilton, S. W. by Mill-\\nville t-ship, Cumberland co., and\\nPittsgrove t-ship, Salem co., and N.\\nVV. by Greenwich and Woolwich\\nt-ships. Centrally distant, S. E. from\\nWoodbury, 15 miles, greatest length\\n16 miles; breadth, 7 miles; area,\\n72,000 acres; surface, level; soil,\\nsandy, and generally covered with\\npine forest. It is drained northward\\nby the head waters of Raccoon creek,\\nS. W. by the sources of Maurice ri-\\nver, and S. E. by branches of the\\nGreat Egg Harbour river. Glassboro\\nMalaga, Little Ease, and Union, are\\nvillages of the t-ship at the two first\\nare post-offices. There are iron works\\nat Union. Population in 1830, 1574.\\nIn 1832, the t-ship contained 276\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30; 4 stores, 2 grist mills,\\n9 saw mills, 1 distillery, 3 glass fac-\\ntories and paid county tax, $392 72,\\npoor tax, $196 33, and road tax,\\n$1000.\\nFranklin Furnace, and village,\\nHardiston t-ship, Sussex co., in the\\nvalley of the Wallkill river, 11 miles\\nN. E. of Newton, contains 2 forges\\nof 2 fires each, a cupola furnace, a\\nblast furnace not now in operation,\\na woollen manufactory for the manu-\\nfacture of broad cloth, a grist and\\nsaw mill, a school house, and a new\\nstone Baptist church, and 24 dwell-\\nings. Dr. Samuel Fowler is the\\nchief proprietor here, and is alike dis-\\ntinguished for his hospitality and his\\npursuit of mineralogy. He has a\\ncabinet of minerals richly meriting,\\nnotice, and the country around him\\nis considered as one of the most in-\\nteresting mineral localities of the\\nUnited States. The manufactures of\\nthis place seek a market at New\\nYork, or at Dover and Rockaway.\\nFranklin, small village of Cald-\\nwell t-ship, Essex co., 11 miles N.\\nW. of Newark.\\nFreehold, Upper, t-ship of, Mon-\\nmouth CO., bounded N. and N. W. by\\nEast Windsor t-ship, Middlesex co.,\\nE. by Lower Freehold, S. and S. E.\\nby Dover t-ship, and W. and S. W.\\nby Northampton t-ship, Burhngton\\nCO. Centrally distant S. W. from\\nFreehold, the county town, 15 miles.\\nGreatest length N. W. and S. E. 16", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "FRE\\n146\\nGAL\\nbreadth 10 miles area, about 90,000\\nacres surface, level soil, clay, sandy\\nloam, and sand. The western part\\nof the t-ship contains some excellent\\nlands, abundantly productive in rye,\\ncorn, oats, and grass; wheat is not\\na certain crop, and is not extensively\\ncultivated. The south-eastern part of\\nthe t-ship is covered with pine forest.\\nPopulation in 1830, 4862. In 1832,\\nthe t-ship contained about 900 taxa-\\nbles, 253 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30 80 single\\nmen, 20 stores, 12 saw mills, 15 run\\nof stones for grain, 1 fulling mill, 3\\ncarding machines, 50 tan vats, 16\\ndistilleries for cider, 1036 horses and\\nmules, 2438 neat cattle, 3 years old\\nand upward and paid state and coun-\\nty taxes to the amount of $3669 33.\\nThe t-ship is remarkable for the large\\nquantities of pork which it annually\\nsends to market. It is drained on\\nthe N. E. by the Millstone river, on\\nthe S. E. by the head waters of\\nToms river, N. W. by Crosswick s\\ncreek and its tributaries, Lakaway\\nand Doctor s creeks, and by bi-anches\\nof the Assunpink and S. W. by the\\ntributaries of the Rancocus. Wrights-\\nville, Imlaystown, Allentown, Var-\\nminton, Prospertown, and Hernes-\\ntown, are villages of the t-ship.\\nFreehold, Lower, t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., bounded N. E. by Mid-\\ndletown t-ship, E. by Shrewsbury\\nand Howell, S. by Dover, S. W. by\\nUpper Freehold, and N. W. by South\\nAmboy t-ships, Middlesex co. Great-\\nest length N. E. and S. W. 23 miles\\ngreatest breadth 11 miles; area,\\n104,000 acres; surface, level; soil,\\nsand and sandy loam, not more than\\nhalf of which is in cultivation, being\\nbarren, or covered with pine forest.\\nThere are, however, some very good\\nfarms, which produce abundance of\\nrye, corn, c. Pork is also a staple\\nproduct. Englishtown and Freehold\\nare villages and post-towns. The\\nt-ship is drained by the Millstone ri-\\nver on the N. W.; Matchaponix\\nbrook, a tributary of the South river,\\non the north; by branches of the\\nSwimming river on the N. E., and\\nby arms of the Manasquan and the\\nMetetecunk on the S. E., and by\\nToms river on the south. Popula-\\ntion in 1830, 5481. In 1832, the\\nt-ship contained about 1100 taxables,\\n203 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed $30, 71 single men, 11\\nstores, 11 saw mills, 16 run of grist\\nmill stones, 2 fulling mills, 4 carding\\nmachines, 16 tan vats, 14 distilleries\\nfor cider, 1245 horses and mules,\\nand 2569 neat cattle, 3 years old\\nand upwards and it paid state and\\ncounty tax, $3563 86.\\nFreehold, or Monmouth, post-town\\nof Freehold t-ship, and seat of justice\\nof Monmouth co., about 4 miles W.\\nof the east boundary of the t-ship,\\n201 miles N. E. from W. C, and 36\\nS. E. from Trenton, situate upon a\\nlevel soil of sandy loam, which is\\nfast improving under the present\\nmode of culture. The town, though\\nlong stationary, is now thriving,\\nand contains from 35 to 40 dwell-\\nings, a court house, prison, and\\npublic offices, an Episcopal, a Me-\\nthodist, a Presbyterian, Dutch Re-\\nformed, and a Baptist church, 3 ta-\\nverns, 5 or 6 stores, 4 practising at-\\ntornies, 2 physicians, an academy\\nand printing office. This place is\\nnoted in the revolutionary history, on\\naccount of the battle of Monmouth,\\nwhich was fought near it.\\nFrieshitrg, a small German settle-\\nment of Upper Alloways Creek\\nt-ship, near the south-east boundary,\\n12 miles S. E. from Salem, and 5\\nfrom AUowaystown; contains 1 ta-\\nvern, a Dutch Reformed church, and\\na school.\\nFrcdon, post-office, Sussex co.,232\\nmiles N. E. from W. C, and 74\\nfrom Trenton.\\nGalloicay t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nbounded on the N. E. by Atsion ri-\\nver, and MuUica or Little Egg Har-\\nbour river, and Great Bay, which\\nseparate it from Burlington co., S. E.\\nby the Atlantic ocean, S. W. by\\nFlamilton and Egg Harbour t-ships,\\nand N. W. by Gloucester and Here-\\nford t-ships. Centrally distant S. W.\\nfrom Woodbury, 35 miles; greatest", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "GIB\\n146\\nGLO\\nIwigth, 33; breadth, 10 miles; area,\\n147,000 acres; surface level, and soil\\nsandy. The sea coast is girded by\\nBrigantine beach, within which, for\\na depth of seven miles, is a space co-\\nvered with lagunes and salt meadows.\\nAmong the small lakes, Absecum,\\nReed s and Grass bays, ai-e the most\\nconsiderable. The remainder of the\\ntownship is chiefly covered with pine\\nforest, through which flow many\\nstreams of water, tributary to Little\\nEgg Harbour river. Pleasant Mills,\\nLeed s Point, Gloucester Furnace,\\nAbsecum and Smith s Landing, are\\nvillages of the township. Population,\\nin 1830, 2960; and in 1820, only\\n1895, presenting an instance of the\\ngreatest increase in the state. In\\n1832, there were in the township, as\\nreported by the assessor, 165 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not exceed\\n$30, 7 stores, 3 grist mills, 1 cotton\\nmanufactory, 1 blast furnace, 5 saw\\nmills, 375 neat cattle, and 205 horses\\nand mules over three years of age.\\nGeorgetown, hamlet of Mansfield\\nt-ship, Burlington co., near the N.\\nE. boundary line, 6 miles S. E. from\\nBordentown, and 9 N. E. from Mount\\nHolly.\\nGeorgia, a small hamlet of Free-\\nhold t-ship, Monmouth co., 5 miles\\nS. from Freehold town.\\nGerman Valley, Washington t-sp,\\nMorris county, and in Schooley s\\nmountain. It is about 10 miles long,\\nvarying, in width, from one to two\\nmiles. The soil is grey limestone\\nthroughout, and is well cultivated,\\nand highly productive. The inhabi-\\ntants are of German descent, and re-\\ntain the industrious and thrifty habits\\nof their ancestors. The valley is\\ndrained by the south branch of the\\nRaritan river, and is crossed by the\\nturnpike road from Morristown to\\nEaston, which passes thi ough the\\npost town of Washington, lying in\\nthe vale. There is a Presbyterian\\nchurch here.\\nGibson s Creek, small tributary\\nflowing eastwardly into the Great\\nEgg Harbour river, Weymouth t-ship,\\nGloucester co.\\nGlasshoro\\\\ p-t. of Franklin t-ship,\\nGloucester co., 14 miles S. E. from\\nWoodbury, 22 from Camden, 49\\nfrom Trenton, and 155 from W. C;\\ncontains an Episcopal and Methodist\\nchurch, 2 glass houses or factories\\nwhich make hollow ware, belonging\\nto Messrs. Stangeer ds Co., 1 tavern,\\n2 stores, and about 30 dwellings.\\nGloucester County, was first laid\\noff in 1677, forming one of the only\\ntwo counties of West Jersey and its\\nboundaries were fixed by the act of\\n21st of January, 1709-10: begin-\\nning at the mouth of Pensaukin creek;\\nthence, running up the same to the\\nfork thereof; thence along the bounds\\nof Burlington co., to the sea; thence\\nalong the sea coast to Great Egg\\nHarbour river; thence up said river\\nto the fork thereof; thence up the\\nsouthernmost and greatest branch of\\nthe same to the head thereof; thence\\nupon a direct line to the head of Old\\nMan s creek; thence down the same\\nto the Delaware river; thence up\\nDelaware river to the place of begin-\\nning. It is, thei-efore, bounded N.\\nW. by the Delaware river, N. E. by\\nBurlington co., S. E. by the Atlantic\\nocean, and S. W. by the counties of\\nCumberland and Salem. Greatest\\nlength, from Absecum inlet, on the\\nS. E. to Red Bank, on the N. W.\\n55 miles greatest breadth, from the\\nhead of the Great Egg Harbour bay,\\nto Tuckahoe river, 30 miles; area,\\n1114 square miles, or 713,000 acres.\\nCentral lat. 39\u00c2\u00b0 40 N. long, from\\nW. C. 2\u00c2\u00b0 10 E.\\nThe whole county pertains to\\nthe alluvial formation. Along the\\nshores of the Delaware, and for se-\\nveral miles inward, a black or\\ndark green mud is raised even from\\na depth of forty feet, in which\\nreeds and other vegetables, the evi-\\ndences of river alluvion, are distinctly\\nvisible. The remaining part of the\\ncounty seems to have been gained\\nfrom the sea; and beds of shells,\\nwhole and in a state of disintegra-\\ntion, are found, at various depths, in\\nmany places. The green earth, or\\nmarl, in which these are imbedded", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "GLO\\n147\\nGLO\\ntogether with the shells, are used\\nwith great advantage upon the soil,\\nespecially in the cultivation of grass,\\nclover particularly. Bog iron ore is\\nfound near Woodbury, and exported\\nfor manufacture.\\nThe surface is uniformly level, ex-\\ncept where worn down by the streams,\\nand the soil sandy; having, on the\\nN. W. an admixture of loam or clay,\\nin many places. S. E. of a line drawn\\nabout 7 miles from the Delaware\\nriver, N. E. across the county, the\\ncountry is universally sandy and\\ncovered by a pine forest, generally,\\n(but with occasional cleared patches of\\ngreater or less extent,) from which\\nlarge quantities of timber and cord\\nwood are taken for market. Along\\nthe coast, within the beach, is a strip\\nof marsh of an average width of four\\nmiles, in which are lagunes, the chief\\nof which are Grass, Reed s, Absecum,\\nand Lake s bays.\\nThe county is drained southward-\\nly by Maurice river, which flows from\\nit, through Cumberland county, into\\nthe Delaware bay by Tuckahoe ri-\\nver, forming the line between it and\\nCumberland by Great and Little\\nEgg Harbour rivers, which rise far\\nnorth in the county, and empty into\\nthe Atlantic the latter, throughout its\\nwhole course, forming the boundary\\nbetween Gloucester and Burlington\\ncounties. All these streams are na-\\nvigable some miles from the sea, and\\nafford great facilities in transporting\\nthe lumber and cord wood, the most\\nvaluable products of this region, to\\nmarket. Their inlets, and the small\\nbays on the coast, abound with oys-\\nters and clams, the fishing for which\\ngives subsistence to many of the in-\\nhabitants. These rivers have also\\nmany tributaries, which intersect the\\nforest in almost every direction. The\\nstreams on the N. W. are Oldman s,\\n.Raccoon, Little Timber, Repaupo,\\nClonmell, Mantua, Big Timber, New-\\nton, Cooper s and Pensauken creeks,\\nmost of which are navigable for a\\nshort distance, and furnish outlets for\\nan amazing quantity of fruit and gar-\\n4en truck and firewood, for the sup-\\nply of the Philadelphia market, and\\nother towns on the western side of the\\nriver.\\nThe post towns of the township\\nare, Absecum, Bargaintown, Cam-\\nden, an incorporated city, Carpen-\\nter s Landing, Chew s Landing,\\nClarkesboro Glassboro Gloucester\\nFurnace, Gravelly Landing, Haddon-\\nfield, Hammonton, Jackson Glass-\\nworks, Leeds Point, Longacoming,\\nMalaga, May s Landing, Mullica\\nHill, Pleasant Mills, Smith s Land-\\ning, Somers Point, Stephens Creek,\\nSweedsboro, Tuckahoe, and Wood-\\nbury, the seat of justice of the county.\\nThere are several academies for\\nteaching the higher branches of edu-\\ncation and primary schools in most\\nof the agricultural neighbourhoods.\\nThere are also established, Sunday\\nschools, in most, if not all, of the popu-\\nlous villages a county bible society,\\nvarious tract societies, and many tem-\\nperance associations; which have al-\\nmost rendered the immoderate use of\\nardent spirits infamous.\\nIn 1833, by the report of the asses-\\nsors, the-county contained 3075 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not ex-\\nceed 830 in value 978 single men,\\n102 stores, 21 fisheries, 45 grist mills,\\n2 cotton and 2 woollen manufactories,\\n4 carding machines, 4 blast furnaces,\\n3 forges, 63 saw mills, 4 fulling mills,\\n8 ferries, 9 tan yards, 29 distilleries,\\n7 glass factories, 2 four horse stage\\nwagons, 967 covered wagons with\\nfixed tops, 204 riding chairs, gigs,\\nsulkies, and pleasure carriages, 4 two\\nhorse stage wagons, 31 dearborns\\nwith steel, iron, or wooden springs\\nand it paid county tax, $10,000 poor\\ntax, $5000 and road tax, $15,000;\\nstate tax,\\nBy the census of 1830 Gloucester\\nCO. contained 28,431 inhabitants, of\\nwhom 13,916 were white males;\\n12,962 white females; 14 female\\nslaves; 835 free coloured males;\\n714 free coloured females. Of these\\nthere were deaf and dumb, under 14\\nyears, 64; above 14 and under 30,\\n73 above 25 years, 80 blind, 205\\nwhite, 22 black; aliens 3365.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "GLO\\n148\\nGLO\\nThere is a county poor house esta-\\nblished upon a farm near Blackwoods-\\ntown, but in Deptford t-ship, contain-\\ning more than 200 acres of land.\\nThe following extract from the re-\\ncords of this county, presents singu-\\nlar features of the polity of the early\\nsettlers. It would seem that the in-\\nhabitants of the county deemed them-\\nselves a body politic, a democratic\\ncommonwealth, with full power of\\nlegislation, in which the courts parti-\\ncipated, prescribing the punishment\\nfor each offence, as it was proven be-\\nfore them.\\nGloucester, the 28th May, 1686.\\nBy the proprietors, freeholders, and\\ninhabitants of the third and fourth\\ntenths, (alias county of Gloucester)\\nthen agreed as follows\\nInprimus. That a court be held for\\nthe jurisdiction and limits of the afore-\\nsaid tenths, or county, one time at\\nAxwamus, alias Gloucester, and at\\nanother time at Red Bank.\\nItem. That there be four courts,\\nfor the jurisdiction aforesaid, held in\\none year, at the days and times here-\\nafter mentioned, viz: upon the first\\nday of the first month, upon the first\\nday of the fourth month, and the first\\nday of the seventh month, and upon\\nthe first day of the tenth month.\\nItem. That the first court shall be\\nheld at Gloucester aforesaid, upon the\\nfirst day of September next.\\nItem. That all warrants and sum-\\nmons shall be drawn by the clerk of\\nthe court, and signed by the justice,\\nand so delivered to the sheriff or his\\ndeputy to execute.\\nItem. That the body of each war-\\nrant, c., shall contain or intimate\\nthe nature of the action.\\nItem. That a copy of the declara-\\ntion be given along with the warrant,\\nby the clerk of the court, that so the\\ndeft, may have the longer time to con-\\nsider the same, and prepare his an-\\nswer.\\nItem. That all summons and war-\\nrants, c., shall be served, and decla-\\nrations given, at least ten days before\\nthe court.\\nItem. That the sheriff shall give\\nthe jury summons six days before the\\ncourt be held, in which they are to\\nappear.\\nIte7n. That all persons within the\\njurisdiction aforesaid, bring into the\\nnext court the marks of their hogs,\\nand other cattle, in order to be ap-\\nproved and recorded.\\nRex Indict, at Gloucester Ct.\\nvs. V N. J. 10 Sept. 1686, for\\nWilkes, y stealing goods of Dennis\\nLins, from a house in Philadelphia.\\nDft. pleads guilty, but was tried by-\\njury. Verdict guilty, and that pri-\\nsoner ought to make pay t. to the\\nprosecutor of the sum of sixteen\\npounds. Sentence. The bench ap-\\npoints that said Wilkes shall pay the\\naforesaid Lins, \u00c2\u00a316 by way of servi-\\ntude, viz if he will be bound by in-\\ndentures to the prosecutor, then to\\nserve him the term of four years, but\\nif he condescended not thereto, then\\nthe court awarded that he should be a\\nservant, and so abide for the tei-m of\\nfive years. And so be accommodated\\nin the time of his servitude, by his\\nmaster, with meat, drink, clothes,\\nwashing, and lodging, according to\\nthe customs of the country, and fit\\nfor such a servant.\\nIn 18.32 the county was divided into\\n12 t-ships as in the following table, to\\nwhich Camden is now to be added.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "GLO 149 GOD\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY.\\nP\\nopulation\\nTownships, c.\\nbo\\nc\\na;\\nArea.\\nt-i\\n1810.\\n1820.\\n1830.\\nDeptford,\\n25\\n7\\n57,600\\n2978\\n3281\\n3599\\nEgg Harbour,\\n12\\n12\\n85,000\\n1830\\n1635\\n2510\\nGalloway,\\n32\\n10\\n147,000\\n1648\\n1895\\n2960\\nGloucester,\\n20\\n8\\n60,000\\n1726\\n2059\\n2332\\nGreenwich,\\n15\\n7\\n35,840\\n2859\\n2699\\n2657\\nNewton,\\n6\\n4\\n9,000\\n1951\\n2497\\n3298\\nFranklin,\\n16\\n7\\n72,000\\n1137\\n1574\\nHamilton,\\n18\\n11\\n106,880\\n877\\n1424\\nWaterford,\\n25\\n8\\n50,000\\n2105\\n2447\\n3088\\nWeymouth,\\n12\\n10\\n50,000\\n1029\\n781\\n1270\\nWoolwich,\\n16\\n7\\n40,000\\n3063\\n3113\\n3033\\nGloucestertown, (area in-\\n662\\n686\\ncluded in Gloucester\\ntownship.)\\n713,320\\n19,189\\n23,089\\n28,431\\nGloucester, t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nbounded N. by Gloucestertown, N.\\nE. by Hereford t-ship, S. E. by Ha-\\nmilton, and S. W. and W. by Dept-\\nford t-ship. Centrally distant S. E.\\nfrom Woodbury, 10 miles; greatest\\nlength N. W. and S. E. 20 breadth\\n8 miles E. and W. area, about\\n60,000 acres surface, level soil,\\nsand more or less mixed with loam,\\nand in the northern part cultivated in\\nvegetables and fruit, the southern be-\\ning chiefly pine forest, valuable for\\ntimber and fuel. It is drained north-\\nward by Cooper s creek on the east-\\nern, and Big Timber creek on the\\nt^ western boundary, southward by In-\\nskeep s branch of the Great Egg Har-\\nbour river. Chew s Landing, Longa-\\ncoming, Clementon, Blackwoodtown,\\nTansborough, and New Freedom,\\nare villages of the t-ship the two first\\nlost-towns. Population in 1830,2232.\\nn 1832, there were in the t-ship, in-\\ncluding Gloucestertown, 781 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not ex-\\nfceed $30 in value; 11 stores, 5 grist\\nmills, 9 saw mills, 2 tanneries, and\\n1 glass factory; and it paid county\\ntax, !S799 78; poor tax, $400 73;\\nroad tax, $1000.\\nGlottcestertoum, small t-ship of\\nGloucester co., bounded N. by New-\\nton, E. and S. E. by Gloucester\\nt-ship, S. W. by Big Timber creek,\\nwhich separates it from Deptford\\nt-ship, and W. by the river Delaware.\\nCentrally distant N. E. from Wood-\\nbury 4 miles greatest length B. and\\nW. 4 breadth N. and S. 3 miles.\\nGloucester, small town of Glou-\\ncester t-ship, Gloucester co., on the\\nDelaware river opposite Gloucester\\npoint; contains a fishery, a ferry\\nfrom which a team-boat plies, about\\n20 dwellings, 1 store, and 1 tavern.\\nGloucester, post-town and furnace\\nof Galloway t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nupon Landing creek, a branch of the\\nMuUica or Little Egg Harbour river,\\n36 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 71\\nfrom Trenton, and 179 from W. C.\\ncontains a furnace, grist and saw\\nmill, a store, tavern, and a number\\nof dwellings, chiefly for the accom-\\nmodation of the workmen, of whom\\nthere are about 60, constantly em-\\nployed, whose families may amount\\nto 300 persons. The furnace makes\\nannually about 800 tons of iron,\\nchiefly castings, and has annexed to\\nit about 25,000 acres of land.\\nGlover s Pond, Hardwick t-ship,\\nWarren co., the extreme source of\\nBeaver brook.\\nGodwinsville, Franklin t-ship, Ber-\\ngen CO., upon Gofile brook, 8 miles\\nN. W. from Hackensack contains 1\\ntavern, 2 stores, 7 cotton mills, hav-\\ning together 5000 soindles, and from", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "GOS\\n150\\nGRE\\n45 to 50 dwellings soil around it\\nred shale, fertile and well cultivated.\\nGaffle Brook, rises in Franklin\\nt-ship, Bergen co., about a mile and\\na half E. of Hohokus, and flows by\\na southerly course of 5 miles through\\nSaddle river t-ship, to the Passaic.\\nIt is a rapid, steady stream, and gives\\nmotion to several cotton mills at God-\\nwinsville. About 1^ miles above its\\nmouth, is the small hamlet called\\nGoffle, containing 5 or 6 farm dwell-\\nings.\\nGoodwater Run, small tributary of\\nBatsto river, Washington t-ship, Bur-\\nlington CO., uniting with the river at\\nthe head of Batsto furnace pond.\\nGood Luck, town, or more pro-\\nperly neighbourhood, of Dover t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., a little S. W. of Cedar\\ncreek or Williamsburgh, separated\\nfrom Barnegat bay by a strip of salt\\nmarsh, and surrounded by a pine fo-\\nrest and sandy soil.\\nGood Luck Point, Dover t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., on the S. side of\\nToms bay, at its junction with Bar-\\nnegat bay.\\nGoose Creek, Dover t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., puts in from Barnegat\\nbay, 2 miles N. of Toms bay.\\nGoose Pond, on the sea shore of\\nShrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nabout 2 miles above the south boun-\\ndary of the t-ship.\\nGoshen, village of Upper Freehold\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., and near the\\nhead of Toms river, 13 miles S. of\\nMonmouth Court House, 23 S. E.\\nfrom Trenton contains 1 tavern, 2\\nstores, 10 or 12 dwellingSj a grist\\nand saw mill, and Methodist meeting\\ncountry around, sandy and flat; tim-\\nber, pine.\\nGoshen Creek, mill-stream of Mid-\\ndle t-ship. Cape May co., rises in the\\nnorthern part of the t-ship, and flows\\nwesterly into the Delaware bay, by a\\ncourse of 5 or 6 miles it is naviga-\\nble for about 3 miles to the landing,\\nfor the small village of Goshen. A\\nchannel through the marshes, com-\\nmunicates between this stream and\\nDennis creek.\\nGoshen, post-town of Cape May\\nCO., in Middle t-ship, near the head of\\nnavigation of Goshen creek, about 5\\nmiles N. W. from Cape May court-\\nhouse, 198 N. E. from W. C, and\\n101 S. from Trenton; contains a ta-\\nvern, 2 stores, a steam saw mill, and\\n12 or 15 dwellings, and a school\\nhouse, in which religious meetings\\nare held.\\nGrant Pond, on the Pochuck moun-\\ntain, Vernon t-ship, Sussex co., a\\nsource of a tributary to Warwick\\ncreek.\\nGrass Bay, a salt marsh lake,\\nabout 5 miles long, and one wide, in\\nGalloway t-ship, Gloucester co., com-\\nmunicating by several channels with\\nReed s bay and with the ocean.\\nGrass Pond, Green t-ship, Sussex\\nCO., one of the sources of the Bear\\nbranch of Pequest creek.\\nGratitude, p-t., Sussex co., 221\\nmiles N. E. from W. C, and 68 from\\nTrenton.\\nGravel Hill, village and p-t. of\\nKnowlton t-ship, Warren co., in the\\nvalley of the Paulinskill, near the\\neast line of the t-ship, distant by post\\nroad from W. C. 243 miles, from\\nTrenton 85, and from Belvidere N.\\nE. 15 miles; contains a large grist\\nmill, tavern, store, tannery, and 6 or\\n8 dwellings; soil limestone.\\nGravelly Landing, p-t. of Gallo-\\nway t-ship, Gloucester co., 40 miles\\nS. E. from Woodbury, 79 from Tren-\\nton, and 187 N. E. from W. C, on\\nNacote creek contains a tavern,:\\nstore, and 10 or 12 dwellings.\\nGravelly Bun, small tributary of\\nGreat Egg Harbour river, flowing\\nwesterly from Egg Harbour t-ship to\\nits recipient, 2 miles below May s\\nLanding.\\nGreat Meadows, a large body of\\n6 or 8000 acres of meadow land, in\\nIndependence t-ship, Warren co., wa-\\ntered by the Pequest creek.\\nGreat Brook, Morris t-ship, Morris\\nCO., rises at the head of Spring valley,\\nand flows by a semicircular course of\\n8 or 9 miles, partly through the t-ship\\nof Chatham, to the Passaic river, on\\nthe S. W. part of Morris t-ship.\\nGreen Brook, or Bound Brook, a", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "GRE\\n151\\nGRE\\nconsiderable tributary of the Raritan\\nriver, rising in a narrow valley be-\\ntween New Providence and Westfield\\nt-ships, Essex co.,and thence flowing\\nby a S. W. course of about 16 miles,\\nskirting the semicircular mountain\\nof Somerset co., to its recipient at\\nBound Brook. It is a mill stream of\\nconsiderable power.\\nGreen Brook, village, on Green\\nbrook above described, in Piscataway\\nt-ship, Middlesex co., 8 miles from\\nNew Brunswick, 6^ from Somer-\\nville; contains a mill, a school house,\\n2 stores, and 15 dwellings. The\\ncountry on the south and east, level\\nand fertile, valued at .$50 the acre\\non the north mountainous.\\nGreen Creek, small stream of Mid-\\ndle t-ship. Cape May co., which by a\\ncourse of 2 or 3 miles, flows into the\\nDelawai-e bay. It gives name to a\\npost-office near it, distant 106 miles\\nfrom W. C, and 109 from Trenton.\\nGreen Pond, Valley, and Moun-\\ntain; the first a beautiful sheet of\\nwater, 3 miles in length and 1 in\\nbreadth, embosomed in the valley to\\nwhich it gives name, between the Cop-\\nperas and Green Pond mountains, Pe-\\nquannock t-ship, Morris co. The\\npond is much resorted to for its fish,\\nand its beautiful scenery, where na-\\nture is yet unsubdued, and the red\\ndeer still roam at will. The valley is\\ndrained by the Burnt Cabin brook, a\\nprincipal branch of the Rockaway\\nriver. Green Pond mountain, which\\nhas its name also from the same\\nsource, extends about 13 miles from\\nthe Rockaway to the Pequannock\\ncreek it is a high, narrow, and\\nstony granitic ridge, and lies on the\\nboundary between Pequannock and\\nJefferson t-ships.\\nGreene t-ship, Sussex co., bounded\\nN. E. and E. by Newton and Byram\\nt-ships, S. by Roxbury t-ship, Morris\\nCO., W. by Independence and Hard-\\nwicke t-ships, of the same county,\\nand N. W. by Stillwater t-ship, of\\nSussex CO. Centrally distant S. W.\\nfrom Newton 7 miles; greatest length\\nN. and S. 9 miles breadth E. and\\nW. 4 miles area, 14,080 acres sur-\\nface on the south mountainous, else-\\nwhere hilly. It is drained by tri-\\nbutaries of the Pequest creek, which\\nflow through it to the southwest.\\nHunt s and Grass ponds are noted\\nsheets of water in the t-ship Green-\\nville near the centre is the post-town.\\nBy the census of 1830 the t-ship con-\\ntained 801 inhabitants, and in 1832\\n150taxables, 23 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30, 1 store,\\n2 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 150 horses\\nand mules, and 400 neat cattle 3 years\\nold and upwards, 12 tan vats; and\\npaid a state and county tax of $279\\n60 poor tax, 200 and road tax,\\n$400. The mountain on the S. E.\\nis composed of grey rock the basis\\nof the soil, in the remainder of the\\nt-ship, is limestone and slate, the\\nformer prevailing.\\nGreen Bank, settlement on the left\\nbank of MuUica river, Washington\\nt-ship, Burlington co., about 10 miles\\nby the river from its union with Great\\nbay. There are here, 2 taverns, 2\\nstores, and 12 or 15 dwellings, with-\\nin a space of 2 miles. The shore is\\nclean and high the soil sandy loam,\\nof tolerable quality and well cultivated.\\nGreenville, p-t. and village, of\\nGreene t-ship, Sussex co., by the post\\nroute, 222 miles N. E. of W. C, 69\\nfrom Trenton, and 8 S. W. from\\nNewton contains a store, tannery,\\nand 10 or 12 dweUings, and is sur-\\nrounded by a rich hmestone country.\\nGreen Village, Chatham t-ship,\\nMorris co., 3^ miles S. E. from Mor-\\nristown contains some 5 or 6 dwell-\\nings, situated in a pleasant fertile\\ncountry.\\nGreenwich t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nbounded on the N. E. by Deptford\\nt-ship, S. E. by Franklin, S. W. by\\nWoolwich t-ships, and N. W. by the\\nriver Delaware. Centrally distant\\nS. W. from Woodbury 7 miles great-\\nest length 15 miles; greatest breadth\\n7 miles; area, 35,840 acres; surface\\nlevel; soil sandy. It is drained N.\\nW. by Mantua on the N. E., and by\\nRepaupo creek on the S. W. boun-\\ndary Clonmell and Crab creeks are\\nsmall intermediate streams; and on", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "GRE\\n152\\nGRE\\nthe S. W. by Raccoon creek. Byl-\\nlingsport, Paulsboro Sandtown,\\nClarkesboro Carpenter s Landing,\\nBarnsboro and MuUica Hill, are\\nvillages of the t-ship population in\\n1830, 2557. In 1832 the t-ship con-\\ntained 306 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed i30 in value 9\\nstores, 3 fisheries, 5 grist mills, 1\\nwoollen manufactory, 5 saw mills, 1\\nferry, 2 tan yards, 1054 neat cattle,\\nand 549 horses and mules, under 3\\nyears of age and paid county tax,\\n$1491 85 poor tax, $745 92; road\\ntax, $1100.\\nGreemvich, t-ship of Cumberland\\nCO., bounded N. by Newport creek,\\nwhich divides it from Stow Creek\\nt-ship, E. by Hopewell t-ship, S. by\\nCohansey creek, which divides it\\nfrom Fairfield t-ship and the river\\nDelaware, and W. by Stow creek,\\nwhich separates it from Lower Allo-\\nway s Creek t-ship. Centrally dis-\\ntant W. from Bridgeton, 8 miles;\\ngreatest length N. and S. 7 miles;\\nbreadth E. and W. 6 miles area,\\n13,440 acres; surface, level; soil, ge-\\nnerally of clay and deep rich loam,\\nand well cultivated. Beside the\\nstreams named, the t-ship is drained\\nby Mill creek on its south-east boun-\\ndary, and by Pine Mount creek\\nGreenwich is the village and post-\\ntown. Population of the t-ship in\\n1830, 912. In 1832, it contained\\n205 taxables, 72 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed in value $30\\n5 stores, none of which sell ardent\\nspirits, 3 grist mills, 1 carding ma-\\nchine, 1 tannery, 1 distillery for cider,\\nand 148 horses and 484 neat cattle\\n3 years old and upwards.\\nGreenwich, post-town of the above\\nt-ship, on the Cohansey creek, 6\\nmiles from the mouth, and 6 S. W.\\nfrom Bridgeton, by post-route 195 N.\\nE. from W. C, and 81 from Tren-\\nton; contains between 40 and 50\\ndwellings of stone, frame, and brick\\n1 tavern, 3 stores, and a large grist\\nand merchant mill, 2 Quaker meet-\\ning houses, 1 Methodist church, a\\ntemperance society, counting more\\nthan 200 members; the soil clay\\nand rich loam, well cultivated, and\\nvery productive in wheat, oats, rye,\\nand corn.\\nGreenwich, t-ship, Warren co.,\\nbounded N. by Oxford t-ship, N. E.\\nby Mansfield, S. E. by the Musconet-\\ncong creek, which separates it from\\nHunterdon co., and W. by the riven\\nDelaware. Centrally distant S. from*;\\nBelvidere, the county town, 10 miles ;j\\ngreatest length N. and S. 13 miles;\\nbreadth E. and W. 11 miles; area,\\n38,000 acres surface hilly, the,\\nSouth Mountain covering the t-ship.\\nDrained by Lopatcong, Pohatcong,\\nand Musconetcong creeks, all which\\nflow S. W. through the t-ship to the\\nDelaware river. The turnpike road\\nfrom Somerville runs N. W. and\\nthat from Schooley s mountain W.\\nthrough the t-ship to Philipsburg, on\\nthe Delawai-e, opposite to Easton.\\nBelow that town the Moi ris canal\\ncommences, and runs across the\\nt-ship. The population in 1830, was\\n4486. Taxables in 1832, 830; at\\nthat time the t-ship contained 266\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 in value; 9 stores, 17\\nrun of stones for grinding grain, 1\\nfishery, 2 carding machines, 1 cotton\\nfactory, 3 oil mills, 1 fuUing mill, 3\\ndistilleries, 930 horses and mules,\\nand 1265 neat cattle over 3 years of j\\nage. Although this t-ship be very\\nmountainous, it is one of the most\\nproductive, not only of the county,\\nbut of the state. Whilst the moun-\\ntains assume a granitic character, the\\nvalleys are every where underlaid\\nwith limestone, and their soils fertile.\\nThe valleys of the Musconetcong, the\\nPohatcong, and Lopatcong, and even\\nthe small vales through which their\\ntributaries wander, are highly culti- I\\nvated and improved, and there are\\nfarmers who send to market from\\none thousand to three thousand bush-\\nels of wheat, annually, beside other\\nagricultural pi oductions. The most\\ninteresting minerals yet discovered in\\nthe t-ship, are marble, steatite or\\nsoapstone, and iron.\\nGreemvood, forest, east of the Wa-\\nwayanda mountain, and west of Bear", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "HAC\\n153\\nHAC\\nFort Mountain, on the borders of Ver-\\nnon and Pompton t-ships, and Sussex\\nand Bergen counties; extending N. and\\nS. 14 miles into the state of New York.\\nGriggstown, Franklin t-ship, So-\\nmerset CO., on the right bank of the\\nMillstone river, and on the Delaware\\n\u00c2\u00bband Raritan canal, 5 miles below\\nKingston, and 9 south of Somerville\\ncontains a tavern, store, and some\\nhalf dozen dwellings. A grist mill for-\\nmerly here has been torn down, be-\\ning in the route of the canal, which\\nfollows the bank of the river. A cop-\\nper mine near this place has been\\nwrought, but not with success.\\nGroveville, village of Nottingham\\nt-ship, Burlington co., in a bend of\\nthe Cross wick s creek, about 6 miles\\nS. E. of Trenton, and 4 N. E. from\\nBordentown contains a large wool-\\nlen manufactory, grist and saw mill,\\nand 10 or 12 houses. The creek is na-\\nvigable from the Delaware to the vil-\\nlage, a distance of more than six miles.\\nGuineatotvn, a small hamlet of Up-\\nper Alloways Creek t-ship, near its\\nnorthern boundary; contains 8 or 10\\ndwellmgs, chiefly inhabited by ne-\\ngroes.\\nGvm Branch, an arm of the south\\nbranch of Toms river, flows easterly\\nabout 4 miles through the S. E. part\\nof Upper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth\\ncounty.\\nHackensack t-ship, Bergen co.,\\nbounded N. by Harrington, E. and S.\\nE. by Hudson s river, S. by Bergen\\nt-ship, S. W. by Lodi, and N. W.\\nby New Barbadoes. Centrally dis-\\ntant from Hackensacktown, 2^ miles\\nE. greatest length N. and S. 9\\nmiles breadth E. and W. 5 miles\\narea, 24,000 acres surface on the\\nE. hilly, on the W. level soil red\\nshale, with some marsh on the Hack-\\nensack river and English creek, ge-\\nnerally well cultivated and productive.\\nIt is drained S. by the Hackensack\\nand by English creek, and N. by\\nother tributaries of the river. There\\nare four bridges over the Hackensack,\\nI connecting this with New Barbadoes\\nf t-ship, viz. one at New Milford, at\\nOld Bridge, at New Bridge, and\\nU\\none at Hackensacktown; these, with\\nStrahlenburg, Closter, Fort Lee,\\nMount Clinton, and English Neigh-\\nbourhood, are the most noted places\\nof the t-ship. The frontier on the\\nNorth river, is marked by the per-\\npendicular trap rocks, known as the\\nPalisades. Population in 1830, 2200.\\nIn 1832 the t-ship contained 535 tax-\\nables, 94 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30 in value, 56\\nsingle men, 7 merchants, 11 grist\\nmills, 4 fisheries, 1 1 saw mills, 2 full-\\ning mills, 1 ferry, over the Pludson,\\n8 tan vats, 460 horses, and 1170 neat\\ncattle, above 3 years old; and the\\nt-ship paid the following taxes state,\\n$303 61; county, $615 38; poor,\\n$300; road, $1000.\\nHackensack River, rises by two\\nbranches in Rockland co., state of\\nNew Yoi k; one in the Hightorn\\nmountain, a spur of the Ramapo and\\nthe other from a pond, in the high\\nbank of the Hudson river, opposite to\\nSing Sing. These unite below Clarkes-\\ntown, and thence pursue their way\\nsouthwardly, through that county into\\nBergen co., and thence to Newark\\nbay. Its whole length by meanders\\nof the stream, may be from 35 to 40\\nmiles. Until it meets the tide at\\nHackensacktown, it is a fine mill\\nstream. Below that town it flows\\nthrough a marsh to the bay. Sloops\\nascend to the town.\\nHackensack, post and county town\\nof Bergen co., on the right bank of\\nthe Hackensack river, 15 miles from\\nits mouth, 12 from New York, 63\\nfrom Trenton, and 229 from W. C.\\nIt is a pleasant and neat town, stretch-\\ning through the meadows, on the\\nriver, for about a mile in length con-\\ntaining about 150 dwellings and 1000\\ninhabitants, principally of Dutch ex-\\ntraction; three churches, viz. one\\nDutch Reformed, and two formed of\\nscceders from that church two aca-\\ndemies, one boarding school for fe-\\nmales, ten stores, three taverns, two\\npaint factories, one coach maker, two\\ntanneries, several hatters, three\\nsmiths, and four or five cordwainers.\\nThe county court house is a neat and", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "HAD\\n154\\nHAM\\nspacious brick edifice the offices of\\nthe surrogate and county clerk are of\\nthe same material, and fire proof.\\nConsiderable business is done here\\nwith the adjacent country, and seve-\\nral sloops ply between the town and\\nNew York, carrying from it wood,\\nlumber and agricultural products.\\nThe Weehawk Bank, originally esta-\\nblished at Weehawk, on the North\\nriver, was removed here in 1825, and\\nthen received the name of the Wash-\\nington Bank. Its authorized capital\\nis $200,000, of which $93,460 have\\nbeen paid in. A good turnpike road\\nruns from Hoboken to Hackensack,\\nand thence to Paterson. Hacken-\\nsack was the scene of considerable\\nmilitary operations during the revo-\\nlutionary war.\\nHacketstown, p-t., Independent\\nt-ship, Warren co., lying between\\nthe Morris canal and Musconetcong\\nriver, which are here about one mile\\ndistant from each other. The village\\nis by the post road, 215 miles N. E.\\nfrom W. C, 59 from Trenton, and\\n15 E. from Belvidere, the county\\ntown, and 6 from Belmont Spring,\\nSchooley s mountain; contains 5\\nlarge stores, 2 taverns, and from -SO\\nto 40 dwellings of wood and brick,\\n1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist\\nchurch, an academy, in which the\\nclassics are taught, 2 common\\nschools, 1 resident Presbyterian cler-\\ngyman, and 3 physicians, 2 large\\nflour mills, a woollen manufactory\\nand a clover mill. The town is built\\nupon cross streets is surrounded by\\na fertile limestone country, where\\nfarms sell at from 50 to 75 dollars\\nthe acre. This vicinity is rapidly im-\\nproving by means of the Morris canal.\\nHaddon field, p-t., of Newton\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., near the west\\nbank of Cooper s creek, 6 miles S.\\nE. from Camden, 9 N. E. from\\nWoodbury, 144 from W. C, and\\n36 S. from Trenton; contains 100\\ndwellings, a Quaker meeting and\\nBaptist church, 2 schools, a public\\nlibrary, 2 fire companies, and 2 fire\\nengines, 7 stores, 2 taverns, 2 grist\\nmills, a woollen manufactory and 2\\ntanneries. This is a very pleasant\\ntown, built upon both sides of a wide\\nroad, along which it extends for\\nmore than a half mile. The houses\\nare of brick and wood, many of them\\nneat and commodious, and surround-\\ned by gardens, orchards, and grass\\nlots. This was a place of some note,\\nbearing its present name, prior to\\n1713. The house erected by Eliza-\\nbeth Haddon, of brick and boards,\\nbrought from England, in style\\nwhich must then have been deemed\\nmagnificent, has upon it 1713,\\nHaddonficld, formed of the arch\\nbrick. For many years the town has\\nundergone little change, but a dispo-\\nsition to build has lately been awaken-\\ned. The soil of the surrounding\\ncountry is of excellent quality, being\\nfertile sandy loam, and is highly pro-\\nductive of corn, vegetables, fruits and\\ngrass, which, with its vicinity to mar-\\nket, occasions it to be much sought af-\\nter,and at high prices; whole farms sell-\\ning at from 60 to 100 dolls, the acre.\\nHagerstorvn, a small hamlet, of\\nElsinborough t-ship, Salem co., on\\nthe road leading from Salem to Han-\\ncock s bridge, about 4 miles S. of the\\nformer, contains 10 or 12 cottages,\\ninhabited chiefly by negroes.\\nHaines^ Creek, a considerable\\ntributary of the Rancocus creek, ri-\\nsing by several branches in Eves-\\nham t-ship, Bui lington co., on all of\\nwhich there are mills. It flows N.\\nE. by a course of about 14 miles to\\nits recipient, near Eayrstown.\\nliakchokake Creek, rises in Alex-\\nandria t-ship, Hunterdon co., and\\nflows S. W. by a course of 6 or 7\\nmiles, to the Delaware river, three\\nmiles above the town of Alexandria,\\npassing by Mount Pleasant, and giv-\\ning motion to several mills.\\nHaWs Pond, small basin of wa-\\nter, in Newton t-ship, Sussex co., 3\\nmiles S. E. of the town of Newton.\\nHamburg, p-t., of Vernon t-ship,\\nSussex CO., in the S. W. angle of the\\nt-ship, within 1^^ miles of the west\\nfoot of the Wallkill mountains, near\\nthe E. bank of the Wallkill river, and\\nnear the Pochuck turnpike road.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "HAN\\n155\\nHAN\\nDistant, by post route from W. C,\\n248, from Trenton, 90, and from\\nNewton, 14 miles; contains a church\\ncommon to Baptists and Presbyteri-\\nans, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 2 grist mills,\\nand two saw mills, and 15 or 20\\ndwellings. This is a thriving village,\\nand the water power on the river of-\\nfers strong inducements to settlers.\\nHomburg, or Wallkill Moimtains,\\na local name given to the chain of\\nhills on the South mountain, extend-\\ning N. E. across the townships of\\nByram and Hardiston, and inter-\\nlocking with Wawayanda and Po-\\nchuck mountain, in Vernon t-ship\\nabout 25 miles in length.\\nHamilton t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Galloway t-ship,\\nS. E. by Egg Harbour and Wey-\\nmouth t-ships, S. W. by Maurice ri-\\nver and Milleville t-ships, of Cumbei--\\nland CO., and N. W. by Franklin,\\nDeptford and Gloucester t-ships. Cen-\\ntrally distant, S. E. from Woodbury,\\n30 miles; greatest length, N. and S.,\\n18 miles; breadth, E. and W., 11\\nmiles; area, 106,880 acres. Sur-\\nface level, and soil sandy, covered\\ngenerally with pine forest, and drain-\\ned, southwardly, by Groat Egg Har-\\nbour river, which runs centi-ally\\nthrough it, receiving several small\\ntributaries on either hand. Hamilton\\nand May s Landing are villages of\\nthe townsliip the latter a post town.\\nPopulation in 18.30, 1424. In 1832,\\nthe township contained 115 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not exceed\\n$30; 7 stores, 2 grist mills, 1 blast\\nfurnace, 6 saw mills, 1 forge with 4\\nfires, 135 neat cattle, and 171 horses\\nand mules, above the age of three\\nyears and paid county tax, $209 62\\npoor tax, $104 74^; road tax,\\n$800. The assessor returns but 670\\nacres of improved land.\\nHamilton Village. (See May s\\nLanding.)\\nHammonton Post Office, Glouces-\\nter CO., by post-route, 167 miles\\nfrom W. C, and 59 from Trenton.\\nHancoclc s Bridge, Lower Allo-\\nways Creek t-ship, Salem co., over\\nthe AUoways creek. There is a post-\\ntown here, which contains between\\n30 and 40 dwellings, a Friend s meet-\\ning house, a tavern, and 2 stores.\\nDistant 5 miles S. of Salem, 174 N.\\nE. from W. C, 54 S. from Trenton:\\nthe soil immediately about the town\\nis of rich clay, and marsh meadow,\\nbanked and productive.\\nHanFs Pond, covers about 300\\nacres, in Pompton t-ship, Bergen co.,\\nnear Clinton forges, to which it pays\\na tribute of its waters.\\nHanover t-ship, Burlington co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Upper Freehold\\nand Dover t-ships, Monmouth co., S.\\nby the North and Pole Bridge branch-\\nes of the Rancocus creek, which se-\\nparate it from Northampton t-ship,\\nW. and N. W. by Springfield, Mans-\\nfield, and Chesterfield t-ships. Cen-\\ntrally distant N. E. from Mount Hol-\\nly, 12 miles; greatest length N. W.\\nand S. E. 16 miles; greatest breadth,\\n13 miles; area, 44,000 acres; sur-\\nface, generally level soil, sandy\\nloam and sand, and in the S. E. part\\ncovered with pine forest. Drained\\nN. E. by tributaries of the Cross-\\nwick s creek, on the N. W. by\\nBlack s creek, and on the S. by the\\nnorth branch of the Rancocus, upon\\nwhich, near the S. W. angle of the\\nt-ship, is the County Poor House. A r-\\nney stown, Shelltown, Jacobstown,\\nWrightstown, and Scrabbletown, are\\nvillages of the t-ship at the first of\\nwhich there is a post-ofiice. Popu-\\nlation in 1830, 2859. In 1832, the\\nt-ship contained 530 taxables, 298\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 in value 77 single men,\\n10 mei chants, 5 saw mills, 5 grist\\nmills; 1 furnace, called Hanover; 20\\ntan vats, 1 carding machine, 7 distil-\\nleries for cider, 1 two horse stage,\\n36 dearborns, 85 covered wagons, 5\\nchairs and curricles, 13 gigs and sul-\\nkies, and paid state tax, $392 14;\\ncounty tax, $1369 19; and township\\ntax, $500.\\nHanover t-ship, Morris co., bound-\\ned N. by Pequannock t-ship, E. by\\nLivingston t-ship, Essex co., S. E.\\nby Chatham t-ship, S. by Morris, and\\nW. by Randolph t-ships. Centrally", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "HAR\\n156\\nHAR\\ndistant N. from Morristown, 5 miles\\ngreatest length E. and W. 12\\nbreadth N. and S. 9 miles; area,\\n35,000 acres surface on the N. W.\\nhilly, Trowbridge mountain there\\ncrossing the t-ship on the E. and S.\\nE. level soil, clay, loam and gravel.\\nThe Rockaway river forms its north-\\nern boundary, running into the Pas-\\nsaic, which on the east divides the\\nt-ship from Essex county. The W hip-\\npany and Parsipany rivers also flow\\nthrough it, uniting about a mile\\nbefore they commingle with the Rock-\\naway. Population in 1830, 3718.\\nIn 1832, the t-ship contained 700\\ntaxables, 173 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 in value\\n79 single men, 14 stores, 7 saw mills,\\n7 grist mills, 29 tan vats, 9 distille-\\nries, 3 paper mills, 5 forges, 2 rolling\\nand slitting mills, 2 fulling mills, 2\\ncarding machines, 4 cotton manufac-\\ntories, 621 horses and mules, and\\n2080 cattle above 3 years old; and\\npaid state tax, $548 98; county,\\n$1229 08; poor, $1000; road tax,\\n1000. This t-ship is not remarkable\\nfor the extent of its agricultural pro-\\nduce, the soil not being of the best\\nquality, yet it is generally well culti-\\nvated. It contains, however, many\\nand various manufactories, and abun-\\ndant water power for others.\\nHanover, post-town of preceding\\nt-ship, on the turnpike road from\\nNewark to Milford, 7 miles E. from\\nMorristown, 225 from W. C, and 59\\nfrom Trenton; contains a Presbyte-\\nrian church and half a dozen dwell-\\nings, situate on the plain near the\\nbank of the Passaic.\\nHanover Neck post-office, Morris\\nCO., 227 miles N. E. from W. C,\\nand 61 from Trenton, by post-route.\\nHardinsville p-o., Gloucester co.\\nHardiston t-sp, Sussex co., bound-\\ned N. by Wantage t-ship, N. E. by\\nVernon, S. E. by Bergen and Mor-\\nris counties, and W. by Newton and\\nFrankford t-ships. Greatest length\\n132 miles; breadth 9 miles; area,\\n41,960 acres; surface mountainous,\\ncovered principally by the Hamburg\\nor Wallkill mountains. Pimple Hill\\nis also a distinguished eminence.\\nThe t-ship is drained chiefly by the\\nWallkill river, which flows north-\\nward, centrally through it, and Pe-\\nquannock creek, which flows through\\nthe eastern angle. Norman s Pond,\\nand White Ponds, are basins which\\nsend forth tributaries to the river.\\nPopulation in 1830,2588. Taxables\\nin 1832, 450. There were in the\\nt-ship in 1832, 2 Presbyterian church-\\nes, 171 householders, whose ratables\\ndid not exceed $30 in value 8 store-\\nkeepers, 13 pairs of stones for grind-\\ning grain, 2 carding machines, 7\\nmill saws, 1 furnace, 13 forge fires,\\n1 fulling mill, 407 horses and mules,\\nand 1437 neat cattle above the age of\\n3 years; 37 tan vats, 9 distilleries.\\nThe t-ship paid state and county tax,\\n$915; poor tax, $500; and road\\ntax, $1200. Sparta and Monroe are\\npost-towns of the t-ship; there is a\\nthird post-office at Harmony Vale, in\\nthe N. W. angle of the t-ship. The\\nHamburg or Wallkill mountain,\\nwhich has an unbroken course through\\nthe t-ship, contains an inexhaustible\\nmass of zinc and. iron ores, and the\\nt-ship generally is considered as one\\nof the most interesting mineral loca-\\nlities in the United States.\\nHardwick t-ship, Warren co.,\\nbounded E. by Stillwater and Green\\nUships, of Sussex co., S. by Indepen-\\ndence t-ship, W. by Knowlton, and N.\\nby Pahaquarry t-ships. Centrally\\ndistant N. E. from Belvidere, 15\\nmiles greatest length N. and S. 1 1\\nbreadth E. and W. 8 miles; area,\\n24,320 acres. Population in 1830,\\n1962. There were in the t-ship in\\n1832, 82 householders, whose rata-\\nble estates did not exceed $30 in va-\\nlue; 5 stores, 13 pairs of stones for\\ngrain, 2 carding machines, 1 wool\\nfactory, 5 saw mills, 56 tan vats, 4\\ndistilleries and it paid a state and\\ncounty tax of $967 59. The sur-\\nface of the t-ship is generally hilly,\\nand is drained south-westerly by\\nPaulinskill, Beaver brook, and Bear\\nbranch of the Pequest creek, and\\nalso by some limestone sinks Marks-\\nboro Lawrenceville, Johnsonburg,", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "HAR\\n157\\nHIL\\nand Shiloh, are post-towns of the\\nt-ship. Lime and slate alternate in\\nthe t-ship, as in Knowlton the ridges\\nbeing of the latter, and the valleys of\\nthe former; both are productive, ex-\\ncept where the slate rock approaches\\ntoo near the surface. White Pond\\nin this t-ship, about a mile north of\\nMarksboro is a great natural curio-\\nsity. (See Marksboro\\\\)\\nHarlingen, p-t., Montgomery t-sp.\\nSomerset co., 9 miles S. W. from\\nSomerville, 185 from W. C, and 19\\nfrom Trenton contains a Dutch Re-\\nformed church, a store, tavern, and\\n4 or 5 dwellings, in a fertile country\\nof red shale.\\nHarmony, post-office and Presby-\\nterian church, of Greenwich t-ship,\\nWarren co., by the post route, distant\\nfrom W. C. 200, from Trenton 60,\\nand from Belvidere, 8 miles.\\nHarmony Vale, p-t., in the N. W.\\nangle of Hardistone t-ship, Sussex\\nCO., 240 miles from W. C, 82 from\\nTrenton, and 10 from Newton; con-\\ntains some 10 or 12 dwellings, and\\na Presbyterian church.\\nHarrington t-ship, Bergen co.,\\nbounded N. by Rockland co., New\\nYork, E. by the Hudson river, S. by\\nNew Barbadoes and Hackensack\\nt-ships, and W. by Franklin t-ship.\\nCentrally distant from the town of\\nHackensack N. 7 miles; greatest\\nlength 9^ breadth 7 miles area,\\n.34,000 acres; surface level, except\\nnear the bank of the North river,\\nalong which runs the Closter moun-\\ntains, 400 feet high, forming the Pali-\\nsades; soil loam, well cultivated and\\nfertile. It is watered by the Hack-\\nensack river, flowing southerly and\\ncentrally through it, receiving the\\nPaskack brook, which, rising in New\\nYork, seeks its recipient near the cen-\\ntre of the t-ship and by Saddle river,\\nwhich, rising also in New York, flows\\nalong the western boundary popula-\\ntion in 1830, 2581. In 18.32 there\\nwere 776 taxables, 152 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30 in\\nvalue, 46 single men, 10 stores, 20\\ngrist mills, 3 cotton manufactories,\\n2 furnaces, 23 saw mills, and 685\\nhorses, and 1332 neat cattle, over 3\\nyears of age, 1 fulling mill, 26 tan\\nvats, 2 woollen factories and it paid\\nstate tax, i432 57 county, $910 92.\\nHarrison s Brook, branch of the\\nDead river, a tributary of the Passaic,\\nrises in the Mine mountain near Veal-\\ntown, and flows S. 5 miles to its re-\\ncipient, about a mile below Liberty\\nCorner.\\nHeatlicote s Brook, tributary of\\nMillstone river, rising near the Sand\\nHills, and flowing westerly about 5\\nmiles, to its recipient, near Kingston.\\nHerberton, town of Hopewell t-sp.\\nHunterdon co., 11 miles S. of Flem-\\nington, UN. from Trenton; con-\\ntains some half dozen dwellings, a\\nBaptist church, store, and tavern the\\ncountry around it is hilly, with soil\\nof red shale, well cultivated. The\\nt-ship poor-house, on a farm of 140\\nacres, is near it, where the average\\nnumber of 30 paupers are annually\\nmaintained by their own labour.\\nHereford Inlet, Middle t-ship, Cape\\nMay CO., a passage of between one\\nand two miles wide, between Leam-\\ning s and Five Mile beach, through\\nwhich the sea enters the lagunes and\\nmarshes upon the Atlantic coast.\\nHickory, small hamlet of Bethle-\\nhem t-ship, Hunterdon co., 12 miles\\nN. W. of Flemington, at the south\\nfoot of the Musconetcong mountain,\\nand on the line dividing Bethlehem\\nfrom Alexandria t-ship.\\nHightstown, p-t. of East Windsor\\nt-ship, Middlesex co., on the turnpike\\nroad from Bordentown to Cranberry,\\nand on Rocky brook, 13 miles from\\nBordentown, 183 from W. C, and 18\\nfrom Trenton; contains a Baptist and\\nPresbyterian church, 3 taverns, 2\\nstores, a grist and saw mill, and from\\n30 to 40 dwellings. The rail-road\\nfrom Bordentown to Amboy passes\\nthrough the town, and a line of stages\\nruns thence to Princeton, c.\\nHillsborovgh t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nbounded N. by the main stem, and\\nsouth branch of Raritan river, which\\nseparates it from Bridgewater, E. by\\nMillstone river, dividing it from Frank-\\nlin, S. by Montgomery, and W. by", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "HOB\\n158\\nHOP\\nAmwell t-ship, Hunterdon co. Cen-\\ntrally distant S. W. from Somerville\\n5 miles greatest length E. and W.\\n10; breadth N. and S. 7 miles area,\\nabout 36,000 acres; surface on the\\nwest hilly, the Neshanie or Rock\\nmountain extending over it the soil\\nclay and loam on the east level and\\ngently undulating; soil red shale.\\nThe whole t-ship is well cultivated.\\nBesides the streams on the bounda-\\nries, the only considerable one is\\nRoy s brook, flowing into the Mill-\\nstone. Flaggtown, Millstone, Nesha-\\nnie, Koughstown, and Blackwells, are\\nthe villages of the t-ship; the two first\\npost-towns. Population in 1830, 2878.\\nIn 1832 the t-ship contained about\\n560 taxablcs, 95 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed fSO in value,\\n58 single men, 9 stores, 8 saw mills,\\n8 grist mills, 1 fulling mill, 10 tan\\nvats, 4 distilleries, 2 carding ma-\\nichines, 939 horses and mules, and\\n1638 neat cattle, of 3 years old and\\nupwards; and paid state tax, $382\\n.92; county, $1182 53. There is a\\nDutch Reformed church in the t-ship.\\nHohohen, village of Bergen t-ship,\\nBergen co., on the North river, oppo-\\nsite to the city of New York, built\\nchiefly on one street, and contains\\nabout 1 hundred dwellings, 3 licensed\\ntaverns, many unlicensed houses of\\nentertainment, 4 or 5 stores, and se-\\nveral livery stables and gardens, and\\nbetween 6 and 7 hundred inhabitants.\\nIt is remarkable, however, chiefly as\\na place of resort, for the citizens of\\nNew York, during the hot days of\\nthe summer the bank of the river is\\nhigh, and the invigorating sea breeze\\nmay be enjoyed at almost all hours\\nwhen the sun is above the horizon.\\nThe liberality of Mr. Stevens, who is\\nan extensive landholder here, has\\nopened many attractions to visiters, in\\nthe walks along the river bank, over\\nhis grounds and in the beautiful fields\\nstudded with clumps of trees, and va-\\nriegated by shady woods, the busi-\\nness-worn Yorker finds a momenta-\\nry relaxation and enjoyment in the\\nElysian fields; and the gastro-\\nnomes, whether of the corporation of\\nNew Amstel, or invited guests, find a\\nless rural, though not a more sensual\\npleasure, in the least of Turtle grove.\\nThe value of the groves of Hoboken\\nto the inhabitants of N. York, is inap-\\npredated and inappreciable. They are\\nthe source of health to thousands.\\nSeveral steam-boats ply constantly\\nbetween this town and New York.\\nHolland s Brook, tributary of the\\nsouth branch of the Raritan river,\\nrises in Readington t-ship, Hunter-\\ndon CO., and flows by a S. E. course\\nof about 7 miles, to its recipient in\\nBridgewater t-ship, Somerset co.\\nHolmdel or Baptistown, p-t. of\\nMiddletown t-ship, Monmouth co., 7\\nmiles N. E. from Freehold, 219 from\\nW. C, and 53 E. from Trenton;\\ncontains an academy, a Baptist\\nchurch, 2 stores, 8 dwellings, lying\\nin a highly improved country, pro-\\nducing rye, corn, grass, c.\\nHog Island, in Little Egg Har-\\nbour river, Galloway t-ship, Glou-\\ncester CO.\\nHohokus Brook, rises and has its\\ncourse S. E. 9 miles in Franklin\\nt-ship, Bei gen co. It is a rapid wild\\nstream, studded with mills, and gives\\nname to the village of\\nHohokus, village, situate on the\\nturnpike road leading thence to the\\nSterling mountain, N. Y., 9 miles from\\nHackensack contains a tavern, store,\\ncotton mill, and several dwellings.\\nHoj)e Creek, a small stream of 4 j\\nor 5 miles in length, which rises in,\\nand flows through, the meadows and\\nmarshes of Lower Alloway s Creek\\nt-ship, Salem co. It is not navigable.\\nHope, p-t., on the line dividing\\nKnowlton from Oxford t-ship, on a\\nbranch of Beaver brook, 212 miles\\nfrom W. C, and 59 from Trento^l,\\nand 10 N. E. from Belvidere; ccto-\\ntains a grist mill and saw mill, 6\\nstores, 2 taverns, and about 30 dwell-\\nings, an Episcopal and Methodist\\nchurch. The soil around it is lime-\\nstone, and well cultivated. This was\\noriginally a Moravian settlement.\\nHopeii ell t-ship, of Cumberland co.,\\nbounded E. by Deerfield, S. E. and i\\nS. by Fairfield, W. by Greenwich and i\\ni", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "HOP\\n159\\nHOW\\nStow Creek t-ships, and N. by Hope-\\nwell t-ship, of Salem co. Greatest\\nlength 10, breadth 6 miles; area,\\n20,000 acres surface rolling soil\\nclay loam. Cohansey creek bounds\\nthe t-ship on the east and south, and\\nMount s creek and Mill creek, its tri-\\nbutaries, are on and near the S. W.\\nboundary. Population in 1830, 1953.\\nIn 1832 there were in the t-ship 468\\ntaxables, 1 Seventh-day Baptist, and\\n1 Methodist church, 112 household-\\ners, whose ratables did not exceed\\n$30 in value, 4 stores, 5 run stones\\nfor grinding grain, 1 cupola furnace,\\n1 rolling and slitting mill, 3 tanneries,\\n2 distilleries for cider and the t-ship\\npaid for road tax, $500; and for\\ncounty and state tax, -Si 052 87. Part\\nof the town of Bridgcton is on the\\neastern boundary, and Shiloh and\\nRoadstown are on the west. Bowen-\\ntown lies midway on the road between\\nthe first and the last.\\nHopewell t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nbounded N. by Amwell t-ship, E. by\\nMontgomery t-ship, of Somerset co.,\\nS. E. by Lawrence t-ship, S. by Tren-\\nton t-ship, and W. by the river Dela-\\nware. Centrally distant S. from\\nFlemington 12 miles; greatest length\\nE. and W. 12 breadth N. and^^S.\\n10 miles; area, 36,000 acres; sur-\\nface on the north hilly, a chain of low,\\ntrap mountains extending across it\\nand on the south level, and abundant-\\nly productive soil red shale, loam,\\nand gravel. It is drained on the west\\nby Smith s and Jacob s creeks, and\\neast by Stony brook. Population in\\n1830, 3151. In 1832 the t-ship con-\\ntained 70 houses and lots, 11 stores,\\n5 fisheries, 6 saw mills, 8 grist mills,\\n2 oil mills, 17 tan vats, 1 distillery, 1\\ncarding machine, 1 fulling mill, 863\\nhorses and mules, and 1078 neat cat-\\ntle, over 3 years of age; and paid\\npoor tax, 8300; road tax, $1200;\\nstate, $1722 84. Pennington and\\nWoodsville are post-towns, and Hc-\\nbertown and Columbia, villages of\\nthe t-ship.\\nHopper s or Ramapotown, on the\\nBamapo river, cast foot of the Rama-\\nHackensack contains a tavern, and\\nsome 6 or 8 dwellings.\\nHornerstown, hamlet, on Marl\\nRidge, Upper Freehold t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., 20 miles S. W. of Free-\\nhold court-house, and 15 S. E. from\\nTrenton contains several dwellings,\\na grist mill, and saw mill, and fulling\\nmill, upon the Lahaway creek, a\\nbranch of the Crosswicks. The soil\\non the north side of the creek is deep,\\nrich loam and on the south, barren\\nsand. There is here a great deposit\\nof valuable marl.\\nHospitality, branch of the Great\\nEgg Harbour river, rises in Deptford\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., and flows S. E.\\nto the river at Pennypot Mill, in Ha-\\nmilton t-ship, about 14 miles from its\\nsource, receiving fi om the west. Fara-\\nway, Lake, and Cold branches.\\nHowell township, Monmouth co.,\\nbounded N. by Shrewsbury, E. by\\nthe Atlantic ocean, S. by Dover t-ship,\\nand W. by Freehold t-ship. Centrally\\ndistant S. E. from Freehold 1 1 miles\\ngreatest length E. and W. 13 breadth\\nN. and S. 11 miles; area, 70,000\\nacres surface level soil sand, sandy\\nloam, and clay drained by Shark,\\nManasquan, and Metetecunk rivers,\\nwhich flow east to the ocean; the first\\non the north, and the last on the south\\nboundary. Manasquan, Squankum,\\nand Howell s Furnace, are post-towns\\nof Ihc t-ship. Population in 1830,\\n4141. In 1832 there were in the\\nt-ship about 800 taxables, 122 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not exceed\\n$30, and 42 single men, 11 stores,\\n10 saw mills, 5 grist mills, 2 fulling\\nmills, 4 carding machines, 26 tan\\nvats, 2 distilleries, 1 furnace in ope-\\nration, 365 horses and mules, and\\n1400 neat cattle, 3 years old and up-\\nwards.\\nHoioell Furnace, p-t., Howell\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., 12 miles S.\\nE. of Freehold, 47 from Trenton,\\nand 212 N. E. from W. C, on the\\nloft bank of the Manasquan river.\\nThe manufacture of iron is extensive-\\nly carried on here, and for the accom-\\nmodation of the workmen, there are\\nI f 0 mountain, 16 miles N. W. from from 40 to 50 dwellings, and a store.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "HUN\\n160\\nHUN\\nA company was incorporated for con-\\nducting the works, the stock of which,\\nwe understand, is now in great part,\\nif not wholly, the property of Mr.\\nJames P. Sairs of New York.\\nHughesville, village, on the Muscon-\\netcong creek, about 5 miles from its\\nmouth, 15 miles S. of Belvidere, and\\n6 S. E. from Philipsville, in Green-\\nwich t-ship, Warren co., and in a\\nnarrow and deep valley it contains\\na tavern, a store, a school and from\\n15 to 20 dwelhngs. Lead or zine ore\\nis said to be found in the mountain\\nnorth of the town but most probably\\nthe latter, as the hill is part of the\\nrange of the Hamburg or Wallkill\\nmountains, in which that mineral\\nabounds.\\nHunterdon County, was taken\\nfrom Burlington, by act of Assembly\\n13th March, 1714, and received its\\nname from governor Hunter. It has\\nbeen since modified by the erection\\nof Somerset, Morris and Warren cos.,\\nand is now bounded N. E. by Morris,\\nE. by Somerset, S. E. by Middlesex,\\nS. by Burlington, S. W. and W. by\\nthe river Delaware, and N. W. by\\nthe Musconetcong river, which sepa-\\nrates it from Warren co. Greatest\\nlength N. and S. 43 miles; breadth\\n26 miles; area, 324,572 acres, or\\nabout 507 square miles. Central\\nlat. 40\u00c2\u00b0 3 N. long. 2\u00c2\u00b0 5 E. from\\nw. c.\\nThis county borders S. on the\\ngreat eastern alluvial formation. The\\nprimitive rock is first found in it at the\\nfalls of the Delaware river, near\\nTrenton, and may be traced from\\nthe respective banks N. E. and S.\\nW. It has in Jersey, however, a\\nnarrow breadth, being overlaid by a\\nbelt of the old red sandstone which\\nstretches across the country for about\\n20 miles to the low mountain ridge\\nnorth of Flemington. About 12 miles\\nnorth of Trenton, this formation is\\nbroken by a chain of trap hills which\\ncross the Delaware below New Hope,\\nand are known in this county by the\\nname of Rocky mountain, c. but\\nthis chain has the sandstone for its\\nbase. Between it and the chain north\\nof Flernington, lies a fertile valley of\\nred sandstone. With the hills north\\nof Flemington, the primitive forma-\\ntion is again visible, but the valleys\\nwhich intersect them discover secon-\\ndary limestone, particularly at New\\nGermantown, Clinton, c., in the\\nGerman valley, and in the valley of\\nthe Musconetcong.\\nThe surface of the county S. and\\nS. E. of Flemington, with the excep-\\ntion of the Rocky hills of which we\\nhave spoken, may be deemed level;\\non the north of Flemington it is moun-\\ntainous; the ridges, however, are\\nlow and well cultivated to the sum-\\nmits. Many of them, particularly\\nthose N. and W. of Flemington, pro-\\nduce abundance of excellent ship tim-\\nber. The red shale of the sandstone\\nformation, is generally susceptible of\\nbeneficial cultivation, and is grateful\\nto the careful husbandman. The\\nlimestone valleys may be made what-\\never the cultivator pleases, provided\\nhe bounds his wishes by the latitude\\nand climate. And by the use of\\nlime, the cold clay of the primitive\\nhills may be converted into most pro-\\nductive soil. On the whole, this\\ncounty may be considered one of the\\nfinest and most opulent of the state.\\nIt is tolerably well watered by streams,\\npart of which seek the Raritan,\\nwhilst others flow to the Delaware\\nriver of the fii-st, proceeding from\\nthe north, are Spruce run, the main\\nsouth branch of the Raritan, Laming-\\nton river, Rockaway creek, Neshanie\\ncreek, and Stony brook of the se-\\ncond are the Musconetcong river,\\nHakehokake, Nischisakawick Lack-\\natong, Wickechecoke, Alexsocken,\\nSmith, Jacob s, and Assunpink creeks.\\nThe towns of the county are Alexan-\\ndria, Baptistown, Centreville, Clarks-\\nville, Clinton, Flemington, Hepborn s,\\nHopewell Meeting, Fairview, Lam-\\nbertsville, Lawrenceville, Lebanon,\\nMattison s Corner, Milford, Mount\\nPleasant, New Germantown, New\\nHampton, Pennington, Pennyville,\\nPittstown, Potterstown, Prallsville,\\nQuakertown, Ringoes, Sergeantsville,\\nTRENTON, Vansyckle s, White", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "IML\\n161\\nIND\\nHouse, Woodsville, c., all of which\\nare post-towns. There are beside\\n.these, some small hamlets of little\\nnote. The county contained in 1832,\\nby the assessor s abstract, 86 mer-\\nchants, 17 fisheries, 71 saw mills, 80\\ngrist mills, 13 oil mills, 9 ferries and\\ntoll bridges, 524 tan vats, 5 distilleries\\nfor grain, 58 for cider 1 cotton ma-\\nnufactory, 17 carding machines, 10\\nfulling mills, 50 stud horses, 7538\\nhorses and mules, and 12,492 neat\\ncattle, over 3 years of age; and it\\npaid poor tax, $6850 road tax,\\n$8300; county tax, $14,535 84;\\nand state tax, $4146 76.\\nFor the dissemination of moral and\\nreligious instruction, there are in\\nthe county Bible and tract societies,\\nSunday schools and temperance so-\\ncieties, in almost all thickly settled\\nneighbourhoods and the people ge-\\nnerally, are remarkable for their so-\\nber and orderly deportment.\\nThe population of the county, de-\\nrived principally from English and\\nGerman sources, by the census of\\n1830, amounted to 31,060, of whom\\n14,465 were white males; 14,653\\nwhite females; 869 free coloured\\nmales, and 901 free coloured females;\\n77 male, and 95 female slaves; 34\\ndeaf and dumb, all white; 19 white,\\nand 2 blacks, blind; 210 aliens.\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF HUNTERDON COUNTY.\\nSo\\n13\\nPopulation.\\nTownships.\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\n1\\n1810.\\n1820.\\n1830.\\nAlexandria,\\n12\\n9\\n33,000\\nmount s, hilly.\\n2271\\n2619\\n3042\\nAmwell,\\n16\\n15\\n77,000\\np thilly,p tlevel.\\n5777\\n6749\\n7385\\nBethlehem,\\n9\\n9\\n25,000\\nmountainous.\\n1738\\n2002\\n2032\\nKingwood,\\n17\\n7\\n35,312\\nhilly.\\n2605\\n2786\\n2898\\nHopewell,\\n12\\n10\\n36,000\\np tleveljp t hilly.\\n2565\\n2881\\n3151\\nLawrence,\\n8\\n6\\n13,093\\nlevel.\\n1354\\n1430\\nLebanon,\\n15\\n7\\n42,000\\nmountainous.\\n2409\\n2817\\n3436\\nReadington,\\n12\\nH\\n29,558\\ngenerally level.\\n1797\\n1964\\n2102\\nTewkesbury,\\n8\\n6i\\n23,000\\nmountainous.\\n1308\\n1499\\n1659\\nTrenton,\\n7\\n5\\n10,609\\n324,572\\nlevel.\\n3002\\n3942\\n3925\\n23,472\\n28,604\\n31,060\\nHunt s Pond, a small basin on\\nthe N. W. line of Greene t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO., supplies the Bear branch of\\nPequest creek.\\nHunfs Mills. (See Clinton.)\\nHurricane Brook, a tributary of\\nthe south branch of Toms river, Do-\\nver t-ship, Monmouth co., which\\nunites with Black run, in the mill\\npond of Dover furnace.\\nImlaytown, post-town of Upper\\nFreehold t-ship, Monmouth co., 3\\nmiles E. of Allentown, 180 N. E.\\nfrom W. C, and 14 miles S. E. from\\nTrenton; contains 12 or 15 dwell-\\nings, a grist and saw mill, tannery, 1\\ntavern, 1 store, wheelwright and\\nsmith shop. The surrounding coun-\\ntry is gently undulating; soil, clay,\\nX\\nand sandy loam, generally well culti-\\nvated and productive.\\nImlaydale, pleasant hamlet on the\\nMusconetcong creek, Mansfield t-ship,\\nWarren co., 4 miles S. of the village\\nof Mansfield, and within 1 of New\\nHampton, in the adjacent county of\\nHunterdon, and 12 miles S. E. of\\nBelvidere contains a mill, a store,\\nand 3 dwellings.\\nIndependence t-ship, Warren co.,\\nbounded N. by Hardwick t-ship, E.\\nby Green t-ship, Sussex co., S E. by\\nRoxbury t-ship, Morris co., S. W.\\nby Mansfield, and W. by Oxford\\nt-ship. Centrally distant N. E. from\\nBelvidere, the county town, 14 miles;\\ngreatest length 9 miles N. and S.\\nbreadth E. and W. 8^ area, 29,440", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "IND\\n162\\nJAK\\nacres; surface hilly on the E. and\\nW., but a valley runs centrally N.\\nE. and S. W. through the t-ship\\nwhich is drained by the Pequcst\\ncreek, and on which there is a large\\nbody of meadow land. Bacon creek\\nis a small tributary of the Pequest,\\nwhich unites with it above the village\\nof Vienna. The Musconetcong river\\nforms the S. E. boundary, and in its\\nvalley, parallel therewith, runs the\\nMorris canal. Alamuche, Hackets-\\ntown, and Vienna, are post-towns of\\nthe t-ship; there is a Quaker meet-\\ning house in the N. E. part of the\\nt-ship. There were in the t-ship in\\n1830, 2126 inhabitants; in 1832,\\n429 taxables, 10,000 acres of im-\\nproved land, 414 horses and mules,\\nand 1066 neat cattle, over 3 years\\nof age; 146 householders, whose ra-\\ntables did not exceed $30 8 stores,\\n11 pairs of stones for grinding grain,\\n6 saw mills, 21 tan vats, 4 distille-\\nries and it paid in t-ship taxes for the\\npoor and roads, $900 and in county\\nand state tax, $880 95. This ranks\\namong the most valuable precincts of\\nthe state. The valleys are of fertile\\nlimestone, and the hill sides have\\nbeen subjected to cultivation to a very\\ngreat extent. The ridges which cross\\nthe t-ship from the S. W. to the N.\\nE. are metalliferous, and upon the\\nJenny Jump, in the N. W., a gold\\nmine is said to exist. Preparations\\nhave ostensibly been made for smelt-\\ning the ore, but the wise ones have\\nlittle confidence in the undertaking,\\nand consider the mineral discovered,\\nif any, to be pyrites or fool s gold.\\nInskcep s Mill, at the junction of\\nthe N. E. branch of Great Egg Har-\\nbour river, called Inskeep s branch,\\nwith the Squankum branch of said\\nriver, near the south border of Dept-\\nford t-ship, Gloucester county, about\\n33 miles from Camden.\\nIsland Beach, Delaware t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., extends N. 12 miles\\non the Atlantic ocean and Barnegat\\nbay, from Barnegat inlet to what was\\nformerly Cranberry inlet it no where\\nexceeds half a mile in breadth.\\nIndian Branch, a principal tribu-\\ntary of the north branch of the Rari-\\ntan river, rising in Randolph t-ship,\\nMorris co., on the N. W. foot of\\nTrowbridge mountain, and flowing S.\\nW. through Mendham t-ship, giving\\nmotion to several mills in its course.\\nIndian Run, branch of Doctor s\\ncreek, on the N. W. boundary of\\nUpper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth\\nCO., flows S. W. by a course of about\\n2 miles, to its recipient, west of Allen-\\ntown, giving motion to a saw mill.\\nInskeep s Branch, or rather the\\nmain stem of the Great Egg Plarbour\\nriver, above Inskeep s Mill, about 30\\nmiles from the mouth of the river,\\nrises in Gloucester t-ship, Gloucester\\nCO., and flows a S. E. course of 12\\nor 14 miles, to the mill, receiving\\nFour Mile Branch and Squankum\\nBranch.\\nJacksonville, on the line between\\nLebanon and Tewkesbury t-ships,\\nHunterdon co., about 11 miles N. of\\nFlemington, and on the turnpike road\\nfrom Somerville to Easton contains\\na tavern, store, grist mill, and 2 or 3\\ndwellings.\\nJacksonville, formerly called Im-\\nlay s Mills, on Rocky brook, a branch\\nof the Millstone, in Upper Freehold\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., 10 miles E.\\nfrom Freehold contains a grist and\\nsaw mill, 2 stores, 7 dwellings, and a\\nPresbyterian church. There is a\\nlarge body of good bog ore at a short\\ndistance north of the town, and some\\nindications of extensive mining opera-\\ntions, said to have been carried on\\nnear it, many years since, in pursuit\\nof copper.\\nJacksonville, post-office, Burling-\\nton CO., 160 miles N. E. of W. C,\\nand 17 S. of Trenton.\\nJackson Glass Works, post-office,\\nGloucester co., by post route 156\\nmiles from W. C, and 48 from Tren-\\nton.\\nJacobstoum, Hanover t-ship, Bur*\\nlington CO., near the Great Monmouth\\nRoad, 12 miles N. E. from Mount\\nHolly, and 9 miles S. E. of Borden-\\ntown; contains 2 taverns, a store,\\nand some 12 or 15 dwellings.\\nJake s Brook, small tributary of", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "JEF\\n163\\nJER\\nToms river, or rather of Toms bay,\\nwith which it unites, below the village\\nof Toms River.\\nJefferson, village, Orange t-ship,\\nSussex CO., 6 miles W, from Newark,\\nat the foot of the First mountain con-\\ntains about 30 dwellings, a Baptist\\nchurch, and school house.\\nJefferson t-ship, Morris co., bound-\\ned N. W. by Hardistone t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO., N. E. by Pompton t-ship,\\nEssex CO., S. E. by Pequannock\\nt-ship, and S. W. by Roxbury t-ship,\\nMorris co., and by Byram t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO. Centrally distant N. W. from\\nMorristown 15 miles; greatest length\\n14, breadth 31 miles; area 25,000\\nacres. The whole surface is covered\\nwith mountains, save a deep and nar-\\nrow valley, the lower part of which\\nis called Berkshire, and the upper\\nLongwood, valley, bounded on the N.\\nW. by the Hamburg mountain, and\\non the S. E. by Green Pond moun-\\ntain. Through this valley flows the\\nmain branch of the Rockaway river,\\nwhich has its source in the Hamburg\\nmountain near the county line; and\\nwhich, in its course through the vale,\\ngives activity to a dozen forges and\\nother mill works. On the top of the\\nHamburg mountain, near the S. W.\\nline of the t-ship, lies Hurd s pond\\nand Hopatcong lake. The first re-\\nceives a small stream which has a S.\\nW. course of 4 or 5 miles, and pours\\nits waters into the second. Hurd s\\npond is about I5 mile in length, by\\n1 mile in breadth and the lake is be-\\ntween 3 and 4 miles long, and about\\na mile broad, covering about 3000\\nacres. These waters are remarkable,\\nas well for their place, as their use;\\nbeing at the summit level of the Morris\\ncanal, and employed as its feeders.\\nThey are the source also of that fine\\nstream, the Musconetcong creek, and\\nare much celebrated for their fish.\\nThe mountain is rough and broken,\\nand the descent into Berkshire valley\\nis wildly picturesque of which cha-\\nracter Longwood also partakes. The\\nbase of the whole t-ship is granitic\\nrock, which breaks through the sur-\\ns face in every direction, in rude and\\nheavy masses. From a soil thus con-\\nstituted, little fertility is expected but\\nthe product of the mountain, in wood\\nand iron, is very valuable. The popu-\\nlation in 1830, was 1551. In 1832\\nthe t-ship contained 250 taxables, 127\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed .$30 in value, 6 stores, 2 grist,\\n9 saw mills, 3 distilleries, and 18\\nforges, 206 horses and mules, and\\n598 neat cattle, over 3 years of age;\\nand paid state tax, $139 79 county,\\n8312 97; poor, $600; and road,\\n$1000.\\nJenny Jump, a noted eminence in\\nthe northern part of Oxford t-ship,\\nWarren co., extending N. E. and S.\\nW. for about 10 miles, and into Inde-\\npendence t-ship.\\nJersey City, lies on a point of land\\nprojecting into the Hudson river, op-\\nposite to the city of New York, dis-\\ntant therefrom, 1 mile, 1 chain, 47\\nlinks, in Bergen t-ship, Bergen co.,\\n13 miles S. of Hackensack, 224 miles\\nN. E. from W. C, 58 from Trenton,\\nand 8 from Newark. It was first in-\\ncorporated Jan. 28, 1820, compris-\\ning All that portion of the t-ship of\\nBergen, owned by the Jersey Asso-\\nciates, formerly called Powles Hook,\\nconstituted and surrounded by a cer-\\ntain ditch, as the boundary line be-\\ntween the Jersey Associates and the\\nlands of Cornelius Van Vorst, dec d,\\non the W. and N. W., and by the\\nmiddle of the Fludson river, and the\\nbay surrounding all the other parts\\nof the same. By the act of Assembly\\nthe municipal government is vested in\\nseven selectmen, who are ex offcio,\\nconservators o^ the peace, a president\\nchosen by the board, a treasurer, se-\\ncretary, city marshal, c. The town\\nis commodiously laid out into lots, 25\\nfeet by 100, distributed into 45 blocks,\\neach 2 acres, Avith broad streets, and\\ncontains many good buildings. The\\nwhole number of dwellings may be\\n200, and the iidiabitants about 1500.\\nThere are here, an Episcopalian\\nchurch of wood, and a new church\\nof stone being erected, and a Dutch\\nReformed church, 2 select schools,\\nand an academy, owned by the pub-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "JOB\\n164\\nKET\\nlie; the Morris Canal Banking Com-\\npany, authorized to have a capital not\\nexceeding one million of dollars, of\\nwhich, $40,000 only, have been paid\\nin; 20 licensed stores, 5 taverns, a\\npublic garden on the bay, called the\\nThatched Cottage Garden; a wind\\nmill, an extensive pottery, at which\\nlarge quantities of delfware are made,\\nin form and finish scare inferior to\\nthe best Liverpool ware a flint glass\\nmanufactory, employing from 80 to\\n100 hands, at $750 the week wages,\\nyielding an annual product of near\\n$100,000, of the best plain and cut\\nglass ware. Both these large manu-\\nfactories are conducted by incorpo-\\nrated companies. There are 2 turn-\\npike roads running from this city to\\nNewark, a rail-road to Paterson, and\\nanother through Newark to Bruns-\\nwick and a basin in this town is pro-\\nposed to be the eastern termination\\nof the Morris canal, now completed\\nto Newark. Three lines of stages\\nrun from Jersey City, to Newark,\\ntwice each day. Two steam-boats,\\nbelonging to the Associates of the\\nJersey Company, cross to New York\\nevery 15 minutes. This company\\nwas chartered in 1804, for the sole\\npurpose of purchasing the place from\\nCornelius Van Vorst, the former pro-\\nprietor.\\nThe city is a port of entry, annex-\\ned to the collection district of New\\nYork, together with all that part of\\nthe state of New Jersey, which lies\\nnorth and east of Elizabethtown and\\nStaten Island. An assistant collector\\nresides at Jersey, who may enter and\\nclear vessels as the collector of New\\nYork may do, acting in conformity,\\nhowever, with such instructions as he\\nmay receive from the collector of\\nNew York. There is a surveyor\\nalso at this port.\\nJobsville, or Wilkinsville, named\\nafter the proprietor, Deptford t-ship,\\nGloucester co., near the mouth of\\nWoodbury creek, between 3 and 4\\nmiles W. from Woodbury; contains\\nsome half dozen dwellings.\\nJobstown, p-t. of Springfield t-ship,\\non the Great Monmouth road, 6 miles\\nN. E. from Mount Holly, 169 from\\nW. C, and 23 S. E. from Trenton;\\ncontains a tavern, a store, and 8 or\\n10 dwellings, surrounded by excellent\\nfarms. The proposed rail-road or\\nMacadamized road from the mouth\\nof Craft s creek to Lisbon, is designed\\nto pass by this village.\\nJohnsonburg, p-t. and village of\\nHardwick t-ship, Warren co.; cen-\\ntrally situate in the t-ship, by post\\nroute, 218 miles N. E. of W. C, 65\\nfrom Trenton, and 16 from Belvidere;\\ncontains an Episcopal and a Presby-\\nterian church, a church belonging to\\nthe sect of Christ-i-ans, 2 taverns, 2\\nstores, many mechanic shops, a grist\\nmill, and from 25 to 30 dwellings.\\nThe surrounding soil is of fertile lime-\\nstone, and well cultivated. A small\\ntributary of the Bear branch of Be-\\nquest creek, flows through it, and\\ngives motion to the mill of the town.\\nJones Island, Fairfield t-ship,\\nCumberland co., formed by Cedar\\ncreek, Nantuxet creek, and their tri-\\nbutaries, and by Nantuxet Cove.\\nJugtown, small village, in a valley\\nof the Musconetcong mountain, and\\non the road from Somerville to Phi-\\nlipsburg, about 12 miles N. W. from\\nFlemington contains a tavern, mill,\\najid some half dozen dwellings.\\nJuliustown, p-t. of Springfield t-sp,\\nBurlington co., 6 miles N. E. of\\nMount Holly, 163 from W. C, and\\n25 S. E. from Trenton; contains 1\\ntavern, 2 stores, and from 20 to 30\\ndweUings. A rail, or Macadamized\\nroad, from the mouth of Craft s creek\\nto Lisbon, is designed to pass by this\\nvillage.\\nJumping Brook, one of the sources\\nof Crosswick s creek, Freehold t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., which, after a west\\ncourse of about 4 miles, unites with\\nSouth Run, and forms the creek. It\\nis a mill stream.\\nKettle Run, small tributary of\\nHaines creek, Evesham t-ship, Bur-\\nlington CO., unites with the main\\nstream at Taunton furnace.\\nKettle Creek, Dover t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., rises by two branches,\\nnorth and south, which flow east, the", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "KIN\\n165\\nKNO\\nfirst about 6, and the second about 4\\nmiles. Their union forms an arm of\\nBarnegat bay. There is a post-office\\nin the neighbourhood, named after the\\ncreek, about 65 miles from Trenton.\\nKill Van Kuhl, the narrow strait\\nbetween Staten island and the south\\nshore of Bergen co., connecting New\\nYork bay with Newark bay, and in\\nlength about 5 miles.\\nKingston, p-t., on the turnpike road\\nfrom Princeton to Brunswick, 1 3 miles\\nfrom the latter, 180 from W. C, and\\n13 from Trenton, and on the line se-\\nparating South Brunswick t-ship, Mid-\\ndlesex CO., from Franklin t-ship, So-\\nmerset CO., so that part of the town\\nlies in each county, and half way be-\\ntween Philadelphia and New York.\\nThere are here a Presbyterian church,\\nan academy, 3 taverns, 4 stores, a\\nlarge grist mill, saw mill, and woollen\\nfactory, driven by the Millstone river,\\nwhich runs through the town. The\\nDelaware and Raritan canal also\\npasses through it, with a lock at this\\nplace. There are here also, about 40\\ndwellings. The soil around the town\\nis of sandy loam, upon red sandstone,\\nfertile, and in a high state of cultiva-\\ntion, and valued, in farms, at $60 the\\nacre. This place was once remark-\\nable for the number of stages which\\npassed through it, for New York and\\nPhiladelphia, the passengers in which,\\ncommonly dined at the hotel of Mr.\\nP. Withington. Before the comple-\\ntion of the Bordentown and Amboy\\nrail road, 49 stages, loaded with pas-\\nsengers, between the two cities, have\\nhalted here at the same time when\\nmore than 400 harnessed horses were\\nseen standing in front of the inn. Mr.\\nWithington has lately made a very\\nlarge fish pond on his lands, well\\nstocked with trout, and other fish of\\nthe country, with which he can, at\\nany time, supply his table in a few\\nminutes.\\nKingwood t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Lebanon, S. E. by\\nAmwell, W. by the Delaware river,\\nand N. W. by Bethlehem t-ship. Cen-\\ntrally distant W. from Flemington 7\\nmiles; greatest length N. E. and S.\\nW. 17, breadth E. and W. 7 miles;\\narea, 35,312 acres surface, hilly and\\nrolling; soil, red shale, clay, and\\nloam in many places fertile and well\\ncultivated. The tract known as the\\nGreat Swamp, extends on the top of\\nthe mountain into this t-ship, and is\\nalike remarkable for its fine timber\\nand extraordinary fertility. The t-p. is\\ndrained southwardly by the Laokatong\\ncreek. Baptisttown, Fairview, Dog-\\ntown, Charleston, and Milltown, are\\nvillages and hamlets of the t-ship at\\nthe first there is a post-office, and\\nthere is another office bearing the\\nname of the t-ship. Population in\\n1830, 2898. In 1832 there were in\\nthe t-ship 4 stores, 7 saw mills, 7 grist\\nmills, and 1 oil mill, 7 distilleries, 2\\ncarding machines, 733 horses and\\nmules, and 1347 neat cattle, above\\nthe age of 3 years and the t-ship\\npaid state and county tax, $1323 75.\\nKinseyville, p-t. of Lower Penn s\\nNeck t-ship, Salem co., on the Dela-\\nware river, opposite to the town of\\nNewcastle, 170 miles from W. C,\\n58 from Trenton, and 7 from Salem.\\nIt is named after James Kinsey, the\\nproprietor, and contains 4 or 5 dwell-\\nings, 2 taverns, store, and ferry to\\nNewcastle.\\nKirkland s Creek, through the\\nsalt marsh of Lodi t-ship, Bergen co.;\\nnear its head is a saw mill. The\\nlength of the creek is about 3 miles.\\nKline s Mills, post-office, Somer-\\nset CO., by post route 206 miles N.\\nE. from W. C, and 40 from Trenton.\\nKnowlton, t-ship, Warren co.,\\nbounded N. by Pahaquarry t-ship,\\nE. by Hardwick t-ship, S. by Oxford\\nt-ship, and W. by the Delaware river.\\nCentrally distant N. E. from Belvi-\\ndere, 10 miles; greatest length 10\\nmiles, breadth 10 miles; area 44,800\\nacres. The Blue mountain lies upon\\nthe northern boundary, and the De-\\nlaware makes its way through it at\\nthe celebrated Water Gap, at the N.\\nW. point of the t-ship. The t-ship is\\nevery where hilly, and is said to de-\\nrive its name from its knolls. It is\\ncentrally drained by Paulinskill, and\\nits branches; on the south-east by", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "KRO\\n166\\nLAM\\nBeaver brook, and north-east by the\\nShawpocussing creek. Gravel Hill,\\nSodom, Columbia, Centreville, Hope,\\nand Ramsaysburg, are villages and\\npost towns of the t-ship. Population\\nin 1830, 2827; taxables in 1832,\\n630. There were in the t-ship, in\\n1832, 132 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30, 13 pairs of\\nstones for grinding grain, 7 saw mills,\\n10 tan vats, 4 distilleries, 1 glass\\nmanufactory, 744 horses and mules,\\nand 1 390 neat cattle over three years\\nof age; and the t-ship paid $1300\\nfor t-ship use, and $1550 for state\\nand county purposes. Slate and lime\\nalternate throughout the t-ship; the\\nhills are commonly of the one, and\\nthe valleys of the other.\\nA slate quarry above Columbia is\\nextensively wrought, from whence\\nexcellent roof and writing slates are\\ntaken. There is 1 Presbyterian and\\n1 Episcopalian church in the t-ship.\\nKnowlton, post town and village of\\nthe above t-ship, on Paulinskill, 2\\nmiles from its mouth, and by the post\\nroute 217 from W. C, 64 from Tren-\\nton, and 10 from Belvidere; contains\\n1 tavern, 1 store, a large grist and\\nsaw mill, a clover mill, and 6 or 7\\ndwellings. The country around is\\nhilly, soil limestone.\\nKoughstown, village, on the line\\nbetween the t-ship of Hillsborough,\\nin Somerset co., and the t-ship of\\nAmwell, in Hunterdon co. 5 miles\\nS. E. of Flemington, contains a ta-\\nvern and some 4 or 5 dwellings.\\nKoughstown, small village on the\\nline dividing Hillsborough t-ship, So-\\nmerset CO from Amwell t-ship, Hun-\\nterdon CO., 11 miles S. W. from\\nSomerville, and 4 miles S. E. from\\nFlemington contains a tavern, store,\\nDutch Reformed church, and several\\ndwellings, pleasantly situated upon\\nsoil of red shale, in the valley of the\\nNeshanie creek.\\nKrokaevall, small mill stream of\\nSaddle river t-ship, Bergen co., rising\\non the N. border, and flowing by a\\ncourse of about 5 miles, to the Pas-\\nsaic river, a mile above the great\\nFalls.\\nLafayette, post town of Newton\\nt-ship, near the north line of the t-ship,\\non the Union Turnpike Road, distant\\nby the post route 233 miles from W.\\nC, 75 from Trenton, and 5 miles\\nfrom Newton; contains 1 tavern, 1\\nstore, a cupola furnace, a grist mill,\\nwith 4 run of stones, driven by the\\nPaulinskill, a Baptist church, and\\nsome 10 or 12 dwellings. The pre-\\nvailing soil around it is limestone, in\\nexcellent cultivation.\\nLahaioay Creek, Upper Freehold,\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., rises near the\\nE. boundary, and flows S. W. about\\n9 miles, to the Crosswicks creek, be-\\nlow Hornerstown, giving motion to\\nsome mills at that place and at Pros-\\npertown.\\nLake Branch, of Hospitality creek,\\nan arm of the Great Egg Harbour\\nriver, Franklin and Hamilton t-ships,\\nGloucester co.\\nLake s Bay, in the salt marsh, on\\nthe Atlantic ocean. Egg Harbour\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., communicates\\nby several inlets with the ocean; is\\nabout 3 miles long and a mile and\\na half wide.\\nLambertsville, post town of Am-\\nwell t-ship, Hunterdon co., 11 miles\\nS. W. from Flemington, 16 N. from\\nTrenton, and 170 from W. C. a\\nthi iving, pleasant village, on the bank\\nof the Delaware river, opposite to the\\ntown of New Hope, containing 1\\nBaptist and 1 Presbyterian church,\\n2 schools, one of which is a boarding\\nschool, under the care of the Rev.\\nMr. Studdiford, and more than 30\\ndwellings, many of which are neat\\nand commodious. A turnpike road\\nI uns from the town to New Bruns-\\nwick, and a fine bridge is thrown\\nover the river by a joint stock com-\\npany, with a capital of $160,000, in-\\ncorporated in 1812, by the Legisla-\\ntures of Pennsylvania and New Jer-\\nsey; built in 1814. It is supported\\non 9 stone piers; length between the\\nabutments 1050 feet, width 33 feet,\\nelevation above the water 21 feet;\\nroofed. The company for some time\\nemployed a portion of its capital in\\nbanking operations.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "LAW\\n167\\nLEB\\nLamington River, tributary of the\\nnorth branch of the Raritan, rises in\\nDuck pond, Roxbury t-ship, Morris\\nCO., and flows thence by a S. W. and\\nS. course of 84 miles, uniting with its\\nrecipient in Bedminster t-ship, Somer-\\nset CO. It is a large and rapid mill\\nstream, on which there are many\\nmills, particularly at Potter s Falls in\\nthe north part of its course it bears\\nthe name of Black river.\\nLamington, village of Bedminster\\nt-ship, Somerset co., on the road from\\nSomerville to Philipsburg, 10 miles\\nN. W. of the former; contains a\\nPresbyterian church, a tavern, and\\n3 or 4 dwellings, situate in a pleasant\\nfertile country.\\nLanding Creek, Galloway t-ship,\\nGloucester co., rises on the S. W.\\nline of the t-ship, and flows about 9\\nmiles eastwardly, to the Little Egg\\nHarbour river; Gloucester furnace\\nlies upon it. It has two branches,\\nIndian Cabin branch, and Elisha s\\ncreek.\\nLaokatong Creek, a fine mill\\nstream of Kingwood t-ship, Hunter-\\ndon CO., rises in the t-ship and flows\\nS. W. 10 or 12 miles into the river\\nDelaware; it gives motion in its\\ncourse to several mills.\\nLawrenceville, Knowlton t-ship,\\nWarren co., on both banks of the\\nPaulinskill, 15 miles N. E. of Belvi-\\ndere, and 3 miles W. of Marksboro\\ncontains a store and tavern, and 10\\nor 12 scattering dwellings. The\\ncountry around it is hilly; the soil\\nslate on the left, and limestone on the\\ni right side of the creek.\\nLaiorence t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nbounded N. W. by Hopewell, N. E.\\nI by Montgomery t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nand West Windsor t-ship, Monmouth\\nCO., S. E. by Nottingham t-ship, of\\nBurlington co., and S. W. by Tren-\\nton t-ship. Centrally distant from\\nTrenton N. E. 6 miles greatest\\nlength 8, breadth 6 miles; area, by\\nassessor s return, 13,093 acres; sur-\\nface, rolling soil, loam and clay,\\ngenerally well cultivated drained\\nsouthward by some branches of the\\nAssunpink creek, and northward by\\nStony brook: Lawrenceville is the\\npost-town, and only village of the\\nt-ship. Population in 1330, 1430.\\nIn 1832, there were in the t-ship 1\\nstore, 2 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 8 tan\\nvats, 339 horses and mules, and 710\\nneat cattle, above the age of 3 years\\nand it paid poor tax, $500 road tax,\\n$400 state and county tax, $726 80.\\nTwo turnpike roads from Trenton to\\nBrunswick run north-easterly through\\nthe t-ship, one of which leads by\\nPrinceton.\\nLawrenceville, post-town of Law-\\nrence t-ship, Hunterdon co., 6 miles\\nN. E. from Trenton, 18 S. E. from\\nFlemington, 172 from W. C, situate\\non a level and fertile plain, well cul-\\ntivated in grain and grass, and con-\\ntains 1 Presbyterian church, 1 tavern,\\n1 store, a flourishing boarding school\\nand academy, under the care of Mr.\\nPhilips.\\nLawrenceville, town of Hardwick\\nt-ship, Warren co., near the western\\nt-ship line, 82 miles N. E. from\\nTrenton, and 15 from Belvidere.\\nLawrence s Brook, rises in South\\nBrunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., and\\nflows N. E. through New Brunswick\\nt-ship, by a course of about 12 miles\\nto the Raritan river, near 3 miles be-\\nlow New Brunswick.\\nLeaming^s, or Seven Mile Beach,\\nMiddle t-ship. Cape May co., extend-\\ning from Townsend s inlet to Hereford\\ninlet, having an average width of half\\na mile.\\nLebanon Branch, of Maurice river,\\nrises in Deerfield t-ship, Cumberland\\nCO., and flows eastwardly to the river,\\nabout 2 miles above the town of\\nMilleville; it is a mill stream, and\\nhas a tributary called Chatfield run.\\nLebanon t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Washington t-ship,\\nMorris co., E. by Readington and\\nTewkesbury t-ships, S. by Kingwood\\nt-ship, W. by Bethlehem, N. W. by\\nMusconetcong creek, which divides it\\nfrom Mansfield t-ship, Warren co.\\nGreatest length N. and S. 15 miles;\\nbreadth E. and W. 7 miles; area,\\n42,000 acres; surface mountainous,\\nand generally hilly; soil, clay and", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "LEE\\n168\\nLIT\\nloam on the hills, with grey limestone\\nin the valleys in parts rich and well\\ncultivated. The Musconetcong moun-\\ntain and its spurs cover the greater\\npart of the northern part, and there\\nare some high hills on the S. E., en-\\ncircling Round Valley. It is drained\\nby Spruce run and the south branch\\nof Raritan river, the latter forming\\npart of the eastern and the south-\\neastern boundary, and crossing the\\nt-ship from Morris county. The\\nturnpike road from Somerville to Phi-\\nlipsburg, runs westerly through the\\ntownship, by the towns of Lebanon\\nand Clinton. New Hampton and\\nSodom, or Clarkesville, are post-\\ntowns of the t-ship. Population in\\n1830, 3436. The t-ship contained\\nin 1832, 13 saw mills, 16 grist mills,\\n2 oil mills, 87 tan vats, 1 distillery\\nfor grain, 11 distilleries for cider, 2\\ncarding machines, 2 fulling mills,\\n886 horses, and 1540 neat cattle,\\nabove the age of 3 years; and it paid\\npoor tax, $1100 road tax, 800 and\\ncounty and state tax, $1585 36.\\nLebanon, post-town of Lebanon\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., centrally situ-\\nated, upon the turnpike road leading\\nfrom Somerville to Philipsburg; 11\\nmiles N. of Flemington, 47 from\\nTrenton, and 211 from W. C. con-\\ntains 1 tavern, 1 store, and several\\ndwellings. There is a Dutch Re-\\nformed church in the neighbour-\\nhood.\\nLeed^s Point, post-town, Galloway\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., 44 miles S. E.\\nfrom Woodbury, 83 from Trenton,\\nand 191 N. E. from W. C. contains\\na store, tavern, and some 4 or 5\\nhouses.\\nLeesburg, village of Maurice River\\nt-ship, Cumberland co., on the left\\nbank of Maurice river, about 5 miles\\nfrom its mouth, and 20 S. E. of\\nBridgetown; contains 15 or 20 houses,\\n1 store, 1 tavern, and a Methodist\\nchurch. There is a considerable\\nquantity of ship building here, such\\nas sloops, schooners, c., and much\\ntrade in lumber and wood. The soil\\nin the village and country immedi-\\nately around, is very productive it\\nis one of the oldest settlements upon\\nthe river.\\nLibertyville, p-t., of Wantage t-sp,\\nSussex CO., on the turnpike road lead-\\ning to Milford, Pennsylvania, about\\n3 miles E. of the Blue mountain.\\nLiberty Corner, p-t., Bernard t-sp,\\nSomerset co., 7 miles N. E. of Somer-\\nville, 209 from W. C, and 43 from\\nTrenton, near Harrison s brook con-\\ntains a tavern, store, and about 20\\ndwellings, inhabited by intelligent,\\nrespectable families, in a fertile and\\nwell cultivated valley.\\nLion Pond, a source of Lubber\\nrun, Byram t-ship, Sussex co., lying\\nnear the centre of the t-ship.\\nLisbon, small village of Hanover\\nt-ship, Burlington co., in the forks of\\nthe Slab Bridge branch, and the north\\nbranch of the Rancocus creek con-\\ntains a grist mill, saw mill, store, ta-\\nvern, and 10 or 12 dwellings. A rail-\\nroad or Macadamized road, is about\\nto be made from this village to the\\nmouth of Craft s creek, upon the De-\\nlaware, about 15 miles, in order to\\nbring to market a quantity of excel-\\nlent pine wood, which grows in the\\nvicinity.\\nLittle Beach, BurHngton co., Lit-\\ntle Egg Harbour t-ship, between Lit-\\ntle Egg Harbour, New Inlet, and Old\\nBrigantine Inlet.\\nLittle Ease, village of Franklin\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., 20 miles S. E.\\nof Woodbury, upon the head waters\\nof Maurice river contains a tavern,\\nstore, saw mill, and some half dozen\\ndwellings soil, sandy.\\nLittle Egg Harbour River. (See\\nEgg Harbour River, Little.)\\nLittle Falls, of the Passaic, name\\nof the manufacturing village and post-\\ntown which has grown up here (See^\\narticle Passaic) and which contains,\\non the right bank of the creek, 2 saw,\\nand 1 grist mill, 2 cotton mills, one-\\nof a thousand, and another of fourteen\\nhundred spindles, a turning mill, a\\nwoollen carpet manufactory, 4 stores,\\n3 taverns, a school house, used alsa\\nas a church, and 47 dwellings. On\\nthe left bank there is a saw mill and\\nturning mill. This is an admirable", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0532.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "LIV\\n169\\nLOD\\nposition for mill works of all kinds.\\nThe whole river may be used under\\na head of 33 feet, 10 of which only are\\nnow employed to drive the few works\\nabove named, and which would give\\nmotion to a much larger quantity.\\nThe proprietors of this desirable site,\\nMessrs. Ezekiel and Isaac Miller, and\\nthe heirs of Samuel Bridges, offer\\nmill seats for sale on very advanta-\\ngeous terms, and the rights of the\\nformer gentlemen to the right bank,\\nwith half the water power, have been\\nholden at $50,000 only. The place\\nfrom its elevation is very healthy; land\\nin the neighbourhood sells at from\\n30 to 60 dollars the acre, and town\\nlots, 100 feet deep, at 2 dollars the foot,\\nfront, in fee simple. The town is\\n226 miles N. E. from W. C, 60 from\\nTrenton, 10 from Newark, 4 from\\nPaterson, and 5^ from Acquacka-\\nnonck Landing. It has also the ad-\\nvantage of the Morris canal, which\\ncrosses the river by an aqueduct be-\\nlow the falls.\\nLamherton. See Trenton.\\nLittle Pond, a small basin of wa-\\nter in Newton t-ship, Sussex co.,\\ndistant about 4 miles west of the town\\nof Newton, which supplies, in part, a\\nsmall tributary of Paulinskill.\\nLittle Pond, on the sea shore,\\nShrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nabout 3 miles north of the south boun-\\ndary of the t-ship.\\nLittle X Roads, p-t., Bedminster\\nt-ship, Somerset co., 9 miles N. W.\\nfrom Somerville, 209 from W. C,\\nand 43 from Trenton contains a\\ntavern, store, and 5 or 6 dwellings,\\nin the valley of the north branch of\\nthe Raritan.\\nLittletown, p-t., Hanover t-ship,\\nMorris co., on the turnpike road from\\nNewark to Milford, 5 miles north of\\nMorristown, 224 from W. C, and 59\\n.from Trenton; contains 1 tavern, 1\\nstore, and 4 or 5 dwellings.\\nLivingston, t-ship, Essex co.,\\nbounded N. by Caldwell, E. by\\nOrange, S. by Springfield, and W.\\nby the Passaic river, which divides it\\nfrom Morris co. Centrally distant,\\nN. W. from Newark, 9 miles great-\\nest length, N. and S. 5 miles breadth\\nE. and W. 44 miles, area 13,000\\nacres; surface on the east, moun-\\ntainous, elsewhere rolling, except\\nnear the river, where it is level. It\\nis drained on the N. by the Black\\nRock Meadow brook, and on the S.\\nby Canoe creek, which flow to the\\nPassaic by short courses, not exceed-\\ning three miles. Towns, Centreville,\\nLivingston, post-town, Northfield,\\nSquiretown, and Cheapside. Popu-\\nlation in 1830, 1150. In 1832, the\\nt-ship contained 200 taxables, 65\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 52 single men, 5 mer-\\nchants, 1 saw mill, 1 woollen factory,\\n166 horses and mules, and 637 neat\\ncattle under three years of age; and\\nit paid state tax, $120 03; county\\ntax, $314 04; poor tax, $350; and\\nroad tax, $525.\\nLivingston, small village, and post\\ntown of preceding t-ship, on the turn-\\npike road from Newark to Dover, 10\\nmiles N. W. from the former, 225\\nN. E. from W. C, and 59 from Tren-\\nton; contains a tavern, store, and\\nsome 8 or 10 dwellings.\\nLockivood, forge and post-office;\\non Lubber run, Byram t-ship, Sussex\\nCO. distant by post route 224 miles\\nfrom W. C, 61 from Trenton, and\\n9 south fi om Newton.\\nLodi, t-ship, Bergen co., bounded\\nN. by New Barbadoes t-ship, E. and\\nS. E. by Hackensack river, which\\nseparates it from Bergen t-ship, and\\nW. and S. W. by the Passaic river,\\ndividing it from Essex co. Central-\\nly distant, S. W. from Hackensack-\\ntown, 5 miles. Greatest length 10,\\ngreatest breadth E. and W. 5 miles;\\narea 22,000 acres; surface level.\\nMore than half the t-ship consists of\\nsalt marsh and cedar swamp. On\\nthe N. E. there are about 4000 acres\\nof arable land, and on the west a\\nstrip running the whole length of the\\nt-ship, and varying from 1 to 2 miles\\nin width. These are of red shale,\\nwith a margin of alluvial, on the Pas-\\nsaic, well cultivated, and productive.\\nAlong -the latter river are strewed\\nmany handsome country seats, and", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0533.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "LON\\n170\\nLON\\nabout a mile S. E. of Belleville lies\\nthe well known Schuyler copper mine.\\nPopulation of t-ship, in 1830, 1356.\\nIn 1832 it contained 527 taxables,\\n57 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed $30; 21 single men, 1\\nstore, 5 grist mills, 4 saw mills, 2\\ntoll bridges, and 291 horses and\\nmules, and 931 neat cattle, above the\\nage of 3 years. And it paid state\\ntax, $208 87 county $427 69 poor,\\n$400 road, $500. There are seve-\\nral creeks through the marsh, such\\nas Berry s, Kirkland s, and Saw-mill\\ncreeks.\\nLogtown, small hamlet of Lower\\nAlio way s creek t-ship, Salem co.,\\n7 miles S. of Salem-town, and 2 from\\nHancock s bridge.\\nLogansville, 6 miles S. W. of\\nMorristown, Morris t-ship, Morris co.,\\na fine settlement on Primrose creek,\\ncalled after the owner, who has a\\nlarge estate here.\\nLogtown, on Mine mountain, Ber-\\nnard t-ship, Somerset co., at the head\\nof Mine brook, 12 miles N. of So-\\nmerville, contains a mill and 3 or 4\\ndwellings.\\nLoiigacoming, p-t. of Glouces-\\nter CO., on the line dividing the\\nt-ship of Gloucester and Waterford,\\n14 miles S. E. from Woodbury, 45\\nfrom Trenton, and 153 N. E. from\\nWashington; surrounded by pine fo-\\nrest, soil sandy, and naturally barren,\\nbut improving by the application of\\nmarl. The village contains from 20\\nto 30 dwellings, 2 taverns, 2 stores,\\nand a Methodist church.\\nLong Beach, upon the Atlantic\\nocean, Stafford t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nextending about 11 miles from the\\ninlet to Little Egg Harbour bay, to\\nBarnegat inlet. There are several\\nhouses on this beach, one of which\\nwas erected by a Philadelphia com-\\npany, for the accommodation of them-\\nselves and friends in sea-bathing.\\nLong Branch, mill stream and tri-\\nbutary of Shrewsbury river, Shrews-\\nbury t-ship, Monmouth co. has a\\ncourse of about 4 miles N.W. There\\nis a small village of 12 or 15 houses,\\n1 tavern, and 2 stores, east of this\\nstream, and between it and the At-\\nlantic, to which the name of Long\\nBranch is given.\\nLong Branch, well known and\\nmuch frequented sea-bathing place,\\non the Atlantic ocean, 75 miles from\\nPhiladelphia, and 45 from New York,\\nin Shrewsbury t-ship, and Monmouth\\nCO., which has its name from the\\nstream and hamlet above. The in-\\nducements to the invalid, the idle, and\\nthe hunters of pleasure, to spend a\\nportion of the hot season here, are\\nmany. Good accommodations, oblig-\\ning hosts, a clean and high shore,\\nwith a gently shelving beach, a fine\\nprospect seaward, enlivened by the\\ncountless vessels passing to and from\\nNew York, excellent fishing on the\\nbanks, 3 or 4 miles at sea, good gun-\\nning, and the great attraction of all\\nwatering places, much, and changing\\nand fashionable company. During\\nthe season, a regular line of stages\\nruns from Philadelphia, and a steam-\\nboat from New York, to the boarding\\nhouses here, of which there are seve-\\nral Warden s, Renshaw s, and Sear s\\nare the most frequented. Many re-\\nspectable farmers also receive board-\\ners, who, in the quiet of rural life,\\nenjoy in comfort and ease, their sea-\\nson of relaxation^ perhaps more fully\\nthan those at the public hotels. Along\\nthe beach at Long Branch is a strip\\nof fertile black sand, several miles in\\nlength, and exceeding more than a\\nmile in width. The land adjacent to\\nthe ocean rises perpendicularly from\\nthe beach, near 20 feet. The board-\\ning houses are 20 rods from the water,\\nwith lawns in the intermediate space.\\nThe high banks are formed by strata\\nof sand, clay, and sea mud.\\nLong Bridge, over Pequest creek,\\nIndependence t-ship, Union co., at the\\nhead of the Great Meadows, 16 miles\\nN. E. from Belvidere. There is a\\nhamlet here of 6 or 8 dwellings, and\\nthe neighbourhood is settled by mem-\\nbers of the society of Friends, who\\nhave a meeting house within 2 miles\\nof the Bridge. The soil of the vici-\\nnity is limestone, naturally fertile,\\nand susceptible of improvement, as", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0534.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "LOW\\n171\\nMAN\\nmay be supposed from the character\\nof its cultivators for Friends of all\\nvanities, dislike most, vain labour.\\nLong Pond, a small sheet of water\\nin the Blue mountains, in Walpack\\nt-ship, Sussex co., whence Vancanip\\ncreek has its source.\\nLong Pond, Frankford t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO., at the east foot of the Blue\\nmountain, the extreme S. W. source\\nof the W. branch of Paulinskill.\\nLojig Pond, Newton t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO., five miles S. E. of Newton.\\nLong Pond, or Greenwood Lake,\\ncrosses the state boundary from\\nOrange co., New York, into Pomp-\\nton t-ship, Bergen co. it is about 4^\\nmiles long by near a mile wide, but\\nonly a mile of its length is within\\nthis state. It sends forth a stream\\ncalled Long Pond river, which emp-\\nties into Ringwood river, near Board-\\nville.\\nLong Pond, Shrewsbury t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., upon the sea-shore, 6\\nmiles S. of Long Branch Boarding\\nHouses, communicates with the sea\\nby a narrow inlet.\\nLongwood Valley, Jefferson t-ship,\\nMorris co., lying between the Ham-\\nburg and Greenpond mountains, ex-\\ntending longitudinally N. E. and S.\\nW. about 10 miles; narrow, deep,\\nand stony, with soil not very fertile\\nit is drained S. W. by a principal\\nbranch of the Rockaway river, on\\nwhich are several forges for making\\niron, the ore and fuel for which are\\nsupplied abundantly by the adjacent\\nhills Berkshire Valley is the name\\ngiven to the S. W. portion of this\\nvale. The scenery here is wild, rude,\\nand picturesque. Newfoundland is\\nthe post-office of Longwood Valley.\\nLopatcong Creek, rises in the\\nsouthern part of Oxford t-ship, Warren\\nCO., and flows thence by a S. W.\\ncourse of 9 or 10 miles through\\nGreenwich t-ship, to the river Dela-\\nware, 3 or 4 miles below Philipsburg,\\ngiving motion to several mills in its\\ncourse, and draining a fertile valley\\nof primitive limestone.\\nLower t-ship, Cape May co., bound-\\ned N. by Middle t-ship, E. and S. by\\nthe Atlantic ocean, and W. by the\\nDelaware bay. It is the most south-\\nern t-ship of the state, nearly one-\\nhalf consists of sea beach and salt\\nmai sh, and the remainder of clay, co-\\nvered with oak forest. Centrally\\ndistant from Cape May Court House,\\nS. 9 miles; length N. and S. 8,\\nbreadth 8 miles; area, 21,000 acres,\\nPond creek, New England creek, and\\nCox Hall creek, are short streams,\\nwhich flow westerly into the Dela-\\nware bay. Cape May, Cape May\\nisland, and the Cape May light-house,\\nare in the t-sliip. Population in\\n1830, 995. In 1832, there were in\\nthe t-ship about 200 taxables, 91\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 3 grist mills, 7 stores,\\n136 horses, 380 neat cattle, over 3\\nyears of age; it paid t-ship tax,\\n851 92; state tax, \u00c2\u00a7129; county\\ntax, $399 38.\\nLvdlam^s Beach, extends upon\\nthe ocean about 6 miles from Car-\\nson s to Townsend s inlet, partly in\\nMiddle, and partly in Dennis t-ship,\\nCape May co.\\nLumberton, town of Northampton\\nt-ship, Burlington co., on the south\\nbranch of Rancocus creek, 3 miles\\nS. W. from Mount Holly contains\\n2 stores, 2 taverns, a steel furnace,\\nand from 25 to 30 dwellings, sur-\\nrounded by very good farms.\\nMackepin Pond, Pompton t-ship,\\nBergen co., about 2 miles in length,\\nby half a mile in breadth lies among\\nthe mountains, and sends forth a\\nsmall tributary to the Pequannock\\ncreek.\\nMalaga, p-t. of Franklin t-ship,\\nGloucester co., 23 miles S. E. from\\nWoodbury, at the angle of junction\\nof Salem, Cumberland and Glouces-\\nter counties on the head waters of\\nMaurice river, 58 miles S. from\\nTrenton, and N. E. 164 from W. C.\\ncontains 1 tavern, 2 stores, a glass\\nmanufactory, employed on window\\nglass, 30 dwellings and a grist mill.\\nMamapaque Brook, an arm of the\\nsouth branch of Toms river, Dover\\nt-ship, Monmouth co.\\nManahocking River, Stafford", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0535.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "MAN\\n172\\nMAN\\nt-ship, Monmouth cc, flows S. E.\\nabout 9 miles into Little Egg Harbour\\nbay, giving motion to a mill, at the\\ntown of Manahocking.\\nManahocking, p-t. of Stafford\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., 38 miles S. E.\\nof Freehold, 73 from Trenton, and\\n197 N. E. from W. C, upon the\\ncreek of the same name, about 4\\nmiles from Little Egg Harbour bay,\\ncontains a saw and grist mill, 2 ta-\\nverns, several stores, and from 20\\nto 30 dwellings, a Friends meeting\\nhouse, a Baptist and a Methodist\\nchurch. Thei-e is a considerable\\ntrade carried on here in wood and\\nlumber, and cedar rails, supplied by\\nthe swamps of the neighbourhood.\\nManalapaii Brook, or South Ri-\\nver, rises in Upper Freehold t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., near Paint Island\\nspring, and flows by a devious, but\\ngenerally, N. E. course, through\\nSouth Amboy t-ship, (forming in\\npart the line between it and South\\nBrunswick) a distance of about 28\\nor 30 miles, to the Raritan river,\\nabout 4 miles below New Brunswick,\\nreceiving from the south, several\\nconsiderable tributaries. When the\\npassage to New York was made by\\nthe town of Washington on this river,\\na canal, of about a mile in length,\\nwas cut through the marshes, that by\\nturning the river into it the steam-boat\\nmight avoid some detours of the Ra-\\nritan, and shorten her course. The\\nproject, we believe, was not success-\\nfully executed.\\nManaway Creek, Milleville t-ship,\\nCumberland co., a tributary of Mau-\\nrice river.\\nManantico Creek, a considerable\\nbranch of Maurice river, rising near\\nthe S. W. border of Gloucester co.,\\nand flowing S. W. about 14 miles,\\nuniting with the river about two miles\\nabove Port Elizabeth it turns seve-\\nral mills it receives two tributaries,\\nBerryman s and Panther branches.\\nManasquan River, mill stream of\\nMonmouth co., rises by several small\\nbranches in Freehold t-ship, which\\nunite on the boundary line between\\nFreehold and Howell townships;\\nthence the river flows by a S. E. di-\\nrection 18 miles through the latter\\ntownship to the ocean, by Manas-\\nquan inlet. The tide water of the\\nriver, about 3 miles above the mouth,\\nis crossed by Squan bridge.\\nMannington t-ship, Salem co.,\\nbounded N. by Salem river, which\\ndivides it from Upper Penn s Neck\\ncreek, and Pilesgrove township, E.\\nby Pilesgrove, S. by Upper AUoways\\ntownship, and Salem township, and\\nW. by Salem river, which here sepa-\\nrates it from Lower Penn s Neck\\ntownship. Centrally distant N. E.\\nfrom Salem, 6 miles; length N. and\\nS. 9 breadth E. and W. 8 miles\\narea, about 90,000 acres, of which\\nmore than 18,000 are improved; sur-\\nface, level; soil, heavy rich loam-, well\\ncultivated in Avheat and grass. The\\ntownship is drained by Salem river,\\nbounding it on the N. and W. and\\nby Mannington creek, which has its\\nwhole course within it, and is a tri-\\nbutary of the former. Near the vil-\\nlage of Mannington Hill, which is\\nthe post-town of the township, is a\\nnoted nursery of fruit and ornamental\\ntrees, planted by Mr. Samuel Reeves,\\nwho sold from it during the year\\n1832, 15,000 peach trees alone. The\\npoor-house of the county lies near the\\neastern line of the township, in which\\nfrom 80 to 120 paupers are annually\\nrelieved. Population, in 1830, 1726.\\nIn 1832, there were in the township\\n1 Methodist and 1 Baptist church,\\n1 02 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed $30 1 store, 2 distilleries,\\n353 taxable inhabitants and the\\ntownship paid for township pur-\\nposes, $1000; for county purposes,\\nil085 34 and state tax, $339 64.\\nMannington Hill, p-t., and small\\nvillage of Mannington t-ship, Salem\\nCO. Centrally situate in the town-\\nship, upon Mannington creek. It\\ncontains 6 or 8 houses and a store.\\nIt is about 175 miles from W. C, 60\\nfrom Trenton, and 5 N. E. of Salem.\\nMannington Creek, a small tribu-\\ntary of Salem river, which rising on\\nthe S. W. border of Mannington\\ntownship, Salem county, flows west-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0536.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "MAN\\n173\\nMAN\\nerly by a meandering course of 8\\nmiles to its recipient. It is not a mill\\nstream, but along its banks are some\\nvaluable meadows.\\nMansfield t-ship, Warren co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Independence, S.\\nE. by the Musconetcong river, which\\nseparates it from Morris and Hunter-\\ndon COS., S. W. by Greenwich t-ship,\\nand N. W. by Oxford t-ship. Cen-\\ntrally distant from Belvidere, the\\ncounty town, 9 miles greatest length\\non the river 15 miles; breadth 6^\\nmiles; area, 33,000 acres; surface,\\nmountainous; drained by the Mus-\\nconetcong and Pohatcong creeks,\\nwhich, divided by a chain of lofty\\nhills, run parallel to each other, but\\nat a distance of nearly 4 miles apart.\\nThere is a mineral spring, a chaly-\\nbeate, in the S. W. part of the t-ship,\\nmuch frequented. Population in 1830,\\n3303. In 1832 there were 800 taxa-\\nbles, 169 householders, whose ratable\\nestates did not exceed $30 11 stores,\\n12 pairs of stones for grinding grain,\\n8 carding machines, 5 saw mills, 1\\nfurnace, 1 fulling mill, 36 tan vats, 7\\ndistilleries, 862 horses and mules,\\nand 1407 neat cattle in the t-ship;\\nand the t-ship paid $1200 road and\\npoor tax; and $1659 42 state and\\ncounty tax. The Morris canal winds\\nthroueh the hills the whole length of\\nthe t-ship. This is one of the richest\\nt-ships of the state, having a large\\nproportion of valley land underlaid\\nwith limestone. Large quantities of\\nwheat are raised, and some farmers\\nsell as many as 3000 bushels annu-\\nally. Iron ore abounds in the hills,\\nand silver is said to have been dis-\\ncovered near the spring, but most\\nprobably this is iron pyrites.\\nMansfield, small village of Mans-\\nfield t-ship, Burlington co. centrally\\nsituated in the t-ship 8 miles N. of\\nMount Holly, and 4 miles S. of Bor-\\ndentown contains a Friends meeting\\nhouse and 4 or 5 dwellings.\\nMansfield or Washington, p-t. of\\nMansfield t-ship, Warren co., founded\\nin 1811, on the turnpike road leading\\nfrom Philipsburg to Schooley s moun-\\ntain by the post route 202 miles from\\nW. C.,and 46 from Trenton, and\\nmiles S. E. of Belvidere, the county\\ntown, 30 from Morristown, 12 from\\nEaston, and 3 miles from Musconet-\\ncong creek; contains 1 tavern, 2\\nstores, from 35 to 40 dwellings, 1\\nMethodist and 1 Presbyterian church,\\nand 1 school. Iron ore abounds in\\nScott s mountain north of the village.\\nAround the town the soil is limestone,\\nfertile and well cultivated, and valued\\nat from 20 to 50 dollars the acre.\\nThe town is supplied with excellent\\nwater from a spring on the south,\\nwhich is distributed by 4 public foun-\\ntains.\\nMansfield t-ship, Burlington co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Chesterfield t-ship,\\nS. by Springfield, W. by Burlington\\nt-ship, and N. W. by the river Dela-\\nware. Centrally distant from Mount\\nHolly N. 7 miles greatest length E.\\nand W. 10 miles; breadth N. and S.\\n6| miles; area, about 21,000 acres;\\nsurface, level; soil, various, sand,\\nloam, and clay generally well cul-\\ntivated, and productive. It is drained\\nnorth-westerly by Black s, Crafi; s,\\nand Assiscunk creeks, all of which\\nflow to the Delaware river. Along\\nthe river are some noted clay banks,\\nfrom which clay is taken for the ma-\\nnufacture of fire bricks, and for other\\npurposes requiring great resistance\\nto heat. The towns are White Hill,\\nGeorgetown, Mansfield, Bustletown,\\nColumbus or Black Horse, the last\\nof which is a post-town. Population\\nin 1830, 2083. In 1832 the t-ship\\ncontained 432 taxables, 216 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not ex-\\nceed $30; 65 single men, 1390 neat\\ncattle, and 548 horses and mules,\\nabove 3 years old, 4 stores, 2 saw\\nmills, 3 grist mills, 1 fishery, 1 fur-\\nnace, 1 fulling mill, 31 tan vats, 1\\ncarding machine, 5 distilleries of\\ncider, 4 coaches and chariots, 3 phae-\\ntons and chaises, 49 dearborns, and\\n84 covered wagons, 3 chairs and\\ncurricles, and 18 gigs and sulkies;\\nand it paid state tax, $345 88;\\ncounty tax, $1212 38; and t-ship\\ntax, $1100.\\nMantua Creek, Gloucester co.,", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0537.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "MAR\\n174\\nMAT\\nrises on, and forms the line between\\nDeptford and Greenwich t-ships, and\\nflows N. W. by a course of 15 miles\\nto the Delaware river, above Maiden\\nisland. It is navigable for sloops 7\\nor 8 miles to Carpenter s Landing,\\nabove which it gives motion to seve-\\nral mills.\\nMaple Island CreeJc, sets in from\\nNewark bay about 1^ or 2 miles into\\nthe salt marsh, on the S. E. of New-\\narktown.\\nMapletown, hamlet on Millstone\\nriver, a short distance above the\\nmouth of Stony Brook, 2 miles S. E.\\nof Princeton, 15 from New Bruns-\\nwick; contains a fine grist and saw\\nmill, and fulling mill, and 4 or 5\\ndwellings. North of the hamlet on\\nthe river, are some excellent quarries\\nof freestone; a fine grey, with por-\\ntions of red, standstone, streaked with\\nsmall veins of quartz. It works well\\nunder the hammer, and has been used\\nin the erection of the locks of the De-\\nlaware and Raritan canal.\\nMare Run, small tributary of the\\nGreat Egg Harbour river, flowing\\nfrom the west to its recipient, in Ha-\\nmilton t-ship, Gloucester co., about\\n.3 miles above May s Landing.\\nMarTcshoro\\\\ p-t. and village of\\nHardwick t-ship, Warren co.; cen-\\ntrally situate in the t-ship, and by\\npost route distant from W. C. 240,\\nfrom Trenton 82, from Belvidere 15\\nmiles, 10 from Newton, and 12 from\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Columbia, and on the south bank of\\nthe Paulinskill contains a Presbyte-\\nrian church, a grist mill, a cotton\\nmanufactory making 1500 lbs. of\\nyarn per week, a clover mill, 1 law-\\nyer, 1 physician, and about 20 dwell-\\nings. The town itself lies on a slate\\nridge, which is fertile and well culti-\\nvated, but the soil on the north side\\nof the creek is secondary limestone;\\nthe most valuable slate lands rate,\\nat about $30, and the lime, at about\\n$40 the acre. The celebrated White\\nPcmd lies about 1 mile north of the\\ntown. Its shores and bottom are\\ncovered with vast quantities of snail\\nshells, and its waters afford abun-\\ndance of white perch and other fish.\\nMarshs hog, town of Howell t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., 9 miles S. E. of Free-\\nhold contains 2 taverns, 2 stores,\\nand 10 or 12 dwellings the surround-\\ning country is sterile, but there is\\nconsiderable business done in the vil-\\nlage.\\nMarshallville, or Cumberland\\nWorks, on Tuckahoe creek, Maurice\\nCreek t-ship, Cumberland co., at the\\neastern extremity of the co., 28 miles\\nS. E. of Bridgeton; contains from\\n30 to 40 houses, some extensive glass\\nworks belonging to Randall Marshall,\\nEsq., at which much window glass is\\nmanufactured, 1 tavern, and 2 stores.\\nThere is much ship building carried\\non here in vessels of from 50 to 100\\ntons; soil, sandy.\\nMartha Furnace, Washington\\nt-ship, Burlington co., on the Oswego\\nbranch of Wading river, about 4\\nmiles above the head of navigation;\\nthere are here also a grist and saw\\nmill. The furnace makes about 750\\ntons of iron castings annually, and\\nemploys about 60 hands, who, with\\ntheir families, make a population of\\nnear 400 souls, requiring from 40 to\\n50 dwellings; there are about 30,000\\nacres of land appurtenant to these\\nworks.\\nMartinsville post-oflSce, Somerset\\nCO., 203 miles N. E. from W. C,\\nand 37 from Trenton.\\nMatchaponix Brook, fine mill\\nstream, which has its source in Up-\\nper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nand flows about 10 miles N. W. by\\nEnglishtown, through South Amboy\\nt-ship, to its recipient, the South river,\\nnear Spotswood.\\nMatouchin, p-t. of Woodbridge\\nt-ship, Middlesex co., at the intersec-\\ntion of the turnpike roads leading,\\none from New Brunswick to Eliza-\\nbethtown, and the other from Perth\\nAmboy towards Bound Brook, 5\\nmiles from New Brunswick, 6 miles\\nfrom Perth Amboy, 31 from Tren-\\nton, and 198 from W. C. contains\\na Presbyterian church, store, 2 ta-\\nverns, and 10 or 12 dwellings, sur-\\nrounded by a fertile country of red\\nshale.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0538.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "MAU\\n175\\nMED\\nMattison s Comer, post-office Hun-\\nterdon CO., by post-route 185 miles\\nfrom W. C, and 26 from Trenton.\\nMauricetown, p-t. on Maurice ri-\\nver, 10 or 12 miles from its mouth,\\n87 miles S. of Trenton, 18 from\\nBridgeton, and 184 from W. C.\\ncontains some 20 dwellings, store,\\ntavern, an academy, and Methodist\\nchurch. The town is handsomely\\nsituated upon a high belt of rich land,\\nand some of the dwellings are of\\nbrick, very neat and pleasant, and\\nsurrounded by valuable meadows.\\nMaurice River t-ship, Cumberland\\nCO., bounded N. by Hamilton t-ship,\\nGloucester co., E. by Weymouth\\nt-ship, of same co., S. by Upper and\\nDennis t-ships, of Cape May co., and\\nby the Delaware bay, and W. by\\nMaurice river, from its source to its\\nmouth, separating it from Downc and\\nMilleville t-ships, Cumberland co.\\nCentrally distant S. E. from Bridge-\\nton, 20 miles; greatest length 19,\\nbreadth 11 miles area, 79,360 acres\\nsurface, level soil, generally sandy\\nexcept along the margin of the\\ncreeks, where loam and clay prevail.\\nIt is drained E. by Tuckahoe creek\\nand its tributaries, and S. by Tarkill\\ncreek. Population in 1830, 2724.\\nIn 1832, there were in the t-ship 525\\ntaxables, 117 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 11\\nstores, 6 pairs of stones for grinding\\ngrain, 1 blast furnace and forge,\\n6 saw mills, 2 glass manufactories, 1\\nat Port Elizabeth, and the other at\\nMarshallvillc, or Cumberland Works,\\n295 horses, and 1810 neat cattle,\\nabove 3 years old; there are some\\nvery valuable meadows on Maurice\\nriver, commencing 5 miles from the\\nmouth, and extending nearly to\\nMilleville, 15 miles. Port Elizabeth,\\nBricksboro Dorchester, Leesburg,\\nand Marshallvillc, are villages of the\\nt-ship all, except the last, upon or\\nnear the east bank of Maurice river,\\nand the last upon Tuckahoe creek.\\nMaurice River, Prince, rises by\\nseveral small branches in Deptford\\nand Franklin t-ships, Gloucester co.,\\nwhich uniting above Fork Bridge on\\nthe line between the S. E. boundary\\nof Salem co. and Cumberland co.,\\nform a considerable stream, which\\nthere gives motion to several mills.\\nAbout 8 miles below this point, the\\nriver receives from Salem co. a large\\ntributary, called Muddy run, above\\nthe head of the dam of the Milleville\\nworks. From this dam, which checks\\nthe whole river, a canal of near\\n3 miles in length, supplies the works\\nat Milleville. From this town the ri-\\nver is navigable for 20 miles to the\\nbay, for vessels of 80 or 100 tons,\\nand to within 5 miles of its mouth, its\\nshores are lined with valuable em-\\nbanked meadoAvs. It receives in its\\ncourse a number of considerable tri-\\nbutaries, on either hand. The oys-\\nters taken at the mouth of this river,\\nare famed for their excellent quality.\\nMauVs Bridge, over the Maurice\\nriver, between Salem and Cumber-\\nland counties.\\nMay s Landing, p-t. of Hamilton\\nt-ship, Gloucester CO., upon the Great\\nEgg Harbour river, at the head of\\nsloop navigation, 16 miles from the\\nsea, 35 miles S. E. from Woodbury,\\n73 from Trenton, and 181 N. E.\\nfrom W. C. built on both sides of the\\nriver, including the village of Hamil-\\nton, and contains 3 taverns, 4 stores,\\na Methodist church, and 25 or 30\\ndwellings a considerable trade in\\ncord-wood, lumber, and ship building,\\nis carried on at this place.\\nMead^s Basin, post-office, Bergen\\nCO., 240 miles from W. C, and 74\\nfrom Trenton, N. E.\\nMeekendam Creek, small tributary\\nof Little Egg Harbour river, uniting\\nwith it about 4 miles below Pleasant\\nMills.\\nMechescalaxin Creek, tributary of\\nAtsion river, rises in Hereford t-ship,\\nGloucester co., and by a course of\\n13 miles S. E., unites with Atsion\\nriver, near Pleasant Mills, in Gallo-\\nway t-ship.\\nMedford, p-t. Eveham t-ship, Bur-\\nlington CO., on Haines creek, 7 miles\\nS. W. from Mount Holly, 16 miles\\nE. from Camden, 29 S. E. from\\nTrenton, and 154 N. E. from W. C.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0539.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "MET\\n176\\nMID\\ncontains a large Quaker meeting\\nhouse, 2 taverns, 4 stores, and from\\n30 to 40 dwellings, surrounded by a\\npleasant fertile country.\\nMendham t-ship, Morris co.,\\nbounded N. by Randolph, E. by\\nMorris, S. by Bernard, and Bedmin-\\nster t-ships, of Somerset co., and W.\\nby Chester co. Centrally distant, W.\\nfrom Morristown, 7 miles; greatest\\nlength, E. and W. 6; breadth, N.\\nand S. 4i miles; area, 14,000 acres;\\nsurface generally hilly, and on the\\nN. mountainous; soil clay, loam\\nand grey limestone; the last fer-\\ntile and well cultivated; drained\\nsouthwardly, by arms of the north\\nbranch of the Raritan, and E. by\\nWhippany river. Mendham is the\\npost-town. Population in 1830, 1314.\\nIn 1832, the township contained 270\\ntaxables, 48 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 30 single\\nmen, 5 stores, 4 saw mills, 3 grist\\nmills, 1 cotton manufactory, 2 full-\\ning mills, 2 wool carding machines,\\n26 tan vats, 7 distilleries and 1 forge,\\n273 horses and 686 neat cattle, above\\nthe age of three years and paid\\nstate tax, $176 03; county tax, 394\\n12; poor tax, $250; road tax, $800.\\nSulphur was reported to be found, in\\nthis township, in large quantities,\\nduring the revolutionary war.\\nMendham, p-t. of the preceding\\ntownship, on the Morris and Easton\\nturnpike-road, 6 miles W. of the for-\\nmer, 221 N. E. from W. C, and 55\\nfrom Trenton contains a Presbyte-\\nrian church, a boarding school for\\nboys, in much repute, under the care\\nof Mr. Fairchild, 1 grist mill, 1 ta-\\nvern, three stores, and between 40\\nand 50 dwellings. Circumjacent\\ncountry rolling, soil limestone, well\\ncultivated and fertile.\\nMerriWs Branch of Pohatcong\\nCreek, rises in Oxford t-ship, War-\\nren CO. and flows S. through Green-\\nwich township, to its recipient, hav-\\ning a course of about 7 miles.\\nMetetecunk River, Monmouth co.,\\nrises by two branches, the N. and S.\\nin Freehold township, and flowing\\nS. E. about 16 miles, uniting in the\\npond of Butcher s works, on the line\\nof Dover and Howell townships,\\nabout 4 miles above the north end of\\nBarnegat bay, into which the river\\nempties. Each branch gives motion\\nto several mills. The main river is\\nnavigable to Butcher s works.\\nMiddle t-ship. Cape May co.,\\nbounded N. by Dennis creek t-ship,\\nE. by the Atlantic ocean, S. by Low-\\ner t-ship, and W. by the Delaware\\nbay greatest length, N. and S. 1 2,\\nbreadth, 10 miles; area, 60,000\\nacres surface, level soil, sand and\\nmarsh Dennis creek runs on the\\nN. W. border of the township; Lea-\\nming s and Seven Mile beaches lie on\\nthe Atlantic, between which, is Here-\\nford s inlet, admitting the sea to the\\nmarshes and lagunes, which extend\\nwesterly, for about four miles. On\\nthe bay there is also, a strip of marsh\\nfrom half a mile to two miles in\\nwidth, through which flow Goshen,\\nDyer s, Green and Fishing creeks.\\nThe interval land between the\\nmarshes, is a stiff clay, covered\\nwith oak forest, through which are\\ninterspersed some arable lands. The\\npopulation is chiefly seated along the\\nedge of the marshes, and consisted,\\nin 1830, of 1366 souls. In 1832,\\nthe township contained about 320 tax-\\nables, 207 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30 1 grist mill,\\n3 saw mills, 218 horses, 650 neat\\ncattle over 3 years of age, 8 stores,\\nand paid township taxes, $101 3;\\ncounty do. $630 47 and state tax,\\n$203 53. There are two villages in\\nthe township one at Cape May Court\\nHouse, and the other called Goshen.\\nMiddle Run, Weymouth t-ship,\\nGloucester co., a marsh creek, which\\nempties into Great Egg Harbour\\nbay.\\nMiddlehrook, Warren and Bridge-\\nwater t-ships, Somerset co., rises in\\nand flows through a mountain valley\\nby a S. W. and S. course of about 9\\nmiles, and emptying into the Raritan\\nnear the village of Middlebrook in\\nthe latter township.\\nMiddlebrook, village. See Bound\\nBrook.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0540.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "MID\\n177\\nMID\\nMiddlesex co., was first erected\\nby an act of Assembly under the\\nproprietary government in 1682. Its\\nboundaries have been settled by the\\nacts of 1709, 1713 and 1790. It\\nis now bounded N. by Essex coun-\\nty; N. E. by Arthur s Kill or Staten\\nIsland Sound; E. by Raritan bay;\\nS. E. by Monmouth county; S. W.\\nby Burlington, and Huntingdon coun-\\nties and W. and N. W. by Somer-\\nset county; greatest length, N. E.\\nand S. W. 35 miles greatest breadth,\\n17 miles; area, in acres, 21,700, or\\nabout 339 square miles. Central lat.\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 25 N.; long, from W. C. 2\u00c2\u00b0 34\\neast.\\nGeologically considered, the coun-\\nty is based upon the primitive and\\nold red sandstone formations. The\\nformer is, in many places, covered\\nby the latter, and appears most con-\\nspicuously in the S. W. portion of\\nthe county. The red and grey free-\\nstone from the quarries of West\\nWindsor township, S. E. of Prince-\\nton, and the redstone near New\\nBrunswick, and in many other parts\\nof the county, are admirably adapt-\\ned for, and have been extensively\\nused in building the former especi-\\nally in the locks of the Delaware and\\nRaritan canal. The sand of this\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jstone is mingled in various portions\\nwith other constituents of the soil,\\n.forming in some places, deep sand,\\nin others, loam, of diverse consist-\\nence, from the light sandy, to the\\nheavy clay. Generally, however,\\nthe soil is of improvable quality,\\nahd is in many places highly culti-\\nvated. The surface is as various as\\nthe soil on the S. E. it is generally\\nlevel, and on the N. and N. E. is\\nundulating, l)ut cannot any where be\\ndeemed hi lly except at the sand hills,\\na few miles E. of Kingston.\\nCopper ore is found in the red\\nsandstone near New Brunswick.\\nMines were opened and worked many\\nyears ago, but all operations therein\\nhave long been suspended.\\nThe river Raritan divides the coun-\\nty into two unequal parts, flowing by\\na general but serpentine easterly\\ncourse of 12 or 14 miles through it,\\ninto the Raritan bay receiving from\\nthe south, Lawrence s brook and the\\nSouth river, whose many branches\\nwater the country on the S. E. and\\nfrom the N. some inconsiderable tri-\\nbutaries. The Millstone river cross-\\nes the S. W. portion of the county\\nin a N. W. direction, and is di-\\nvided from the Assunpink creek, by a\\nneck of land from four to five miles\\nwide. The one, bending to the north,\\nseeks the Raritan river, in Somerset\\ncounty and the other turning to the\\nS. W. runs to the Delaware, on the\\nline between Burlington and Hunter-\\ndon counties. The Rahway river\\ncourses the N. E. line, and Green-\\nbrook the N. W. boundary, both\\nof which receive tribute from the\\ncounty. The bay of the Raritan\\naffords an excellent harbour, com-\\nmunicating at all times by a single\\ntide, with the ocean; and by Staten\\nIsland Sound, with the bay of New\\nYork.\\nPerth Amboy was originally the\\nseat of justice of the county, which\\nhas long since been removed to the\\ncity of New Brunswick.\\nBesides these cities, the county\\ncontains the ibllowing towns, viz.\\nBridgetown, Samptown, Brooklyn,\\nNew Mai ket, New Durham, Wood-\\nbridge, Matouchin, Bonhamtown,\\nPiscataway, Washington, Old Bridge,\\nSpotswood, Kingston, Princeton,\\nWilliamsburg, Cranberry, Hights-\\ntown, Millford, Edinburg, Centre-\\nville, c.\\nA turnpike road from Trenton\\nruns by Princeton, along the western\\nboundary of the county, to New\\nBrunswick; and thence a like road\\npasses to New York a second runs\\nfrom Trenton, by a straight line, N.\\nW., to New Brunswick and a third\\nfrom Bordentown to Amboy, which\\nlast two places are also connected by\\nthe Bordentown and Amboy rail-road.\\nThe New Jersey rail-road, now in\\nprogress, will unite the cities of Jer-\\nsey and New Brunswick. The Dela-\\nware and Raritan canal runs a very\\nconsiderable distance through the", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0541.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "MID\\n178\\nMID\\ncounty, and communicates with the\\nRaritan at New Brunswick.\\nThe population, by the census of\\n1830, was 23,157 of whom 10,523\\nwere white males; 10,487 white fe-\\nmales 904 free coloured males 914\\nfree coloured females; 130 male\\nslaves; 179 female slaves; 174\\naliens; 12 whites, deaf and dumb, 7\\nblind, and 3 blacks blind.\\nThe business of the county is chief-\\nly agricultural, but considerable trade\\nis carried on from New Brunswick.\\nIn 1832 the county contained about\\n4500 taxables, 841 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30;\\n477 single men, 99 stores, 20 saw\\nmills, 42 run of stones for grinding\\ngrain, 2 plaster mills, 2 woollen facto-\\nries, 7 carding machines, 39 distille-\\nries, and 3684 horses and mules, and\\n7675 neat cattle over 3 years of age\\nand it paid state tax, 83253 26;\\ncounty, $4000; poor, $5850; road,\\n3600.\\nThe provisions for moral improve-\\nment, in the county, consist of the\\nfollowing religious associations: viz.\\nPresbyterian, Episcopalian, Baptist,\\nSeventh-day Baptist, Dutch Reform-\\ned, and Methodist; one college, and\\none theological institution belonging to\\nPresbyterians, several academies and\\nboarding schools, at Princeton a col-\\nlege and theological seminary per-\\ntaining to the Dutch Reformed, a\\ngrammar school, and other schools,\\nat New Brunswick; two academies\\nat Rahway, and common schools, at\\nwhich the rudiments of an English\\neducation are given in every popu-\\nlous vicinity; a county bible society,\\nSunday schools, in almost every vil-\\nlage, and temperance societies which\\nare spreading over the county.\\nThe public buildings in addition to\\nthe churches and seats of literature,\\nconsist of the court-house, public of-\\nfices, and prison, at New Brunswick.\\nThe following are post-towns of\\nthe county Amboy, Cranberry,\\nHightstown, Kingston, New Bruns-\\nwick, New Market, Rahway, Six\\nMile Run, South or Washington,\\nSpots wood, and Woodbridge.\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY.\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\nPopulation. 1\\nTownships, c.\\na\\nu\\nH-5\\n1810.\\n1820.\\n1830.\\nPerth Amboy,\\n2,577\\nrolling.\\n815\\n798\\n879\\nSouth Amboy,\\n18\\n6\\n64,000\\npartly rolling.\\n3071\\n3406\\n3782\\nNorth Brunswick,\\n9\\n7\\n23,000\\nlevel.\\n3980\\n4275\\n5274\\nSouth Brunswick,\\n10\\n7\\n36,000\\ndo.\\n2332\\n2489\\n2557\\nEast Windsor,\\n12\\n6\\n24,000\\ndo.\\n1747\\n1710\\n1903\\nWest Windsor,\\n7\\n5\\n19,000\\ndo.\\n1714\\n1918\\n2129\\nPiscataway,\\n9\\n7i\\n27,000\\ndo.\\n2475\\n2648\\n2664 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0099\u00a61\\nWoodbridge,\\n9\\n9\\n24,000\\ndo.\\n4247\\n4226\\n3969\\n219,577\\n20,381\\n21,470\\n23,157\\nMiddletown t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nbounded N. by Raritan bay and\\nSandy Hook, E. by the Atlantic\\nocean, S. by Shrewsbury t-ship, and\\nW. by South Amboy t-ship, Middle-\\nsex CO. Centrally distant N. E. from\\nFreehold 10 miles; greatest length E.\\nand W. 16, breadth N. and S. 10\\nmiles; area, 50,000 acres; surface,\\non the east and centre, hilly, else-\\nwhere, level; soil, loam, sand, and\\nclay, not naturally of the first quality, 1^\\nbut highly improved, in places, by.,\\nthe use of marl, which has become\\ncommon. Sandy Hook bay runs south\\ninto the t-ship from the Raritan, and\\nis bounded on the S. W. by the pro-\\nmontory of the highlands of Nevi-\\nsink, and on the E. by the sand\\nbeach, forming Sandy Hook, run-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0542.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "MID\\n179\\nMIL\\nning 6 miles north from Shrewsbury\\nInlet upon the north point of which\\nstands Sandy Hook Light-house. The\\nt-ship is drained on the S. E., S. and\\nS. W. by Swimming and Nevisink\\nrivers on the N. W. by Middletown\\ncreek N. by Way cake, and N. E. by\\nWatson s and Shoal Harbour creeks.\\nMiddletown, Middletown Point, Bap-\\ntisttown, or Holmdel and Mount Plea-\\nisant are villages, the two first post-\\ntowns, of the t-ship. Population in\\n1830, 5128. In 1832 the t-ship con-\\ntained about 1000 taxables, 277\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed .^30; 169 single men, 27 stores,\\n5 saw mills, 1 3 run of stones for grind-\\ning grain, 1 fulling mill, 36 tan vats,\\n11 distilleries, 956 horses and mules,\\nand 2286 neat cattle, above 3 years\\nof age; and paid state and county\\ntaxes, i2620 20. Good lands will\\nbring in this t-ship an average price\\nof $60 the acre.\\nIn 1682 Middletown contained\\nabout 100 families; several thousand\\nacres had been collected for the town,\\nand many thousand for out-planta-\\ntions. John Browne, Richard Harts-\\nhorne, and Nicholas Davis, had well\\nimproved settlements here; and a\\ncourt of sessions was holden twice\\nor thrice a year, for Middletown,\\nPiscataway and their jurisdictions.\\nMiddletoivn, post-town of Middle-\\ntown t-ship, Monmouth co., 13 miles\\nN. E. from Freehold, 56 from Tren-\\nton, and 221 from W. C, situate in\\na rolling and fertile country, based\\non marl; contains an Episcopal, a\\nDutch Reformed, and a Baptist church,\\n2 stores, 2 taverns, and from 20 to\\n25 dwellings, among which, there\\nare several very neat and commo-\\ndious.\\nMiddletown Point, port of delivery\\nof Perth Amboy district, and post-\\ntown of Middletown t-ship, Monmouth\\nCO., upon Middletown creek, about 3\\nmiles from the Raritan bay, 1 1 miles\\nN. of Freehold, 47 N. E. from Tren-\\nton, and 213 from W. C; lies on a\\nbank elevated about 50 feet above the\\nstream, fronting a marsh on the op-\\nposite side; contains a Pi esbyterian\\nchurch, from 75 to 100 dwellings,\\nmany of which are very good build-\\nings, 8 or 10 stores, 4 taverns, and a\\ngrist mill. This is the market of an\\nextensive country, and large quanti-\\nties of pork, rye, corn, cord wood,\\nand garden truck, are thence sent to\\nNew York. The soil immediately\\naround the town is sandy. There is\\na bank here, incorporated in 1830,\\nwith a capital of $50,000, of which\\n$10,000 only were paid in, in 1833.\\nMiddleville, Orange t-ship, Essex\\nCO., 5 miles S. W. of Newark, con-\\ntains a tavern, a store, a grist mill,\\nsaw mill, and Universalist church.\\nMill BrooJc, a small stream of\\nMontague t-ship, Sussex co., flowing\\nN. E., a course of about 6 miles, to\\nthe Nevisink river, in the state of\\nNew York, about 1 mile north of the\\nboundary, giving motion to several\\ngrist, and other mills.\\n3Iill Creek, a tributary of Cohan-\\nsey creek, flowing southward into it,\\nand forming the S. W. boundary of\\nGreenwich t-ship, Salem co.; length\\nbetween 3 and 4 miles.\\nMill Creek, another tributary of\\nCohansey creek, rising in Fairfield\\nt-ship, Cumberland co., and flowing\\nS. W. about 4 miles, by the village\\nof Fail-ton, to its recipient, giving\\nmotion to two mills.\\nMillford, E. Windsor t-ship, Mid-\\ndlesex CO., on Rocky Brook, 17 miles\\nS. W. from New Brunswick, on\\nRocky Brook contains a Presbyte-\\nrian church, a grist mill, and some\\n10 or 12 farm houses, and dwellings\\nof mechanics. Soil light, and not\\nproductive.\\nMillford, village of Alexandria\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., on the river\\nDelaware, at the confluence of a small\\ncreek with that stream, 13 miles N.\\nW. from Flemington, and 40 from\\nTrenton; contains a tavern, store,\\ngrist mill, 2 saw mills, and from\\n15 to 20 dwellings, a Presbyterian\\nchurch, and a church of Unitarians,\\nwhich styles itself Christian, and\\nwhich admits females to participate\\nin the ministry. This is a place of", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0543.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "MIL\\n180\\nMIN\\nconsiderable business, particularly in\\nthe lumber trade.\\nMillhill, village of Nottingham\\nt-ship, Burlington co., on the S. side\\nof the Assunpink creek contains 2\\ncotton manufactories, several taverns\\nand stores, a market house, and about\\n80 dwellings. (Sec Trenton, of which\\nit is a suburb.)\\nMillington, post-office, Somerset\\nCO., 219 miles N. E. from W. C, and\\n48 from Trenton.\\nMillstone River, rises near Paint\\nIsland spring. Upper Freehold t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., and flows thence by\\na N. course of about 5 miles, to the\\nline between Monmouth and Mid-\\ndlesex COS.; thence N. W. 13 or\\n14 miles, through Middlesex to the\\nmouth of Stony Brook, thence N. E.\\nby Kingston, into Somerset co., 16\\nmiles to the river Raritan. It is a\\nstrong and rapid stream, receiving\\nthe waters of an extensive country,\\nincluding that drained by Stony\\nBrook; and runs, in many places,\\nthrough very narrow valleys, and\\nconsequently is subject to sudden and\\ngreat overflows. The Delaware and\\nRaritan canal enters the valley of\\nthis river, with Stony Brook, and fol-\\nlows it to the Raritan. The whole\\nlength of the Millstone may be about\\n35 miles, by comparative courses.\\nMillstone, post-town of Hillsbo-\\nrough t-ship, Somerset co., on the\\nleft bank of the Millstone river, 194\\nmiles N. E. of W. C, 28 from Tren-\\nton, 5 S. of Somerville contains 2\\ntaverns, 3 stores, a Dutch Refoi med\\nchurch, and between 30 and 40 dwell-\\nings, in a level, fertile, red shale\\ncountry. Some of the dwellings are\\nvery neat and commodious.\\nMilltown, a small village in the\\nsouthern part of Kingwood t-ship,\\nHunterdon co., on the Laokatong\\ncreek, 10 miles S. W. from Fleming-\\nton; contains a mill, store, and 8 or\\n10 dwellings.\\nMillville t-ship Cumberland co.,\\nbounded N. by Gloucester and Salem\\nCOS., and by Dcptford t-ship, S. E. by\\nMaurice River t-ship, S. by Downe,\\nand W. by Fairfield t-ships. Cen-\\ntrally distant E. from Bridgeton, 12\\nmiles; length N. and S. 16 miles;\\nbreadth E. and W. 15 area, 73,000\\nacres surface, level soil sandy, and\\ngenerally not very productive. It is\\ndrained by Maurice river and its tri-\\nbutaries, of which Manantico creek\\nis here the chief. Millville and Buck-\\nshutcm, are towns of the t-ship the\\nfirst a post-town. Population in 1 830,\\n1561. In 1832, there were in the\\nt-ship 349 taxables, 136 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30\\n7 stores, 6 run of stones for grinding\\ngrain, 1 carding machine, 1 blast fur-\\nnace, 8 saw mills, 2 glass manufac-\\ntories and it paid road tax, $800,\\nand county and state tax, $553 58.\\nMillville, p-t. of Millville t-ship,\\nCumberland co., on the left bank of\\nMaurice river, 20 miles from its\\nmouth, 11 miles S. E. of Bridgeton,\\n79 from Trenton, and 176 N. E. from\\nW. C. contains about 60 dwellings,\\n2 taverns, 4 or 5 stores, a furnace\\nbelonging to Mr. D. C. Wood, and\\nextensive glass works belonging to\\nMessrs. Burgin and Pearsall con-\\nsisting of 2 factories, 1 containing an\\n8, and the other a 7 pot furnace, em-\\nployed chiefly in the manufacture of\\nbottles, demijohns, carboys, and the\\nvarious kinds of vials used by drug-\\ngists and apothecaries, giving em-\\nployment to from 75 to 100 work-\\nmen. The town lies near the head\\nof sloop navigation.\\nMilton, post-town of Morris co.,\\n242 miles N. E. from W. C, and\\n79 from Trenton, and 15 N. of So-\\nmerville.\\nMinisinJc Island, formed by the\\nDelaware river, and making the ex-\\ntreme S. W. part of Montague t-ship,\\nSussex CO.\\nMine Mountain, composed of trap\\nrock, Bernard t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nextends from the north branch of the\\nRaritan, 6 miles to the Passaic river,\\nand is intersected by tributaries of\\nthe respective rivers the chief of\\nwhich is\\nMine Brook, rising near Logtown,\\non the summit of the mountain,and run-\\nning 6 miles S. W. to the north branch", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0544.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "MON\\n181\\nMON\\nof the Raritan. It is a mill stream\\nof great fall, and studded with mills.\\nMiry Run, tributary of the As-\\nsunpink creek, rises in East Windsor\\nt-ship, Middlesex co., and flows N.\\nW. through Nottingham t-ship, Bur-\\nlington CO., by a course of 8 miles,\\ngiving motion to several mills.\\nMiry Run, small stream of Egg\\nHarbour t-ship, Gloucester co., flow-\\ning westerly about 3 miles to the\\nGreat Egg Harbour river, having a\\nmill at its mouth.\\nMonroe, p-t. Hardiston t-ship, Sus-\\nsex CO., at the cross-roads N. W. of\\nPimple Hill, 236 miles from W. C.,\\n78 from Trenton, and 9 from New-\\nton; contains a mill, store, and seve-\\nral dwellings. It is surrounded by\\nsoil of primitive Umestone.\\nMonroe, village of Hanover t-ship,\\nMorris co., near the Whippany river,\\n3 miles N. E. of Morristown con-\\ntains a store, 5 or 6 dwellings, and an\\nextensive paper mill. It is surround-\\ned by soil of loam and gravel, well\\ncultivated.\\nMonmouth Comity; the bounds of\\nthis county were established by the\\nActs of 21st January, 1709-10, and\\n15th march, 1713-14 and it is now\\nlimited on the N. by Raritan bay;\\nE. and S. E. by the Atlantic ocean\\nS. W. and W. by Burlington co.\\nand N. W. by Middlesex; greatest\\nlength 65, breadth 33 miles; area,\\n665,000 acres, or about 1030 square\\nmiles. Central lat. 40\u00c2\u00b0 5 N., long.\\nfrom W. C. 2\u00c2\u00b0 42 E. The whole coun-\\ntry belongs to the alluvial formation,\\nand consists of clay mingled with\\n^sand, gravel, aiid in low places vege-\\ntable mould. In many parts there\\nare large beds of marl, varying in\\nquality from that composed almost\\naltogether of shells, already highly\\nindurated, to that of blue clay and\\nsand, in which the shells are finely\\nbroken and sparsely strewed. In the\\nN. part of the county, marl is gene-\\nrally used as manure, and with the\\ngreatest advantage. It has restored\\nmany tracts of worn-out land to fer-\\ntility, and preserved much more from\\nexhaustion and abandonment.\\nThe surface of the county, except\\nin Middlctown t-ship, is generally\\nlevel, and a large portion of it cover-\\ned with pine forest N. of Manasquan\\ninlet the sea-coast is high, bold, and\\nclean; S. of that channel commences\\na series of sand beaches, formed into\\nislands, by Barnegat and Little Egg\\nHarbour inlets, having a width, va-\\nrying from half a mile to a mile,\\nand which extend in this county to\\nLittle Egg Harbour inlet, a distance,\\nsouthwardly of full 40 miles. Be-\\nhind the beach, a bayou, continues,\\nnominally divided into two, under the\\nnames of Little Egg Harbour, and\\nBarnegat bays, which also varies\\nmuch in width, being from a mile\\nto 4 miles broad with a broad bor-\\nder of salt marsh, on the west.\\nThe county is well watered, by\\nmany small streams, most of which\\nflow E., to the ocean. The princi-\\npal of these are Manasquan, Mete-\\ntecunk. Kettle, Cedar, Oyster, Ma-\\nnahocking, and Westecunk creeks,\\nNevisink, Shrewsbury, Toms and\\nForked rivers. From the N. the\\nMillstone and South rivers flow to the\\nRaritan, and the W. sends forth the\\nAssunpink, the Crosswick s, and the\\nRancocus, tributaries of the Dela-\\nware.\\nThe post-towns of the county are,\\nAUentown, Barnegat, Cedar Creek,\\nColts Neck, Eatontown, English-\\ntown, Freehold, the seat of justice,\\nHolmdel, Howel Furnace, Manohock-\\ning, Manasquan, Middletown, Middle-\\ntown Point, New Egypt, Shrewsbury,\\nSquankum, and Toms River. There\\nare several other less considerable\\nvillages.\\nThe business of the county is\\nchiefly agricultural, but many per-\\nsons are employed in cutting and\\nsawing timber, and in preparing and\\ncarying cord wood to market, large\\nquantities of which are sent from\\nToms river, and large quantities of\\nthe finest pork are annually raised for\\nexportation. Iron is also made in\\nthe central parts of the county, at\\nPhoenix, Dover, and other furnaces.\\nThe population, originally com-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0545.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "MON\\n182\\nMON\\nposed of a few Dutch, and some New\\nEngland men, who removed from\\nLong Island, prior to, and about, the\\nyear 1664, amounted in 1830, to\\n29,233 of whom there were, white\\nfree males, 13,900; free white fe-\\nmales, 13,304; male slaves 97; fe-\\nmale slaves, 1 30 free coloured males,\\n1794; free coloured females, 978.\\nThere were also, 19 deaf and dumb,\\nand 14 blind, of the whites; 1 deaf\\nand dumb, and 1 blind, of the colour-\\ned population.\\nBy returns of the assessors of 1832,\\nthere were in the county, about 6000\\ntaxables, 1365 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 603 sin\\ngle men, 103 stores, 52 saw mills\\n67 run of stones for grinding grain\\n6 fulling mills, 17 carding machines\\n5 furnaces, 238 tan vats, 46 distillc\\nries for cider, 4942 horses and mules\\nand 12,068 neat cattle, over the age\\nof 3 years and it paid county and\\nstate taxes, $15,492 80.\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF MONMOUTH COUNTY.\\nJS\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25\\nP\\nopulation.\\nTownships, c.\\nbo\\nc\\nrt\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\n0)\\n1810.\\n1820.\\n1830.\\nDover,\\n24\\n22\\n200,000\\nlevel.\\n1882\\n1916\\n2898\\nUpper Freehold,\\n16\\n10\\n90,000\\ndo.\\n3843\\n4541\\n4826\\nLower Freehold,\\n23\\n11\\n104,000\\ndo.\\n4784\\n5146\\n5481\\nHowell,\\n13\\n11\\n70,000\\ndo.\\n2780\\n3354\\n4141\\nMiddletown,\\n16\\n10\\n50,000\\npart hilly,\\ndo.\\n3849\\n4369\\n5128\\nShrewsbury,\\n13\\n13\\n64,000\\n3773\\n4284\\n4700\\nStafford,\\n18\\n12\\n87,000\\ndo.\\n1239\\n1428\\n2059\\n665,000\\n22,150\\n25,038\\n29,233\\nMontague, N. W. t-ship of Sussex\\nCO., bounded on the N. E. by the state\\nof New York, S. E. by the Blue\\nmountains, S. W. by Sandistone\\nt-ship, and on the N. W. by the river\\nDelaware. Centrally distant from\\nNewton, 16 miles greatest length 8^,\\nbreadth 7^ miles area, 21,620 acres\\nsurface on the S. E. mountainous, on\\nthe N. W. line, river alluvion. Po-\\npulation in 1830, 990. There were\\nin the t-ship in 1832, 85 household-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ers, whose ratables did not exceed\\n$30; 6 store keepers, 3 pair of mill\\nstones, 3 saw mills, 208 horses and\\nmules above 3 years old, 843 neat\\ncattle, above that age 1 1 tan vats, 1\\ndistillery. The t-ship paid a school\\ntax of $150; state and county tax,\\n$364 89; poor tax, 100; and road\\ntax, $500. It is drained N. E. by\\nMill brook, W, by Chamber s Mill\\nbrook, and S. W. by Big and Little\\nFlat Kills. There is a post-ofRce\\nhere, bearing the name of the t-ship\\ndistant 245 miles from W. C, 87\\nfrom Trenton, and 17 from Newton.\\nTwo turnpike roads run through the\\nt-ship, and unite at the Delaware, op-\\nposite Milford bridge; this bridge,\\ncompleted in 1826, cost $20,000. Be-\\ntween the Blue mountain and Dela-\\nware river, the -space is six miles,\\nthrough which runs a vein of transi-\\ntion limestone, bordered by an exten-\\nsive river flat. The soil is fertile and\\nwell cultivated, producing much\\nwheat. The t-ship was originally\\nsettled b) the Dutch, some years\\nprior to 1680.\\nMontgomery t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nbounded N. by Hillsborough, E. and\\nS. E. by Millstone river, which sepa-\\nrates it from Franklin t-ship, W. by\\nLawrence and Hopewell t-ships, Hun-\\nterdon CO. Centrally distant S. W.\\nfrom Somerville 12 miles; greatest\\nlength N. and S. 8, breadth E. and\\nW. 8 miles; area, 36,500 acres;\\nsurface, hilly; soil, clay, sandy loam,", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0546.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "MOR\\n188\\nMOR\\nand red shale. Beden s Brook and\\nits tributaries, Rock, Pike, and No-\\npipe Brooks flow eastvvardly through\\nthe t-ship to the Millstone river, and\\nStony Bi ook crosses the S. W. angle.\\nRock mountain or the Nashanic,\\nforms the N. W. angle, and Rocky\\nhill spreads itself over the south.\\nPrinceton, the northern side of the\\nmain street, Rocky Hill, Stoutsville,\\nHarlingen, and Plainville, are towns\\nof the t-ship. Population in 1830,\\n2834. In 1832 the t-ship contained\\nabout 600 taxables, 170 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30\\nand 66 single men, 15 stores, 5 saw\\nmills, 5 grist mills, 1 fulling mill, 54\\ntan vats, 5 distilleries, 743 horses\\nand mules, 1295 neat cattle, 3 years\\nold and upwards and paid state tax,\\n$352 72 county tax, $900 94.\\nMontville, village of Pequannock\\nt-ship, Morris co., lying in a deep\\nvalley, through which passes the\\nMorris canal, by two inclined planes\\nthe town lies between 10 and 11\\nmiles N. E. from Morristown, and\\ncontains a grist mill, saw mill, 2\\nstores, 1 tavern, and from 10 to 15\\ndwellings, and a Dutch Reformed\\nchurch.\\nMoorestown, p-t., Chester t-ship,\\nBurlington co., on the great road from\\nCamden to Monmouth, 10 miles\\nfrom the former, and 8 S. W. of\\nMount Holly, 30 miles from Trenton,\\nand 1 47 from W. C. This is a very\\npleasant town, situated on a fertile\\nplain of sandy loam, extremely well\\ncultivated, near the north branch of\\nPensauken creek contains a large\\nQuaker meeting house, a Methodist\\nchurch, a school, 3 taverns, 4 or 5\\nstores, and between 50 and 60 dwell-\\nings, most of which are neat and\\ncommodious, some large and elegant.\\nThe town has communication by\\nstages, daily, with Camden and Mount\\nU Holly.\\nMorris County, was taken from\\nHunterdon, by act of Assembly of\\n15th March, 1738-9, directing that\\nthe portion of said county lying to\\nthe northward and eastward of a well\\nknown place, being a fall of water.\\nin part of the north branch of the\\nRaritan, called in the Indian language\\nAUamatonck, to the north-eastward\\nof the north-east end of the lands\\ncalled the New Jersey Society Lands,\\nalong the line thereof, crossing the\\nsouth branch of the said river, and\\nextending westerly to a certain tree\\nmarked with the letters L M, stand-\\ning on the north side of a brook\\nemptying itself into the said south\\nbranch, by an old Indian path to the\\nnorthward of a line to be run north-\\nwest from the said tree to a branch of\\nDelaware river called Musconetcong,\\nand so down the said branch to Dela-\\nware river. It was named from\\nLewis Morris, then Governor of the\\nprovince. These ample limits were\\ncontracted by the erection of Sussex\\ncounty, 8th June, 1753, from which\\nWarren was subsequently taken.\\nMorris county is now bounded on\\nthe N. W. by Sussex, N. E. by Ber-\\ngen, E. and S. E. by Essex, S. by\\nSomerset, S. W. by Hunterdon, and\\nW. by Warren. Greatest length N.\\nE. and S. W. about 30 miles breadth\\n27 miles; area, 292,900 acres; cen-\\ntral latitude 40\u00c2\u00b0 53 N.; longitude\\n2\u00c2\u00b0 28 E. from W. C.\\nThe county is divided between the\\ntransition and primitive formations,\\ntwo-thirds of it on the south being of\\nthe latter, but even in it, the primitive\\nappears in the hills as in the Trow-\\nbridge mountain, and the ridge on the\\nnorth-west of Morristown. The tran-\\nsition also appears in the range most\\ngenerally primitive, as in the grau-\\nwacke of the Copperas mountain, and\\nthe grey limestone at its southern base;\\na bed of which, probably, underlays\\nthe country from Potter s Falls on\\nthe S. W., to Charlottcsburg on the\\nN. E., upon Pequannock creek.\\nTrap rocks are scattered over the\\ncounty in various places, as in the\\nPompton Hills, Long Hill, and else-\\nwhere.\\nThe northern portion of the coun-\\nty is mountainous and divided into\\nseveral ridges, ^whose continuity is\\nbroken as they extend south and\\neast. Schooley s, or the Hamburg", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0547.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "MOR\\n184\\nMOR\\nmountain, which is a continuation of\\nthe Musconctcong, continues in an\\nunbroken mass across the county,\\nvarying from three to six miles in\\nwidth. On the north-east, longitu-\\ndinal divisions are formed by the\\nbranches of Rockaway river, in the\\nGreen Pond and Copperas mountains\\nwhilst Pequannock t-ship is covered\\nwith short ridges and rounded knolls.\\nThe Trowbridge mountain is a con-\\nsiderable eminence near the centre of\\nthe county, varying in breadth from\\none to three miles, and having a\\nlength of fifteen miles. South and\\neast of this ridge the county is level,\\nor at most, undulating with a soil\\nin which red shale predominates it\\nmay be deemed the valley of the\\nPassaic. On the south-east border\\nof the county, however, rises another\\nhill, around whose western extremity\\nthe Passaic turns, to follow its base\\nnorth-eastwardly.\\nThe county is rich in iron ore,\\nand we believe that the great bed of\\nred oxide of zinc, found in the Ham-\\nburg mountain near Sparta, in the\\nadjacent county, extends into this.\\nIron ore is indeed here very abundant,\\nand is chiefly of the magnetic cha-\\nracter. The great bed first worked in\\nFranconia, near the White Hills in\\nNew Hampshire, extends in the di-\\nrection of the stratification, into this\\ncounty, and which is said by Mr.\\nM Clure, to lose itself near Black-\\nwater; but which most probably ex-\\ntends indefinitely S. W.; since iron of\\nthe same character is abundant near\\nthe spring at Schooley s mountain.\\nThe mine of the Hon. Mr. Dickerson,\\non the head waters of the Black river,\\nis one of the best and most extensive-\\nly wrought of the district. (See\\nRandolph t-ship.)\\nThe county is abundantly watered\\na line drawn almost due south and\\nnorth from the village of Mendham,\\nto Drakcsvillc, determines the course\\nof the streams east and west. Thus\\nthe Rockaway with its tributaries,\\nthe Parcippany and Whippany rivers,\\nseek the first; whilst the tributaries\\nof the north and south branches of\\nthe Raritan river, have a westerly in-\\nclination. The Passaic river has its\\nsource in a swamp near the village of\\nMendham, and forms a natural boun-\\ndary between this and the county of\\nSomerset on the south, and the county\\nof Essex on the S. E., receiving the\\nRockaway west of the village of\\nFranklin, and the Pequannock, or\\nPompton river, north of the village of\\nFairfield. The last stream forms\\nthe N. E. boundary of the county,\\nseparating it from Bergen.\\nThe chief villages and post-towns\\nof the county are Berkshire Valley,\\nBottle Hill, Chatham, Chester, Den-\\nville, Dover, Flanders, Hanover, Ha-\\nnover Neck, Littleton, Mendham, Mil-\\nton, Montville, Morristown, the seat\\nof justice. Mount Freedom, New-\\nfoundland, New Vernon, Parsippany,\\nPompton, Powerville, Rockaway,\\nSchooley s Mountain, Stockholm,\\nSuckasunny, Washington, c.\\nThe provisions for moral improve-\\nment in the county, consist in church-\\nes of the Presbyterians, the Dutch\\nReformed, the Methodists, and the\\nEpiscopalians a county Bible Socie-\\nty, a county Sunday school union,\\nand several Sunday schools and\\ntemperance societies in various parts\\nof the county several academies in\\nthe larger villages, where the rudi-\\nments of the classics and mathe-\\nmatics are taught, and common Eng-\\nlish schools in almost every vicinity.\\nBy the census of 1830, the popula-\\ntion consisted of 23,666 souls, of\\nwhom 10,719 were white males 1108\\nwhite females; 77 male slaves; 88\\nfemale slaves; 438 free coloured\\nmales 364 coloured free females\\nand of whom there were 20 whites,\\nand 4 blacks, deaf and dumb; 11\\nwhites, and 1 black, blind; and 497\\naliens.\\nIn 1832, the county contained\\n4836 taxables, 1083 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30 in\\nvalue; 528 single men, 83 stores, 71\\nsaw mills, 56 grist mills, 215 tan\\nvats, 53 distilleries, 5 paper mills, 5\\nfour horse stages, 43 forges and 2\\nfurnaces, 9 rolling and slitting mills.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0548.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "MOR\\n185\\nMOR\\n12 fulling mills, 11 carding ma-\\nchines, 1 plaster mill and 6 cotton\\nmills, 4056 horses and mules, and\\n11,821 neat cattle, above 3 years\\nold and it paid state tax, $3171 23;\\ncosnty tax, $7100; poor tax, $10,900.\\nThe courts of common pleas, or-\\nphans court, and quarter sessions, are\\nholden at Morristown, on the follow-\\ning Tuesdays 3d December, 3d\\nMarch, 1st July, and 4th September\\nand the circuit courts, on the 3d\\nTuesdays in March, and 4th of Sep-\\ntember.\\nThis county abounds with copper,\\niron, zinc, plumbago, copperas, man-\\nganese, ochres of various colours,\\nexcellent brick clay, freestone, lime-\\nstone, precious marbles, oil stone, c.\\nc. With such metallic resources, the\\npioneers in the settlement of this por-\\ntion of New Jersey, were rather ma-\\nnufacturers than agriculturists; and\\nthe narrow valleys of the mountain\\nregion, which contain many and ex-\\ncellent mill seats, were only partially\\ntilled for the subsistence of wood\\ncutters and bloomers. The forge\\nwas uniformly the precursor of the\\nfarm. The iron master occupied\\nlarge tracts of land, which, when\\nstripped of timber, were subdivided\\namong agricultural successors, ope-\\nrating on the smallest scale. As the\\ncountry was cleared, the makers of\\nii on gradually retired to the remote,\\nrough, and almost inaccessible re-\\ngions, where the cost of transporta-\\ntion of the ores, and of the metal to\\nmarket, rendered their operations\\nvery unprofitable. Relief in this re-\\nspect will be obtained from the com-\\npletion of the Morris cansd, which\\nhas been created in a great measure\\nwith that view.\\nA region abounding so much in\\nmetallic ores, necessarily produces\\nmineral springs but that of Schoo-\\nley s mountain, is the only one which\\nhas yet attained celebrity. A few\\nyears since, the county was famed\\nfor its apple orchards, its cider,\\nand apple whiskey of the last, large\\nquantities were annually made for\\nmarket. The annual average pro-\\nduct of the Morris orchards was esti-\\nmated at 800,000 bushels. But a\\nsuccession of bad crops, for some\\nyears, has discouraged the cultivation.\\nFew new orchards are planted, and\\nthe old ones are frequently neglected.\\nAttempts have been made to cultivate\\nthe foreign grape upon the hill sides,\\nbut without success, the frosts prov-\\ning too severe. It is possible that some\\nindigenous quahties might be planted\\nwith profit.\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF MORRIS COUNTY.\\nTownships.\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\nPopulation.\\nc\\n(V\\nP3\\n1810.\\n1820.\\n1830.\\nChatham,\\n9\\n5\\n13,400\\nvarious.\\n2019\\n1832\\n1865\\nChester,\\n9\\n6.\\n18,000\\nrolling.\\n1175\\n1212\\n1338\\nJefferson,\\n14\\n3-\\n25,000\\nmountainous.\\n1281\\n1231\\n1551\\nHanover,\\n12\\n9,\\n35,000\\nvarious.\\n3843\\n3503\\n3718\\nMendham,\\n6\\n4\\n14,000\\ndo.\\n1277\\n1326\\n1314\\nMorris,\\n13\\n6\\n33,000\\nhilly.\\n3753\\n3524\\n3536\\nPequannock,\\n16\\n11\\n74,000\\nmountainous.\\n3853\\n3820\\n4451\\nRoxbury,\\n12\\n10\\n35,000\\ndo.\\n1563\\n1792\\n2262\\nRandolph,\\n7\\n5\\n18,000\\ndo.\\n1271\\n1252\\n1443\\nWashington,\\n8\\nn\\n27,500\\ndo.\\n1793\\n1876\\n2188\\n292,900\\n21,828\\n21,368\\n23,666\\n2A", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0549.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "w-\\nMOR\\n186\\nMOU\\nMorris t-ship, Morris co., bounded\\nN. and N. E. by Hanover t-ship E.\\nby Chatham; S. E. by New Provi-\\ndence t-ship, of Bergen co. S. and\\nS. W. by Somerset co. and W. by\\nMendham and Randolph t-ships, Mor-\\nris CO. Greatest length N. and S.\\n13 miles breadth E. and W. 6 miles\\nsurface, on the north, centre, and\\nsouth, hilly; elsewhere, generally\\nrolling, with occasional plains; soil,\\nclay and sandy loam drained on the\\nW. and S. by the Passaic river (and\\nits tributaries) which courses its boun-\\ndary and on the N. E. by the Whip-\\npany river. The Elizabethtown and\\nMorris, Newark and Morris, Morris\\nand Easton, Morris and Milford turn-\\npike roads cross the t-ship. Morris-\\ntown, Logansville, New Vernon,\\nMorris s Plains, are villages of the\\nt-ship. Morristown is the seat of\\njustice for the county. Population\\nin 1830, 3536. In 1832 there were\\nin the t-ship 780 taxables, 21 stores,\\n6 saw mills, 4 grist mills, 1 1 distille-\\nries, 1 paper mill, 1 fulling mill, 1\\ncarding machine, and 546 horses, and\\n1674 neat cattle, above the age of 3\\nyears. The t-ship paid state tax,\\n658 85; county tax, 1251 19; poor\\ntax, $600 and road tax, 82000.\\nMorristown, Morris t-ship, post-\\ntown and seat of justice of Morris co.,\\non the Whippany river, by post-route\\n221 miles N. E. of W. C, 71 from\\nTrenton, 17 from Newark and Eliza-\\nbethtown, and 26 from New York\\npleasantly seated on a high plain,\\nbuilt upon several streets, with a large\\narea or public ground in the centre\\nof the town on which, front the Pres-\\nbyterian church, many of the best\\nhouses, and most of the places of bu-\\nsiness. The town contains 1 Pres-\\nbyterian, 1 Episcopalian, 1 Baptist,\\nand 1 Methodist church an academy\\nin which the classics and mathema-\\ntics are taught; a very large and\\nhandsome court-house, newly built\\nof brick, with the prison in the base-\\nment story a grist mill, saw mill,\\nand 2 paper mills; a bank with a\\ncapital of $50,000, which may be ex-\\ntended to $100,000, incorporated by\\nact of 28th January, 1812, and con-\\ntinued by act 19th February, 1820 5\\ntaverns, 18 stores, 4 practising attor-\\nneys, and 3 physicians, 2 printing\\noffices, from each of which a weekly\\nnewspaper is issued, viz. The Jersey-\\nman and The Palladium of Liberty\\na county bible society, Sunday school\\nunion, and temperance societies. This\\nis a beautiful town. The houses are\\ngenerally well built, neatly painted,\\nsurrounded with garden plots, and im-\\npress upon the visiter the conviction,\\nthat comfort at least, reigns here.\\nThe town is supplied by water from\\na fine spring a mile and a half distant,\\nand distributed by subterraneous pipes.\\nA stage runs to Elizabethtown daily\\none every other day to Easton and\\nJersey City, and one to Oswego in\\nNew York, three times a week. It\\nwas a noted station of the American\\narmy during the revolutionary war,\\nand the ruins of a small fort, over-\\ngrown by stately trees, still crown\\nthe hill which commands the town.\\nMorris Plains, hamlet and level\\nland, lying S. E. of Trowbridge\\nmountain, with a tolerable soil of\\nsandy loam, watered by a branch of\\nWhippany river. The hamlet is on\\nthe line between Morris and Hanover\\nt-ships, 2 miles north of Morristown,\\nand contains a half dozen dwellings.\\nMoses Pond, small sheet of water\\non the Pochuck mountain, Vernon\\nt-ship, Sussex co., which sends forth\\nwesterly, an inconsiderable tributary\\nto the Wallkill river.\\nMount Bethel, hamlet, on Stony.\\nHill, Warren t-ship, Somerset co.,\\n7 miles N. E. of Somerville contains\\na Baptist church, tavern, store, and 4\\nor 5 dwellings.\\nMount Carmel, a mountain ham-\\nletofAmwell t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\n3 miles N. W. from Flemingtonj\\ncontains a tavern and some 4 or 5\\ndwellings, and a store. The soil\\naround it is clay, cold, and at present\\nnot very productive, but it is improv*\\nable by the use of lime.\\nMount Clinton, a village laid out\\non the Palisade rocks on the North\\nriver, in Hackensack t-ship, Bergen", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0550.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "MOU\\n187\\nMUD\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac1\\nCO., 5 miles N. E. of Hackensack-\\ntown.\\nMovnfs Creek, a small tributary\\nof the Cohansey river, near the S.\\nW. border of Hopewell t-ship, Salem\\ncounty.\\nMount Ephraim, village, of Glou-\\ncester t-ship, Gloucester co., 5 miles\\nS. E. from Camden, and the same\\ndistance N. E. of Woodbury con-\\ntains a store, tavern, and some 20 or\\n30 dwellings. The hill from which\\nit has its name is, for this country,\\nelevated, and affords an extensive\\nview of the vicinity, even to the De-\\nlaware.\\nMount Freedom, p-t., Morris co.,\\n227 miles N. E. from W. C, and\\n61 from Trenton contains a Pres-\\nbyterian church, and some 10 or 12\\ndwellings.\\nMount Holly, p-t., Northampton\\nt-ship, and seat of justice of Burling-\\nton CO., on the road from Camden to\\nFreehold, and at the head of tide and\\nnavigation, on the north branch of\\nRancocus creek, 20 miles N. E. from\\nthe city of Camden, 6 S. E. from\\nBurlington, 21 from Trenton, 156\\nfrom W. C, and 18 from Philadel-\\nphia, has its present name from a\\nmount of sand and sandstone near it,\\nand some holly trees about its base.\\nIt was formerly called Bridgetown;\\nand this name was recognised in a\\ncharter for a library company here,\\nso early as 1765. At the period of\\nthe revolutionary war, the town con-\\ntained 200 dwellings, and at present,\\n1833, has not more than 230 many\\nof which are good brick buildings,\\nerected on 7 streets. It contains a\\ncourt-house of brick, about 40 by 60 ft.,\\ntwo stories high, with cupola and bell\\na stone prison, 1 Episcopal, 1 Metho-\\ndist, 1 Baptist churches, and 2 Qua-\\nker meeting houses; 1 boarding school\\n.for young ladies, 4 day schools, 5\\ntaverns, 8 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw\\nmill, 1 fulling mill, woollen factory,\\nplaster mill, and a paper mill, of the\\nlatest and most improved construc-\\ntion, where paper of fine quality is\\nmade by machinery, and from 40 to\\n50 hands are employed. 10,000\\n1\\nreams of paper may be manufactured\\nin this mill yearly. The country\\naround is flat; soil, sandy loam, ge-\\nnerally of good quality, well culti-\\nvated, and worth from 40 to 120\\ndollars the acre, in extensive farms\\ncorn, rye, and oats, are the chief pro-\\nducts. A bank was established here\\nin 1816, with authority to possess\\ncapital to the amount of $200,000;\\nof which $100,000 only have been\\npaid in. There run from the village,\\n2 stages twice a day to Burlington, 1\\nto Camden, 1 to Trenton, 1 to Pem-\\nberton, 1 to Vincenttown, 1 to New\\nEgypt; and 2 to Manahocking, tri-\\nweekly. There are 2 newspapers\\nprinted here, weekly viz. the Herald,\\nand New Jersey Mail.\\nMount Misery, hamlet of North-\\nampton t-ship, Burlington co., 15\\nmiles S. E. from Mount Holly, in\\nthe pine forest; contains a tavern,\\nsaw mill, and 4 or 5 dwellings.\\nMount Pleasant, p-t., Alexandria\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., 9 miles N. W.\\nfrom Flemington, 43 from Trenton,\\nand 196 from W. C, on the Hake-\\nhokake creek; contains a church,\\ngrist mill, store, and some half dozen\\ndwellings.\\nMount Pleasant, small village and\\nforge, Pequannock t-ship, Morris co.,\\non the t-ship road leading from Mor-\\nristown, N. W. 10 miles; there are\\nhere a grist mill, and some half do-\\nzen houses, and very valuable iron\\nmines, extensively wrought.\\nMount Pleasant, village of Middle-\\ntown t-ship, Monmouth co., on Mid-\\ndletown creek, 10 miles N. of Free-\\nhold; contains from 12 to 15 dwell-\\nings, a grist mill, a tavern and store.\\nThe ground around it is sandy, hut-^iS fl\\nhigh elevated at least 50 feet above\\nthe waters.\\nMuddy Creek, a small marsh\\nstream of Lower Alloways Creek\\nt-ship, Salem co., which has a course\\nof a mile or two; and empties into\\nthe Delaware, between Stow and\\nDeep creeks.\\nMuddy Run, a branch of the Mor-\\nris river, running near to, and form-\\ning in part, the S. W. boundary of", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0551.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "NAN\\n188\\nNEV\\nPittsgrove t-ship, and the line be-\\ntween Salem and Cumberland cos.\\nMud Pond, a small basin in the\\nWallkill mountains, Vernon t-ship,\\nSussex CO., which sends forth a tri-\\nbutary to the Wallkill river.\\nMullica Hill, p-t. and village of\\nGloucester co., on the line separating\\nGreenwich from Woolwich t-ships,\\nand on Raccoon creek, 7 miles S. E.\\nfrom Woodbury, and 5 E. from\\nSwedesboro 47 S. from Trenton,\\nand 153 N. E. from W. C; contains\\na Friends meeting house, an Episco-\\npal church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and\\nbetween 50 and 60 dwellings. The\\ncountry around the village is much\\nimproved by the use of marl which\\nabounds here, and in some places is\\nfound in an indurated state, assum-\\ning the character of limestone.\\nMusconetcong Creek, or River,\\nissues from the Hopatcong pond, or\\nlake, in Jefferson t-ship, Morris co.\\nand flows by a course S. W. and\\nnearly straight, through a longitudi-\\nnal valley of the South mountains, for\\nnearly forty miles. This valley is\\nbounded S. E. by the Musconetcong\\nand Schooley s mountains, and on\\nthe N. W. by a southern continua-\\ntion of the Hamburg hills it is nar-\\nrow and deep, and has throughout its\\nwhole length a limestone base. The\\nstream has a large volume, and gives\\nmotion to a very great number of\\nmills for various purposes.\\nMusketoe Cove, an arm of Barne-\\ngat bay, Dover t-ship, Monmouth\\nCO., which makes about two miles\\ninward through the marsh, between\\nToms bay and Kettle creek.\\nNacote Creek, a tributary of Lit-\\ntle Egg Harbour river, rises by two\\nbranches, Clark s mill, and Moss\\nbranch, which unite at Wrangle-\\nboro in Galloway t-ship, Gloucester\\nCO. the whole length of the stream\\nis about 9 miles.\\nNantuxet Creek, said to be more\\nproperly called Antuxet, Cumberland\\nCO., rises on the boundary line be-\\ntween Fairfield and Downe t-ships,\\nand flows along the boundary, about\\n9 miles to Nantuxet cove, in the De-\\nlaware it is navigable near four\\nmiles to Nantuxet, or Newport Land-\\ning.\\nNantuxet Village. (See New-\\nport.)\\nNantuxet Cove, inlet to Nantuxet\\ncreek, from the Delaware bay.\\nNashanic Creek, a tributary of\\nthe south branch of the Raritan river,\\nrises by several branches at the foot\\nof a range of hills on the N. W.\\nline of Amv/ell t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nand flows by an easterly course to its\\nrecipient in Hillsborough t-ship, So-\\nmerset CO., giving motion to several\\nmills. It is a large stream, and\\nwith its several tributaries drains the\\neasterly part of the wide valley be-\\ntween the Nashanic or Rock moun-\\ntain, and Mount Carmel.\\nNashanic Mountain, or Rock\\nMountain, part of the chain of trap\\nhills which extends from below Lam-\\nbertsville, on the Delaware, to the\\nRaritan river, near Somerville: it is\\nthe largest and most prominent of the\\nchain; is about 11 miles long and\\nabout 3 miles over at its widest part.\\nRock brook, a tributary of Beden s\\nbrook, almost passes through it.\\nNashanic, small stream on the\\nN. W. foot of the Nashanic moun-\\ntain, 7 miles S. W. from Somerville;\\ncontains a Dutch Reformed church,\\na store and tavern, and 10 or 12\\ndwellings; soil, clay, sandy loam,\\nand red shale.\\nNesochcaque- Creek, tributaiy of\\nAtsion river, rises by several branches\\nin Gloucester, Hereford, and Gallo-\\nway t-ships, Gloucester co., and unites\\nwith the river, at Pleasant Mills, in it\\nthe last named t-ship.\\nNevisink Hills, on the Atlantic\\ncoast, and extending across the north-\\nern part of the county of Monmouth.\\nAdjacent to the ocean these hills are\\nbetween 300 and 400 feet high. They\\nconsist in the higher strata of sandy\\nearth, coloured by oxide of iron, and\\nimbedding reddish brown sand and\\npudding stone, cemented by iron, rest-\\ning on banks of oyster shells and\\nother marine relics, blended with\\nclay and sea mud. A small portion", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0552.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n189\\nNEW\\nof these hills only, is cultivated,\\nbeing rough, broken and generally\\ncovered with wood. (See Introduc-\\ntory Chapter, I ol. 1 and 2.)\\nNevisink or Carpenter s Point, a\\nsmall neck of land formed by the De-\\nlaware and Nevisink rivers, at the\\nextreme northern point of the state.\\nNevisink River, called above tide\\nwater Swimming river, rises by seve-\\nral branches in Freehold, Shrews-\\nbury, and Middletown t-ships, Mon-\\nmouth CO. The main stream flows\\nabout 13 miles to the salt water estua-\\nry or arm of Sandy Hook bay which\\nis about 5 miles long, to ihe S. E.\\nbase of the Nevisink hills, varying in\\nbreadth from to 1^. Swimming\\nriver and its north and south branches\\nare mill streams, on which are seve-\\nral mills. The Nevisink is separated\\nfrom the Shrewsbury river, by a\\nneck of land about 2 miles in breadth.\\nNewark, p-t., and seat of justice,\\nNewark t-ship, Essex co., on the\\nright bank of the Passaic river, be-\\ntween 4 and 5 miles by the course of\\nthe stream from Newark bay, 9 miles\\na little N. of W. from New York,\\n215 N. E. from W. C, and 49 from\\nTrenton stands upon a plain of fer-\\ntile loam, resting on old red sand-\\nstone, bounded westward by rising\\nground which was probably the pri-\\nmitive bank of the river. Lat. 40\u00c2\u00b0\\n44 N., long. 2\u00c2\u00b0 44 E. from W. C.\\nThis is, perhaps, the most flourishing\\ntown of the state. In 1830 its popu-\\nlation, t-ship included, amounted to\\n10,953, and in November, 1833, it is\\nascertained to be nearly 15,000; the\\nincrease having been greater during\\nthe last three years than in the ten\\npreceding. There are 1712 dwell-\\nings, of which 1518 are wooden, and\\n194 stone and brick. 109 dwellings\\nwere built in 1832, and as many in\\n1833; many of them large and ele-\\ngant. The town is remarkable for\\nits manufactures, with which it sup-\\nplies the market throughout the United\\nStates and in which the great pro-\\nportion of the inhabitants are en-\\ngaged. The principal of these are sad-\\ndlery and harness, carriages, shoes,\\nand hats. Sixteen extensive manu-\\nfactories of saddlery and harness, em-\\nploy 272 hands, and a capital of\\n$217,300, yielding an annual pro-\\nduct of $346,280, and paying wages\\n$70,000 annually. These are inde-\\npendent of the coach makers who\\nmake their own saddlery and harness.\\nTen carriage manufactories have 779\\nworkmen, an aggregate capital of\\n$202,500, and produce $593,000\\nannually. These establishments, ge-\\nnerally, do all their work, including\\nplating, lamp making, c. Eighteen\\nshoe manufactories engage 1075\\nhands, to whom they pay $175,000\\nyearly wages; have a capital of\\n$300,000, whose annual product is\\nestimated at $607,450 they cut up\\nannually, $400,000 worth of leather.\\nThe amount of sales of boots and\\nshoes, in 1832, was $900,000; the\\nbalance, over the product of the town,\\nhaving been procured abroad, in or-\\nder to supply the orders. This large\\namount is exclusive of the manu-\\nfacture for home consumption, which,\\nit is supposed, employs 225 additional\\nhands. Nine hat manufactories em-\\nploy 487 hands, a capital of $106,000\\npay $142,000 in yearly wages, and\\nmake an annual return of $551,700.\\nThirteen tanneries employ 103 hands,\\na capital of $78,000, and return an-\\nnually, $503,000. Beside these pro-\\nminent manufactories, there are others\\nof less, though great consideration.\\nThus, there arc two soap and can-\\ndle manufactories, with a capital of\\n$21,000, whose gross product is\\n$105,000; 7 iron and brass founde-\\nries, employing 125 men; 2 exten-\\nsive founderies of malleable iron, em-\\nploying 60 men 2 coach spring fac-\\ntories, employing 50 hands besides\\n2 others connected with the carriage-\\nmaking establishments; 5 tin, sheet\\niron, and stove factories 1 hardware\\nmanufactory, employing 50 work-\\nmen and 2 patent leather manufac-\\ntories. There are, also, more than\\n350 tailors engaged in making gar-\\nments for the home and southern\\nmarkets 140 carpenters, 26 sash and\\nblind makers, 100 masons, 60 cabi-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0553.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n190\\nNEW\\nnetmakers, 51 coach lace weavers,\\n25 chairmakei-s, 42 trunkmakers, 9\\nlooking glass manufacturers, 12 stone\\nand marble cutters, 10 iron turners,\\n50 jewellers, and many other species\\nof handicrafts, of which we are unable\\nto give particular details, such as\\nsmitheries, wagon-making, manufac-\\ntories of saddle trees, watches and\\nclocks, segars, silver plating; planes,\\nlocks, guns, whips, brushes, cooper-\\ning, ploughs, pumps, c.; with the\\nusual number of butchers, bakers,\\nconfectioners, painters, glaziers, book\\nbinders, c. c.\\nThere are here also, 2 breweries,\\n2 grist mills, 1 extensive steam saw\\nmill, 5 saw mills driven by horses, 1\\ndistillery, 2 rope walks, 1 pottery,\\nand 2 dyeing establishments.\\nFour printing offices employing 22\\nhands, from which 3 weekly and 1\\ndaily newspapers are issued; 40\\nschools with 1669 scholars; and\\nabout 1500 scholars receive instruc-\\ntion in the Sunday schools 4 Pres-\\nbyterian churches with large congre-\\ngations, beside a small Presbyterian\\ncongregation of coloured persons.\\nThe first Presbyterian church was\\nfounded in 1787, by the Rev. Alex-\\nander M Whorter, D. D., who pre-\\nsided over the congregation from\\n1759 until his death in 1807, nearly\\na half a century; public worship\\nwas first offered in it 1st Jan. 1794:\\nThe second Presbyterian church in\\n1808; the third, in 1824; and the\\nfourth, in 1831, 1832. One Episcopal\\nchurch, with a large and increasing\\ncongregation, which was commenced\\nabout 1734, by Col. Isaiah Ogden and\\nothers, who left the Congregation-\\nalists in consequence of the rigour\\nwith which his conduct, in saving\\nhis grain in a wet harvest, by labour-\\ning on the Sabbath, was condemned.\\nThe present house for worship was\\nerected in 1808, on a site occupied\\nby a first and older building: Two\\nBaptist churches the congregation of\\nthe first was constituted in 1801, and\\nthe church built in 1804, was rebuilt\\nin 1810; the second church was con-\\nstructed in 1833 1 Dutch Reformed\\ncongregration, recently organized,\\nwith a settled minister 2 large Me-\\nthodist Episcopal churches the first\\ncongregation was organized in 1806,\\nand the first chapel built in 1810;\\nthe second chapel was built in 1832\\n1 Primitive Methodist church, and 1\\nAfrican Episcopal Methodist chapel,\\nbuilt in 1810: a Roman Catholic\\nchurch, built in 1824. Of these\\nchurches the first and second Pres-\\nbyterian, the Episcopal and the Catho-\\nlic, are of stone the third Presbyte-\\nrian, of brick the others of wood\\nthe fourth Presbyterian, second Bap-\\ntist, and second Methodist Episcopal\\nchurches are remarkably large, and\\nsome of them have great architectu-\\nral beauty.\\nBeside the churches, the only pub-\\nlic building of the town, of much im-\\nportance, is the court-house and pri-\\nson, of brick, under the same roof\\nin which the keepers apartments and\\ncells of the prisoners^re on the ground\\nfloor; the court room, jury rooms,\\nand sheriff s office, on the second;\\nand the apartment for insolvents on\\nthe third. The offices of the clerk\\nand surrogate are also in the same\\nbuilding. An election in 1807 for de-\\ntermining the location of the court-\\nhouse, is still remembered by the in-\\nhabitants, as the most exciting re-\\ncorded in their annals. The contest\\nwas between Newark and Day s Hill.\\nBy a construction given to the state\\nconstitution, the -women were then\\nsuffered to vote, and they seem to\\nhave been so delighted with this pri-\\nvilege of exercising their wills, that\\nthey were unwilling to circumscribe\\nit within the legal limit many ladies\\nvoting, we are told, 7 or 8 times, un-\\nder various disguises.\\nOf literary institutions in addition\\nto the schools, we may name an ap-\\nprentices library, a circulating libra-\\nry, and the mechanics association for\\nliterary and scientific improvement,\\nwhich possesses a valuable library\\nand philosophical apparatus. It is\\nto the credit of the town, that the\\nNew Jersey college was located here\\nfor several years subsequent to 1747,", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0554.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n191\\nNEW\\nunder the charge of its second presi-\\ndent, the Rev. Aaron Burr, father of\\nthe ex-vice President of the United\\nStates; who was in 1736, called to\\nthe pastoral charge of the first Pres-\\nbyterian church, and was highly dis-\\ntinguished for his learning, energy,\\nand public spirit, which contributed\\nmuch to the growth and prosperity of\\nthe town.\\nThe commerce of Newark, alrea-\\ndy considerable, rapidly increases.\\nIt is a port of delivery, and efforts\\nare used to make it a port of entry.\\nIt employs 65 vessels, averaging\\n100 tons, in the coasting trade;\\n8 or 9 of which are constantly en-\\ngaged in transporting hither various\\nbuilding materials. The Morris ca-\\nnal, which runs through the town,\\ngives it many advantages for internal\\ntrade, for which purpose 25 canal\\nboats are supplied by the inhabitants.\\nThe facilities for communication with\\nNew York, render the town a suburb\\nof that great city. A steam-boat\\nplies twice a day between the two\\nplaces, carrying an average of 75\\npassengers each trip, each way two\\nlines of stages communicate between\\nthem almost hourly, conveying at\\nleast 800 passengers a week and\\nthis communication will be still more\\nfrequent and facile, when the New\\nJersey Rail-road, now rapidly pro-\\ngressing, shall have been completed.\\nThe Directors of the Rail-road Com-\\npany have not only run the road\\nthrough part of the town, but have\\nopened a splendid avenue of 120 feet\\nwide, by its side, and propose to cross\\nthe Passaic river, about the centre of\\nthe town, upon a wooden bridge on\\nstone abutments, which will give an\\nadditional trait of beauty to the place-\\nThere are three banks here, viz.\\nT/ie Neivark Banking and Insu-\\nranee Company,^ incorporated in\\n1804, with an authorized capital of\\n$800,000, of which $.350,000 have\\nbeen paid in The State Bank at\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Newark,^ incorporated in 1812, with\\nan authorized capital of $400,000, of\\nwhich 8280,000 have been paid in\\nand TAe Mechanics Bank at New-\\nark, incorporated in 1831, with an\\nauthorized capital of $250,000, of\\nwhich $200,000 have been paid in.\\nDuring the year 1833, the business\\nof the town, manufacturing and com-\\nmercial, has greatly increased, and\\nconsequently the demand for banking\\ncapital to meet which, one of the\\nbanks has called in a further instal-\\nment, and another has availed itself\\nof the privilege given by charter, to\\ndouble its capital. The rise in the\\nvalue of real estate, the sure indica-\\ntion of prosperity, has been astonish-\\ningly great a remarkable instance\\nof which is given us in November,\\n1833; where a property was sold at\\npublic auction for $10,000, which\\nbut five years, previously, was pur-\\nchased by the late vendor for $60!\\nA whaling and sealing company has\\nbeen incorporated, (October, 1833)\\nwhich is vigorously prosecuting its\\nobject.\\nThe town is laid out upon broad\\nstreets, and has a great and salu-\\nbrious ornament, in the greens or\\ncommons, which are shaded by noble\\ntrees, and bounded by the principal\\navenues. It is abundantly supplied\\nwith wholesome water, by a joint\\nstock company, from a fine and steady\\nspring, about a mile distant and se-\\nven miles of iron pipes have already\\nbeen laid for the accommodation of\\nthe inhabitants. The present style\\nof building, copied from that of the\\ngreat cities, is costly, elegant, and\\ncommodious. Granite basement sto-\\nries, in the places of business, admit\\nof convenient stores, whilst lofty edi-\\nfices give accommodation to families.\\nHouses designed for private residence\\nare now generally of brick, neat, and\\nfrequently splendid.\\nWe close this interesting account\\nof this thriving town, for which we\\narc indebted to a committee* of the\\nYoung Men s Society, c., with a\\nbrief historical notice, much of which\\nhas been abstracted from the town\\nrecords.\\nConsisting of Messrs. A. Armstrong,\\nC. H. Halsey, S. H. Pennington, D. A.\\nHays, and J. B. Congar.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0555.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n192\\nNEW\\nSoon after the arrival of Governor\\nCarteret, in 1665, he published in\\nNew England, and elsewhere, the\\nConcessions of the proprietaries,\\nand invited settlers to the new colony.\\nThe first fruit of this measure was\\nthe settlement of Elizabethtown. In\\nthe succeeding year, agents wei*e des-\\npatched from Guilford, Brandford,\\nand Milford, in Connecticut, to sur-\\nvey the country, and to ascertain the\\nstate of the Indians who inhabited it.\\nUpon their favourable report, particu-\\nlarly, of that district beyond the\\nmarshes lying to the north of Eliza-\\nbethtown, they were empowered to\\ncontract for a township, to select a\\nproper site for a town, and to make\\narrangements for an immediate set-\\ntlement. Thirty families from the\\nabove named towns and New Haven,\\nembarked in the same year, and after\\na passage, as long and tedious as a\\nvoyage in the present time across\\nthe Atlantic, arrived in the Passaic\\nriver. Their landing was opposed\\nby the Hackensack tribe of Indians,\\nwho claimed the soil which the go-\\nvernor had granted to the emigrants,\\nand insisted on a full compensation\\ntherefor, previous to its settlement.\\nThe governor not being able to re-\\nmove this obstacle, the discouraged\\nvoyagers prepared to return but were\\nat length, by the solicitation of the\\ngovernor and others, induced to hold\\na council with the Indians, from\\nwhom they eventually purchased a\\ntract of country on the west side of\\nthe Passaic river, extending from\\nWoquakick (or Bound) creek, on the\\nsouth, to its fountain head; and\\nthence westerly about seven miles to\\nthe ridge of the Great mountain,\\ncalled by the Indians (Wacchung)\\nthence by the said ridge north to the\\nline of Acquackanonck t-ship; thence\\neast by that line to the mouth of\\nYantokah) Third river thence down\\nthe Passaic river and bay to the\\nplace of beginning. These limits\\nformed the original t-ship of Newark,\\ncomprehending the present t-ship of\\nthat name, and the t-ships of Spring-\\nfield, Livingston, Orange, Bloomfield,\\nand Caldwell. The price of this\\npurchase was \u00c2\u00a3130 New England\\ncurrency, 12 Indian blankets, and 12\\nIndian guns. The title thus derived\\nfrom the aborigines, was subsequent-\\nly set up against that of the proprie-\\ntaries, and was the source of much\\nlitigation and forcible contention,\\nwhich for many years disturbed the\\npeace of East Jersey.\\nThe settlers at first segregated\\nthemselves according to the towns\\nwhence they came but the sense of\\nmutual danger soon induced a change\\nin this respect. On the 21st May,\\n1666, delegates from the several\\ntowns resolved to form one t-ship,\\nto provide rules for its government,\\nand to be of one heart and hand,\\nin endeavouring to carry on their\\nspiritual concernments, as well as\\ntheir civil and town affairs, accord-\\ning to God and godly govern-\\nment. And for the more speedy\\naccomplishment of their desires, a\\ncommittee of eleven were appointed\\nto order and settle the concernments\\nof the people of the place. These\\nrules had a full proportion of the pu-\\nritanical spirit of the people who made\\nthem, and of that religious intolerance\\nwhich was the distinguishing trait\\nof the inhabitants of Massachusetts,\\nwhence they were originally derived\\ncontrasting strongly with the liberality\\nof the Concessions of Berkeley and\\nCarteret, to which these emigrants\\nwere indebted for the very soil on\\nwhich they had alighted. No per-\\nson could become a freeman or bur-\\ngess of their town, or vote in its elec-\\ntions, but such as was a member of\\nsome one of the Congregational\\nchurches nor be chosen to the ma-\\ngistracy, nor to any other military or\\ncivil office. But all others admitted\\nto be planters, were allowed to in-\\nherit and to enjoy all other privileges,\\nsave those above excepted. With\\na singular disregard of the rights of\\nthe proprietaries of New Jersey, and\\napparently with a resolution of dis-\\nclaiming all fealty towards them, and\\nof depending on their Indian grants,\\nthey, also, resolved to be ruled by", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0556.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n193\\nNEW\\nsuch officers as the town should an-\\nnually choose fi om among them-\\nselves, and to be governed by the\\nsame laws as they had, in the places\\nfrom whence they came. At this\\nperiod, (1667,) there were 65 effi-\\ncient men in the settlement, beside\\nwomen and children.\\nAt the first distribution of land,\\neach man took by lot six acres as a\\nhomestead and as the families from\\neach of the several original towns,\\nhad established themselves at short\\ndistances from those of other towns,\\nthe allotments were made to them in\\ntheir respective quarters of the new\\nsettlement. Seven individuals, select-\\ned for the purpose, assessed on each\\nsettler his portion of the general\\npurchase money. The lands were\\neventually divided into three ranges\\neach range into lots, and parcelled\\nby lottery first setting apart certain\\nportions, called tradesmen s lots one\\nof which was to be given to the first\\nof every trade, who should settle per-\\nmanently in the place reserving\\nalso, the present Upper Green of\\nthe town for a market place, and the\\nLower Green for a military parade;\\nand that part of the town in and adja-\\ncent to Market street, where the tan-\\nneries now are, then a swamp, for a\\npublic watering place for cattle. This\\nlast portion having been sold by\\nthe town, is altogether in possession\\nof individual owners.\\nIn 1767, the Rev. Abraham Pier-\\nson, the first minister, commenced\\nhis official duties here. He is said\\nto have been episcopally ordained\\nat Newark, in South Britain, and to\\nhave named this town after that of\\nhis ordination by which name it\\nwas sometimes called abroad, but\\nwas known at othei s by that of Mil-\\nford. In the next year, the first\\nmeeting house, 26 feet wide, 34\\nlong, and 13 between the joists, was\\nerected; the town voting \u00c2\u00a330, and\\ndirecting that every individual should\\nperform such labour as a committee\\nof five might require, towards its\\ncompletion.\\nRobert Treat, and Jasper Crane,\\n2B\\nwere ciiosen the first magistrates, in\\n1668; and representatives to the first\\nassembly of New Jersey, convened at\\nElizabethtown, 26th May, of the\\nsame year by which the first state\\ntax, \u00c2\u00a3l2 sterling, of which the pro-\\nportion of Newark was 40s., was\\nlaid. Mr. Treat was also chosen first\\nrecorder or town clerk; and after a\\nresidence here of many years, return-\\ned to Connecticut, where he became\\ngovernor, and died. The town also\\nestablished a court of judicature, hold-\\ning annually one session, on the last\\nWednesday of February, and another\\non the 2d Wednesday of September\\nhaving cognizance of all causes with-\\nin its limits. On the 24th May, 1669,\\nthe first selectmen, five in number,\\nwere chosen. The number was sub-\\nsequently increased to seven, who\\ncontinued to administer affairs until\\n1736, when the present township offi-\\ncers were created by law. And in\\nthis year Indian hostility appears to\\nhave displayed itself in petty robbe-\\nries and depredations, the increase\\nof which, in 1675, induced the towns-\\nmen to fortify their church as a place\\nof refuge, in case of general attack,\\nand to take proper measures of watch\\nand ward.\\nOn the 23d October, 1676, a war-\\nrant was granted by the Governor,\\nfor 200 acres of land and meadow,\\nfor parsonage ground, and also, for\\nso much as was necessary for land-\\ning places, school house, town house,\\nmarket place, 6z;c.; and in 1696, a\\npatent from the proprietaries to the\\ntown, covered all the lots, in various\\nparts of the township, called Parson-\\nage Lands which have been since\\ndivided, with some difficulty and con-\\ntention, among five churches; viz.\\nthe three Presbyterian, and the Epis-\\ncopal, at Newark, and the First Pres-\\nbyterian church, at Orange.\\nIn 1721, the first freestone was\\nquarried for market and this article,\\ncelebrated for its excellent quality,\\nhas long been exported in great quan-\\ntities.\\nAt the commencement of the revo-\\nlutionary war, the town was much", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0557.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n194\\nNEW\\ndivided ujx)!! the questions agitating\\nthe country and on the Declaration\\nof Independence, by the State, seve-\\nral families, among whom was Mr.\\nBrown, pastor of the Episcopal church,\\nwho had ministered from its founda-\\ntion, joined the royalists in New\\nYork. From its vicinage to that\\nstrong hold of the enemy, the town\\nsuffered greatly, by his visitations,\\nmade by regular troops and marau-\\nders. On the night of the 25th of\\nJanuary, 1780, a regiment of 500\\nmen, commanded by Colonel Lumm,\\ncame from New York, following the\\nriver on the ice, and burned the aca-\\ndemy, then standing on the upper\\ngreen. This was a stone building,\\ntwo stories high, with apartments for\\nthe teacher. On the same night an-\\nother British party, unknown to the\\nfirst, fired the Presbyterian church,\\nat Elizabethtown,the light from which\\naffrighted the incendiaries at Newark,\\nand caused their hasty retreat. They\\ncarried away with them Joseph Hed-\\ndens, Esq., an active whig, who had\\nzealously opposed their previous de-\\npredations dragging him from a\\nsickbed, and compelling him to follow,\\nwith no other than his night cloth-\\ning. The party returned by the\\nroute by which they came; and a\\nsoldier, more humane than his fel-\\nlows, gave Mr. H. a blanket, a short\\ntime before they reached Paules\\nHook. At this place Mr. H. was\\nconfined in a sugar house, where\\nhe perished in a few days, in conse-\\nquence of the sufferings from that\\ndreadful night.\\nThe prosperity of this enterprising\\nand industrious town, is deservedly\\ngreat and being founded on the\\nindispensable manufactures of the\\ncountry, will necessarily progress\\nwith the general population, and with\\nsuch increased momentum as the\\nhighly stimulated spirit of its inhabi-\\ntants will not fail to give it.\\nNewark, t-ship, Essex co., bound-\\non the N. by Bloomfield t-ship N.\\nE. by the Passaic river, which sepa-\\nrates it from Bergen co. E. by New-\\nark bay; S. by Elizabeth and Union\\nt-ships; and W. by Orange t-ship.\\nGreatest length, E. and W. 7 miles;\\nbreadth, N. and S. 6 miles; area,\\nabout 12,000 acres; surface level;\\nsoil marsh and red shale; a lar^^e\\nproportion of this t-ship lying N. of\\nBoundbrook, and E. of the turnpike\\nroad from Elizabethtown to Newark,\\nis salt marsh the remainder consists\\nof well improved land. Population,\\nin 1830, including the town of New-\\nark, 10,953. In 1832, there were\\n2500 taxables, 1114 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30\\n527 single men, 95 merchants, 4\\ngrist mills, 3 saw mills, 3 furnaces,\\n1 fulling-mill, 26 tan vats, 1 wool\\nfactory, and 1 distillery. The t-ship\\npaid in state tax, $933 72 county,\\ni2443 92 poor tax, $2500 road tax,\\n$500.\\nNewark Bay, a large sheet of\\nwater, of 7 miles in length, and 2 in\\nbreadth, between Bergen and Essex\\nCOS., and separated from the New\\nYork, by a strip of land one mile\\nwide, but communicating therewith,\\nby the Kill-van-Kuhl. The Passaic\\nand Hackensack rivers debouch in\\nthis bay. Its easterly shore is bold\\nand clean, but its westerly, has a\\nbroad margin of salt marsh.\\nNew Barhadoes, t-ship, Bergen\\nCO., bounded N. by Harrington; E.\\nand S. E. by Hackensack S. W. by\\nLodi, and W. by Saddle river t-ships.\\nGreatest length, N. and S. 7 breadth,\\nE. and W. 4 miles; area, 11,500\\nacres; surface generally level, but\\ntowards the N. there is some undu-\\nlating ground soil, sandy loam, and\\nred shale, extremely well cultivated,\\nand productive in grass and vegeta-\\nbles for the New York market. The\\nfarms are generally small, and re-\\nmarkable for their neatness. Most\\nof the dwellings are built in the sim-\\nple Dutch cottage style, with a single\\nstory, high gable ends, and project-\\ning pent-houses. The t-ship is drain-\\ned on the E. boundary, by the Hack-\\nensack river, on which are the post-\\ntowns of New Milford, and the ham-\\nlets of Old and New Bridge and on\\nthe W. line, by Saddle river. The", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0558.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n195\\nNEW\\ntown of Hackensack, the county seat\\nof justice, lies in the S. E. angle.\\nPopulation in 1830, 1693. In 1832,\\nthere were in the t-ship, 440 taxablcs,\\n85 householders, whose ratablcs did\\nnot exceed $30,- 40 single men, 15\\nmerchants, 5 grist mills, 5 saw mills,\\n2 carding machines, 1 fulling mill,\\n1 wool factory, 28 tan vats, 315\\nhorses, and 548 neat cattle, under 3\\nyears old; and paid taxes, state,\\n$188 90; county, $339 97; poor,\\n$500; school, $100; road, $1000.\\nNew Bargaintown, Howell t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., upon Manasquan\\nriver, 9 miles S. E. of Freehold;\\ncontains a grist mill, and some half\\ndozen dwellings, surrounded by a\\nsandy soil, and pine forest.\\nNewbold s Island, in the Dela-\\nware river, about 2 miles below Bor-\\ndentown, and J a mile from White\\nHill, in Mansfield t-ship, Burlington\\nCO.; has a fertile alluvial soil, and a\\nfine fishery.\\nNew Bridge, hamlet, of Hacken-\\nsack t-ship, Bergen co., on the Hack-\\nensack river, 2 miles above Hacken-\\nsack town; contains a grist and saw\\nmill, a store, tavern, and 10 or 12\\ndwellings. Surrounding country,\\nlevel soil, fertile loam.\\nNew Brunsioich, p-t. and city, and\\nseat of justice for Middlesex co., lying\\non the right bank of the river Rari-\\ntan, 15 miles from the head of the\\nbay at Amboy, 40 miles by water\\nand 25 by land S. W. from New\\nYork, 26 N. E. from Trenton. The\\ncity is partly in North Brunswick\\nt-ship, Middlesex co., and partly in\\nFranklin t-ship, Somerset co., the\\npost-road or Albany street forming\\nthe line between the t-ships and coun-\\nties.\\nAt the close of the seventeenth\\ncentury, the place where the city\\nnow stands, was covered with woods,\\nand called after the name of its pro-\\nprietor, Prigmore s Swamp. The\\nfirst inhabitant, of whom any account\\nis preserved, was one Daniel Cooper,\\nwho resided where the post-road\\ncrossed the river, and kept the ferry\\nwhich afterwards, in 1713, when the\\ncounty line was drawn, was called\\nInian s Ferry. This ferry was grant-\\ned by the proprietors, 2d Nov. 1697,\\nfor the lives of Inian and wife, and\\nthe survivor, at a rent of 5 shillings\\nsterlmg per annum. One of the first\\nhouses is said to be still standing, at\\nthe foot of Town lane; and some\\nother buildings, erected at an early\\nperiod, may be distinguished by their\\nantique structure, in Burnet and Al-\\nbany streets. The first inhabitants\\nof European origin, were from Long\\nIsland. About 1730 several Dutch\\nfamilies emigrated from Albany,\\nbringing with them their building\\nmatei ials, in imitation of their ances-\\ntors, who imported their bricks, tiles,\\nc. from Holland. Some of them\\nbuilt their houses upon the present\\npost-road, which thence acquired the\\nname of Albany street though origi-\\nnally it was called French street, in\\nhonour of Philip Fi ench, Esq. who\\nheld a large tract of land on the north\\nside of it. About this time the name\\nof New Brunswick was given to the\\nplace, which had, hitherto, been dis-\\ntinguished as The River.\\nThe city was incorporated in 1784,\\nand is now divided into five wards.\\nThe old market, called Coenties mar-\\nket, was of ancient date, and stood in\\nCommerce Square; the present was\\nbuilt in 1811. The court-house was\\nerected in 1793; the bridge, original-\\nly, in 1796, and was rebuilt by a joint\\nstock company in 1811, at the cost\\nof $86,687. It is a wooden structure\\nabout 1000 feet in length, divided into\\ntwo carriage ways by a wood parti-\\ntion, and rests on eleven stone piers\\nand abutments.\\nA portion of the town lying imme-\\ndiately on the river, is low, and the\\nstreets are narrow, crooked, and lined\\nprincipally with small frame houses,\\nextending for near half a mile from\\nthe bridge to the landings for steam-\\nboats. Albany street is a broad, well\\npaved thoroughfare, ornamented with\\nsome excellent buildings, and the\\nstreets upon the upper shelving bank,\\nare generally wide, and the houses\\nneat and commodious many of them", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0559.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n196\\nNEW\\nexpensively built, and surrounded by\\ngardens. The streets generally, are\\npaved with boulders. Those unpaved\\nare, in the rainy season, scarcely\\npassable, the red sandy loam of the\\nsoil, being easily wrought into deep\\npaste. From the top of the hill or\\nbank, especially from the site of Rut-\\ngers college, there is a wide prospect\\nof miles, terminating on the north by\\nthe Green Brook mountains, and on\\nthe east by the Raritan bay.\\nThe tide in the river extends to\\nRaritan Landing, about two miles\\nabove the town but immediately\\nabove the bridge, at the town, the\\nriver is fordable. At this point the\\nice, when broken up in the spring,\\nsometimes lodging, forms a dam,\\nwhich raising the water many feet\\nabove its usual level, causes it to\\noverflow the lower streets. The De-\\nlaware and Raritan canal has its out-\\nlet here, by a lock of 12 feet lift, into\\na basin 200 feet wide, made in the\\nbed of the river, and extending a mile\\nand a quarter in front of the town,\\nwhere vessels of 200 tons burden\\nmay lie. From the canal a very im-\\nportant hydraulic power will be ob-\\ntained, under a fall of 14 feet, with\\nall the water of the Raritan river,\\nand all the surplus water of the canal.\\nConsequently, New Brunswick may,\\nat no distant period, claim considera-\\ntion among the manufacturing towns\\nof the United States.\\nThe city contains between 5 and\\n6000 inhabitants, about 750 dwell-\\nings, 120 large stores, among which\\nare 12 extensive grain stores; 20 ta-\\nverns, 12 practising attorneys, and 8\\nphysicians 1 Methodist church, built\\nin 1811, and another belonging to\\nblacks of the same denomination A\\nDutch Reformed church, the present\\nhouse being the third pertaining to\\nthat profession the first was built on\\nthe corner of Schuremem and Burnet\\nstreets, before the year 1717; the\\nsecond, on the site of the present, be-\\ntween the years 1750 and 1783, dur-\\ning the ministry of the Rev. Johan-\\nnes Leydt and the present, com-\\nmenced in 1812, was completed in\\n1828, by the construction of a brick\\nstuccoed steeple a Presbyterian con-\\ngregation occupying their second\\nhouse for worship; their first was\\nbuilt before, or during the ministry\\nof the Rev. Gilbert Tennent, who be-\\ncame their pastor in 1726, in Burnet\\nstreet, below Lyell s Brook and was\\nwantonly destroyed by the British\\nsoldiers in 1776 or 1777; the pre-\\nsent edifice was erected in 1784\\nThe Episcopal church, called Christ\\nchurch, was built in 1743, the steeple\\nin 1773 but the latter was burned to\\nthe stone basement in 1802, and re-\\nbuilt in the same year: the Baptist\\nchurch was erected in 1810, and a\\nsmall Catholic chapel in 1832. There\\nare in the town a college called Rut-\\ngers college, and grammar school\\nconnected with it 2 academies an\\nextensive boarding and day school for\\nyoung ladies a Lancasterian school,\\nincorporated and endowed with about\\n$4000, and several common schools.\\nThe town has an extensive trade.\\nThe enterprising inhabitants have\\nopened a ready communication with\\nEaston and the valley of the Dela-\\nware, by the Jersey turnpike road;\\nand have made it the depot of the\\nproduce from a large tract of fertile\\ncountry its business will be greatly\\nincreased by the trade of the Dela-\\nware and Raritan canal. There are\\nnow 12 sloops employed in its com-\\nmerce, and 300,000 bushels of Indian\\ncorn, and 50,000 bushels of rye are\\nannually exported. Two lines of\\nstages connected with steam-boats\\nhere and at Lamberton, on the Dela-\\nware, run daily from the town, and\\nstages depart hence daily to various\\nparts of the country and communi-\\ncation is had four times, daily, by\\nsteam-boats, with New York. There\\nare now two banks established here\\nthe State Bank incorporated in 1812,\\nwith an authorized capital of $400,000\\nof which 88,000 have been called in\\nand the New Brunswick Bank, incor-\\nporated in 1807, with a capital of\\n$200,000, 90,000 of which have been\\npaid.\\nThere is a vein of copper ore adjft-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0560.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n197\\nNEW\\ncent to the town, which was formerly\\nvery extensively wrought, but which\\nhas been for many years abandoned.\\nFor an account of this mine, see pre-\\nfatory chapter, page 10.\\nNeic Durham, village on the turn-\\npike-road leading from Hoboken to\\nHackensack, Bergen t-ship, Bergen\\nCO., 3 miles from the one and seven\\nfrom the other contains 2 taverns, a\\nstore, and some 10 or 12 dwellings.\\nNeio Durham, small village of\\nPiscataway t-ship, Middlesex co., 5\\nmiles east of north from New Bruns-\\nwick, and on the turnpike road lead-\\ning from Perth Amboy toward Bound\\nBrook contains a tavern, store, and\\nsome half dozen dwellings.\\nNew Egypt, p-t. of Upper Free-\\nhold t-ship, Monmouth co., on the\\nCrosswicks creek, 23 miles S. W.\\nfrom Monmouth Court House, 170 N.\\nE. from W. C, and 16 miles S. E.\\nfrom Trenton contains about 20\\ndwellings, 2 taverns, 2 or 3 stores,\\nvaluable grist and saw mills, and a\\nMethodist church within a mile of the\\ntown. The country around it is le-\\nvel; soil, of clay and sand. The\\nname is derived from the excellent\\nmarket the mills formerly afforded\\nfor corn.\\nNew England, village of Fairfield\\nt-ship, Cumberland co., near Co-\\nhansey creek, 5 miles S. of Bridge-\\nton; contains some 12 or 15 dwell-\\nings, scattered along the road within\\nthe space of a mile; near it is a Me-\\nthodist church.\\nNew England CreeJc, a small\\nstream of Lower t-ship. Cape May\\nCO., flowing into the Delaware bay.\\nNew Freedom, small village of\\nGloucester t-ship, Gloucester co., on\\nthe road from Camden to Great Egg\\n.Harbour river, 18 miles S. E. from\\nthe former, and 14 from the latter;\\ncontains a Methodist meeting, a glass\\nmanufactory, a tavern and store, and\\nsome 12 or 15 dwellings. It is in\\nthe midst of the pines, on Inskeep s\\nbranch of Great Egg Harbour river.\\nNewfoundland, is the post-office of\\nLongwood Valley, 17 miles N. W.\\nfrom Morristown, 245 N. E. from\\nW. C, and 79 from Trenton; there v\\nis a Presbyterian church here.\\nNeiv Germantown, p-t. of Tewkes-\\nbury t-ship, Hunterdon co., on the\\nturnpike-road leading from Laming-\\nton to Schooley s mountain, 14 miles\\nN. E. from Flemington, 45 from\\nTrenton, and 211 from W. C. con-\\ntains about 30 dwellings, 1 tavern,\\n3 stores, 1 Lutheran, 1 Methodist,\\nand a Presbyterian, church and an\\nacademy. The town lies near the\\nfoot of a spur of the Musconetcong\\nmountain, and is surrounded by a\\nrich and highly cultivated limestone\\nsoil, in which there are masses of bres-\\ncia or pudding limestone, which are\\nperhaps equal in beauty, to that in\\nthe capitol at Washington.\\nNew Hampton, p-t. of Lebanon\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., in the N. W.\\nangle on the S. side of Musconetcong\\ncreek, and on the turnpike leading to\\nOxford Furnace, 18 miles N. W.\\nfrom Flemington, 41 from Trenton,\\nand 200 from W. C. contains 1\\ngrist mill, 1 saw mill, 2 stores, 3 ta-\\nverns, and from 20 to 25 dwellings.\\nNew Hamburg, post-office, Ber-\\ngen CO.\\nNew Market, village of Amwell\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., 8 miles S. of\\nFlemington; contains a tavern and\\nstore, 6 or 8 dwellings. Snydertown,\\na small hamlet, divided from it by a\\nbranch of Stony creek, contains a\\ngrist mill, and 2 or 3 dwellings; the\\nsurrounding country is hilly, stony,\\nand poor.\\nNeio Market, formerly called Qiiih-\\nbletotcn, village of Piscataway t-ship,\\nMiddlesex co., 7 miles N. of New\\nBrunswick, on the left bank of Cedar\\ncreek; contains a grist mill, a tavern,\\na store, and some 20 dwellings, in a\\nfertile country of red shale.\\nNetc Milford, village of Hacken-\\nsack t-ship, Bergen co., in the ex-\\ntreme N. W. angle of the t-ship, 4\\nmiles N. of Hackensacktown, upon\\nthe Hackensack river; contains 2\\nmills, some half dozen dwellings, a\\nstore and tavern suiTounding coun-\\ntry, level soil, sandy loam, with red\\nshale, well cultivated and fertile.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0561.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n198\\nNEW\\nNew Mills. (See Pemberton.)\\nNewport Creek, rises on the con-\\nfines of Stow creek and Greenwich\\nt-ships, Cumberland co., and flows\\nwesterly about 6 miles into Stow\\ncreek, forming the south boundary of\\nthe first, and north boundary of the\\nsecond t-ship.\\nNewport, or Nantuxet, said to be\\nmore properly called Antvxet,^\\np-t. of Dover t-ship, Cumberland co.,\\non the Nantuxet creek, 5 miles above\\nits mouth, 10 miles S. from Bridgeton,\\n187 N. E. from W. C, and 81 S. of\\nTrenton contains from 20 to 30\\nhouses, 1 tavern and store. This\\nplace is noted as having been the re-\\nsort of refugees and tories during the\\nrevolution.\\nNew Prospect, p-t. of Franklin\\nt-ship, on the Hohokus creek, 241\\nmiles N. E. from W. C, 74 from\\nTrenton, and UN. W. from Hack-\\nensack very pleasantly situated upon\\nhigh ground, on a fertile soil, and in\\nthe centre of a thriving manufactur-\\ning settlement; what may appropri-\\nately be called the town, contains 2\\ntaverns, 1 store, 2 paper mills, 2\\ngrist mills, and chair manufactory,\\nwith lathes running by water, and se-\\nveral dwellings.\\nNew Providence t-ship, Essex co.,\\nbounded N. E-. b)^ Springfield t-ship\\nE. by Westfield; S. by Warren\\nt-ships, Somerset co. and W. and\\nN. W. by the Passaic river; which\\nseparates it from Morris co. Cen-\\ntrally distant S. W. from Newark,\\n13 miles; greatest length 6, breadth\\nSimiles; area, 7680 acres surface\\nhilly, on the west mountainous soil,\\nclay loam, and red shale; carbonate\\nof lime is found on the east, near\\nGreen Brook, in which are metallic\\nappearances supposed to be gold and\\nsilver, but are perhaps only the de-\\nceptive pyrites of iron or copper.\\nPopulation in 1830, 910. In 1832,\\nthe t-ship contained 195 taxablcs, 45\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 29 single men, 3 mer-\\nchants, 3 grist mills, 5 saw mills, 1\\npaper mill, 13 tan vats, 147 horses,\\nand 503 neat cattle, above 3 years old;\\nand it paid state tax, $97 43 county,\\n$254 92; poor, 300; road, $702.\\nNeio Providence, p-t. of preceding\\nt-ship, 13 miles S. W. of Newark,\\n218 N. E. from W. C, and 52 from\\nTrenton contains a Presbyterian and\\nMethodist church, a tavern, store, and\\nseveral dwellings.\\nNewton t-ship, Gloucester county,\\nbounded N. by the city of Camden\\nN. E. by Cooper s creek, which sepa-\\nrates it from Waterford t-ship S. E.\\nby Gloucester t-ship S. W. by Glou-\\ncestertown t-ship; and W. by the\\nriver Delaware. Centrally distant N.\\nE. fi om Woodbury 6 miles great-\\nest length E. and W. 6, breadth N.\\nand S. less than 4 miles area, 9000\\nacres; surface, level; soil, sandy;\\ntimber, chiefly yellow pine the cul-\\ntivated land employed principally in\\nraising vegetables and fruit for mar-\\nket. Besides Cooper s creek on the\\nN. W., it has Newton creek on the\\nS. W., which being stopped out,\\nmakes some valuable meadows.\\nHaddonfield and Rowantown are vil-\\nlages of the t-ship, the first a post-\\ntown. Population in 1830, including,\\nwe presume, the city of Camden,\\n3298. In 1832 the t-ship contained\\n199 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed $30 6 stores, 2 fisheries,\\n3 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling\\nmill, 1 tan yard, 2 distilleries, 643\\nneat cattle, and 287 horses and mules\\nabove 3 years of age. The t-ship\\npaid county tax, $532 44 poor tax,\\n$266 47 road tax, $700.\\nNewton Creek, Newton t-ship,\\nGloucester co., rises on the south\\nborder of the t-ship, and flows N.\\nW. about 5 miles, to the river Dela-\\nware. The influx of the tide to the\\ncreek is stopped by dam and sluice,\\nby which some valuable meadows\\nare gained along its banks.\\nNewton or Pine Creek, Galloway\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., a tributary of\\nLittle Egg Harbour river.\\nNewton t-ship, Sussex co., bound-\\ned N. by Frankford t-ship; E. by\\nHardiston t-ship; S. E. by Byram\\nt-ship; S. W. by Green t-ship; W.\\nby Stillwater, and N. W. by Sandi-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0562.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "NEW\\n199\\nNOR\\nstone t-ships. Greatest length N. and\\nS. 12, breadth E. and W. 10 miles;\\narea, 65,920 acres; surface, hilly on\\nthe N. W. and S. E.; centrally, level.\\nIt is watered chiefly by the Paulins-\\nkill, which flows S. W. through it,\\ntowards the Delaware. (See Paulins-\\nkill.) The Newton and Bolton tui n-\\npike road runs centrally through the\\nt-ship, and through the town of New-\\nton and the turnpike road by Sparta\\nto Milford, through the N. E. angle,\\non which lies the post-town of Lafay-\\nette. Population of the t-ship in 1830,\\n3464; taxables in 1832, 530. There\\nwere in the t-ship in 1832, 140 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not ex-\\nceed $30 14 stores, 14 run of stones\\nfor grinding grain, 6 carding ma-\\nchines, 3 fulling mills, 650 horses\\nand mules, and 1330 neat cattle,\\nabove the age of 3 years; 4 tan vats,\\n8 distilleries. The t-ship paid in\\n1832, state and county tax, $1156\\n05 poor tax, $400 road tax, $1200.\\nNewton, borough, county, and post-\\ntown, Newton t-ship, Sussex co., on\\nthe Newton and Bolton turnpike road,\\ndistant by the post-route 228 miles\\nfrom W. C, and 75 from Trenton,\\n60 from New York, 40 from Easton,\\nand 100 from Philadelphia. The\\ntown lies upon the slope of a gentle\\nhill, of mingled slate and limestone,\\nat whose foot a spring sends forth the\\nfirst waters of the Paulinskill, the\\nchief river of the county, whose vo-\\nlume is swelled by the tribute from\\nMoore s Pond, covering 8 or 10 acres,\\ndistant about 1 mile S. E. from New-\\nton. There are several streets, and\\na large common or public lot, fronts\\nthe court-house and prison, and on\\nwhich the public offices are erected.\\nIt contains about 130 dwellings, and\\n900 inhabitants, 4 taverns, 8 exten-\\nsive stores, 2 printing offices, at each\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of which a weekly journal is publish-\\ned, viz. the New Jersey Herald, by\\nMr. Fitch, and the Sussex Register,\\nby Mr. Hall a very large and com-\\nlodious Presbyterian church, an\\nJpiscopal church, with a valuable\\nllebe farm of 200 acres, near the\\ntown; and a Methodist church; 2\\nseminaries, in which the classics are\\ntaught one of which is incorporated\\nas an academy; 6 common schools,\\n3 Sunday schools, a public library,\\na lyceum for the promotion of the\\nstudy of letters and science a bank\\nwith a capital of $100,000, establish-\\ned in a handsome building, specially\\nerected for it. The court-house is a\\nlow and ancient looking stone build-\\ning, finished in 1765, having the pri-\\nson in the basement story. There\\narc in the town 4 practising attor-\\nneys, 4 physicians, and 2 resident\\nclergymen. Some of the dwellings\\nare very neat the place has an air\\nof business, and there is in fact a\\nvery considerable trade carried on\\nwith the surrounding country. In\\nhealthiness of situation, by the report\\nof the inhabitants, it cannot be ex-\\ncelled.\\nNew Village, p-t., of Greenwich\\nt-ship, Warren co., on the turnpike\\nroad from Schooley s mountain to\\nPhilipsburg, and on the Morris canal,\\nby the post-route 196 miles from W.\\nC, 52 from Trenton, and 10 miles\\nfrom Belvidere, the county town\\ncontains 1 store, 1 tavern, and 10 or\\n12 dwellings. It is surrounded by a\\nfertile limestone country.\\nNew Vernon, p-t., of Morris t-ship,\\nMorris co., 4 miles S. W. from Mor-\\nristown, 217 N. E. from W. C, and\\n51 from Trenton; contains a store,\\nan academy, and 4 dwellings.\\nNischisakauuck Creek, rises in\\nAlexandria t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nand flows S. W. into the Delaware\\nriver, by a course of 7 or 8 miles, at\\nthe town of Alexandria.\\nNorman s Pond, small lake of Har-\\ndistone t-ship, Sussex co., on the\\nHamburg or Wallkill mountain, near\\nthe town of Sparta, a principal source\\nof the Wallkill river. The stream\\nfrom the pond gives motion to a forge\\nimmediately on issuing from the lake.\\nNorthampton t-ship, Burlington\\nCO., bounded N. E. by Springfield\\nand Hanover t-ships; E. by Mon-\\nmouth CO. S. by Little Egg Harbour\\nand Washington t-ships W. by\\nEvesham and Chester t-ships; and", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0563.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "NOP\\n200\\nNOT\\nN. W. by Willingboro and Burling-\\nton t-ships. Greatest length N. W.\\nand S. E. 33 miles breadth E. and\\nW. 18 miles; area, 135,000 acres;\\nsurface, generally level soil, sand\\nand sandy loam; the portion on the\\nnorth-west of the t-ship well cultivated\\nand productive southern and easter-\\nly parts chiefly pine and oak forests.\\nIt is drained north-west by the north\\nand south branches of the Rancocus\\ncreek, and southerly by tributaries of\\nthe Little Egg Harbour river. Mount\\nHolly, the county town. New Mills,\\nor Pemberton, Vincenttown, Eayrs-\\ntown, Buddstown, Tabernacle, c.,\\nare villages of the t-ship. Popula-\\ntion in 1830, 5516. In 1832, the\\nt-ship contained 1000 taxables, 654\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30; 183 single men, 2371\\ncattle, and 1005 horses and mules;\\n13 stores, 7 saw mills, and 9 grist\\nmills, 2 forges, 1 paper mill, 2 full-\\ning mills, 1 cotton factory, 1 plaster\\nmill, 50 tan vats, 3 carding machines,\\n6 distilleries for cider, 1 four horse\\nstage, 2 two horse stages, 60 dear-\\nborns, 154 covered wagons, 4 chairs\\nand curricles, 43 gigs and sulkies;\\nand paid state tax, $675 87 county\\ntax, $2359 50 t-ship tax, $3900.\\nNorth Branch, or Bailes\\\\ p-t., of\\nBridgewater t-ship, Somerset co., on\\nthe turnpike road from Somerville to\\nEaston, 4 miles from the former and\\n29 from the latter, 203 N. E. from\\nW. C, and 29 fi-om Ti enton, upon\\nthe north branch of the Raritan river,\\nin a level, fertile country contains a\\nlarge grist mill and fulling mill, a ta-\\nvern, 2 stores, and about 20 dwell-\\nings. There is a Dutch Reformed\\nchurch in the neighbourhood.\\nNorth Brunswick. (See Bruns-\\nwick, North.)\\nNorthjield, small village of Li-\\nvingston t-ship, Essex co., 8 miles\\nW. of Newark contains a Baptist\\nchurch, store, and 3 or 4 dwellings.\\nNo Pipe Brook, tributary of Be-\\nden s brook, rises by two branches in\\nthe Nashanic mountain, on the con-\\nfines of Montgomery and Hillsbo-\\nrough t-ships, Somerset co., which\\nflow S. E. about 5 or 6 miles to\\ntheir recipient.\\nNotch, The, a pass over the First,\\nor Newark mountain, Acquacka-\\nnonck t-ship, Essex co., through\\nwhich the road leads from Acquacka-\\nnoncktown to the Little Falls of the\\nPassaic, distant 7 miles from the\\nformer.\\nNottingham t-ship, Burlington co.,\\nbounded N. W. by the Assunpink\\ncreek, which divides it from Trenton\\nand Lawrence t-ships, Hunterdon co.;\\nN. E. by East and West Windsor\\nt-ships, of Middlesex co. S. by the\\nCrosswicks creek, and S. W. by the\\nriver Delaware. Centrally distant N.\\nE. from Mount Holly, 17 miles;\\ngreatest length N. and S. 10 miles;\\ngreatest breadth, 7 miles area,\\n25,000 acres; surface generally le-\\nvel, varied only by the abrasion of\\nthe streams, which have worn their\\ncourses through deep and narrow val-\\nleys soil, various along the banks\\nof the river and creeks, there is some\\nstiff clay sandy loam and sand cha-\\nracterize the remainder. Much of\\nthe t-ship, with due care, is suscepti-\\nble of beneficial cultivation, and is\\nproductive in wheat, rye, corn, oats,\\nand grass the latter being much\\naided by the use of marl, which is\\nabundant. The streams are the As-\\nsunpink, on the north, with its tribu-\\ntaries. Miry and Pond runs, and the\\nCrosswicks, on the south, which re-\\nceives a small stream from the t-ship.\\nThe villages are Sandtown, Notting-\\nham Square, Mill Hill, Bloomsbury,\\nLamberton, and the Sand Hills. Popu-\\nlation in 1830, 3900. In 1832, there\\nwere in the t-ship 960 taxables, 430\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 165 single men, 11\\nmerchants, 5 fisheries, 4 saw mills\\n19 pair of grist mill stones, 1 paper\\nmill, 1 fulling mill, 3 cotton manu-\\nfactories, 75 tan vats, 2 carding ma-\\nchines, 5 distilleries for cider, 3 four\\nhorse stages, 3 two horse stages, 37\\ndearborns, 37 covered wagons, 50\\nchairs and curricles, and 2 gigs and\\nsulkies; 1032 cattle, and 604 horses\\nand mules over 3 years of age; the", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0564.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "ORA\\n201\\nORA\\nt-ship paid state tax, $486 87 coun-\\nty tax, $1702 05; township tax,\\n$1900.\\nNottingham Square, village of\\nNottingham t-ship, Burlington co., on\\nthe road from Trenton to AUentown,\\n6 miles E. of the former, on a sandy\\nplain contains 1 Presbyterian, and 1\\nBaptist church, a store, a tavern, and\\nfrom 8 to 12 dwellings.\\nObhonon, an arm of the south\\nbranch of Toms river, Dover t-ship,\\nMonmouth co.\\nOgdensburg, village of Hardiston\\nt-ship, Sussex co., about 75 miles N.\\nE. from Trenton, and about 9 miles\\nfrom Newton, in the valley of the\\nWallkill river; contains 21 dwell-\\nings, a small store, and saw mill,\\nscattered along the road within the\\ndistance of a mile. There are some\\ngood lands in the narrow valley here,\\nbut the sides of the mountain are\\nbroken and stony.\\nOld Bridge, hamlet of Hacken-\\nsack t-ship, Bergen co., on the Hack-\\nensack river, 4 miles N. of Hacken-\\nsack town contains a store, tavern,\\nand 10 or 12 dwellings; country\\nlevel soil, fertile loam, well cul-\\ntivated.\\nOld Bridge, hamlet of North\\nBrunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., on\\nSouth river, and on the turnpike-road\\nfrom Bordentown to South Amboy,\\n6 miles S. E. from New Brunswick\\ncontains a tavern, and some half do-\\nzen dwelling houses surrounded by\\na sandy and light soil.\\nOld Mail s Creek, rises in Glou-\\ncester CO., Franklin t-ship, about 3\\nmiles E. of a point on the Salem co.\\nline; from which line it runs N. W.,\\nforming the boundary between Glou-\\ncester and Salem cos. for about 25\\nmiles, following the meanderings of\\nthe creek to the river Delaware. It\\nis a ci ooked stream flowing through\\na flat country, and has considerable\\ntracts of banked meadow on its mar-\\ngin, as high as Pedricktown, to which\\nplace wood shallops ascend.\\nOng^s Hat, hamlet of Northamp-\\nton t-ship, Burlington co., 10 miles\\nS.E. of Mount Holly.\\n2C\\nOrange t-ship, Eeeex oo., bound-\\ned N. W. by Caldwell; N. E. by\\nBloomfield E. and S. E. by New-\\nark; S. by Union; S. W. by Spring-\\nfield; and W. by Livingston. Cen-\\ntrally distant, N. W., from Newark,\\n4i miles; greatest length, N. and S.,\\n7; breadth, E. and W., 5 miles;\\nsurface, on the west, hilly the First\\nand Second mountains crossing it\\nhere; elsewhere rolling; soil, red\\nshale, generally well cultivated;\\narea, about 14,000 acres. Orange,\\nthe post town, South Orange, Camp-\\ntown, Middleville and Jefferson\\nvillage, are towns of the town-\\nship. It is drained N. E. by Second\\nriver, and S. W. by branches of the\\nRahway. Population in 1830, 3887\\nin 1832, there were in the township,\\n625 taxables, 172 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30\\nin value, 76 single men, 15 mer-\\nchants, 3 grist mills, 2 saw mills,\\n40 tan vats, 362 horses and mules,\\nand 1099 neat cattle, above the age\\nof three years and it paid state tax,\\n$298 19; county, 780 20; poor,\\n$600; road, $1050.\\nOrange, is a straggling village of\\nthe preceding township, and a post-\\ntown, extending about 3 miles along\\nthe turnpike road, from Newark to\\nDover and distant about 3 miles N.\\nW. from the former; 219 N. E.\\nfrom W. C, and 53 from Trenton;\\ncontains 1 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian,\\nand 1 Methodist churches, 2 taverns,\\n10 stores, 2 saw mills and a bark\\nmill, from 200 to 230 dwellings,\\nmany of them very neat and commo-\\ndious. A large trade is carried on\\nhere in the manufacture of leather,\\nshoes and hats. The country about\\nit is level, red shale, and carefully\\ncultivated. A chalybeate spring near\\nthe town is much resorted to.\\nOrange, South, a village of the\\nsame township, lies on the turnpike-\\nroad from Newark to Morristown, 5\\nmiles W. of the first; it contains\\nabout 30 dwellings, a tavern and\\nstore, a paper mill and a Presbyterian\\nchurch the lands around it are also\\nrich and well farmed.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0565.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "OXF\\n202\\nPAC\\nOranoken Creek, Downe t-ship,\\nCumberland co., rises in the town-\\nship, and flows S. W. 12 or 14\\nmiles, into Maurice River Cove,\\nsending forth several small streams,\\nlaterally to the west, which have\\ntheir mouths higher up in the bay.\\nOswego, east branch of Wading\\nriver. (See Wading River.)\\nOxford t-ship, Warren co., bound-\\ned N. W. by Knowlton E. by Hard-\\nwick and Independence; S. E. by\\nMansfield; S. by Greenwich t-ships,\\nand W. by the Delaware river. Great-\\nest length, N. E. and S. W., 16\\nmiles; breadth, N. W. and S. E.,\\n5i miles area, 42,000 acres. Drain-\\ned chiefly by the Pequest creek and\\nits tributary, Beaver Brook. Popu-\\nlation in 1830, 3665; taxables, in\\n1832, 800. In 1832, the township\\ncontained 254 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 in value,\\n17 stores, 18 pair of stones for\\ngrinding grain, 1 carding machine,\\n7 saw mills, 3 furnaces, 1 tan vats,\\n4 distilleries, and 862 horses and\\nmules, and 1407 neat cattle; and\\nit paid tax for township use, $1200,\\nand for state and county purposes,\\n$2229 02. Belvidere, the county\\ntown, lies on the Delaware river, in\\nthis township, and Bridgeville, Oxford\\nand Concord are small villages from\\n3 to 4 miles distant from it. The\\nsurface of the township is much\\nbroken, and it possesses a great va-\\nriety of soil and cultivation. The\\nmountains, which are composed of\\ngranitic rock and crowned with wood,\\ncover a considerable portion of it,\\nand are cultivated wherever the hopes\\nof reward will justify the labour.\\nThe valleys of limestone are very\\nproductive; and large quantities of\\nwheat are grown for market. Green-\\npond is a small lake 1^^ mile long by\\nf of a mile wide, on the S. E. de-\\nclivity of Jenny Jump mountain;\\nmountain and bog ore abound, and\\nmanganese on the Delaware below\\nFoul Rift. The towns are Belvidere,\\nthe seat of justice of the county,\\nBridgeville, Oxford, Concord, and\\nRoxburg.\\nOxford, small hamlet of Oxford\\nt-ship, Warren co., three miles S. E.\\nof Belvidere, the county town; con-\\ntains a Presbyterian church, a tavern,\\n1 grist and 1 clover mill, and 10 or\\n12 dwellings.\\nOxford Furnace, and village, on\\na branch of the Pequest creek, near\\nthe E. line of Oxford township, and\\nfive miles E. of Belvidere, the seat\\nof justice, at the N. W. foot of Scott s\\nmountain. This mountain vale is a\\nvery ancient site for the manufacture\\nof iron, a furnace having been erect-\\ned here more than seventy years\\nsince by the ancestor of the present\\nowners, Messrs. Robison but it had\\nbeen out of blast for more than 20\\nyears, when Messrs. Henry and Jor-\\ndon, of Pennsylvania, undertook to\\nrenew operations. These gentlemen\\nhave obtained a lease of the furnace,\\nwith 2000 acres of woodland, and\\nhave rebuilt the works. Abundance\\nof excellent iron ore is found in the\\nmountain a few hundred yards from\\nthe furnace; and the lessees have\\nsunk several shafts, and are now\\nworking a vein of magnetic ore about\\n13 feet thick, enclosed by walls of\\nrotten mica. This ore is very rich\\nand easily smelted. Old excavations\\nare visible in many places, and shafts\\nhave recently been discovered more\\nthan 100 feet deep, and drifts exceed-\\ning 120 yards in length. The rock of\\nScott s mountain is primitive, and its\\nconstituents are found separately in\\nmasses, and also variously combined\\nwith each other, with hornblende and\\nwith iron of various species, forming\\ngranite, sienite, c. The whole\\nrange of hills, of which Scott s moun-\\ntain is part, forms a very interesting\\nstudy for the mineralogist and geo-\\nlogist.\\nOyster Creek, Stafford t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., flows N. E. about 10\\nmiles, and empties into Barnegat\\nbay, on the line separating Stafford\\nfrom Dover township.\\nPacak Creek rises in the Wawa-\\nyanda mountains, Vernon t-ship,\\nSussex CO., and by a southerly", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0566.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "PAI\\n203\\nPAR\\ncourse, of about seven miles, unites\\nwith the Pequannock creek, in Har-\\ndistone township.\\nPahaquarry, N. W. t-ship of\\nWarren co., bounded N. E. by Wal-\\npack t-ship S. E., by Haixlwick and\\nKnowUon t-ships S. W. and VV. by\\nthe river Delaware. It lies wholly\\nbetween the Blue mountain and the\\nriver; is centrally distant, N. from\\nBelvidere, 15 miles. Greatest length,\\nN. E. and S. W., 13 miles; breadth,\\n2|- miles; area, 12,800 acres; sur-\\nface, mountain and river bottom.\\nPopulation by census of 1830, 258.\\nIn 1832, it contained 13 household-\\ners, whose ratables did not exceed\\n$30 in value but no store, and but\\none grist mill, 4 mill saws, 59 horses\\nand mules, and 121 neat cattle above\\nthe age of three years, and paid a\\nstate and county tax of $109 61.\\nVancamp brook flows southerly\\nthrough the N. W. part of the town-\\nship. Pahaquarry is the name given to\\na small cluster of houses, situate in the\\nnorthern part of the township. The\\nWater Gap, by which the Delaware\\nflows through the Blue mountain, is\\non the southwestern boundary of the\\ntownship. Brotzmanville is the post-\\noffice. A road has lately been made\\nthrough the Gap, and partly cut out\\nof the mountain at the expense of the\\nstate. Before it was made, even foot\\npassengers were unable to follow the\\nriver through the Gap on the Jersey\\nside without the aid of rope ladders\\nto assist them over the precipitous\\nrocks. The narrow margin above\\nthe river, which nowhere exceeds\\nthe breadth of the fourth of a mile,\\nis fertile. Upon the Pennsylvania\\nside this margin is wider and under-\\nlaid with limestone.\\nPaint Island Spring, on the boun-\\ndary between Upper and Lower Free-\\nhold t-ships, Monmouth co., 5 miles\\nE. of Wrightsville, and near the\\nsource of Toms river. This is a\\nlarge chalybeate spring whose waters\\nhold so great a quantity of the super\\nlb carbonate of iron, blended with the\\n1. black oxyde of iron in solution, that\\nthey leave a very extensive deposit of\\nthis mineral. By exposure to the air\\nan atom of carbonic acid escapes,\\nthe oxyde takes another atom of oxy-\\ngen from the atmosphere, and is preci-\\npitated in the form of oxy-carbonat,\\nan insoluble powder of a yellow co-\\nlour. The colour may be converted\\ninto a beautiful brown by heating the\\nyellow ochre sufficiently to expel its\\ncarbonic acid, leaving behind the se-\\ncond oxide of iron. The heat of\\nboiling water is sufficient for this\\npurpose and the ore so changed has\\nmost of the properties of umber. A\\nmanufacture of this paint has given\\nname to the spring. It is esteemed\\nby the neighbours lor medicinal qua-\\nlities, and pic nic parties are made\\nhere frequently in the summer. It\\nwas also formerly known as Law-\\nrence s spring, but is now, we believe,\\nthe property of Samuel G. Wright,\\nEsq.\\nPamrepau, small scattering settle-\\nment, in Bergen t-ship, Bergen co.,\\non New York bay, about 5 miles be-\\nlow Jersey City, occupied by de-\\nscendants of the original Dutch set-\\ntlers.\\nPanther Pond, on the N. W. of\\nByram t-ship, Sussex co., one of the\\neastern sources of the Bequest creek.\\nPapaldng Creek, rises in Frank-\\nford t-ship, Sussex co., and flows,\\nN. E. by a course of about 10 miles,\\nto Deep Clove creek, below Decker-\\ntown, Wantage t-ship giving motion\\nto several mills.\\nParamus, small hamlet, on the\\nSaddle River, and on the boundary\\nof Harrington and Franklin t-ships,\\nBergen co.; contains a church, a ta-\\nvern, a mill and several dwellings,\\nabout 7 miles N. W. from Hacken-\\nsack.\\nParcipany, p-t. of Hanover t-ship,\\non the turnpike road from Frankhn\\nto Mount Pleasant, 7 miles N. of\\nMorristown, 229 N. E. from W. C,\\nand 63 from Trenton, on the Parci-\\npany river; contains 2 grist mills, 2\\nstores, 2 taverns, a Presbyterian, and\\na Methodist church, an academy,\\nand from 15 to 20 dwellings. The\\nb", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0567.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "PAS\\n204\\nPAS\\nsoil around it, is sandy loom, well cul-\\ntivated.\\nParcipany Creek, rises by two\\nbranchies, in the Trowbridge moun-\\ntain, Hanover t-sliip, Morris co.; and\\nflows by a S. E. course of about 8 or\\n9 miles, into the Whippany river,\\nabout a mile above its junction, with\\nthe Rockaway, giving motion to se-\\nveral mills.\\nParviri s Run, Fairfield t-ship,\\nCumberland co., a tributary of the\\nCohansey creek, which joins its re-\\ncipient, 2 miles S. of Bridgeton; no-\\ntable as part of the boundary between\\nDeerfield and Fairfield t-ships.\\nParviri s Branch, of Maurice river,\\nrises in Millville t-ship, Cumberland\\nCO., and flows eastward ly to the head\\nof the Pond, of Millville works.\\nPaskach Brook, tributary of Hack-\\nensack river, rises in Rockland co.,\\nNew York, and flows by a course,\\nS. and S. E., of about 12 miles, to\\nits recipient, in Harrington t-ship,\\nBergen co., giving motion to many\\nmills.\\nPassaic River. This stream is en-\\ndowed with a very singular charac-\\nter. Rising in, and flowing through\\na mountainous country, it is the most\\ncrooked, sluggish, and longest of the\\nstate and yet presents the two most\\nprofound cataracts, and the greatest\\nhydraulic force. Its extreme source\\nis near Mendham, Morris co., where\\nits head waters interlock with those\\nof the north branch of the Raritan\\nthence it flows a little E. of S. about\\n10 miles in which distance, it has\\nconsiderable fall turns several mills,\\nand forms the boundary between So-\\nmerset and Morris cos.; thence turn-\\ned by Stony Hill, of the former co.,\\nat the N. base of which it receives\\nDead river, it assumes a N. E. course,\\nby the foot of Long Hill, dividing\\nMorris from Essex county. On this\\nline, for 20 miles, it steals its way,\\npartly through a narrow vale, and\\npartly through a broad valley, with\\nscarce a ripple or a murmur to indi-\\ncate its course; and consequently,\\nwith few mill-works of any kind.\\nAt the S. W. point of the Horse-Shoe\\nmountain, it receives the Rockaway\\nriver, which having had for many\\nmiles, a rapid, spirited, and useful\\ncourse, assumes the torpor of its re-\\ncipient and spreads itself as if seek-\\ning rest, after its hurried flow and\\nmighty labours. Collecting its wa-\\nters, the united stream meanders along\\nthe curve of the Horse-Shoe, about 8\\nmiles, when deflected by the north-\\neastern point, it inclines to the Second\\nmountain, still preserving its monoto-\\nnous and sluggish character. But,\\nin its way through this mountain,\\nthat character is suddenly changed\\nfor high and admirable energy. By\\ntwo perpendicular leaps, and a rocky\\nrapid, it descends, at the Little Fall,\\n51 feet in the distance of a half mile,\\ninto the valley N. of the First moun-\\ntain. The first fall has comparative-\\nly a gentle, and certainly, a very beau-\\ntiful appearance. It is 10 feet deep,\\nand more than an hundred yards\\nbroad, and has been artificially form-\\ned into a broad angle opening down\\nthe stream, over which the whole\\nriver, but now still and lifeless, as a\\nsea of glass, is precipitated, in two\\nbroad and dense sheets, which arc\\nshaken by the shock into clouds of\\nfoam, and scarce recover their liquid\\nform, until they encounter the second\\nprecipice. This has a depth of 16\\nfeet, over which the flood, confined,\\nin ordinary seasons, to a very limited\\nbed, pours in a deep mass, with tre-\\nmendous force, covering itself with\\na perpetual halo of spray, and then\\nhastening rapidly away, beneatli\\nthe bold and lofty arch of the aque-\\nduct of the Morris canal, as if regret-\\nting, and gladly seeking, its broken\\nquiet. The aqueduct, a beautiful\\npiece of architecture, formed of cut\\nstone, with a span of 80 feet, and\\nheight of 50 feet, adds an admirable\\nfeature to the scene; the whole of\\nwhich, including the basaltic colum-\\nnar walls of the ravine, erected upon\\ntheir broad bases of red sandstone,\\nis best seen from the rocky brink of\\nthe river, which may be descended d\\nto, from either bank, but more com-\\nmodiously from the left.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0568.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "PAS\\n205\\nPAT\\nBetween the Little and the Groat\\nFalls, a distance of 5| miles, the river\\nis broken by some inconsiderable rip-\\nples, which allhrd sufficient fall for\\nmills, but do not much disturb the\\nplacidity of its course; but before the\\ngreat leap, it is again composed into\\na steady calm, as if concentrated for\\na new and more vigorous effort. Ere\\nit reaches the perpendicular pitch, it\\nrolls over the artilicial dam, erected\\nby the Passaic Manufacturing Com-\\npany, and a low ledge of rocks and\\nthen pours itself in one unbroken co-\\nlumn, 50 feet in altitude, into a deep\\nand narrow chasm, of about 60 feet\\nin width; through which it dashes,\\nfoams and roars, into a broad and\\nstill basin, which it has excavated for\\nitself. From this it rushes impetu-\\nously, by a rapid descent of 20 feet,\\nbeneath the level of Pater son plain,\\ncurbedby walls of trap-rock and sand-\\nstone, whose loose and disjointed\\ncharacter, has enabled the stream to\\nexcavate its passage through the deep\\nchasm.\\nFrom Paterson to the port of Ac-\\nquackanonck, 10 miles, where the\\nriver meets the tide, its course is\\nagain sweetly still and the tide wa-\\nters of no river can present a more\\ncharming scene. The shore spread-\\ning like an amphitheatre upon cither\\nside, is covered with verdure, and\\nstudded with dwellings, and other\\nmonuments of successful industry,\\nwhich give it the appearance of a\\nhighway, through a thrifty village;\\nwhilst the clear and quiet waters\\ntempt the spectator to venture upon\\ntheir bosom. Few rivers possess\\nmore attraction than the Passaic,\\nbetween Paterson and Newark,\\nabove the marshes; nor are the\\ncharms of its beautiful scenery di-\\nminished, by the sport which the\\nstream offers, to the patient follower\\nof Isaac Walton, in the finny tribe,\\nwith which it is stored. From Ac-\\nquackanonck to the head of Newark\\nbay, the distance may be 15 miles,\\nand thus the whole course of the\\nriver is about 70 miles, in passing\\nthrough which, it has looked to every\\nquarter of the compass, save the\\nwest.\\nPaterson. This thriving manu-\\nfacturing town is one of the creations\\nof the genius of Alexander Hamilton,\\nthe true father of the system of do-\\nmestic industry, now cherished as the\\nAmerican system. In the early part\\nof the year 1791, on the recommen-\\ndation, and by the active and influen-\\ntial exertions of this distinguished and\\npatriotic statesman, a number of pub-\\nlic spirited individuals of New York,\\nNew Jersey, and Pennsylvania, asso-\\nciated themselves for establishing use-\\nful manufactures, by the subscription\\nof a capital of more than $200,000.\\nThe number of shares originally sub-\\nscribed was 5000, at $100 the share;\\nbut 2267 shares only, were fully paid\\nup. The general object of the com-\\npany was to lay the foundation of a\\ngreat emporium of manufactures for\\nall articles not prohibited by law.\\nTheir immediate object was the ma-\\nnufacture of cotton cloths; and the\\nattempt is highly characteristic of the\\nenterprising spirit of our countrymen.\\nAt this period, the improvements of\\nArkwright in cotton machinery,\\nthough perfected, were not very ex-\\ntensively used, even in England, and\\nwere absolutely unknown in all other\\ncountries. In America no cotton had\\nbeen spun by machinery. Havino-\\nresolved to establish themselves in\\nNew Jersey, the contributors were\\nincorporated by the legislature on\\n22d Nov. 1791, by an act authoriz-\\ning a capital stock of one million of\\ndollars, with the right to acquire and\\nhold property to the amount of four\\nmillions, and the power to improve\\nthe navigation of the rivers, make\\ncanals for the trade with the princi-\\npal site of their works, and to raise\\nby way of lottery, the sum of one\\nhundred thousand dollars. The act\\nof incorporation, which was drawn,\\nor revised by Mr. Hamilton, also gave\\na city charter, with jurisdiction over\\na tract of six square miles.\\nThe society was organized at New\\nBrunswick, on the last Monday of\\nNovember, 1791, by the choice of its", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0569.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "PAT\\n206\\nPAT\\nfirst board of directors, composed of\\nWilliam Duer, John Dewhurst, Ben-\\njamin Walker, Nicholas Low, Royal\\nFlint, Elisha Boudinot, John Bayard,\\nJohn Neilson, Archibald Mercer,\\nThomas Lowring, George Lewis,\\nMore Furman, and Alex. M Comb.\\nWilliam Duer was chosen the first\\ngovernor of the company. We give\\nthese names, because they are illus-\\ntrated by the present flourishing con-\\ndition of the society, the result of\\ntheir labours.\\nMr. Hamilton, who was not a stock-\\nholder of the company, and whose\\ndisinterested exertions in its behalf,\\nwere prompted by higher motives\\nthan pecuniary gratification, had,\\npreviously to the act of incorpora-\\ntion, at the request of the company,\\nengaged English and Scotch artizans\\nand manufactui ers of cotton machine-\\nry and cotton goods, to establish their\\nbusiness here. After its organiza-\\ntion, the society advertised their de-\\nsire to purchase a suitable site for\\ntheir city, with the requisite water\\npower, in any part of New Jersey.\\nThey received proposals from the\\nWest Jersey Associates, from South\\nRiver, Perth Amboy, Millstone, Bull s\\nFalls, the Little Falls of the Passaic,\\nand from the inhabitants of the Great\\nFalls of that river and in May, 1792,\\nthey selected, with admirable judg-\\nment, the last place,as the principal site\\nof their proposed operations giving to\\ntheir town the name of Paterson, after\\ngovernor William Paterson, who had\\nsigned their charter. At this period\\nthere were not more than ten houses\\nhere.\\nAt a meeting of the directors, at the\\nGodwin hotel, on the 4th July, 1792,\\nappropriations were made for build-\\ning factories, machine shops, and\\nshops for calico printing and weav-\\ning and a race-way was directed to\\nbe made, for bringing the water from\\nabove the falls to the proposed mills.\\nUnfortunately, the direction of these\\nworks was given to Major L Enfan,\\na French engineer, not more cele-\\nbrated for the grandeur of his con-\\nceptions, than his recklessness of\\nexpense and whose magnificent pro-\\njects commonly perished in the waste\\nof means provided for their attain-\\nment. He immediately commenced\\nthe race-way and canal, designing to\\nunite the Upper Passaic with the\\nLower, at the head of tide, near the\\npresent village of Acquackanonck, by\\na plan better adapted to the resources\\nof a great empire than to those of a\\nprivate company.\\nIn January, 1793, Peter Colt, Esq.\\nof Hartford, then comptroller of the\\nstate of Connecticut, was appointed\\ngeneral superintendent of the affairs\\nof the company, with full powers to\\nmanage the concerns of the society,\\nas if they were his own individual\\nproperty, Major L Enfan being re-\\ntained, however, as engineer but he,\\nafter having spent, uselessly, a large\\nsum of money, resigned his office in\\nthe following September. Mr. Colt,\\nthus in sole charge of the works,\\ncompleted the race-way, conducting\\nthe water to the first factory erected\\nby the society. The canal to tide\\nwater, had been abandoned before\\nthe departure of the engineer.\\nThe factory, 90 feet long by 40\\nwide, and 4 stories high, was finish-\\ned in 1794, when cotton yarn was\\nspun in the mill but yai n had been\\nspun in the preceding year, by ma-\\nchinery moved by oxen. In 1794,\\nalso, calico shawls and other cotton\\ngoods were printed the bleached\\nand unbleached muslins being pur-\\nchased in New York. In the same\\nyear the society gave their attention\\nto the culture of the silk worm, and\\ndirected the superintendent to plant\\nthe mulberry tree for this purpose.\\nIn April of this year, also, the socie-\\nty, at the instance of Mr. Colt, em-\\nployed a teacher to instruct, gratui-\\ntously, on the Sabbath, the children\\nemployed in the factory, and others.\\nThis was probably the first Sunday\\nschool established in New Jersey.\\nNotwithstanding their untoward\\ncommencement, and the many dis-\\ncouragements attending their pro-\\ngress, the directors persevered in\\ntheir enterprise and during the years", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0570.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "PAT\\n207\\nPAT\\n1795, and 1796, much yarn of va-\\nrious sizes was spun, and several spe-\\ncies of cotton fabrics were made.\\nBut, at length satisfied that it was\\nhopeless to contend, successfully,\\nlonger with an adverse current, they\\nresolved, July, 1796, to abandon the\\nmanufacture, and discharged their\\nworkmen. This result was produced\\nby a combination of causes. Nearly\\n$50,000 had been lost, by the failure\\nof the parties to certain bills of ex-\\nchange purchased by the company,\\nto buy in England plain cloths for\\nprinting large sums had been wasted\\nby the engineer and the machinists\\nand manufacturers imported, were\\npresumptuous, and ignorant of many\\nbranches of the business they en-\\ngaged to conduct; and more than all,\\nthe whole attempt was premature.\\nNo pioneer had led the way, and no\\nexperience existed in the country, re-\\nlative to any subject of the enter-\\nprise. Beside, had the country been\\nin a measure prepared for manufac-\\ntures, the acquisition of the carrying\\ntrade, which our merchants were\\nthen making, was turning public en-\\nterprise into other channels. The\\nruin of the company under these cir-\\ncumstances, cannot now be cause of\\nastonishment. But to this catas-\\ntrophe the children of Mr. Colt, now\\ndeeply interested in the operations of\\nthe company, have the just and proud\\nsatisfaction to know, that their parent\\nwas in no way auxiliary. On clos-\\ning their concerns, the directors una-\\nnimously returned him their thanks\\nfor his industry, care and prudence,\\nin the management of their affairs,\\nsince he had been employed in their\\nsei vice; fully sensible that the fail-\\nure of the objects of the society was\\nfrom causes not in his power, or that\\nof any other man, to prevent.\\nThe cotton mill of the company\\nwas subsequently leased to individu-\\nals, who continued to spin candle\\nwick and coarse yarn until 1807,\\nwhen it was accidentally burned\\ndown, and was never rebuilt. The\\nadmirable water-power of the com-\\npany, was not however wholly unem-\\nployed. In 1801, a mill seat was\\nleased to Mr. Charles Kinsey, and\\nIsrael Crane; in 1807, a second, and\\n1811, a third, to other persons; and\\nbetween 1812, and 1814, several\\nothers were sold or leased. In 1814,\\nMr. Roswell L. Colt, the present en-\\nterprising governor of the society,\\npurchased, at a depreciated price, a\\nlarge proportion of the shares, and\\nreanimated the association. From\\nthis period, the growth of Paterson\\nhas been steady, except during the 3\\nor 4 years which followed the peace\\nof 1815.\\nThe advantages derivable from the\\ngreat fall in the river here, have been\\nimproved with much judgment. A\\ndam of 4^ feet high, strongly framed\\nand bolted to the rock in the bed of\\nthe river above the falls, turns the\\nstream through a canal excavated in\\nthe trap rock of the bank, into a\\nbasin whence, through strong guard-\\ngates, it supplies in succession three\\ncanals on sepax ate planes, each below\\nthe other giving to the mills on each,\\na head and fall of about 22 feet. By\\nmeans of the guard-gate, the volume\\nof water is regulated at pleasure, and\\na uniform height preserved avoiding\\nthe inconvenience of back-water. The\\nexpense of maintaining the dam, ca-\\nnals, and main sluice-gates, and of\\nregulating the water, is borne by the\\ncompany who have expended, in\\nraising the main embankment, and\\nconstructing the feeder from the river\\nand new upper canal, and for works\\nto supply water to the third tier of\\nmills, the sum of $40,000.\\nThe advantages which Paterson\\npossesses for a manufacturing town,\\nare obvious. An abundant and stea-\\ndy supply of water; a healthy, plea-\\nsant, and fruitful country, supplying\\nits markets fully with excellent meats\\nand vegetables Its proximity to New\\nYork, where it obtains the raw mate-\\nrial, and sale for manufactured goods;\\nand with which it is connected by\\nthe sloop navigation of the Passaic,\\nby the Morris canal, by a turnpike-\\nroad, and by a rail-road, render it\\none of the most desirable sites in the", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0571.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "PAT\\n208\\nPAT\\nUnion. The transportation of mer-\\nchandise to and from New York, has\\nheretofore cost from two, to two\\nand a half dollars the ton but will\\nbe reduced on the rail-road to one\\ndollar.\\nA water-power, consisting of as\\nmuch water as may be drawn\\nthrough an aperture one foot square,\\nor of 144 square inches, with a lot\\nfor buildings, having 100 feet on the\\nfront and rear, was let in the first in-\\nstance at a rent of 875 per annum\\nin the second, at $100 in the third,\\nat $160 and the price has been ad-\\nvanced from time to time, to $200,\\n$250, $300, $400, and $500 rent,\\nper annum. At present, the terms\\nof the company for such power and\\nlot, are rent of $500 per annum,\\non a lease of 21 years; renewable\\nevery 21 years at the same rent,\\non the payment of a fine of $500, or\\nan absolute right in fee simple for the\\nsum of $10,000. Lots for dwellings,\\nc., may be obtained at from $150,\\nto $1000 each. In good situations,\\nthe ordinary price is about 5 or 6\\nhundred dollars for 25 feet in front,\\nby 100 in depth.\\nThe city of Paterson is incorpo-\\nrated pursuant to 26th and 27th sec-\\ntions of the act of 22d November,\\n1791, and the plot, lies partly in the\\ncounty of Bergen, and partly in the\\ncounty of Essex, on both sides of the\\nriver, and covers 36 square miles, and\\nis governed by a mayor, recorder,\\ncommon council, c. It is 15 miles\\nN. from Newark, and 18 N. W. from\\nNew York, 61 N. E. from Trenton,\\n91 from Philadelphia, and 227 from\\nW. C. The following statistics of\\nthe town are derived from a very va-\\nluable memoir prepared by the Rev.\\nDr. Fisher, pastor of the First Pres-\\nbyterian church there, in 1832. The\\nnumber of dwellings are 765, stores,\\nc. 76, families 1586, consisting of\\n4515 males, and 4570 females, of\\nwhom 3949 were under 16 years of\\nage, and 250 were coloured persons.\\nDuring the year ending 4th July,\\n1832, the number of births was 321,\\nand of deaths 170 excess of births\\n151. This population is divided into\\n14 religious denominations, strongly\\nillustrating the diversity of religious\\nopinion in thickly settled districts of\\nthe United States, and the harmony\\nwhich may prevail among the wor-\\nshippers of the Deity, where lust of\\ntemporal dominion cannot be grati-\\nfied. There were here of heads of\\nfamilies, Presbyterians 384, Reform-\\ned Dutch 323, Roman Catholics 288,\\nMethodists 269, Episcopalians 149,\\nBaptists 86, Reformed Presbyterians\\n35, Dutch Seceders 6, Lutherans 6,\\nFriends 2, Christian Baptist 1, Uni-\\nversalists 2, Unitarians 2, Deists 4;\\nand there were 1 1 persons who either\\nprofessed no religion, or whose senti-\\nments were unknown. There are 9\\nhouses for religious worship, viz:\\nPresbyterian 1, Reformed Dutch 2,\\nRoman Catholic 1, Methodist 1, Epis-\\ncopal 1, Reformed Presbyterian 1,\\nBaptist 1, True Reformed Dutch 1;\\nthe eight first of which had, each, its\\nsettled minister. The provision for\\neducation in the town, consisted of\\n20 pay schools, 13 for males and 7\\nfor females, having scholars 384 a\\nfree school supported by the town for\\npoor children, having 188 pupils; an\\ninfant school under the direction and\\npatronage of a society of ladies, se-\\nlected from the different religious de-\\nnominations, in which poor children\\nbetween the ages of 3 and 8 years,\\nare gratuitously instructed, without\\nregard to the religious professions of\\ntheir parents. At this school, there\\nwas 173 pupils, making the whole\\nnumber of children thus instructed,\\nweekly, 1 1 95. Seven Sabbath schools\\ntaught 1531 scholars, a large pro-\\nportion of whom attended no other\\nschools.\\nThere is here also, a philosophical\\nsociety composed of young gentle-\\nmen, who have associated for litera-\\nry improvement, and have collected\\na respectable library and a mecha-\\nnics society, incorporated by the le-\\ngislature, for advancement in science\\nand the mechanic arts, which has laid\\nthe foundation of a library and a col-\\nlection of philosophical apparatus.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0572.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "PAT\\n209\\nPAT\\nIn 1833 the town contained 163\\nwidows, in whose families there were\\n834 souls, the greater portion of\\nwhom, now maintained by the ma-\\nnufacturing establishments, would,\\notherwise, have been dependant upon\\npublic or private charity, for sup-\\nport.\\nThere were, at this time, 12 black-\\nsmiths, besides those immediately\\nconnected with the machine shops\\nin these 22 fires, and 37 hands are\\nemployed 34 shoemakers, employ-\\ning 183 hands; 13 tailors and tailor-\\nesses, employing 70 hands,- 9 milli-\\nners, employing 34 hands 3 book-\\nstores; 1 bindery; 1 circulating K-\\nbrary, of 1300 volumes; 1 incorpo-\\nrated Ubrary company, with a libra-\\nry of 250 volumes 1 bank, viz.\\nThe People s Bank of Paterson\\nAlex. Carrick, president, and James\\nNazro, cashier 10 physicians; 6 li-\\ncensed attorneys 2 commissioners\\n3 masters in chancery, and 5 nota-\\nries 3 judges of the county courts,\\nand 10 justices of the peace; 2 print-\\ning offices, from which are issued 2\\nweekly papers, viz. the Paterson\\nIntelligencer, printed by David Bur-\\nnett, the proprietor, and published on\\nWednesday; and the Paterson Cou-\\nrier, printed by A. S. Gould, the\\nproprietor, and published on Tues-\\nday 1 post-office, Moses E. De Witt,\\npost-master; 10 licensed taverns; 40\\ngrocery and provision stores and 51\\ngrogshops, where little else but ardent\\nspirits is sold 1 dry good, hardware,\\ncrockery, and grocery store 2 dry\\ngood and crockery stores; 14 fancy\\ndry good stores; 2 hardware stores;\\n1 fancy chair store; 1 fancy chair\\nand looking-glass store; 1 apotheca-\\nry and paint store, and 4 medicine\\nstores 5 shoe stores 1 corset, mil-\\nlinery, and fancy store 2 hat stores,\\nand 1 hatter, employing 4 hands 1\\npoor-house, 21 paupers 2 brewe-\\nries 1 file cutter 1 girth manufac-\\nturer, and 4 looms; 1 reed maker;\\n4 bakeries; 2 carpet weavers 1 ma-\\nnufactory of fine ingrained carpets,\\nemploying 7 looms and 12 hands; 1\\ni^un and locksmith, c. 2 coopers,\\n2 D\\nemploying 11 hands; 1 sizing esta-\\nblishment; 3 dyeing establishments,\\nseparate from the factories, and 8\\nhands; 1 umbrellamaker 1 chair\\nbottomer several hcddlemakers 2\\ntobacconists, 9 hands; 2 watchma-\\nkers, jewellers and silversmiths 4\\ncabinetmakers, 35 hands; 1 candle\\nand 2 soap factories; 2 barbers; 3\\nlottery offices 1 tanner and currier,\\n33 vats and 9 hands; 3 hay scales,\\nBull s patent; 4 painters and gla-\\nziers, 22 hands 1 Masonic hall 1\\nauction mart 1 counterpane weaver\\n1 marble yard, 6 hands; 1 freestone\\nyard, 5 hands; 7 slaughter-houses,\\nand 9 butchers 4 livery stables 7\\nwheelwrights and 1 9 hands 2 sad-\\ndle and harnessmakers, and trimmers,\\n10 hands; 8 confectionery and toy\\nshops 2 copper, tin, and sheet iron\\nmanufactories, and 24 hands 2 large\\nand commodious market-houses, and\\nthe market is well supplied with meat,\\nfish, and vegetables of the various\\nkinds 1 museum, fitted up with taste\\n1 hoe factory, 4 hands 1 sashmaker,\\n2 hands 4 public engines for extin-\\nguishing fires, and 7 private ones\\n2 moveable and 5 attached to the fac-\\ntories 1 5 master carpenters, employ-\\ning 122 hands; 8 master masons,\\nemploying 174 hands; 1 public dis-\\npensary, incorporated by act of the\\nlegislature.\\nPaterson contains 1 saw mill, with\\n2 saw carriages and 2 saws 1 grist\\nmill, with 2 run of stones 4 turning\\nand bobbin factories, employing 43\\nhands; 2 bleaching establishments,\\nemploying 18 hands; 5 millwright\\nestablishments, employing 59 hands\\n1 manufactory of cotton wadding,\\nwhere wadding of a superior quality\\nis manufactured 4 machine factories,\\nemploying 404 hands. In the last the\\nmanufacture of cotton and other ma-\\nchinery is brought to a high state of\\nperfection. In that of Messrs. Plun-\\nket and Thompson, are employed be-\\ntween 60 and 70 hands, and being\\nrecently established, it contains the\\nlatest improvements in their art, and\\nproduces machinery of superior qua-\\nlity.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0573.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "PAT\\n210\\nPAT\\nAttached to the works of Godwin,\\nClark, and Co., and of Rogers, Ket-\\nchum, and Grosvenor, are two exten-\\nsive brass and iron founderies, where\\nmill shafts, wheels, and thfe various\\nparts of cotton machinery, c. are\\ncast: 20 manufactories of cotton in\\nthese arc 40,501 spindles in opera-\\ntion they employ 1646 hands, and\\nuse annually 3,360,272 lbs. of raw\\ncotton.\\nThe Phcnix Manufacturing Com-\\npany, in addition to their cotton esta-\\nblishment, have 1616 spindles, em-\\nployed in spinning flax the flax an-\\nnually consumed is 493,000 lbs., giv-\\ning employment to 196 hands. This\\nflax is manufactured into duck and\\nbagging.\\nIn the cotton establishment of John\\nColt, Esq. were manufactured in\\n1831, 460,000 yards of cotton duck:\\nA sattinct factory, with a dyeing esta-\\nblishment annexed, employs 1322\\nspindles, 75 hands, 23 power looms,\\nand 13 hand looms; consuming, an-\\nnually, 105,000 lbs. of wool.\\nTke power looms in operation in\\nall the factories were 311, hand looms\\n14. In the village and out of the fac-\\ntories, there were only 50 hand\\nlooms.\\nTotal number of power and hand\\nlooms 374. Total spindles 43,439.\\nTotal cotton, wool, and flax annually\\nconsumed is 3,958,272 lbs. Total\\nhands employed in all the establish-\\nments 2543: a large proportion of\\nwhom are children.\\nA button factory, employing 28\\nhands. In this factory are made steel\\nbuttons, clasps, ornaments, and a va-\\nriety of other articles of iron and\\nsteel: A gilt button manufactory,\\nemploying 20 hands, and manufac-\\nturing at the rale 9000 groce of but-\\ntons a year. The average price of\\nthese buttons is about $4 50 a groce.\\nAnnual produce $40,000. The but-\\ntons manufactured at this establish-\\nment, as it respects perfection of\\nworkmanship and elegance of finish,\\nin the opinion of competent judges,\\nare not surpassed by any gilt buttons\\nimported from Europe.\\nThe large four story brick factory\\nof Rogers, Ketchum, and Grosvenor,\\nbesides the room occupied by the\\nmachinists, is capable of containing\\n5000 cotton spindles, with the ma-\\nchines for preparation.\\nOne large three storied paper mill.\\nIn the establishment of Messrs.\\nCollet and Smith, were manufactured\\nin 1831, 900 pieces of nankeen, of a\\nsuperior quality, from nankeen cot-\\nton, raised by Governor Forsyth of\\nGeorgia.\\nThat part of the village of Pater-\\nson, situated on the north side of the\\nPassaic river, usually called New\\nManchester, had\\ndwellings, families, souls.\\nIn 1824, 31 48 289\\n1827, 66 115 625\\n1829, 89 154 852\\n1832, 114 217 1214\\nIn the whole village of Paterson, in\\n1824, there were,\\n814 families, 4787 souls.\\nIn 1825, 849 do. 5084 do.\\n1827, 1046 do. 6236 do.\\n1829, 1220 do. 7033 do.\\n1832, 1568 do. 9085 do.\\nThe spindles in operation in 1 825,\\nwere 19,036; in 1827, 25,998; in\\n1829, 30,295 and in 1832, 43,439.\\nThe raw material consumed in\\n1827, was.\\nCotton, 1,843,100 lbs.\\nFlax, 620,000\\nTotal, 2,463,100 lbs.\\nIn 1829, Cotton, 2,179,600 lbs.\\nFlax, 600,000\\nTotal, 2,779,600 lbs.\\nIn 1832, Cotton, 3,360,272 lbs.\\nFlax, 493,000\\nWool, 105,000\\nTotal, 3,958,272 lbs.\\nIn consequence of the great im-\\nprovement in cotton machinery, yarn\\nof a much finer thread is spun con-\\nsequently, the consumption of the", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0574.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "PAU\\n211\\nPEN\\nraw material has not increased in\\nproportion to the inci eased number-\\nof spindles.\\nIn 1827, there were employed in\\nall the manufacturing establishments,\\n1453 hands, and the annual amount\\nof wages paid to them, as ascertained\\nfrom the pay lists of the manufac-\\nturers, was $221,123. In 1829,\\nthere were employed, 1879 hands;\\nannual wages, $285,453; in 1832,\\nthere were employed, 2543 hands;\\nannual amount of wages, $367,003.\\nThe salutary influence of this thriv-\\ning town, is sensibly felt throughout\\nthe whole of the N. E. section of the\\nstate. The agriculturist has parti-\\ncipated, in no small degree, in its\\nprosperity. His lands have greatly\\nincreased in marketable value, and\\nhis physical and moral condition has\\nbeen in all respects improved. If wise,\\nhe will maintain this source of pre-\\nsent enjoyment to himself, and of fu-\\nture happiness to his posterity, with\\na zeal becoming its value.\\nPattenbiiry, small village of Beth-\\nlehem t-ship, at the S. foot of Mus-\\nconetcong mountain, on Alberson s\\nbrook, 12 miles N. W. of Fleming-\\nton, Hunterdon county, contains a\\ngristmill, a store, 6 dwellings. Soil,\\nred shale, through or near which a\\nvein of limestone probably passes.\\nPaulinskill, creek of Sussex and\\nWarren counties, which rises by\\ntwo branches the easterly one from\\na pond on the south of Pimple hill,\\nin Hardiston t-ship, and flowing\\nthence N. W., through Newton town-\\nship, into Frankford township the\\nwesterly one, from Long and Cul-\\nver s ponds, at the foot of the Blue\\nmountain, in Frankford, in which\\ntownship the branches unite near the\\ntown of Augusta, and flow thence by\\na south-west course of 22 or 23 miles,\\nto the Delaware river the whole\\nlength of the stream, by its eastern\\nbranch, may be 35 miles. It gives\\nmotion to many mills, and flows\\nthrough a very fertile country of lime\\nand slate formations, separating them\\nfor a considerable part of its course.\\nPaulsboro\\\\ town of Greenwich\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., near Mantua\\nci eek, 4 miles W. of Woodbury;\\ncontains a tavern, stope, 10 or 12\\ndwellings, and a Methodist church.\\nPaxtoti s Island, in the Delaware\\nriver, Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon co.\\nPeck^s Beach, on the coast of the\\nAtlantic ocean, in Upper t-ship, Cape\\nMay CO., extends about 10 miles,\\nfrom Corson s to Egg Harbour inlet.\\nPedricktown, p-t. of Upper Penn s\\nCreek t-ship, Salem co., lying on\\nOldman s creek, about 8 or 9 miles\\nfrom its mouth contains between 20\\nand 30 dwellings, 1 Friends meeting\\nhouse, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 school\\nand is inhabited by agriculturists and\\nmechanics. The soil around it is\\na sandy loam and well cultivated, by\\nmeans of the marl found in the neigh-\\nbourhood. The Palma Christi, or\\ncastor bean, is extensively produced\\nhere, and about 1500 galls, of oil\\nmanufactured annually. The town\\nis distant, 16 miles N. E. from W.\\nC. 54 S. from Trenton, and 14 or\\n15 N. from Salem.\\nPemberton, or New Mills, p-t. of\\nNoi thampton t-ship, Burlington co.,\\non the north branch of the Rancocus\\ncreek, 6 miles above Mount Holly,\\n13 from Burlington, 27 from Tren-\\nton, and 162 from W. C. contains\\na grist mill, saw mill, fulling mill, a\\ncotton manufactory, a cupola fur-\\nnace, 1 Methodist and 1 Baptist\\nchurch, a school house, 2 taverns, 5\\nstores, and about 100 dwellings.\\nThis is a thriving town, growing\\nrapidly by reason of its manufac-\\ntures.\\nPennington, p-t. of Hopewell t-ship,\\nHunterdon co. Centrally situated,\\n8 miles N. of Trenton; 174 from\\nW. C, and 15 S. from Flemington;\\nin a level country of red shale, fer-\\ntile and well cultivated contains 1\\nMethodist and 1 Presbyterian church,\\nboth good buildings of briok, the lat-\\nter having a cupola and bell, 3 ta-\\nverns, as many stores, and about\\n30 dwellings, a public library and an\\nacademy. This is a very neat and\\npleasant village, surrounded by weal-\\nthy and liberal farmers.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0575.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "PEN\\n212\\nPEN\\nPenris Grove, small hamlet and\\nferry, on the Delaware river, in\\nUpper Penn s Neck t-ship, Salem co.,\\ndistant about 15 miles N. of Salem;\\nthere are here 6 or 8 dwellings, a\\ntavern and store. The Wilmington\\nand Philadelphia steam boat touches\\nhere daily, to receive and land pas-\\nsengers, and a 4 horse stage runs\\ndaily between the ferry and the town\\nof Salem.\\nPenri s Neck, (see Williamsburg,)\\nlies in the angle formed by the Stony\\nBrook and Millstone river, West\\nWindsor township, Middlesex county,\\nabout a mile S. E. of Princeton.\\nPenn s Neck, Loiver, t-ship, of\\nSalem co, bounded N. by Upper\\nPenn s Neck E. and S. E. by Salem\\nriver, which divides it from Man-\\nnington and S. W. and W. by the\\nriver Delaware. Centrally distant,\\nN. W. of Salem, 5 miles greatest\\nlength, 9; breadth, 6 miles; area,\\n12,645 acres; surface, level; soil,\\npartly rich clay loam, partly sandy\\nloam, and partly excellent marsh\\nmeadow. Products, wheat, rye, corn\\nand vegetables for market. Popula-\\ntion in 1830, 994. In 1832, the\\ntownship contained 228 taxables;\\n73 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed $30 in value; 4 school\\nhouses, an Episcopal, a Presbyterian\\nand a Methodist church, 2 taverns,\\n2 stores, 2 fisheries and it paid town-\\nship tax, i300 county tax, $722 76\\nstate tax, $226 50.\\nA canal, of two miles in length,\\nnear the northern boundary, cut\\nthrough a dead level, unites the Sa-\\nlem river with the Delaware at about\\n12 miles above the mouth of the for-\\nmer, saving to vessels from this point,\\na circular navigation of 25 miles.\\nKinseyville is a small village on the\\nDelaware, at which there is a ferry.\\nPenn s NecJc, Upper, t-ship, Sa-\\nlem CO., bounded N. and E. by Wool-\\nwich t-ship, Gloucester co. S. E.\\nby Piles Grove t-ship, Salem co. S.\\nby Mannington t-ship; S. W. by\\nLower Penn s Neck and W. by the\\nriver Delaware. Centrally distant\\nfrom Salem, 10; greatest length, 9;\\nbreadth, 7^ miles surface level\\nsoil light sandy loam; generally cul-\\ntivated with rye and Indian corn;\\narea, 21,053 acres. There are, in\\nthe township, 1 Friends and 1 Me-\\nthodist meeting, 5 schools, 5 taverns,\\n6 stores, 1 grist and 1 saw mill, 1\\nferry, 1 distillery. In 1832, there\\nwere 340 horses and mules, and 900\\nneat cattle, over three years of age;\\n117 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed $30 330 taxable inha-\\nbitants. In 1830, the population by\\ncensus, was 1638. In 1832, the\\ntownship paid township tax, $400;\\ncounty tax, $738 20 state tax,\\n$230 75.\\nA valuable bed of shell marl lies in\\nthe township, near Pedricktown the\\nextent of which has not yet been ex-\\nplored. Large quantities have been\\ndug and used with great advantage\\nin this and the neighbouring town-\\nships. It is found most useful on the\\nHght and sandy soils, in the culture\\nof grass and grain, when applied in\\nquantities of 10 or 12 two horse wa-\\ngon loads to the acre. In opening\\nthe pits a bed of oyster and other\\nshells, at irregular distances from the\\nsurface, from three to twenty feet,\\npresents itself. This bed is about\\nthree feet thick. Beneath it is a mass\\nof undiscovered depth, composed of\\nblack earth and shells, known as gun-\\npowder marl, but it is not in as much\\nrepute as the stratum of shells.\\nTifiese shells, when exposed to the\\nair, disintegrate rapidly. The marl\\nis sold at about 50 cts. the wagon\\nload. More than an acre of this bed\\nhas been already excavated.\\nPennypot, name of a small tribu-\\ntary of the Great Egg Harbour river,\\nand also of a tavern and mill, near\\nthe junction of Hospitality branch,\\nwith the main stream, in Hamilton\\nt-ship, Gloucester co.\\nPensankin Creek, rises by two\\nbranches, one in the N. part of Eves-\\nham t-ship, and the other on the hne\\nbetween that t-ship, in Burlington co.,\\nand Waterford t-ship, of Gloucester\\nCO., uniting about four miles above\\nthe mouth, and flowing into the De-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0576.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "PEQ\\n213\\nPEQ\\nlaware, three miles above Petty s\\nisland. It is a mill stream, naviga-\\nble for 5 or 6 miles, and forms part\\nof the boundary line between Bur-\\nlington and Gloucester counties.\\nPepack Creek, mill stream, and\\nti ibutary of the N. branch of the Ra-\\nritan rises in Chester t-ship, Morris\\nCO., and flows to its recipient, by a\\nsoutherly course of about 7 miles, in\\nBedminster t-ship, Somerset co.\\nPepack, p-t., of Bedminster t-ship,\\nSomerset co., 11 miles N. W. from\\nSomervillc, 212 from W. C, and 46\\nfrom Trenton; contains a tavern,\\nstore, grist mill, and some 10 or 12\\ndwellings, in a fertile limestone coun-\\ntry.\\nPequannock, t-ship, Morris co.,\\nbounded N. E. by the Pequannock\\ncreek, which separates it from Pomp-\\nton t-ship, Bergen co.; E. by Pomp-\\nton river, dividing it from Saddle river\\nt-ship, of the same co. S. E. by\\nCaldwell t-ship, Essex co. S. by\\nHanover and Randolph t-ships, and\\nW. by Jefferson t-ship. Centrally dis-\\ntant, N. from Morristown, 10 miles-\\nGreatest length, E. and W. 16,\\nbreadth, 11 miles; area, 74,000\\nacres. The surface of the t-ship is\\nhilly, being covered with mountain\\nridges and knolls. On the northern\\nboundary, is Green Pond mountain,\\ngirding a narrow valley, through\\nwhich flows the Burnt Meadow branch\\nof the Rockaway river, and bounded\\nsouthward, by Mount Hope, and Cop-\\nperas mountain. Between these and\\nthe next I idge, is a wider valley, drain-\\ned by the Beaver Branch of the same\\nriver, and south of this, innominate\\nknolls and ridges make valleys,\\nthrough which run minor tributaries\\nof the river. The soil of the t-ship\\nis generally loam and clay, but grey\\nlimestone is found in the valley, S. of\\nCopperas mountain, and probably in\\nother places. Iron abounds in the\\nhills in the N. W., and is of excellent\\nquality, from which many iron works\\nin the neighbourhood are supplied.\\nFrom the sulphate of iron in the Cop-\\nperas mountain, much copperas was\\nformerly made. Green Pond is a\\nlarge sheet of water, nearly 3 miles\\nlong, by a half-mile in width in the\\nvale between Green Pond and Cop-\\nperas mountain, much resorted to for\\nboating and fishing and the wild\\nscenery around it is much admired.\\nThe valley is inhabited sparsely, by\\npersons dependant upon the iron\\nworks. Pompton plains, on the east\\nborder of the t-ship, are level and\\nsandy, but densely inhabited, and to-\\nlerably cultivated. Pompton, Mont-\\nville, Powerville, c., are post-towns\\nof the t-ship. Population in 1830,\\n4451. In 1832, the t-ship contained\\n129 householders, whose i-atables did\\nnot exceed $30 in value, 132 single\\nmen, 1050 taxables, 8 stores, 9 saw\\nmills, 5 grist mills, 37 tan vats, 2\\ndistilleries, 30 chairs and sulkies, 14\\nforges for making iron, 1 furnace, 1\\nfour horse stage, 4 rolling and slit-\\nting mills, 1 fulling mill, 690 horses\\nand mules, and 2265 neat cattle,\\nabove the age of 3 years and it\\npaid state tax, $574; county tax,\\n$1285 10; poor tax, $800; road tax,\\n$3000. The Newark and Milford\\nturnpike road crosses the western,\\nand the Newark and Hamburg, and\\nPaterson and Hamburg, turnpike\\nroads, cross the eastern end of the\\nt-ship, and the Morris canal runs\\nthrough the southern part, and for\\nsome distance along the valley of the\\nRockaway river.\\nPequannoclc Creek, rises in the\\nWallkill and Wawayanda mountains,\\nin Sussex co., and flows by a south-\\neast and south course, of about 27\\nmiles, to the Passaic river; forming\\nthe boundary between Morris and\\nBergen cos. Below Pompton village\\nit takes the name of Pompton river.\\nIt has a rapid current, through a nar-\\nrow valley, and considerable volume\\nand is, therefore, an excellent mill\\nstream.\\nPequest Creek, rises by two branch-\\nes, in the eastern part of Sussex co.,\\nwhich unite in Independence t-ship,\\nWarren co., and flow thence by a\\nS. W. course, through Oxford t-ship,\\nto the Delaware river, at the town of\\nBelvidere. Its whole leneth is about", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0577.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "PER\\n214\\nPER\\n80 miles. This is a large and rapid\\nstream, affording abundant water-\\npower, and draining, by the main\\nstem and branches, an extensive val-\\nley of primitive limestone. (See Bel-\\nvidere.)\\nPerryville, small p-town of Beth-\\nlem t-ship, Hunterdon co., on the\\nturnpike road from Somerville to\\nPhilipsburg, about 10 miles N. of\\nFlemington, 35 from Trenton, and\\n194 fromW. C.\\nPerth Amboy City, p-t., t-ship,\\nand port of entry of Middlesex co.,\\nat the head of the Raritan bay, and\\nat the confluence of the Raritan river\\nwith the Arthur Kill, or Staten Island\\nSound. It lies 14 miles from the\\nsea, at Sandy Hook, 25 miles by the\\nSound from New York, 15 by the\\nriver, and 10 by land, from New\\nBrunswick 36 by post-route from\\nTrenton, 65 by rail-road fi om Phila-\\ndelphia, and 212 from W. C. The\\nport, large and safe, and one of the\\nbest on the continent, is easily ap-\\nproached from the sea by a broad\\nestuary, having generally 12 feet\\nwater, and in the main channel from\\n24 to 26 feet.\\nThis advantageous site for a town,\\nwas early noticed by the agents of the\\nEast Jersey proprietors in the lan-\\nguage of deputy governor Lawrie,\\nin 1684, there being no such place\\nin all England, for conveniency and\\npleasant situation. The place was\\nknown to the aborigines as Artibo,\\nthe Point; and was greatly resorted\\nto by them on account of its fish and\\noysters, the latter of which are yet\\nabundant here. The relics of Indian\\nfestivities, are still visible in the large\\nquantities of oyster shells which min-\\ngle with, and enrich portions of the\\nsoil. The name of Perth was given\\nto it in honour of James, Earl of\\nPerth, one of the 24 proprietaries\\nand it was called by that name only in\\nthe instructions of the proprietaries,\\nuntil 1698, when we, for the first\\ntime, in the instructions to the deputy\\ngovernor, Basse, find the name of\\nPerth Amboy.\\nThe town was laid out into 150\\nlots, by Samuel Groome, one of the\\nproprietaries, and surveyor general,\\nas early as 1683. In the following\\nyear, Gawn Lawrie, a proprietary\\nand deputy governor, added large\\ntracts for out-lots. The town plot\\nwas designed to contain 1500 acres\\nand lots were sold at 20 pounds, with\\ncondition that the purchasers should\\neach build a house 30 feet long, by\\n18 feet wide. Lawrie contracted at\\nthis time for the erection of several\\nhouses for the proprietaries, and one\\n60 feet long and 18 wide, for the go-\\nvernor. He was directed to make\\nthe town the seat of government and\\nthe chief mart of the province, and to\\nincorporate the inhabitants by char-\\nter, with the necessary privileges and\\njurisdiction of a city.\\nThis was a favourite spot with the\\nEast Jersey proprietaries, who used\\nmany efforts to render it the site of a\\nlarge city, but it was overshadowed\\nby New York, and their exertions\\nwere in vain. After the surrender of\\nthe proprietary governments to the\\ncrown, the general assembly and the\\nsupreme court of the province, as-\\nsem.bled at this place and Burlington,\\nalternately.\\nThe city was incorporated under\\nthe proprietary and royal govern-\\nments, but its present charter em-\\nbracing the provisions of the prior\\nones, is under the act of 21st Decem-\\nber, 1784, and gives the following\\nboundaries. Beginning at the meet-\\ning of the waters of the Raritan river\\nwith those of the Sound, at that part\\nof Staten Island from the main to the\\nsouthward of the flat or shoal that\\nruns off from Cole Point; thence up\\nthe Sound, on the eastern bank of the\\nchannel as the sanne runs to Wood-\\nbridge creek thence up the creek to\\nthe mouth of the stream on which\\nCutler s mill stands thence up said\\ncreek to a lane leading to a line be-\\ntween George Herriott and Grace\\nInnsley thence by said lane to the\\nroad leading from Amboy to New\\nBrunswick thence by said road south", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0578.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "PER\\n215\\nPER\\nto a lane leading to Florida Landing\\nthence by said lane to the north cor-\\nner of the farm late of Samuel Ne-\\nville thence by the line of the same\\nto Raritan river, and across the same\\nto the south bank of the channel\\nthereof; and thence to the place of\\nbeginning. The government of the\\ncity is under a mayor, recorder, three\\naldermen, who are justices of the\\npeace, cx-officio, and appointed by\\nthe legislature for seven years and\\nsix common councilmen, sheriff, coro-\\nner, and sergeant-at-mace, and town-\\nship officers, elected annually by the\\npeople. The mayor, recorder, and\\naldermen, have power to grant tavern\\nlicenses, and to hold a court of re-\\ncord, having jurisdiction of all causes\\nof a commercial nature, wherein the\\nmatter in dispute shall have arisen\\nwithin the corporation, and subsists\\nbetween foreigner and foreigner, or\\nbetween foreigner and citizen of the\\nUnited States. And to induce the set-\\ntlement of merchants here the port\\nwas declared free, and they exempt\\nfrom taxation for 25 years. The\\ntownship contains 2577 acres of land,\\nof alluvial formation, consisting of\\nclay, sand loam, and gravel, in\\nwhich, at various depths, are found\\norganic remains. It is elevated above\\nthe tide some 40 or 50 feet, and is un-\\ndulating in its surface. The popula-\\ntion, which is principally gathered\\nnear the point, there not being more\\nthan 20 dwellings separated from the\\ntown, amounted in 1830, to 879.\\nThe township in 1832, contained\\nabout 140 dwellings, 78 household-\\ners, whose ratable estates did not ex-\\nceed $30 in value; 39 single men,\\n10 storekeepers or traders, 5 taverns,\\nan Episcopal, Presbyterian, and a\\nBaptist church, 1 school for boys,\\nanother for girls, and a third esta-\\nblished under the school fund of the\\nstate. St. Peter s the Episcopal\\nchurch, was founded probably about\\nthe year 1685. In July 30th, 1718,\\nit was incorporated by George I\\nand William Eier, and John Barclay,\\nwere appointed the first church war-\\ndens, and Thomas Gordon Esq.,\\nJohn Rudyard, Robert King, and\\nJohn Stevens, the first vestrymen.\\nThe church is indebted to Thomas\\nGordon, George Willocks, and Mar-\\ngaretta Willocks, his wife, and major\\nJohn Harrison, for considerable en-\\ndowments, upon which its prosperity is\\nbased. There is an extensive pottery\\nof excellent stone-ware in the town in\\nwhich the clay from South Amboy\\nis chiefly, if not solely used. But the\\nchief business of the city is the oys-\\nter fishery. The shell-fish are abun-\\ndant in the bay, and the bottom is so\\nfavourable to their growth, that large\\nnumbers are transplanted thither, not\\nonly from the river above, but also\\nfrom Virginia. A capital of more\\nthan $40,000 is said to be thus em-\\nployed, yielding an annual profit of\\nmore than $20,000. The state of\\nNew Jersey has leased about 250\\nacres of land, covered with water,\\nhere, in small lots, of a few acres\\neach, whose tenants rear oysters\\nupon them. But the state of New\\nYork, claiming exclusive right of\\nproperty, in the soil under water, to\\nthe line of low-water mark, on the\\nshore of the state conflicting claims\\nhave induced vexatious disputes, and\\neven alarming riots, which have pre-\\nvented the quiet enjoyment of the\\ntenants, and the collection of rents.\\nIn 1832, the city paid poor tax, $350;\\ncounty tax, $135 87; and state tax,\\n$110 56.\\nFrom its agreeable position, vicini-\\nty to the ocean, and sea-water baths,\\nPerth Amboy is a pleasant residence\\nduring the hot months, and is much\\nvisited for recreation, by the citizens\\nof New York. Some- years since, a\\nvery large and commodious hotel,\\ncalled Brighton, was erected for their\\naccommodation; but, at that period,\\nthere was not sufficient support to\\nsustain it, and Brighton-house is now\\na handsome country-seat.\\nThe destiny of this town, long ob-\\nscured, notwithstanding its fine port,\\nand pleasant and healthy position, is\\nprobably about to receive a favoura-\\nble change, through the agency of\\nthe Delaware and Raritan canal, and", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0579.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "PIL\\n216\\nPIS\\nthe rail-roads to Philadelphia. The\\nready transportation of merchandise,\\nby these means, may convert this\\ninto an out-port of Philadelphia.\\nThe collection district of Perth\\nAmboy, comprehends all that part of\\nEast New Jersey, (that part excepted\\nwhich is included in the district of\\nLittle Egg Harbour) south of Eliza-\\nbethtown, together with all the waters\\nthereof, within the jurisdiction of the\\nstate. The towns of New Brunswick,\\nand Middletown Point, are ports of\\ndelivery only. The collector resides\\nat Amboy, and a surveyor at New\\nBrunswick.\\nPeter^s Beach, on the Altantic\\nocean, Galloway t-ship, Gloucester\\nCO., at the mouth of Absecum inlet,\\nand between it and Quarter inlet.\\nPhilipsburg, town of Greenwich\\nt-ship, Warren co., on the left bank\\nof the Delaware river, opposite the\\nborough of Easton, in Pennsylvania,\\n14 miles below the town of Belvidere,\\nand about 60 above Trenton. Con-\\ntains about 20 dwellings, 4 stores,\\nand 2 taverns. The Morris canal\\ncommunicates with the Delaware\\nhere, opposite to, and a short distance\\nbelow, the basin of the Lehigh canal.\\nA bridge of wood of three arches,\\ncovered, 600 feet long, and 24 feet\\nwide, over the Delaware, which cost\\n$80,000, connects Philipsburg with\\nEaston.\\nPiJfe Brook, tributary of No-Pipe\\nBrook, rises in the Nashanic moun-\\ntain, Montgomery t-ship, Somerset\\nCO., and flows S. E. about 5 miles to\\nits recipient.\\nPilesgrove, t-ship, Salem co.,\\nbounded, N. E. by Woolwich t-ship,\\nGloucester co., from which it is di-\\nvided by Oldman s creek S. E. by\\nPittsgrove t-ship; S. W. by Upper\\nAlloways, and Mannington t-ships,\\nand N. W. by Upper Penn s Neck\\nt-ship. Centrally distant, N. E. from\\nSalem, 10 miles. Greatest length 9,\\nbreadth 6^ miles area, about 24,000\\nacres; of which, little more than 1000\\nmay be unimproved. Surface, level\\nsoil, stiff clay and deep loam, well\\ncultivated in wheat, rye, oats, and\\ncorn. The Salem creek flows N. W.\\nthrough the t-ship, and gives motion\\nto a woollen factory, and several mills.\\nPopulation in 1830, 2150. In the\\nyear 1832, there were in the t-ship,\\n128 householders, whose ratables\\ndid not exceed $30 3 grist mills, 3\\nsaw mills, 4 tan yards, 2 distilleries\\nfor cider, 553 horses and mules, and\\n966 head of neat cattle, above the age\\nof 3 years. Sharptown and Woods-\\ntown are villages and post-towns of\\nthe t-ship. Near the latter are some\\nvaluable marl beds. There are 1\\nQuaker, 1 Baptist, and 1 African\\nMethodist church in the t-ship.\\nPimple Hill, a noted eminence of\\nHardiston t-ship, Sussex co., near\\nthe eastern line of the t-ship.\\nPine Brook, Caldwell t-ship, Essex\\nCO., rises in the Second mountain,\\nand flows W. to the Passaic river,\\nby a course of about 3 miles. It is a\\nmill stream.\\nPine Mount Creek, Greenwich\\nt-ship, Salem co., rises on the E. line\\nof the t-ship, and flows southward,\\nsome 3 or 4 miles, when dividing into\\ntwo branches, in opposite directions,\\nit isolates an eminence covered with\\npines, and bounded southward by the\\nCohansey river, of which the creek is\\na tributary.\\nPiscataway, t-ship, Middlesex co.,\\nbounded N. by Westfield t-ship E.\\nby Woodbridge; S. and S. W. by\\nthe Raritan river, and N. W. by\\nGreen Brook, separating it from War-\\nren t-ship, Somerset co. Centrally\\ndistant, N. from New Brunswick, 5\\nmiles. Greatest length, N. and S. 9\\nmiles; breadth, E. and W. 7^ miles;\\narea, 27,000 acres. Green Brook\\nreceives from the t-ship two tributa-\\nries, Amherst and Cedar Brooks. New\\nMarket, post-town Samptown, Green\\nBrook, Brooklyn, New Durham, Pis-\\ncataway, and Raritan Landing, are\\nvillages of the t-ship. Population in\\n1830, 3969. In 1832, the t-ship,\\ncontained an Episcopalian church,\\n695 taxables, 85 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 in value;\\n91 single men, 10 stores, 2 saw mills,\\n6 grist mills, 1 plaster mill, 4 distil-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0580.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "PIT\\n217\\nPLA\\nleries, 709 horses and mules, and\\n1501 neat cattle, above the age of 3\\nyears; and it paid state tax, $495 91;\\ncounty tax, $609 72; poor tax, $1400;\\nroad tax, $1000. The surface of\\nthe t-ship is level, soil of loam, clay,\\nand red shale, generally very well\\nqultivated.\\nPiscataway, village of the above\\nt-ship, 3 miles E. from New Bruns-\\nwick, and 1 N. from the Raritan\\nriver, on the turnpike road I rom New\\nBrunswick to Woodbridge; contains\\nan Episcopal church, a store, tavern,\\nand some 10 or 12 dwellings, in a\\ntolerably fertile country. This was\\nan old Indian village, and is re-\\nmarkable for having been the seat\\nof justice for Middlesex and Somei--\\nset COS., so early as the year 1683.\\nAt that period, the courts were holden\\nsometimes at this place, and some-\\ntimes at Woodbridge.\\nPiscot Brook, a small tributary\\nof the south branch of the Raritan\\nriver, rises in Round valley, in the\\nS. E. angle of Lebanon t-ship, Hun-\\nterdon CO.\\nPittsgrove, t-ship, Salem co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Franklin and\\nWoolwich t-ships, of Gloucester co.\\nS. E. by Millville t-ship, of Cumber-\\nland CO. S. W. by Upper Deerfield\\nt-ship, of Cumberland, and by Upper\\nAlloway s Creek t-ships, of Salem\\nCO. Centrally distant, E. from Sa-\\nlem, 16 miles. Greatest length, 15,\\nbreadth, 7 miles area, about 44,000\\nacres, of which 26,000 acres are un-\\nimproved. Population in 1830, 2216.\\nSurface, partly undulating, and part-\\nly level the soil is chiefly sandy and\\ngravelly loam. A proportion on the\\nN. W. part, is forest, of pine and\\nwhite oak timber, which has been\\nmuch cut over, and ^is known as the\\nBarrens. It is drained on the S. E.\\nand S. W. by branches of Maurice\\nrun, and on the N. W. by the head\\nwaters of Salem and Oldman s creeks.\\nDaretown, Ccntrcville, and Pittstown,\\nare villages of the t-ship; the last\\ntwo of which are post-towns. There\\nwere in 1832, in the t-ship, 1 Pres-\\nbyterian, 1 Baptist, and 3 Methodist\\n2E\\nchurches; 161 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 in value\\n510 taxablcs, 6 stores, 2 grist mills,\\n5 saw mills, 2 fulling mills, 1 large\\ntan yard, 5 cider distilleries, 525\\nhorses and mules, and 933 neat cat-\\ntle, above 3 years of age. The t-ship\\npaid tax for t-ship purposes, $300;\\ncounty, $921 92 state tax, $294 42.\\nBy the act of 19th Nov., 1821, and\\nits supplement, 19th Nov., 1823, a\\ntownship called Centreville, was taken\\nfrom this, but was returned to it, by\\nact 18th Feb., 1829.\\nPittstown, p-t., of Salem co. cen-\\ntrally situate in Pittsgrove t-ship, 16\\nmiles E. of Salem; 180 N. E. of\\nW. C, and 74 S. from Trenton;\\ncontains 15 dwellings, 2 taverns, and\\n2 stores, a grist mill, saw mill, school\\nhouse, and masonic hall. The soil\\naround it, light and sandy.\\nPittstoion, Alexandria t-ship, Hun-\\nterdon CO., on the line of Kingwood\\nt-ship, and on a tributary of the S.\\nbranch of the Raritan river, 8 miles\\nN. W. of Flemington, 31 from Tren-\\nton, and 190 from W. C; contains\\n1 tavern, 1 store, a grist mill, and be-\\ntween 15 and 20 dwellings. The\\nsoil around it is clay, cold and poor\\nsurface hilly.\\nPlainfield, a large and thriving\\nvillage of Westfield t-ship, Essex co.,\\non Green Brook, the line between\\nthat and Somerset co. 211 miles N.\\nE. from W. C, 65 from Philadelphia,\\n45 from Trenton, 20 S. W. from\\nNewark, 16 from Elizabethtown, 25\\nfrom New York, and 11 N. E. from\\nNew Brunswick on a plain of very\\nlevel land, between 2 and 3 miles\\nwide, and about 11 long; contains\\n1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, and 1 Me-\\nthodist church, 2 Friends meeting\\nhouses, (Flicksite and Orthodox) 2\\ngrist mills, 1 saw mill, 4 stores, 3\\nschools, 2 clergymen, 1 lawyer, 2\\nphysicians, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 13\\nmaster hatters, who manufacture\\nabout $75,000 worth of hats annual-\\nly; 5 master tailors, employing 70\\nhands, who work for the southern\\nmarket a fire engine, and company,\\na mutual insurance company, eata-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0581.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "PLE\\n218\\nPOL\\nWished in 1833, which in a few\\nmonths, executed policies to the\\namount of more than $150,000;\\nand 120 dwellings; a ladies library,\\nan apprentices library. A four-\\nhorse mail stage, to New York, three\\ntimes a week, and as often to Phila-\\ndelphia, on alternate days, runs\\nthrough the village. The country\\naround the town is rich, well culti-\\nvated, and healthy the water good,\\nand the society moral and religious,\\nand ambitious of improvement. The\\nneighbouring mountain, about a mile\\nN. of the town, affords an abundant\\nsupply of cheap fuel, and screens the\\nvalley from the violence of the N.\\nand N. W. winds; and gives a very\\npleasing prospect to the S. and E.,\\nover a space of 30 miles.\\nPlainshoroiigh, hamlet of South\\nBrunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., 14\\nmiles S. W. of New Brunswick, 14\\nS. E. from Trenton; contains a ta-\\nvern, store, and 8 or 10 dwellings.\\nSoil, light, gravelly and sterile.\\nPlainville, Montgomery t-ship,\\nSomerset co., 8 miles S. W. from\\nSomerville; contains a tavern, store,\\nand 4 or 5 dwellings.\\nPleasant Grove, on Schooley s\\nmountain, Washington t-ship, Morris\\nCO., on the turnpike road from Mor-\\nristown to Easton, 21 miles from the\\nformer, and 20 from the latter con-\\ntains a tavern, store, and several\\ndwellings, and a very neat stone\\nchurch, belonging to Presbyterians.\\nThe surrounding country is pleasant,\\nand is improving much by the use of\\nlime the soil is a stiff clay.\\nPleasant Mills, p-t. of Galloway\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., on the Atsion\\nriver, 30 miles S. E. from Woodbury,\\n65 from Trenton, and 173 from W.\\nC. contains a tavern, 2 stores, a\\nglass factory, belonging to Messrs.\\nCoffan Co., a cotton factory, with\\n3000 spindles, and from 20 to 30\\ndwellings.\\nPleasant Valley, of the South\\nmountain, Mansfield t-ship, Warren\\nCO., through which runs a small tri-\\nbutary of the Pohatcong creek. The\\nsoil here, as in other valleys of the\\nt-ship, is of primitive limestone. There\\nis a small hamlet in the valley, at\\nwhich there is a grist mill, and seve-\\nral dwellings, upon the turnpike road\\nto Easton.\\nPleasant Valley, Randolph t-ship,\\nMorris co., through which flows\\nDell s brook. The sides of the vale\\nare of gentle ascent part of the land\\ngood, and well cultivated.\\nPluckemin, p-t. of Bedminster\\nt-ship, Somerset co., 6 miles N. W.\\nfrom Somerville, at the foot of Bask-\\ning Ridge, 205 miles N. E. from W.\\nC., and 39 from Trenton contains\\n1 tavern, 2 stores, and from 25 to 30\\ndwellings.\\nPochuck Mountain, on the W.\\nside of Vernon t-ship, Sussex co.,\\nextends about 8 miles northwardly.\\nAlong its eastern foot runs the Po-\\nchuck turnpike road, leading from\\nHamburg towards the state of New\\nYork. The mountain is composed\\nof primitive rock, of which horn-\\nblende is a principal constituent. Its\\nbase is surrounded with primitive\\nlimestone.\\nPohatcong Creek, Warren co.,\\nI ises near the N. E. boundary of\\nMansfield t-ship, and flows S. W.\\nthrough that and Greenwich t-ships,\\nby a course of three or four and\\ntwenty miles to the Delaware river,\\n8 or 9 miles below Philipsburg.\\nThis fine stream flows through and\\ndrains a wide and fertile valley of pri-\\nmitive limestone, which is very well\\ncultivated, and produces large quanti-\\nties of wheat. There is a fine view\\nof the valley from the south-eastern\\nacclivity of Scott s Mountain, on the\\nroad to Oxford furnace; the creek\\nruns somewhat parallel with the Mus-\\nconetcong, both following the range\\nof the mountains, and at their mouths\\nare scarce two miles asunder.\\nPoint Comfort, west cape of Sandy\\nHook bay, Middleton t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., projecting into the Raritan\\nbay, 8 miles S. E. of Perth Amboy,\\nand about an equal distance from\\nSandy Hook light-house.\\nPole Tavern, a noted tavern and\\ncluster of houses in Pitsgrove t-ship,", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0582.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "POM\\n219\\nPON\\nabout 4 miles N. W. of Pittstown,\\nand 14 E. of Salem.\\nPompeston Creek, mill stream of\\nChester t-ship, Burlington co., flow-\\ning by a N. W. course of about 5\\nmiles, and emptying into the Dela-\\nware river, nearly opposite to the\\nmouth of the Pennepack creek.\\nPompton t-ship, Bergen co., bound-\\ned N. by Orange co., New York E.\\nby Franklin t-ship; S. by Pequan-\\nnock and Jefferson t-ships, Morris\\nCO. and W. by Hardiston and Ver-\\nnon t-ships, Sussex co. Centrally\\ndistant N. W. from Hackensack, 23\\nmiles greatest length E. and W.\\n14 miles; breadth N. and S. 12\\nmiles; area, about 70,000 acres, of\\nwhich about 55,000 are unim-\\nproved, and much of it covered with\\nforest; surface, very hilly; the Ra-\\nmapo mountain, extending over the\\neastern boundary, and Bear Foot\\nmountain along the western the in-\\ntervening space is broken into knolls\\nof various sizes and shapes. The\\nsoil is generally clay and loam, but\\nsome primitive limestone appears near\\nMackepin lake. In these hills is\\nfound an extensive deposit of iron, in\\nthe same vein which runs through\\nSchooley s mountain. Ringwood ri-\\nver bathes the western base of the\\nRamapo mountain; Long Pond or\\nGreenwood lake, which crosses the\\nnorthern boundary from New Yoi k,\\nsends a tributary to it called Long\\nPond river. Dunker, Buck, Cedar,\\nHanks, and Mackepin ponds, in the\\nsouth-west part of the t-ship, give\\ntheir surplus waters to the Pequan-\\niiock, winch, under the name of\\nPompton river, flows along the south-\\nern boundary Long Flouse creek\\nflows northerly through the north-\\nwest angle. Population in 1830,\\n3085. in 1832, the t-ship contained\\n750 taxables, 229 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 79 sin-\\ngle men, 6 stores, 15 grist mills 14\\nsaw mills, 16 forge fires, 2 fulling\\nmills, 20 tan vats, 2 distilleries, 519\\nhorses and mules, and 1816 neat cat-\\ntle over 3 years of age; and paid\\nstate tax, f 340 13; county, $649 17.\\nThe Morris canal crosses the Pomp-\\nton river about 2 miles above its\\nmouth in this t-ship, by a wooden\\naqueduct 236 feet long, supported by\\n9 stone piers.\\nPompton Plain, lies between the\\nPompton mountain and the Preakness\\nhills, and is nearly 20 miles in cir-\\ncumference, with a variable breadth\\nseldom exceeding four miles. It is a\\nfresh water alluvion, and strata of\\ngravel, sand, and clay, without rocks\\nin place, are uniformly found here\\nwherever wells have been dug. It\\nwas, probably, at some remote period,\\nthe bed of a lake. The Pequannock,\\nRingwood, and Ramapo rivers, unit-\\ning at the head of the Plain, form\\nthe Pompton river, which flows along\\nits eastern side to the Passaic, about\\n8 miles. The southern, and much\\nof the western part of the plain is\\nmarshy, and embraces about 1500\\nacres of peat ground, the fuel from\\nwhich, so far as can be determined\\nby a ditch running four miles through\\nit, appears to be good. In the south-\\nern part of the plain, good granular\\nargillaceous oxide of iron, or pea ore\\nis raised from a space of about 200\\nacres. There is a straggling village\\nupon the plain, comprising a Dutch\\nReformed church, a tavern, 3 stores,\\nan academy, and about 30 dwellings\\nand at the head of the plain is\\nPompton, p-t., 18 miles N. E. of\\nMorristown, 236 from W. C, and 70\\nfi om Trenton containing a tavern,\\nstore, grist mill, and 12 or 15 dwell-\\nings, and a Dutch Reformed church.\\n(See Ryersons.)\\nPompton Mountain, an angular\\nhill, of Pequannock t-ship, Morris co.,\\nbounding the Pompton plains, W.\\nand N. W. The sides of the angle\\nare respectively about 4 miles long.\\nPond Creek, Downe t-ship, Cum-\\nberland CO., a short inlet to the\\nmarsh on the W. side of Maurice\\nriver cove.\\nPo7id Creek, a small stream flow-\\ning from Lower t-ship. Cape May co.,\\ninto the Delaware bay, near 2 miles\\nN. of the Light-house.\\nPond Run, small tributary of the", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0583.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "POT\\n220\\nPRI\\nAssunpink creek, Nottingham t-ship,\\nBurlington co., unites with its reci-\\npient, after a N. W. course of about\\n5 miles.\\nPonds; name given to a neighbour-\\nhood of the S. W. part of Franklin\\nt-ship, Bergen co. so called, possi-\\nbly, from a small lake. There is a\\nGerman Reformed church here, also\\ncalled Ponds.\\nPort Elizabeth, p-t. of Maurice\\nriver t-ship, Cumberland co., upon\\nthe Manamuskin creek, near its con-\\nfluence with the Maurice river, about\\n14 miles from the Delaware bay, 16\\nS. E. from Bridgeton, 85 from Tren-\\nton, and 182 from W. C. contains\\nfrom 80 to 100 dwellings, 1 tavern,\\n4 stores, a Baptist church, an acade-\\nmy a commodious building; some\\nlarge glass woi ks, managed by a\\ncompany of Germans, under the firm\\nof Getz, Zinger, and Co., at which\\nlarge quantities of window glass and\\nhollow ware are made. The hands\\nof this establishment speak the Ger-\\nman language altogether, and are re-\\nmarkable for their cultivation of music.\\nA considerable lumber trade is carried\\non from the town, and some ship build-\\ning is done there. The town is 16\\nmiles from the Delaware bay, by the\\nsinuosities of Maurice river, and 8 by\\nland. The river is navigable for ves-\\nsels of 120 tons. There are 4 grist,\\nand 3 saw mills within 3 miles of the\\ntown. Much business is done here\\nin wood, lumber, and rails. The\\ntown is built on good land, and is\\nsurrounded by very valuable mea-\\ndows, worth $100 the acre.\\nPort Norris, landing and store-\\nhouse, with a tavern, store, and 6 or\\n8 dweUings, on the west side of Mau-\\nrice river, about 10 miles from the\\nmouth, 5 miles from Dividing Creek\\nvillage, and 22 from Bridgeton.\\nPottersville, p-t. of Hunterdon co.,\\non the line separating Readington\\nfrom Tewkesbury t-ship, and on the\\nturnpike road leading from Somer-\\nville to Philipsburg, 10 miles N. E.\\nfrom Flemington, 43 miles from\\nTrenton, and 211 from W. C. con-\\ntains a tavern, store, and a few dwell-\\nings.\\nPotter s Falls, on the Lamington\\nriver, at the angle of junction of Hun-\\nterdon, Morris, and Somerset cos.\\nPoverty Beach, on the Atlantic\\nocean, immediately north of Cape\\nMay Island, Lower t-ship. Cape May\\nCO., extends about three miles in\\nlength by half a mile in breadth.\\nPoiicrshon, small village of Bloom-\\nfield t-ship, Essex co., 5 miles north\\nof Newark; contains a school house\\nand several dwellings. The poor-\\nhouse of the t-ship is in the valley\\nnear it.\\nPoiverville, p-t. of Pequannock\\nt-ship, Morris co., in the valley of the\\nRockaway river, 10 miles N. E. from\\nMorristown, 234 from W. C, and 68\\nfrom Trenton contains a tavern, 2\\nstores, a forge, a grist and saw mill,\\nand from 10 to 15 dwellings. Coun-\\ntry around rough and sterile.\\nPrallsville, p-t. of Amwell t-ship,\\nHunterdon co., on the river Dela-\\nware, 10 miles S. W. from Fleming-\\nton, 20 N. from Trenton, and 174\\nfrom W. C. contains 1 store, 1 ta-\\nvern, some 6 or 8 dwellings, and a\\ngrist mill, at the mouth of the Wick-\\nhechecoke creek. There is a fine\\nbridge here over the Delaware, erect-\\ned on stone piers, by an incorporated\\ncompany. The surrounding country\\nis hilly.\\nPreaJcness Mountain, a distin-\\nguished hill of Saddle River t-ship,\\nBergen co., commencing about three\\nmiles N. W. from Paterson, and run-\\nning in a semicircular direction se-\\nveral miles. It is formed by sand-\\nstone surmounted by trap rock, and\\nembosoms an extensive valley.\\nPreaJcness BrooJc, Saddle River\\nt-ship, Bergen co., which, after a\\nsouth course of about 6 miles, flows\\ninto the Passaic river, about 2 miles\\nabove the Little Falls. Preakness\\nDutch Reformed church, is in the\\nvalley of this stream, near its source.\\nPrimrose Creek, tributary of the\\nPassaic river, Morris t-ship, Morris\\nCO., has a course of about six miles\\nfrom its source to its recipient.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0584.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "PRI\\n221\\nRAH\\nProspect Plains, level tract of\\ncountry extending between Cranber-\\nry Brook and Manalapan Brook, with\\na light sandy soil, in South Ainboy\\nt-ship, Middlesex co.\\nPrinceton, p-t. and borough, partly\\nin Montgomery t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nand partly in Windsor t-ship, Middle-\\nsex CO., on the main road between\\nNew York and Philadelphia, 50 miles\\nfrom the one, and 40 from the other,\\n11 from Trenton, 25 from New\\nBrunswick, and 177 from W. C.\\nsituated in a very pleasant countiy of\\nred shale and alluvion, and remark-\\nable for the salubrity of its climate,\\nthe beauty of its villas, and the neat-\\nness, generally, of its buildings. It\\nwas incorporated as a borough in\\n1813, and contains about 185 dwell-\\ning houses, and at least 1100 inhabi-\\ntants, exclusive of the youth connect-\\ned with the public institutions, of\\nwhom there are, at present, (1833)\\nabout 350.\\nThe Delaware and Raritan canal\\nruns within a half mile of the bo-\\nrough, and has already contributed,\\nin no small degree, to its prosperity.\\nThe office of the company is esta-\\nblished here.\\nBesides the buildings belonging to\\nthe literary institutions, (for these see\\npages 84, 85,) there are in Prince-\\nton, a Presbyterian church, an Epis-\\ncopal church, and two other houses\\nfor public worship, belonging to the\\nPresbyterian society one of which\\nis for the use of the coloured popu-\\nlation. The literary institutions of\\nPrinceton are a college, a theological\\nseminary, three classical schools, two\\nschools for the instruction of young\\nladies, and three or four common\\nschools; all independent of each\\nother.\\nThe name of Pi inceton is associ-\\nated, not only with the literary repu-\\ntation of our country, but also with\\nher struggle for independence since,\\nin the immediate vicinity of this place,\\nwas fought the memorable battle of\\nJanuary 3d, 1777, in which the Bri-\\ntish army was routed by the Ameri-\\ncans, under the command of General\\nWashington, and in which the la-\\nmented Mercer was mortally wound-\\ned. A large painting commemorative\\nof these events, is suspended in the\\nchapel of the college.\\nQuarterns Inlet, from the Atlantic\\nocean to Reed s bay, between Brigan-\\ntine beach on the east, and Peter s\\nbeach on the west, Galloway t-ship,\\nGloucester co.\\nQtiaker Bridge, over Batsto river,\\nWashington t-ship, Burlington co.,\\n6 miles S. E. of Shamong village,\\nand 4 from Atsion Furnace. There\\nis a tavern here.\\nQuakertown. (See Fairview.)\\nQuintan s Bridge, small village\\nand p-t. on Alloways creek, in Upper\\nAUoways t-ship, Salem co., 5 miles\\nS. E. of Salem, 174 N. E. from W.\\nC, and 68 S. from Trenton contains\\nsome 12 or 15 dwellings, 1 tavern,\\nand 2 stores. It is a landing at\\nwhich much wood is delivered for\\nthe Philadelphia market. The bridge\\nis noted in the county for a massa-\\ncre of some militia, by a party of\\nBritish troops, while on a foraging\\nparty, during the occupancy of Phi-\\nladelphia by Sir William Howe, in\\nthe revolutionary war.\\nRaccoon Creek, rises in Franklin\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., and flows\\nthence N. W. through Woolwich\\nt-ship, by a course of 17 miles to the\\nRiver Delaware, opposite to Shiver s\\nisland. It is navigable for sloops 7\\nor 8 miles to Swedesborough, and for\\nboats to Mullica Hill, 5 miles further.\\nRailway River, called by the abo-\\nrigines Rp.hawack, anglice, Man s\\nRiver, rises in the valley between the\\nFirst and Second mountains. Orange\\nt-ship, Essex co., and flows thence\\nS. W. and S. to Springfield, where it\\nreceives several considerable tributa-\\nries; thence by a south course of\\nabout 8 miles it passes by Rahway\\nvillage, where it meets the tide and\\nthence by a south-east course of about\\n5 miles, dividing Middlesex from Es-\\nsex CO., it unites with Staten Island\\nSound, 9 or 10 miles N. E. of Perth\\nAmboy. It is navigable to Rahway\\nvillage for vessels of 80 tons burden.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0585.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "RAH\\n222\\nRAH\\nand receives at the village the Mid-\\ndle or Robinson s branch, and the\\nSouth branch. Upon these branches\\nthere are severable valuable mill\\nseats, and on the main branch be-\\ntween Springfield and tide-water,\\nthere are 20 mills employed in grind-\\ning grain, sawing lumber, and manu-\\nfacturing paper, cotton, and wool.\\nOn the river, there is some of the\\nbest brick clay of the United States\\nand the manufacture of bricks was, at\\none period, so great here, as to em-\\nploy steadily about 40 sloops in their\\ntransport to New York. Owing to\\nthe scarcity of fuel, this manufacture\\nhas declined.\\nRahway, p-t., including what was\\nformerly called Bridgetown, lies upon\\nthe Rahway river, at the head of\\ntide, five miles from its mouth, partly\\nin Woodbridge t-ship, Middlesex co.,\\nand partly in Rahway t-ship, Essex\\nCO.; distant N. E. 205 miles from\\nW. C, 39 from Trenton, 11 from\\nBrunswick S. W., 10 from Newark,\\n18 from Jersey City, and 8 from\\nAmboy; consists of four detached\\nvillages, Rahway Proper, north of\\nRobinson s branch. Union, Bridge-\\ntown, and Leesville, on the south.\\nThis diversity of names is productive\\nof some irregularity in the transit of\\nletters to the town, and has induced\\na wish to change the name; and\\nsome of the inhabitants propose to\\nsubstitute that of Athens. There\\nare here, about 350 dwellings, con-\\ntaining, it is said, 3000 inhabitants,\\nmostly of New England origin this\\nwould give a greater average num-\\nher of inhabitants to a house, than\\nin any other district of the state; an\\nelegant Presbyterian church erected\\nin 1831, a Methodist, Baptist, and an\\nAfrican Episcopal church, and two\\nQuaker meeting houses pertaining to\\nthe Orthodox and Hicksite parties, re-\\nspectively. The citizens, with enter-\\nprise and liberality worthy of high\\ncommendation, have established, un-\\nder the general incorporation law of\\nthe state, a library company, and a\\nSunday school association, which has\\nerected a commodious house, sup-\\nposed to be the first designed ex-\\npressly and exclusively for Sunday\\nschools in the world and a second\\nSunday school house is about to\\nbe built by the Methodists here. A\\njoint stock company have reared\\nthe \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Athenian Academy, a noble\\nbuilding 68 feet long by 36 wide,\\ntwo stories high the upper used as\\na lecture room; costing 5000 dol-\\nlars, and which was opened for lite-\\nrary exercises 12tK August, 1833, by\\na neat and exciting address from the\\npresident of the trustees of the insti-\\ntution, Mr. Robert Lee. The tutors\\nof this seminary have fixed sala-\\nries, and are thus relieved from the\\nanxiety and distraction of mind aris-\\ning from uncertain and precarious\\ncompensation. But we may observe\\nalso, that the stimulus to exertion\\nand the attainment of excellence, has\\nbeen in a great measure thereby re-\\nmoved. The professors in the schools\\nof Germany, certainly infei ior to\\nnone in the world, are supported by\\ntheir pupils, whose number depends\\non the reputation of the teachers.\\nPerhaps the best mode of compensa-\\ntion, is that which, providing certain\\nsubsistence, leaves merit to find its\\nown reward from popular favour.\\nThe Athenian Academy had 1^6\\npupils in the first week of its exist-\\nence. Besides this institution Rah way\\nhas six common public schools, and\\na very large and commodious literary\\ninstitution, built and directed by Mr.\\nSamuel Oliver. There are also in\\nthe village a bank, called the Farm-\\ners and Mechanics, incorporated in\\n1828, with an authorized capital of\\n$200,000, of which 60,000 have\\nbeen paid in a fire engine, a mutual\\ninsurance company, and a printing\\noffice from which issues a weekly\\npaper, called the Rahway Advocate\\n25 stores, 4 taverns, (and be it re-\\nmembered, 10 schools,) a large build-\\ning called The Taurine Factory,\\noriginally designed for the manufac-\\nture of coarse cloth and carpets from\\ncow s hair, but about to be employed\\nin the colouring and printing of silk\\nthe Mammoth Saw Mill, said to", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0586.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "RAH\\n223\\nRAM\\nbe the largest in the state belonging\\nto Mr. Joseph 0. Lufberry, and for\\nthe supply of which, there was in\\nthe river, in September, 1833, more\\nthan $30,000 worth of pine and oak\\ntimber a steam-boat company, whose\\noperations will probably be super-\\nseded by the Jersey rail- road now\\nmaking 5 lumber and coal yards, 1\\nsoap and candle manufactory, 3\\nbakeries, 2 watchmakers, 4 millinery\\nshops, and extensive manufactories\\nof hats, boots, shoes, carriages, cabi-\\nnet furniture, and clothing for export\\nclock, earthenware, coach-lace, plated\\nware for carriages, c. c. On the\\nRahway river, some distance above\\nthe town, are extensive cotton bleach-\\ning and printing works, employing\\nabout 100 hands. The amount of\\ncapital vested in manufactures here\\nand in the neighbourhood, is estimat-\\ned at 356,000 dollars, and the sur-\\nplus product of the town and its vici-\\nnity, at from 1,000,000 to 1,200,000\\nannually. Thriving as this place\\ncertainly is, new stimulus will be\\ngiven to its activity by the rail-road\\nnow being made from Jersey City\\nto New Brunswick, which will pass\\nthrough the village, and thus bring\\nit within an hour s journey of New\\nYork. The town has now commu-\\nnication thrice daily with New York,\\nby stages and steam-boats via Eliza-\\nbethtown Point, and also by other\\nconveyances.\\nThe soil, for many miles around\\nthe town, is well adapted to grass\\nand grain, consisting of a fertile\\nloam resting on sand, gravel and red\\nshale, and much hay and grain are\\nannuall}^ sent to market. In 1830,\\nthe population of Woodbridge town-\\nship was 3909, and of Rahway town-\\nship, 1983, making in the two town-\\ni ships in which the village lies, 5952\\nsouls. It is said, the population of\\nthese townships, now, 1833, amounts\\nto 10,000; but, though the increase\\nis certainly great, we fear it has been\\noverrated.\\nWe insert nerhatim, the followin T\\nremark, which needs no comment,\\nmade by a highly respectable inha-\\nbitant of the town. Lecsville, at\\nthe southern part of the town, takes\\nits name from a family named Lee,\\nwho have long resided there, and\\nturnished our most enterprising and\\npublic spirited citizens; and as mer-\\nchants and manufacturers, were the\\nfirst to lead the way to our extensive\\ntrade with the southern states, and\\nwho have, by thei r industry and per-\\nseverance, liberality and enlightened\\nviews in other respects, greatly added\\nto the prosperity of the town.\\nRahway t-ship, Essex co., bound-\\ned N. W. by Union, and N. E. by\\nElizabeth t-ship E. by Staten Island\\nSound S. by Woodbridge t-ship,\\nMiddlesex co. and W. by West-\\nfield t-ship. Centrally distant, S.\\nW. from Newark, 9 miles. Greatest\\nlength, E. and W., 8 breadth, N.\\nand S., 4^ miles area, 10,000 acres;\\nsurface, level soil, red shale and\\nwell cultivated. Drained by the Rah-\\nway river, vvhich runs S. centrally\\nthrough the township, and bounds it\\non the S. E. by Robinson s brook,\\na tributary of that stream; and by\\nMoss s creek, which, after a crooked\\ncourse of about 7 miles, empties into\\nthe Sound, on the N. E. boundary.\\nRahway post-town, is the only vil-\\nlage of the township, and one-half of\\nthat is in the adjoining county. Po-\\npulation in 1830, 1983. In 1^32,\\nthere were in the township, 375 tax-\\nables, 177 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30; 117 single\\nmen, 5 merchants, 6 gi ist mills, 4\\nsaw mills, 1 paper mill, 1 printing\\nand bleaching establishment, 254\\nhorses and mules, and 711 neat cat-\\ntle, over 3 years of age; and it paid\\nstate tax, $212 98 county, $557 25\\npoor, $600; road, $400.\\nRamapo River, rises in the re-\\ncesses of Sterling mountain. Orange\\nCO., New York; and flows thence by\\na S. course, dividing the Ramapo\\nmountain, to the boundary between\\nthat state and New Jersey, 14 miles;\\nthence, deflecting S. W. it follows\\nthe base of the mountain, 13 miles\\nto Pompton river, about 2 miles be-\\nlow Ryerson s, forming in part, the", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0587.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "RAN\\n224\\nRAR\\nboundary between Franklin and\\nPompton townships. It is a fine mill\\nstream, receiving several small tri-\\nbutaries from the east, v/hich also\\nmove mills.\\nRamapo Mountain, Bergen co., is\\na high hill of angular form, with its\\nbase upon Ramapo river, in the state\\nof New York, and enclosed by that\\nriver on the east, and Ringwood river\\non the west; partly in Pompton and\\npartly in Franklin townships. Its\\nbreadth, at the base, is about 5 miles,\\nand its length about 10. Its height\\nunder 1000 feet, composed of primi-\\ntive rock, and covered with wood.\\nRamsaysburg. p-t. of Knowlton\\nt-ship, Warren co., on the bank of\\nthe Delaware, 215 miles N. E.\\nfrom W. C, and 59 from Trenton,\\nand 5 miles N. from Belvidere. Con-\\ntains a tavern, store, an Episcopal\\nchurch, and some half dozen dwell-\\nings.\\nRancocus Creek, rises by two\\nbranches the north, on the western\\nborder of Monmouth county, flowing\\na little north of west, about 28 miles,\\npassing by the town of Mount Holly,\\nto which place it is navigable; the\\nsouth branch, composed of several\\nstreams, which have their source in\\nBurlington county, and flow north-\\nwestward, uniting at Eayrstown, and\\nthence running by Lumberton, to the\\njunction with the north branch, four\\nmiles below that town. This branch\\nis navigable to Eayrstown. The uni-\\nted streams continue a N. W. course\\nfor about 7 miles, to the Delaware.\\nThe wood, timber, and produce of a\\nlarge extent of country find their way\\nto market by this stream.\\nRandolph t-ship, Morris co., bound-\\ned N. by Rockaway river, which se-\\nparates it from Pequannock t-ship;\\nE. by Hanover and Morris t-ships\\nS. by Mendham S. E. by Chester,\\nand W. by Roxbury t-ships. Cen-\\ntrally distant, N. W., from Morris-\\ntown, 7 miles greatest length, 7\\nbreadth, 5 miles area, 18,000 acres;\\nsurface, mountainous Schooley s\\nmountain, filling the northern part,\\nand Trowbridge mountain crossing\\nthe southern. In the valley, between\\nthem, rises and flows Den branch of\\nRockaway river. Black river has\\none of its sources in the northern\\nmountain, near the seat of the ho-\\nnourable Mahlon Dickerson, Esq.,\\nnear which also rises Dell s brook, a\\ntributary of the Rockaway, flowing\\neastward through Pleasant valley.\\nThe great bed of magnetic iron ore\\nwhich may be traced in the dii-ection\\nof the stratification from the White\\nHills, in New Hampshire, terminates\\nin this township near the Black river,\\nupon its western boundaiy. On this\\nbed the mine of Mr. Dickerson is\\nremarkable for the abundance and\\nexcellent quality of its product, and\\nthe skill with which it is wrought and\\nthe ore is transported in wagons and\\nby the Morris canal, to the furnaces\\nand forges, not only of this county,\\nbut of the neighbouring counties and\\nstates. This mine has been wrought\\nmany years. Shafts have been sunk\\nto the depth of 70 feet, and drifts dri-\\nven more than 120 feet. There is\\ncarbonate of lime mingled with the\\niron, which renders any other flux\\nunnecessary in smelting. In 1830,\\nthe population of the township was\\n1443 souls; and in 1832, the town-\\nship contained 324 taxables, 78\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30; 40 single men, 5 stores,\\n6 saw and 4 grist mills, 1 furnace, 1\\nforge, 1 oil mill, 1 fulling mill, 1\\ncarding machine, 35 tan vats, 250\\nhorses, and 770 neat cattle over three\\nyears of age, 4 distilleries and it\\npaid state tax, $156 70; county tax,\\n1350 82 poor tax, $800 road tax,\\n$800.\\nRaritan River, is formed by three\\ngreat branches, the North, the South,\\nand the Millstone river. (For a de-\\nscription of the last, see article Mill-\\nstone River.) The North Branch\\nrises in the valley N. of Trowbridge\\nmountain, in Randolph t-ship, Morris\\nCO., and flows S. through that and\\nSomerset co., to the main branch in\\nBridgewater t-ship, of the latter, about\\n4 miles W. of Somerville, receiving\\nin its course, Black or Lamington", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0588.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "RAR\\n225\\nREA\\nriver, a stream longer and larger\\nthan itself, and several smaller tribu-\\ntaries. Passing through a mountain-\\nous country, it is a rapid stream, with\\na pretty direct course, and gives mo-\\ntion to several mills. The South\\nBranch has its source in Budd s pond\\nor lake, on the summit ot Schooley s\\nmountain, and within three miles, be-\\ncomes an efficient mill stream, turn-\\ning several water works. It flows\\nby a S. W. course, through the chain\\nof hills of the South mountain to\\nClinton; thence deflects easterly\\nthrough the same chain, passing\\nwithin a mile and a half of Fleming-\\nton, to the western boundary of So-\\nmerset CO. thence turned to the N.\\nW. by the Nashanic mountain, it\\nreceives the North Branch, and by\\nan easterly course, traverses that\\ncounty to the eastern boundary:\\nflowing within two miles of Somer-\\nville, and receiving the Millstone\\nriver from the south, about three\\nmiles from that town. From Bound\\nBrook it reassumes a S. E. course,\\nand forms the boundary between So-\\nmerset and Middlesex counties, to\\nNew Brunswick; thence through the\\nlatter county by a winding course in\\nthe salt marsh, it meets the ocean at\\nPerth Amboy. From this point the\\nRaritan bay extends to the light-\\nhouse on Sandy Hook, 14 miles.\\nThe length of the river is from Am-\\nboy to New Brunswick, by the wind-\\nings 15 miles; from New Brunswick\\nto the mouth of the Millstone 10;\\nfrom the mouth of the Millstone to\\nthe mouth of the North Branch 7\\nand fronr thence to its source, 42\\nmiles; in all 74 miles. It may be\\nnavigated by small boats beyond\\nBound Brook but we believe this is\\nnever attempted above New Bruns-\\nwick. To that town, sloops, schoon-\\ners, and steam-boats of considerable\\nburden ascend. The Delaware and\\nRaritan canal enters the valley of the\\nriver at the mouth of the Millstone,\\nand terminates at New Brunswick.\\nImmediately above Brunswick the\\nriver may be forded at low water,\\nwhen below the town a 20 gun ship\\n2F\\nmay securely ride. In high tide,\\nhowever, sloops may pass a mile\\nabove the ford. The bridge opposite\\nthe city, near 1000 feet in length,\\nwide enough for two carriages to pass\\nabreast, with a foot way, built of\\nwood, on 11 stone piers beside the\\nabutments, was first completed in\\n1796; and rebuilt by a joint stock\\ncompany, in 1811.\\nRaritan Bay, extends from the\\nmouth of Raritan river, at Perth Am-\\nboy eastward, 14 miles to the ocean,\\nat Sandy Hook, and is about 2 miles\\nwide at Amboy Point, but increases\\nin width between Sandy Hook and\\nthe Narrows at Fort Richmond on\\nStaten Island. There are two chan-\\nnels through the bay. The northern\\ncarries from 24 to 28 feet water to\\nAmboy; the southern about 12 feet.\\nThe bay abounds with oysters, and\\nthe lands beneath the water, claimed\\nby the state, are in part divided into\\nsmall lots, and granted on rent (bad-\\nly paid) to the fishermen. More than\\n250 acres have been thus leased, on\\nwhich oysters are planted from time\\nto time, whose increase gives large\\nannual profits to those concerned in\\nthe fishery. (See Perth Amboy.)\\nRai itati Landing, on the left bank\\nof the Raritan river, at the head of\\ntide water, and two miles above New\\nBrunswick, in Piscataway township,\\nMiddlesex co. This is a place of\\nconsiderable business contains some\\n20 dwellings, 2 stores and a tavern,\\nchiefly on the primitive bank of the\\nriver, which is here high, and having\\nbetween it ?nd the water, a broad bot-\\ntom of rich alluvial land. There is a\\nwooden bridge here across the river.\\nRattle Snalee Run, branch of Mill\\ncreek, Fairfield t-ship, Cumberland\\nCO., uniting with its recipient at the\\nvillage of Fairton.\\nReadington t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nbounded N. by Tewkesbury t-ship;\\nE. by Bridgewatcr t-ship, Somerset\\nCO.; S. and S. W. by Amwell t-ship;\\nW. by Kingwood, and N. W. by\\nBethlehem t-ship. Centrally distant\\nN. E. from Flemington 8 miles;\\nlength N. and S. 12 miles; breadth", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0589.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "RED\\n226\\nRIN\\nE. and W. 7^ miles; surface, hilly,\\nexcept on the S. E. where it is level\\nsoil, red shale, clay, and loam. The\\nSouth Branch of the Raritan river,\\nflows on the S. W., S., and S. E. of\\nthe t-ship, and receives from it Camp-\\nbell s and Holland s Brooks. The\\nnorthern part is drained by Rocka-\\nway creek and its branches. Popu-\\nlation in 1830, 2102. In 1832 there\\nwere in the t-ship 7 merchants, 5\\nsaw mills, 7 grist mills, 6 distilleries,\\n2 carding machines, and 2 fulling\\nmills, 705 horses and mules, 1200\\nneat cattle over 3 years of age. The\\nt-ship paid state and county taxes,\\n$1323 75. White House and Pot-\\nterstown are post-towns of the t-ship.\\nRecklesstoion, p-t. of Chesterfield\\nt-ship, Burlington co., 12 miles N.\\nE. of Mount Holly, 5 S. E. from Bor-\\ndentown, 11 from Trenton, and 177\\nfrom W. C. contains a tavern, store,\\nand 10 or 12 dwellings, in a very\\nfertile country of sandy loam.\\nRed Bank, p-t. of Shrewsbury\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., on the south\\nshore of the Nevisink river, 46 miles\\nE. from Trenton, 13 miles N. E. from\\nFi-eehold, 3 N. from Shrewsbury;\\ncontains within a circle of a mile in\\ndiameter about 100 dwellings, 3 ta-\\nverns and 4 stores. The surrounding\\ncountry is fertile and pleasant; a\\nsteam-boat runs between it and New\\nYork, and many persons from that\\ncity spend the hot weather of summer\\nhere; finding very agreeable enter-\\ntainment in the families of respectable\\nfarmers, in visits to the sea shore,\\nin fishing, and other rural sports.\\nA bridge near 300 feet in length,\\nresting on wooden piers, has been\\nthrown across the river here, at the\\nexpense of the county.\\nRed Bank, on the Delaware river,\\nbetween Big Timber and Woodbury\\ncreeks, named from the colour of the\\nearth of which it is composed; re-\\nmarkable for a fort called Mercer,\\nerected here during the revolutionary\\nwar, and its brave and successful de-\\nfence by Col. Green, against a de-\\ntachment from the British army, com-\\nmanded by Count Donop, on the 22d\\nOct. 1777 in which the Count and\\nmany officers were made prisoners,\\nand a lieutenant colonel, 3 captains,\\n4 lieutenants, and 70 privates were\\nkilled. In commemoration of this\\nevent, a monument of handsome grey\\nmarble has been reared, bearing the\\nfollowing inscription.\\nTHIS MONUMENT\\nwas erected on the 22d October, 1829,\\nTo transmit to posterity, a grateful re-\\nmembrance of the\\nPatriotism and Gallantry of\\nLieut. Col. Christopher Green, who with\\n400 men, conquered the Hessian army\\nof 2000 troops, then in the British\\nservice, at the Red Bank, on\\nthe 22d October, 1777.\\nAmong the wounded was found their\\ncommander,\\nCOUNT DONOP,\\nwho died of his wounds, and whose body\\nis interred near the spot where he fell.\\nA number of the\\nNew Jersey and Pennsylvania\\nvolunteers.\\nBeing desirous to perpetuate the memory\\nof the distinguished officers and sol-\\ndiers, who fought and bled in\\nthe glorious struggle for\\nAmerican Independence,\\nHAVE\\nErected this Monument, on the 22d day\\nof October, Anno Domini, 1829.\\nRed Lion, hamlet of Northamp-\\nton t-ship, Burlington co., 9 miles S.\\nW. from Mount Holly.\\nReed s Bay, a salt marsh lake of\\nGalloway t-ship, Gloucester co., about\\n2 miles in length, and 1 in breadth,\\ncommunicating with Absecum bay,\\nand with the o cean, by a channel\\nflowing through Absecum inlet.\\nRepaupo Creek, Gloucester co.,\\nrises on the line separating Green-\\nwich from Woolwich t-ship, and flows\\nN. W. 7 or 8 miles, to the Delaware\\nriver, opposite to Chester Island.\\nRice s Pond, Knowlton t-ship,\\nWarren co., source of Beaver Brook,\\nwhich flows thence to Bequest creek,\\nby a S. W. course of 10 miles, turn-\\ning several mills in its course.\\nRingwood River, rises in Sterling\\npond, Sterling mountain, state of New\\nYork, and runs by a southerly course\\nof 16 miles, through Pompton t-ship,\\nBergen co., to the Pequannock creek,\\nforming with it Pompton river. It is", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0590.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "ROC\\n227\\nROC\\na rapid mill stream, and receives seve-\\nral tributaries, which also turn mills.\\nRingwood, village, on the above\\nstream, and within a mile and a half\\nof the state line; contains a blast fur-\\nnace, a forge, a store, and three dwell-\\nings beside those for the workmen at\\nthe iron woi ks. Surrounding coun-\\ntry, mountainous and barren distant\\n24 miles from Hackensack.\\nRingoestown, p-t. of Amwell t-ship,\\nHunterdon co., 6 miles S. of Fle-\\nmington, 17 N. of Trenton, and 176\\nN. E. from W. C. contains 1 ta-\\nvern, 3 stores, 1 Presbyterian church,\\nan academy, and 26 dwellings, sad-\\ndlery, and smith shop, cotton and\\nwoollen factory, and grist mill. This\\nis a delightful village, lying in the\\nvalley immediately at the foot of\\nthe Rock mountain, and upon a soil\\nof loam, composed of red shale and\\nclay, very deep, and highly cultivated\\nin grain and grass. Lands imme-\\ndiately round the village, readily\\nbring $100 the acre, and those more\\ndistant in the valley, $50 the acre.\\nRoadstown, p-t. of Cumberland\\nCO., on the line dividing Stow Creek\\nand Hopewell t-ships, 5 miles W. of\\nBridgeton, 179 N. E. of W. C, and\\n73 by post-route from Trenton; con-\\ntains 20 dwellings, 1 tavern, 2 stores,\\nand a large Baptist church of brick.\\nThe town is peopled principally by\\nthe cultivators of the soil the soil is\\ngood loam, and improving by the use\\nof marl.\\nRobinhood, branch of Maurice\\nriver, a small tributary, flowing from\\nthe east into the river, about 2 miles\\nbelow Maul s bridge.\\nRobin s, branch of Batsto river,\\nrises in Northampton t-ship, Burling-\\nton CO., and flows S. W. about 10\\nmiles, to its recipient in Washington\\nt-ship. It is a mill stream.\\nRobinson s Brook, tributary of\\nRah way river, rises on the S. W.\\nborder of Rahway t-ship, and flows\\nE. by a course of about 6 miles, to\\nits recipient at Bridgetown or Rah-\\nway.\\nRockaway river, Morris co., rises\\nby two principal branches in the\\nmountains of Pequannock and Jeffer-\\nson t-ships; the one flowing through\\nLongwood valley, and the other\\nthrough Green Pond valley, and\\ncommingling about a mile S. E. of\\nMount Pleasant. The united streams,\\nthence, flow through a deep and rapid\\nchannel, by a very serpentine course\\nof about 20 miles, to the Passaic river.\\nThe volume and fall of this stream\\nadapt it admirably to hydraulic pur-\\nposes, and there are many mills upon\\nit, principally for working of iron, as\\nat Dover, Rockaway village, Boon-\\nton, ,c.\\nRockaway Valley, of Hanover and\\nPequannock t-ships, Morris co., north\\nof Trowbridge mountain a narrow\\nvale crossed by the Rockaway river.\\nRockatcay, p-t. of Morris co., on\\nboth banks of the Rockaway river,\\n8 miles N. of Morristown, 229 N. E.\\nfrom W. C, and 63 from Trenton\\ncontains 1 rolling mill, 2 forges, 1\\ngrist and saw mill, 4 stores, 1 tavern,\\na Presbyterian or Dutch Reformed\\nchurch, and from 20 to 25 dwellings.\\nThe Morris canal passes through the\\nvillage.\\nRocky Hill, one of the chain of\\ntrap rock hills, which extend from\\nthe Delaware, below Lambertsville,\\nN. E. across the state, in Amwell\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., and in Mont-\\ngomery t-ship, Somerset co., about 2\\nmiles N. of Princeton. The sur-\\nface of this hill is rugged; soil, deep\\nclay, covered with heavy timber. It\\nextends E. and W. about 6 miles, to\\nthe Millstone river, which seems to\\nhave forced a passage through it.\\nRocky Hill, p-t., Montgomery\\nt-ship, Somerset co., at the N. E.\\nbase of Rocky hill, on the Millstone\\nriver, and turnpike road from New\\nBrunswick to Lambertsville, 12 miles\\nS. W. of Somerville, 185 N. E. from\\nW. C, and 14 from Trenton; con-\\ntains a grist and saw mill, a woollen\\nmanufactory, 2 stores, 2 taverns, and\\n12 or 15 dwellings.\\nRockatvay Creek, Hunterdon co.,\\nrises by two branches; one from the\\nnorthern part of Tewkesbury t-ship,\\nand the other from the western border", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0591.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "ROU\\n228\\nRYE\\nof Readington t-ship, uniting in the\\nlatter t-ship, and thence flowing into\\nLamington river, or the north branch\\nof the Raritan. By its longivst arm\\nthe stream has a course of 12 miles.\\nIt is a fine, rapid mill stream.\\nRock Brook, tributary of Beden s\\nBrook, rises in the Nashanic moun-\\ntain, Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nand by a S. E. course of about 6\\nmiles, unites with its recipient near\\nthe centre of Montgomery t-ship, So-\\nmerset CO.\\nRock Mountain, fills the S. E.\\nangle of Amwell t-ship, and the N.\\nE. angle of Hopewell t-ship, Hunter-\\ndon CO., and extends N. E. into So-\\nmerset CO., having a length of about\\n10 miles, with a very irregular\\nbreadth. On the north it sends forth\\ntributaries to the south branch of the\\nRaritan river, and on the south to\\nthe Millstone river. The hill is of\\ntrap rock, imposed on old, red sand-\\nstone.\\nRocksbury, village of Oxford t-sp,\\nWarren co., 5 miles S. of Belvidere,\\nupon the road leading to Philipsburg\\ncontains a tavern, store, 2 grist and 1\\noil mill, an air furnace for small cast-\\nings, and from 15 to 20 dwellino-s.\\nRocktown, small hamlet, of Am-\\nwell t-ship, Hunterdon co., 7 miles\\nS. of Flemington contains 1 tavern,\\n1 store, and some 2 or 3 dwellings.\\nIt lies in the pass through the Rock\\nmountain, and is named from the\\nabundance of large rocks around it.\\nRocky Brook, a tributary of Mill-\\nstone river, rises in Upper Freehold\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., above Imlay s\\nmill, and flows by a N. W. course\\nthrough East Windsor t-ship, Middle-\\nsex CO., about 9 miles to its recipient,\\non the boundary of South Brunswick\\nt-ship, passing through Hightstown,\\nand turning several mills.\\nRotten Pond, covering about 150\\nacres, on the boundary between Frank-\\nlin and Pompton t-ships, Bergen co.,\\nand on the Ramapo mountain.\\nRound Valley, in the S. E. angle\\nof Lebanon t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nnearly surrounded by mountains;\\ndrained by Piscot Brook, a tributary\\nof the south branch of the Raritan\\nriver.\\nRowandtoum, small village of\\nNewton t-ship, Gloucester co., on the\\nroad from Camden to Haddonfield,\\nabout 4 miles from the former, and 2\\nI rorn the latter contains some 6 or 8\\ndwellings, and several mechanics; sur-\\nrounded by a country of sandy loam.\\nRoxbury t-ship, Morris co., bound-\\ned N. and W. by the Hopatcong\\nlake and Musconetcong river, Avhich\\nseparates it from Warren and Sussex\\ncounties; N. E. by Jefferson t-ship;\\nE. by Randolph S. E. by Chester\\nand S. W. by Washington t-ships.\\nCentrally distant from Morristown N.\\nW. 14 miles; greatest length N. and\\nS. 12, breadth E. and W. 10 miles;\\narea, 35,840 acres surface, gene-\\nrally mountainous; but the Sucka-\\nsunny Plains extend some miles in\\nlength, by two or three in breadth.\\nSchooley s mountain fills the greater\\nportion of its area. On its summit\\nlies Budd s Pond, two miles in length\\nby one in breadth, whence flows a\\ntributary of the south branch of the\\nRaritan river; the main stream of\\nwhich has its source in a small pond,\\ntwo miles north of Drakesville, in\\nthis t-ship. Black river forms, in part,\\nits eastern boundary. On the moun-\\ntain the soil is clay and loam, but\\nlimestone is even there mixed with\\nthe granitic rock, and is found in the\\nvalley on the S. W. Flanders, Sucka-\\nsunny, DrakestovVn, and Drakesville,\\nare villages of the t-ship at the two\\nfirst of which are post-offices. Popu-\\nlation in 1830, 2262. In 1832 the\\nt-ship contained 410 taxables, 92\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 in value; 44 single men,\\n4 stores, 9 saw, 10 grist, and 2 full-\\ning mills, 16 tan vats, 8 distilleries,\\n15 chairs and sulkies; and it paid\\nstate tax, $261 07 county tax,\\n$584 51 poor tax, $300 and road\\ntax, $800.\\nRoxbury. (See Rocksbury.)\\nRyersons, a village at and near\\nthe junction of Ringwood and Pe-\\nquannock rivers, in the S. E. angle\\nof Pompton t-ship. There are here", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0592.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "SAD\\n229\\nSAL\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a01 tavern, 3 grist mills, a carding ma-\\nchine, a furnace, and store, a Dutch\\nReformed church, an academy, and\\nfrom 15 to 20 dwellings; surrounded\\nby a rich and productive country. The\\npost-office is at Pompton, on the right\\nside of the river, in Morris co.\\nRoy s Brook, a tributary of the\\nMillstone river, rising at the S. E.\\nfoot of Nashanic mountain, and flow-\\ning by a devious, but generally, N.\\nE. course of about 7 or 8 miles, to\\nits recipient, below Rogers mill.\\nSaddle River, rises in the state of\\nNew York, 3 or 4 miles beyond the\\nnorthern boundary of this state, and\\nflows thence, southwardly, about 18\\nmiles, through Bergen co., forming\\nthe boundary between Franklin and\\nHarrington t-ships. Saddle River, and\\nNew Barbadoes, and Lodi t-ships, to\\nits recipient, the Passaic river, about\\na mile above Acquackanonck. It has\\na rapid course, and considerable vo-\\nlume, and mills are strung thickly\\nalong its banks. The valley through\\nwhich it flows is broad, and shows\\nevidence in the gravel, and boulders,\\nand water-worn hills, that at some\\nday, a much larger volume of water\\nran through it.\\nSaddle River t-ship. The t-ship\\nand river both have their name from\\nthe shape of the former, which re-\\nceives from the Passaic river the\\nshape of a saddle. It is bounded N.\\nby Franklin t-ship; E. by Saddle\\nriver, separating it from Harrington,\\nNew Barbadoes, and Lodi t-ships\\nS. by the Passaic river; and W. by\\nPompton river, which divides it from\\nMorris co., and by Pompton t-ship.\\nCentrally distant N. W. from Hack-\\nensacktown 8 miles greatest length\\nE. and W. 10 miles; breadth N. and\\nS. 8 miles; area, 41,000 acres, of\\nwhich, about 17,000 are improved:\\nthe surface is generally hilly, the\\nFirst and Second mountains of Essex\\nCO., crossing the Passaic and continu-\\ning through it. On the east, how-\\never, between the Passaic and Saddle\\nrivers, there is a neck of low and\\nlevel land soil, red shale and loam\\nthe valleys fertile and well cultivated.\\nand the hills well wooded. Through\\nthe valleys flow several small brooks,\\nsuch as Singack, Preakncss, Kro-\\nkaevall, Gotfle, and Ackerman s\\nBrooks. Goffle, and New Manches-\\nter, a part of Paterson City, are the\\nchief villages of the t-ship. Popula-\\ntion in 1830, 3397. In 1832 there\\nwere 741 taxables, 496 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $B0 in\\nvalue; 80 single men, 7 stores, 8\\ngrist mills, 1 cotton manufactory, 1\\nfurnace, 10 saw mills, 13 tan vats, 2\\ndistilleries, 1 wool factory, 506 horses\\nand mules, and 1324 neat cattle over\\n3 years of age and it paid state tax,\\n$364 10 and county tax, $690 26.\\nSalem County has its name from\\nits chief town and seat of justice, Sa-\\nlem, founded by John Fenwicke, in\\nthe year 1675. By the act for ascer-\\ntaining the bounds of all the counties\\nin the province, passed 21st January,\\n1710, the following were the bounda-\\nries given to it: Beginning at the\\nmouth of a creek on the west side of\\nStipson s island, called Jecak s creek,\\nnow West creek thence by said\\ncreek as high as the tide floweth\\nthence by a direct line to the mouth\\nof a small creek at Tuckahoe, where\\nit comes into the southernmost main\\nbranch of the fork of the Great Egg\\nHarbour river; thence up the said\\nbranch to the head thereof; thence\\nalong the bounds of Gloucester coun-\\nty to the river Delaware, and thence\\nby the river and bay to the place of\\nbeginning and thus it included the\\nwhole of Cumberland county. The\\nlatter county was taken from it by\\nthe act of 19th Jan. 1748; and the\\nboundaries then established, confirm-\\ned by the act of 7th Dec. 1763, by\\nwhich the southern boundary of Sa-\\nlem county was then fixed as follows\\nCommencing at the middle of the\\nmouth of Stow creek thence by the\\nsame, opposite to the mills formerly\\nof John Brick thence up the middle\\nof Stow creek branch opposite the\\nhouse of Hugh Dunn thence by a\\ndirect line to said house, leaving it in\\nCumberland county; and thence by a\\nstraight line N. 51\u00c2\u00b0 15 E. 94 chains.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0593.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "SAL\\n230\\nSAL\\nto the house of Aziel Pierson, leav-\\ning that also in Cumberland county\\nthence N. E. by a line intersecting\\nthe line of Pilesgrove t-ship, 305\\nchains thence by Pilesgrove line S.\\n47\u00c2\u00b0 E. to the middle of Maurice river,\\nbelow the mouth of Muddy run thence\\nup the middle of said river to the foot\\nof Scotland branch thence up the\\nmiddle of said branch to Gloucester\\nline. The county is, therefore, now\\nbounded by the Delaware bay and\\nriver on the S. W., W., and N. W.\\nby Gloucester co. on the N. E and\\nCumberland co, on the S. E. Great-\\nest length N. and S. about 30 miles\\nbreadth E. and W. 26 miles area,\\n320 square miles, or 204,936 acres\\ncentral lat. 39\u00c2\u00b0 33 long, from W.\\nC. 1\u00c2\u00b0 50 E.\\nThe surface of the county is gene-\\nrally flat. Its soil, in the northern\\nand western parts, clay and loam,\\nmixed more or less with sand, and\\ngenerally productive, in wheat, grass,\\noats, c. In the south-eastern parts,\\nthe soil is sandy and gravelly, and\\nless fertile, but yielding much tim-\\nber and cord wood of oak and pine,\\nwhich succeed alternately when a\\nclearing is made. This is particu-\\nlarly the case with a strip of about\\n20 miles long, extending across Lower\\nand Upper AUoways Creek and Pitts-\\ngrove t-ships, denominated the Bar-\\nrens. The county is well watered,\\nhaving Oldman s creek on its north-\\nern boundary, Salem and Alloways\\ncreeks running through it centrally,\\nand Stow creek on the southern li-\\nmits.\\nThe county consists of alluvial and\\ndiluvial formation, the washings of\\nthe ocean and the primitive strata,\\nbeing very irregularly mingled, and\\nbeds of stiff clay, loam, and gravel,\\nare interspersed with white sea sand.\\nFrom two to twenty feet below the\\nsurface, in several places, there is\\nfound a species of greenish blue marl,\\nas at Pedricktown and Woodstown,\\nwhich is used as manure. In it there\\nare shells, as the ammonite, belem-\\nnite, ovulite, ostrea, terebratula, c.\\nsimilar to those found in the limestone\\nand grauwacke of the transition and\\nin the horizontal limestone and sand-\\nstone. We have not heard of any\\nbog iron ore in the county, though it\\nprobably exists; but sandstone and\\npuddingstone, cemented with iron ore,\\nare not uncommon.\\nSalem, Woodstown, Sharptown,\\nSculltown, Pedricktown, Daretown,\\nPittstown, Allowaystown, Friesburg,\\nCanton, Hancock s Bridge, and Quin-\\nton s Bridge, are villages of the co.\\nThe county was originally settled\\nby Dutch and Swedes; and subse-\\nquently by the English, companions\\nof John Fenwicke, who landed here\\nin 1675; and it derived its principal\\ninhabitants from the same source.\\nSome Dutch fixed themselves at,\\nand gave name to, Friesbui-g, in Up-\\nper Alloways Creek t-ship. The\\npopulation by the census of 1830,\\namounted to 14,155, of whom, 6443\\nwere white males; 6300 white fe-\\nmales 1 slave 673 free coloured\\nmales, and 638 free coloured females.\\nThere were also in the county, 6\\nwhites, deaf and dumb; 7 blind, and\\n27 aliens; and in 1832, taxables,\\n3092 1103 householders, whose ra-\\ntables did not exceed $30 47 store-\\nkeepers, 6 fisheries, 13 grist mills, 19\\nsaw mills, 2 carding machines with\\nspinning machines for wool, 6 fulling\\nmills, 7 tanneries, 15 distilleries, 19\\nstud horses, 3103 horses and mules,\\n7300 neat cattle, over 3 years of age\\nand the county paid for t-ship pur-\\nposes, $5076; for county purposes,\\n$7000; and state tax, $2156 60.\\nThere were in the county 7 Fi iends\\nmeeting houses, 6 Methodist, 5 Bap-\\ntist, 1 Seven-day Baptist, 2 Episco-\\npalian, 2 Presbyterian, and 2 Afri-\\ncan Methodist churches 1 academy\\nat Salemtown, and sufficient other\\nschools there, and in every t-ship, to\\nteach the rudiments of an English\\neducation.\\nThe other public buildings of the\\ncounty consist of a large court-house,\\nwith fire proof offices detached, of\\nbrick a stone prison, a large poor-\\nhouse, with a farm annexed, and two\\nbuildings erected for masonic halls.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0594.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "SAL\\n231\\nSAL\\nThe trade of the county consists\\nof wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, and\\ngarden vegetables for market, lumber,\\nand cord wood. Considerable quan-\\ntities of grain are annually exported\\nfrom Salem to the Eastern states.\\nThe courts of common pleas and\\ngeneral quarter sessions of the peace,\\nfor the county, are annually holden\\nat Salem, on the first Tuesdays of\\nMarch and December, the second\\nTuesday of June, and the third Tues-\\nday of September; and the circuit\\ncourt, on the second Tuesday of June\\nand the first Tuesday of September.\\nThe county, by virtue of the constitu-\\ntion, elects one member of council,\\nand three members of the Assembly.\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF SALEM COUNTY.\\nPopulation.\\nTownships.\\nbt)\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\na\\n01\\n1810.\\n1820.\\n1830.\\nUpper Allovvays Creek,\\n10=1\\n9\\n34,000\\np t level, rolling.\\n1921\\n2194\\n2136\\nLower Allovvays Creek,\\n12\\n9\\n30,000\\nlevel.\\n1182\\n1217\\n1222\\nElsinborough,\\n6\\n4\\n8000\\ndo.\\n517\\n505\\n503\\nMannington,\\n9\\n8\\n20,000\\ndo.\\n1664\\n1732\\n1726\\nUpper Perm s Neck,\\n9\\n7^\\n21,053\\ndo.\\n1638\\n1861\\n1638\\nLower Perm s Neck,\\n9\\n6\\n12,645\\ndo.\\n1163\\n1158\\n994\\nPilesgrove,\\n9\\n6^.\\n24,000\\ndo.\\n1756\\n2012\\n2150\\nPittsgrove,\\n15\\n7\\n44,000\\np t level, p t roll.\\n1991\\n2040\\n2216\\nSalem,\\n2\\n2\\n1238\\n204,936\\nlevel.\\n929\\n1303\\n1570\\n12,761\\n14,022\\n14,155\\nSalem t-ship and post-town, and\\nseat of justice of Salem county, situ-\\nate 171 miles N. E. of W. C, 65 S.\\nof Trenton, and 34 S. E. from Phi-\\nladelphia; lat. 39\u00c2\u00b0 32 long, from\\nW. C. 1\u00c2\u00b0 35 The t-ship is of cir-\\ncular form, and is nearly surrounded\\nby water, having on the N. W. the\\nSalem creek, on the N. E. and E.\\nFenwicke s creek, a tributary of that\\nstream, and on the W. another small\\ntributary of the same stream. The\\ntown is distant from the Delaware,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2by the creek, 3^ miles. The t-ship\\nis about 2 miles in diameter, and con-\\ntains 1238 acres of well improved\\nland, of a rich sandy loam, divided\\ninto town lots and 12 farms. The\\ntown contains about 250 dwellings;\\na fine court-house, about 60 by 40\\nfeet, of brick, with brick fire proof\\noffices adjacent; 1 Episcopalian, 1\\nMethodist, I Presbyterian, 1 Baptist,\\n1 African Methodist, and 2 Quaker\\n(one being orthodox and the other\\nHicksite) churches; 1 building of\\nbrick, of gothic architecture, designed\\nfor a masonic hall, but which is now\\nappropriated to other purposes, the\\nlodge being extinct a bank with ca-\\npital paid in of $75,000 a stone jail\\nwith yard, surrounded by a high\\nstone wall, both of small dimensions\\n1 market house, 2 fire engines, 2\\npublic libraries, 1 academy, and 5\\ndaily schools for teaching the rudi-\\nments of an English education 5\\nSunday schools, 2 printing offices, at\\neach of which is printed a weekly\\nnewspaper, called, respectively, The\\nSalem Messenger and \u00e2\u0096\u00a0The Ame-\\nrican Statesman;^ 21 stores, 2 ho-\\ntels, 7 physicians, 5 lawyers, 3 lum-\\nber yards, 1 steam mill which grinds\\nmuch grain, 1 horse mill, 5 apotheca-\\nries stores, 1 livery stable. A steam-\\nboat leaves the town daily, for Dela-\\nware City and Newca.stle, to meet\\nthe morning steam-boat from Phila-\\ndelphia 1 four horse stage runs daily\\nto Philadelphia, another to Penns-\\ngrove, on the Delaware, to meet the\\nWilmington steam-boat for Philadel-\\n]jhia a two horse daily line to Bridge-\\ntown, and a two horse line to Center-\\nville, once a week. The creek at the\\nk.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0595.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "SAL\\n232\\nSAN\\ntown, is 152 yards wide, over which\\nis a wooden bridge, resting on wooden\\npiers, with a draw for the passage of\\nvessels. Over Fenwicke creek, a\\nshort distance above its junction with\\nSalem creek, is another wooden\\nbridge, a neat structure, roofed. Ves-\\nsels of 50 tons may approach the\\ntown safely, but the bar at the mouth\\nof the creek prevents the entry of\\nvessels drawing more than eight feet\\nwater. Large quantities of wlieat,\\nrye, oats, and corn, are exported from\\nthis place to the eastern states. The\\nstreets of the town are wide foot-\\nways paved, and bordered with trees\\nthe houses of frame and brick, the\\nformer painted white, are surrounded\\nwith gardens and grass lots, and\\nadorned with flowers, giving to the\\nplace, a cheerful and healthy appear-\\nance, surpassed by ihw villages in the\\nUnited States. The t-ship contained\\nin 1830, 1570 inhabitants: in 1832,\\n267 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed 830 in value; and 397\\ntaxables, 2 tan yards, 1 distillery;\\nand it paid taxes for t-ship purposes,\\n8426 county use, $738 25 and state\\nuse, $233 35.\\nThe site of the town of Salem was\\nthe first spot visited, and we believe,\\nthe first settled, by the English emi-\\ngrants to West Jersey. Soon after\\nthe sale by Lord Berkeley of one\\nmoiety of the province, to Edward\\nByllinge, John Fenwicke, the agent\\nof the latter set sail, (in 1675) to\\nvisit the new purchase in a ship from\\nLondon, called the Griffith. After a\\nshort passage, he landed at this plea-\\nsant spot, which, from its aspect of\\npeace, he called Salem. He brought\\nwith him two daughters, and several\\nservants, two of which, Samuel Hedge\\nand John Adams, afterwards married\\nhis daughters. Other passengers\\nwere, Edward Champness, Edward\\nand Samuel Wade, John Smith, Sa-\\nmuel Nichols, Richard Guy, Rich-\\nard Noble, Richard Hancock, John\\nPledger, Hy polite Lefever, and John\\nMatlock, and others, who were mas-\\nters of families.\\nSalem Creek, Salem co., rises in\\nPittsgrove t-ship, and flows N. W.\\nthrough that and Pilesgrove t-ship,\\nby Woodstown and Sharptown, about\\n17 miles to the S. W. angle of Upper\\nPenn s Neck t-ship; thence turning\\nS. and S. W., it divides Mannington\\nand Lower Penn s Neck t-ships, and\\npassing by Salem, empties into the\\nDelaware river, 3^ miles below that\\ntown. There is a bar at the mouth,\\non which at high tide there are eight\\nfeet water. Vessels of 50 tons ap-\\nproach the town safely; but within\\nthe bar, there is water, it is said, for\\nvessels of 300 tons burden. The\\nwhole length of the creek may be\\nabout 30 miles, and it is navigable\\nfor shallops nearly half that distance.\\nA short canal of 3 or 4 miles, through\\nUpper and Lower Penn s Neck\\nt-ships, unites the creek with the De-\\nlaware, saving a distance to the craft\\nwhich navigate the creek, of about\\n20 miles.\\nSamptown, Piscataway t-ship, Mid-\\ndlesex CO., about 8 miles N. from\\nNew Brunswick, on the left bank of\\nCedar creek; contains a Baptist\\nchurch, 10 or 12 houses, tavern and\\nstore, in a tolerably fertile country of\\nred shale.\\nSand Hills, small hamlet of Not-\\ntingham t-ship, Burlington co. There\\nis a tavern, and 12 or 15 dwellings\\nhere; the turnpike road, and the\\nCamden and Amboy rail-road, run\\nnear it. The carriages from and for\\nTrenton meet the rail-road cars here.\\nDistance from Trenton, about 5, and\\nfrom Bordentown, 3 miles.\\nSand Hills, noted hills in the N.\\nW. paVt of South Brunswick t-ship,\\nMiddlesex co., covering an area of\\nabout 4 miles by 2 about 7 miles\\nW. from Brunswick.\\nSandy Hook, Sandy Hook bay:\\nthe first is a sandy beach, extending\\nnorthward, from Old Shrewsbury in-\\nlet, and the S. point of the highlands\\nof Nevisink, 6 miles, of an irregular\\nwidth, varying from half a mile to\\na mile, forming the eastern boundary\\nof the bay. The bay sets in from\\nthe Raritan bay, southwards, and is\\nabout 7 miles wide, between Point", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0596.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "SAN\\n233\\nSCH\\nComfort, the western cape, and the\\npoint of the Hook. Its depth to the\\nS. point of the Nevisink hills, which\\nform the coast for about 6 miles, is\\nabout 6 miles. The western shore\\nencroaches, eastwardly, upon the\\nwater until it is narrowed to three-\\nquarters of a mile.\\nSand Pond, a small sheet of water,\\nin Wallkill mountains, Vernon t-ship,\\nSussex CO., which sends fortii a small\\ntributary to the Wallkill river.\\nSand Pond., the source of Stout s\\nbrook, on the N. line of Hardwick\\nt-ship.\\nSandtotvn, or Berlcclij, village of\\nGreenwich t-ship, Gloucester co., on\\nMantua creek, 4 miles S. W. from\\nWoodbury; contains a store, tavern,\\n12 or 15 dwellings, and an Episcopal\\nchurch.\\nSandtown, Nottingham t-ship,\\nBurlington co., on the road from\\nTrenton to Cranberry, about 5 miles\\nE. of the former, on a sandy plain\\ncontains a tavern, smithery, and some\\nhalf-dozen dwellings.\\nSandistone t-ship, Sussex co.,\\nbounded on the N. E. by Montague\\nt-ship; S. E. by the Blue mountain,\\nwhich divides it from Newton, Frank-\\nford, and Wantage t-ships; S. W. by\\nWalpack t-ship and W. by the De-\\nlaware river; centrally distant, N.\\nW. from Newton, 12 miles; greatest\\nlength, 8^, breadth, 7 miles; area,\\n19,320 acres; surface on the E.\\nmountainous, and on the W. river\\nalluvion. Population in 1830, 1097.\\nThere were in the t-ship in 1832,\\n65 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed $30 taxable inhabitants,\\n240 4 merchants or traders, 5 pair\\nof stones for grinding grain, 1 card-\\ning machine, 4 saw mills, 204 horses\\nand mules, and 841 neat cattle over\\n3 years; 13 tan vats, 1 distillery.\\nThe t-ship paid state and county tax,\\n$426 77; poor tax, $100; road tax,\\n$500. It is watered by the Big and\\nLittle Flat Kill creeks, and their tri-\\nbutaries, and by the river Delaware.\\nThe Morristown and Milford turn-\\npike road crosses it north-westward-\\nly, on which lies the post-office, dis-\\n2 G\\ntant 241 miles from W. C, 83 from\\nTrenton, and 13 from Newton. Be-\\ntween the Blue mountain and the\\nDelaware, there is a rich flat, increas-\\ning from two to six miles in width,\\nthrough which runs a bed of transi-\\ntion limestone, girded by an alluvial\\nbelt. This flat produces excellent\\ncrops of wheat. The t-ship was\\noriginally settled by Dutch, whilst\\nthat people held possession of New\\nYork.\\nSandy New, small hamlet of Mid-\\ndletown t-ship, Monmouth co., 9 miles\\nN. E. of Freehold contains a tavern,\\nand some 3 or 4 dwellings, in a fine\\nfertile country.\\nSargeantsville, p-t. of Amwell\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., 6 miles S. W.\\nfrom Flemington, 23 N. from Tren-\\nton, and 177 N. E. from W. C. con-\\ntains a tavern, store, and some 6 or 8\\ndwellings. Surrounding country hilly\\nand poor lands rated at $20 per\\nacre. Near this village, on a farm\\nof 150 acres, Mr. R. Rittcnhouse has\\nestablished the Mantua Manual La-\\nbour Institute, with accommodations\\nfor about 30 students, and the pur-\\npose to increase them as they may\\nbe required. At this institute are\\ntaught the Greek and Latin lan-\\nguages, and all other branches of\\nlearning, taught at similar institu-\\ntions. About three hours every day,\\nSaturday and Sunday excepted, are\\nemployed in manual labour, by the\\nstudents, for which they receive rea-\\nsonable compensation. The charge\\nfor tuition, board, washing, lodging,\\ncandles, and fuel, is $25 per quarter.\\nSaw Mill Creek, a marsh stream\\nabout 2 miles in length, in Lodi t-sp,\\nBergen co.\\nSaxtonville, small hamlet of Am-\\nwell t-ship, Hunterdon co., on the\\nriver Delaware, 12 miles S. W. from\\nFlemington; contains some 3 or 4\\ndwellings; named from the proprie-\\ntor.\\nSchoolei/s Mountain, SclivgVs\\nHUh, fiinn part of the central gra-\\nnitic chain, which extends in a N. E.\\nand S. W. direction, across the state\\nof New Jersey, from the Delaware to", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0597.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "SCH\\n234\\nSCH\\n(f\\nIhe Hudson river. The name, Schoo-\\nley s Mountain, derived from a family\\nformerl)^ owning a considerable por-\\ntion of its soil, is applied chiefly, to\\nthat portion of the chain which crosses\\nthe N. W. part of Morris county.\\nThe height of the mountain above its\\nbase, has been determined by geo-\\nmetrical measurement, to be more\\nthan 600 feet,- and a calculation,\\nmade by approximation, on the falls\\nof water, on the different mill dams\\nalong the rapid channel of the Mus-\\nconetcong I iver, to its junction with\\nthe Delaware, and on the descent,\\nthence to Trenton, gives to that base\\nan elevation of 500 feet above tide\\nmaking the height of the mountain,\\nabove the level of the ocean, some-\\nwhat more than 1100 feet.\\nFrom the top of the mountain a\\nturnpike road runs northward to\\nSussex, another westward to Easton,\\na third eastward to New York, and\\na fourth southward towards Tren-\\nton. The mineral spring near the\\ntop has given much celebrity to\\nthis region. It is said to have been\\nknown to the aborigines, and to have\\nbeen employed by them as a re-\\nmedy, which, with characteristic sel-\\nfishness, they would have concealed\\nfrom the whites. The latter, however,\\nhave resorted to it, since the settlement\\nof the country. Remarkable cures\\nhave been ascribed to it, and some per-\\nsons have habitually frequented it, sea-\\nson after season, on account of the be-\\nnefit they have derived from the use of\\nits waters. It is situated in Washington\\nt-ship, Morris co., 19 miles N. W. of\\nMorristown, 50 from New York, 70\\nN. E. from Philadelphia, 56 from\\nTrenton, and 213 from W. C.\\nThe spring is, in strictness, a rill\\nwhich issues from a perpendicular\\nrock, having an eastern exposure,\\nbetween 40 and 50 feet above the\\nlevel of a brook, which gurgles over\\nthe stones, and foams down the rocks\\nin the channels beneath. A small\\nwooden trough is adapted to the fis-\\nsure, so as to convey the water to a\\nplatform where the visiters assemble,\\nand to the structure containing the\\nbaths. The temperature of the water\\nis 56\u00c2\u00b0 F. being 6\u00c2\u00b0 warmer than the\\nspring water nearer the summit. The\\nfountain emits about 30 gallons per\\nhour; which quantity does not vary\\nwith any change of season or wea-\\nther. The water, like other chaly-\\nbeates, leaves a deposit of oxidized\\niron, as it flows, which discolours the\\ntroughs, baths, and even the drinking\\nvessels. The bare taste and appear-\\nance shows that it is a chalylaeate\\nand it is strongly characterized by the\\npeculiar astringency and savour of\\nferruginous impregnations. Though\\nremarkably clear when first taken,\\nthe water becomes turbid upon stand-\\ning for some time in the open air, and\\nafter a long interval, an irridescent\\npellicle forms on its surface. Ochre\\nand other indications of iron are dis-\\npersed extensively through the sur-\\nrounding rocks and soil. Iron ore is\\nso plentiful in the vicinity that fur-\\nnaces are worked, both in the eastern\\nand western district of the chain, and\\nmuch of the ore is magnetic. Grey\\nlimestone is found at the base of the\\nhills and along the valleys. The ana-\\nlysis of the water, by Dr. M Nevin\\nof New York, has given the follow-\\ning result\\nVegetable extract 92, muriate of\\nsoda 43, muriate of lime 2.40, muri-\\nate of magnesia 50, carbonate of lime\\n7.99, sulphate of lime 65, carbonate\\nof magnesia 40, silex 80, carbonated\\noxide of iron 2, loss 41 total 16.50.\\nThe iron from the mineral water\\nis very easily separated. Exposure\\nto the atmosphere induces metallic\\nprecipitation and transportation to a\\ndistance, even in corked bottles, pro-\\nduces a like effect; and when thus\\nfreed from its iron, the water may be\\nused in making tea. The heat of ebul-\\nlition, also, seems to separate the fer-\\nruginous ingredient, and to prevent\\nany dusky or black tint for if an in-\\nfusion of green tea be mixed with wa-\\nter fresh from the spring, a dark and\\ndisagreeable hue is instantly produced.\\nThe carbonic acid which this water\\ncontains, is altogether in a state of\\ncombination, and hence it never oc-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0598.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "SCH\\n235\\nSCO\\ncasions flatulence or spasm in the\\nweakest stomach, whilst it gradually\\nstrengthens the digestive powers.\\nThis chalybeate is considered by me-\\ndical men, as one of the purest of this,\\nor any other country, and as benefi-\\ncial, in most cases of chronic disease,\\nand general debility, and especially\\nin cases of calculus in the bladder or\\nkidneys.\\nTo those in pursuit of health or\\npleasure, this region presents equal\\nattraction. A short journey brings\\nthe patient from the level of tide\\nwater to a very desirable elevation,\\nwhich tempers the summer s heat, and\\nbraces the relaxed frame. The plain\\non the top of the mountain, affords\\nvery pleasant rides amid ever chang-\\ning and delightful scenery, in which\\ncheering views of improved and pro-\\nfitable agriculture are blended with\\nthe velvet plain, the craggy hill, and\\nshadowy vale. Thus the invalid has\\nevery incentive to exercise, by the\\nhighest gratification from his exer-\\ntions. To him who seeks relaxation\\nfrom the cares of business, or to\\nchange sedentary occupation and\\nfeebleness for activity and vigour,\\nthe excellent society which assembles\\nhere during the summer months, the\\nabundant sport in fowling and fish-\\ning, and the delightful scenery, hold\\nforth strong inducements; to which,\\nM^e would be unjust not to add the\\nexcellent fare, cheerful attention, and\\ncomfortable accommodation given to\\nvisiters at the three hotels, and seve-\\nral farm houses in the vicinity of the\\nspring. Belmont Hall, kept by Mr.\\nG. Bowne, situate on the highest\\npart of the mountain, shadowed and\\nembowered by various fruit, forest,\\nand ornamental trees, is a fine build-\\ning, 50 feet square and three stories\\nhigh, with very extensive wings and\\nthe Heath House of Mr. E. Marsh,\\nless showy, but not less commodious\\nor pleasant, afford the visiter all the\\nmeans of enjoyment usual at water-\\ning places whilst their distance from\\nthe fountain, (about 5 of a mile) by\\nadding the benefits of exercise, does\\nnot diminish the salubrious effects of\\nthe water. There is, however, a-third\\nhouse, immediately at the spring,\\nwhere such visitei-s as desire to be\\nnear it, can be accommodated. The\\nseason commences here on the 1st of\\nJune, and continues during the hot\\nweather.\\nFor the man of science, the mine-\\nral region, and geological formation\\nof the country, possesses much inte-\\nrest. It abounds with iron and other\\nminerals. The first, in a mine open-\\ned within gim-shot of the Heath\\nHouse, is highly magnetic so much\\nso, indeed, as to render the use of\\niron tools about it very inconvenient.\\nThe following extraordinary circum-\\nstances we give on the authority of\\nMr. Marsh. The tools, by continued\\nuse, become so strongly magnetized,\\nthat in boring the rock, the workman\\nis unable, after striking the auger\\nwith his hammer, to separate them\\nin the usual mode of wielding the\\nhammer, and is compelled to resort\\nto a lateral or rotatory motion for this\\npurpose; and the crowbar has been\\nknown to sustain, in suspension, all\\nthe other tools of the mine, in weight\\nequal to a hundred pounds. These\\nfacts are supported by the assurance\\nof General Dickenson, that the mag-\\nnetic attraction of the tools, used in\\nhis mine, adds much to the fatigue\\nof the workmen and that it is of or-\\ndinary occurrence for the hammer\\nto lift the auger from the hole durino;\\nthe process of boring.\\nBesides the houses for public enter-\\ntainment, at and near the springs,\\nthere are several others, which, with\\na church and school house built by Mr.\\nMarsh, with the aid of the visiters,\\nand a post-office, give the neighbour-\\nhood a village-like appearance. And,\\namong the attractions of the moun-\\ntain, we must not forbear to mention\\nthe fishing and boating on Budd s\\nPond, a beautiful sheet of water, two\\nmiles in length by one in breadth, at\\nseven miles distance from the spring.\\nThis little mountain lake of great\\ndepth and clear as crystal, abounds\\nwith perch, sun, pike, and other fish.\\nScotch Plains, p-t. of Westfield", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0599.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "SEC\\n236\\nSHI\\nt-ship, Essex county, 14 miles Irom\\nNewark, Somerville, New Bruns-\\nwick, Morrislown, Elizabethtown\\nPoint, and Amboy 214 miles N. E.\\nfrom W. C, and 48 from Trenton,\\non the road from Springlield to So-\\nmerville contains, within the diame-\\nter of a mile, 1 Baptist church, an\\nacademy, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 3 grist\\nmills, 2 saw mills, 1 oil mill, 1 straw\\npaper mill, and about 70 dwellings.\\nThe surface of the adjacent country\\nis level, except on the W. and N. W.\\nwhich is mountainous; soil, clay loam,\\nwell cultivated, and productive, and\\nvalued, in farms, at $40 the acre.\\nWithin 2 miles of the village, a bed\\nof carbonate of lime has been lately\\ndiscovered, in which are metallic ap-\\npearances supposed to be gold and\\nsilver, but which are, probably, only\\ndeceptive pyrites.\\nScoffs Mountain, ^ing in Green-\\nwich, Oxford, and Mansfield t-ships,\\nWarren co., forms part of the chain\\nof the South mountain, of which this\\nportion covers much of the area of\\nthe three t-ships above named. The\\nheight of the mountain here may be\\nfrom 700 to 800 feet above tide, and\\nit is composed of granitic rock, based\\non, or breaking through limestone.\\nIt abounds with iron of several varie-\\nties, which, for near a century, has\\nbeen extensively worked, near Oxford\\nfurnace; where Messrs. Henry and\\nJordan are, now, extensively engaged\\nin the iron manufacture. The moun-\\ntain is generally well wooded, and\\nthe valleys fruitful.\\nScrahhletoum, hamlet of Hanover\\nt-ship, Burlington co., 10 miles E.\\nfrom Mount Holly, and 12 S. E. from\\nBordentown contains a tavern, and\\n6 or 8 cottages, in a poor, sandy, pine\\ncountry.\\nSculltown, a village of Upper\\nPenn s Neck t-ship, Salem co., on\\nOldman s Creek, at the head of navi-\\ngation; containing from 20 to 30\\ndwellings, a tavern, and 2 or 3 stores.\\nIt is about 12 miles N. E. of Salem.\\nSecavcas, island in the Cedar\\nswamp, of the Hackensack river, in\\nBergen t-ship, Bergen co. It is near\\n4 miles long by half a mile wide;\\nterminating in a very distinguished\\nelevation, called Snake-hill. The\\nisland is crossed by the turnpike and\\nrail-road from Hoboken to Paterson.\\nS crepta, a post-office, Warren co.\\nSeven Causeways, noted union of\\n7 roads, near the junction of 4 mile\\nbranch, with Inskeep s branch of the\\nGreat Egg Harbour river, 25 miles\\nS. E. from Camden, on the line of\\nDeptford and Gloucester t-sps, Glou-\\ncester CO.\\nShabacung Island, formed by the\\nDelaware river, and part of the t-ship\\nof Montague, Sussex co., near the\\nremote N. end of the state.\\nShark River, mill stream, rises in\\nShrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nand flows along the boundary, be-\\ntween that and Howell t-ship, about\\n6 miles, into a broad estuary, and\\nthence about 3 miles through Shark\\ninlet, into the Atlantic ocean.\\nSha? ptown, p-t. and village of\\nPilesgrove t-ship, Salem co., on Sa-\\nlem creek, between 3 and 4 miles\\nbelow Woodstown, and 8 or 9 miles\\nN. E. from Salem, 162 from W. C,\\nand 56 S. from Trenton; contains\\nbetween 40 and 50 dwellings, 1 ta-\\nvern, 2 stores, 1 gi ist mill, and one\\nschool house, used occasionally as a\\nchurch. The surroimding country is\\nlevel and fertile.\\nShawpocussing Creek, small tri-\\nbutary of the Delaware river, which\\nrises in Knowlton t-ship, Warren co.,\\nat the foot of the Blue mountain, and\\nflows S. W. to its recipient, having a\\ncourse of five miles.\\nShelltown, on the line between\\nHanover t-ship, Burlington co., and\\nUpper Freehold t-ship, Monmouth\\nCO., on a small branch of the Cross-\\nwicks creek contains some half-\\ndozen dwellings. There is a Friends\\nmeeting house near it, in Monmouth\\ncounty.\\nShiJoh, p-t. in the S. W. angle of\\nHardwick t-ship, Warren co., 12\\nmiles N. E. of Belvidere, and 60 miles\\nfrom Trenton.\\nShiloh, hamlet of Cumberland co.,\\non the line dividing Hopewell from", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0600.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "SHR\\n237\\nSIX\\nStow Creek t-ship, about 5 miles N.\\nW. of Bridgeton contains 8 or 10\\ndwellings, and a Seventh-day Baptist\\nchurch. The country around it is of\\nlight loam, but in an improving con-\\ndition.\\nShipetaukin, small branch of the\\nAssunpink creek, rising in Lawrence\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., and flowing S.\\nby a course of 5 or 6 miles to its-re-\\ncipient, through an extensive body of\\nmeadow land.\\nShoal Harbour Creek, small\\nstream at the N. W. foot of the Ne-\\nvisink hills; runs about a mile and\\na half N. E. into Sandy Hook bay.\\nShrewsbury Inlet, Old, was open-\\ned in 1778, from the ocean into the\\nestuary formed by the Nevisink and\\nShrewsbury rivers, Monmouth co.;\\nwas closed by the moving of the\\nsands in 1810, but was reopened in\\n1830. Vessels now pass through it.\\nShreiosbury River, so called, is a\\ncontinuation of Sandy Hook bay,\\nShrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nwhich receives from the t-ship,\\nShrewsbury river proper, a small\\nstream of 6 or 7 miles lono- Lons\\nBranch, and several other tributaries.\\nThis arm of the bay, from the mouth\\nof the Nevisink river, is about 5 miles\\nlong, with an average breadth of a\\nmile and a half, and has a considera-\\nble quantity of salt marsh on its bor-\\nders. It is separated from the Nevi-\\nsink by a high neck of land, 2 miles\\nwide.\\nShrewsbury, p-t. of Shrewsbury\\nt-sp., Monmouth co., between Shrews-\\nbury and Nevisink rivers, 12 miles\\nE. from Freehold, 50 S. E. from\\nTrenton, and 215 N. E. from W. C;\\ncontains 12 or 15 dwellings, an Epis-\\ncopalian and Presbyterian church, 1\\ntavern, and 2 stores. Soil, sandy\\nand light.\\nShreujsbury t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nbounded N. by Middletown t-ship;\\nE. by the Atlantic ocean; S. by\\nHowell t-ship, and W. by Freehold.\\nCentrally distant 7 miles E. from\\nFreehold; length N. and S. 13,\\nbreadth E. and W. 13 miles; area,\\n64,000 acres; drained on the N. E.\\nby the Nevisink and Shrewsbury\\nrivers, and their tributaries; E. by\\nWhite Pond, and Deal creeks, and\\nS. E. by Shark river; surface level;\\nsoil, clay and sandy loam, on marl,\\nof good quality on Swimming river,\\nand its tributaries on the S. of these,\\nsandy, poor, and covered with pine.\\nOn the E., along the shore near and\\nbelow the Long Branch boarding-\\nhouses, is a very fertile black sand.\\nThe sea shore in this t-ship, is gene-\\nrally high and bold, and without\\nmarsh. The celebrated Long Branch\\nboarding houses, so named from their\\nvicinity to a long branch of Shrews-\\nbury river, are in this township.\\nPopulation in 1830, 4700. In 1832\\nthe t-ship contained about 900 taxa-\\nbles; 265 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30; and 150\\nsingle men; 21 stores, 5 sawmills,\\n12 run of stones, for grinding grain,\\n1 carding machine, 60 tan vats, 730\\nhorses and mules, 1650 neat cattle,\\n3 years old and upwards and paid\\nstate and county tax, $2144 69.\\nShrewsbury, Eatontown, Colts Neck,\\nLong Branch, and Tinton s Falls,\\nai e villages and post-towns of the\\nt-ship.\\nSeveral thousand acres in this\\nt-ship were settled in 1682, and the\\ninhabitants were then computed at\\n400. Lewis Morris of Barbadoes,\\nthe brother of Richard Morris, the\\nfirst settler at Morrisania, New York,\\nand uncle of Lewis Morris, subse-\\nquently governor of New Jersey, had\\niron works and other considerable\\nimprovements here.\\nSingack, small tributary of Preak-\\nness brook. Saddle River t-ship, Ber-\\ngen CO.\\nSix Mile Run, village and stream.\\nThe first, a post-town on the Prince-\\nton and Brunswick turnpike, (and on\\nthe line between New Brunswick\\nt-ship, Middlesex co., and Franklin\\nt-ship, Somerset co.,) 12 miles from\\nthe one, and 4 from the other, 189\\nfrom W. C, and 23 from Trenton;\\ncontains a Dutch Reformed church,\\n2 taverns, 1 store, and from 10 to 12\\ndwellings. Soil, red shale, level, and", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0601.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "SNU\\n238\\nSOM\\nwell cultivated. ^The stream flows\\nfrom North Brunswick, through\\nFranklin t-ship, by a W. course of\\nabout 6 miles, to the Raritan river.\\nSlabtoicn, hamlet of Springfield\\nt-ship, Burlington co., on the road\\nfrom Mount Holly to Bordentown, 4\\nmiles N. of the former contains a\\nFriends meeting house, and 10 or 12\\ndwellings, 1 store, and 2 taverns.\\nSlab Cahin Branch, of the Ran-\\ncocus creek, rises in Monmouth co.,\\nand flows a S. W. course of 10 miles,\\nto its recipient, the North Branch of\\nthat creek, on the south boundary of\\nHanover t-ship, Burlington co. Ha-\\nnover furnace lies upon it, and it turns\\nseveral mills.\\nSlab Cabin Brook, Dover t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., a small stream about\\n3 miles in length, which flows into\\nthe south side of Toms Bay.\\nSleepy Creek, a tributary of Atsion\\nriver, rises in Hereford t-ship, and\\nflows by a S. E. course of about 6\\nmiles, to its recipient, in Galloway\\nt-ship, Gloucester co.\\nSmith s Creek, a small mill stream,\\nwhich rises near Herbertstown, in\\nHopewell t-ship, Hunterdon co., and\\nflows S. W. by a course of 6 miles,\\nto the river Delaware, at the foot of\\nBelle Mount.\\nSmithville, village of Galloway\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., 42 miles S. E.\\nof Woodbury, and 2 miles E. from\\nLeed s Point contains a tavern, store,\\nMethodist meeting house, and 10 or\\n12 dwellings; surrounded by pines,\\nand near the salt marsh.\\nSnake Hill, a noted eminence of\\nSecaucas Island, in the marsh on\\nHackensack river, and a very pro-\\nminent object from the road, between\\nJersey City and Newark. Its for-\\nmation is of trap rock, on sandstone\\nbase.\\nSnover s Brook, rises in Sucker\\nPond, Stillwater t-ship, Sussex co.,\\nand flows by a S. W. course of about\\n8 or 9 miles through the north part\\nof Hardwicke t-ship, into Paulinskill,\\non the northern part of Hamilton t-sp,\\nWarren co.\\nSnvffietownf a, small village of San-\\ndistone t-ship, Sussex co., at the east\\nfoot of the Wallkill mountain, and in\\nthe valley of the Pacake creek, on\\nthe Paterson and Hamburg turnpike\\nroad, about 15 miles N. E. of New-\\nton; contains a Methodist meeting\\nhouse, a store, tavern, and tannery,\\nand 6 or 8 dwellings.\\nSodom, p-t. of Knowlton t-ship,\\nWarren co., on Paulinskill, 12 miles\\nN. of Bclvidere, 4 E. from Columbia;\\ncontains a grist and saw mill, tavern,\\nstore, and some half-dozen dwellings.\\nSome smelting works have lately\\nbeen erected here, said to be for pre-\\ncious metals, discovered in the Jenny\\nJump mountain.\\nSodom, Lebanon t-ship, Hunter-\\ndon CO. (See Clarke sville.)\\nSomerset County, was taken from\\nMiddlesex, by an act of the proprie-\\ntaries in 1688. Its bounds were sub-\\nsequently modified by the legislative\\nacts of 1709, 1713, and 1741. It is\\nnow bounded on the N. and N. E.\\nby Morris co. on the E. by Essex\\nand Middlesex on the S. E. by Mid-\\ndlesex and on the S. W. and N. W.\\nby Hunterdon co. greatest length\\nN. and S. 28 miles breadth E. and\\nW. 20 miles; area, 189,800 acres, or\\nabout 297 square miles central lat.\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 34 long. 2\u00c2\u00b0 15 from W. C.\\nThe whole county lies within the\\ntransition formation, if the old red\\nsandstone be included within it. Hills\\nof trap rock, upon the sandstone base,\\nare scattered over it, as at Rock Hill,\\nnear the southern boundary. Rocky,\\nor Nashanic mountain on the S. W.,\\nand Stony Hill N. of Somerville.\\nThe ridges N. of the last, contain\\ngrauwacke, and the valleys transi-\\ntion limestone, generally of a grey\\ncolour. The surface of the county\\nis various: the N. W. section being\\nmountainous the S. and S. W. hilly,\\nwhilst the centre and S. E., the val-\\nley of the Raritan, is either level, or\\ngently undulating. The soil varies\\nwith the surface that of the hills is\\ngenerally of clay and stiffloam, whilst\\nthat of the plains is a sandy loam,\\nformed of the red shale; and the\\nmountain vales, as we have already", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0602.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "SOM\\n239\\nSOM\\nobserved, are ol limestone. All are,\\nhowever, fertile under proper culture,\\nand the county may vie with her\\nneighbours of Hunterdon, Essex, and\\nMiddlesex, in the variety and quanti-\\nty of agricultural products.\\nThe county is well watered. It is\\ncut into two, almost equal parts, by\\nthe main stem and south branch of\\nthe Raritan river, which receives the\\nnorth branch, flowing southward and\\ncentrally through the northern sec-\\ntion, and the Millstone river, flowing\\nnorthward and centrally through the\\nsouthern section; and it is thus by\\nthese three streams, divided into four\\nparts, intersected by smaller brooks\\nand creeks, in almost every direction.\\nThe Delaware and Raritan canal\\nenters the county at Kingston, with\\nthe Millstone river, and follows that\\nstream to its junction with the Rari-\\ntan, 3 miles S. E. of Somerville,\\nwhence it pursues the valley of the\\nlast stream to Brunswick.\\nCopper ore has been discovered in\\nconsiderable veins in the first range\\nof hills, N. E. from Somerville and\\nmines have been opened in at least\\ntwo places; the first within 2, and\\nthe second within 6 miles of the town.\\nAttempts have been made to work\\nboth, but every effort has hitherto\\nbeen unsuccessful and yet the ore\\nis said to contain not only a very va-\\nluable proportion of copper, but to be\\nworth working on account of the gold\\nwhich it yields. Public opinion at-\\ntributes these failui es more to the\\nwant of adequate capital to sustain\\nthe expense of the first steps in min-\\ning, than to the want of skill, or po-\\nverty of ore. It is said, also, that\\nparticles of gold and silver have been\\ndiscovered in a gangue of carbonate\\nof lime, on Green Brook, N. of the\\nScotch Plains.\\nA turnpike road from Brunswick,\\nenters the county by a bridge over\\nBound Brook, and passes through\\nSomerville, to North Branch, and\\nthence to Philipsburg, opposite to\\nEaston. From North Branch a turn-\\npike road runs northward over Schoo-\\nley s mountain to Hacketstown, in\\nWarren co. and a rail-road is in\\ncontemplation, through Somerville to\\nBelvidere.\\nThe post-towns of the county are\\nBaskingridge, Bound Brook, Flagg-\\ntown, Harlingen, Kline s Mills, Les-\\nser Cross-Roads, Liberty Corner,\\nMartinsville, Millington, Millstone,\\nNorth Branch, Peapack, Pluckemin,\\nPrinceton, Rocky Hill, Somerville,\\nthe county town, and Warren.\\nThe county was early settled by\\nthe Dutch, whose industrious habits\\nsoon rendered it remarkable for its\\nfruitfulness, and it became soon one\\nof the most thickly settled of the pro-\\nvince. By the census of 1830, the\\npopulation amounted to 17,689 souls,\\nof whom 7665 were white males,\\n7717 white females; 945 free colour-\\ned males, 914 free coloured females;\\n214 male slaves, 234 female slaves.\\nAmong these there were 118 aliens;\\ndeaf and dumb, 14 whites blind,\\nwhites, 17, coloured, 3.\\nIn 1832, there were in the co.,\\n3500 taxables; 668 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed 830;\\n391 single men, 68 merchants 44\\nsaw mills, 64 grist mills, or run of\\nstones for grinding grain, 8 fulling\\nmills, 211 tan vats, 28 distilleries, 11\\ncarding machines, 4621 horses and\\nmules, and 8634 neat cattle, above\\nthe age of 3 years and it paid in\\nstate tax, $2642 86, and in county\\ntax, $6000.\\nThe courts for the county are\\nholden at Somerville; the common\\npleas, orphan s court, and general\\nquarter sessions, on the following\\nTuesdays: viz. last in January, 3d\\nin April, 3d in June, and 1st in Oc-\\ntober; and the circuit courts on the\\n3d Tuesday in April, and the 1st in\\nOctober.\\nr:^s", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0603.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "SOM\\n240\\nSOU\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF SOMERSET COUNTY.\\nTownships.\\n5\\nC\\na\\nM\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\nPopulation.\\n1810\\n1820\\n1830\\nBedminster,\\nBernard,\\nBridgewater,\\nFranklin,\\nHillsborough,\\nMontgomery,\\nWarren,\\n8\\n9\\n13\\n13\\n10\\n8\\n8\\nH\\n7\\n11\\n8\\n7\\n8\\n4\\n19,300\\n25,000\\n35,000\\n30,000\\n36,000\\n26,500\\n18,000\\n189,800\\nhilly,\\nmountainous,\\nlevel,\\ndo. [level,\\npart hilly, part\\nhilly,\\nmountainous,\\n1312\\n1879\\n2906\\n2539\\n2456\\n2282\\n1354\\n1393\\n2063\\n3147\\n3071\\n2885\\n2495\\n1452\\n1453\\n2062\\n3549\\n3352\\n2878\\n2834\\n1561\\n14,728\\n16,506\\n17,689\\nSomers Point, p-t. and port of\\nentry for Great Egg Harbour dis-\\ntrict, upon the Great Egg Harbour\\nbay, about 43 miles S. E. from Wood-\\nbury, 88 from Ti-enton, and by post-\\nroute 196 from W. C. There is a\\ntavern and boarding house here, and\\nseveral farm houses. It is much re-\\nsorted to for sea bathing in summer,\\nand gunning in the fall season.\\nSomerville, p-t. and seat of justice,\\nof Somerset co., situate about a mile\\nN. of the Raritan river, on the turn-\\npike road from New Brunswick to\\nPhilipsburg, 11 miles N. W. from\\nthe former, 33 S. E. from the latter,\\nor from Easton, 28 N. E. from Tren-\\nton, and 199 from W. C. It lies upon\\na high well cultivated plain of red\\nshale, about 2 miles south of a ridge\\nof the South mountains in which are\\nsome noted copper mines. It contains\\na Dutch Reformed church, a Methodist\\nmeeting, an academy where the clas-\\nsics and mathematics are taught, a\\nboarding school for young ladies, 3\\ntaverns well kept, and 7 stores, 1 large\\ngrist mill, 5 practising attorneys, 4\\nphysicians, and 1 resident clergy-\\nman, 600 inhabitants, and about 100\\ndwellings. The court-house and other\\npublic buildings, are large and com-\\nmodious, and many of the private\\ndwellings are very neat; and the\\ntown is a healthy, pleasant, and de-\\nsirable place of residence. The pro-\\nposed rail road from Elizabethtown\\nto the Delaware, at Belvidere, is de-\\nsigned to pass through it.\\nSouth Amhoy, p-t. of South Amboy\\nt-ship, Middlesex co., at the head of\\nthe Raritan bay and mouth of the\\nRaritan river, 15 miles below New\\nBrunswick, and 35 N. E. from Tren-\\nton; contains a hotel and some 15 or\\n20 dwellings, and an extensive ma-\\nnufactory of stone ware, made from\\nclay obtained in the vicinity. This\\nclay is of excellent quality, and much\\nof it is exported to various parts of\\nthe country. It is used in the manu-\\nfacture of delf ware at Jersey City,\\nand in the fabrication of china at Phi-\\nladelphia. The beds extend in the\\nhills for several miles around the\\npoint. The turnpike road from Bor-\\ndentown, and the Camden and Am-\\nboy rail road terminate here. There\\nis a safe harbour here for vessels,\\nand deep water at the landing.\\nSouth Amhoy t-ship, Middlesex\\nCO., bounded N. by the Raritan river;\\nN. E. by the Raritan bay; S. E. by\\nMiddletown and Upper Freehold\\nt-ships, of Monmouth co.; S. VV. by\\nMillstone river; and N. W. by North\\nBrunswick and South Brunswick\\nt-ships. Centrally distant S. E. from\\nNew Brunswick 9 miles greatest\\nlength N. E. and S. W. 18, and\\nbreadth 6 miles area, 64,000 acres\\nsurface, flat soil, sandy drained\\non the S. W. by the Millstone, and\\non the N. E. by South river and its\\ntributaries. Tenant s run. Deep run,\\nMatchaponix brook, and Manala-\\npan creek. The turnpike and rail\\nroad from Bordentownto Amboy run", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0604.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "SPR\\n241\\nSPR\\nthrough tlie t-ship. Upon the former\\nlie the post-towns of Cranberry and\\nSpotswood, and South Amboy. Po-\\npulation in 1830, 3782.\\nSouth River. (See Manalapan\\nBrook.)\\nSouth Brunswick. (See Bruns-\\nwick, South.)\\nSparta, p-t. of Hardistone t-ship,\\nSussex CO., at the west loot of the\\nWallkill mountain, 236 miles N. E.\\nof W. C, 78 from Trenton, and 8\\nfrom Newton, on the Union turn-\\npike road, in the valley, and near\\nthe source of the Wallkill river.\\nThis is a pleasant village, having\\nsome very good houses, a neat Pres-\\nbyterian church with cupola, a school\\nhouse, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 4\\nforges for making iron, in which\\nthere are, together, 6 fires; 1 tavern,\\n3 stores, and from 35 to 40 dwell-\\nings. Iron and zinc ores are abun-\\ndant in the neighboui-hood but only\\na small portion of the first is used in\\nmaking iron here the chief part being\\ncarted from the mines in Morris co.,\\nat the cost of $2 50 the ton. The\\nzinc ore is not worked. The soil in\\nthe valley is limestone, and tolera-\\nbly w-cU cultivated.\\nSpeertown, agricultural village of\\nBloomfield t-ship, Sussex co., 7 miles\\nN. of Newark, near the foot of the\\nFirst mountain contains from 20 to\\n30 dwellings, 1 tavern, 1 store, a\\nDutch Reformed church, and school;\\nsurrounded by a country of red shale,\\ncarefully cultivated.\\nSpottsioood, thriving p-t. of South\\nAmboy t-ship, Middlesex co., on the\\nturnpike road and rail road from Bor-\\ndentown to South Amboy, about 25\\nmiles from the former, 202 from W.\\nC, and 26 from Trenton, and on the\\nSouth river contains a large grist-\\nmill, a fine Presbyterian church of\\nwood, a Dutch Reformed church, 1\\ntavern, 2 stores, 2 tobacco manufac-\\ntories, and about 30 dwellings.\\nSpruce Run, Lebanon t-ship, Hun-\\nterdon CO., flows S. W. through the\\nnorth part of the t-ship, and along\\nthe west boundary, and is a branch\\nof the Raritan river.\\n2 H\\nSpringjield t-ship, Essex county,\\nbounded N. by Livingston t-ship;\\nE. by Orange and Union t-ships S.\\nby Westfield and New Providence\\nt-ships and W. by the Passaic river,\\nwhich divides it from Chatham t-ship,\\nMorris co. Centrally distant W. from\\nNewark 8 miles greatest length N.\\nand S. 6, breadth E. and W. 5 miles\\narea, 13,500 acres; surface, gene-\\nrally hilly soil, clay loam and red\\nshale. It is washed on the eastern\\nboundary by the Rahway river,\\nwhich receives several tributaries\\nfrom the t-ship. Springfield the post-\\ntown Vauxhall and part of Chat-\\nham are villages of the t-ship. The\\npretensions of Springfield, as an agri-\\ncultural t-ship, are not high, but it\\nclaims consideration for its paper ma-\\nnufactories. Population in 1830,\\n1653. In 1832 there were 365 tax-\\nables, 97 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30 93 single\\nmen, 7 merchants, 1 grist mill^ 3\\ncarding machines, 12 paper mills, 6\\ntan vats, 1 woollen manufactory, 1\\ndistillery, 220 horses and mules, and\\n818 neat cattle, above the age of 3\\nyears. It paid state tax, 198 96;\\ncounty, $520 56 poor, $500 road,\\n$8. _\\nSpringjield p-t. of the preceding\\nt-ship, on the turnpike road from Eli-\\nzabethtown to Morristown, 7 miles\\nW. from the one, and 10 E. from the\\nother, 216 N. E. from W. C, and\\n50 from Trenton, and upon the Rah-\\nway river, at the foot of the First\\nmountain contains about 200 dwelL\\nings, some of which are neat struc-\\ntures; 1 Presbyterian church, with\\ncupola and bell 1 Metbjodist church,\\n3 taverns., 5 stores, 2 grist mills, 1\\nsaw mill, and 10 paper mills. The\\nsurface of the country around it, is\\nrugged, and the soil, a stiff cold clay,\\nunproductive and farms are not\\naveraged at more than 20 dollars the\\nacre.\\nSprinojiehl, t-sh\\\\\\\\), Burlington co.,\\nbounded N. by Chesterfield, and\\nMansfield t-ships S. E. by Hanover\\nt-ship S. W. by Northampton t-ship,\\nand W. and N. W. by Burlington", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0605.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "SQU\\n242\\nSTA\\nt-sJiip; centrally distant N. E. from\\nMount Holly, 5 miles greatest length,\\nE. and W. 10 miles; breadth, N. and\\nS. 6 miles; area, 18,000 acres; sur-\\nface level; soil, sand and sandy\\nloam, well cultivated, and productive;\\ndrained, N. by the Assiscunk creek,\\nwhich forms the northern boundary,\\nand its branches, and S. by the tribu-\\ntaries of the north branch of the Ran-\\ncocus creek. Slabtown, Jobstown,\\nand Juliustown, are villages of the\\nt-ship, at the two last of which, are\\npost-offices. The population, a great\\nportion of which are Friends, was,\\nin 1830, 1531. In 1832, the t-ship\\ncontained, 3 Friends meeting houses,\\n147 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed $30, in value; 61 single\\nmen, 330 taxables; 3 stores, 14 tan\\nvats, 1 distillery for cider, 31 dear-\\nborns, 100 covered wagons, 17 chairs,\\n11 gigs and curricles, 1975 neat cat-\\ntle, and 507 horses and mules, over\\n3 3^ears of age and paid state tax,\\n$388 85 county tax, $1358 29 and\\ntownship tax, $500.\\nSpring Garden, or North Belle-\\nville, Bloomheld t-ship, Essex co.,\\nupon the Third river, and about a\\nmile W. of the Passaic river con-\\ntains from 50 to 70 dwellings, a cot-\\nton manufactory, a school, and a Me-\\nthodist church. (See Belleville.)\\nSpring Mills, village of Alexan-\\ndria t-ship, Hunterdon co., 13 miles\\nN. W. from Flemington, on a small\\nstream, which empties into the Dela-\\nware; contains a grist mill, and seve-\\nral dwellings.\\nSpringtown, small village of Schoo-\\nley s mountain, on the Somerville\\nand Easton turnpike road, 18 miles\\nW. of Morristown, and 3 niiles E. of\\nthe mineral spring; contains some 6\\nor 8 dwellings.\\nSpring Valley, hamlet of Morris\\nt-shij), Morris co., 4 miles S. E. of\\nMorristown; contains a tavern, and\\nsome half-dozen dwellings.\\nSquan Beach, extends from Old\\nCranberry inlet, N. 10 miles to Ma-\\nnasquan inlet, dividing for part of that\\ndistance, Barnegat bay, from the At-\\nlantic ocean. It no where exceeds\\nhalf a mile in width.\\nSquan, a vicinage in the S. E. part\\nof Howell t-ship, Monmouth co., be-\\ntween Manasquan and Metetecunk\\nrivers. It is much frequented for\\nsea-bathing; and comfortable accom-\\nmodations are found at the farm-\\nhouses, of which there are several\\nwhere boarders are received.\\nSqiiankum, p-t. of Howell t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., 10 miles S. E. from\\nFreehold, 44 from Trenton, and 209\\nN. E. from W. C. contains a\\nFriends meeting house, a grist mill,\\nand fulling mill, 2 taverns, 1 store,\\nand 12 or 15 dwellings, surrounded\\nby pine forest, and sandy soil.\\nSquankum, tavern, and creek the\\ncreek is a tributary of Inskeep s\\nbranch of the Great Egg Harbour\\nriver, Deptford t-ship, Gloucester\\ncounty.\\nStafford t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nbounded on the N. by Dover t-ship;\\nE. and S. E. by the Atlantic ocean;\\nS. W. by Little Egg Harbour t-ship\\nand W. by Northampton t-ship, Bur-\\nlington CO. Centrally distant S. from\\nFreehold, 38 miles greatest length,\\nN. and S. 18 miles, breadth 12 miles;\\narea, 87,000 acres; surface level;\\nsoil, sand, gravel, and marsh. On\\nthe E. front of the t-ship. Long\\nBeach extends upon the ocean, about\\n11 miles, with an average breadth of\\nabout 1 mile, separating Little Egg\\nHarbour bay from the sea. The bay\\nvaries from 2 to 3 miles in width,\\nand between it and the fast land, there\\nis a body of salt marsh of like width,\\nthrough which flow several creeks\\nthe principal are Manahocking, Gun-\\nning, Cedar, and Westecunk. Bar-\\nnegat, Manahocking, Cedar Bridge,\\nand Westecunk, are villages; the\\ntwo first post-towns of the t-ship.\\nPopulation in 1830, 2059. In 1832\\nthe county contained about 400 tax-\\nables; 64 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30; 30 single\\nmen 4 stores, 2 saw mills, 1 grist\\nmill, 1 furnace, 210 horses and mules,\\nand 802 neat cattle, above 3 yAars\\nof age.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0606.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "STE\\n243\\nSTI\\nStanhope, forge, and post-town, on\\nthe Musconetcong river, and on the\\nMorris canal, on the S. boundary of\\nByram t-ship, Sussex co., by the post\\nroute, 222 miles from W. C, 59 from\\nTrenton, 11 S. of Newton, and 16\\nN. W. of Morristown contains a\\ngrist mill, 3 forges, 2 taverns, 2 stores,\\nand from 20 to 30 dwellings, and one\\nlarge school house. The creek has\\nhere been led from its bed, by which\\nmeans a fine waterfall of 30 feet, avail-\\nable for mill purposes, has been ob-\\ntained an inclined plane of the canal\\nat this place, surmounts an elevation\\nof 76 feet. This thriving little town\\nwas founded by Mr. Silas Dickenson;\\nand is surrounded by an excellent soil\\nof limestone.\\nStaten Island Sound, or Arthur-\\nKill, the sti-ait which divides Sta-\\nten Island from New Jersey. It has\\na devious, but general N. E. course,\\nfrom the head of Raritan bay, and\\nincluding the Kill-van- Kuhl extends\\nto New York bay, a distance of about\\n18 miles, having a breadth, common-\\nly much under, and no where ex-\\nceeding half a mile. It is the or-\\ndinary passage of the steamboats\\nwhich ply between Brunswick, Am-\\nboy, and New York. As the tide\\nflows from, and into both bays, from\\nand into this strait, the navigator\\nnever has a current with him through\\nits whole length. The channel is\\nskirted on both sides by an agreeable\\ncountry. That of New Jersey is the\\nmore level, and that of Staten Island\\nthe more variegated and picturesque.\\nFor several miles from New York\\nbay, the shore of the island is so\\nclosely covered with houses, as to\\nhave the appearance of a continued\\nstreet.\\nSteddanCs Neck, a strip of land\\nlying in the N. W. angle of Green-\\nwich t-ship, formed by the junction\\nof Newport and Stow creeks.\\nSteelman s Creek, small tributary,\\nflowing eastwardly into the Great\\nEgg Harbour river, Weymouth t-ship,\\nGloucester co.\\nStephen s Creek, Weymouth t-ship,\\nGloucester co., tributary of Great\\nEgg Harbour river, having an eas-\\nterly course of 8 or 9 miles. Two\\nmiles from its mouth, is a village and\\npost-town which bears its name; 39\\nmiles S. E. from Woodbury, 78 from\\nTrenton, and 106 N. E. from W. C.\\nIt contains a grist and saw mill, ta-\\nvern, store, and 6 or 8 dwellings.\\nStewartsville, p-t. of Greenwich\\nt-ship, Warren co., centrally situate\\nin the t-ship, on Merritt s branch of\\nPohatcong creek, 10 miles S. E. of\\nBelvidere; contains a tavern, a store,\\nand 10 or 12 dweUings surrounded\\nby a fertile limestone country, and\\nlying about a mile south of the Mor-\\nris canal, and about 5 miles east from\\nEaston, Pennsylvania.\\nStill Valley, of Greenwich t-ship,\\nWarren co., lying between Lopat-\\ncong and Pohatcong creeks, and ex-\\ntending N. E. from the river Dela-\\nware. This is a rich valley of lime-\\nstone land, thickly settled, and highly\\nproductive in wheat. There is a\\npost-office here named after the val-\\nley, on the turnpike road, between 4\\nand 5 miles from Easton, Pennsyl-\\nvania.\\nStilhcater t-ship, Sussex co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Newton t-ship\\nS. E. by Greene t-ship S. W. by\\nIlardwick t-ship, Warren co.; and\\nN. W. by Walpack t-ship. Cen-\\ntrally distant from Newton, E. 7\\nmiles greatest length N. and S. 10\\nmiles; breadth E. and W. 7 miles;\\narea, 28,160 aci-es surface hilly, on\\nthe N. W. mountainous. It is drain-\\ned by Paulinskill, which crosses it\\ncentrally, and receives a tributary\\nfrom Swartwout s pond in the t-ship.\\nPopulation in 1830, 1381. Taxables\\nin 1832, 230. Stillwater and Cour-\\nsenville are post-offices of the t-ship,\\nwhich contained, in 1832, 40 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not ex-\\nceed $30, 4 run of stones for grind-\\ning grain, 4 stores, 6 saw mills, 277\\nhorses and mules, and 692 neat cat-\\ntle above three years of age, 1 distil-\\nlery, 64 tan vats. It paid state and\\ncounty tax, $378 85; poor tax,\\n$200; road tax, $600. S. E. of the\\nPaulinskill, the soil is slnte; N. W.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0607.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "STO\\n244\\nSTR\\nof the creek, lime, slate, and grey\\nrock, and is generally fertile.\\nStillwater, p-t. of the above t-ship,\\nby the post-route, 236 miles from W.\\nC, 78 from Trenton, and 7 S. W.\\nfrom Newton; contains a tavern,\\nstore, a grist and oil mill, a Presby-\\nterian church, formerly Dutch Re-\\nformed, and 8 or 10 dwellings. The\\nsoil around it is limestone, well culti-\\nvated.\\nStipson^s Island, a neck of fast\\nland, near the west boundary of Den-\\nnis t-ship. Cape May co., projecting\\ninto the marshes, having a length of\\nabout 3 miles.\\nStockholm, post-office and forge of\\nJefferson t-ship, Morris co., upon the\\nPequannock creek, at the N. E. end\\nof the Greenpond mountain, 18 miles\\nN. W. of Morristown, 249 N. E.\\nfrom W. C, and 83 from Trenton.\\nStockingtown, a small hamlet of\\n6 or 8 dwellings, of Upper Alloways\\nCreek t-ship, Salem co., about 9 miles\\nE. of Salem t-ship, and 3 from Allo-\\nwaystown.\\nStone House Brook, branch of the\\nPompton river, rising in Pequannock\\nt-ship, and flowing by a course of 6\\nmiles N. W. to its recipient, giving\\nmotion to some forges.\\nStony Brook, Pequannock t-ship,\\nMorris co., small tributary of the\\nRockaway river, which flows by se-\\nveral branches, in length from 4 to 5\\nmiles, through Rockaway valley.\\nStony Hill, extends from the north\\nbranch of the river Raritan, in Ber-\\nnard and Bridgewater t-ships, through\\nWarren t-ship, in Somerset co., into\\nEssex CO., in the form of a crescent;\\nformed of trap rock, on old red sand-\\nstone base. Under this name the\\nmountain, following its curve, is\\nabout 12 miles long.\\nStop-the-Jade Creek, tributary of\\nthe S. branch of the Rancocus creek,\\nNortlmmpton t-ship, Burlington co.\\nunites with the latter at VincenttoAvn,\\nafter a westerly course of 9 miles.\\nA mill stream.\\nStoufs Branch, of Paulin s creek,\\nrises in Sand Pond, Hardwick t-ship,\\nWarren co., at the foot of the Blue\\nmountain, and flows by a southerly\\ncourse of 7 or 8 miles, to its reci-\\npient.\\nStoutsville, on the line dividing\\nMontgomery t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nfrom Hopewell t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nand on the turnpike road from Bruns-\\nwick to Lambertsville, 13 miles S.\\nW. from Somerville; contains a ta-\\nvern, and 6 or 8 dwellings, in a fertile,\\npleasant valley.\\nS/ow Creek t-ship, Cumberland\\nCO., bounded N. and W. by Stow\\ncreek, which divides it from Salem\\nCO. E. by Hopewell t-ship, and S.\\nby Greenwich t-ship. Centrally dis-\\ntant, N. W. from Bridgeton, 7 miles;\\ngreatest length, E. and W. 7; breadth,\\nN. and S. 6 miles; area, 10,240\\nacres; surface, paiily level, partly\\nrolling; soil, clay, loam, sand, and\\ngravel. Population in 1830, 791. In\\n1832, the t-ship contained 170 taxa-\\nbles, 21 householders, whose ratables\\ndid not exceed $30 4 grist mills, 1\\nsaw mill, 198 horses and 557 cattle,\\nabove the age of 3 years, 1 store\\nand paid road tax, $200 state and\\ncounty, $437 81. Newport creek\\nforms the boundary between this and\\nGreenwich t-ship.\\nStow Creek, rises on the confines\\nof Salem and Cumberland cos., and\\nHopewell and Upper Alloways Creek\\nt-ships, and by a S. W. and S. course,\\nforms the line between these coun-\\nties, by the meanders of the creek;\\n25 miles to the Delaware bay. It is\\nnavigable for sloops, about 18 miles,\\nand has some good banked meadow\\non its borders, for the distance of 9\\nmiles, commencing 9 miles from its\\nmouth.\\nStrait), hamlet of Greenwich t-ship,\\nWarren co., about 5 miles S. E. of\\nPhilipsburg, and 12 miles S. of Bel-\\nvidere; contains 3 or 4 dwellings only.\\nStralenherg, hamlet, Hackensack\\nt-ship, Bergen co., about 5 miles N.\\nE. of Flackensacktown contains 1\\nDutch Reformed, and 1 Seceder s\\nchurch, some 8 or 10 dwellings, a\\nstore and tavern; surrounded by a\\npleasant, level country, of fertile\\nloam, well cultivated.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0608.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "sus\\n245\\nSUS\\nStretch s Point, on Stow creek,\\nLower Alloways Creek t-ship, Salem\\nCO., about 7 miles from the mouth of\\nthe ci-eek.\\nSuckasunny, the name of a village\\nand plain the latter extending in\\nwidth from 2^ to 3 miles, and in\\nlength about 6 miles is sandy and\\nnot very fertile, and is drained by\\nBlack, or Lamington river. On the\\nN. E. of this plain, terminates the\\n^reat vein of iron which has conti-\\nnued a S. W. course from the White\\nHills in New Hampshire.\\nThe village and post-town is situ-\\nate on the Morristown and Easton\\nturnpike road, 11 miles N. W. from\\nthe former, 63 N. E. from Trenton,\\nand 226 from W. C. contains a\\nPresbyterian church, a store and ta-\\nvern, and some 12 or 15 dwell-\\nings.\\nSucker Pond, a small basin of wa-\\nter, at the east foot of the Blue moun-\\ntain, in Stillwater t-ship, Sussex co.\\nSussex County, was taken from\\nMorris, by act of Assembly, 8th June,\\n1753, with bounds which included\\nthe present county of Warren. War-\\nren was erected by act of 20th Nov.\\n1824; and Sussex is now bounded\\nS. by the Musconetcong river and\\nHopatcong pond; thence by a line\\nrunning N. E. dividing it from Mor-\\nris and Bergen counties, to the line\\nof the state of New York thence\\nalong that line N. W., to the Dela-\\nware river, at the mouth of the Nevi-\\nsink, or Macacomac river thence by\\nthe river, to the mouth of the Flat-\\nkill; and thence by a line S. E., se-\\nparating it from Warren co., to the\\nMusconetcong river, somewhat more\\nthan a mile below Andover furnace.\\nIts form approaches an oblong, with\\na mean length of 26, and breadth of\\n22 miles area, about 572 square\\nmiles, or 366,000 acres central lat.\\n41\u00c2\u00b0 8 N.; long. 2\u00c2\u00b0 15 from W. C.\\nThe county is divided geologically\\nby the primitive and transition forma-\\ntions. The former passing N. E. by\\nSparta, and including within its li-\\nmits, the Hamburg or Wallkill, and\\nthe Wawavanda mountains. These\\nL\\nmountains abound with a variety of\\nminerals, of which iron and zinc are\\nthe most considerable. The country\\nbetween these hills and the Blue moun-\\ntain is rolling; nay, hilly; in which,\\nridges of slate, alternate with valleys\\nof Umestone; and is highly fertile,\\nand every where well cultivated.\\nThe Blue, or Kittatinny mountain, is\\nskirted on the east by grey rock,\\nwhich bears great resemblance to\\nthe primitive, and certainly contains\\nlittle evidence of recombination. The\\nmountain itself appears to be com-\\nposed partly of similar rock, of a\\nbluish green and red sandstone, the\\ncolours of which are singularly and\\nintimately blended. Upon the N. W.\\nthe mountain is bounded by a broad\\nstrip of grey limestone.\\nA dividing ridge running from Blue\\nmountain, in Frankford t-ship, north\\nof Culver s Pond, through the S. E.\\nangle of that t-ship, on towards Spar-\\nta, gives a determination to the wa-\\nters of the county, sending part N.\\nE. towards the Hudson, and part to-\\nwards the Delaware river. Thus all\\nthe waters of the eastern portion pour\\nfrom the hills north and south, into\\nthe valley of the Wallkill, where the\\nflatness of the surl acc causes them to\\nspread over a considerable space,\\nand occasions an extensive marsh\\nalong the borders of that stream,\\ngreatly enlarged within the bounds\\nof the state of New York. The west-\\nern portion of the county is drained\\nchiefly by the Paulinskill, flowing by\\na deep and rapid course, through this\\nand Warren county, to its recipient\\nnear Columbia.\\nThe face of the country is dotted\\nwith large ponds, or small lakes, some\\nof which are on the highest hills.\\nSwartwout s and Cidver s ponds are\\nthe largest the first being 3 miles\\nin length, by 1 in breadth, and the\\nother 2 miles in length, by the same\\nbreadth. But the most remarkable\\nare the White Ponds, which have\\nbeen so called, from the appearance\\nof their shores and bottoms, covered\\nwith shells of the snail, in very ex-\\ntensive masses. Two of these lie on", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0609.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "sus\\n246\\nSUS\\nthe line between Newton and Hardis-\\nton townships.\\nThe agriculture of the county is in\\na state of progressive improvement,\\nand is now very productive. The\\nlimestone lands yield large crops of\\nwheat, and the slate, where the rock\\ndoes not come too near to the surface,\\nis scarce less fertile. Lime is not\\nyet much employed as manure, but\\nits use is growing, and will doubtlessly\\nbe extensive, when its benefits shall\\nbe generally known. Wheat, rye,\\noats, corn, and iron, are staple pro-\\nducts.\\nThe principal towns and post of-\\nfices, are Newton, the county town,\\nDeckertown, Hamburg, Ogdensburg,\\nSparta, Andover, Greenville, Still-\\nwater, Branchville, Augusta, and La-\\nfayette. Benville, Coursenville, Flat-\\nbrookville, Fredon, Gratitude, Har-\\nmony, Hamburg, Lafayette, Liberty-\\nville, Lockwood, Monroe, Montague,\\nSandystone, Stanhope, Vernon, Wal-\\npack, and Wantage.\\nBy returns of the assessors, for\\nthe year 1832, there were 107.5\\nhouseholders, 58 merchants, shop-\\nkeepers, and traders, 87 run of stones\\nfor grinding grain, 18 carding ma-\\nchines, 3 iron furnaces, 55 saw mills,\\n28 forge fires, 7 fulling mills, 3875\\nhorses and mules, 13,070 neat cattle\\n3 years old and upwards, 6 ferries\\nand toll bridges, 227 tan vats, 36\\ndistilleries, and 101,887 acres of im-\\nproved land. The amount of state\\nand county tax, was $7500 95 poor\\ntax, $3300 road tax, $8600.\\nBy the census of 1830, the popu-\\nlation of the county amounted to\\n20,346 souls, of whom 10,240 were\\nwhite males 9654 white females\\n206 free coloured males; 195 free\\ncoloured females 21 male, and 30\\nfemale slaves. Of these inhabitants,\\n89 were aliens; 6 deaf and dumb;\\n14 blind.\\nThe provision for moral improve-\\nment in the county, consist of 2 clas-\\nsical seminaries at Newton, 6 com-\\nmon schools in that town, and others\\nin sufficient numbers for the wants of\\nthe people throughout the county a\\nLyceum for the cultivation of letters\\nand science, and a public library at\\nNewton; a county Bible society, a\\ncounty Sunday school union, and\\ndistrict Sunday schools and tempe-\\nrance societies.\\nThe county elects 1 member to the\\nlegislative council, and 2 to the As-\\nsembly. The courts of common\\npleas, orphans and quarter sessions,\\nare holden at Newton, on the last\\nTuesday of January, the 4th Tuesday\\nof May, the 3d of August, and the\\n4th of November; and the circuit\\ncourts, and sessions of oyer and ter-\\nminer and general jail delivery, are\\nholden on the 4th Tuesdays of May,\\nand November.\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF SUSSEX COUNTY.\\nTownships.\\nSd\\nc\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\nPopulation.\\nm\\n1810.\\n1820.\\n1830.\\nBy ram,\\n10\\n8\\n21,760\\nmountainous.\\n591\\n672\\n958\\nFrankfort,\\n11\\n8^\\n28,800\\nvalley.\\n1637\\n2008\\n1996\\nGreen,\\n9\\n4\\n14,080\\np t hilly, p t level.\\n801\\nHardiston,\\n13\\n9\\n41,960\\nmountainous.\\n1702\\n2160\\n2588\\nMontague,\\n8^\\n7J,\\n21,620\\nmoun. riv. flat.\\n661\\n964\\n990\\nNewton,\\n12\\n10\\n65,920\\nhilly, p t level.\\n2082\\n2743\\n3464\\nSandistone,\\nH\\n7\\n19,320\\nmoun. riv. flat.\\n703\\n1945\\n1097\\nStillwater,\\n10\\n7\\n28,160\\nmoun. level.\\n1381\\nWalpack,\\n10\\n4\\n15,360\\nmoun. \u00c2\u00abfcriv. flat.\\n591\\n822\\n660\\nWantage,\\n11\\nSi\\n42,880\\ndo. do.\\n2969\\n3307\\n4034\\nVernon,\\n11\\n10\\n52,480\\nmountainous.\\n1708\\n2096\\n2377\\n352,300\\n12,644\\n1 6,617, 20,346", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0610.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "sus\\n247\\nSUS\\nWe have already, in our introduc- 1\\ntory chapter, noted generally the\\ngeological and mineralogical charac-\\nter of this county. But the reader 1\\nwill be gratified with the following\\nspecial notice fi om Dr. Samuel Fow-\\nler, whose intimate knowledge of the\\nsubject, renders the account highly\\nvaluable.\\nPerhaps in no quarter of the globe is\\nthere so much found to interest the mine-\\nralogist, as in the white crystalhne cal-\\ncareous valley, commencing at Mounts\\nAdam and Eve, in the county of Orange,\\nand state of New York, about three miles\\nfrom the line of tiie state of New Jersey,\\nand continuing thence, through Vernon,\\nHamburg, Franklin, Sterling, Sparta and\\nByram, a distance of about twenty-five\\nmiles, in the county of Sussex, and state\\nof New Jersey. This limestone is highly\\ncrystalline, coniaining no organic re-\\nmains, and is the great imbedding matrix\\nof all the curious and interesting minerals\\nfound in this valley. When burned, it\\nproduces lime of a superior quality. A\\nconsiderable quantity of this stone is\\nburned into lime near Hamburg, and when\\ncarted to the towns below, as Patterson,\\nNewark, c. is sold for one dollar per\\nbushel. It is principally used in masonry,\\nfor whitewashing, cornice work, and wall\\nof a fine hard finish, and is considered su-\\nperior to the best Rhode Island lime.\\nSome varieties, particularly the granular,\\nfurnish a beautiful marble it is often\\nwhite, with a slight tinge of yellow, re-\\nsembling the Parian marble from the\\nisland of Pares; at other times clouded,\\nblack, sometimes veined, black, and at\\nother times arborescent.\\nFranklinitc a new metalliferous combi-\\nnation, containing, according to Berthier,\\nof oxide of zinc 17, of iron 66, and man-\\nganese 16, is very abundant; indeed it\\nappears inexhaustible. It commences\\nabout half a mile north-east of Franklin\\nfurnace, and extends two miles south-\\nwest of Sparta, a distance of nine miles.\\nIt is accompanied in this whole distance\\nby the red oxide of zinc, mutually enve-\\nloping each other. The greatest quantity\\nappears to be at Franklin furnace. The\\nbed here, is about 100 feet high above the\\nadjoining land, on the west side of it, and\\nfrom ten to forty feet wide. Various at-\\ntempts have been made to work this ore in\\na blast furnace, but without success. It\\nfrequently congeals in the hearth, before\\ntime is allowed to get it out in a liquid\\nstate, in consequence of a combination of\\nthe iron with manganese. All this dif-\\nficulty I apprehend mijrht be overcome,\\nif a method could be discovered of smelt-\\ning iron ore in a blast furnace with an-\\nthracite coal as the Franklinite requires\\na greater degree of heat to cause it to re-\\ntain its liquid state, than can be obtained\\nby the use of charcoal. It occurs in grains\\nimbedded in the white carbonate of lime,\\nand detached in concretions of various\\nsizes, from that of a pin s head to a hickory\\nnut; also, in regular octahedral crystals,\\nemarginated on the angles, small at Frank-\\nlin, but very perfect, witii brilliant faces.\\nAt Sterling, the crystals are large and\\nperfect. I have one from tliat place that\\nmeasures sixteen inches around the com-\\nmon base.\\nRed Oxide of Zinc. At Sterling, tiiree\\nmiles from Franklin, a mountain mass of\\nthis formation presents itself about 200\\nfeet high. Here, as Mr. Nuttall truly ob-\\nserves, the red oxide of zinc forms as it\\nwere a paste, in which the crystals of\\nFranklinite are thickly imbedded in fact\\na metalliferous porphyry. This appears to\\nbe the best adapted for manufacturing\\npurposes. The Franklinite imbedded in\\ntlie zinc ore here, is highly magnetic, and\\nmay be all separated by magnetic cylin-\\nders, recently brought into use to separate\\nthe earthy portion of magnetic iron ore.\\nIt was long since observed, that this ore\\nis well adapted for the manufacture of the\\nbest brass, and may be employed without\\nany previous preparation. It is reduced\\nwithout any difficulty to a metallic state,\\nand may be made to furnish the sulphate\\nof zinc (white vitriol).\\nIt is remarked by Professor Bull, that\\nthis ore, from its abundance, and the many\\nuses to which it may be applied, promises\\nto be a valuable acquisition to the manu-\\nfacturing interest of the United States.\\nBerthier found it to contain oxide of zinc\\n88, red oxide of manganese 12.\\nMagnetic Iron Ore. On the west side\\nof the Franklinite, and often within a few\\nfeet of it, appears an abundance of mag-\\nnetic iron ore, usually accompanied by\\nhornblende rock. In some places it soon\\nruns into the Franklinite, which destroys\\nits usefulness and the largest beds are\\ncombined with plumbago, which renders\\nit unprofitable to work in a blooming\\nforge, but valuable in a blast furnace.\\nOn the Franklin or Warwick mountain,\\nabout four miles east of the furnace, are\\nnumerous beds of iron ore, from which\\nmany thousand tons have been taken\\nand which still contain a large quantity\\nof the best quality of ore, either for a\\nblooming forge or blast furnace. Iron\\npyrites occur here, both in the valley and\\non the mountain, of a proper quality to\\nmanufacture sulphate of iron (copperas.)\\nIt also occurs crystallized, in cubes, in\\noctahedrons, and dodecahedrons, fre-\\nquently perfect, and highly splendid.\\nThe other minerals found in this dis-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0611.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "sus\\n248\\nSUS\\nti ict arc numerous, rare, interesting, and\\nseveral of tlieni new, and not found in\\nany other place, but better calculated to\\ninstruct the naturalist and adorn his cabi-\\nnet, than for any particular uses to which\\nthey have as yet been applied. A catalogue\\nof which I have subjoined, designating\\nthe minerals as they occur in each town-\\nship.\\nIn Byram t-ship, considered the south\\nwestern extremity of the white carbonate\\nof lime.\\n1. Spinelle, colour reddish brown,\\ngreen, and black, in octahedral crystals,\\nassociated with orange coloured brucite.\\n2. Brucite of various shades, from that\\nof a straw colour, to a dark orange, and\\nnearly black.\\n3. Grey hornblende in six-sided prisms,\\nwith diedral summits.\\nIn the Toionship of Hardiston.\\nAt Sparta:\\n1. Brucite of a beautiful honey colour\\nthe finest we have is found here.\\n2. Augite in six-sided prisms, colour\\nbrownish green.\\nAt Sterling\\n1. Spinelle, black, green, and grey, in\\noctahedral crystals.\\n2. Brucite of various shades.\\n3. Brutile, colour steel grey lustre\\nmetallic, in acicular prisms, with longitu-\\ndinal striad.\\n4. Blende, black and white the white\\nsometimes in octahedral crystals, the lus-\\ntre brilliant.\\n5. Dysluite,inoctahedralcrystals, colour\\nbrown externally, internally yellowish\\nbrown lustre metallic (a new mineral.)\\nG. Ferruginous silicate of manganese,\\nin six-sided prisms, colour pale yellow,\\nassociated with Franklinite.\\n7. Tourmaline, imbedded in white feld-\\nspar, in six-sided prisms, longitudinally\\nstriated colour reddish brown.\\n8. Green and blue carbonate of cop-\\nper. A number of large excavations were\\nmade at the Sterling mine for copper,\\nduring the revolutionary war, under an\\nerroneous impression, that the rod oxide\\nof zinc, was the red copper ore. It was\\nthe property of Lord Sterling hence the\\nname of the Sterling mine. Of copper,\\nwe only find there a trace of the green\\nand blue carbonate.\\nAt Franklin\\n1. Spinelle, black and red crystallized.\\n2. Ceylonite, green and bluish green,\\nin perfect octahedrons truncated on tlie\\nangles lustre of the brilliance of polish-\\ned steel.\\n5. Garnets, black, brown, yellow, red,\\nand green crystallized in dodecahe-\\ndrons.\\n6. Silicate of Manganese, light brown-\\nish red.\\n7. Ferro Silicate of Manganese, of Pro-\\nfessor Thomson, and the Fowlerite, of\\nNuttall, light red or pink, foliated and\\nsplendent, has much the appearance of\\nFeldspar, is also in rectangular prisms.\\n8. Lesqui- Silicate of Manganese, la-\\nmellar in scales or small plates colour,\\nbrownish black.\\n9. Hornblende, crystallized.\\n10. Actynolite, do.\\n31. Tremolite, do.\\n12. Augite, common variety, do.\\n13. Jeffersonite, do. do.\\n14. Plumbago, foliated and crystallized\\nin six-sided balls.\\n15. Brucite of various shades.\\n16. Scapolite, white, crystallized.\\n17. Wernerite, yellow, do.\\n18. Tourmaline, black, do.\\n19. Fluate of Lime, earthy and do.\\n20. Galena.\\n21. Oolite, in small grains about the\\nsize of a mustard seed, disseminated in\\nblue secondary carbonate of lime.\\n22. Asbestos, connected with Horn-\\nblende rock.\\n23. Green Beryl.\\n24. Feldspar, green and white, crystal-\\nlized.\\n25. Epidote and Pink Carbonate of\\nLime.\\n26. Arsenical Pyrites.\\n27. Serpentine.\\n28. Sahlite.\\n29. Cocolite, green and black.\\n30. Sphene, honey colour, crystallized.\\n31. Quartz.\\n32. Jasper.\\n33. Chalcedony.\\n34. Amethyst, crystallized.\\n35. Agate.\\n36. Mica, black and orange coloured,\\ncrystallized.\\n37. Zircon, crystallized.\\n38. Sulphate of Molybdena.\\n39. Phosphate of Iron.\\n40. Carbonate of Iron.\\n41. Steatite, foliated with yellow Gar-\\nnet.\\n42. Phosphate of Lime, crystallized.\\n43. Pale Yellow-blende, of a foliated\\nstructure lustre, vitreous.\\nJVear Hamhurgh.\\n1. An ore of Manganese, and iron of a\\nlight reddish brown, very compact and\\nheavy.\\n2. Augite and Brucite.\\nIn the Toicnshlp of Vernon.\\n1. Green Spinelle and Brucite, in octa-\\nhedral crystals.\\nIn JVewton Township.\\n1. Sulphate of Barytes in lamellar\\nmasses, and tabular crystals, in a vein\\ntraversing secondary limestone.\\n2. Sapphire, blue and white, in rhombs\\nand six-sided prisms.\\n3. Red Oxide of Titanium.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0612.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "TAN\\n249\\nTIM\\n4. Grey Spinelle in large octahedral\\ncrystals.\\n5. Mica, copper coloured, in hexahe-\\ndrnl crystals.\\n6. Idocrase, crystallized, yellowish\\nbrown.\\n7. Steatite, presenting the pseudomor-\\nphous form of quartz, scapolite, and spi-\\nnelle.\\n8. Scapolite, in four-sided prisms. For\\na more particular account of the Newton\\nminerals, see Silliman s Journal, vol. XXI.\\npage 319.\\nIn Frankford Township.\\nSerpentine, of a light yellowish green,\\nbears a fine polish, has a glistening lustre,\\nand is quite abundant.\\nSwartwoufs Pond, a large sheet\\nof- water, of Stillwater t-ship, Su.ssex\\nCO., which sends forth a tributary to\\nPaulinskill.\\nSwedcshord p-t. of Woolwich\\nt-ship, Gloucester co., 13 miles S. W.\\nfrom Woodbury, 49 miles from Tren-\\nton, and 155 from W. C, at the head\\nof sloop navigation, on Raccoon creek,\\nabout 5 miles from its mouth; con-\\ntains about 100 dwellings, an Epis-\\ncopal and a Methodist church, an\\naeademy, 2 taverns, 4 stores, a mer-\\nchant grist mill, and an extensive\\nwoollen factory, belonging to C. C.\\nStratton, Esq. The country around\\nit is level; soil, sandy loam, fertile,\\nand well cultivated. Battentown, a\\nmile distant from it, contains 1 tavern,\\nand a few dwellings.\\nSwede s Branch, mill stream of\\nChester t-ship, Burlington co., flows\\nby a N. W. course of more than 3\\nmiles, to the Delaware river.\\nSunmming River. (See Shi cws-\\nhury river.)\\nTabernacle, village of Northamp-\\nton t-ship, Burlington co., 12 miles\\nS. W. of Mount Holly; contains a\\nMethodist church, a tavern, and 10\\nor 12 houses.\\nTalman s Creek, small tributary\\nof the Rancocus creek, rising in\\nEvesham t-ship, Burlington co., near\\nEvesham village, and flows six miles\\nto its recipient.\\nTansboro\\\\ village of Gloucester\\nt-ship, of Gloucester co., on the road\\nfrom Long-a-coming, to Great Egg\\nHarbour river, 15 miles S. E. from\\n2 1\\nWoodbury, 18 from Camden; con-\\ntains a tavern, and some half dozen\\ndwellings. Surrounded by a sandy\\nsoil, and pine forest.\\nTarkiln Creek, mill stream of\\nMaurice River t-ship, Cumberland\\nCO., rismg in the t-ship, and flowing\\nby a southerly course, of 10 miles\\ninto the Delaware bay.\\nTavnton Furnace, on Haines\\ncreek, Evesham t-ship, Burlington\\nCO., 11 miles S. W. from Mount Hol-\\nly, and 14 S. E. from Camden.\\nTenants Rtin, a tributary of South\\nI iver, South Amboy t-ship, Middlesex\\nCO., flowing N. W., between 3 and 4\\nmiles to its recipient.\\nTeiokeshiiry, t-ship, Hunterdon co.,.\\nbounded N. by Washington t-ship,\\nMorris co. E. by Bedminster t-ship,\\nSomerset co. S. by Rcadington\\nt-ship, and W. and S. W. by Leba-\\nnon t-ship; centrally distant N. E.\\nfrom Flemington, 14 miles; great-\\nest length, N. and S., 8 breadth, E.\\nand W. 1 miles area, 23,000 acres\\nsurface hilly soil, on the mountain,\\nclay and loam, and in the valley, at\\nits foot, grey limestone, rich and well\\ncultivated drained by Rockaway\\ncreek, and its tributaries, flowing S.\\nE. through the township, and by\\nLamington river, m hich* runs on the\\neastern boundary. New German-\\ntown, and Pottersville, are post-towns\\nof the t-ship. Population in 1830,\\n1659. In 1832 the t-ship contained\\n8 stores, 6 saw mills, 3 grist mills,\\n28 tanner s vats, 2 carding machines,\\n2 fulling mills, 9 distilleries, 417\\nhorses and mules, 696 neat cattle,\\naljove 3 years of age and paid poor\\ntax, $350 road tax, $600 state and\\ncounty tax, $706 68.\\nTice s Pond, at the foot of the\\nRamapo mountain, Pompton t-ship,\\nBergen co. covers about 200 acres\\nof ground, and is the source of a tri-\\nbutary of Ringwood river.\\nTimber Creek, Big, (iloucester\\nCO., ris( s by two branches, the lesser\\nin Gloucester, and the greater in\\nDeptford t-ship, uniting about 6 miles\\nabove the mouth. The north branch\\nis navigable for sloops from the Dc-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0613.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "TOM\\n250\\nTRE\\nlaware to Chew s landing, a distance\\nof 8 or 9 miles, and the south, nearly\\nto Blackwoodtown, a distance of about\\n10 miles. The whole length of the\\nstream, by its meanders, may be 13\\nor 14 miles. It receives several\\nsmall tributaries in its course, and\\ndrives some valuable mills.\\nTimber Creek, Little, of Wool-\\nwich t-ship, Gloucester co., rises in\\nthe t-ship, and flows N. W. 7 or 8\\nmiles, to the Delaware river, below\\nChester Island. There is a mill upon\\nit, near its head.\\nTiiiton Falls, village, and mill site\\nof Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nupon a branch of the Nevisink river,\\n9 miles E. from Freehold; contains\\nfrom 15 to 20 dwellings, a grist and\\nsaw mill, 1 tavern, and 2 stores. The\\nwater of the S. E. branch of Swim-\\nming river, falls over a sand rock,\\nfilled with animal remains, and form-\\ning a cascade of about 30 feet high.\\nFrom this rock flows a copious cha-\\nlybeate spring, which is frequently\\nvisited by those who seek health or\\namusement at the boarding houses\\nnear the coast.\\nTitiisville, post-office, Hunterdon\\ncounty.\\nToms River, p-t., of Dover t-ship,\\nMonmouth Kio., upon the head of\\nToms River bay, and tide water,\\n25 miles S. E. from Freehold, 221\\nfrom W. City, and 69 from Tren-\\nton, and 6 from the confluence of the\\nriver with Barnegat bay a flourish-\\ning village, lying on both sides of the\\ncreek, united by a wooden bridge, of\\nnear 200 feet in length contains\\nfrom 50 to 60 frame dwellings, some\\nof which are very neat and commo-\\ndious 2 taverns, 5 or 6 stores, and\\na Methodist meeting. Many sloops\\nand schooners are built here, and\\nmore than -1200,000 worth of timber\\nand cord-wood, annually exported.\\nToms River, mill stream of Mon-\\nmouth CO. its main branch rises on\\nthe line dividing Freehold and Upper\\nFreehold t-ships, and near Paint\\nIsland spring; and flows thence by\\na S. E. and E. course of 30 miles,\\ninto Barnegat bay. Above the village\\nof Toms river, about 4 miles, it re-\\nceives the south branch, which is\\nformed by many streams from Dover\\nand Upper Freehold t-ships and about\\na mile above the village. Wrangle\\nBrook also unites with it. It drains\\na wide expanse of forest land, and by\\nthe main stream and branches turns\\nmany mills and iron works.\\nTownshury, post-office, Warren\\ncounty.\\nTranquilitij, small tributary of the\\nwest branch of Wading river, rises\\nand flows about 4 miles in the neck\\nof land, between the east and west\\nbranches of the river.\\nTrap, hamlet of Shrewsbury t-ship,\\nMonmouth co., near Shark river, 11\\nmiles S. E. from Freehold contain-\\ning 6 or 8 dwellings, surrounded by\\na sandy soil and pine forest.\\nTrenton t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nbounded N. by Hopewell, E. by\\nLawrence t-ships; S. E. by Not-\\ntingham t-ship, of Burlington co.\\nand S. W. and W. by the river De-\\nlaware. Greatest length N. W. and\\nS. E. 8 miles; breadth E. and W.\\n6 miles; area, 10,609 acres; surface,\\nlevel; soil, clay and red shale, gene-\\nrally well cultivated, and productive.\\nIt is drained by Jacob s creek on the\\nnorth, and by the Assunpink and its\\ntributaries, on the south. The town\\nof Birmingham, and the city of Tren-\\nton, are within its boundary. Popu-\\nlation in 1830, 3925. In 1832,\\nthere were in the t-ship 1 1 merchants,\\n3 fisheries, 2 saw mills, 3 grist mills,\\n2 ferries and bridges, 220 tan vats,\\n2 grain distilleries, 469 horses and\\nmules, and 590 neat cattle, above 3\\nyears old and it paid poor tax,\\n$900; road tax, $400; and county\\ntax, $1264 98. (See Trenton City\\nTrenton, city, and seat of govern-\\nment of the state, on the left bank of\\nthe Delaware river, three-fourths of\\na mile above the tide, opposite the\\nlower falls of the river, and on the\\nnorth side of the Assunpink creek,\\nTrenton t-ship, Flunterdon co., 30\\nmiles from Philadelphia, 58 from\\nNew York; lat. 40\u00c2\u00b0 13 41 N.;\\nlong. 0\u00c2\u00b0 21 15 E. of Philadelphia,", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0614.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "TRE\\n251\\nTRE\\nand 2\u00c2\u00b0 8 15 of Washington City.\\nIncorporated by the act of 13th No-\\nvember, 1792, which established its\\ngovernment under a mayor, recorder,\\n3 aldermen, and 13 assistants, with\\nthe usual city privileges, and powei-\\nto license taverns within the city;\\nand by the act of 3d January, 1817,\\nthe mayor, recorder, and aldermen,\\nor any three of them, of whom the\\nmayor and recorder must be one, are\\nempowered to hold a court of general\\nquarter sessions. There are here, a\\nstate house, 100 by 60 feet, with\\nbow at either end, cupola, and bell\\nthe building is of stone, stuccoed\\nin imitation of dark granite, and\\nbeautifully situated on the bank of\\nthe river, commanding a fine view of\\nthe stream, the airy bridge which\\nhas been thrown over it, and of the\\nundulating shore of Pennsylvania a\\nhouse for the residence of the gover-\\nnor of the state; 3 fire-proof offices,\\na bank incorporated in 1804, with\\nan authorized capital of $600,000,\\nof which $214,740 only have been\\npaid in; an academy in which the\\nlanguages are taught, 3 boarding and\\nday schools for females, and several\\ncommon schools. These are, how-\\never, in the city proper but Trenton,\\nas known in common parlance, in-\\ncluding the villages of Mill Hill,\\nBloomsburyj and Lamberton, extend-\\ning 1| miles down the river bank, has\\nan Episcopal, Presbyterian, Friends\\nBaptist, Reformed Baptist, Roman\\nCatholic, Methodist, and African Me-\\nthodist churches. Trenton proper\\ncontains 425 dwellings, 13 taverns,\\nabout 30 stores, among which are 3\\nbookstores, and 3 silversmith shops\\n3 printing offices, each of which is-\\nsues a weekly paper, viz. the Union,\\nthe True American, and the New\\nJersey Gazetteer; a public library, es-\\ntablished about the year 1750, and a\\nlyceum or literary association. Mill\\nHill has 78 dwellings, 4 stores, and\\n4 taverns. Bloomsbury, 145 dwell-\\nings, 2 stores, and 5 taverns and\\nLamberton, 64 dwellings, 2 stores,\\nand 2 taverns. The Philadelphia\\nsteam-boats ply daily, and sometimes\\nseveral times a day, one from Lam-\\nberton, and others from Bloomsbury\\nand stages run 3 times a day by the\\nrail-road to New York and Philadel-\\nphia. Stages also run hence by\\nPrinceton to Brunswick, and to va-\\nrious other pai ts of the country\\nThe Delaware and Raritan canal re\\nceives its feeder here, on which is an\\nextensive basin for vessels and boats,\\nand the main canal crosses the As-\\nsunpink east of the town, over a no-\\nble stone aqueduct. The state prison\\nis at Lamberton, where a new prison\\nis also being erected, adapted to the\\nconfinement of 150 convicts. Thf\\nlamed bridge over the Delaware, is\\nthrown from Bloomsbury to Morris-\\nville, a span of 1100 feet, having a\\ndouble carriage-way and foot-paths\\nresting on the chords of, and suspend-\\ned from, a series of five arches, sup-\\nported on stone piers. This struc-\\nture has been much admired for its\\nlightness, grace, and strength. There\\nare on the Assunpink, within the\\ntown, two cotton mills, having 5400\\nspindles, and one mill for power\\nlooms, and on the Delaware, two\\nmills for looms; the whole number\\nof looms exceed 200.\\nFor some years past Trenton has\\nnot been in a very thriving state, but\\nthe late improvements have given\\nnew life to business and enterprise,\\nand much prosperity is anticipated\\nfrom the completion of the canal, and\\nparticularly from the construction of\\nthe mill race, now being made by the\\nTrenton Falls Company.\\nThis company was incorporated by\\nan act of the legislature, 16th Feb.\\n1831, with power to purchase, lease,\\nor sell lands, mills, and water privi-\\nleges useful in the creation of water\\npower to cut a wing dam in the De-\\nlaware river, between the mouth of\\nthe Assunpink and the head of Wells\\nFalls, and a race-way along the bank,\\nnot extending more than one and a\\nhalf miles below the Trenton Falls\\nto make lateral race-ways and other\\nworks; to sell lots, sites, and privi-\\nleges under the charter; and with a\\ngeneral power of taking lands neces-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0615.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "TRE\\n252\\nTRE\\nsary for their purposes, at the ap-\\npraisement of the commissioners and\\nwith the customary powers granted\\nto other coi porations. Their charter\\nis perpetual, protecting the company\\nfrom any tax exceeding the half of\\none per cent, on the actual amount of\\ncapital expended in the construction\\nof the work, with the privilege of ex-\\ntending its capital to $200,000. Each\\nshare, in the election of managers, is\\nentitled to one vote.\\nThe capital subscribed is $90,000\\nthe cost of constructing the work is\\nestimated at $140,000 exclusive of\\nthe lands purchased by the company\\nfor mill sites and building lots. The\\ncanal and race-Avay commences at\\nthe head of Scudder s Falls, directly\\nopposite the upper end of Slack s\\nIsland, and continues down the mar-\\ngin of the river, to a point opposite\\nthe centre of White s Island, where,\\nleaving the bank, it enters upon the\\nmeadows bordering the river, through\\nwhich it passes to the Assunpink, in\\nTrenton; thence, it is designed to\\ncross this creek by an aqueduct, and\\nto pass through Bloomsbury, to the\\nprecincts of Lamberton, where it de-\\nbouches into the river.\\nThe fall in the river Delaware, be-\\ntween the head and foot of the race-\\nway is 20 feet, of which, one foot and\\na half descent is given to the race-\\nway, leaving a head and fall at the\\nAssunpink of 14 feet, and below the\\nfoot of the Trenton Falls 18^ feet.\\nThe entire column of the water de-\\nscending the race-way is estimated at\\n23,868 cubic feet per minute, at the\\nlowest known state of the water.\\nThis at the Assunpink, will afford a\\npower equal to 335 horses; or if all be\\nexpended below the Assunpink, equal\\nto 575 horses or should one-third of\\nthe water be used above, and two-\\nthirds below the creek, the power\\nabove will be equal to 145 horses,\\nand that below, to 384 horses. This\\ncalculation is based on a depth of six\\nfeet water only, in the race-way the\\nminimum supply, after all deductions\\nfor leakage and evaporation at the\\nlowest water.\\nThis, however, is the view of the\\npower, in what is deemed its first\\nstage. The work commences at the\\nupper end of Slack s Island, which is\\nof considerable extent, situate near\\nthe middle of the river. The main\\nchannel of the stream was formei ly\\non the right, or Pennsylvania side of\\nthe island, but a loose stone wall hav-\\ning, some years since, been thrown\\nacross this channel to improve the\\nnavigation of the river, the larger\\nj)ortion of the water was thrown into\\nthe Jersey channel. This wall re-\\nmains, but it is overflowed at the\\nlowest water. By raising this dam\\nand throwing the whole current of\\nthe river into this channel, or by en-\\ntirely removing it, and erecting a dam\\nfrom the head of the company s works\\nto Slack s Island, and reopening the\\nchannel on the other side, the water\\nin the raceway would be raised two\\nfeet beyond its present elevation and\\nin constructing their work, the com-\\npany have adapted it to the reception\\nof that body of water. A column of\\neight feet instead of six, would thus\\nbe gained in the race the velocity\\nof its current increased to 122 feet\\nper minute, and the quantity of water\\nto 52,704 cubic feet in the same time.\\nThe power of the water would then\\nbe equal to 960 horses at the Assun-\\npink, or 1260 below it: or should\\none-third of the power be employed\\nabove, and two-thirds below the creek,\\nit would afford the company a power\\nabove, equal to 330 horses, below,\\n840, in the whole 1170.\\nThe company propose to let their\\nlands for the erection of mills, above\\nthe Assunpink, at 30 cents, and be-\\nloAv the creek, at from 40 to 50 cents\\nthe foot, perpetual rent, according to\\nsituation with the right of the free\\nuse of the company s wharf, rail-road,\\nc. and their lands for dwellings,\\nin lots 20 by 75 feet, at $6 per an-\\nnum. The buildings, in all cases, to\\nbe fire proof. And they propose to\\nlet the water from the main race-way\\nfor mill power, at a perpetual rent\\nof three dollars above, and four dol-\\nlars below the Assunpink creek, for", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0616.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "TRE\\n253\\nTRE\\nevery square inch area of the aper-\\nture, through which it shall be drawn\\noft by a flume, the plan of which is in\\nthe office of the company. The aper-\\nture to be measured and made accord-\\ning to the standard measure, also\\nkept by the company, and similar to\\nthat- in the office of the Secretary of\\nState, at Washington, and according\\nto other regulations published by the\\ncompany.\\nThe advantages of this site for\\nmanufacturing purposes are perhaps\\nunsurpassed by any in the country.\\nIntermediately situated between the\\ngreat markets of Philadelphia and\\nNew York, 30 miles from the former,\\nand 60 from the latter surrounded by\\na rich agricultural country, producing\\na large surplus quantity of grain of\\nevery description, and capable of quad-\\nrupling its productions upon a river,\\nnavigable to the ocean,and for near 250\\nmiles above the falls, flowing through\\na wide and fertile country, whose pro-\\nducts may find a ready market here\\nhaving also the feeder of the Dela-\\nware and Raritan canal, connecting\\nwith the main canal in the heart of\\nthe city plot, whilst the canal itself\\nunites with the Delaware, below the\\nbar at Bordentown, and passing\\ntlu ough Trenton, along the Millstone\\nand Raritan rivers, to New Bruns-\\nwick, affords a fine sloop navigation,\\nand all the advantages of cheap and\\nrapid water transportation from and\\nto Philadelphia and New York the\\nfacility of obtaining an abundant and\\ncheap supply of anthracite coal by\\nthe river and the Pennsylvania canal,\\non the opposite bank the rail-roads\\nmade, and in progress towards New\\nYork and Philadelphia, of which,\\nthere are two leading to the latter,\\none on each side of the river that on\\nthe west running directly from the\\ncity, and that on the east from Bor-\\ndentown, combine all that the ma-\\nnufacturer can require: a healthy\\ncountry, abundant and cheap provi-\\nsions, an adequate supply of labour-\\ners, convenience in obtaining raw\\nmaterials, unfailing power for its ma-\\nnipulation, and a chance of, and rea-\\ndy access to, the best markets of the\\ncountry.\\nThe following is a description of\\nTrenton, in 1748, as given by the\\nSwedish traveller Kalm which the\\ncitizen will delight to compare with\\nits present condition\\nTrenton is a long, narrow town,\\nsituate at some distance from the\\nriver Delaware, on a sandy plain.\\nIt is reckoned 30 miles from Phila-\\ndelphia. It has two small churches,\\none for the people belonging to the\\nChurch of England, the other for the\\nPresbyterians. The houses are part-\\nly built of stone, though most of them\\nare made of wood or planks, com-\\nmonly two stories high, together with\\na cellar below the building, and a\\nkitchen under ground, close to the\\ncellar. The houses stand at a mode-\\nrate distance from one another. They\\nare commonly built so that the street\\npasses along one side of the houses,\\nwhile gardens of different dimensions\\nbound the other side in each garden\\nis a draw-well the place is reckoned\\nvery healthy. Our landlord told us\\nthat 22 years ago, when he first set-\\ntled here, (1726) there was hardly\\nmore than one house but from that\\ntime, Trenton has increased so much,\\nthat there are at present near an hun-\\ndred houses. The houses w^ere with-\\nin, divided into several rooms by their\\npartitions of boards. The inhabitants\\nof the place carried on a small trade\\nwith the goods which they got from\\nPhiladelphia; but their chief gain\\nconsisted in the arrival of the nume-\\nrous travellers between that city and\\nNew Yorlc for they are commonly\\nbrniight by the Trenton yachts from\\nPhiladelphia to Trenton, or from\\nthence to Philadelphia. But from\\nTrenton, further to New Brunswick,\\nthe travellers go in wagons, which\\nset out every day for that place. Se-\\nveral of the inhabitants also subsist\\non the carriage of all sorts of goods,\\nwhich are sent in great quantities,\\ncither from Philadelphia to New Yoz k,\\nor from thence to the former place\\nfor between Philadelphia and Tren-\\nton, all goods go by water; but be-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0617.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "TUC\\n254\\nTUR\\ntween Trenton and New Brunswick,\\nthey arc all carried by land, and both\\nthese conveniences belong to people\\nof this town. For the yachts which\\ngo between this place and tlie capital\\nof Pennsylvania, they usually pay a\\nshilling and sixpence, Pennsylvania\\ncurrency, per person, and every one\\npays beside for his baggage. Every\\npassenger must provide meat and\\ndrink for himself, and pay some set-\\ntled fare. Between Trenton and New\\nBrunswick, a person pays 2s. 6d., and\\nthe baggage is likewise paid for sepa-\\nrately.\\nThe town was founded a few years\\nprior to 1720, by William Trent, an\\nenterprising trader, who was distin-\\nguished for public spirit, and private\\ncharacter, in the provinces of Penn-\\nsylvania and New Jersey. He was\\nat one time. Speaker of the Assembly\\nof the former, and at another. Speak-\\ner of the Assembly of the latter, pro-\\nvince. The site of Trenton, before\\nit bore his name, was significantly\\ncalled Littleworth. Mr. Trent died\\non the 29th December, 1724.\\nTrowbridge Mountain, a long and\\nirregularly shaped hill, of Morris co.,\\nextending from the N. branch of the\\nRaritan, through Mendham, Ran-\\ndolph, and Hanover t-ships, to the\\nRockaway river, ranging S. W. and\\nN. E. It is of granitic formation\\nmany parts of it in cultivation, but\\ngenerally sterile.\\nTroy, hamlet of Hanover t-ship,\\nMorris co., on the Parcipany river,\\nabout 7 miles N. E. of Morristown\\ncontains a forge, 1 grist mill, a saw\\nmill, and 12 or 15 dweUings. Soil,\\nsandy loam.\\nTuhmill, branch of Wading river,\\nrises in the west plains of Little Egg\\nHarbour t-ship, Burlington co., and\\nflows S. W. 7 miles to its recipient,\\nabout a mile below Bridgeport.\\nTuckahoe Creek, rises on the line\\nbetween Weymouth t-ship, Glouces-\\nter CO., and Maurice river t-ship,\\nCumberland co., and forms, in part,\\nthe western boundary of the former\\nCO., and also, its southern boundary,\\nseparating it in the latter case, from\\nCapfr May co. Its course, for about\\n11 miles, is S., thence due E. for\\nabout 12 miles; emptying into Great\\nEgg Harbour bay. it is a fine mill\\nstream, driving several mills, at Mar-\\nshallville, Etna, and other higher\\npoints, and is navigable for sloops,\\nabove the village of Tuckahoe, more\\nthan 10 miles from the ocean.\\nTuckahoe, p-t. on both sides of the\\nTuckahoe river, over which there is\\na bridge, 10 miles above the sea, 46\\nmiles S. E. from Woodburj^, and by\\npost-route 192 from Washington\\ncontains some 20 dwellings, 3 ta-\\nverns, several stores. It is a place\\nof considerable trade in wood, lum-\\nber, and ship building. The land\\nimmediately on the river is good, but\\na short distance from it, is swampy\\nand low.\\nTuckerton, p-t, and port of entry,\\nfor Little Egg Harbour district, about\\n35 miles S. E. of Mount Holly, 65\\nfrom Trenton, and 189 N. E. from\\nW. C. situate on a narrow tongue\\nof land, projecting into the marsh on\\nLittle Egg Harbour bay, Little Egg\\nHarbour t-ship, Burlington co. con-\\ntains between 30 and 40 dwellings,\\n4 taverns, 5 stores, 2 Methodist\\nchurches, a Quaker meeting house.\\nIt lies upon a navigable stream, call-\\ned Sherd s Mill Branch, 6 miles from\\nthe bay, whence wood scows and\\nflats ascend to the town. There is a\\nlarge business done here in timber\\nand cord-wood and salt is, or was\\nmanufactured in the vicinity. The\\ntown is frequented during the sum-\\nmer season, by many persons for the\\nbenefits of sea-bathing, c. A stage\\nplies regularly between it and Phila-\\ndelphia.\\nTidipehaukin Creek, tributary of\\nthe west branch of W^ading river,\\nrises in, and has its whole course of\\nabout 8 miles, through Washington\\nt-ship, Burlington co.\\nTurpentine, hamlet of Northamp-\\nton t-ship, Burlington co., on the road\\nfrom Mount Holly to Freehold, about\\na mile east from the former contains\\na tavern, a store, and some 8 or 10\\ndwellings.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0618.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "UPP\\n255\\nVAU\\nTurtle Gut Inlet, Lowei* t-ship,\\nCape May co., between Five Mile\\nand Two Mile Beach.\\nTuscomusco Creek, a small tribu-\\ntary of the Atsion river, Evesham\\nt-ship, Burlington co.\\nTwo Mile Beach, on the Atlantic\\nocean, Low^cr t-ship, Cape May co.,\\nbetween Turtle Gut and Cold Spring\\nInlet.\\nUnion Cross Roads, hamlet of\\nDeptford t-ship, Gloucester c^., 4\\nmiles S. E. of Woodbury; contains\\n3 or 4 dwellings.\\nUnion t-ship, Essex co., bounded\\nN. by Orange and Newark t-ships\\nE. by Elizabethtown t-ship S. by\\nRahway, and W. by Westfield and\\nSpringfield t-ships. Centrally distant\\nfrom Newark S. W. 6 miles: great-\\nest length N. and S. 5^, breadth E.\\nand W. 5 miles area, 12,000 acres\\nsurface, rolling; soil, red shale, well\\ncultivated watered by Elizabeth river\\non the east, and Rahway river on the\\nwest. Population in 1830, 1405.\\nIn 1832 the t-ship contained 350 tax-\\nables, 56 householders, whose i-ata-\\nbles did not exceed $30 in value 40\\nsingle men, 2 stores, 7 saw mills, 1\\nwoollen factory, 21 tan vats; and\\npaid state tax, $179 65; county,\\n470 04; poor, $300. There is a\\nfine body of turf here, upon the south\\nbranch of Elizabeth river.\\nUnion or Connecticut Farms,\\nis the post-town of the preceding\\nt-ship, situated on the road from Eli-\\nzabethtown to Morristown, 4 miles\\nN. W. of the former, 5 miles S. E.\\nfrom Newark, 213 N. E. from W.\\nC, and 47 from Trenton contains\\na Pi Csbyterian church, and within a\\nhalf a mile of it, 3 taverns, a store,\\nand about 30 dwellings.\\nUp-Clearing Creek, a small tribu-\\ntary of Cohansey creek, which flows\\nwesterly into it, from Hopewell t-sp,\\nCumberland co.\\nUpper t-ship. Cape May co., bound-\\ned N. by Tuckahoc creek, which di-\\nvides it from Weymouth t-ship, Glou-\\ncester CO. E. and S. E. by the At-\\nlantic ocean; S. W. by Dennis t-sp;\\nand N. W. by Maurice river t-ship,\\nCumberland co. Centrally distant\\nfrom Cape May court-house N. E.\\n13 miles: greatest length N. E. and\\nS. W. 12 miles; breadth S. E. and\\nN. W. Hi miles; area, 37,000\\nacres surface, flat soil, sand and\\nclay; timber, generally oak and cedar.\\nPopulation in 1830, 1067. In 1832\\nthere were in the t-ship about 200\\ntaxables, 173 householders, whose\\nratables did not exceed $30 1 grist\\nmill, 6 saw mills, 6 stores, 140\\nhorses, and 560 cattle above the age\\nof three years. There are 1 Baptist\\nand 1 Episcopalian church, here. The\\nt-ship paid for t-ship expenses, $77\\n38 county, $466 65 state tax,\\n$150 73. It is drained by Tuckahoe\\nriver and Cedar Swamp creek. The\\nlast flows N. E. from the S. W.\\nboundary of the t-ship, through an\\nextensive cedar swamp into the river.\\nOn the Atlantic front is Ludlam s and\\nPeck s Beaches, having a width of\\nnear half a mile, between which\\nthe tide flows into several marsh ca-\\nnals and small lagunes. The marsh\\nmay have an average width of about\\ntwo miles. Tuckahoe village lies on\\nthe Tuckahoe river, partly in this,\\nand partly in Gloucester co., having\\na post-office in the latter. Marshall-\\nville lies on the line between Cum-\\nberland and Cape May counties, but\\nin the former.\\nVancamp Brook, rises from two\\nponds at the west foot of the Blue\\nmountain, Walpack t-ship, Sussex\\nCO., and by a S. W. course of about\\n8 miles empties into the Delaware\\nriver, in Pahaquarry t-ship.\\nVansiclcles, tavern, store, and post-\\noffice, of Bethlehem t-ship, Hunter-\\ndon CO., on the S. E. foot of the Mus-\\nconetcong mountain, 10 miles N. W.\\nfrom Flemington, 36 from Trenton,\\nand 195 froni W. C.\\nVarmintoion, hamlet of Upper\\nFreehold t-ship, Monmouth co., 6\\nmiles S. E. of Allentown, and 16 S.\\nW. of Freehold contains a wheel-\\nwright and smith shop, and 2 or 3\\ncottages, in a fertile country of sandy\\nloam.\\nVauxhall, small hamlet of Spring-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0619.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "VIE\\n256\\nWAL\\nfield t-ship,^ Essex co., 7 miles W.\\nfrom Newark, and 2^ N. from\\nSpringfield.\\nVcaltown, m a vale of Mine moun-\\ntain, on Mine Brook, Bernard t-ship,\\nSomerset co., 11 miles N. of Somer-\\nville; contains a mill and some half\\ndozen dwellings.\\nVernon t-ship, Sussex co., bounded\\nN. by the state of New York E.\\nby Pompton t-sliip, Bergen co. S.\\nby Hardiston t-ship; and W. by\\nWantage t-ship, from which it is se-\\nparated by the Wallkill river. Great-\\nest length 11, breadth 10 miles; area,\\n52,480 acres. The whole surface of\\nthe t-ship is covered by mountains\\nthe Wallkill and Wawayanda moun-\\ntains being on the south and east,\\nand the Pochuck mountain on the\\nwest. It is drained north by War-\\nwick creek and its tributaries. Black\\ncreek and Double Pond creek south\\nby Pacak creek, a tributary of the\\nPequannock, and by some small tri-\\nbutaries of the Wallkill river. Popu-\\nlation in 1830, 2377; taxables in\\n1832, 382. There were in the t-ship\\nin 1832,158 householders, whose ra-\\ntables did not exceed $30 2 store-\\nkeepers, 5 pairs stones for grinding\\ngrain, 1 carding machine, 1 furnace,\\n3 forges, 8 mill saws, 1 fulling mill,\\n311 horses and mules, and 1650 neat\\ncattle, 3 years old and upwards, and\\n6 distilleries. The t-ship paid for\\nschool tax, $116; state and county\\ntax, $921 10; poor tax, $300; and\\nroad tax, $1200. Hamburg and Ver-\\nnon are villages and post-towns of this\\nt-ship. The muuntains, which on the\\neast, rise to the height of 1000 feet,\\nare composed of primitive rock, in\\nwhich hornblende is a principal con-\\nstituent the valleys are uniformly of\\nprimitive limestone. The mountains\\nyield iron abundantly.\\nVernon, p-t. of the above named\\nt-ship, lying in the valley between\\nthe Wawayanda and Pochuck moun-\\ntains, 246 miles N. E. from. W. C,\\n88 from Trenton, and 18 from New-\\nton. It contains a tavern, store, and\\nfrom 10 to 12 dwellings.\\nVienna, p-t. of Independence t-ship,\\nWarren co., on the Pequest creek,\\nnear the S. W. boundary of the t-sp,\\nby the post-road 220 miles from W.\\nC, 54 from Trenton, and 12 from\\nBelvidcre, upon the verge of the Great\\nMeadows contains a Presbyterian\\nchurch, a store, tavern, and 6 or 8\\ndwellings.\\nVince?ittown, p-t. of Northampton\\nt-ship, Burlington co., at the junction\\nof Stop-the-Jade creek with the south\\nbran^i of the Rancocus creek, 5 miles\\nS. of Mount Holly, 12 miles S. E.\\nfrom Burlington, 32 from Trenton,\\nand 159 N. E. from W. C. contains\\na grist mill, saw mill, 2 taverns, 4\\nstores, from 30 to 40 dwellings, a\\nQuaker meeting house, and a house\\nof public worship, free to all denomi-\\nnations; suri ounded by a fine fertile\\ncountry.\\nWading River, a considerable\\narm of Little Egg Harbour river,\\nwhich rises by two branches; the\\neast in Dover t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nand flows S. W. 15 miles, into\\nWashington township; the west in\\nNorthampton t-ship, and flows S. W.\\nabout 15 miles, to unite with the east,\\nnear Bodine s tavern. The main\\nstem flows by a south course, thence\\nof 8 miles to the Little Egg Harbour\\nriver, below Swan s Bay.\\nWaertown, hamlet of Staflbrd t-sp,\\nMonmouth co., upon Barnegat bay,\\nnear the mouth of Waertown creek,\\na small mill stream, of about 3 miles\\nlong, 35 miles S. E. from Freehold,\\nand opposite to Barnegat Inlet; con-\\ntains 10 or 12 dwellings, a tavern\\nand store in a sandy soil, covered\\nwith pine forest.\\nWaWdll Mountains. (See Ham-\\nburg.)\\nVVallkill River, rises in Byram\\nt-ship, Sussex co., and flows by a N.\\nE. course of 23 or 24 miles, through\\nHardiston t-ship, dividing Wantage\\nfrom Vernon t-ship, into the state of\\nNew York, and thence by a like\\ncourse of 35 or 40 miles, through\\nOrange and Ulster counties, falls into\\nthe Hudson river, 3 miles S. E. from\\nthe village of Esopus or Kingston.\\nThis stream is remarkable for being", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0620.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "WAN\\n257\\nWAR\\nthe drain of a large and valuable\\ntract of marsh meadow land, exceed-\\ning 50,000 acres, elevated more than\\n325 feet above tide water. The wa-\\nters which descend from the surround-\\ning hills, being slowly discharged\\nfrom the river, cover these vast mea-\\ndows every winter, and v/ould render\\nthem extremely fertile, could they bo\\neffectually drained.\\nWalnut Valley, post-office, War-\\nren CO.\\nWalpack t-ship, of Sussex co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Sandistone t-ship;\\nS. E. by the Blue mountain, which\\nseparates it from Stillwater t-ship S.\\nW. by Pahaquarry t-ship; and W.\\nby the river Delaware. Greatest\\nlength 10 miles; breadth 4 miles;\\narea, 15,360 acres surface on the\\neast, mountainous on the west, river\\nalluvion. Population in 1830, 660;\\ntaxables 137. There were in the\\nt-ship in 1832, 24 householders whose\\nratables did not exceed f 30 1 store-\\nkeeper, 2 saw mills, 146 horses and\\nmules, 3 years old and upwards\\n354 neat cattle of like age; 14 tan\\nvats. It paid state and county tax,\\n$293 80 and road tax, $350. It is\\ndrained by the Flatkill, which runs\\ncentrally through the t-ship, and\\nempties into the Delaware at the\\nWalpack Bend and by Vancamp\\nBrook, which rises in Long Pond, in\\nthe Blue mountain. There is a post-\\nofBce here, called after the t-ship, dis-\\ntant from Washington 240, from\\nTrenton 82, and froai Newton 12\\nmiles. The Blue mountain covers\\nnearly half the t-ship; between its\\nbase and the; river is a margin, of an\\naverage width of two miles, of lime-\\nstone, bordered and partly covered\\nby alluvion, rich and highly produc-\\ntive of wheat, corn, c. There is a\\nGerman Reformed church in the\\nt-ship.\\nWalpack Bend, a remarkable\\nbend of the river Delawai-e, at the\\nS. W. angle of Walpack t-ship, about\\n85 miles above the city of Trenton.\\nWantage t-ship, of Sussex co.,\\nbounded N. by the state of New\\nYork; E. by Vernon t-ship; S. by\\n2K\\nFrankford and Hardiston t-ships;\\nand W. by the Blue mountain, which\\nseparates this from Sandistone and\\nMontague t-ships. Greatest length\\n11 miles; breadth 8^ miles; area,\\n42,880 acres; surface on the west,\\nmountainous and hilly; on the east,\\nrolling. Population in 1830,4034;\\ntaxables 643. There were in the\\nt-ship in 1832, 208 householders, 11\\nstorekeepers or traders, 18 pairs of\\nstones for grinding grain, 6 saw\\nmills, 1 fulling mill, 5 carding ma-\\nchines, 939 horses and mules, and\\n3481 neat cattle, over 3 years of\\nage; 18 tan vats, and 3 distilleries.\\nThe t-ship paid a school tax of $500\\nstate and county tax, $1706 27\\npoor tax, $300 and road tax, $1500.\\nIt is drained by Deep Clove river\\nand Papakating creek, uniting south\\nof Deckertown, and thence flowing\\ninto the Wallkill river, which forms\\nthe whole eastern boundary of the\\nt-ship. The Paterson and Hamburg\\nturnpike road runs N. E., and the\\nNewton and Bohon N. W., through\\nthe t-ship; and at their intersection,\\nis the small village of Deckertown.\\nThere is a post-office at Deckertown,\\n444 miles from W. C, 86 from Tren-\\nton, and 16 from Newton; and ano-\\nther called Libertyville, 241 miles\\nfrom W. C, 83 from Trenton, and\\n10 from Newton. Wantage is a rich\\nt-ship, consisting of limestone and\\nslate soils; the one on the east, and\\nthe other on its western side, highly\\ncultivated. Along the Wallkill river,\\nthere is a margin of swamp, known\\nas the Drowned Lands, caused by the\\ncollection of the waters from the high\\nground, in a deep and flat valley,\\nthrough which the river moves slug-\\ngishly. These lands are, in places,\\nheavily timbered.\\nWardlc s Beach, on the Atlantic\\nocean, Shrewsbury t-ship, Monmouth\\nCO., extending south from Old Shrews-\\nbury Inlet.\\nWarren Covnty, was taken from\\nSussex, by Act, 20th Nov., 1824,\\nwhich directed. That all the lower\\npart of the latter, southwesterly of a\\nline, beginning on the river Dela-", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0621.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "M WAR\\n258\\nWAR\\nware, at the mouth of Flat Brook, in\\nthe t-ship of Wali)ack, and running\\nthence a straight course to the N. E.\\ncorner of Hardwicke church, and\\nthence in the same course to the mid-\\ndle of the Musconetcong creek, thence\\ndown the middle of the said creek, to\\nthe Delaware, should be a new coun-\\nty. Warren is bounded N. E. by\\nSussex CO.; S. E. by the Musco-\\nnetcong creek, which divides it from\\nMorris and Hunterdon, and W. and\\nN. W. by the river Delaware. Its\\ngreatest length, N. E. and S. W. is\\n35 miles; greatest breadth, E. and\\nW. 17 miles; area, about 350 square\\nmiles central lat. 40\u00c2\u00b0 50 N. long.\\n1\u00c2\u00b0 58 E., from W. C.\\nThe county is divided between the\\nprimitive and transition formations.\\nA strip of the former crosses it, in\\nthe neighbourhood of Beattystown,\\ntowards Philipsburg, and the other\\nfills the portion N. of a line running\\nN. W. and S. E. by Sparta, towards\\nBelvidei-e, including the Blue moun-\\ntain leaving an intervening strip of\\nprimitive, of a wedge-like form, hav-\\ning its broader part resting on New\\nYork. From these formations wo\\nmay expect a great variety of soils\\nand indeed all the rocks which be-\\nlong to them, are singularly blended.\\nThe valley of the Musconetcong, on\\nthe N. W. side, abounds with transi-\\ntion limestone, bordered by a vein\\nof dark slate and all the valleys,\\nwhether of the primitive or transition,\\nare fertilized by the decomposition of\\nthe limestone rock, mingling with the\\nsand, loam and clay, washing from\\nthe mountains, making a compound,\\nvarious as the rocks from which it is\\nderived.\\nThe metals found within the comi-\\nty, are magnetic iron, brown hema-\\ntite, and bog ore, in several places,\\nbut principally in Scott s mountain,\\nJenny Jump, and on the Delaware\\nriver, near Foul Rift. A mine of\\nmagnetic iron ore is wrought in\\nScott s mountain, Oxford t-ship,\\nwhere a furnace was established near-\\nly a century since, and has lately\\nbeen repaired and put into operation.\\nZinc, or lead, apjjears in the hills\\nwhich bound the Musconetcong val-\\nley, on the N. W. but most proba-\\nbly zinc, inasmuch as these hills are\\nin the range of the Wallkill moun-\\ntain, where that metal lies in large\\nmasses. Gold and silver are said to\\nhave been discovered in the Jenny\\nJump mountain, but which, though\\npossibly true, may in all likelihood,\\nbe iron or copper pyrites, which have\\nso often been mistaken for the pre-\\ncious metals. Marble, steatite, or\\nsoapstone, roofing slate, and manga-\\nnese, may also be obtained in the\\ncounty, sufficiently near to naviga-\\ntion, to render them valuable in com-\\nmerce. The state quarries, near the\\nBlue mountain, are already exten-\\nsively worked.\\nThe county is marked by several\\nprominent mountain ridges, which\\ndetermine its water courses, and the\\nsurface is every where uneven. En-\\ntering it from the south, we cross the\\nnatural boundary, the Musconetcong\\ncreek, which is confined to a narrow\\nvalley, by hills, forming a continua-\\ntion of the Wallkill mountain, whose\\nnorth-western base is washed by the\\nPohatcong creek, for nearly the whole\\nbreadth of the county and the val-\\nley of that stream is divided from\\nthat of the Bequest, by Scott s moun-\\ntain, which breaks into small and\\ndiminished knolls, near the eastern\\nextremity of the county. North of\\nthe main branch of the Bequest, but\\nembraced by it and its chief tributa-\\nry, Beaver brook, lies the Jenny\\nJump mountain, a narrow and iso-\\nlated ridge. Beaver brook drains a\\nvalley of several miles in width, and\\ncovered with knolls of slate, and beds\\nof limestone, and circumscribed north-\\nward by a long, unbroken, slaty\\nridge, which bounds the valley of the\\nPaulinskill. Between that stream,\\nand the Blue mountain, the mean\\ndistance may be about five miles.\\nThe Blue mountain covers the re-\\nmaining portion of the county, with\\nthe exception of a small strip of allu-\\nvial, which borders the Delaware", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0622.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "WAR\\n259\\nWAR\\nAs in most parts of the primitive\\nand transition formations, the streams\\nare rapid and precipitous, allbrding\\nadvantageous use of their volumes\\nfor hydraulic purposes, but are in no\\ninstance navigable. The waters of\\nthe county, without exception, seek\\nthe Delaware; and whilst that river\\nboldly cuts its way through the moun-\\ntains, these tributaries are compelled\\nto pursue the course of the ridges\\nwhose bases they lave.\\nThe only artificial road of tlie\\ncounty, is that from Morristown to\\nPhilipsburg, opposite to Easton. A\\nrail-road has been authorized by the\\nLegislature, which is designed to unite\\nwith a similar road, opposite to Belvi-\\ndere, on the Delaware, and to proceed\\nthence to the Susquehanna river.\\nThe business of the county is chief-\\nly agricultui al, and its staples are\\nwheat, corn, rye, oats, and flax and\\nin the northern part buckwheat.\\nWithin a few years, husbandry has\\nmade great advances, and yet conti-\\nnues to improve. The use of lime\\nas a manure is becoming general;\\nand the rich valley lands yield very\\nlarge crops of wheat, which find a\\nready market at Easton. Flax-seed\\nis also grown in great quantities of\\nwhich 12,000 bushels are annually\\npurchased in Belvidei-e, alone.\\nIn 1830, the county contained,\\n18,627 inhabitants, of whom 9463\\nwere white males, 8695 white fe-\\nmales; 214 free coloured males, 208\\nfree coloured females; 21 male, and\\n26 female slaves. Of this popula-\\ntion, 286 were aliens, 10 were deaf\\nand dumb, and 14 were blind. The\\ninhabitants are chiefly of English ex-\\ntraction, and a considerable portion\\nfrom New England parents.\\nBy the abstract of the assessors,\\nreported to the Legislature, in 1832,\\nthere were 102,377 acres of improved\\nland, making nearly one-half the area\\nof the county; 1062 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30;\\n411 einglemen; 3489 taxables; 56\\nmerchants, 45 grist mills, 41 saw\\nmills, 16 cai-ding machines, 7 fur-\\nnaces for casting iron, 2 cotton and\\nwoollen factories, 2 fulling mills, 3\\noil mills, and 1 plaster mill, 235 tan\\nvats, 1 glass factory, 3 distilleries of\\ngrain, and 25 ol cider; 14 carriages,\\nwith steel springs; 177 riding chairs,\\ngigs and sulkies; 4324 horses, and\\n7772 neat cattle, over 3 years of age\\nand it paid fort-ship purposes, $5700;\\nand for state and county purposes,\\n18999 20. The t-ship of Greenwich\\nalone honourably distinguished itself,\\nby appropriating money to school use,\\nand paid for this object, $500.\\nThe religious sects of the county\\nare Presbyterian, Methodist, Epis-\\ncopalian, Baptists, and Chris-fi-ans.\\nThe last has, we believe, two church-\\nes, and admits women to officiate in\\nthe ministry. These sects rank in\\nnumber in the order we have placed\\nthem.\\nThe towns and post-offices of the\\ncounty are, Belvidere, the seat of jus-\\ntice Finesville, Hughesville, Blooms-\\nbury, Asbury, Imlaydale, Pleasant\\nValley, Mansfield, Anderson, Beattys-\\ntown, Hackettstown, Alamuche, Long\\nBridge, Johnsonburg, Lawrenceville\\nMarksborough, Philipsburg, Stew-\\nartsville, New Village, Broadway,\\nConcord, Rocksbury, Oxford, Hope,\\nShiloh, Columbia, Knowlton Mills,\\nCentreville, Sodom, Gravel Hill, c.\\nThe courts of common pleas, or-\\nphan s courts, and quarter sessions,\\nare holden at Belvidere, on the 2d\\nTuesday of February, 1st Tuesday of\\nJune, 4th Tuesday of August, and\\nthe 1st Tuesday after the 4th in No-\\nvember. The circuit court and ses-\\nsions of oyer and terminer, and ge-\\nneral jail delivery, are holden on the\\n1st Tuesday in June, and the 1st\\nTuesday after the 4th in November.\\nThe county elects one member to\\nthe council, and two to the general\\nAssembly.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0623.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "J^ WAR 260 WAS\\nSTATISTICAL TABLE OF WARREN COUNTY.\\nTownships.\\nc\\na\\nArea.\\nSurface.\\nPopulation.\\n1830.\\nGreenwich,\\nHardwick,\\nIndependence,\\nKnowlton,\\nMansfield,\\nOxford,\\nPahaquarry,\\n13\\n11\\n9\\n10\\n15\\n16\\n13\\n11\\n8\\n8^\\n10\\n62\\n5^\\n2i\\n38,000\\n24,320\\n29,440\\n44,800\\n33,000\\n42,000\\n12,800\\nhilly,\\ndo.\\nhills and vales.\\ndo.\\nmountainous.\\ndo.\\ndo.\\n4486\\n1962\\n2126\\n2827\\n3303\\n3665\\n258\\n224,360\\n18,627\\nWarren t-ship, Somerset co.,\\nbounded N. by Bernard t-ship and\\nby Morris t-ship, Morris co., from\\nwhich it is separated by the Passaic\\nriver; N. E. by New Providence;\\nS. E. by Westfield t-sliip, of Essex\\nCO.; S. by Piscataway t-ship, Mid-\\ndlesex CO.; and S. W. by Bridge-\\nwater t-ship, Somer.sct co. Greatest\\nlength N. E. and S. W. 8 miles;\\nbreadth N. and S. 4 miles centrally\\ndistant N. E. from Somerville 6\\nmiles; area, 18,000 acres; surface,\\nmountainous, the whole t-ship being\\ncovered with hills; bent into elliptic\\nform, with a single narrow valley\\ndrained by Middle Brook. These\\nhills are low, well wooded, and com-\\nposed of trap rock, upon old red sand-\\nstone, whose disintegration gives a\\nsoil of stiff clay and sandy loam.\\nThey contain veins of copper ore, ap-\\nparently, very rich, and said to be\\nvaluable not only for the copper they\\ncontain, but also for their gold. Se-\\nveral efforts have been made to work\\nthem, but none have been success-\\nfully prosecuted. Mines have been\\nopened within 2 miles N. E. of So-\\nmerville, which were lately wrought\\nby Mr. Cammams and Dr. Stryker,\\nwho have suspended their operations\\nothers, within a mile of the village\\nof Green Brook, and six of Somer-\\nville, were worked some 40 years\\nago. The southern base of these\\nmineral hills is washed by Green\\nBrook. Mount Bethel is a small\\nhamlet at which we believe the post-\\nofRce of the t-ship is kept, called\\nWarren: Population in 18.30,\\n1501. In 1832 the t-ship contained\\nabout 300 taxables, 56 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30\\n42 single men, 4 stores, 8 saw mills,\\n4 grist [mills, 2 fulling mills, 4 tan\\nvats, 5 distilleries, 3 carding ma-\\nchines, 259 horses and mules, and\\n873 neat cattle, over 3 years of age.\\nWarwick Creek, rises in Orange\\nCO., in the state of New York, from\\nWickham s Pond, and flows thence\\nby the town of Warwick S. W. into\\nVernon t-ship, Sussex co., and into the\\nvalley between Wawayanda and Po-\\nchuck mountains; thence by a N.\\nW. course re-enters the state of New\\nYork, and unites with the Wallkill\\nriver, in the Great Marsh. This\\nstream gives motion to several mills.\\nWashington t-ship, Morris co.,\\nbounded -N. by Roxbury t-ship E.\\nby that t-ship and Chester; S. by\\nTewkesbury and Lebanon t-ships,\\nHunterdon co. and W. by Mansfield\\nand Independence t-ships, Warren\\nCO., from which it is separated by\\nMusconetcong creek. Centrally dis-\\ntant W. from Morristown 18 miles:\\ngreatest length E. and W. 8, breadth\\nN. and S. 7^ miles; area, 27,500\\nacres; surface, mountainous, Schoo-\\nIcy s mountain covering the western\\nportion; on the east of which, lies\\nthe German valley, drained by the\\nsouth branch of the Raritan river:\\nthe intervening country between that\\nand the Black river, near the south-", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0624.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "WAS\\n261\\nWAT\\neastern boundary, is hilly. The soil\\nof the highlands is generally clay\\nand loam, with grey limestone in the\\nvalleys. Much ol the mountain is\\ncultivated, and v^^ith lime, brings\\nabundant crops. The German valley\\nis very rich, and settled by the indus-\\ntrious descendants of Germans. The\\ncelebrated mineral spring and houses\\nof public entertainment, are on the\\nmountain. (See Schooleifs Moun-\\ntain.) Springtown and Pleasant\\nGrove are villages of the t-ship.\\nPopulation in 1830, 2188. In 1832\\nthe t-ship contained 397 taxablcs, 124\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 in value; 8 stores, 11\\nsaw, 6 grist mills, 3 forges, 20 tan\\nvats, 10 distilleries, 532 horses, and\\n1015 neat cattle, above 3 years of\\nage and paid the following taxes\\nstate, i314; county, $703 74; poor,\\n$300 road, $500.\\nWashington, village of North\\nBrunswick t-ship, Middlesex co., on\\nthe left bank of the South river, 5\\nmiles S. E. from New Brunswick,\\nand about 3 miles from the conflu-\\nence of that river with the Raritan.\\nThere arc here 2 taverns, 3 stores,\\nand from 30 to 40 dwellings. An\\nunsuccessful attempt has been made\\nto cut a canal, a mile long, between\\nthe South river and the Raritan, in\\norder to save several miles in the\\nnavigation from the town to Perth\\nAmboy.\\nWashington t-ship, Burlington co.,\\nbounded N. and N. E. by Northamp-\\nton t-ship S. E. by Little Egg Har-\\nbour t-ship S. W. and W. by Gal-\\nloway and Waterford t-ships, Glou-\\ncester CO. and N. W. by Evesham\\nt-ship. Centrally distant S. from\\nWoodbury, 22 miles. Greatest\\nbreadth, N. and S. 19 miles; great-\\nest length, E. and W. 20 miles area,\\n112,000 acres. Surface, level; soil,\\ngenerally sandy, and covered with\\nforest. Drained S. by the Little Egg\\nHarbour river, and its several branch-\\nes; Atsion, the main branch, being\\non the W. boundary, and Wading\\nriver running centrally through the\\nt-ship. Shamong, Washington, and\\nGreenbank, are villages of the t-ship.\\nPopulation in 1830, 1315. In 1832\\nthe t-ship contained 141 household-\\ners, whose ratables did not exceed\\n$30; 59 single men; 287 taxables;\\n6 stores, 3 fisheries, 7 saw mills, 4\\ngrist mills, 2 furnaces, 1 forge, 6\\ndearborns, 19 covered wagons, 4 gigs\\nand sulkies, 333 neat cattle, 265\\nhorses and mules; and paid state\\ntax, $117 12; county tax, $371 10;\\ntownship tax, $450.\\nWashington, p-t. of Washington\\nt-ship, Monis co., in the German\\nvalley, Schooley s mountain, on the\\nturnpike road from Morristown to\\nEaston, and on the south branch of the\\nRaritan river, 18 miles W. of Morris-\\ntown, 54 N. E. from Trenton, and\\n220 by post route from W. C. con-\\ntains 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Lutheran\\nchurch, a school, 1 store, 2 taverns,\\nand about 20 dwellings. It is sur-\\nrounded by a fertile, well improved,\\nlimestone country. (See German\\nValley.)\\nWashington, village of Mansfield\\nt-ship, Warren county. (See Mans-\\nfield.)\\nWaterford t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nbounded N. E. by Chester t-ship E.\\nby Evesham t-ship, Burlington co.\\nS. E. by Galloway t-ship; W. by\\nGloucester and Newton t-ships and\\nN. W. by the river Delaware. Cen-\\ntrally distant W. from Woodbury 12\\nmiles. Greatest length, N. W. and\\nS. E., 25; breadth, 8 miles. Its\\nform is very irregular, being deeply\\nindented by the adjacent county of\\nBurlington, and being near the mid-\\ndle of its length, scarce more than a\\nmile in width. Its surface is level,\\nbroken only by the streams which\\nrun through it; soil, sandy, mixed in\\nthe northern part, more or less with\\nloam, but generally light, producing\\ntolerable grass, when manured with\\nmarl, ashes or lime, and is cultivated\\nin fruit and vegetables for market.\\nThe southern part of the t-ship, has\\na sandy soil, covered with a pine\\nforest, and is valuable chiefly on ac-\\ncount of its timber. It is drained,\\nN. E. by Pensauken creek N. W.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0625.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "WEA\\n262\\nWES\\nby Cooper s creek, which, respective-\\nly, are boundaries and on the S. E.\\nby several branches of the Atsion\\nriver, of which Atquatqua creek runs\\nalong the S. E. boundary. Shell\\nmarl is found in the t-ship, in the\\nneighbourhood of Long-a-coming, and\\nother places. Waterfordville, and\\nEUisville, are villages of the t-ship,\\nand Long-a-coming is on the western\\nt-ship line. Population in 1830, 3088.\\nIn 1832 the t-ship contained an Epis-\\ncopal church, 404 householders,\\nwhose ratables did not exceed $30,\\nin value 7 stores, 5 fisheries, 5 grist\\nmills, 4 saw mills, 7 distilleries, 2\\nglass factories; and paid poor tax,\\n$660 52; county tax, $1321 06;\\ntownship tax, $1200.\\nWaterfordville, village of Water-\\nford t-ship, Gloucester co., on the\\nroad from Camden to Mooi estown,\\nabout 5 miles from either contains\\na tavern, store, and 8 or 10 dwell-\\nings.\\nWater Street, village of Mendham\\nt-ship, Morris co., on the line between\\nthat and Morris t-ship, and on the\\nhead waters of Whippany river, 3\\nmiles W. of Morristown contains a\\ngrist mill, store, and half a dozen of\\ndwellings.\\nWatson s CreeJc, Middletown t-sp.,\\nMonmouth co., runs N. E. 2 miles,\\ninto Sandy Hook bay.\\nWawayanda Mountain, Vernon\\nt-ship, Sussex CO., extends northerly,\\nacross the eastern part of the t-ship,\\nabout 9 miles. It interlocks on the\\nS. with the Wallkill mountain.\\nWay cake Creek, Middletown t-sp.,\\nMonmouth co., flovvs N. about 5\\nmiles, into the Raritan bay, W. of\\nPoint Comfort.\\nWeasel; the name of a dense set-\\ntlement, of Acquackanonck t-ship,\\nEssex CO., extending for near 4 miles,\\nalong the right bank of the Passaic,\\nbetween Acquackanonck village, and\\nPaterson. There may be in the set-\\ntlement, about 40 dwellings, many of\\nwhich are very neat. The country\\nis fertile, and extremely well culti-\\nvated; land, in farms, valued at\\n$100 the acre.\\nWest or Jccak Creek, forms the\\nS. E. boundary of Cumberland co.,\\nbetween that and Cape May co. It\\nis a mill stream between 6 and 7\\nmiles in length, upon which are\\nHughes grist and saw mills.\\nWestjield, small village of Chester\\nt-ship, Burlington co., on the road\\nfrom Camden to Burlington, 7 miles\\nN. of the former, and 1 1 S. W. from\\nMount Holly; contains a Friends\\nmeeting house, and some half dozen\\nfarm houses, in a very fertile well\\ncultivated country. Soil, sandy loam.\\nWestfield t-ship, Essex co., bound-\\ned N. by Springfield E. by Union\\nS. E. by Rahway t-ships S. by Mid-\\ndlesex CO.; W. by Warren t-ship,\\nSomerset co., and by New Provi-\\ndence t-ship. Centrally distant S.\\nW. from Newark 13 miles: greatest\\nlength 7, breadth 6 miles area,\\n18,000 acres; surface on the N.\\nW. hilly, but subsiding to a plain on\\nthe south soil, clay loam northward,\\nand red shale southward the latter\\nrich and carefully cultivated. Rah-\\nway river courses the eastern, and\\nGreen Brook the western, boundary.\\nA more abundant and delightful\\ncountry is scarce any where to be\\nfound, than that along from the foot\\nof the mountain, north of Scotch\\nPlains through the t-ship. West-\\nfield, Plainfield, and Scotch Plains\\nare villages and post-towns of the\\nprecinct. Population in 1830,2492.\\nIn 1832 the t-ship contained 475 tax-\\nables, 124 householders, whose rata-\\nbles did not exceed $30 64 single\\nmen, 5 merchants, 5 grist mills, 2\\nsaw mills, 1 paper mill, 423 horses\\nand mules, and 1111 neat cattle,\\nabove 3 years old and paid state\\ntax, $264 78; county, $692 77;\\npoor, $420 road, $800.\\nWestfield, p-t. of the above t-ship,\\n11 miles S. W. from Newark, 218\\nN. E. from W. C, 52 from Trenton,\\nand 32- from Scotch Plains, on the\\nroad leading thence to Elizabethtown\\ncontains a Presbyterian church, a ta-\\nvern, store, and smithery, and 25\\ndwellings. The vicinage is level,\\nwith a stiff clay cold soil. Lands", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0626.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "WEY\\n263\\nWHI\\nvalued at an average of 25 dollars\\nper acre.\\nWestccunk Creek, rises by several\\nbranches in Little Egg Harbour t-sp,\\nBurlington co., and flows S. E. about\\n8 miles, through Stafford t-ship, Mon-\\nmouth CO., into Little Egg Harbour\\nbay. There was formerly a forge\\nupon the stream. There are now a\\ngrist and saw mill, and in the vicini-\\nty, some 15 or 20 dwellings. The\\nPalma Christl, or castor bean, is ex-\\ntensively cultivated here.\\nWest MiJford, post-office of Ber-\\ngen CO., 248 miles from W. C, and\\n82 N. E. from Trenton.\\nWeston, p-t., on the Millstone river,\\nand on the Delaware and Raritan\\ncanal, formerly called Rogers Mill,\\nabout a mile and a half from its con-\\nfluence with the Raritan river, and 2\\nmiles below the village of Millstone,\\n3 miles in a direct line S. E. of So-\\nmerville, Somerset co., and about 30\\nfrom Trenton contains a saw mill,\\ngrist mill, store, and some 10 or 12\\ndwellings.\\nWeymouth, blast furnace, forge,\\nand village, in Hamilton t-ship, Glou-\\ncester CO., upon the Great Egg Har-\\nbour river, about 5 miles above the\\nhead of navigation. The furnace\\nmakes about 900 tons of castings\\nannually: the forge having four fires\\nand two hammers, makes about 200\\ntons bar iron, immediately from the\\nore. There are also a grist and a\\nsaw mill, and buildings for the work-\\nmen, of whom 100 are constantly\\nemployed about the works, and the\\npersons depending upon them for\\nsubsistence, average 600 annually.\\nThere are 85,000 acres of land per-\\ntaining to this establishment, within\\nwhich May s Landing is included.\\nThe works have a superabundant\\nsupply of water, during all seasons\\nof the year.\\nWeymouth t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nbounded N. by Hamilton; E. by\\nGreat Egg Harbour river; S. and\\nW. by Tuckahoe river. Centrally\\ndistant from Woodbury 41 miles\\ngreatest length N. and S. 12 miles\\nbreadth E. and W. 10 miles; area,\\n50,000 acres surface, level soil,\\nsandy: eastern boundary on the\\nriver, and the portion on the S. E.\\nlying between the two rivers is salt\\nmarsh. Stephens Creek and Tucka-\\nhoe are villages and post-towns of\\nthe t-ship. Population in 1830, 3333.\\nIn 1832 the t-ship contained 90 house-\\nholders, whose ratables did not ex-\\nceed $30 4 stores, 2 grist mills, 1\\ncarding machine, 1 blast furnace, and\\n2 forges called Etna, 4 saw mills,\\n315 neat cattle, and 90 horses and\\nmules, above 3 years old and paid\\ncounty tax, $157 69; poor tax, $78\\n82 and road tax, $600.\\nWhale Pond Creek, Shrewsbury\\nt-ship, Monmouth co., flows easterly\\nabout 5 miles to the ocean, about a\\nmile below the Long Branch board-\\ning houses. It gives motion to a\\nmill.\\nWheat Sheaf, small village on the\\nline separating Rahway from Eliza-\\nbethtown t-ship, 8 miles S. W. from\\nNewark, and half-way between\\nBridgetown and Elizabcthtov. n, 3\\nmiles from either contains a tavern,\\nfrom whose sign it has its name a\\nstore, and 8 or 10 dwellings.\\nWhippany, manufacturing village,\\nof Hanover t-ship, Morris co., on the\\nWhippany river, 5 miles N. E. of\\nMorristown contains a Methodist\\nchurch, an academy, 3 stores, 1 ta-\\nvern, 5 cotton manufactories, 2000\\nspindles, 3 paper mills, and 56 dwell-\\nings. Soil, loam, valued at 25 and\\n30 dollars per acre.\\nWhippany River, Morris co., a\\nconsiderable tributary of the Rocka-\\nway, rises in Mendham t-ship, at the\\nfoot of Trowbridge mountain, and\\nflows by a N. E. course of 17 or 18\\nmiles, by Morristown, to its recipient\\nabout 2 miles above the junction of\\nthat stream with the Passaic. This\\nis a fine mill stream, drives many\\nmills in its course, and is well em-\\nployed at the village of Whippany.\\nWhite Hall, hamlet on Schooley s\\nmountain, Lebanon t-ship, Hunterdon\\nCO., 18 miles N. E. of Flemington;\\ncontains a store, tavern, smith shop,\\nand 4 or 5 dwellings.", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0627.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "WIL\\n264\\nWIN\\nWJiite Hill, landing and small vil-\\nlage, on the Delaware river, Mans-\\nfield t-ship, Burlington co. contains\\n2 taverns, 10 or 12 dwellings, and\\nan air furnace. There is also a ferry\\nhere.\\nWhite House, p-t. of Readington\\nt-ship, Hunterdon co., 10 miles N. E.\\nof Flemington, 33 from Trenton, and\\n196 from W. C, upon Rockaway\\ncreek contains a grist mill, some\\n12 or 15 dwellings, 3 stores, 3 ta-\\nverns, and a Presbyterian or Dutch\\nReformed church. The surface of\\nthe country around it is hilly soil,\\nloam, clay, and red shale.\\nWhite Marsh Rtm, tributary of\\nMaurice river, rises in Fairfield t-ship,\\nCumberland co., and flows eastward-\\nly to its recipient, about 6 miles.\\nWhite Ponds, two small lakes,\\nconnected by a brook, lying at the\\nwest foot of Pimple Hill, in Hardis-\\nton t-ship, Sussex co., on the western\\nline of the t-ship, distant, in a direct\\nline N. E. from Newton, 8 miles.\\nWickhechecoke Creek, rises by\\ntwo branches in the hills, on the N.\\nW. of Amwell t-ship, Hunterdon co.,\\nand flows by a southerly course of\\n10 miles, into the Delaware, giving\\nmotion to several mills.\\nWiUiamsville, Orange t-ship, Es-\\nsex CO., 5 miles N. W. of Newark,\\nnear the foot of the first mountain\\ncontains 8 or 10 houses.\\nWilliamsburg, or Pemi s Neck,\\nWest Windsor t-ship, Middlesex co.,\\non the straight turnpike, from Tren-\\nton to New Brunswick, 10 miles from\\nthe first, 15 from the second, 2 miles\\nfrom Princeton, and half a mile W.\\nfrom Millstone river, and Stony\\nbrook contains a Baptist church, of\\nwood an Episcopalian church 2\\ntaverns, 1 store, and 12 dwellings.\\nSoil, kind, sandy loam, extremely\\nwell cultivated, and productive. There\\narc two large quarries of freestone,\\nof excellent building stone upon the\\nriver.\\nWilliamsburg. (Sec Cedar Creek.)\\nWillingboro t-ship, Burlington\\nCO., bounded N. E. by Burlmgton\\nt-ship; S. E. by Northampton; S.\\nW. by the Rancocus creek, which\\nseparates it from Chester t-ship and\\nN. W. by the river Delaware. Cen-\\ntrally distant N. W. from Mount\\nHolly, 7 miles. Greatest length, 6,\\nbreadth, 4 miles; area, 7500 acres.\\nSurface, generally level; soil, sand\\nand sandy loam, well cultivated, and\\nproductive in grass, grain, vegetables\\nand fruit. A small branch of the\\nRancocus creek, crosses the t-ship.\\nDunks ferry, over the Delaware, is\\nwithin it, 4 miles below Burhngton.\\nCooperstown is the only village. Po-\\npulation in 1830, 782. In 1832 the\\nt-ship contained 160 taxables; 50\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30; 28 single men 1 grist\\nmill, 2 distilleries, 2 coaches, 6 dear-\\nborns, 36 covered wagons, 4 chairs\\nand curricles, 5 gigs and sulkies, 269\\nneat cattle, and 176 horses and mules,\\nabove 3 years old and paid state\\ntax, $109 38; county tax, $381 93;\\ntownship tax, $400.\\nWindsor, West, t-ship, Middlesex\\nCO., bounded N. E. by South Bruns-\\nwick; S. E. by East Windsor; S.\\nW. by Nottingham t-ship, of Bur-\\nlington CO., and by Lawrence t-ship,\\nHunterdon co. and on the N. W.\\nby Montgomery t-ship, Hunterdon\\nCO. Centrally distant S. W. from\\nBrunswick, 17 miles. Greatest length,\\n7, breadth, 5 miles; area, 19,000\\nacres. Surface, level; soil, sandy\\nloam and clay, generally well culti-\\nvated, and producing, abundantly,\\ngrain and grass. Drained on the E.\\nby Millstone river on the S. W. by\\nthe Assunpink creek and on the N.\\nW. by Stony Brook. The road\\nthrough Princeton divides this from\\nSomerset co. Princeton, Williams-\\nburg, Clarksville, Dutch Neck, and\\nEdinburg, are towns of the t-ship.\\nPopulation in 1830, 2129. In 1832\\nthe t-ship contained 448 taxables;\\n226 householders, whose ratables did\\nnot exceed $30; 64 single men; 6\\nmerchants 1 large grist mill, with\\n3 run of stones; 1 woollen factory,\\n3 distilleries, and 496 horses and\\nmules, and 848 neat cattle, over 3\\nyears of age; and paid state tax,", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0628.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "woo\\n265\\nWOO\\n$320 49; county, $394 04; road,\\n$200; poor, $450. Excellent free-\\nstone, for building, is abundant in\\nthe t-ship.\\nWindsor, East, t-ship of Middle-\\nsex CO., bounded N. by South Bruns-\\nwick t-ship N. E. by South Amboy;\\nS. E. by Freehold t-ship, Monmouth\\nCO. S. W. by Nottingliam t-ship,\\nBurhngton co. and N. W. by West\\nWindsor t-ship. Centrally distant S.\\nW. from New Brunswick, 20 miles.\\nGreatest length, 12 greatest breadth,\\n6 miles; area, 24,000 acres. Sur-\\nface level; soil, sandy and gravelly\\nloam, light, and not generally pro-\\nductive. Drained by Millstone river,\\nand Rocky brook, on the N. E., and\\nby the Assunpink and Miry run,\\nupon the S. W. Hightstown, Mill-\\nford, Centreville, and Cattail, are vil-\\nlages, the first a post-town, of the\\nt-ship. The turnpike road from Bor-\\ndentown, to New Brunswick, crosses\\nthe t-ship. Population in 1 830, 1 930.\\nIn 1832 the t-ship contained 487 tax-\\nables; 52 householders, whose rata-\\nblcs did not exceed $30 and 41 sin-\\ngle men, 3 merchants, 3 saw mills,\\n4 grist mills, 1 woollen factory, 2\\ncarding machines, and fulling mills,\\n32 tan vats, 13 distilleries for cider,\\nand 484 horses and mules, and 897\\nneat cattle, above 3 years of age\\nand paid state tax, $286 77 county,\\n$352 53; road tax, $400; poor tax,\\n$700.\\nWoodhridge t-ship, Middlesex co.,\\nbounded N. by Westfield, and Rah-\\nway t-ships, Essex co. E. by Staten\\nIsland Sound; S. E. by Perth Am-\\nboy t-ship S. by Raritan river and\\nW. by Piscataway t-ship. Centrally\\ndistant from New Brunswick, N. E.\\n8 miles. Length, E. and W. 9,\\nbreadth, N. and S. 9 miles; area,\\n24,000 acres. Surface, level; soil,\\nred shale, universally well cultivated.\\nDrained on the N. E. by a branch of\\nRahwav river, upon which are some\\nmills. Rahway and Woodbridge,\\nare post-towns, Matouchin and Bon-\\nhamtown, villages of the t-ship. Two\\nturnpike roads from New Brunswick,\\nrun N. E. through the t-ship, which\\n2L\\nare crossed by another, from Perth\\nAmboy to New Durham. Popula-\\ntion in 1830, 3969. In 1832 the\\nt-ship contained 700 taxables; 180\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 in value 99 single men\\n13 -stores, 5 saw mills, 3 grist mills,\\n40 tan vats, 1 distillery, 585 horses\\nand mules, 1555 neat cattle, 3 years\\nold and upwards and paid state tax,\\n$594 53; county, $731 03; road,\\n1800; poor, $1000. This t-ship con-\\ntains a portion of the thriving town\\nof Rahway. It was incorporated by\\nGovernor Philip Carteret, prior to\\n1680, by one of the most liberal\\ncharters which had ever been given\\nin America. (See Records of East\\nJersey Proprietaries, at Amboy.)\\nIn 1682, it was estimated that there\\nwere in the t-ship, one hundred and\\ntwenty families. They had then\\nerected a court-house and prison, and\\nhad many thousand acres surveyed\\nfor plantations. Delaplaine, the sur-\\nveyor-general, was one of the set-\\ntlers here.\\nWoodbury Creek, Deptford t-ship,\\nGloucester co., rises by two branches\\nthe southern called Matthew s branch,\\neach about 3 miles above Woodbury,\\nand unite below the town. The north\\nbranch is navigable from the town to\\nthe river Delaware, 3 miles.\\nWoodbury, p-t., and seat of jus-\\ntice of Gloucester co., on Woodbury\\ncreek, at the head of navigation, 8\\nmiles S. of Camden, 39 from Tren-\\nton, and 145 from W. C. contains\\na spacious court-house of brick, and\\ncounty othces, fire proof, and of the\\nsame material, detached, and a pri-\\nson, in the rear of the court-house,\\nof stone; 1 Friends meetiiig house,\\nlai-gc, and of brick 1 Presbyterian\\nchurch, frame, with cupola and bell,\\nthe upper part of which is used as an\\nacademy; and 1 brick Methodist\\nchui ch; 2 common schools; 2 pub-\\nlic libraries, one of which was found-\\ned by the ladies of the town 2 sun-\\nday schools a county bible society\\nand temperance society, which has\\nbeen productive of very beneficial\\neffects; several store-keepers refusing", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0629.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "woo\\n266\\nYAR\\nto sell spirituous liquors 1 stores,\\n3 taverns, 4 lawyers, 3 physicians,\\n1 clergyman, 100 dwelling houses,\\nand 735 inhabitants. The town, for\\na mile in length, and half a mile in\\nbreadth, is incorporated, for the main-\\ntenance of a fire engine and fire ap-\\nparatus, for which eight public wells\\nhave been sunk and the provisions for\\ndefence, against this devastating ele-\\nment, are very efficient. The creek\\nwas, 70 years since, stopped- out; but\\nthe obstruction was removed in 1830,\\nmuch to the convenience and health\\nof the inhabitants. Vessels now load\\nat the landing, in the town.\\nWoodrujf^s Gap, through Bear\\nFort mountain, Pompton t-ship, Ber-\\ngen CO. The Ringwood and Long\\nPond turnpike road passes through it.\\nWoodstoxvn, p-t., and village, of\\nPilesgrovo t-ship, Salem co., upon the\\nSalem creek, 10 miles E. of the toAvn\\nof Salem, 161 N. E. from W. C,\\nand 55 S. of Trenton. The town\\ncontains about 150 dwellings, 2 ta-\\nverns, and 6 stores, 3 schools, 1\\nFriends meeting, 1 Baptist, and 1\\nAfrican Methodist church. In the\\nneighbourhood of the town, there are\\nsome valuable marl beds and the\\nuse of marl has much improved the\\nagriculture of the t-ship.\\nWoodsville, p-t. of Hopewell t-sp.,\\nHunterdon co., 10 miles S. from\\nFlemington, 13 N. fi om Trenton,\\n179 from W. C, on the turnpike road\\nfrom N. Brunswick, to Lamberts-\\nville contains a store, tavern, and\\nhalf a dozen dwellings, mostly new.\\nIt lies upon the slope of a gently\\nrising ground, from which there is a\\ndelightful prospect of the surround-\\ning country the soil of which is of\\nred shale, and well cultivated.\\nWoolwich t-ship, Gloucester co.,\\nbounded on the N. E. by Greenwich;\\non the S. E. by Frankhn, t-ships;\\nS. W. by Pittsgrove, Pilesgrove, and\\nUpper Penn s Neck, t-ships, Salem\\nco; and N. W. by the river Dela-\\nware. Centrally distant S. W. from\\nWoodbury, 11 miles. Greatest length,\\n16; breadth, 7 miles; area, about\\n40,000 acres. Surface, level; soil/\\nsandy, and on the S. E. covered with\\npine forest. Drained, westerly, by\\nRepaupo, Little Timber, Raccoon,\\nand Oldman s, creeks the last of\\nwhich forms the S. W. boundary.\\nSwedesboro and Battentown, are\\nvillages the first a post-town of the\\nt-ship. Population in 1830, 3033.\\nIn 1832 the t-ship contained 333\\nhouseholders, whose ratables did not\\nexceed $30 8 stores, 9 grist mills,\\n4 saw mills, 3 fulling mills, 1 tan-\\nnery, 8 distilleries, 1433 neat cattle,\\nand 699 horses and mules above the\\nage of 3 years.\\nWranglehoro or ClarFs Mill,\\nvillage, on Nacote creek, of Gallo-\\nway t-ship, Gloucester co., about 37\\nmiles S. E. from Woodbury; con-\\ntains a store, one or more taverns,\\nand one mill, and 15 or 20 dwellings.\\nWra7igle Brook, considerable tri-\\nbutary of the south branch of Toms\\nriver, Dover t-ship, Monmouth co.,\\nuniting with the main branch, about\\ntwo miles above Toms River village.\\nWrightsville, on the road from\\nAllen town to Freehold, Upper Free-\\nhold t-ship, Monmouth co., 5 miles\\nfrom the former, and 14 from the\\nlatter; contains 8 or 10 dwellings\\nand a Quaker meeting. house; soil,\\nsandy. In the rear of the village,\\nupon Cattail creek, are some bog\\nmeadows, which, in hot weather, are\\ncovered, in places, with an efflores-\\ncence of sulphate of iron (copperas).\\nWrigJitstoton, Hanover t-ship,\\nBurlington co., 10 miles N. E. from\\nMount^ Holly, and 10 S. E. of Bor-\\ndenton; contains 2 taverns, 2 stores,\\na Methodist church, and some 15 or\\n20 dwellings; surrounded by a very\\nfertile country.\\nYard s Branch, of Paulinskill,\\nrises in the Blue mountains, in Paha-\\nquarry t-ship, and flows S. W. through\\nKnowlton t-ship to its recipient, near\\nthe village of Sodom, having a course\\nof about 8 miles.", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0630.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0631.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0632.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0633.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0634.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0635.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3365", "width": "1788", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0636.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00ab-A iO", "height": "3382", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0637.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3531", "width": "2017", "jp2-path": "gazetteerofstate00gordo_0638.jp2"}}