{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2661", "width": "1591", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1628", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2661", "width": "1591", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1628", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2661", "width": "1591", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "HISTORY\\nNew Jeksey,\\nFROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS TO\\nTHE PRESENT TIME.\\nDESIGNED FOB\\n:^ommon Schools, ^tattcmics, ^^oUcgcs, families and llibrarijcs\\nBY\\njf R.^ SYPHEli AND E.^ A. APGAR.\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nJ. B. LIPPING OTT CO.\\n1870.", "height": "2724", "width": "1628", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by\\nJ. R. SYPIIER AND E. A APGAE,\\nin the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of\\nNew Jersey.\\nLIPPINCOTT S PRESS,", "height": "2661", "width": "1591", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThe inhabitants of a State should have a general\\nknowledge of its history. The story of the pioneer set-\\ntlers in an unexplored wilderness, their mastery of the\\nelements, their struggle for personal rights, their mainte-\\nnance of the principles of English liberty, their attain-\\nment of national independence and the establishment of\\na commonwealth, are subjects that should command the\\ninterest of every citizen. When and how the resources\\nof the State were developed, when public improvements\\nwere constructed and public institutions were erected\\nhow, from small beginnings, settlements grew into power-\\nful manufacturing and trading communities, and how the\\nwealth and prosperity of the commonwealth were attained,\\nare questions worthy the attention of a people living in\\nthe enjoyment of these priceless boons transmitted from\\nan ancestry, who, through much suffering and unre-\\ncounted toil, struggled from poverty and insignificance up\\nto wealth and an honorable fame. This book was com-\\npiled to make the acquisition of this knowledge eaSy\\nfor every citizen, and in the hope that the rising\\nyouth in the State will, in their school-days, be made\\nfamiliar with the history of their own inheritances, and\\nbe thereby incited to foUbv/ the examples of industry", "height": "2714", "width": "1592", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "4 PREFACE.\\nand skill, and to emulate the virtue and patriotism, of\\nthe early settlers and the fathers of the Commonwealth.\\nMuch that is interesting^ in the annals of the State has\\nbeen necessarily excluded, though nothing that is essential\\nto a full comprehension of its history has been omitted.\\nThe questions at the foot of each page are intended to\\nguide the teacher, who will readily multiply them to\\nmeet the Avants of his class.\\nThe tables in the Appendix are arranged for reference,\\nand epitomize the history of the State.\\nTrenton, October 29, 1869.", "height": "2687", "width": "1663", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nPAQE\\nEarly Settlements 9\\nCHAPTER II.\\nDivision of the Province East and West Jersey 20\\nCHAPTER III.\\nThe Province of West Jersey 33\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe Royal Government Established\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cornbury s Administration... 46\\nCHAPTER V.\\nEarly Legislation-Government Separated from New York 57\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nLand Titles Frontier Wars A Colonial Union Proposed 66\\nCHAPTER VIL\\nFrench-and-Indian War Troops Sent Braddock s Defeat De-\\nfence against Indian Invasion 74\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nClose of the French-and-Indian War Military Action of New\\nJersey 81\\n1 5", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "6 CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTEK IX.\\nPAGE\\nTaxation without Eepresentation is Tyranny 88\\nCHAPTER X.\\nThe Eight of Government Assumed by the People\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Preparations\\nfor War 100\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nThe Declaration of Independence\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The New Government 114\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nThe Revolutionary War Campaign of 1776 Tlie State Overrun\\nby the Enemy 124\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nCampaign of 1777 Battle of Princeton Enemy Driven from the\\nState Noble Conduct of the State Militia 135\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nBritish Foraging parties March across the State Battle of Mon-\\nmouth 150\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nTory Marauders Village Burned and Inhabitants Murdered\\nDestitution in Camp Battle of Springfield 160\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nRevolt in Camp End of the War Contributions of the State and\\nSufierings of the Inhabitants 173\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nThe Constitution of the United States Adopted 183\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nThe State Government Organized 187\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nThe Condition of the State of New Jersev 201", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 7\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nPAGE\\nEducation 205\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nPublic Improvements 219\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nNatural Resources Manufactures 224\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nThe Rebellion 238\\nAPPENDIX.\\nTable I. Counties in New Jersey 251\\nII. Table of the Governors of the Colonies, of the Pro-\\nvinces and of the State 252\\nIII. Table of the Principal Officers of the United States\\nfrom New Jersey since the Adoption of the Con-\\nstitution 255\\nIV. Railroads in New Jersey 256\\nV. Canals in New Jersey 257\\nVI. Agricultural Products of New Jersey in 1868 257\\nVII. A Chronological Table of Important Events in the\\nHistory of New Jersey, from the Discovery of the\\nDelaware in 1609 until 1869 258", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nEarly Settlements Government Established.\\nPALISADES ON THE HUDSON.\\n1. New Jersey is bounded on the north by New York;\\non the east by Hudson river and the Atlantic ocean on the\\nsouth by Delaware bay and on the west by Delaware river.\\nThe greatest length of tlie State, from the north-west point to\\nCape May, is about 168 miles the greatest width is about\\n60 miles the area is 7576 square miles.\\n2. This territory was first visited by European mariners\\nChapter I. 1. Bound New Jersey. State its dimensions.\\n2. When did Europeans first visit this territory? When and by\\nwhom was the first settlement made on Manhattan Island Where,\\nwhen and by whom were the first settlements made in New Jersey?\\n9", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nin 1609, when Captain Henry Hudson, sailing on an ex-\\nl)lo)-ino- expedition to America under the patronage of the\\nDutch East India Company, touched at the mouth of the\\nbay, but, finding shoal water, withdrew and sailing north-\\nward, entered the mouth of the great river which is now\\ncalled Hudson, in honor of the discoverer. Hudson s men\\nestablished a trading-post on Manhattan Island they also\\nmade small settlements at Bergen and at other points in New\\nJersey as early as 1617. In 1621 these were transferred to\\nthe West India Company of the United Netherlands\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a cor-\\nporation formed in Holland to monopolize trade in America.\\nIn 1628 this company took possession of the whole country\\ndiscovered by Captain Hudson, which included all the ter-\\nritory lying between Delaware bay, called South River, and\\nthe Hudson, called North River. The possessions of the\\ncompany w^ere named the New Netherlands. This territory\\nwas at that time inhabited by small tribes of Indians, or parts\\nof the great tribes, that, occupied the country between the\\nlakes on the north and the Susquehanna river.\\n3. A colony arrived in 1623, built New Amsterdam on\\nManhattan Island, and sent Captain Cornelius Jacobus May,\\nwith a party of adventurers, to the South River, under\\ninstructions to form a settlement and to explore the country\\non the borders of the river. The commander of this expedi-\\ntion sailed into the Delaware, gave his own name to Cape\\nMay, and the southern cape he called Cornelius, which\\nname it bore until the arrival of the Swedes, when it was\\nnamed Cape Henlopen. He erected Fort Nassau near where\\nGloucester now stands, a few miles below Camden, which was\\nthe first settlement made by Europeans on the shores of the\\nDelaware. The fort was soon abandoned. The place was\\n3. When and by wliom were the first attempts made to settle on tlie\\nDelaware?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 11\\nseveral times visited by exploring parties, but no permanent\\ncolony was established there by the Dutch.\\n4. The Swedes founded a colony on the west bank of the\\nDelaware in 1638. Some of the pioneers crossed the river\\nand established themselves at Swedesboro and at other points\\nbelow Camden. Attempts were made by parties from Con-\\nnecticut and other parts of New England to settle on the\\neastern bank of the Delaware, but the settlers Avere driven\\naway by the Dutch, who claimed the whole country between\\nConnecticut and Virginia, which they named New Nether-\\nlands. Several plantations were founded by Dutch patroons\\nnear Communipaw about the year 1638. These were aban-\\ndoned in 1651, and reoccupied in 1661, when a ferry was\\nestablished to Manhattan Island. The first settlement at\\nHoboken was made in 1656.\\n5. Great Britian conquered the New Netherlands in 1664,\\nand claimed all the lands on the Atlantic coast, from the\\nFrench possessions on the north, southward to the Spanish\\npossessions in Florida. On the 20th of March, 1664, King\\nCharles II. issued a grant to his brother, the Duke of York,\\nfor that part of his American possessions lying between New\\nEngland and Maryland. This included New York, Penn-\\nsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. As soon as the duke\\nhad obtained this grant, and before he had been placed in\\npossession of the property, he sold that portion of it which\\nafterward became New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir\\nGeorge Carteret.\\n6. The new proprietors prepared and published a plan of\\n4. Who founded the first jjeriuanent colony on the Delaware?\\nWhat was this country called? Where were early settlements made?\\n5. When and by whom was it conquered? How did the king of\\nEngland dispose of the land What did the duke do with part of it?\\n6. What did the new proprietors do? What were some of the pro-\\nvisions of the fundamental law?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ngovernment, something in the nature of a fundamental law\\nor constitution, called the Concessions and Agreements of\\nthe Lords Proprietors of the Province of New Jersey, with\\nall and every of the adventurers and all such as shall settle\\nor plant there. This constitution was dated February 10,\\n1664. It provided that all who were or should become sub-\\njects of the king of England should be admitted to plant\\nand to become freemen of the Province; that the people\\nshould be secured in the enjoyment of property; that full\\ntoleration in religion should be allowed. No person should\\nbe in any Avay molested or punished, or called into question\\nfor any difference of opinion or practice in matters of relig-\\nion, but all might freely and fully enjoy their judgments\\nand consciences in matters of religious faith.\\n7. The government of the Province was to be administered\\nby the governor and Council and General Assembly. The\\ngovernor was to be appointed by the proprietors. The mem-\\nbers of Council should be selected by the governor, and\\nshould not be less than six nor more than twelve in number.\\nThe General Assembly formed the legislative branch of the\\ngovernment. It was composed of the governor and Council\\nand twelve representatives chosen by the freemen of the\\nProvince.\\n8. The first Assembly was to divide the Province and to\\nprovide for an annual election on the 1st of January, at\\nwhich time each division should choose two representatives,\\nand the majority of these representatives, with the governor\\nand the Council, should form the General Assembly of the\\nProvince.\\n9. The General Assembly was authorized to appoint the\\n7. How was the government to be administered?\\n8. How was the General Assembly formed\\n9. What was the Assembly authorized to do? What had the As-\\nsembly power to do?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 13\\ntime for its own meeting and adjournment, and to determine\\nthe number required to form a quorum, provided that num-\\nber shoukl not be less than one-third of tlie wliole to enact\\nlaws necessary for the government of the Province to estab-\\nlish courts, and to determine the limits, powers and jurisdic-\\ntions of these to fix the number of officers for each court\\nand their respective salaries and fees. The Assembly had\\npower to levy taxes equally on all the lands, except the\\nlands of the proprietors to provide for the defence of the\\nProvince to pass naturalization laws to provide for the\\nmaintenance of the governor and for the defraying of the\\nnecessary expenses of the government.\\n10. The governor was commander-in-chief of the military\\nforces. In case of his death or removal, the president of the\\nCouncil became the chief executive. The fundamental laws\\nfor the Province secured freedom of conscience and worship\\nto every one who should conduct himself as a peaceable citi-\\nzen, provided justice to be administered by tribunals erected\\nunder public authority, and gave an unlimited privilege of\\nappeal or petition.\\n11. On the same day that this instrument of government\\nwas signed, Philip Carteret, the brother of one of the pro-\\nprietors, received a commission as first governor of Ncav\\nJersey. He made immediate preparations to go to his Prov-\\nince, and in August, 1665, accompanied by a number of\\npersons who were disposed to become settlers, sailed from\\nEngland. This company of pioneers entered Newark bay\\nand landed on the banks of the Passaic, at a place to which\\nthey gave the name of Elizabeth, in honor of the lady of Sir\\nGeorge Carteret. Governor Carteret found four families es-\\n10. What is said of tlie governor? What was secured\\n11. Who was first governor? Wlien and how did he come to the\\nProvince? Where did tlie governor make the first settlement?\\n2", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntablished at this place, aud he resolved to settle there with\\nthem.\\n12. Colonel Nichols at this time Avas governor of New\\nYork, and had been directed by the Duke of York to\\nassume the direction of affairs throughout the whole of the\\ncountry that had been conveyed to him by the king s grant.\\nNichols had not been informed of the sale of New Jersey to\\nBerkeley and Carteret, and therefore supposed himself to be\\nin authority over that portion of country. He regarded\\nPhilip Carteret and his party of settlers as intruders and\\nusurpers.\\n13. Governor Carteret without delay entered upon the dis-\\ncharge of his duties, and sent messengers abroad to publish\\nthe Concessions and to set forth the advantages that were\\noffered, both in the government and in the fortunate situa-\\ntion of the country. These reports Avere received with great\\nfavor, and many people moved to New Jersey. Numerous\\nemigrants came from the neighboring settlements and from\\nEngland, and the population increased rapidly. The gov-\\nernor appointed his Council,* and proceeded to organize his\\ngovernment.\\n14. The first duty of the governor was to establish rules\\nfor the division and sale of lands. These rules provided\\nthat all lands should be divided into general lots one-\\nseventh of each lot was to be reserved to the proprietors,\\nCaptain Nicholas Verlett, Daniel Pierce, Eobert Bond, Samuel\\nEdsall, Robert Vanquellen and William Pardon were the members\\nof the first Council.\\n12. How did the governor of New York receive these immigrants?\\n13. What did Governor Carteret do to secure settlers? What was\\nthe effect of this?\\n14. What rules were established? How was the land divided?\\nHow granted to settlers", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 15\\nand the remainder to be conveyed to individuals or com-\\npanies who chose to purchase. A surveyor-general was\\nappointed, who was commanded to lay out the lauds in\\naccordance with these rules. He was required to inform\\nthe chief secretary or register of the name of the grantee,\\nthe date of the warrant, the number of acres and the situa-\\ntion of lands granted and his survey was to be entered by\\nthe register in a book prepared for that purpose. A yearly\\nrent of one penny, or one halfpenny, according to the value\\nof the lands, was to be paid by the purchasers to the pi-o-\\nprietors or their heirs. The first payment was to be made\\nin March, 1670.\\n15. Settlements had been established at Shrewsbury in\\n1664, and at Middletown in 1666, under grants from Gov-\\nernor Nichols, who supposed he had authority to dispose of\\nthe lands of New Jersey. This afterv/ard became a fruitful\\nsource of difficulties between the government and the in-\\nhabitants,\\n16. In 1666 an association was formed by a company\\nof persons in New England for the purpose of establishing a\\nsettlement in the Province of New Jersey. This association\\nadopted as part of a fundamental Agreement, a declara-\\ntion that none should be admitted freemen within their town,\\non the bank of the Passaic river, except such as were mem-\\nbers of some Congregational church nor should any but\\nsuch church members have any vote in any elections. One\\nof the articles of this Agreement was as follows: We\\nshall, with care and diligence, provide for the maintenance\\nof the purity of religion professed in the Congregational\\nchurches. The pioneers of this association settled on the\\nPassaic river near Elizabeth, on the 17th of May, 1666,\\n15. What settlements were made by the authority of Gov. Nichols?\\nU). How and when was Newark settled?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand their settlement was the beginning of the city of\\nNewark.\\n17. A period of three years elapsed before the government\\nprojected by the new proprietors was fully organized. On\\nthe 7th of April, 1668, Governor Carteret issued a proclama-\\ntion requiring the freeholders of each town to choose two\\nrepresentatives to the General Assembly, who should be citi-\\nzens of the district from which they were elected. In obedi-\\nence to this proclamation the election was held, and the first\\nLegislature of New Jersey assembled at Elizabeth on the 26th\\nof May, 1668. At this meeting of the Legislature, represent-\\natives were present from Bergen, Newark, Elizabeth, Middle-\\ntown and Shrewsbury. The session continued four days and\\nwas harmonious throughout. An act was passed for the pun-\\nishment of crimes another providing for the expenses of the\\ngovernment, and fixing the annual meeting of the Legislature\\non the first Tuesday of November, and the elections on the\\n1st of January preceding. The Assembly authorized the\\ngovernor to call an extra session of the Legislature whenever\\nnecessity should require, and then adjourned to the 3d of\\nNovember following.\\n18. The second meeting of the Assembly took place, in\\naccordance with the adjournment, on the 3d of November,\\nbut the harmony and good-feeling that had prevailed in the\\nfirst session w^cre not found in this. The session was short.\\nNothing was done for the interests of the Province or of the\\npeople. On the third day the representatives sent a mes-\\nsage to the governor and Council, declaring themselves dis-\\nsatisfied with the organization of the General Assembly. On\\n17. When and how was the organization of the government com-\\npleted? Where and when did the first Legislature assemble? How\\nwas the Province represented? Wliat acts were passed?\\nIS. What is said of the second meeting of the Assembly?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 17\\nthe day following they adjourned, and seven years elapsed\\nbefore another Legislature was convened.\\n19. The settlements at Shrewsbury and Middletown at an\\nearly period refused to recognize the authority of the new\\nproprietors and when the time approached for the payment\\nof the quit-rents, in March, 1670, they declared their open\\nhoocility to the government. They asserted that they had\\npurchased their lands from the Indians under permission\\nfrom Governor Nichols, and had fully paid for them. Gov-\\nernor Carteret endeavored to uphold his authority and to\\nenforce the laws of the Province. The people were urged to\\ntake out patents for their lands under the new government,\\nand were warned against purchasing lands under any other\\ntitle than that given by the proprietors.\\n20. The settlers who had come in under the grants from Gov-\\nernor Nichols resolved to form an independent government.\\nDeputies were elected in the several towns, and the members\\nso chosen convened at Elizabeth on the 14th of May, 1672,\\nand claimed to be the true legislative body of the Prov-\\nince. James Carteret was elected governor by this Legisla-\\nture. He also set up a claim to the government of the\\nProvince under pretence of a grant from his father, but he\\npersistently refused to show his commission. The authority\\nof the usurpers extended over the northern part of the Prov-\\nince, but did not reach to the settlements on the Delaware.\\nThe old governor and Council found it utterly impossible to\\nenforce their authority, and Governor Philip Carteret there-\\nfore returned to England to lay the matter before the pro-\\nprietors. John Berry was appointed to serve as deputy-go v-\\n19. Who refused to recognize tlie autliority of the government, and\\nwhy\\n20. Wliat did the settlers do? How far did this movement ex-\\ntend\\n2 B", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nernor during his absence, but he soon followed the governor\\nto England.\\n21. The condition of aftairs in the Province was laid before\\nthe Duke of York, and he addressed a letter to Governor\\nLovelace, of New York, on the 25th of November, 1672,\\ndirecting him to take notice of the disturbance in Ncav\\nJersey, and to make known to all persons concerned iu it,\\nthat the duke would countenance nothing which would in\\nthe least impair the government of the proprietors. Governor\\nLovelace was further instructed to give aid and assistance to\\nthe jjroprietary authorities for the restoration of order. The\\ngrants under authority of Nichols were declared by the duke\\nto be void.\\n22. A king s commission was sent to Deputy-Governor\\nBerry, confirming his appointment and commanding all per-\\nsons to give obedience to his authority. The proprietors\\nalso sent to Governor Berry an explanation of their Con-\\ncessions, which made several important changes in the\\noriginal constitution. The power of the executive was ex-\\ntended in the appointment of officers of the Province, both\\ncivil and military. It was also provided that in all General\\nAssemblies the governor and his Council were to sit by them-\\nselves, and the deputies or representatives Avere to form a\\nseparate chamber. Instructions were given to the governor\\nand Council directing that lands should be purchased from\\nthe Indians only in the names of the proprietors. The final\\npayment of all quit-rents was postponed three years from\\n1673.\\n23. Lord Berkeley, one of the proprietors, had become\\ndiscouraged at the management of affairs in New Jersey, and\\n21. How was the difficulty settled?\\n22. AVho was commissioned governor? What changes were made in\\nthe Concessions?\\n23. AVhat cliange was made in the proprietorship?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 19\\ntherefore, on the 18th of March, 1673, sold his one-half in-\\nterest in the Province for less than $5000. John Fenwick\\nand Edward Byllinge, two English Quakers, were the pur-\\nchasers.\\n24. A dispute arose between the new proprietors about the\\ndivision of their property, and William Penn, who after-\\nward became the founder of Pennsylvania, was chosen arbi-\\ntrator to settle the difficulty, and succeeded to the satisfaction\\nof all parties interested. Fenwick sailed from London in\\n1675, in the ship Griffith, with his family and a small\\ncompany of Quakers. This was the first English vessel that\\ncame to New Jersey with immigrants. The party sailed up\\nthe Delaware bay, and entering a creek, landed on its banks\\nthree miles and a half from the Delaware. This creek, and\\nthe settlement founded on it, Fenwick named Salem. This\\nwas the first English settlement permanently established in\\nWest Jersey.\\n24. What dispute arose and how was it settled? When and by\\nwhom was a new settlement made?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nDivision of the Province East and West Jersey.\\nTUE HOME OF AN EARLY SETTLER.\\n1. The war between Holland and England, which broke\\nout in 1672, extended to America. A squadron of Dutch\\nvessels appeared before New York in July, 1673, and de-\\nmanded the surrender of the English authorities at that post.\\nManhattan Island was surrendered without resistance, and\\nthe fall of New York was immediately folloAved by the sub-\\njection of the surrounding country, including New Jersey.\\nThe officers of this Province were summoned to meet the\\ncommander of the Dutch fleet on Manhattan Island and\\ntake an oath of allegiance.\\n2. The Dutch rule was, however, of short duration. On\\nChapter II. 1. When and by whom was the country reconquered\\nWhat wa.s demanded of the public officers of New Jersey\\n2. How was the country regained by England? Who was appointed\\ngovernor\\n20", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 21\\nthe 9th of February, 1674, a treaty of peace was concluded\\nbetween England and Holland, under which New Jersey\\nagain became an English Province, and the title of its pro-\\nprietors was reconfirmed. Edmund Andross was appointed\\ngovernor of New York, and Philip Carteret returned to\\nAmerica as governor of New Jersey.\\n3. Governor Carteret met with no opposition from the set-\\ntlers. He published his instructions at Bergen on the 6th of\\nNovember, 1674, in the presence of his Council and commis-\\nsioners from most of the towns in the Province, and thus re-\\nsumed the reins of authority with the aj^probation of his\\npeople. The General Assembly was convened on the 5th of\\nNovember, 1675. Eight members of Council, including the\\ngovernor, were present, and fourteen representatives from the\\ntowns. Laws were enacted at this session for the defence of\\nthe Province, providing for the organization and arming of\\nmilitary companies and the erection of forts. County courts\\nwere established, and a treasurer was appointed. An act of\\namnesty was passed, granting full and free pardon to all per-\\nsons who had been guilty of any offence against the laws of\\nthe Province.\\n4. On the 1st of July, 1676, the Province was divided\\ninto two portions, to be called East and West New Jersey.\\nPhilip Carteret was retained as governor of East New Jer-\\nsey, Having completed the organization of his govern-\\nment, Carteret endeavored to establish a commerce for his\\nProvince, and attempted to open a port at Elizabeth, where\\nvessels might enter from and clear to any ports in the\\nworld. In 1679 he issued a proclamation, declaring Amboy\\n3, How was Governor Carteret received What is said of the meet-\\ning and acts of the Assembly\\n4. When and how was New Jersey divided What did Governor\\nCarteret endeavor to do? How were the efforts to establish commerce\\nresisted", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nto be a free port of entxy to all vessels trading to East Jersey.\\nThe first trader to the Province was a vessel from Barbadoes,\\nwhich entered the port at Aniboy. This circumstance called\\ninto action the interference of Governor Andross of New\\nYork, who was always ready to take advantage of any pro-\\nvocation to meddle with the government of his neighbors.\\nHe sent messengers to Am boy to take possession of the Bar-\\nbadoes vessel and bring it to New York, where the master\\nwas com})elled to pay duties.\\n5. The Assembly of East Jersey entered a strong protest\\nagainst this procedure, and offered a premium of \u00c2\u00a3150 for the\\nencouragement of vessels to enter the ports of East Jersey, not-\\nwithstanding the opposition of the governor of New York. In\\nMarch, 1G79, Andross directed a communication to Governor\\nCarteret, requesting him to cease from the exercise of any\\nauthority until his power should be properly acknowledged\\nby the authorities on Manhattan Island. Governor Carteret\\ncalled a meeting of his Council and of the most eminent men\\nin his Province, and after full consultation with these, replied\\nto the demands made by Andross. He declared that his\\nauthority was not founded ujjon any presumption or pre-\\ntence, but upon the grant from his royal highness and the\\ncommands of the king of England and that he and his\\nCouncil and the people felt bound to the government of Sir\\nGeorge Carteret, and were resolved to maintain it by force\\nif necessary.\\n6. Andross issued a proclamation dissolving the govern-\\nment of New Jersey, and required that all persons should\\nsubmit to him as a representative of the king s authority.\\nGovernor Carteret replied in a counter-proclamation, that\\n5. What action did the Assembly take on this subject? Eelate tlie\\ncontroversy between Governor Andross and Governor Carteret.\\n6. What action did Governor Andross take? How did Governor\\nCarteret reply", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "DIVISION OF THE FROVINCE. 23\\nhis authority had been established in i^ursuance of his majes-\\nty s commission and command, and that it could not be sur-\\nrendered without the same command and that the people of\\nhis Province were resolved to live and die with the name of\\ntrue subjects, and not traitors.\\n7. Sir George Carteret, the proprietor of East Jersey, died\\nin the year 1679, and the Province descended by will to\\ntrustees, to be sold for the benefit of his creditors. His\\nwidow, Elizabeth Carteret, became proprietress, as guar-\\ndian for her grandson. The death of the proprietor\\ncaused no immediate change in the management of j^ublic\\naffairs.\\n8. On the 30th of April, 1680, Axidross sent an armed\\nforce into New Jersey, which seized Governor Philip Car-\\nteret and carried him a prisoner to New York, where he\\nwas detained until the 27th of May. A court convened\\nfor his trial, and declared him innocent of all the charges\\nbrought against him by the officious Andross. Yet, not-\\nwithstanding his acquittal, Andross declared that he should\\nnot again enter the Province of New Jersey until he gave\\nsecurity not to assume any authority or jurisdiction there,\\neither civil or military.\\n9. Having thus disposed of Carteret, Andross attempted\\nto take possession of his Province. He appeared at the\\nGeneral Assembly, which convened on the 2d of June, 1680,\\nand informed that body that he had brought the king s let-\\nters patent, under the great seal of England, to his highness,\\nthe Duke of York, and also the duke s commission to him-\\nself; and that these gave him authority over the government\\n7. When did Sir George Carteret die What disposition was made\\nof his property in New Jersey?\\n8. What outrage was committed by Governor Andross?\\n9. How did he attempt to take possession of tlie Province What\\nreply did the Assembly make to his demands?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof New Jersey. He recommended the passage of an act\\nconfirming all former proceedings in the Province, and de-\\nmanded the acknowledgment of the authority of the Assembly\\nof New York over that of New Jersey. The Assembly re-\\nplied with boldness, that they were the representatives of the\\nfreeholders of the Province; that they had their authority\\nfrom a royal grant that the great charter of England was\\nthe only rule of safety to freeborn Englishmen, and that they\\ncould acknowledge no other authority than that derived\\nfrom the grants to the pro^^rietary government of their Prov-\\nince. This firmness on the part of the Assembly completely\\ndefeated the designs of Andross.\\n10. In September of this year a communication was re-\\nceived from Lady Elizabeth Carteret, containing an absolute\\ncommand to her government not to take notice of any com-\\nmissions, warrants or orders from Sir Edmund Andross.\\nShe also directed that an account of the charges and damages\\nsustained by her Province in consequence of the usurpation\\nof Andross should be drawn up and sent to England. A\\ncommunication was sent to Andross from the duke, com-\\nmanding him to desist from any further interference with the\\ngovernment of New Jersey, and declaring that Philip Car-\\nteret Avas the recognized executive of East New Jersey. In\\norder to prevent any further troubles between these neighbor-\\ning Provinces, the Duke of York authorized his attorneys,\\non the 6th of September, 1680, to prepare a full and com-\\nplete conveyance of all his rights and interests in the gov-\\nernment of East New Jersey unto the proprietors, and notice\\nof this complete transfer was sent to the governor of New\\nYork.\\n11. The contest with the authorities at New York had\\n10. How was the difBculty finally settled?\\n11. What dispute arose between tlie Assembly and the governor?\\nHow was it ended", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 25\\nprevented the people of New Jersey from giving any atten-\\ntion to the alterations made in their constitution by the ex-\\nplanation of the Concessions brought from England by\\nGovernor Carteret. In October, 1681, the Assembly con-\\nvened at Elizabeth, and at once entered upon the discus-\\nsion of this subject. The representatives of the people\\ndeclared that the proprietors had no right to change the\\nConcessions, and that the changes were contrary to ex-\\npress stipulations and grants. The governor and Council\\ninsisted that the alterations had become necessary, and were\\nwarranted by the change of circumstances and the times. A\\nviolent dispute arose, which was terminated by a procla-\\nmation from Governor Carteret, dissolving the House of\\nDeputies.\\n12. This was an exercise of authority under the new inter-\\npretation of the constitution. The deputies unanimously\\nsent a protest against the act, as being contrary to the Con-\\ncessions and an innovation on the government. According\\nto the original constitution, the Assembly had power to de-\\ntermine its own meetings and adjournments.\\n13. The trustees under the will of the late Sir George Car-\\nteret now offered the Province of East Jersey for sale, but no\\nprivate purchasers presenting themselves, it was resolved to\\nput up the whole proprietary interests at public auction.\\nFortunately for the settlers, William Penn, wuth eleven asso-\\nciates, became the purchasers.*\\n14. These associates sold their entire interests to James,\\nThe original proprietors were William Penn, Robert West,\\nThomas Eudyard, Samuel Groome, Thomas Hart, Robert Mew, Am-\\nbrose Riggs, John Hayward, Hugh Hartshorne, Clement Plumstead,\\nThomas Cooper, Thomas Wilcox.\\n12. How did the deputies receive this exercise of authority\\n13. What change was made in the proprietorship of the Province?\\n14. Wlint Airtlier rh;iiiL!e was matlo?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nEarl of Perth, John Drumond, Robert Barclay, David Bar-\\nclay, Robert Gordon, Arent Somnans, Gowen Laurie, Ed-\\nward Bylliuge, James Braine, William. Gibson, James Bar-\\nker, Robert Turner, Thomas Warne.\\n15. The deeds of conveyance were dated the 1st and 2d of\\nFebruary, 1682. Each of these purchasers soon afterward\\nsold one-half of his respective interest to a new associate, and\\nthus the number of the projjrietors was doubled. Though the\\noriginal proprietors were all of the Society of Friends, in\\nthe subsequent division of the Province members of other\\nsects were admitted to the proprietaryship. The conveyance\\nto the new proprietors was dated 14th of March, 1682, and\\nwas signed by his royal highness, the Duke of York. On\\nthe 3d of November, 1683, the king issued a letter, in which\\nhe confirmed the grant of the Duke of York to the twenty-\\nfour proprietors of East Jersey.\\n16. The new proprietors appointed Robert Barclay gov-\\nernor. He Avas a native of Scotland, and one of the most\\neminent of the associates of William Penu. He was distin-\\nguished both for his learning and for his religious piety. He\\naccepted the appointment under the express stipulation that\\nhe would not be required to go to the Province, and that\\nhe should have power to appoint a deputy. Thomas Rud-\\nyard, one of the proprietors, was appointed, by Barclay,\\ndeputy-governor. He departed for the Province in com-\\npany with Samuel Groome, another of the proprietors, who\\nhad been commissioned receiver and surveyor-general.\\n17. Governor Barclay sent a letter with his deputy to\\nthe planters and inhabitants of the Province of East Jersey\\n15. AVhen were the deeds of conveyance dated? What did the\\nnew proprietors do\\n16. Who was appointed governor? What is said of Governor Bar-\\nclay? Who was appointed deputy-governor?\\n17. What message did Governor Barclay send to tlie people?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 27\\nin America, inwliicli he stated that it was the desire of him-\\nself and his associates to promote the welfare of the people\\nthat they held themselves obliged by the laws of the country\\nand the just laws of men, as well as their own interest, to use\\nall proper means to render the plantation pi osperous. Upon\\nhis arrival in the Province, Rudyard appointed six persons\\nas liis Council, in the presence of whom he was sworn into\\noffice as deputy -governor.*\\n18. Before the arrival of Governor Rudyard, the Assem-\\nbly was convened. It met on the 1st of March, 1682, at\\nElizabeth. Two subsequent sessions were held in the same\\nyear, and important laws were passed. Four counties were\\nerected Bergen, Essex, Middlesex and Monmouth. For\\neach of these a high-sheriff was commissioned, and the boun-\\ndaries were defined.\\n19. Acts were passed reorganizing and establishing the\\njudiciary department of the government. Courts which\\nhad been erected without the authority of the Assembly\\nwere abolished. One general court for the whole Province\\nwas established, called The Court of Common Right. To\\nthis court appeals might be taken from any inferior tribunal\\nin all actions or suits for \u00c2\u00a35 or upward. It had jurisdiction\\nin all capital, criminal and civil causes of equity, and causes\\ntriable at common law. It was to consist of twelve members,\\nand hold four terms, at Elizabeth. County courts Avere\\nauthorized in each county within the Province, in which\\ntrials by jury were allowed.\\n20. The Assembly revised the criminal and j^enal code.\\nThe members of the Council were Lewis Morris, John Berry,\\nJohn Palmer, William Sandford, Lawrence Andross and Benjamin\\nPrice.\\n18. What did the Assembly do?\\n19. How were the courts established?\\n20. What is said of tlie criminal code?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCapital punishment was limited to a much smaller number\\nof cases than under the former laws. It was provided that\\nin all capital or criminal cases there should be a grand in-\\nquest, and that twelve men of the neighborhood should try\\nthe offender. All persons arrested should be bailable by suf-\\nficient sureties. The estates of murderers, after all debts\\nwere paid, were to be divided, one-third to be given to the\\nheirs of the sufferers and two-thirds to the heirs of the crimi-\\nnal. Penalties were prescribed against profane swearing,\\ndrunkenness and Sabbath breaking.\\n21. A difficulty arose between the deputy-governor and\\nthe surveyor-general. Rudyard was appointed secretary\\nand register, and Gawen Lawrie, a Quaker and one of\\nthe proprietors, was appointed deputy-governor. His com-\\nmission was dated July, 1683. Lawrie had long been in-\\nterested in West Jersey, and was familiar with the affairs\\nof the Province. He was recommended by Barclay as his\\ntrusty and well-beloved fellow-proprietor. He was ap-\\npointed for a term not exceeding seven years, with power\\nin case of urgent necessity to appoint a deputy under\\nhimself.\\n22. Governor Lawrie arrived in the Province in 1684, and\\ntook the oath of office on the 28th of February of that year.\\nHe carried with him a new code of laws, called the Fun-\\ndamental Concessions. These declared that Barclay had\\nbeen appointed governor for all the days of his life, but\\nprovided that after his death the proprietors should choose\\na successor, who should be required to reside in the Prov-\\nince, and who should continue in office not longer than three\\nyears and that a proposition for his reappointment or the\\n21. What change was made in the administration\\n22. When did Laurie arrive in the Province? What alterations\\nwere made in the fundamental law", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 29\\nappointment of his son should be esteemed as a betrayal\\nof the public liberty of the Province.\\n23. The legislative authority was placed in the Great\\nCouncil, to consist of the twenty -four jDroprietors or their\\nproxies, and one hundred and forty-four persons to be chosen\\nby the freemen of the Province. At first, and until after\\nthe Province should be fully divided, only seventy-two repre-\\nsentatives were to be chosen. One-half of the proprietors or\\ntheir proxies, and one-half of the representatives should form\\na quorum, and the consent of twelve of the former and of\\ntwo-thirds of the members present was required to pass\\nan act.\\n24. All laws Avere to be published, and no law should re-\\nmain in force more than fifty years after it was enacted,\\nunless confirmed, excepting only the fundamental articles,\\nwhich were not to be repealed, but to remain for ever in\\nforce. The executive authority was placed in the governor\\nand Common Council, the latter to consist of the twenty-\\nfour proprietors or their proxies and twelve persons chosen\\nby ballot out of the Great Council. This executive body\\nappointed the public ofiicers for the Province, such as secre-\\ntary, register, treasurer and surveyor-general, and all the\\nsheriffs, judges and justices of the peace for their several\\ncounties. It was provided that no person in the Province\\nshould be arrested, imprisoned or injured in his person or\\nestate excej^t by the lawful judgment of his peers. All trials\\nshould be by twelve men, the iDeers and equals of the accused.\\nPersons of every religious pei suasion were allowed to appear\\nin any court in their own manner and plead their own cause,\\nand no persons were allowed to take money for jjleading or\\nadvice in such cases.\\n23. What is said of the legislative department?\\n24. What is said of laws? Of the executive authority How were\\npublic officers appointed How were court trials conducted\\n3", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n25. No per.son who .should confess and acknowledge the\\nOne, Almighty and Eternal God, and hold himself obliged\\nin conscience to live peaceably and quietly in civil society,\\nshould be molested or prejudged for his religious persuasion\\nand exercise in the matter of fjiith or worship, or be com-\\npelled to frequent or attend any religious place or ministry.\\nBut no man should be admitted a member of the Great or\\nCommon Council, or to a position of public trust, who should\\nnot profess faith in Jesus Christ, and solemnly declare that\\nhe doth not feel himself bound in conscience to do anything\\nto subvert the government of the Province, or injure any\\nperson because they may differ from him in opinion, or be-\\ncause in his opinion they are heretics.\\n26. The provisions for the defence of the Province were\\nsuch as to harmonize with the views of all religious sects.\\nNo one having conscientious scruples against bearing arms\\ncould be forced into the military service.\\n27. In February, 1685, Charles II. died, and James, Duke\\nof York, became king of England. In this elevated position\\nhe had little regard for the grants and the engagements he\\nhad made in a lower situation. Though he had at three dif-\\nferent times conveyed all the rights of ownership and govern-\\nment in New Jersey to the proprietors of that Province, he\\nnow deliberately attempted to annul these contracts and to\\nresume possession of the territory he had previously sold. In\\nAjiril, 1686, he caused a suit to be brought against the \\\\)yo-\\nprietors for the purpose of having the proprietary titles re-\\nvested in the crown. During the pendency of these pro-\\nceedings the General Assembly was convened for the first\\ntime under Governor Lawrie. It met at Perth Amboy\\n25. What is said of religious toleration\\n26. What is said of military service?\\n27. AVhen did the Duke of York become king? How did the new\\nking treat the proprietors of New Jersey?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 31\\non the 6th of Aj:)!-!!, 1686. At this session the place of\\nhohling the courts of common rights was changed, in accord-\\nance with the orders of the proprietors, from Elizabeth to\\nPerth Aniboy. A law was passed prohibiting the wearing\\nof arras or the sending a challenge to any pei son to fight\\na duel.\\n28. The proprietors and the people soon became dissatisfied\\nwith the administration of Laurie, and on the 4th of June,\\n1686, he was superseded by the apjiointment of Lord Neill\\nCampbell, a brother of the Duke of Argyle. The removal\\nof a Quaker and the appointment of a Scotch Presbyterian\\ngave great satisfaction to the inhabitants of East Jersey.\\nThe Quakers were not numerous in the Province, and a\\nmajority of the people, both of the old and of the new set-\\ntlers, were of other persuasions. Many had come from New\\nEngland, and brought with them their stern Puritan faith.\\nMany immigrants had also come from Scotland, who ad-\\nhered strongly to the Presbyterian Church.\\n29. Tlie new deputy-governor had purchased an interest in\\nthe proprietary right of East Jersey, and had sent over a\\nlarge number of settlers. Camj^bell remained in the Prov-\\nince but a short time. He returned to England on the 10th\\nof December, leaving the government in charge of Andrew\\nHamilton, a Scotchman, who had lately arrived in the coun-\\ntry. Hamilton was commissioned deputy-governor in March,\\n1687, and at once entered upon the duties of his office. At\\na session of General Assembly, held on the 14th of May,\\n1688, the county of Middlesex was divided into Middlesex\\nand Somerset counties.\\n28. What is said of Laurie s administration Who was appointed\\ngovernor? What was the effect of this cliange?\\n29. What is said of Campbell s administration Who succeeded\\nhim? What new county was erected", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n30. The proprietaries of both East and West New Jersey\\nhad never received any profits from their possessions in\\nAmerica. They had been continually annoyed by the agents\\nof the duke at New York and at New Castle on the Dela-\\nware, and an extinction of their title was now threatened by\\nthe suit of the king. They therefore proposed a surrender\\nof the government to the crown. Negotiations for that pur-\\npose were entered into, but they were not completed until\\nafter the accession of Queen Anne, in 1 702. The deed of\\ntransfer was entitled, The surrender from the proprietors\\nof East and West New Jersey of their perpetual right of\\ngovernment to her majesty, and was dated the loth of\\nApril, 1702.\\n31. This instrument Avas signed by twenty-two persons for\\nthe eastern Province and by twenty-two for the western. In\\ntwo days after this, the government was formally accepted by\\nthe queen at the Court of St. James, in the presence of a\\nnumber of persons of the court and some of the j)roprietors,\\nand the deed of surrender was enrolled in her majesty s high\\ncourt of chancery.\\n30. What important change-was made in the government? When\\ndid the transfer take place\\n31. How was the transfer effected", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nThe Province of Wed Jersey.\\nGOING ASHORE ON THE ICE.\\n1. In the second grant made by the Duke of York to the\\nproprietors of New Jersey a division line lietween East and\\nWest Jersey was indicated. The boundaries, however, were\\nnot surveyed. After West Jersey had been transferred to\\nWilliam Penn and his associates, an agreement was entered\\ninto between the proprietors of the two Provinces, which es-\\ntablished the division line, beginning at Little Egg Harbor\\nand extending north-westward to a point on the Delaware\\nriver in 41 degrees of north latitude. This article of agree-\\nment was called An indenture quinti parti, because it was\\nmade between five persons. It was dated July 1, 1676.\\n2. All that portion of New Jersey lying east of this line\\nChapter III. 1. How was New Jersey divided?\\n2. What were the divisions called? How was Fenwicke s interest\\ndisposed of?\\nC 33", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwas called East New Jersey, and all that lying west of it\\nwas called West New Jersey and each was recognized as an\\nindependent Province. After this line had been established,\\nJohn Fenwick s interest in West Jersey was conveyed to\\nJohn Eldridge and Edmund Warner in fee, and they were\\nadmitted into the number of proprietors.\\n3. In order to establish a government for the Province of\\nWest Jersey, provisional autho rity was given to Richard\\nHartshore and Richard Guy, residents of East Jersey, and\\nto James Wasse, who was sent especially from England to\\nact on behalf of the proprietors. These pei-sons were com-\\nmissioned on the 18th of August, 1676, by Byllinge and his\\ntrustees, in conjunction with Eldridge and Warner, and full\\npower was given them to conduct the affairs of the govern-\\nment in accordance with instructions from the proprietors.\\n4. Fenwick, who had founded a settlement at Salem, re-\\nfused to recognize the transfer of his portion of the Province\\nto Eldridge and Warner, and declared himself to be inde-\\npendent of this new government. It therefore became the\\nfirst duty of the commissioners to settle this difficulty. All\\nefforts, however, for that purpose failed.\\n5. The original plan of the government was devised by\\nWilliam Penn and his immediate associates. It was after-\\nward approved by all the proprietors interested in the Prov-\\nince, and was first published on the 3d of March, 1676, as\\nThe Concessions and Agreements of the proprietors, free-\\nholders and inhabitants of the Province of West Jersey in\\nAmerica.\\n6. This constitution declared that no man or number of\\nmen on earth had power or authority to rule over men s con-\\n3. How was the government of West Jersey established?\\n4. How did Fenwicke regard the new government?\\n5. Who devised the plan of government? Wlien was it published?\\n6. What did the constitution provide?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 35\\nsciences in religious matters and that no person or persons\\nwithin the Province should be in any wise called in question\\nor punished, in person, estate or privilege, on account of\\nopinion, judgment, faith or worship toward God in mattei-s\\nof religion. That no proprietor or inhabitant of the Province\\nshould be deprived or condemned of life, limb, liberty or\\nestate, Avithout due trial and judgment passed by twelve\\ngood and lawful men of his neighborhood. That no person\\nshould be arrested or imjirisoned, except in criminal and\\ntreasonable cases, until jjersonal summons, setting forth the\\ncause, should have been given, and sufficient time allowed to\\nmake answer; and that no man should be imprisoned for\\ndebt if he had neither goods nor property wherewith to pay.\\nThat all the inhabitants of the Province should have the\\nright to attend court and be present at all proceedings, to\\nthe end that justice may not be done in a corner, nor in any\\ncovert manner, it being intended and resolved, by the help\\nof the Lord and by these concessions and fundamentals,\\nthat all and every person and persons inhabiting this Prov-\\nince shall, as far as in us lies, be free from oppression and\\nslavery.\\n7. It was declared that the rights and privileges granted\\nin this instrument were to continue as the foundation of the\\ngovernment, and that they were fixed and unalterable, not\\nto be revoked or changed at any time by the legislative\\nauthority. They were to be read at the beginning and dis-\\nsolving of each General Assembly, and Avere also to be read\\nin a solemn manner four times in a year in every hall of\\njustice in the Province.\\n8. The executive authority of the government was lodged\\nin the hands of commissioners, to be appointed at first by\\n7. How long were tliese laws to remain in force When were they\\nto be read\\n8. How was the executive anthoritv exercised?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe })r()i)rietors or a majority of them but after the further\\nsettlement of the Province they were to be chosen by the\\nresident proprietors and inhabitants, on the 25th of March\\nof each year. The first election for commissioners occurred\\nin 1680.\\n9. The commissioners were empowered to govern the affairs\\nof the Province in accordance with the provisions of the con-\\nstitution to superintend the execution of the laws to see\\nthat the officers of the courts established by law fully per-\\nformed their duties to punish any delinquency or abuse of\\npower; to suspend the execution of the sentences of the\\ncourts until the meeting of Assembly to see that lands were\\nsurveyed and that titles were properly made and generally\\nto provide for the safety and peace of the Province.\\n10. The legislative authority was lodged in a General As-\\nsembly, to consist of one representative from each of the one\\nhundred proprietary divisions in the Province, to be elected by\\nthe inhabitants therein on the first day of October of each year.\\nThese were to meet annually in one chamber, and had author-\\nity to fix their own time of meeting and adjournment. The\\nvotes of two-thirds of the members present were required to\\npass any act that was submitted to them. The Assembly\\nhad i ower to pass laws necessary for the government of the\\nProvince, and to provide that the administrations of justice\\nand the characters of the laws should be agreeable to the\\nlaws and customs of England. Chief justices, ambassadors\\nand commissioners of the public seal and treasury, were\\nchosen by the Assembly. Justices of the peace and consta-\\nbles were elected by the people. Each member received one\\nshilling a day as the servant of the people.\\n9. What was the power of tlie commissioners?\\n10. How was the General Assembly constituted? What were the\\nl)owers of the Assembly?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 87\\n11. The constitution provided that before any lands could\\nbe taken up by settlers, they must be purchased from the\\nIndians by the commissioners, and that when any difficulty\\narose between the natives and the settlers the commissioners\\nhad full authority to adjust the matter. They were charged\\nto take good care in every case that full justice should be\\ndone to the Indians and in all cases of trials between\\nnatives and the inhabitants, the trials should be by six of\\nthe inhabitants and the same number of Indians. The pur-\\nchasers of land were to pay one penny and a half per acre to\\nthe proprietors for all lands that should be laid out in towns,\\nand one penny per acre for all other lands. One hundred\\nand fifty-six names were subscribed to this constitution.\\n12. This was the first effort of the Quakers at legislation.\\nMany of the principles that were then adopted have run\\nthrough all the constitutional law of the American States,\\nsubstituting mercy and love for severe justice and revenge.\\n13. One of the most remarkable features in this instrument\\nis the fact that no authority is retained by the proprietary\\nbody. We put the power in the people, was the language\\nof the fundamental law and it fully provided that no\\nauthority was to exist in the Province except such as was\\nestablished by popular action. No further restraints were\\nimposed or allowed than Vt^ere necessary for the maintenance\\nof order. The constitution gave the fullest security to lib-\\nerty, and was in that respect in advance of all governments\\nthen existing. It gave free scope for individual effort and\\naction, and completely enfranchised the minds of the in-\\nhabitants. The person of every citizen was safe and his\\n11. How were public lands to be disposed of? What is said of tiie\\ntreatment of Indians?\\n12. Wliat is said of this legislation\\n13. What was the ciiaracter of the government?\\n4", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nproperty was placed wholly beyond the reach of arbitrary\\nexactions.\\n14. The proprietors appointed nine executive commission-\\ners under this constitution.* They arrived in the Province\\nin August, 1677, accompanied by a large number of settlers,\\nmost of whom were members of the Society of Friends. The\\ncompany landed at the mouth of Raccoon creek on the Dela-\\nware, where a few Swedes from the west bank of the river\\nhad settled. This was the second body of emigrants from\\nEngland to West Jersey. The commissioners purchased\\nfrom the natives three tracts of land on the Delaware, the\\nwhole reaching from Assunpink on the north to Old Man s\\ncreek on the south. The southern boundary was the line of\\nthe territory owned by Fenwick.\\n15. At about this time two land companies were organ-\\nized in England to settle lands in West Jersey, one called\\nthe Yorkshire company and the other the London company.\\nThe Yorkshire company selected a tract extending from\\nRancocas creek to the Falls of the Delaware, which was sur-\\nveyed and assigned to the agents of the company as the First\\ntenth. The agents of the London company took up a tract\\non the Delaware in the vicinity of Arwamas and Timber creeks.\\nAfterward, however, an agreement was made between these\\ntwo companies for the purpose of settling a town jointly.\\nThey selected a site on the Delaware and laid out a town, to\\nwhich they gave the name of Beverly. This name was after-\\nward changed to Bridlington, and finally to Burlington,\\nTJie first commissioners appointed were Thomas Olive, Kobert\\nStacy, Benjamin Scott, Daniel Wills, John Ivinsey, .John Renl ord,\\nRichard Guy, .Joseph Helmsley and Thomas Foiilke.\\n14. When did the executive commissioners arrive in the Province?\\nWhere did they land\\n15. What cotnpanies were organized Where did these companies\\nsettle", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 39\\nwhich last name it still bears. The lands transferred to the\\nLondon company were called the Second tenth.\\n16. The proi:)rietors made wide publication of the princi-\\nples of the government and the character of the country in\\nWest Jersey, and William Penu and his colleagues addressed\\na circular letter to the Friends, setting forth the advantages\\nof the independent settlement, governed by Quaker princi-\\nples, in a new country. Large numbers of the Quakers,\\nwho had long suftered severe persecutions in Europe, availed\\nthemselves of the opportunities thus opened to escape from\\nthe hands of their oppressors. In the course of the year 1677\\nupward of four hundred persons of this faith immigrated to\\nWest New Jersey. The population was thus rapidly in-\\ncreased by the arrival of families distinguished for Christian\\nvirtues, intelligence, energy and skill.\\n17. Following the ship which brought the commissioners\\ncame the Willing Mind, bringing about seventy passengers.\\nIt arrived at Elsinburg, on the Delaware, in November.\\nNext came the Martha, from Yorkshire, with one hun-\\ndred and fourteen passengers, and in December, 1678, the\\nShield arrived from Hull. As the Shield was passing\\nCoaquanock, the site of what afterward became the city of\\nPhiladelphia, her spar struck the trees, and some one on\\nboard remarked, How fine a spot this is for a town!\\nThe ship sailed up the river to Burlington, where the pas-\\nsengers next morning went ashore on the ice.\\n18. Though many settlers arrived in the Province, some\\nof them coming in the middle of winter, the hardships en-\\ndured were comparatively few. Perseverance, industry, tem-\\nperance and self-reliance, the strong characteristics of this\\n16. How was the population increased\\n17. Wliat ships arrived?\\n18. How did the settlers escape hardships?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF i^EW JERSEY.\\npeople, surmounted every difficulty and placed the strangers\\nin the new world in comfortable dwellings.\\n19. Although the population in West Jersey increased\\nrapidly, and the people were industrious and prosperous, the\\ngovernment was not established without difficulty. The\\nDuke of York and his agents attempted the same interfer-\\nence with the proprietary rights that had so greatly embar-\\nrassed Sir George Carteret and his associates in East Jersey.\\nAgainst this interference an earnest protest was made and\\nan argument in behalf of the colonists drawn up by Wil-\\nliam Penn, George Hutchinson and others, chiefly Quakers,\\nevinced a spirit of liberty worthy the founders of an early\\ncommonwealth in North America, and contained the germs\\nof those principles which were subsequently incor^iorated in\\nthe Declaration of Independence, and which finally led to\\nthe emancipation of the colonies and the establishment of an\\nindependent nation.\\n20. The proprietaries declared that they had bought the\\nterritory and the government, which had been conveyed by\\nthe crown to the duke, and by the duke to Lord Berkeley,\\nand by Lord Berkeley to his successors that they had paid\\na valuable consideration and that in the conveyance the\\npowers of government were expressly granted; and that with-\\nout these they could not have been induced to purchase the\\nterritory, for the plain reason that to all prudent men a gov-\\nernment of the people is more inviting than the soil. They\\nvery pertinently asked, What is good land without good\\nlaws And if we could not assure the people of an easy and\\nfree and safe government, both with respect to their spiritual\\nand worldly property, a mere wilderness would be no en-\\n19. How was the govei-nment embarrassed? What was the charac-\\nter of the protest of the proprietors\\n20. What did the proprietors declare Wliat pertinent questions\\ndid they ask", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 41\\ncourageinent for it were madness to leave a free, good\\nand improved country to plant in the wilderness and\\nthere adventure money thousands of pounds to give\\nan absolute title to another person to tax us at will and\\npleasure.\\n21. They protested against the attempt of the Duke of\\nYork to collect taxes, not because it laid upon them a bur-\\nden or because of any hardship it enforced, but because they\\nbelieved it to be wrong. To give up the power of making\\nlaws is to change the government, to sell, or rather to resign\\nourselves to the will of another, and that for nothing. For\\nunder favor we buy nothing from the duke, if not the right\\nof an undisturbed colonizing, and that as Englishmen, with\\nno diminution, but expectation of some increase of these free-\\ndoms and privileges enjoyed in our own country. The soil\\nis not his it is the natives by the laws of nations. To con-\\nclude this point, we humbly say that we have not lost any\\npart of our liberty by leaving our country for we leave not\\nour king or our government by quitting our soil, but were\\ntransmitted to a place given by the same king, with express\\nlimitation to erect no polity contrary to the established gov-\\nernment.\\n22. Unpalatable as this argument must have been to the\\nBritish court it was triumphant, and the duke was com-\\npelled to abandon all claims to West Jersey, and to confirm\\nthe title to the soil of the Province in the fullest terms to\\nWilliam Penn and his associates. In this conveyance the\\nright of government was expressly lodged in Edward Byl-\\nlinge, his heirs and assigns. A few years later, acting under\\nthis conveyance, Byllinge attempted to assume the sole con-\\ntrol of the government. The battle of rights was there-\\n21. What did they protest against\\n22. What was the effect of this protest?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfore to be fought over again. The second victory, like the\\nfirst, was gained by the people.\\n23. Though the proprietors were not satisfied with the\\naction of the duke in lodging the sole right of government in\\nByllingc, they nevertheless elected him governor and gave\\nhim authority to appoint a deputy. Under this authority\\nhe appointed Samuel Jennings deputy-governor, in 1679,\\nbut when a few years later he attempted to remove his\\ndeputy, the General Assembly disputed his right to do so,\\nand elected Jennings governor of the Province, and success-\\nfully resisted the pretensions of Byllinge. In 1684 the As-\\nsembly sent Governor Jennings a commissioner to England to\\nnegotiate with Byllinge for the recognition of the principles\\nof the Concessions, which provided that purchasers of ter-\\nritory should become participants in the government. Upon\\nthe departure of Jennings, Thomas Olive Avas elected gov-\\nernor. The mission was successful, and the government was\\nrestored to its original basis as set forth in the Conces-\\nsions. John Skeine was then received as the deputy-gov-\\nernor of Byllinge.\\n24. Byllinge died in 1687, and Dr. Daniel Coxe, of Lon-\\ndon, already a large proprietor, purchased the interest of\\nByllinge s heirs in the soil and government. Coxe was\\nelected governor of the Province, and continued in that office\\nuntil the year 1690. In 1691 he conveyed the government\\nto a company of proprietors called the West Jersey So-\\nciety, Avho, in 1692, appointed Andrew Hamilton gov-\\nernor. Thus the question of the right to govern was finally\\nsettled.\\n25. Under the administration of Governor Jennings the\\nfirst Assembly convened on the 25th of November, 1681.\\n23. Wlio was elected governor? Who appointed deputy-governor?\\n24. Wliat cliange occurred in the proprietorship?\\n25. AViiat laws were passed In the first Assembly?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 43\\nThis body enacted several important laws. It provided for\\nthe annual election and meeting of the Legislature; for the\\nappointment and removal of officers declared that no taxes\\nor customs should continue longer than one year that no\\none should be incapable of holding office by reason of his\\nreligious belief. It restricted the power and the authority\\nof the deputy-governor. A notable act passed by this As-\\nsembly was one providing for the building of a highway\\nfrom Burlington to Salem, and another imposing a heavy\\npenalty for the selling of intoxicating liquors to the Indians.\\n26. The second Assembly met in May, 1682. It provided\\nfor the issuing of the coin called Patrick s half-pence, with\\na condition that no one should be compelled to receive more\\nthan five shillings of it in one payment. It established\\nBurlington and Salem as ports of entry, and empowered\\njustices to solemnize marriages on fourteen days notice and\\nconsent of the parents. It directed that ten bushels of corn,\\nnecessary apparel, two horses and one axe should be given\\nas freedom dues to servants. It prohibited the imprison-\\nment of debtors who surrendered their estates, and de-\\nclared the town of Burlington to be the chief city of the\\nProvince.\\n27. At the third session, which convened in May, 1683,\\nthe governor. Council and Assembly met together and con-\\nstituted the General Assembly of the Province. An act was\\npassed at this session for the encouragement of learning and\\nthe better education of youth. It set aside the island of\\nMatenicuuk for school purposes to the town of Burlington\\nand to others concerned therein in the First and Second\\ntenths, and declared that all the rents and profits therein\\nshould be for ever employed for maintaining schools.\\n26. What by the second Asfsembly\\n27. Wliat important act was passed by the third Assembly?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n28. During the period of ten years the farmers of West\\nJersey were undisturbed, and the Province increased in pop-\\nulation and prosperity. The huvs were mild, contained no\\nenactments against arson, no prescribed punishment for\\nmurder or treason, and yet during twenty-four years under\\ntheir administration these crimes were unknown within the\\nProvince. In every case the legislation of West Jersey\\nsought reparation and reclamation of the offender rather\\nthan punishment. Whoever destroyed the property of his\\nneighbor was condemned to make a fourfold return and to\\nsuffer imprisonment at labor and personal injuries might be\\npardoned by the sufferer. Thus in all cases mercy presided\\nover the justice-seat.\\n29. One of the early deputies said of the inhabitants:\\nThey are generally a sober, professing people, Avise in their\\ngeneration, courteous in their behavior and respectful to\\nthose in office. There is not in all the Province a poor\\nbody that wants. The servants work not so much by a third\\nas they do in England, and are fed much better. They\\nhave beef, pork, bacon, pudding, milk, butter, and good\\nbeer or cider to drink. When they are out of their time\\nthey have land for themselves, and generally turn farmers.\\nServants wages are not under two shillings a day, beside\\nvictuals.\\n30. In this season of prosperity a third tract of land was\\nsold to emigrants from Ireland. This was called the Irish\\ntenth. It extended from Pensaukin to Timber creek. The\\nFourth tenth extended from Timber creek to Old Man s\\ncreek. The settlers in the Third and Fourth tenths found\\nit inconvenient to transact their public business in Burling-\\nton and Salem, and therefore resolved to establish a central\\n28. What is said of the spirit of the laws?\\n29. What is said of the character of the people\\n30. What new settlement was made? What new county", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE PROVINCE OF WEST JERSEY. 45\\njurisdiction, and for this purpose a convention was helc^ in\\nGloucester in May, 1686. This convention adopted an agree-\\nment which determined the limits and the jurisdiction of the\\nterritory and divided it into townships, and provided for\\nthe establishment of courts, with the times and places of\\ntheir sittings. This new division was called the county of\\nGloucester.\\n31, Under the administration of Governor Hamilton the\\nAssembly convened on the 3d of November, 1692. At this\\nsession the boundaries between counties were confirmed.\\nThe division between Burlington and Gloucester was de-\\nfined, and a new county called Cape May was established.\\nIt provided that courts for the trial of small cases might be\\nheld in the several divisions of the Province, but higher cases\\nwere to be tried in the sessions at Salem.\\n32. In 1694 the manner of electing representatives to the\\nGeneral Assembly was changed. Before that time they had been\\nelected from the several tenths, but it was then provided that\\nthey should be chosen from counties. In the apportionment,\\nBurlington was given 20 representatives, Gloucester 20, Salem\\n10, and Cape May 5. The appointment of Governor Hamil-\\nton had been hailed with delight by the people, and his ad-\\nministration resulted in great good to the Province.\\n33. The first Friends Yeai ly Meeting was held at\\nGovernor Jennings house, near Burlington, on the 28tli of\\nJune, 1681. The old house is still standing, and is on the\\nfarm owned by Joseph Parrish.\\n31. Wlien was Cape May county formed\\n32. How was representation apportioned\\n33. Where and when was the first yearly meeting field?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nThe Royal Government Established Cornbury s\\nAdminidratioii.\\nUS i,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05^.\\n^fyr^\\nM^\\\\\\nJ^\\nGOVERNOR JENNINGS HOUSE.\\n2%?^.\\n1. The articles of surrender, accepted by Queen Anne,\\nApril 17th, 1702, transferred the government of the Jerseys\\nto the crown, l)ut left the ownership of the soil with the old\\nproprietors. There Avere thus two authorities set up Avithin\\nthe Province one of government and the other of proj^erty.\\nThe Province of New Jersey, now comprising the whole of\\nEast and West Jersey, contained at the time of the surrender\\nabout 20,000 inhabitants, of which number about 12,000 were\\nin East and 8000 in West Jersey. Most of the inhabitants\\nwere Quakers, Presbyterians and Anabaptists. There were\\nChapter IV. 1. What was the effect of the transfer of tlie gov-\\nernment to the crown? What was the number and character of in-\\nhabitants in East and West Jersey at the time of their transfer?\\n46", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 47\\ntwo Episcopal ministers in the Province, but the members\\nof that denomination were not sufficiently numerous and\\nwealthy to provide churches for their i-ectors. The militia\\nforce numbered 1400 men. Immigrants had come from all parts\\nof Eurojje the people therefore differed widely in character,\\nlanguage and habits. All, however, had come to the Westers\\nworld for one purpose fleeing oppression in Europe, seeking\\nliberty of conscience and perfect freedom in America. By\\nthe common bond of human rights they were closely joined\\nin orderly communities. The habits of industry and econ-\\nomy, so common among the Scotch and Quakers, the Puri-\\ntans and the Dutch, soon gained for New Jersey a prosperity\\nthat invited a large immigration.\\n2. Slavery was introduced into these settlements at a very\\nearly period, planted and protected by royal patronage. The\\nefforts of the German settlers in Pennsylvania to restrict the\\ntrade in slaves were heartily seconded by the inhabitants of\\nNew Jersey. In the year 1696 the Quakers united with\\ntheir brethren in Pennsylvania in recommending their own\\nsect to refrain from the importation of slaves and from the\\nemployment of them.\\n3. The commerce of the Province had already become\\nconsiderable. The exports consisted of agricultural pro-\\nduce, furs, skins and fish oil. At this time Burlington was\\nthe principal poi t, and it was commended by early writers\\nfor the comfort and neatness of its buildings. At the l)egin-\\nning of the seventeenth century it contained a thriving manu-\\nfactory of linen and woolen cloth. These, however, were\\nsoon smothered by the selfish policy of the mother-country.\\n4. The new constitution under the queen s government\\nwas published on the 16th of November, 1702. Lord Corn-\\n2. What is said of slavery in the Province\\n3. WJiat is sakl of commerce? Of Burlington?\\n4. When was the constitution under tlie queen s government pub-", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48 HISTORY OF Ni:W JERSEY.\\nbury was appointed governor both of New York and of New\\nJersey. Under this constitution the government of New\\nJersey was vested in a governor, Council and General As-\\nsembly. The governor and members of the Council were\\nappointed by the crown. The General Assembly consisted\\nof 24 representatives, chosen by the inhabitants. The first\\napportionment was 2 representatives from Perth Amboy,\\n2 from Burlington, 2 from Salem and 2 from each of the nine\\ncounties of the Province.* The constitution provided that a\\nrepresentative must be the owner of at least 1000 acres of\\nland in the division from which he was chosen, or must\\nown personal estate to the value of \u00c2\u00a3500. No person could\\nvote who did not own at least 100 acres of land, or personal\\nestate to the value of \u00c2\u00a350.\\n5. The Assembly Avas to meet alternately at Perth Amboy\\nand at Burlington, and might be convened and adjourned or\\ndissolved by order of the governor. Full power was given\\nto enact all laws necessary for the peace and good govern-\\nment of the Province, provided no laws should be passed in\\nconflict with the laws and constitution of the English govern-\\nment. The constitution provided that the proprietary rights,\\nthe rights of the inhabitants and the Indian policy estab-\\ntablished by the former government should be maintained.\\nThe constitution also provided that all laws should within\\nthree months after the passage thereof be sent to England for\\napprobation, and that all such as were not approved under\\nthe royal authority should become utterly void.\\nThe names of the counties were Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, Mon-\\nmouth, Somerset, Burlington, Gloucester, Salem and Cape May.\\nlished? Who was appointed governor? How were the officers of the\\ngovernment appointed How was the General Assembly constituted\\nWhat was the qualification of members?\\n5. What wore the powers of the Assembly? How were laws\\nenacted", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 49\\n6. The governor had power to veto auy act of the Assem-\\nbly also, with the advice and consent of the Council, to\\nestablish as many courts as might be necessary, and to de-\\ntermine the authorities, privileges and fees of all the officers\\nbelonging to them. He appointed judges, justices of the\\npeace and other officers for the administration of justice. He\\nmight pardon all offences, except in cases of treason or wil-\\nful murder, when he could only reprieve. He had power\\nto provide for the defence of the Province and to execute\\nmartial law in case of invasion or insurrection. In case of\\nthe death or absence of the governor these duties were to be\\nperformed by a lieutenant-governor commissioned by the\\ncrown, or by the oldest member of Council whose name was\\nfirst placed upon the governor s instructions.\\n7. The constitution provided further that no man s life,\\nmember, estate or goods should be taken away other than by\\nestablished laws; that liberty of conscience was to be allowed\\nto all persons, except Papists, who conducted themselves in a\\npeaceable, quiet manner. Persons who made a religious\\nscruple of swearing were allowed to take a solemn affirmation\\ninstead of an oath. Encouragement was given to commerce\\nand trade. The Royal African Company, of England,\\nwas especially recommended to the end that the Province\\nshould be constantly supplied with merchantable negroes\\nat moderate rates. The governor was enjoined to take care\\nthat God Almighty should be devoutly served throughout\\nthe Province, and an especial form of service with the doc-\\ntrine and discipline of the Church of England was to be en-\\ncouraged and maintained.\\n8. The new government was less favorable to popular in-\\n6. What were the powers of the governor?\\n7. What did the constitution provide\\n8. How did the new government compare with the old? How were\\n(iie liberties of the people affected by the new constitution?\\n5 D", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nterests and the rights of the people than the old had been.\\nThe powers of the representative branch were greatly re-\\nstricted, and the General Assembly was wholly dependent\\nupon the will of the governor. The establishment of courts\\nand the fixing of the salaries of the officers were taken from\\nthe people and lodged in the executive. Public revenues\\nand the expenditure of moneys were laid under the strict\\nsui)ervision of the governor. The complete religious freedom\\nformerly enjoyed was reduced to an imperfect toleration.\\nPapists w ere excepted from the grant of liberty of con-\\nscience, and the patronage of the government was given in\\nfavor of a particular Church. The institution of slavery,\\nwhich had formerly been endured under j^rotest, was now\\nurged upon the Province by royal recommendation. Worse\\nthan all, instructions were given that, inasmuch as great in-\\nconvenience may arise by the liberty of printing in our said\\nProvince, you are to provide by all necessary orders that no\\nperson keep any press for printing, nor that any book, pam-\\nphlet or other matters whatsoever be printed without your\\nspecial leave and license first obtained.\\n9. Lord Cornbury arrived in New Jersey in August, 1703.\\nHis Council had previously been appointed by the queen.*\\n10. The governor summoned his Council to meet him, and\\nissued orders for the election of representatives. The Gen-\\neral Assembly convened at Perth Amboy on the 10th of\\nNovember of that year. Twenty-three members were pres-\\nent, representing nearly all the divisions in the Province.\\nThe members of the first Council were Edward Ilnnloke, Lewis\\nMorriis, Andre\\\\t Eowne, Samuel Jennings, Tlionias Eevel, Francis\\nDavenport, William Pinhorne, Samuel Leonard, George Deacon,\\nSamuel Walker. Daniel Leeds, Samuel Sandford and Robert Quarry.\\n9. When did Cornbury arrive in the Province?\\n10. Wiiat were the first acts of the governor? AViien did the first\\nGeneral Assembly meet, and how was it organized", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 51\\nThomas Gardiner, of Burlington, was chosen speaker. The\\ngovernor explained the constitution and his purposes to the\\nCouncil and Assembly. He assured them that they and the\\npeople they represented might enjoy all the liberty, happi-\\nness and satisfaction that good subjects might wish for,\\nand said that they were now met for the purpose of passing\\nsuch laws as might conduce to the quiet and welfare of the\\nProvince that he was commanded to recommend them to\\nraise a revenue for the sup2:)ort of the government, and to\\ndetermine the rights and privileges of the proj^rietors to the\\nsoil.\\n11. The representatives returned thanks for his excel-\\nlency s kind expressions, and said that they were assured\\nthat the proprietors, by their surrender of the government\\nhad put the people and the Province in much better circum-\\nstances than they were under former rulers, who had not\\nbeen able to give protection from the villainies of wicked\\nmen. They said, that relying upon her majesty s protec-\\ntion, they would endeavor to do those things that would give\\nher content and be to her honor.\\n12. The governor and the Assembly, however, soon fell\\ninto a violent quarrel on the question of revenue, and on the\\n13th of December the house was prorogued, the governor de-\\nclaring that the representatives, either through want of dis-\\nposition or ability, were unwilling to legislate for the good\\nof the Province.\\n13. The next session of the Assembly was held at Burling-\\nton, beginning on the 7th of September, 1704. The governor\\nagain urged the necessity for determining the rights of the\\nproprietors, and for raising a fund for the support of the\\ngovernment, and also to j)rovide for the defence of the Prov-\\n11. How did the Assembly reply to the governor s address?\\n12. On what grounds did the governor and Assembly quarrel?\\n13. What occurred at the next meeting of the Assembly?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52 HISTOliT OF NEW JER8ET.\\nince. The Assembly acted upon the business laid before it\\nwith great deliberatiou, and finally resolved to raise the sum\\nof \u00c2\u00a31300 per annum for the supjjort of the government, to\\ncontinue for the term of three years. This did not meet the\\nexpectations of the governor. He demanded \u00c2\u00a32000 per\\nannum for the term of twenty years, and arbitrarily dis-\\nsolved the Assembly for refusing to grant it, and then issued\\na proclamation for the election of a new house, to meet on the\\n13th of the following November.\\n14. There was a majority against the government in the\\nnew Assembly, but in order to overcome this, he caused\\nthree members to be rejected, and thus secured a majority in\\nhis favor. The house thus organized by his interference,\\ncomplimented his excellency for his mode of conducting the\\ngovernment, declaring that it was carried on with great\\ndiligence and exquisite management, to the admiration of his\\nfriends and the envy of his enemies. The sum of \u00c2\u00a32000\\nper annum for tAvo years was voted for the support of the\\ngovernment. An act establishing a militia force was agreed\\nupon, and an act of amnesty for all past oflTences was passed.\\nA law was enacted extending the right of suffrage to all free-\\nholders, and declaring that the representatives met in Gen-\\neral Assembly were the judges of the qualifications of their\\nown members. Finally, the Assembly investigated the cases\\nof the rejected members, and finding that no sufficient\\ngrounds existed for their exclusion, admitted them to seats.\\n15. Before the surrender of the government a council of\\nproprietors had been organized in the western division of the\\nProvince, for the purpose of managing the sale and transfer\\nof lauds. This council continued to hold meetings and to\\ntransact business after the establishment of the new govern-\\n14. How did the governor secure a majority of the Assembly in his\\nfavor? What acts were passed\\n15. Wliat is said of tiie proprietary riglits?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 53\\nnient, until Governor Cornbury conceived it to be his duty\\nto iuterfei-e with its authority. In 1706 he summoned the\\nmembers of this council to meet him, and demanded an ex-\\nplanation of their powers and objects. They replied that\\nthey Avere entrusted with the management of all affairs re-\\nlating to the landed interests of the proprietors that they\\npurchased lands from the natives, ordered surveys, granted\\nwarrants and inspected the rights of claimants. The gov-\\nernor was not satisfied with this reply, and issued an order\\nprohibiting the council from any further exercise of power\\nin disposing of lands.\\n16. In 1707, the time when the appropriation for the sup-\\nport of the government was exhausted, the governor ordered\\na new election and called a meeting of the Assembly. By\\nthis time the people had become thoroughly acquainted with\\nthe powers of the new government and the character of the\\ngovernor. It was discovered that the protection which was\\npromised came rather in the form of oppression, and that the\\nliberty which had been formerly enjoyed by the people w as\\nnow greatly restricted. The colonists were not disposed\\nto submit quietly to this abridgment of their rights and\\nprivileges.\\n17. The new Assembly met on the 7th of April of this\\nyear, and among the representatives were men strong both in\\nability and resolution to maintain the rights of the people.\\nThe house received the governor s address, and then resolved\\nitself into a general committee for the consideration of public\\ngrievances. It prepared and sent a petition to the queen\\nand a remonstrance to Governor Cornbury, in which the\\ngovernor was charged with interference with the rights of the\\nproprietors with trespassing upon the .privileges of the As-\\n16. How was the new government now regarded?\\n17. What was the character of the new Assembly What action\\ndid it take? What cliarges did it bring against the governor?\\n5", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nsembly by excluding legally-elected representatives from that\\nbody Avith an undue exercise of the pardoning power, and\\nrefusing to sign l)ills necessary for the well-government of the\\nProvince. The members charged the governor with bribery,\\nand said, liberty is too valuable a thing to be easily parted\\nwith and when such mean inducements procure such en-\\ndeavors to tear it from us, we must say that they have\\nneither heads, hearts nor souls that are not moved by the\\nmiseries of their country, and are not forward with their\\nutmost powers lawfully to redress them. They reminded\\nthe governor, in conclusion, that no artifice was necessary\\nto secure the affections of the people, who required only\\nto be left in the unmolested enjoyment of what belongs to\\nthem.\\n18. This remonstrance was read to the governor and his\\nCouncil by Samuel Jennings, speaker of the Assembly. The\\ngovernor was much irritated, and frequently interrupted the\\nreader but Jennings calmly repeated, with strong emphasis,\\nthe passages at which he was interrupted, and read the docu-\\nment through. The governor requested the representatives\\nto meet him at some future day to receive his reply. His\\nanswer was weak, undignified and abusive. It was especially\\nsevere on the Quakers, who, as a people, had given him no\\ncause for this abuse but the answer gave no promise of\\nreform.\\n19. Soon after this the governor adjourned the Assembly,\\nwhich met again in October of the same year. The first act\\nat this session was a resolution that no money should be\\ngranted for the support of the government until redress was\\nobtained for the grievances which had been complained of.\\nThe representatives then drew up an answer to the gov-\\n18. How did the governor receive the remonstrance? What was\\nhis answer thereto?\\n19. Wliat occurred at tlie next meeting of the Assembly?\\ni", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 55\\nernor s I cply. They again set forth the complaints of the\\npeople in stronger language than before, and reminded his\\nexcellency that it was the General Assembly of the Province\\nthat complained, and not the Quakers, with Avhom they had\\nnothing to do, but who would probably be able to vindicate\\nthemselves from the charges that were thrown upon them in\\nthe governor s answer. They declared that their expecta-\\ntions of full protection to their liberties under the govern-\\nment had not been realized, and that the reasons given by\\nthe governor to justify his conduct were insufficient that the\\ngovernor had no authority to pardon willful murderers that\\nhis course in reference to the council of proprietors was an\\nabuse of power, and that his rejection of members of the\\nAssembly was wholly inconsistent with the nature of free\\nrepresentative bodies. It would place the liberties, the lives\\nand the properties of the people entirely at the governor s\\ndisposal, which was contrary to the design of her majesty s\\ngovernment. And finally, the charge of bribery against the\\ngovernor was repeated, and particular circumstances were\\nspecified. The governor refused to receive this reply, where-\\nupon it was entered upon the journal of the house, and two\\ndays afterward the Assembly was adjourned by order of the\\ngovernor, and the quarrel between the departments of the\\ngovernment was referred to the queen.\\n20. A new Assembly met on the 5th of May, 1708. The\\ngovernor laid before this body a message, in which he re-\\nquired that a bill should be passed raising a revenue of\\n\u00c2\u00a31500 annually, to continue for the term of twenty-one\\nyears. He recommended that the militia bill should be\\namended, and that laws should be passed confirming the\\nrights and property of the general proprietors and the titles\\n20. What laws did the governor recommend to be passed What\\nreply did the Assembly make to the recommendation? How did the\\ngovernor receive the reply", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof estates. The Assembly replied that they had always been\\nready and desirous to siq^port the government, and that they\\nre2:retted the misunderstandinfr that had occurred between\\nthe governor and themselves that they had formerly men-\\ntioned to his excellency a number of grievances under which\\nthe country labored, and which had not been removed.\\nThey stated as additional ground of complaint that a recent\\napplication for a writ for the election of new members had\\nbeen refused. They clearly intimated that a redress of these\\ngrievances was the only way of securing a full co-operation\\nbetween the different branches of the government. They\\nwere willing to comply with the commands with regard to\\nthe rights of property and the titles to estates, but they con-\\nsidered the militia bill oppressive and obnoxious to the\\npeople, and they were unwilling to appropriate money for\\nthe support of a government that did not protect them in\\ntheir rights. The governor Avas highly offended by this reply,\\nand immediately adjourned the house until the following Sep-\\ntember, and before that time arrived he issued an order dis-\\nsolving it.\\n21. It now became evident that there would be no peace\\nin the government of the Province under Cornbury s rule.\\nHe had been equally unsuccessful in his administration in\\nNew York. He was therefore removed in 1708, and Lord\\nLovelace was appointed his successor.\\n21. How was this quarrel ended", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nEarly Legislation Government Separated from New Yorh.\\nWILLIAM PENN.\\n1. Governor Lovelace made his first communication\\nto the General Assembly on the 3d of March, 1709. He\\nshowed a proper regard for the feelings and a full apprecia-\\ntion of the rights of the colonists. He assured them that he\\nwould give no just cause for uneasiness, and expressed the\\nhope that by mutual forbearance perfect harmony might be\\nrestored and maintained, and that all animosities would be\\nforgotten. Her majesty would not be burdensome to her\\npeople, but would only require that the funds necessary for\\nthe support of the government should be raised in a manner\\nthat would be most convenient to the inhabitants of the\\nChapter V. 1. When did Governor Lovelace make his first com-\\nmunication to the Assembly? What was the character of this com-\\nmunication\\n57", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nProvince. He recommended that a militia law should be\\npassed in such a form as would give no dissatisfaction to the\\npeople.\\n2. The house replied to this communication in a spirit of\\nmoderation, and exhibited a willingness to concur in the\\nviews of his excellency and to adopt the measures set forth\\nin his message. The members gave him a cordial Avelcome\\nto the Province, and declared that they had acted from no\\nanimosities, but from a desire to maintain their rights and\\nthey had no doubt that a hearty agreement Avould be main-\\ntained. They promised to give a faithful support to his\\ngovernment.\\n3. The Assembly passed an act granting to the governor\\nthe sum of \u00c2\u00a31700 for one year, established a militia system,\\nand adopted a bill declaratory of the rights and privileges of\\nthe members of the General Assembly.\\n4. The hopes of the people for a season of quiet and pros-\\nperity were suddenly terminated by the death of the gov-\\nernor. The disappointment occasioned by this event was\\nincreased by the fact that Lieutenant-Governor Ingoldsby\\nhad already made himself unpopular in the Province.\\n5. The war declared by England against France in 1702\\nhad extended to the American Provinces, and in 1709 New\\nJersey was called on to furnish 200 men for the army to\\noperate against the French settlements in Canada. Gov-\\nernor Lovelace died on the 5th of May, 1709. The Assem-\\nbly convened soon after this event, and received a communi-\\ncation from Lieutenant-Governor Ingoldsby, setting forth the\\n2. What reply did the house make\\n3. What acts did the Assembly pass\\n4. How were the hopes of the people disappointed?\\n5. What war was now waged in Europe? How did this afiect New\\n.Jersey? Who succeeded Governor Lovelace? What important acts\\nwere passed by the Assembly", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "EARLY LEGISLATION. 59\\nrequisitions of the English ministry, to which they gave im-\\nmediate attention, and passed an act for the raising of \u00c2\u00a33000,\\nto be used in her majesty s service. It was under the author-\\nity of this act that paper money Avas first issued in New\\nJersey. It was authorized upon the plea of urgent neces-\\nsity, but afterward became a j^art of the settled policy of the\\ngo ;ernment.\\n6. At the next meeting of the Assembly, which occurred\\nin November of the same year, the attention of the house\\nwas given wholly to domestic affairs. It prescribed that\\neach representative should be an actual resident within the\\nProvince, and of some city, town or county of that division\\nfrom which he was chosen. An act was passed to ascertain\\nand determine the boundaries of the several counties an-\\nother declaring that the Assembly should thereafter meet at\\nBurlington.\\n7. Governor Ingoldsby was superseded by William Pin-\\nhorne, who held the office until June 14, 1710, when he\\nwas succeeded by Brigadier-General Huntei who had been\\ncommissioned governor of New York and New Jersey.\\nGeneral Hunter had previously served as governor of Vir-\\nginia, and was held in high esteem in America. His ap-\\npointment, therefore, gave great satisfaction. He met the\\nAssembly of New Jersey on the 7th of December, and his\\naddress to the house was characterized by a frankness unusual\\nin such papers. He said that he was little accustomed to\\nmaking speeches, and should not be tedious. There has been\\nmuch complaint of unchristian divisions, an evil of which all\\ncomplain, but which few take the right method to remedy.\\nLet every man begin at home. Leave disputes to the laws\\nand injuries to the avenger of them, and as good subjects\\n6. To what did the next Assembly give its attention\\n7. When and by wboni was Governor Ingoldsby superseded? What\\nis said i f General Hunter?\\n5", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "60 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand Christians act together for common good. He ex-\\npressed the hope that there Avould be no diflerences about the\\nquestion of means to support the government, and promised\\nthat he should heartily concur in whatever was necessary for\\nthe peace and welfare of the Province. His address closed\\nAvith this sentiment: All power, except that of doing good,\\nis but a burden.\\n8. The house congratulated the governor, and expressed\\nthe hope that the time had arrived when the causes of un-\\nchristian differences would no longer exist. They said that\\nan instance of her majesty s favor had been experienced in\\nthe appointment of the good Lord Lovelace as governor of\\nthe Province, by which an end was put to the worst admin-\\nistration they had ever known and that they considered the\\nappointment of his excellency, the present governor, as a\\nnew mark of royal favor.\\n9. Among the instructions to the governor was one\\ndirecting him to cause an act to be passed in the Gen-\\neral Assembly, in conformity with that which had been\\npassed in New England during the reign of William III.,\\nallowing the solemn affirmation and declaration of Quakers\\nto be accepted instead of an oath. A law embodying this\\nprovision was passed by the Assembly, but was rejected by\\nthe Council, which had set itself in opposition to both the\\ngovernor and the representatives. The militia bill met the\\nsame fate. A remonstrance against the action of the Coun-\\ncil was sent to Governor Hunter. He made a careful inves-\\ntigation of the whole subject, and sent such representations\\nto the queen as led to the speedy removal of several mem-\\nbers of the Council, and thus harmony was fully restored in\\nthe government.\\n8. How did the house receive Governor Hunter\\n9. What important acts were passed during Hunter s administra-\\ntion?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "EARLY LEGISLATION. 61\\n10. The Province was again called upon to aid the expedi-\\ntion against the French in the north. The Assembly con-\\nvened on the 16th of July, 1711, and passed an act to raise\\n\u00c2\u00a35000 to defray the expenses of volunteers for this service.\\nThe governor was gratified with this act, and dismissed the\\nAssembly with thanks for its prompt response to the requisi-\\nti(^ns of the queen. This appropriation, in connection with\\nwhat had been previously given for military purposes, was\\nthe beginning of the public debt in the Province. This Avas\\nincreased by the French and Indian war, and also by appro-\\npriations made during the Revolution.\\n11. The affairs of the government were now so equitably\\nadministered that another meeting of the Assembly was not\\nrequired until the close of the year 1713. At the opening\\nof this session the governor simply asked the representatives\\nto adopt such measures as, in their judgment, the situation\\nof the Province appeared to require; and that provision\\nshould be made for the support of the government and for\\naffirming and ascertaining the respective properties of the\\nproprietors and the people. The proceedings were entered\\nupon in the best of feeling, and the wholesome laws which\\nhad been previously rejected by the Council were now re-\\nenacted. Provision was made for the support of the govern-\\nment. Quakers were made eligible to all offices and\\nprivileges, upon making a solemn affirmation or declaration\\ninstead of an oath. The militia law was established upon\\nmore liberal principles. An act was passed to prevent\\nthe elopement of slaves, denying to freedmen the rights\\n10. To what was the Province asked to contribute? How did it\\nrespond? How did tlie governor receive this action of the As-\\nsembly?\\n11. How was the government administered? When did the As-\\nsembly again meet? Wliat was it asked to do? What laws were\\npassed\\n6", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof property, and laying a tax of \u00c2\u00a310 upon every negro,\\nIndian or mulatto slave imported into the Province.\\n12. At this session the county of Hunterdon was estab-\\nlished. It was taken from Burlington. The governor again\\nthanked the house for the earnest support it had given her\\nmajesty s government, and for the salutary laws it liad\\npassed, after which the Assembly adjourned.\\n13. Queen Anne died on the 1st of August, 1714, and\\nGeorge I. became king of England. A new commission\\nAvas sent to Governor Hunter, and the Assembly was sum-\\nmoned to meet at Perth Amboy on the 4th of April, 1716.\\nOn the 27th of November of the same year the Assem-\\nbly convened at Chesterfield. Nothing Avas done beyond\\nproviding for the support of the government. The Assem-\\nbly again met at Perth Amboy on the loth of January,\\n1718. At this session an act was passed for determining the\\nboundary line between New Jersey and New York, and an-\\nother settling the division line between East and West New\\nJersey for though the Province had been united for politi-\\ncal purposes, the landed interests of the proprietors required\\nthat a division line should be surveyed.\\n14. In the following year. Governor Hunter visited Eng-\\nland, intending, with the king s permission, to return to his\\nProvince. Upon liis arrival in England, however, an agree-\\nment w^as entered into by which he was appointed treasurer\\nof customs, and William Burnett, Esq., was commissioned\\ngovernor of New Jersey. Governor Burnett was the son of\\nthe well-known Bishop Burnett, and had therefore inhei ited\\na name distinguished for learning and piety. He had re-\\n12. What new county was formed\\n13. What occurred in Ejiglandf Wliere and wlien was the Assem-\\nbly suMHiioned to meet? What acts were passed in 1718?\\n14. Wliat eliange occurred in tlie government of New Jersey?\\nWhat is said of Governor Burnett?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "EARLY LEGISLATION. 63\\nceived from his predecessor an intelligent account of his\\nProvince, the character of the people and the duties of the\\noffice he was about to assume.\\n15. Governor Burnett arrived in New Jersey in February,\\n1721, and met with a cordial reception from the Assembly,\\nwhich convened on the 28th of that month. The new gov-\\nernor was, however, unfortunate in his dealings with the\\nAssembly, and soon raised an opposition which greatly em-\\nbarrassed his administration. His demand for an increased\\nand permanent revenue for the support of the govern-\\nment, at a time when the Province was burdened with\\ndebt, his apparent anxiety to restrict the powers of the\\nAssembly, together with the assumptions of his Council,\\ncreated great dissatisfaction. The Assembly formally re-\\nsisted his demands, and was therefore dissolved on the 26th\\nof May, 1721.\\n16. New representatives were soon elected, and a new Assem-\\nbly was organized, which was more disposed to yield to the\\nwishes of the governor. One of the first acts passed by this\\nhouse was a law to protect his majesty s government in Ame-\\nrica against the designs of the Papists. A few emigrants of\\nthis fiiith had settled in the Province, and the present act\\nsubjected them to rigid restrictions. All suspected persons\\nwere required to swear that they would be faithful and\\nbear true allegiance to his majesty, and that they did in their\\nhearts abhor deceit and abjure the impious and heretical doc-\\ntrines of the Pope. A salary was voted for the governor,\\nto continue five years, and his excellency and the Assembly\\nparted in good feeling.\\n15. When did he arrive in the Province, and how was he re-\\nceived? What were the relations between the governor and the As-\\nsembly\\nIG. What was the disposition of the new Assembly What acts\\nwere passed", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n17. The next Assembly, which convened in 1723, gave its\\nattention principally to the financial concerns of the Prov-\\nince. It authorized the issue of \u00c2\u00a340,000 on Bills of\\nCredit, the amount to be distributed in proper proportions\\namong the counties. The bills were made a legal tender in\\nall transactions, and a certain portion were specifically ap-\\nplied for the redemption of old bills and the jiayment of in-\\nterest thereon. The rate of interest on the public debt was\\nfixed at five per cent.\\n18. In 1727, Governor Burnett was transferred to the\\nProvince of Massachusetts, and John Montgomery, Esq., was\\ncommissioned governor of New Jersey on the 15th of April,\\n1728. In this year the General Assembly passed a resolu-\\ntion inquiring whether it would not be advantageous to the\\nProvince of New Jersey to have a governor who would be\\nindependent of New York. By this resolution no unfavor-\\nable action toward the new governor was designed. It was\\nsimply the intention to express a desire that the Province\\nshould have a governor of its own.\\n19. Governor Montgomery died in July, 1731, and Lewis\\nMorris, president of the Council, administered the affairs of\\nthe government until the 1st of August, 1732, when William\\nCosby, Esq., was commissioned governor.\\n20. The General Assembly met on the 26th of April, 1733.\\nThe representatives called the attention of the governor to\\nthe fact that hitherto the Assembly had met at irregular\\nperiods, and that no regular time for holding the elections\\n17. To what did the next Assembly give its attention\\n18. Who was appointed governor of New Jersey? What resohi-\\ntion was passed by the Assembly\\n19. What changes took place in the administration of the govern-\\nment?\\n20. What important laws were passed by the Assembly? How\\nwere these received bv the crown", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "EARLY LEGISLATION. 65\\nhad been established. An act was therefore passed to regu-\\nlate the meetings of Assembly. It provided that a session\\nshould be held at least once in three years, alternately at\\nBurlington and Perth Amboy, and established triennial elec-\\ntions. This act received the approval of the governor and\\nCouncil, but was rejected by the king. Acts were passed for\\nshcrtening lawsuits, for regulating the practice of law and\\nthe duties of public officers, concerning the acknowledgment\\nand registry of deeds and other conveyances in the several\\ncounties, and for the enforcement of the ordinance regulating\\nfees. All of tliese acts Avere deemed necessary, and Avould\\nhave been highly beneficial in the administration of justice,\\nbut they were rejected by the king.\\n21. Upon the death of Cosby, in the year 1736, John\\nAnderson, president of the Council, assumed executive con-\\ntrol. He soon afterward died, and the direction of affairs\\nwas assumed by John Hamilton, Esq., the oldest living mem-\\nber of the Council. Hamilton administered the government\\nfor nearly two years, when the separation from New York,\\npetitioned for, was granted, and the executive department\\nof the Province was made independent of the authorities\\non Manhattan Island.\\n21. What changes occurred in the administration? What import-\\nant change was made in the government of tlie Province?\\n6* E", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nLand Titles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Frontier Wars A Colonial Union Proposed.\\nCOLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY.\\n1. Lewis Morris was appointed governor of New Jersey\\nin 1738. After the separation of the Province from New\\nYork, some changes were made in the administration of the\\ngovernment. The Council was made a separate branch of\\nthe Legislature, and the governor was not expected to take\\npart in the deliberations of that body.\\n2. Under the new organization the General Assembly met\\non the 27th of October, 1738. During the long struggle of\\nthe people against the executive authority of the Province,\\nMorris had been a firm friend of the former. His apjioint-\\nChapter YI. 1. AVho was appointed governor? Wliat changes\\nwere made in the govern inent\\n2. Wiien did tiie Assembly first meet? How was tlie appointment\\nof Morris received? What is said of his address?\\n06", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "LAND TITLES. 67\\nment therefore gave great satisfaction in all parts of the\\nProvince but it was soon discovered that the possession of\\npower had destroyed his interest in the people and made\\nhim both selfish and arrogant. In his first address he con-\\ngratulated the people on their escape from the authority of\\nNew York, and pressed upon the Assembly with considerable\\nemphasis the questions of salary and support of the govern-\\nment. He promised to give his assent to all bills that were\\nproper, and expressed the hope that no other would be\\nproposed.\\n3. After some delay a bill for the support of the govern-\\nment was agreed upon by the Assembly. It appropriated\\n\u00c2\u00a31440 annually for three years. Of this amount, \u00c2\u00a31000 were\\nset apart for the jirivate use of the governor, and a special\\ngrant of \u00c2\u00a3500 was made for his expenses in coming to the\\nProvince. The same act defined the salaries of all other\\npublic officers. With this appropriation the governor was\\nnot satisfied, and declared that the sum was insufficient. A\\nsharp dispute arose between the governor and the house,\\nwhich resulted in the dissolution of the Assembly, by execu-\\ntive order, on the 15th of March, 1739.\\n4. The next session of the Assembly began on the 10th of\\nApril, 1740. The governor s address to this body expressed\\nthe hope that he would not be asked to sign imj^rojier bills\\nalso that an honest effort would be made to provide for the\\nsupport of the government. The reply of the house showed\\nvery distinctly that the members were disposed to support\\nthe action of the previous Assembly. The old quarrel was\\ntherefore renewed. A long and bitter contest ensued, in which\\nthe governor refused to sign any bills passed by the Assembly,\\n3. How did the Assembly respond? How did tlie governor re-\\nceive the act of the Assembly What followed\\n4. What occurred at the next session", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\naud the Assembly as persistently refused to vote any support\\nfor the government.\\n5. A period of nearly two years passed in unsuccessful\\nattempts to make a compromise, so that the public business\\nmight be relieved from unnecessary embarrassment. Finally,\\nthe quarrel was terminated by the death of the governor,\\nwhich took place in May, 1746. John Hamilton, the oldest\\nmember of the Council, now became the chief executive of\\nthe Province.\\n6. War was declared between England and France in\\n1744 known in American history as King George s War.\\nThe contest soon extended to the American Provinces. The\\nFrench emissaries had long labored to persuade the Indians\\non the frontier to join them in a Avar against the English\\ncolonies, and many of the savage cruelties visited upon the\\nsettlers in New England, New York, Pennsylvania and Vir-\\nginia were owing to the influence of the French. There\\nseemed to be no remedy for these increasing evils short of\\nthe destruction of the French power in America.\\n7. Finally, in 1740, the British government resolved upon\\nthe conquest of the French possessions. Louisburg, the cap-\\nital of the French settlement at Cape Breton, had already\\nbeen captured by the Provincial troops from New England,\\naided by the English navy and instructions were now sent\\nto the colonial governors to organize their forces for a cam-\\npaign against Canada. These instructions were laid before\\nthe Legislature of New Jersey in July of that year, by Gov-\\n5. How was ihe quarrel terminated\\n6. When was war declared between England and France? How\\n(lid this aflect the American Provinces? What was the remedy for\\ntiiese evils?\\n7. What did the British government resolve to do What instruc-\\ntions were sent to the colonial governors? How ditl New Jersey re-\\nspond? How did the war end?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "LAND TITLES. 69\\nernor Hamilton. An act was passed to encourage the en-\\nlistment of 500 men and to provide for their subsistence and\\ntransportation. In this act the Assembly declared that they\\nwere heartily desirous to do all in their power in support of\\nhis majesty s interests. A like disposition was shown by the\\nother colonies, but the military operations were tardily and\\nfeebly conducted by the British ministry, so that no advan-\\ntages were gained by the English. The war was ended\\nby the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. This treaty was\\ncharacterized in history as an inglorious surrender on the\\npart of the British ministry.\\n8. John Hamilton, president of the Council, died in 1747,\\nand the administration of the government of New Jersey de-\\nvolved on John Reading. A commission was soon after\\ngiven to John Belcher, appointing him governor of the\\nProvince. He was a prudent, mild, judicious officer. He\\nseldom opposed the measures of the Assembly, except when\\nacting under instructions from the king. During his admin-\\nistration several of the laws which had been rejected in the\\ntime of Governor Morris were passed, and others which had\\nbeen enacted for a limited period were renewed and con-\\ntinued. Thus the departments of government were united to\\nadminister the laws in the interests of the Province and for\\nthe prosperity of the people.\\n9. Large tracts of lands in New Jersey Avere held under\\nirregular titles, some by Indian purchasers, others under\\ngrants given by Andross and other governors of New York.\\nTlie early proprietors were not disposed to disturb the peace\\nof the inhabitants by insisting upon their rights to these\\nlands, for which they had never executed title-deeds. But\\n8. What changes occurred in the administration What was tiie\\ncharacter of Governor Belcher? Wliat was the character of his\\nadministration\\n9. What violent disputes arose in tlie Province?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nnow the proprietary titles liad fallen into the hands of per-\\nsons in authority, who were disposed to enforce their claims\\nto all lands held by other than proprietary titles. Attempts\\nwere made to compel all persons to pay rents, or to pur-\\nchase the lands they held by virtue of Indian purchases or\\ngrants from New York.\\n10. The people occupying these lands formed associations\\nand resolved to maintain their possessions by force, if neces-\\nsary. Some of the inhabitants were arrested and brought into\\ncourt, were found guilty of disturbing the peace, and were\\ncommitted to prison but in every case these were forcibly\\nreleased by their friends, Thus for a time the laws became\\npowerless.\\n11. Some of the leading members of the Council, the chief-\\njustice and other officers of the courts were largely inter-\\nested in these lands. They therefore urged upon the Assem-\\nbly the passage of an act authorizing the use of the militia\\nto enforce the laws. The Assembly, however, did not con-\\nsider the matter of sufficient importance, and therefore re-\\nfused the use of the military to sustain the courts. Thus,\\nthough the enforcement of strict justice was deferred, peace\\nwas preserved in the Province.\\n12. Finally, two acts were passed by the Assembly which\\nterminated the dispute. One of these was an act to pardon\\nall persons who had been guilty of riotous conduct the other\\nwas an act for the suppression and prevention of riots and\\ndisorders.\\n13. Another difficulty arose on the question of taxation.\\nThe Assembly passed an act taxing all profitable tracts of\\n10. How were the settlers on these lands treated?\\n11. Who were largely interested in these lands? How did the As-\\nsembly treat their demands?\\n12. How was the difficulty finally adjusted?\\n13. What new trouble arose? How was it terminated?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "A COLONIAL UNION PROPOSED. 71\\nland held by patent, deed or survey, on which any improve-\\nments had been made. The Council objected, declaring that\\nonly such lands as were productive should be taxed, and\\nthat this was in accordance with the royal instructions.\\nNeither party would yield, and thus the government was left\\nwithout support for neaidy three years. Governor Belcher\\nat length dissolved the Assembly. A new house met in May,\\n1751, which was disposed to terminate the quarrel. A new\\nbill was passed, in which lands were classified and were\\ntaxed in proportion to valuation.\\n14. During the administration of Governor Belcher tAvo\\nnew counties were organized. The first, established by an\\nact passed the 19th of January, 1747, was taken from the\\nsouthern portion of Salem county, and was called Cumber-\\nland. The other was established by an act passed on the\\n8th of June, 1753, taken from Morris county, and was called\\nSussex.\\n15. In 1749 the old struggle between England and France\\nfor the possession of the north-western territory was rencAved,\\nand finally resulted in open war. In 1754 an expedition,\\ncommanded by Colonel Joshua Fry and Major George\\nWashington, was sent from Virginia to defend the Ohio.\\nThese troops fought several battles with the French and\\nIndians, and were finally defeated and forced to return to\\nthe Potomac.\\n16. While these military operations were going on, efforts\\nwere made to unite the Provinces into a general treaty with\\nall the Indian tribes on the English frontiers. For this pur-\\npose a convention was called to meet at Albany in June,\\n1754. The proclamation from the king authorizing this con-\\n14. What new counties were organized\\n15. What struggle was renewed Wliat followed\\n16. What great convention was called? What action did New\\nJersey take on this subject?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nvention was laid before the Assembly of New Jersey in April\\nof that year. The inhabitants of this Province, however,\\nhad never been directly concerned in the Indian trade, nor\\nhad their settlements been disturbed by the inroads of the\\nsavage warriors. The Assembly therefore declined to take\\npart in the proposed treaty, but expressed a willingness to\\njoin the other colonies in resisting the encroachments of the\\nFrench. New Jei sey was therefore not represented in the\\nAlbany convention.\\n17. The treaty with the Indians was concluded, and then\\na communication was presented from the English secretary\\nof state recommending the colonies to form a general plan\\nof union for mutual aid and defence. This proposition was\\nfavorably entertained, and on the 4th of July, 1754, articles\\nof union, drawn up by Benjamin Franklin, were adopted by\\nthe representatives of the colonies. The plan of union was\\nreferred for approval to the Provincial Assemblies and to the\\nBoard of Trade in England.\\n18. The articles provided for the appointment of a gov-\\nernor-general and the organization of a senate, to be com-\\nposed of representatives from the colonies. All questions of\\nwar, levying troops, assessment of taxes for general defence\\nwere to be referred to the senate and the governor-general.\\nThe Assemblies thought too much power Avas given to the\\ngovernor-general, and that the jjlan was too aristocratic;\\nhence they refused to ratify it the Board of Trade thought\\nit gave too much power to the people, was too democratic,\\nand also rejected it. Therefore the union was not effected\\nbut the principles of a united government were freely dis-\\ncussed, both by the congress and by the peo^ile, and out of\\nthis effort sprang ultimately our noble Declaration of Inde-\\n17. What did the English government recommend How was this\\nrecommendation acted upon\\n18. Wliat did these articles provide? How were they received", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY CHARTERED. 73\\npeudence, in 1776, wherein the United States Avere proclaimed\\na free nation.\\n19. The desire for a more liberal education than could be\\nafforded by the schools already established in the several\\ncounties was now felt throughout the Province. At the\\nsolicitation of many of the leading inhabitants, Governor\\nBelcher procured, in 1748, from George II., a liberal charter\\nfor the College of New Jersey, which had been incorporated\\ntwo years previous. This institution was first established at\\nElizabeth. In 1748 it was removed to Newark. In 1756 it\\nwas permanently established at Princeton, and Nassau Hall\\nwas erected for its accommodation. It early became one of\\nthe most celebrated schools in America, and has ever main-\\ntained that honorable position.\\n19. When and how was the College of New Jersey founded\\n7", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nFrench-and-Indian War Troo2)s Sent Braddoclcs Defeat\\nDefence against Indian Invasion.\\nESCAPING ACROSS THE DELAWARE.\\n1. The British ministry now resolved to prosecnte the war\\nagainst tlie French and Indians with great vigor. Two regi-\\nments of infantry were sent to America in 1755, and Edward\\nBraddock, a young Irish officer of distinction, was sent over\\nas commander-in-chief of all the British and Provincial forces\\non the continent. Braddock landed his troops near Alexan-\\ndria, in Virginia, and after some delay marched to Cumber-\\nland, on the Potomac, where he organized an expedition\\nagainst Fort Du Quesne, in the forks of the Monongahela\\nand Alleghany rivers.\\nChapter VII. 1. Wliat did tlie British ministry resolve to do?\\nWiiat was this war called? What expedition was sent out?\\n74\\ni", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "FRENCH-AND-INDIAN WAR. 75\\n2. The people of New Jersey dreaded more from an\\nattack from Canada, by way of New York, than from the\\nFrench and Indians on the Ohio. The Assembly, therefore,\\nprovided for the organization and maintenance of a battalion\\nof 500 men, to be sent to the army operating on the northern\\nfrontier. Peter Schuyler, with the rank of colonel, was put\\nin command of this force. The popularity of this officer was\\nsuch that the ranks of the battalion were promptly filled,\\nand many asked to be enlisted who could not be received.\\nThe battalion was fully armed, equipped and provided with\\nsupplies, and was sent to Albany, which was at that time\\nthe headquarters of the northern army.\\n3. Braddock s army marched westward from Fort Cum-\\nberland on the 12th of June, and crossed the Alleghany\\nmountains, numbering 2200 men. The line of march cor-\\nresponded neai ly to what afterward became the National\\nRoad.\\n4. George Washington, who had volunteered as an aid-de-\\ncamp on Braddock s staff, knew more about the country to\\nbe traversed and the enemy to be encountered than any one\\nelse in the expedition. He had from the beginning advised\\nthe general to leave the wagons and heavy artillery in the\\nrear, and to march in light order, with pack-horses to carry\\nsupplies. A council of war was held at Little Meadows,\\nwhere Washington renewed his advice and urged it with\\nsuch forcible arguments that it ultimately prevailed.\\n5. Braddock selected 1200 men and twelve pieces of light\\ncannon for the purpose of making a rapid march against the\\n2. What action did the Assembly take? Who was the commander\\nof the first battalion\\n3. What is said of Braddock s march\\n4. Who was an officer in this expedition? What is said of Wash-\\nington\\n5. How did Braddock condnct his march", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76 HISTORY OF NEW JEBSEY.\\nenemy. The remainder of the army, with all the heavy\\ncannon and baggage, was left at the Meadows, under the\\ncommand of Colonel Dunbar. Washington knew that it was\\nnecessary to make a rapid march into the enemy s country,\\nand to fight the Indians and the French in the American\\nfashion, if anything Avas to be accomplished by the expe-\\ndition.\\n6. Braddock was haughty and arrogant, and sneered at\\nthe advice of his subordinate officers, who endeavored to\\nguard against surprise and ambush to the line that moved so\\nslowly through the wilderness. He was confident of an easy\\ntriumph, and thought more of the glory a great victory\\nwould shed on his name than of the means whereby that\\nvictory might be won. He crossed the Monongahela seven\\nmiles above Fort Du Quesne, and while marching along,\\nheedless of the advice of the American ofliicers, his progress\\nwas suddenly arrested by a deadly fire on the front and left\\nflank of his vanguard. No enemy was seen, though it Avas\\nclear noonday, but the smoke rising from behind every\\ntree and bush, the rattle of musketry, the sharp crack of\\nthe rifle, the falling soldiers and the confusion in the ad-\\nvance column, revealed the presence of a powerful and\\ndeadly foe.\\n7. Washington, seeing the great danger into which they\\nhad been led, proposed to fight the enemy according to the\\nAmerican custom, by skirmishing and firing from the shelter\\nof trees, rocks and underbrush but this the arrogant com-\\nmander refused. He ordered his troops to form and to fire\\nin platoons. For three hours the concealed enemy kept up\\na destructive fire on the British line; the ground was soon\\n6. What was the character of General Braddock? Wliat befell his\\narmy?\\n7. What did Washington propose How was the battle conducted", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "BRADDOCK S DEFEAT. 77\\ncovered with the fiilleu men every mounted officer but\\nWashington was killed or disabled, and finally the brave\\nBraddock himself was mortally wounded.\\n8. When the regular soldiers saw their commander fall\\nthey fled from the field. Washington, though two horses\\nhad been killed under him, and four balls had passed\\nthrough his clothes, was unhurt, and now assuming com-\\nmand, rallied the Provincial troops, and formed a rear-\\nguard of such strength that the enemy feared to follow.\\n9. The defeated army retreated to Dunbar s camp at Little\\nMeadows. After Dunbar had collected the broken fragments\\nof the companies, he led the troops back to Shippensburg,\\nand thence to Philadelphia.\\n10. The report of Braddock s defeat spread rapidly through-\\nout the whole country, and filled the frontier settlements\\nwith alarm. The inhabitants of Virginia, Pennsylvania\\nand New York were now without protection against the\\ninroads of the savages from the west. When Governor Bel-\\ncher received the report of this unexpected event, he sum-\\nmoned the Assembly of New Jersey to meet him on the 1st\\nof August.\\n11. Early in the winter marauding bands of Indians in-\\nvaded the western and northern counties of Pennsylvania\\nand overran the whole country, forcing the inhabitants\\nto flee before them, killing all who fell into their hands,\\nburning dwellings and driving away stock. In a short\\ntime the whole country to the banks of the Delaware, on the\\nnorthern frontier, was laid waste. The people residing in\\nNorthampton county, Pennsylvania, fled for safety into New\\n8. How did the battle terminate?\\n9. Wliat became of the defeated army?\\n10. Wliat was the effect of Braddock s defeat?\\n11. What is said of Indian marauders?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nJersey. Many, by receiving timely notice, were able to\\nthresh out their corn and carry it away, and to drive their\\ncattle across the Delaware.\\n12. The inhabitants of New Jersey were aroused by the\\nsufferings of their neighbors, and prejiared not only to de-\\nfend their own borders, but to march across the river to help\\ntheir friends. Colonel John Anderson, of Sussex county,\\nrapidly collected 400 men and marched to the defence of\\nEaston. He pursued the enemy far into Northampton\\ncounty, but without being able to overtake him. The gov-\\nernor promptly sent troops from all parts of the Province to\\nthe defence of the western frontier. The wealthy inhabitants\\nfreely advanced the money necessary for the maintenance of\\nthese troops, and the Assembly, in the middle of December,\\npassed an act to provide for the subsistence of the militia\\nand for the recall of the battalion under Colonel Schuyler.\\nThroughout the Province the people organized companies\\nand associations to resist the march of the savage warriors\\nand to relieve the distress of their friends west of the\\nDelaware.\\n13. The army sent against the French in Canada was also\\nunsuccessful, though it suffered a less disastrous defeat than\\nthat which marched against Fort Du Quesne. The French\\nnot only successfully maintained their position in Canada,\\nbut also succeeded in taking some of the British posts on the\\nlakes.\\n14. At the capture of Oswego, Colonel Schuyler and half\\nof the New Jersey regiments, which formed a part of the\\ngarrison, were made prisoners and were sent to Canada.\\nThey were released at the end of the campaign, on parole\\nnot to serve against the French for eighteen months. New\\n12. What did the inhabitants of New Jersey do?\\n13. What is said of the army sent against Canada\\n14. What befell Colonel Schuyler and the New Jersey troops", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "DEFENCE AGAINST INDIAN INVASION. 79\\nrecruits, however, were iiuinediately sent from the Province,\\nthe regiment was again tilled up to its original strength, and\\nColonel Parker was appointed to its command. A third\\nexpedition, which had been organized to march against\\nForts Niagara and Frontenac, likewise failed to accomplish\\nthe object for which it was sent out, but suffered no\\ndi!= aster.\\n15. At the death of General Braddock, Governor Shirley,\\nof Massachusetts, was appointed commander-in-chief. He\\nsummoned the governors of the northern and middle colonies\\nto meet him at Albany, New York, in the spring of 1756, to\\ndetermine the plan for the campaign of that year. This\\ncouncil resolved to raise 10,250 men, to be sent against\\nNiagara, to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, to besiege\\nFort Du Quesne, and to send a small force by way of the\\nKennebec river to alarm the capital of Canada.\\n16. The people of New Jersey had during the winter\\nerected forts and block-houses along the mountains and at\\nfavorable points on the east bank of the Delaware, to protect\\nthemselves against the approaches of the enemy. When the\\nplan of campaign for 1756 was made known, they promptly\\nfilled the requisition made upon the Province, and returned\\ntheir regiment to the headquarters of the army on the north\\n250 volunteers were sent to the frontier, to take the place of\\nthe troops that were sent to the northern army. The line\\nof defence on the Delaware and on the northern bound-\\nary of the Province was under the command of Colonel de\\nHart.\\n17. The British government unfortunately sent to America\\nincompetent officers to command the expeditions that had\\nbeen determined upon by the Provincial governors. The\\n15. What preparations were made for the campaign of 1756?\\n16. What was done in New Jersey?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nentliusiasm of the people of the colonies was met by a cold\\nsuj)erciliousness that destroyed it. This, added to the tardy\\nexecution of the plans, brought disgraceful defeat and ended\\nthe campaign of the second year of the war in disaster to the\\nEnglish arms.\\n17. What was the character of the British officers sent to America\\nWhat effect h*ad this on the people", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nClose of the French-and-Indian Wars Military Actio7i of\\nNew Jersey.\\nCAPTAIV GARBINER S RANGERS.\\n1. The campaign of 1757 was confined to the single object\\nof the capture of Louisburg, Ample force had been pro-\\nvided, but the expedition, led by the same tardy officers\\nwho had failed the year before, was destined to defeat.\\nThus another summer of disaster was added to the two\\nalready noted.\\n2. New Jersey contributed 500 men for the northern ex-\\npedition, and kept on the frontier a body of rangers number-\\ning 120 men, under Captain Gardiner,* who, though they\\nThe captain of this company received 6 sliillings, the lieutenants\\n5, sergeants 4, corporals 3-and-6-pence, and the private soldier 3 shil-\\nlings per day. Each officer and soldier was furnished with a blanket,\\nChapter VIII. 1. What is said of the campaign of 1757?\\nF 81", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ncould not always prevent invasions, gave great security to\\nthe citizens along the east bank of the Delaware.\\n3. The troops were w ithdrawn from the northern frontier\\nof New^ York to join the expedition against Louisburg. A\\nforce of 3000 men -svas left to garrison Castle William, on the\\nsouthern shore of Lake George. The New Jei sey regiment,\\ncommanded by Colonel Parker, was part of this detachment.\\nAn army of 9000 Canadians and Indians, commanded by\\nMontcalm, invested the fort. Major-Gen eral Webb made\\nstrong exertions to relieve the garrison by arousing the\\nmilitia of New York and New Jersey 1000 men were sent\\nfrom New Jersey, and 3000 more were put in readiness to\\nmarch on short notice, should their services be required.\\nThe garrison, however, w^as unable to hold out, and therefore\\nsurrendered to the enemy. General Webb threw his rein-\\nforcements into Fort Edward, checked the progress of the\\nenemy, and compelled Montcalm to withdraw his army into\\nCanada. The New Jersey regiment, and other prisoners who\\nhad been carried away by Montcalm, were released, and re-\\nturned to New York on parole, not to serve again during\\neighteen months. The regiment was therefore disbanded.\\n4. After three years of blunder and failure, the British\\ngovernment became fully aroused; the ministry now saw\\nthat greater vigor must be infused into the campaigns in\\nAmerica, or the colonies would be overrun by the enemy.\\nan under jacket, a kersey jacket lapelled, buckskin breeches, 2 check\\nshirts, 2 pairs of shoes, 2 pairs of stockings, a leather cap and a\\nhatchet.\\n2. What did New Jersey contribute What is said of Captain Gar-\\ndinei- s rangers?\\n3. What is said of the siege of Fort William? How did New\\nJersey contribute to this expedition? What befell the New Jersey\\nregiment?\\n4. What was thought of the war in England? What in America?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CLOSE OF THE FRENCH-AND-INDIAN WARS. 83\\nThe Provincial forces were not discouraged by the strengtli\\nof the foe, but were heartily sick of the gross mismanage-\\nment inflicted upon them by the British ministry. The\\nAmerican officers and people felt themselves fully able, if\\nleft to their own resources, to defend their homes against\\nthe French and Indians but the arrogance of the English\\nofficers, added to their utter unskillfulness in conducting\\ncampaigns, had greatly oppressed and embarrassed the\\ncolonists.\\n5. In this hour of gloom, William Pitt, by far the ablest\\nstatesman in England, was called to the control of public\\naffiiirs. He came into power, as secretary of state, in June,\\n1757. Energy and sound judgment were at once infused\\ninto every department of the government. Loudon, the\\ntardy commander in America, was recalled, and Abercrom-\\nbie was apj)ointed general-in-chief. 12,000 English troops,\\nand a large fleet under the command of Admiral Boscawen,\\nwere sent over to aid the Provincial forces. Pitt addressed\\nstirring letters to the several colonies, and asked them to\\nraise 20,000 men, promising, in the name of the British gov-\\nernment, to supply arms, tents and provisions. He also\\npromised to repay the money that would be expended in\\nrecruiting and clothing the troops.\\n6. The vigorous policy foreshadowed, and the liberal offers\\ntransmitted through these letters, electrified every heart and\\nroused the people in every colony to the greatest activity.\\nNew England immediately raised 15,000 men New York,\\n2700; New Jersey, 1000; Pennsylvania, 3000; and Vir-\\nginia, 2000. Other colonies in the South reported smaller\\nnumbers but so great was the excitement that in May, 1758,\\n5. Who was called to control public affairs in England? What is\\nsaid of Pitt? What did he do?\\n6. How did tlii.s iJoiicy affect the colonies? How many troops were\\nraised", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwhen Abercrombie took command of the army, he found\\nover 50,000 troojis ready to obey his orders.\\n7. The phm of the campaign was also comprehensive.\\nLouisburg, Ticonderoga and Fort Du Quesne were the prin-\\ncipal points against which powerful expeditions were to be\\nsent. The first IjIow was directed against Louisburg, a place\\nso strong that it had been styled the Gibraltar of America.\\nForty armed vessels and a land force of 12,000 men in-\\nvested the town early in June, and, after a siege of\\nabout fifty days, during which all the French shipping in\\nthe harbor had been destroyed, compelled the enemy to\\nsurrender.\\n8. The expedition against Ticonderoga did not succeed in\\ntaking the fort, but inflicted severe punishment on the French\\nby defeating them in a vigorous battle, and by capturing\\ntheir naval station and depot of supplies at Frontenac.\\nU. The army in Pennsylvania, numbering about 7000 men,\\nsent against Fort Du Quesne, was commanded by General\\nForbes. Colonel George Washington, who had three times\\nmarched over this ground, was one of the officers in this ex-\\npedition. When the army arrived within a few days march\\nof Fort Du Quesne, the regiment in command of Washing-\\nton was ordered to make a rapid march to surprise the\\nenemy, while the main force followed more slowly.\\n10. The French-and-Iudian garrison, having heard of the\\nsuccess of tlie northern expeditions, and of the defeat of the\\nFrench on the lakes and at Niagara, was greatly demoral-\\nized. Wlien the Indian scouts brought in the reports of the\\nrapid approach of Washington s regiment, the troops aban-\\ndoned the fort and set fire to the buildings on the 24th of\\n7. Wliat was the plan of campaign\\n8. What did the expedition aganist Ticonderoga acconiplisli\\n9. What is said of tlie army in Peimsylvania\\n10. How did tills expedition terminate?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CLOSE OF THE FRENCH-AND-INDIAN WARS. 85\\nNovember, 1758, and fled dowu the Ohio river. Washing-\\nton took possession of the ruins on the following day. The\\nBritish flag was hoisted, and the place was named Fort Pitt,\\nin honor of the distinguished English statesman by whose\\nvigorous policy the enemy had been expelled from his strong-\\nholds in America.\\n11. While the colonies were prosecuting the w^ar against\\nthe foreign enemies with great vigor, they were also zealous\\nin their efforts to re-establish peaceful relations with the In-\\ndians. In October, 1758, a convention was held at Easton,\\nwhich lasted twenty -one days. The governors of New Jersey\\nand Pennsylvania, attended by members of their Legisla-\\ntures and many citizens, mostly Quakers, were present to rep-\\nresent the interests of the settlers. The Indians were repre-\\nsented by chiefs and deputies from fifteen different tribes,\\naccompanied by many warriors with their women and chil-\\ndren. After a long and full discussion of all matters in\\ndispute, the points of difference were satisfactorily settled,\\nand a treaty of peace was agreed upon and signed by the\\ndelegates. Thus, at the end of the fourth year of the war,\\nthe English armies were victorious in the field, and the\\npower of diplomacy was triumphant in the assembly.\\n12. The successes of the military campaigns in the north,*\\nterminating with the capture of Montreal in 1760, brought\\npeace and safety to all the English Provinces.\\nThe British ministry, elated witli their success, sent powerful\\narmies into Canada early in the spring of 1759. Quebec and Montreal\\nwere besieged, and the forts on Niagara and on Lake Chaniplain were\\nattacked by armies confident of victory. At the close of tlie campaign,\\nQuebec and all the forts on the lakes had fallen. Montreal alone re-\\nmained in the possession of the French. In September, 1760, this\\n11. What great Indian council was held this year? What year of\\nthe war was this, and how did it end?\\n12. How did the war terminate?\\n8", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n13. During the years of this struggle the people of New\\nJersey were never discouraged by the failure brought upon\\nthe Provincial troops through the incompetency of British\\nofficers, but steadily and promptly provided their quota of\\nmen and money to sustain the army. Upon the receipt of\\nthe spirited letter from Pitt, the Assembly, instead of raising\\nits quota of 500 men, doubled that number, and to fill the\\nranks immediately offered, a bounty of \u00c2\u00a312 per man, in-\\ncreased the pay of officers, and voted the sum of \u00c2\u00a350,000 for\\nthe maintenance of their troops. At the same session an act\\nwas passed providing for the erection of barracks at Burling-\\nton, Trenton, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy and Elizabeth,\\neach large enough to accommodate 300 men.\\n14. On the 31st of August, 1757, in the midst of the war.\\nGovernor Belcher died, in the 76th year of his age. For\\ntwo years previous his health had been so infirm that it was\\nnecessary for the Assembly to meet him at his residence at\\nElizabeth. At the death of the governor the administration\\nagain devolved on John Reading. Francis Bernard was\\ncommissioned governor on the 13th of June, 1758. He con-\\nducted his administration in perfect harmony with the Legis-\\nlature until the 4th of July, 1760. He was then transferred\\nto Massachusetts, and Thomas Boone became governor of\\nNew Jersey for one year, when he was transferred to South\\nCarolina, and Josiah Hardy was commissioned governor of\\nstronghold was forced to capitulate, and with it all the fortifications,\\nships and munitions of war in Canada were surrendered to the Eng-\\nlish. This was the last blow in the series of successes that destroyed\\nthe power of France on the Western continent. Thus ended the\\nFrench-and-Indian war.\\n13. What is said of the coaduct of New Jersey during this war\\n14. When did Governor Belcher die? Who succeeded him? When\\nwas Franklin appointed governor? When did his administration\\nterminate?", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE LAST COLONIAL GOVERNOR. 87\\nNew Jersey. Hardy was soon after appointed to the consul-\\nate of Cadiz, and William Franklin, the son of Benjamin\\nFranklin, of Pennsylvania, was appointed governor in the\\nspring of 1763. Thus within five years New Jersey had\\nfive executives. Franklin was the last of the colonial gov-\\nernors. His administration was terminated by the people in\\n1776, when they declared New Jersey to be an independent\\nState.", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nTaxation Without Representation is Tyranny.\\nREQUESTING STAMP OFFICERS TO RESION.\\n1. England had for many years carried on wars against\\nFrance and Spain, both in Europe and in America, and had\\nthus contracted a large public debt, from which the people\\nclamored for relief The strength and wealth exhibited by\\nthe American colonies in their prompt response to the calls\\nfor men and iiioney to prosecute the French-and-Indian war\\nrevealed to the British ministry the wealth of their trans-\\natlantic possessions. The government, therefore, was easily\\npersuaded to levy taxes on the property and commerce of\\nthe Americans, in order to raise funds for the depleted treas-\\nury of England.\\nChapter IX. 1. How did England contract her debt?\\ntlie ministry seek relief?\\n88\\nHow did", "height": "2692", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION. 89\\n2. The same achievements, however, that had revealed the\\nwealth of the Provinces had also demonstrated their strength.\\nThe failure and humiliation brought upon the people through\\nthe weakness of British army officers during the first three\\nyears of the war, and the subsequent successes when com-\\nbined efforts Avere directed by skillful commanders, taught\\nthe colonies the power and wisdom of union.\\n3. Their property, their lives and their homes had been\\ndefended by military campaigns and expeditions wherein\\nthe whole strength of the colonial governments had been\\nunited for the attainment of a single purpose. The infer-\\nence, therefore, was natural that personal liberty and the\\nright of self-government would be best defended by making\\nthem the common cause of all the people. The knowledge\\nof their strength also gave the American freemen greater\\nboldness in asserting and defending their just rights and\\nchartered privileges.\\n4. The first attempt of the ministry to levy taxes on the\\ncolonies without their consent was promptly met with the\\ndeclaration, which afterward became the political maxim\\nof America: Taxation Without Representation is\\nTyranny!\\n5. The mother-country might justly have invited the colonial\\nAssemblies to make appropriations for the use of the king s\\ngovernment, but the British ministry was too proud to ask as\\na favor what it believed it had the power at least, if not the\\nright, to exact as lawful dues. Ten years were spent in dis-\\ncussing the principles of taxation, during which time several\\nschemes were proposed and numerous laws enacted, all of\\n2. What lesson did the late war teach\\n3. How was the lesson of union learned?\\n4. How was the attempt to levy taxes met\\n5. What might the mother-country have done How were the prin-\\nciples of taxation discussed?\\n8", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwhich were resisted witli ti dignified firmiie.s.s that could not\\nfail to command the respect of the friends of freedom through-\\nout the world.\\n6. In 1765 the Stamp Act was passed, which declared\\nthat no legal instrument should be valid unless it bore the\\ngovernment stamp. The passage of this act aroused the\\nAmerican people to the most intense excitement, and called\\nforth some of the most eloquent denunciations of tyranny and\\noppression that grace the pages of history. Benjamin Frank-\\nlin, who had been sent to England a second time on public\\nbusiness, wrote home to Charles Thompson, of Philadeljihia\\nThe sun of liberty has set. You must light up the candles\\nof industry and economy. To this remark, Thompson re-\\nplied I am apprehensive that other lights will be the\\nconsequence.\\n7. The colonies, with remarkable unanimity, declared that\\nthe General Assemblies had the sole right and power to lay\\ntaxes upon the inhabitants, and that eveiy attempt to vest\\nsuch power elsewhere than in the Assemblies tended to the\\ndestruction of British as well as American liberty. A reso-\\nlution was passed by the Massachusetts Legislature declaring\\nthat a congress, composed of commissioners from the colonies,\\nought to be held at New York on the first Tuesday of Octo-\\nber, 1765, to consider what action the colonies should take to\\nresist the attempts of the home government to tax the Ameri-\\ncan people without their consent. The Massachusetts Assem-\\nbly appointed three commissioners to attend the congress,\\nand addressed a circular letter to the other colonies, urging\\nthem to make similar appointments.\\n8. This circular was laid before the Assembly of New\\nJersey on the 20th of June, 1765. Governor Franklin\\n6. When was the Stamp Act passed? What was its effect?\\n7. What did the colonies declare? What did Massachusetts recom-\\nmend?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "A CONVENTION CALLED. 91\\nfavored the schemes of the ministry, and therefore ojiposed\\nthe Massachusetts proposition, and exerted his influence to\\ndefeat the appointment of commissioners to the Stamp\\nAct Congress. The Assembly deferred action on the cir-\\ncular until near the close of the session, when, in a hasty\\nmanner, the speaker was directed to transmit a somewhat\\nambiguous answer to the Massachusetts Assembly.\\n9. The inhabitants of New Jersey refused to endoi se this\\naction of their representatives, and demanded that a conven-\\ntion be called to appoint commissioners to the congress at\\nNew York. The speaker of the house therefore issued a call\\nto the members of the Assembly to meet in convention at\\nAmboy. The members responded promptly to the call, and\\nthe Amboy convention appointed Joseph Ogden, the speaker\\nof the Assembly, Hendrick Fisher and Joseph Borden, dele-\\ngates to the congress. These proceedings were denounced\\nby Governor Franklin as being irregular and unconstitu-\\ntional. The measure was, however, defended by the As-\\nsembly at its next session, and heartily aj)proved by the\\npeople.\\n10. The delegates from the colonies assembled in New\\nYork in October, and agreed upon a united memorial to the\\nking and parliament on the subject of the rights and griev-\\nances of the American people. The declaration of rights\\nand the petition for redress were approved by the Assem-\\nblies of the several Provinces, and were transmitted to\\nEngland. Some of the representatives in this congress\\nthought these petitions should be transmitted by the con-\\nvention others believed they should be first submitted to\\n8. How was this circular received in New Jersey\\n9. How did the inhabitants receive tlie act of the Assembly? What\\nwas done in reference thereto? What did Governor Franlclin say of\\ntliese proceedings?\\n10. What action did tlie New Yorlc congress take?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe Assemblies for their action, and that copies should be\\nsent to the king from each colony, with the endorsement\\nof the Assembly. Joseph Ogden, of New Jersey, advo-\\ncated the latter mode, and therefore refused to sign the\\npetitions with the other members of the convention,\\n11. The Assembly of New Jersey met on the 27th of No-\\nvember, at the request of Speaker Ogden and some of the\\nmembers of the house. Ogden s refusal to sign the petitions\\nof the convention was disapproved. He therefore resigned\\nhis seat in the Assembly, and Cortland Skinner was chosen\\nspeaker. The report of the proceedings of the meeting at\\nNew York was laid before the Assembly, and was unani-\\nmously approved. A series of patriotic resolutions was\\nadopted, and the house declared that as the late act of Par-\\nliament was found to be utterly subversive of the rights and\\nprivileges of the people, originally secured by grants and\\nconcessions from the Crown of Great Britain, they considered\\nit a duty to themselves, their constituents and posterity,\\nto leave a record of their resolves upon their journal.\\n12. These resolutions declared that the people were at-\\ntached to the king and his government, and were ever will-\\ning to give them a hearty support, as they had recently in\\nthe wai S against France and Sjiain that the inhabitants\\nof the American colonies were entitled to all the rights and\\nliberties of natural-born subjects within the kingdom of Great\\nBritain that it is inseparably essential to the freedom of\\nthe people and the undoubted rights of Englishmen that no\\ntaxes be imposed on them but with their own consent, given\\npersonally or by their representatives that the people of\\nthis colony cannot be represented in the Parliament of Great\\n11. What did the Assembly of New Jersey do in reference to the\\naction of tlieir delegates in congress How did they receive the pro-\\nceedings of congress? What patriotic declarations were made?\\n12. What did the resolutions of the Assembly declare?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE ASSEMBLY S RESOLUTIONS. 93\\nBritain that the only representatives of the people are per-\\nsons chosen by themselves and that no taxes can be im-\\nposed under the constitution of this Province, granted by his\\nmajesty s predecessors, excejjt by their own Legislature\\nthat all supplies being free gifts, the people of Great\\nBritain cannot grant to his majesty the property of the\\npeople of this colony without their consent that the profits\\nof trade arising from this colony eventually enrich Great\\nBritain that giving unlimited power to Parliament to im-\\npose taxes on the colonies by stamped 2:iaper or otherwise\\nappears to be unconstitutional, contrary to the rights of the\\nsubjects and dangerous in its character that any encum-\\nbrance which in eflEect restrains the liberty of the press in\\nAmerica is an encroachment upon the subject s liberty;\\nthat the extension of the powers of the court of admiralty\\nwithin this Province is a violent innovation of the rights of\\ntrial by jury, which this house holds most dear and invalu-\\nable; that as the tranquillity of this Province hath been in-\\nterrupted through fear of the dreadful consequences of the\\nStamp Act, the officers who continue to administer the affairs\\nof the Province in the accustomed manner are entitled to the\\nsupport of the Legislature. The people were advised to\\npreserve the peace and good order of the government, and to\\nunite their endeavors with the inhabitants of the other colo-\\nnies in efforts to secure the repeal of the Stamp Act.\\n13. William Coxe had been appointed stamp officer for\\nISTew Jersey, to distribute the stamps through the Province.\\nThe law was to take effect on the 1st of November, but early\\nin September, Coxe resigned his office, being unwilling to\\nattempt to perform this obnoxious duty.\\n14. An organization of freemen was established in Connec-\\n13. What is said of the stamp officer and tlie Stamp Act?\\n14. What is said of the Sons of Liberty What did they require\\nthe stamp officers to do", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94 HISTORY OF NEW JEJRSET.\\nticut and New York, and soon extended to New Jersey, called\\nthe Sons of Liberty. Members of this society called on\\nall the stamp officers in the Province and required them to\\nwrite public letters of resignation. In November, a number\\nof the inhabitants of Salem county, learning that John Hat-\\nton had made application to be appointed stamp officer, com-\\npelled him to make a declaration that he would not accept\\nthe office to distribute stamps.\\n15. A ship, bearing stamped paper for New Jersey, Penn-\\nsylvania and Maryland, arrived at Philadelphia on the 5th\\nof October, convoyed by a sloop of war. As these vessels\\nreached Gloucester Point, flags in the harbor were hoisted at\\nhalf-mast, the bells were muffled and every countenance as-\\nsumed the semblance of affliction.\\n16. On the last of October the newspapers were put in\\nmourning for their approaching extinction, for the editors\\nhad resolved to suspend publication rather than use stamped\\npaper. All other business requiring the use of this paper was\\nsuspended.\\n17. The refusal to submit to the Stamp Act caused the\\ntotal suspension of legal proceedings. The members of the\\nbar in New Jersey met about the middle of February, 1766,\\nat New Brunswick, to consider the propriety of continuing\\ntheir practice, but their convention was waited upon by a\\ndelegation of the Sons of Liberty, who declared that the\\npeople were not satisfied with the suspension of law pro-\\nceedings, and recommended the lawyers to resume busi-\\nness. This they resolved to do on the first of the ensuing\\nApril. The Sons of Liberty also called upon the pro-\\n15. How were the stamps brought to the Provinces?\\n16. What is said of the newspapers?\\n17. What efiect had the refusal to obey the Stamp Act on business in\\nthe Province", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS FORMED. 95\\nthonotaries of the several counties and demanded that their\\noffices be reopened for the transaction of business.\\n18. Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the several colonies had\\norganized themselves into protective associations, and had re-\\nsolved not to import or to use imported goods from England,\\nnor to enter into any transactions that would require the use\\nof government stamps. This resolution of the people seri-\\nously aifected English manufacturing and commercial inter-\\nests, and thus secured a powerful party in Great Britain in\\nfavor of the repeal of the Stamp Act. The merchants in\\nLondon and Liverpool, and the manufacturers in Manches-\\nter, finding their trade suddenly cut off, filled the country\\nwith cries against the policy that deranged the whole busi-\\nness of a vast portion of the empire. Under this powerful\\ncombination the pride of the British ministry was broken.\\nA new ministry was organized in March, 1766, and the\\nStamp Act was repealed.\\n19. The repeal was hailed throughout the colonies with\\njoy the people felt that they had escaped a great calamity.\\nThe rejoicings, however, were of short duration. The British\\ngovernment was unwilling to relinquish the hope of drawing a\\nrevenue from the American colonies, and hence new schemes\\nof taxation were soon devised.\\n20. The ministry and Parliament thought the colonists\\nobjected only to the manner and not to the principle of\\ntaxation. They therefore framed a bill in 1767 impos-\\ning a duty on glass, paper and other articles imported.\\nThis w as regarded by the American people as a renewed\\n18. What associations were formed How did these affect the\\nEnglish manufticturers and Englisli commerce? What was the\\nresult?\\n19. How was tlie repeal of the act received\\n20. What new attempt at taxation was made? How was this re-\\nceived in America?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nattempt at taxation without representation. The law, there-\\nfore, met with firm resistance in all the colonies, and the non-\\nimportation pledges were renewed, with disastrous results to\\nBritish trade.\\n21. The Assembly of New Jersey sent an address to the\\nking, dated May 7, 1768. This paper clearly set forth the\\ncondition of the inhabitants of the Province, and defined\\ntheir rights and privileges as English subjects. It declared\\nthat one of the rights vested in the people is the privilege\\nof being exempt from any taxation but such as is imposed\\non them by themselves or by their representatives and this\\nthey estimate so invaluable that they are fully persuaded no\\nother right can exist without it.\\n22. Parliament was finally forced to remodel the law, and\\nin 1770 the duties were abolished on all articles save three-\\npence a pound on tea. The colonists then modified their\\nnon-importation agreements, so as to prohibit only the im-\\nportation of tea.\\n23. In defiance of the determination of the American\\npeople not to use a pound of tea shipped from England as\\nlong as the tax law remained unrepealed, large cargoes were\\nsent to the several colonies by the East India Company,\\nwhose agenis .were authorized to collect the tax and sell the\\ntea. Public meetings were held in every colony, and the\\npeople resolved that the tea should not be sold. In\\nmany places even the landing was refused, and the com-\\nmissioners appointed to receive the cargoes were requested\\nto resign. The people protested against the attempts\\n21. Wliat principle of government was announced by the Assembly\\nin 1768\\n22. How was the tax law modified? What effect had this modifi-\\ncation\\n23. How did the English attempt to force tea upon the American\\npeople? How was this attempt resisted?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "THE ARRIVAL OF THE TEA SHIPS. 97\\nof the Bi itish ministry to force them to receive articles\\nthey did not want and to pay taxes levied without their\\nconsent.\\n24. The tea ships entered the Delaware in the fall of 1773.\\nThey were warned by the pilots not to enter the harbor, as\\nit would be unsafe to attempt to land. The vessels, there-\\nfore returned to England, carrying back their cargoes. In\\nCharleston, South Carolina, the tea was stored away in damp\\ncellars, where it was left to rot and in Boston 342 chests\\nwere broken open on the ships, and the tea was thrown over-\\nboard into the sea.\\n25. Tlie foreign trade of New Jersey was small, and\\ntherefore the action of the people of the Province had less\\neffect upon the commerce of Great Britain than that of the\\nneighboring Provinces. But neither the people of Massa-\\nchusetts in their extremest action, nor the merchants of New\\nYork and Philadelphia in their non-importation resolutions,\\never failed to receive the support and unqualified endorse-\\nment of the people of New Jersey.\\n26. In October, 1769, the Assembly resolved that the\\nthanks of the house be given to the merchants and traders\\nof this colony, and of the colonies of New York and Penn-\\nsylvania, for their patriotic conduct in withholding im-\\nportations of British merchandise until the restrictive acts\\nof Parliament be repealed. Public meetings were held in all\\nparts of the Province, which endorsed these resolutions and\\nexpressed like sentiments in support of the American\\nmerchants.\\n27. On the 8th of February, 1774, the Assembly provided\\n24. How were the tea ships received in the Delaware?\\n25. How did these tax laws affect the people of New .Terse) AVere\\nthey therefore less active in resisting?\\n26. What action did the Assembly take on this snbject? How were\\nthese rt solutions received by the people?\\n1) (i", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfor the appointment of a committee of correspondence and\\ninquiry* to obtain early and authentic intelligence of all the\\nacts and resolutions of the British Parliament, or the proceed-\\nings of the administration that may have any relation to or\\nmay afieet the liberties or privileges of his majesty s subjects\\nin the British colonies in America and to maintain a corre-\\nspondence Avith other colonies respecting these important\\nconsiderations, and to lay their proceedings before the house.\\nThis action was reported to the Assemblies of the other\\nProvinces.\\n28. These proceedings gave great offence to King George\\nand as the Bostonians were most violent in their resentment,\\nthe heaviest stroke of the royal disfavor fell upon that city.\\nThe port of Boston was closed and the custom-house trans-\\nferred to Salem. The Provincial charter of Massachusetts\\nwas revoked, and persons accused of resisting the king s\\nauthority were ordered to be sent to England for trial and\\npunishment. The Boston Port Bill went into operation\\non the first day of June, 1774.\\n29. On that day the committee of correspondence sent a\\nreply to a communication that had been received from Mas-\\nsachusetts. In this was expressed the sympathy of the people\\nof New Jersey with the inhabitants of Boston, and the course\\nof the British ministry was condemned in the strongest terms.\\nPublic meetings were called in different parts of the Prov-\\nince, in which the people resolved to support their suffering\\nJames Kinsey, Stephen Crane, Hendrick Fisher, tSamuel Tucker,\\nJohn Wetherill, Robert Friend Price, .John Hinchman, John Nehelni\\nand Edward Taylor were appointed the committee.\\n27. What important committee was appointed by the Assembly\\n28. How were these proceedings regarded in Great Britain What\\npunishment was inflicted on Boston\\n29. How did the people of New Jersey sympathize with the people\\nof Massachusetts? Where was the first public meeting held?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "A COLONIAL CONGEESS CALLED. 99\\nneighbors of Massachusetts. The first of these meetings took\\nplace on the 6th of June, at Lower Freehoki.\\n30. On the eleventh of the same month a meeting of the\\ncitizens was held at Newark, at which they agreed to address\\nletters to the inhabitants of every county in the Province, re-\\ncommending them to appoint local committees of correspond-\\nence. It was resolved to hold a convention at New Bruns-\\nwick on the 21st of July. Similar action was taken in the\\nother colonies, and it was finally agreed that a colonial con-\\ngress should meet in Philadelphia on the 5th of September,\\n1774.\\n31. Governor Franklin refused to convene the Assembly.\\nThe people therefore resolved to take the matter of a redress\\nof grievances into their own hands. In response to a circular\\nsent out by the Newark meeting, the inhabitants of the sev-\\neral counties elected county delegates, which met in general\\nconvention on the 21st of July, at New Brunswick, and\\nelected delegates to the congress. Seventy-two delegates\\nwere in attendance at this convention. Stephen Crane was\\nchosen chairman, and Jonathan D. Sergeant, clerk. This\\nconvention appointed a general committee of correspond-\\nence for the Province.\\nThis committee consisted of William Peartree Smith, John Chet-\\nwood, Isaac Ogden, Joseph Borden, Robert Field, Isaac Pierson, Isaac\\nSmith, Samuel Tucker, Abraham Hunt and Hendrick Fisher.\\n30. What is said of the meeting at Newark\\n31. What important action was taken by the people?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nThe Bight of Government Assumed by the People\\nPreparations for War.\\nBURXINU TEA AT GREENWICH.\\n1. The first Continental Congress met in Car23enters Hall,\\nPhiladelphia, on the 5th of September, 1774. Delegates\\nwere present from eleven colonies,* and on the 14th those\\nfrom North Carolina appeared and took their seats. New\\nJersey was represented by James Kiusey, William Living-\\nton, John B. Hart, Stephen Crane and Richard Smith. The\\nregular business was begun on the morning of the 7th, after\\nan impressive prayer by Rev. Jacob Duche. Congress re-\\nmained in session until the 26th of October, and the meas-\\nNorth Carolina and Georgia were not represented.\\nChapter X. 1. Where did the first Continental Congress meet?\\nWho represented New Jersey\\n100", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 101\\nures decided upon received the approbation of the American\\npeople.\\n2. The address to the inhabitants of the colonies, coun-\\nseling them to maintain their just riglits at all hazard, and\\nthat to the people of England, asking an impartial judgment\\non their action, and their petition to the king, were written\\nv/ith such marked ability and wisdom, that the great William\\nPitt, Earl of Chatham, said in the House of Lords I\\nmust declare and avow, that for solidity of reasoning, force\\nof sagacity and wisdom of conclusion, under such a com-\\nplication of circumstances, no nation or body of men can\\nstand in preference to the general Congress at Philadel-\\nphia.\\n3. When Congress adjourned, to meet again on the 10th\\nof May, 1775, unless England should sooner consent to re-\\ndress their grievances, the members earnestly hoped that\\nanother meeting would not be necessary but they were\\ndoomed to disappointment. Pride and love of power had\\nmade Great Britain both blind and obstinate. Additional\\nlaws were enacted by Parliament for the punishment of\\nAmerica, and soldiers were sent from England to enforce\\nobedience.\\n4. From New Hampshire to Georgia the people were\\naroused to a true sense of their danger. They accepted the\\nlast resort, and determined to oppose foreign troops with\\nfreemen s steel. Early in September, 1774, the people began\\nto arm, organize and drill. On the morning of the 19th of\\nApril, 1775, on the green at Lexington, Massachusetts, the\\nfirst blood of the Revolution was shed. The report of the\\nskirmish spread rapidly from house to house and from\\n2. What was the character of the addresses issued by Congress?\\n3. How did Congress adjourn\\n4. What is said of the spirit of the people? Where was the first\\nbattle of the Revolution fought?\\n9\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ncolony to colony, until all hearts were inflamed. In a few\\ndays the patriots of New England were in arms, and before\\nthe end of April more than 20,000 men were forming camps\\nand building fortifications around the British army in\\nBoston.\\n5. At daAvn of day, on the 10th of May, Colonel Ethan\\nAllen, at the head of a company of Green Mountain Boys,\\nappeared before Fort Ticonderoga and demanded its sur-\\nrender. The British ofiicer in command, suddenly aroused\\nfrom his sleep, asked, By what authority do you demand\\nit? By the authority of the Great Jehovah and the Con-\\ntinental Congress! said Allen. The fort was surrendered,\\nand two days later Crown Point was captured. The cannon,\\nsmall arms and the large stores of ammunition in these forts\\nwere of vast service to the Americans in the beginning of the\\nwar. The battle of Bunker Hill was fought on the 17th\\nof June following, and thus the war of the Revolution was\\nfully begun.\\n6. On the 10th of May, the very day on which Colonel\\nEthan Allen had captured Ticonderoga, the second Conti-\\nnental Congress assembled in the State House, in Philadel-\\nphia. As their first duty, the representatives sent a most\\nloyal petition to the king and a conciliatory address to the\\npeople of England but at the same time they said to the\\nBritish government, We have counted the cost of this con-\\ntest, and find nothing so dreadful as voluntary slavery.\\nThe presence of a strong foreign force and the blaze of war\\nalready lighting up New England admonished Congress that\\ndelay would be disastrous to the cause of liberty.\\n7. Armed resistance had now become necessary, and Con-\\ngress immediately voted to raise an army of 20,000 men, and\\n5. What other battles were fought\\n6. What is said of the second meeting of Congress?\\n7. Wliat liad become necessary? What preparations were made?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE TEA BURNED. 103\\nappointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Con-\\ntinental forces.\\n8. The people of New Jersey heartily endorsed the ac-\\ntion of Congress, sent contributions to aid the people at\\nBoston, and heartily approved their conduct in resisting the\\nBritish government. On the 16th of November, 1774, a\\nVv_ ssel with a cargo of tea quietly entered the Cohansey creek,\\nand landed at Greenwich, Gloucester county. The tea was\\nstored in a cellar. On the 22d, forty men, disguised as\\nIndians, carried the chests to an adjoining field and burned\\nthem.\\n9. A resolution of Congress recommended that commit-\\ntees of superintendeijce and correspondence should be ap-\\npointed in the counties of the several colonies, to act as a sort\\nof independent governmental authority during the progress\\nof the Revolution.\\n10. England feared the union of the colonies more than\\nanything else, and the governors of the respective Provinces\\nwere instructed to use all their powers to prevent such a\\nunion. Governor Franklin had long refused to call the\\nAssembly together, notwithstanding the people had fre-\\nquently and urgently jietitioned for a session. The first re-\\npresentatives to Congress were therefore appointed by a con-\\nvention of delegates, and not by the Assembly.\\n11. When the Legislature met in January, 1775, the gov-\\nernor delivered an address, in which he reviewed the late\\nalarming transactions in this and neighboring colonies, and\\nendeavored to prevail on the members of the Assembly to\\nseparate themselves from their neighbors, to reject the pro-\\nceedings of Congress and to send a petition to the king for\\n8. What was done in New Jersey? What occurred at Greenwich\\n9. What did Congress recommend?\\n10. What did England fear? AVhat was done to prevent this?\\n11. What course did Goveinor I ranklin adopt?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104 HISTORY OF NEW JEBSEY.\\nredress of grievances. He assured them that such a petition\\nwould be treated with respect by the ministry and the Crown.\\nHe warned them that the opposite course woukl lead to\\nbloodshed, and that all who joined in those proceedings\\nwould be summarily punished. He closed the address by\\nsaying: You have now pointed out to you, gentlemen, two\\nroads one evidently leading to peace, happiness and the\\nrestoration of the public tranquillity the other inevitably\\nconducting you to anarchy and misery and all the horrors of\\na civil war.\\n12. The New Jersey delegation reported the proceedings\\nof Congress to the Assembly on the 11th of January. They\\nwere, notwithstanding the governor s \\\\^arnings, unanimously\\napproved, the Quaker members of the Legislature excepting\\nonly to such parts as seemed to wear the appearance of a\\nresort to arms. The house resolved that the same gentlemen\\nwho had represented the Province in the last Congress should\\ncontinue to represent it until otherwise ordered.\\n13. The representatives of the people reproved the gov-\\nernor for having neglected to call a meeting of the Assembly\\nat a much earlier date, and reminded him that much incon-\\nvenience to the people might have been thus prevented.\\nThey assured him that they would not give their approbation\\nto measures destructive to the welfare of their constituents\\nthat they would do all in their power to preserve the excel-\\nlent form of government under which they at present lived\\nand that they intended neither to usurp the rights of others,\\nnor to suffer any rights vested in them by the constitution to\\nbe wrested out of their hands by any person or persons what-\\nsoever.\\n14. The Assembly s answer to the governor s address\\n12. How did tlie Assembly receive the proceedings of Congress\\n13. How did the Assembly reply to the governor s message?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "PETITION AND ADDRESS TO THE KING. 105\\nclosed by saying: We sincerely lament the unhappy differ-\\nences which at present subsist between Great Britain and the\\ncolonies. We shall heartily rejoice to see the time when\\nthey shall subside, or exist consistently with the rights and\\ninterests of both, which we ardently hope is not far off; and\\nthough we cannot conceive how a separate petition of one\\ncolony is more likely to succeed than the united petition of\\nall, yet in order to show our desire to promote such a pur-\\npose by every px oper means, we shall make use of the means\\npointed out by your excellency, in the hope that it will meet\\nthat attention that you are pleased to assure us will be paid\\nto the representatives of the people.\\n15. The tone of the governor s reply to the Assembly was\\nin good temper, and clearly showed that his excellency had\\ndiscovered that the people were resolved on full redress\\nthat they had counted the cost of the contest and had re-\\nsolved to endure all in defence of their personal rights and\\nliberties.\\n16. The house adopted a petition to the king, which re-\\ncited the whole catalogue of the grievances, and prayed that\\nthe redress promised from his majesty by the governor might\\nbe speedily granted. But inasmuch as the Assembly had\\nalready ratified the proceedings of Congress, this petition,\\nwith similar documents from other colonies, received but\\nlittle consideration.\\n17. The houses of Parliament joined in an address to the\\nking, declaring that there was an open rebellion in Massa-\\nchusetts, and called upon the ministry to suppress it promptly\\nby force of arms. A proposition was made by Lord North,\\nwhich proposed full pardon to any colony whose General\\n14. How did this address close?\\n15. What did the governor s reply show?\\n16. What is said of the petition to the king?\\n17. What was done in England", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "106 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nAssembly Avould make provision for the support of civil\\ngovernment and the administration of justice within its own\\nterritory; and gave assurances that Parliament would not\\ntax the people so long as such provision should be made.\\nThe object of this proposition was to work a division of the\\nAmerican colonies.\\n18. Governor Franklin convened the members of the As-\\nsembly at Burlington on the 15th of May, 1775, for the\\npurpose of laying before them this proposition. The Assem-\\nbly replied that inasmuch as Congress was now deliberating\\non the situation of affairs, it would be inexpedient to con-\\nsider the proposition at that time, and that they would\\nabide by the determination of Congress. They afterward\\ntook up the resolution of the House of Commons, and de-\\nclared that it contained no new proposition for a redress of\\ngrievances.\\n19. The New Jersey committee of correspondence ap-\\npointed by the convention met at Newark on the 2d of May,\\n1775, and directed the chairman to call a second Provincial\\nconvention, to meet at Trenton on the 23d of May, to con-\\nsider the affairs of the Province. This convention met at the\\ntime and place appointed. Hendrick Fisher was chosen pre-\\nsident; Samuel Tucker and Jonathan D. Sergeant, secre-\\ntaries William Patterson and Frederick Frelinghuysen,*\\nassistant-secretaries.\\nFrederick Frelinghuysen was born in Somerset county, April 13,\\n1753. He was the son and grandson of distinguished clergymen, re-\\nceived a liberal education in the law, and an early training that fully\\nprepared him to act a conspicuous part in the struggle for American\\nindependence. In 1775, at the age of 22 years, he was chosen a repre-\\nsentative to the Continental Congress. He resigned his seat in 1777,\\n18. What action did the Assembly take on the resolutions of Parlia-\\nment?\\n19. What new convention was called?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "PROVINCIAL CONGRESS OF NEW JERSEY. 107\\n20. The delegates declared that inasmuch as they were the\\nrepresentatives of a Christian community, it became them to\\nlook to that all-powerful Being by whose providence all\\nhuman events are guided, humbly imploring his divine favor.\\nIt was therefore ordered that the president should invite the\\nministers of the gospel in the town to open the proceedings\\nevery morning with prayer.\\n21. The convention, under the title The Provincial\\nCongress of New Jersey, assumed the full authority of all\\nthe branches of the government. This Congress, though\\nprofessing profound veneration for the family and jDerson\\nof George III., resolved to provide for the defence of the\\nProvince against invasion by foreign troops. On the 25th\\nof May a written message was sent to the Continental Con-\\ngress, then in session at Philadelphia, declaring that the\\nProvincial Congress of New Jersey was convened with dis-\\nposition most heartily to concur, to the utmost of their abili-\\nties, in the common cause of America, but that they did not\\ndeem it advisable to enter into any measures of consequence\\nuntil some general plan had been adopted by the general\\nCongress.\\nbecause lie thought himself too young and inexperienced to assume so\\ngreat responsibilities, and because he believed he could better serve the\\ncause in another position. He was appointed captain of an artillery\\ncorps, was in the battles of Trenton and Monmoutii, and as colonel of\\nmilitia in Sonurset county rendered good service to the State. At the\\nclose of the war he successively filled important county offices, and in\\n1793 was chosen a United States Senator. He died on the 13th of\\nApril, 1804. The epitaph inscribed on his tomb appropriately says:\\nHe was beloved by his country. From his youth he was entrusted\\nwith her most important concerns. Until his death he never disap-\\n(lointed her hopes. At the bar he was eloquent, in the Senate he was\\nwise, in the field he was brave.\\n20. What occurred at the opening of this convention?\\n21. What action did the convention take?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n22. The ansAvcr to this message, received on the 30th of\\nMay, was that Congress was not then prepared to give any\\nadvice upon the state of the Province, but that due attention\\nwould be given to the requests contained in the message.\\n23. The New Jersey Congress adopted a form of associa-\\ntion to be signed by the inhabitants of every township in the\\nProvince. It was in the nature of a pledge, in which the\\nsigners, after reciting the hostilities and cruelties of the\\nBritish ministry against Massachusetts Bay and other colo-\\nnies, declared that, with hearts abhorring slavery, and\\nardently wishing for reconciliation with our parent state on\\nconstitutional principles, we solemnly associate and resolve,\\nunder the sacred ties of virtue, honor and love to our coun-\\ntry, that we will jiersonally and, so far as our influence ex-\\ntends, endeavor to support and carry into execution whatever\\nmeasures may be recommended by the Continental and our\\nProvincial Congress for defending our constitution and pre-\\nserving the same inviolate.\\n24. The organization of the military force was now the\\nfirst subject of importance, and received due attention from\\nthe Provincial Congress. Instructions were issued for the\\norganization of one or more companies of 80 men each in\\nevery township or corporation, the companies to be under the\\ncontrol of the respective committees, and to have power to\\nelect their commissioned officers. The inhabitants of Morris,\\nSussex and Somerset counties had already organized com-\\npanies of minutemen, pledged to march to any point in the\\ncountry whenever called on. The Provincial Congress ap-\\nproved of this conduct, and passed a vote of thanks to the\\ninhabitants of these counties. After passing an act to raise\\n22. How did Congress reply to this message?\\n23. What form of association was adopted\\n24. How was the military force organized? To whom was the ad-\\nministration of aliiiirs entnistod", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "QUOTA OF TUOOFS. 109\\na fund of \u00c2\u00a33000 by taxation, the Congress entrusted the ad-\\nministration of affairs to a committee of three of its members,\\nand adjourned on the 3d of June.\\n25. The Provincial Congress of New Jersey reassembled\\non the 5th of August, 1775, and immediately provided fur-\\nther means for the collection of taxes and the organization\\nof the militia. It directed that 54 companies, each of\\n64 minutemen, should be organized, assigning a propor-\\ntionate number to each county, and authorizing the county\\ncommittees to select officers for these troops. The minute-\\nmen adopted the following pledge: We, the subscribers, do\\nvoluntarily enlist ourselves as minutemen, and do promise\\nto hold ourselves in constant readiness, on the shortest notice,\\nto march to any place where our assistance may be required\\nfor the defence of this and any neighboring colony, as also to\\npay due obedience to the commands of our officers, agreeably\\nto the rules and orders of the Continental Congress or the\\nProvincial Congress of New Jersey, or, during its recess, to\\nthe orders of the committee of safety. These troops were\\norganized into ten battalions. In Bergen, Essex, Middlesex,\\nMonmouth, Somerset, Morris, Sussex, Hunterdon and Bur-\\nlington, one each. In Gloucester and Salem, one. Cumber-\\nland and Cape May counties had large companies of inde-\\npendent light infantry and rangers already organized. Phil-\\nemon Dickinson and William Livingston were appointed\\nbrigadier-generals to command these troops.\\n26. The Quakers, and other persons whose i-eligious j^rinci-\\nples did not allow them to bear arms, were advised by Con-\\ngress to contribute the more liberally to the relief of their\\ndistressed brethren, and to do all other services to their op-\\n25. When did the Provincial Congress again meet? What was done\\nat tliat ses-sion What is said of the minutemen How were the\\ntroops organized\\n20. Wliat were non-combatants advised to do?\\nin", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\npressed country that was consistent with their religious pro-\\nfessions.\\n27. In order to perpetuate its authority, the Provincial\\nCongress at this session provided for the election of members\\nto that body, annually on the third Thursday of September,\\nand declared that Congress should assemble every year on\\nthe 3d of October until the termination of the struggle with\\nGreat Britain. It also provided for the election of members\\nof the county committees of observation and correspond-\\nence annually, on the second Tuesday of March. These\\ncommittees were now clothed with full administrative author-\\nity in their respective counties. Congress appointed Jona-\\nthan D. Sergeant treasurer, organized a committee of\\nsafety to exercise executive power during the recess, and\\nthen adjourned to the 20th of September. At the Septem-\\nber session no important measures were adopted. The new\\nCongress elected in this month convened in October. During\\nits session the military regulations were extended and per-\\nfected, and a committee of safety was appointed.\\n28. A special session of the Provincial Congress was called\\nto meet at New Brunswick on the 31st of January, 1776, to\\nconsider several communications from the Continental Con-\\ngress relative to the raising of additional troops and the\\nestablishment of a court of admiralty. This Congress pro-\\nvided for the erection of forts at Perth Amboy to defend the\\ncolony from the British fleet in the bay of New York, and\\nat Swedesboro to resist an invasion from the Delaware.\\nThe Continental Congress contributed twelve pieces of small\\ncannon and the maintenance for two companies of military\\nto equip and man these forts.\\n29. An act was passed at this session requiring all persons\\n27. What provision did tlie Provincial Congress make to carry on\\nthe government\\n28. What further provision for defence was made?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "PREPARING FOR WAR. Ill\\nto join the general association of the township, and pro-\\nviding that those whose religious principles would not allow\\nthem to bear arms should prefix the following pledge to their\\nsignature I agree to the above association as far as the\\nsame is consistent with my religious principles. All persons\\nrefusing to sign this modified form were to be disarmed, and\\nwee required to give security for their peaceable conduct.\\nThe county committees were authorized to arrest all persons\\nwho refused to comply with this act. A premium was offered\\nfor the manufacture of nitre and common salt and soldiers\\nenlisted in the service of the United Colonies were granted\\nexemption from execution for small debts. On the 6th of\\nFebruary, William Livingston, John de Hart, Richard Smith,\\nJohn Cooper and Jonathan D. Sergeant were appointed dele-\\ngates to the Continental Congress.\\n30. The Provincial Congress changed the time of the\\nannual election to the fourth Monday of May, and extended\\nthe right to vote to all persons of full age who had signed\\nthe general association, had resided in the colony for one\\nyear, and who were worth \u00c2\u00a350 in personal estate.\\n31. Governor Franklin convened the Legislature on the\\n16th of November, 1775. No important business was trans-\\nacted, and on the 6th of December the Assembly was pro-\\nrogued by the govei uor to meet on the 3d of January, 1776,\\nbut it never reassembled, and this was the end of Provincial\\nlegislation in New Jersey under royal authority.\\n32. Notwithstanding these preparations for war, the people\\nawaited with anxious hope the king s answer to the last peti-\\n29. What were the inliabitants required to do What was done to\\nencourage enlistment?\\n30. What changes were made in the laws of the Province\\n31. What is said of the end of royal legislation\\n32. What was done in England? How was this declaration of war\\nreceived in America?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntion of Congress for justice and reconciliation. The earnest\\nprayer of the oppressed subjects was spui-ned from the\\nthrone, the inhabitants of the colonies were declared to be\\nrebels, and orders were given for the seizure and confisca-\\ntion of their property. A land and naval force of 55,000\\nmen Avas voted for the king s service against the colonists\\nand in addition to these, 17,000 troops were hired from Hesse\\nCassel, in Germany, to join the British army in America.\\nThus the sword was drawn on both sides, and the American\\npatriots were compelled to fight their way up to national in-\\ndependence, or ignominiously surrender to a despotism that\\nwould speedily reduce them to slavery. They nobly accepted\\nthe challenge, and with liberty or death for their battle-\\ncry, resolved to defend their rights as freemen or perish in\\nthe attempt.\\n33. Intelligence of the determination of the British gov-\\nernment to subjugate the colonies was received in America in\\nJanuary, 1776. The whole country was roused to greater\\nactivity by the king s proclamation of war. The army was\\nincreased, the seaports were fortified, and Washington, who\\nhad surrounded Boston on the land side by the Continental\\narmy, prepared to force the British troops from the town.\\nHis efforts were crowned with success, and on the 17th of\\nMarch the enemy evacuated their forts and sailed away to\\nHalifax. Meanwhile the organized companies in every Prov-\\nince had marched to the seaports and made preparations to\\noppose the landing of foreign troojDS.\\n34. During the whole time of the bitter controversy that\\npreceded the clash of arms the people professed the most un-\\nceasing loyalty to the British Crown but now the grand idea\\nof an independent nation began to force itself upon the popu-\\n33. What effect had the king s prochimation\\n34. What important movement was inaugurated? In wiiat did it\\nresult?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "BRITISH FLAGS BURNED. 113\\nlar mind, and every heart was filled with the desire for a\\ngovei-nment that should be beyond the control of the power\\nthat oppressed the people. The voice of every Provincial\\nAssembly was soon heard in favor of independence, and on\\nthe iPth of May, Congress, then sitting in perpetual session\\nin Philadelphia, recommended the formation of State govern-\\nments in all the colonies that should be independent of royal\\nauthority. Less than two months later, about noon on the\\n4th of July, the representatives of the people unanimously\\ndeclared the thirteen colonies free and independent States, to\\nbe called the United States of America.\\n35. Four days after this action had taken place, the com-\\nmittee of safety and that of inspection marched in procession\\nto the State House in Philadelphia, where the Declaration\\nof Independence was read to the battalions of volunteers and\\na vast concourse of citizens. The British flags were then\\ntaken down and removed from the court-rooms, and were\\nburned, amid the shoutings of the people, while the church\\nbells were ringing and the peals from the State House bell\\nproclaimed liberty throughout the land. The building within\\nand around whose walls these scenes were enacted was after-\\nward called Independence Hall. The members from New\\nJersey in this historic Congress were Richard Stockton,\\nAbraham Clarke, John Hart, Francis Hopkinson and John\\nWitherspoon, elected on the 21st of June.\\n35. How was the Declaration of Independence published?\\n10* H", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nThe Declaration of Independence The New Government.\\n^--^^JUJ/,\\nigis*\\nlis\\nARRLbT tF GOVERNOR FR4\\\\KLIN\\n1. It was now 159 years after the time when the first set-\\ntlement had been made in New Jersey. The government\\nof the Province was 112 years okh The proprietary author-\\nity had ruled from the organization of the Province to 1702\\nand the royal government, under which governors were ap-\\npointed by the Crown, had administered the public affairs 74\\nyears.\\n2. Though the Provincial Congress of New Jersey had to\\na great extent assumed the control of public affairs in the\\nProvince, it had not renounced the royal authority. The\\nChapter XI. 1. How old was the Province of New Jersey at the\\nbeginning of th^ Revohitionary War?\\n2. Wliat important change was made in the government? What is\\nsaid of the adoption of the new constitntion\\n114", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE STATE DECLARED INDEPENDENT. 115\\nnew Congress, elected on the fourth Monday in May, 1776,\\nconvened at Burlington on the 10th of June. Petitions were\\nsent in from all parts of the Province, urging the representa-\\ntives to organize a new government, in accordance with the\\nrecommendations of the Continental Congress made on the\\n15th of May. On the 24th of June a committee was ap-\\npointed to draft a constitution. This committee, after two\\ndays deliberations, reported the form of a constitution, which\\nwas briefly considered, and was adopted on the second day\\nof July. New Jersey was, however, not yet disposed to\\nabandon all hopes of reconciliation with the Crown, and\\ntherefore provided in the last article of this constitution that\\nthe instrument should become void whenever the king should\\ngrant a full redress of grievances, and agree to administer\\nthe government of New Jersey in accordance with the consti-\\ntution of England and the rights of British subjects. But,\\non the 18th of July, 1778, the Provincial Congress assumed\\nthe title of The Convention of the State of New Jersey,\\ndeclared the State to be independent of royal authority, and\\ndirected that all ofl[icial papers, acts of Assembly and other\\npublic documents should be made in the name and by the\\nauthority of the State.\\n3. Though New Jersey left open the way for a return to\\nthe protection of the Crown, it cannot be rightly inferred\\nthat the people or the representatives were timid, or hesitated\\nto engage in the contest before them. The Province had\\nfelt the hand of the oppressor in a smaller degree than any\\nof its neighbors. It had no ships and no foreign commerce,\\nand it therefore would have suffered comparatively little\\nfrom the proposed taxation which had been so stoutly resisted\\nthroughout all the colonies. Nevertheless, the people kept\\npace with the foremost in the adoption of measures to resist\\n3. What is said of the spirit of the people? Of the last clause of the\\nconstitution", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe encroachments of the British ministry. The delegates to\\nCongress chosen on the 21st of June, just before the appoint-\\nment of the committee to draft the new constitution, were in-\\nstructed to unite with the other colonies in a declaration of\\nindependence from Great Britain. Moreover, the last clause\\nof the constitution, and the only part in it which seemed to\\nindicate fear, had been adopted when but few members of the\\nProvincial Congress were present and it was declared that\\nhad the house given a full vote that clause would have been\\nrejected.\\n4. After the adoption of the constitution, the State conven-\\ntion, which was in fact the State Legislature, proceeded to\\nenact laws to provide for the thorough organization of the\\ngovernment in every county. The time for the State election\\nwas fixed for the second Tuesday in August. Every voter or\\npublic officer was required to take an oath or affirmation that\\nhe did not hold himself bound to bear allegiance to George\\nIII. of Great Britain, and would not by any means, directly\\nor indirectly, oppose the measures adopted by the State or\\nContinental Congress but that he would bear true allegiance\\nto the government established under the authority of the\\npeople.\\n5. In the south-eastern part of New York and in the\\nnorthern part of New Jersey, where the king s government\\nhad the most influence, a very considerable portion of the\\npopulation adhered to the Crown. The people divided them-\\nselves into two parties. Those who espoused the American\\ncause were called Whigs, and those who adhered to the\\nBritish government were named Tories. The Tories in\\nthe upper part of the State were quite numerous, wealthy\\nand active. They were the friends and relatives of influen-\\n4. Wiiat did the State Convention do?\\n5. How were tlie people divided on tiie question of independence?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "THE EFFECTS OF WAR. 117\\ntial families in England, and exercised a very dangerous in-\\nfluence on the new government.\\n6. Throughout the war for independence, New Jersey was\\na frontier State, and was exposed to all the miseries of a\\nborder warfare. Never wholly without an army within\\nits boundaries, several times completely overrun by the\\nenomy, and often made the camping-ground for both the\\nBritish and the Continental armies, the losses to its people\\nwere great and the privations and distress severe.\\n7. During the period of resistance to British taxation there\\nwas great unanimity throughout the Province. All persons\\nunited in the defence of personal liberty and opposition to the\\nassumptions of the ministry. But after that period had been\\npassed, and the question of independence was submitted an 1\\nwar threatened, dissensions and divisions sprang up in almost\\nevery county. The royal officers, their friends and relatives\\nwho lived on royal patronage, opposed the overthrow of the\\nroyal authority. The Quakers, who were opposed to war,\\nwere also strongly attached to the parent state and to their\\nchurches and family connexions in England. They shrank\\nfrom the idea of a conflict of arms, and labored to maintain\\ntheir rights by peaceful persuasion. The great body of\\nthe people, however, led by bold, daring, liberty-loving\\nspirits, were not only ready for the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence, but were prepared to pledge their lives, their\\nproperty and their sacred honor in defence of the new\\ngovernment.\\n8. At the head of the opposition was Governor Franklin.\\nBut the torrent of public sentiment that swept around him\\n6. Wliat was the position of New Jersey\\n7. What effect had the Declaration of Independence and the threat\\nof war on the people\\n8. Who led the opposition to the new government? What is said\\nof the administration of royal authority in the State?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand over the Province was so strong that he was unable to\\nresist or to turn its course. He was therefore compelled to\\nbe an idle spectator whilst his powers were completely swept\\naway. Even before the establishment of the new govern-\\nment the executive authority had passed, by the voice of the\\npeople, into the hands of the delegates in the convention, and\\nall power derived from royal authority was suspended. And\\nfinally, when he issued a proclamation on the 30th of May,\\n1776, summoning the members of the Legislature to meet,\\nthe Provincial Congress, which was then in session, passed a\\nresolution declaring that the proclamation of William Frank-\\nlin, late governor, ought not to be obeyed.\\n9. Soon after this. Congress declared him to be an enemy\\nto the liberties of the country, ordered his salary to be dis-\\ncontinued, and that the treasurer of the Province should\\naccount only to the Provincial Congress or to the future\\nLegislature. An order was issued to Colonel Nathaniel\\nHeard, who commanded the Middlesex county militia,\\ndirecting him to arrest Mr. Franklin, and to take his\\nparole in writing that he would not attempt to exercise\\nany special authority in the Province and that if he\\nshould refuse to sign the parole, to put him under strong\\nguard and keep him in close custody until further orders.\\n10. He refused to sign the parole prescribed by the Pro-\\nvincial Congress. Colonel Heard therefore surrounded his\\nhouse with a guard of 60 men, and despatched a messenger\\nto the Congress asking for further instructions. He was\\ncommanded to bring the late governor to Burlington. The\\nProvincial Congress sent a report of the arrest of Governor\\nFranklin to the Continental Congress in Philadeljjhia, and\\nasked in what manner he should be dealt with, recommend-\\n9. How was Governor Franklin treated?\\n10. Wliat is said of the arrest of Governor Franklin", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "GOVERNOR FRANKLIN. 119\\ning at the same time that he shoukl be removed to some\\nother Province. The Continental Congress directed that the\\ngovernor be examined, and if, in the opinion of the Provin-\\ncial authorities, it is necessary that he should be confined,\\nthen the Continental Congress will direct in what manner\\nand place he shall be imprisoned.\\n1 1. Franklin was arraigned before the Provincial Congress\\non the 21st of June but he refused to answer any questions\\nput to him, and denied the authority of that body over him,\\nand denounced it for having usurped the king s authority in\\nthe Province. He was thereupon ordered into close confine-\\nment, under a guard commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel\\nBowes Read. On the 25th of June an order was received\\nfrom the Continental Congress, directing that Franklin\\nshould be sent under guard to Governor Trumbull of Con-\\nnecticut, who was requested to take his parole. Immedi-\\nately after his release, Franklin sailed for England.\\n12. The public policy of the new government toAvard that\\npart of the population which remained loyal to England\\nwas at first very lenient. In January, 1776, a resolution\\nWilliam Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, was born in Phila-\\ndelphia in 17.31. He was a captain in the French war, accompanied\\nhis father to England, and was appointed governor of New Jersev in\\n1763. He remained loyal to the British government, and was a con-\\nspicuons enemy to American independence. There was no intercourse\\nbetween him and his father during the whole of the Revolutionary\\nstruggle. The governor proposed a reconciliation with his father in a\\nletter dated July 22, 1784. His father replied: Nothing has ever\\nhurt me so much and affected me with such keen sensations as to find\\nmyself deserted in my old age by my only son and not only deserted,\\nbut to find him taking up arms against me in a cause wherein my good\\nfame, fortune and life were all at a stake. Governor Franklin died in\\nEngland, November 17, 1813.\\n11. How was he finally disposed of?\\n12. What is said of the treatment of Tories?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwas passed by the Provincial Congress recommending the\\nseveral township and county committees and other friends of\\nAmerican liberty to explain to the honest and misguided\\ncitizens the true nature of the controversy how the people\\nhad struggled to adjust their differences with Great Britain,\\nhow their petitions had been rejected, and how a redress of\\ngrievances had been refused and that only when resistance\\nto a determination on the part of Great Britain to force these\\nobnoxious laws upon the people became necessary did the\\nleaders of the independence party resolve upon establishing\\nan independent government. The committeemen Avere in-\\nstructed, however, to proceed with vigor against any active\\npartisans whose conduct injured the jieace of the community.\\nThese were disarmed, and either bound by sufficient sureties\\nto keep the peace, or, in default of this, were taken into\\ncustody.\\n13. On Long Island and in the north-eastern parts of\\nNew Jersey the enemies of independence were sufficiently\\nstrong to organize and boldly declare their determination\\nto aid the British troops in their efforts to subjugate\\nthe people. When General Howe entered the Province\\nof New York and Lord Cornwallis came to New Jersey at\\nthe heads of their respective armies, they were received with\\nopen arms by the Tories. These officers issued proclama-\\ntions offering protection to all w ho would take the oath of\\nallegiance to Great Britain within sixty days, and assuring\\nthe people that the obnoxious laws wdiich had occasioned the\\nwar would be revised.\\n14. These proclamations and the presence of a large body\\nof British troops almost extinguished the American party in\\nthis part of the State. A few companies of militia, com-\\nmanded by General Wilson, and afterward by General Dick-\\n13. What is said of the conduct of the Tories?\\n14. What efibct liad the presence of the enemy on the people?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "TORY ASSOCIATIONS. 121\\ninson, were almost the only force that opposed the enemy.\\nThe majority of the inhabitants were either in full sympathy\\nwith the enemy, or had too little interest in the cause of\\nAmerican independence to risk either their lives or their\\nproperty in its support. When called upon by the earnest\\npatriots to take up arms against the invaders, many of them\\nreplied that General Howe promises peace, liberty and\\nsafety more than this we could not desire.\\n15. Associations were formed in the counties adjoining\\nNew York and within the influence of the British officers,\\nwhose members pledged themselves not to pay any taxes\\nlevied by order of the Provincial Congress, nor to purchase\\nany forfeited goods that should be sold under the authority\\nof the new government. The manifestation of this spirit of\\ndisloyalty to the State and the presence of the British army\\nmade it necessary to adopt more stringent measures to main-\\ntain the authority of the government. The county and\\ntown committees were instructed to enforce the resolves of\\nthe Provincial Congress, and to arrest all who were found in\\nactive sympathy with the enemy. These instructions were\\npromptly obeyed by the militia in the several counties, and\\nmany of the principal Tories were brought before the com-\\nmittee of safety. Many of the prisoners confessed their\\nfaults and asked for pardon. Most of these were dismissed\\nunpunished or .upon the payment of a small fine. This\\ncourse, however, was not severe enough to suppress the\\npower of the Tories. Armed insurrections broke out in\\nMonmouth county, which were quelled by the militia under\\nauthority from the Provincial Congress.\\n16. When the State government was organized under the\\nnew constitution, the Legislature enacted laws for the arrest\\n15. What organizations were formed near New Yorlv What in-\\nstructions were sent to the committees? How were tiicse enforced?\\n16. What laws were passed by llic Lcgishitare\\n11", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "122 HISTORY OF JSTEW JERSEY.\\nand punishment of all persons who opposed its author-\\nity, and declared that any citizen who should, by speech,\\nwriting or open deed, maintain the authority of the king and\\nParliament of Great Britain should be subjected for the\\nfirst offence to a fine not exceeding \u00c2\u00a3800 and imprisonment\\nnot to exceed one year. For the second, to the pillory and\\nthe like imprisonment. That reviling or speaking con-\\ntemptuously of the government of the State, of the Congress\\nof the United States of America, or of the measures adopted\\nby the Congress or by the Legislature of the State, or malici-\\nously doing anything whatever Avhich would encourage dis-\\naffection or tend to raise tumults and disorders, or to alienate\\nthe affections of the people from the government, or to ter-\\nrify or discourage the subjects of the State, should be pun-\\nished in the same manner.\\n17. This act was at the time considered severe, but it\\nwas soon followed by still more stringent measures. On the\\n5th of June, 1777, an act was passed providing for the con-\\nfiscation of the property of all citizens who joined the enemies\\nof the State. In the following year the act was so amended\\nas to make it the duty of the county commissioners to seize\\nthe property of all persons who had gone within the lines of\\nthe British army, or who had in any way given aid or com-\\nfort to the enemy and the tenants on all lands owned by the\\nenemies of the State were required to pay the rents to the\\ncounty commissioners.\\n18. During the greater part of the war the Tory refugees\\nfrom New Jersey maintained an organization on Staten\\nIsland under the protection of the British army, and when-\\never opportunity offered, they made raids into the northern\\ncounties of the State. Their hostility was far more ma-\\nlignant than that of the British soldiers. They frequently\\n17. Wliat other measures were adopted?\\n18. Wliat is said of the Tory organization on Staten Island", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "WHIGS AND TORIES. 123\\ninflicted the most savage cruelties upon their former neighbors.\\nThey were intimately acquainted with the country, and could\\nsuddenly enter an unprotected community, and after treating\\nthe inhabitants in the most barbarous manner, suddenly re-\\ntreat to their place of safety on the New York islands.\\n19. The people of the northern counties organized inde-\\npendent companies to meet these Tory invaders, and the\\nconflicts which occurred between these parties were among\\nthe fiercest ever witnessed on this continent. Many a tale\\nof heroic daring and of fearless devotion to the cause of lib-\\nerty is told of these banded patriots, who loved their homes\\nand liberty more than their lives. The cedar swamps and\\nthe pine forests on the north-eastern borders of this State wit-\\nnessed many scenes of sacrifice, of suffering and of death in\\nthe cause of American independence that are unsurpassed in\\nthe annals of our country.\\n19. What is said of the conflicts with these marauders?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nThe Revolutionary War Campaign of 177G The State\\nOverrun by the Enemy.\\nWASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE.\\n1. The British army, commanded by General Howe,\\narrived in New York harbor early in the month of July,\\n1776, and encamped on Staten Island. Admiral Lord Howe\\nsoon arrived from England Avith a fleet and a large body of\\ntroops. On the 22d of August the enemy entei cd Long\\nIsland, which was held by the American forces under Major-\\nGeneral Greene. Several days were spent in manoeuvring\\nand in skirmishing. On the 27th and 28th a severe battle\\nwas fought, in which General Sullivan commanded the\\nChapter XII. 1. When did the British army arrive in New York?\\nWiiat battle was fought\\n124", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "THE BRITISH OCCUPY NEW YORK. 125\\nAmerican troops. His army was overwhelmed by the supe-\\nrior numbers of the enemy, and suffered great loss. In the\\nmidst of a heavy rain, on the dark and stormy night of the\\n28th, the remnant of the Continental army withdrew to\\nManhattan Island and joined the main army under General\\nWashington.\\nThe British army soon entered New York, forcing\\nGeneral Washington to withdraw to the Highlands on the\\neast bank of the Hudson. Nearly three months were spent\\nhere by the British generals in their endeavors to draw\\nGeneral Washington into battle upon such disadvantageous\\nground as would enable them to wholly crush the American\\narmy. This, however, Washington Avisely avoided, and\\nso baffled the royal generals that they finally abandoned\\ntheir efforts and retired to Manhattan Island. The Ameri-\\ncans still held Fort Washington on that island, and opposite,\\non the New Jersey bank of the Hudson, was Fort Lee. Both\\nof these posts were under the command of General Greene.\\n3. Washington discovered that it was the intention of the\\nenemy to cross the Hudson to invade the State of New Jersey.\\nHe cautioned General Greene to keep a strict watch upon the\\nmovements of Howe, and to defeat any attempts on his part\\nto invest Fort Lee and make the garrison prisoners. Wash-\\nington also wrote to Governor Livingston, apprising him of\\nthe contemplated movements of the enemy, and asked him to\\nhold the militia force of New Jersey in readiness to join the\\nContinental army, and to make all possible resistance to the\\nadvance of the enemy.\\n4. On the 13th of November, General Washington crossed\\nthe Hudson w^ith the best part of his army, leaving the East-\\nern regiments under the command of General Lee, with orders\\n2. What movements were made by the armies\\n3. What instructions did Wasliington issue?\\n4. When did Washington s army enter New Jersey?\\n11", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nto follow the comniandcr-in-chief sliould General Howe effect\\na crossing. Orders were given to General Greene to hold Fort\\nWashington and Fort Lee as long as it should seena to him\\nadvisable. Fort Washington was surrounded by General\\nHowe s army, and after a severe engagement, on the 16th of\\nNovember, the whole garrison was surrendered prisoners of\\nwar.\\n5. The captui e of this fort induced the evacuation of Fort\\nLee, and the removal of all the military stores to the interior\\nof New Jersey was immediately commenced. On the 19th\\nof November, before all the stores could be removed from\\nFort Lee, a detachment of the enemy, commanded by Lord\\nCornwallis and numbering about 6000 men, crossed the Hud-\\nson river below Dobbs Ferry, and by a rapid march, at-\\ntempted to enclose the garrison of Fort Lee between the\\nHudson and the Hackensack rivers. General Greene, how-\\never, had closely watched the movements of the enemy, and\\nrapidly withdrew his forces across the Hackensack, but\\nthe heavy cannon and many of the stores at the fort were\\nlost.\\n6. The whole of that portion of the army under Washing-\\nton which had crossed the Hudson was now posted along the\\nwestern bank of the Hackensack rivei This little band of\\npatriots numbered only 3000 effective men, while in their\\nfront and on the banks of the Hudson the enemy numbered\\nnearly 12,000. With such heavy odds against him, Wash-\\nington saw the necessity of withdrawing his army from be-\\ntween the Hackensack and the Passaic to a less dangerous\\nposition. There was no hope for immediate reinforcements,\\nand the militiamen of New Jersey could do little more than\\nkeep their Tory neighbors in subjection.\\n7. Washington made every possible exertion to concen-\\n5. Where and when did tlie British enter the State\\n6. What was the strengtli and position of Wasliingfon s army?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "MOVEMENTS OF THE AMERICANS. 127\\ntrate the forces of the Continental army in front of the\\nenemy. General Schuyler was ordered to hasten from Lake\\nChamplain with the Pennsylvania and New Jersey troops.\\nGeneral Lee was ordered to cross the Hudson immediately,\\nand to hold himself in readiness to join the commander-in-\\nchief Unfortunately, however, nearly all of General Schuy-\\nler s army, and a great part of the troops in General Lee s\\ndivision, had enlisted in the fall of 1775 for one year, and\\ntheir term of service, therefore, had nearly expired. The\\narmy was daily melting away, and a total dissolution of the\\nContinental regiments stared the commanding general in the\\nface. General Mercer, who commanded the flying camp at\\nBergen, was called upon to join Washington s army, but the\\ntime of service of his men expired on the 1st of December,\\nand his troops were therefore unavailable.\\n8. Notwithstanding all these disadvantages, Washington\\nstill preserved a show of resistance, with a view of covering\\nthe few stores which still remained to be removed to the in-\\nterior. With the brigades commanded by Beal, Heard and\\nErwin, Washington crossed the bridge at Acquackanonck\\nand took post at Newark, on the south bank of the Passaic.\\nThe British army closely followed the retreat of the Ameri-\\ncans, and encamped on the opposite bank of the Passaic.\\nHaving placed the principal rivers between himself and the\\nenemy, Washington put forth renewed efforts to increase the\\nstrength of his army. He sent General Mifflin, who was\\nhighly esteemed by the Pennsylvanians, into that State, with\\norders to organize the militia and bring a body of troops to\\nhis relief; and Colonel Joseph Reed, who was held in high\\nfavor in New Jersey, was sent to Governor Livingston to\\npress upon him the absolute and immediate necessity of call-\\n7. What was the condition of the American army\\n8. What policy did Washington adopt? What movements did lie\\nmake? What efforts were made to increase his strengtli", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ning out tlie -whole force of the State. Under these discour-\\naging circumstances, when almost the last ray of hope had\\ndeparted, the Tories of New Jersey began to organize to\\nresist the American authority, so that it became necessary to\\ndetach bodies of troops from the little army of patriots to\\nsuppress local insurrections.\\n9. The British now began to cross the Passaic, and on\\nthe 28th of November, Lord Cornwall is entered Newark.\\nGeneral Washington slowly withdrew his army southward,\\nretreating to New Brunswirk. The terrible day of the 1st\\nof December now arrived, and the Maryland and New Jersey\\ntroops, entitled to their discharge, forsook their comrades-\\nin-arms in the face of the advancing enemy.\\n10. From New Brunswick the commander-in-chief again\\nwrote to Governor Livingston, informing him that the enemy\\nwas occupying New Jersey and would cross the State to Phil-\\nadelphia, unless some strong measures were taken to resist\\nhis advance but it was not within the power of the governor\\nto furnish the aid required. The enemy had already spread\\nover the northern and middle counties, and had overaAved the\\npeople so that the organization of companies of militia was\\nexceedingly difficult. A small body of the militia from\\nMorris and Sussex counties joined Washington s army. The\\nlower portion of the State yet unoccupied by the enemy was\\ninhabited principally by Quakers, who were non-combatants.\\nThe State was therefore prostrate beneath the feet of the\\nadvancing foe.\\n11. AVashington skillfully mana?uvred his little ainny so\\nas to conceal its weakness and to retard the advance of C Orn-\\nwallis. He nevertheless cautiously retired before the van-\\n9. What crisis arrived?\\n10. Wluit did Wasliington write to Governor Livingston? AVhat\\nresponse was made to Wasliington s request?\\n11. How was tlie American army manoeuvred?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "RETREAT THROUGH NEW JERSEY. 129\\nguard of the enemy. He withdrew from New Brunswick to\\nPrinceton and leaving Lord Sterling, with two brigades of\\nVirginia and Delaware troops, numbering about 1200 men,\\nto watch the enemy, he continued his retreat to Trenton.\\nHe had sent orders to have the boats on the Delaware col-\\nlected and held in readiness to ferry his own army across to\\nPennsylvania, and also to prevent the boats from falling\\ninto the hands of the enemy. The military stores and bag-\\ngage were placed on the west bank of the river.\\n12. The retreat through New Jersey was one of the most\\nembarrassing and discouraging events of the war. It com-\\nmenced after the heavy loss on Long Island and the capture\\nof Fort Washington. The troops had lost their baggage\\nand their stores and a large quantity of arms and ammuni-\\ntion. They were without tents, blankets, shoes, and utensils\\nto cook their scanty supply of provisions. Companies and\\nregiments were almost daily disbanding and leaving the ser-\\nvice. The little army was surrounded by Tories, and was\\nconfronted by the overwhelming numbers of a victorious\\nenemy. Nothing but that love of liberty which rises above\\ncircumstances, and the personal presence of the commander-\\nin-chief, who was able to inspire confidence amid these accu-\\nmulating misfortunes and disasters, held together this band\\nof patriots as they slowly retired before the advancing lines\\nof an exultant foe.\\n13. Following immediately upon the track of these dis-\\nsolving regiments, poorly clad, half starved, heartsick with\\ndisappointments and misfortunes, came a well-appointed\\narmy with dazzling equipments and imposing pomp, con-\\nscious of strength and confident of victory. The effect upon\\n12. What is said of the retreat across the State? Of the condition\\nof the army\\n13. What is said of the enemy s condition What effect had this\\ncircumstance on the people?\\nI", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORY OF NFW JERSEY.\\nthe inhabitants of the country through which these two\\narmies marched may be readily imagined it is not sur-\\nprising that many gave up the hope of achieving independ-\\nence and made haste to submit themselves to the favor of\\nthe royal authorities. The patriots were called a band of\\nragamufhns the enemy was styled the royal army of\\nGreat Britain.\\n14. The British commissioners who accompanied the\\narmy, taking advantage of these circumstances, issued a\\nproclamation commanding all persons in arms against his\\nmajesty s government to disband and return to their homes,\\nand offered a full pardon to all who, within sixty days,\\nwould appear before an officer of the Crown and claim the\\nbenefits of this proclamation. Under this invitation many,\\nwho had before made great protestations of love for the\\nAmerican cause, humbly sneaked into the British camp and\\ncraved the mercy of their conquerors.\\n15. Washington, however, was not discouraged, and was\\nstill able to inspire the band of patriots who followed his\\nstandard with confidence in their cause. Finding that Corn-\\nwall is paused at New Brunswick, he sent forward a detach-\\nment of 1200 men to Princeton, so as to give the appearance\\nof an advance against the enemy, in the hope that he might\\nthus reanimate the people of New Jersey. General Mifflin\\nhad been successful in Pennsylvania, and had organized a\\nlarge body of militia in that State; 1500 of these, well\\narmed and equipped, marched to Trenton and a battalion\\nof Germans, authorized by the Continental Congress and\\ncommanded by officers who had served in the European\\narmies, also marched to Washington s camp on the Dela-\\n14. How did the enemy attempt to demoralize the people\\n15. What was Washington able to do What reinforcements did he\\nreceive? What movements were made? When did the American\\narmy cross the Delaware", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "GENERAL LEE TAKEN PRISONER. 131\\nware. The British general, perceiving this forward move-\\nment, broke camp at New Brunswick, and attempted by a\\ncircuitous march to fall in the rear of the detachment sent to\\nPrinceton. The commander-in-chief, however, was on the\\nalert, and promptly withdrew his troops to Trenton, and on\\nthe 8th of December, at the approach of the British army,\\ncrossed the Delaware into Pennsylvania.\\n16. Washington posted his army along the western bank\\nof the river to guard the fords, and carefully watched the\\nmovements of the enemy. The British arrived at the river\\nclose upon the rearguard of the American army. Cornwallis\\nencamped with the main body of his troops at Trenton, and\\nthrew out detachments above and below that place. He\\nreconnoitred the banks of the river for a considerable dis-\\ntance, and made several attempts to seize a number of boats\\nguarded by Lord Sterling at Coryell s Ferry, but, failing to\\nget possession of these, he made no further efforts to cross the\\nriver.\\n17. After having made every possible disposition to guard\\nthe passes of the river, Washington again apj^ealed to the\\nneighboring States to send forward their militia Avithout\\ndelay. General Lee was now tardily marching to join the\\ncommander-in-chief. Whilst passing through Morris county,\\nnear Baskingridge, on the 11th of December, he went to a\\nprivate house, about three miles from his army, to remain\\nduring the night. He posted only a small guard at the\\ndoor. A body of British cavalry, who had been watching\\nhis movements, was informed of this circumstance, and early\\non the morning of the 12th surrounded the house, seized the\\ngeneral and carried him a prisoner to the British headquar-\\nters. General Lee had been held in high esteem by the\\n16. How were the armies posted\\n17. What misfortune befell one of the American generals? What\\nreinforcements were received on the Delaware?", "height": "2750", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nAmerican people, and was regarded as second only to the\\ncommander-in-chief. His capture, thei-efore, was consid-\\nered as a great public calamity. General Sullivan as-\\nsumed the command of Lee s division, and promptly march-\\ning by way of the Phillipsburg road, joined Washington s\\ncamp on the 20th of December. On the same day General\\nGates arrived with a body of Northern troops. With these\\nreinforcements the army on the Delaware numbered 7000\\neffective men.\\n18. The British army had gone into winter quarters at\\nTrenton, Borden town, Whitehorse and Mount Holly, on the\\nDelaware, and extended its lines across the country to the\\nHackensack. General Maxwell was ordered by General\\nWashington to form an encampment at Morristown, where\\nhe collected about 800 Jersey militia and three regiments\\nof Northern troops from Peekskill. Maxwell was instructed\\nto watch the enemy, to harass his marches, to give intelli-\\ngence of his movements to the commanding general, and to\\ndo Avhatever in his judgment would tend to keep up the\\nspirits of the militia and to keep the inhabitants from going\\nwithin the British lines.\\nWilliam Maxwell was born in 1733, at Greenwich, Sussex county,\\nNew Jersey. He served in the French war, in 1755, as an officer of\\nProvincial troops, was at Braddock s defeat, and fouglit under General\\nWolfe at the taking of Quebec. He was afterward attached to the com-\\nmissary department as colonel. As soon as he heard of the resistance\\nof the colonies lie resigned his commission, marched on foot to Trenton,\\nand tendered his services to tlie Provincial Congress, then in session.\\nHe was appointed colonel, raised a battalion and set out for Quebec,\\nbut he returned on hearing of the defeat of Montgomery. He was\\nappointed general, served with distinction in the battles of German-\\ntown, Monmouth, Brandy wine, Springfield, Wyoming, etc., and re-\\nsigned in 1782. He died November 4, 1796, aged 63 years.\\n18. What is said of the position of the enemy What was General\\nMaxwell ordered to do?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 133\\n19. Though Washington had crossed the Delaware on his\\nretreat on the 8th of December at the head of the remnant\\nof an army depressed and almost without hope, he was now,\\nat the end of seventeen days, strong enough to recross the\\nriver and give battle to the enemy. He had discovered that\\nthe British commander, presuming on the weakness of the\\nAr-.ericans, and entertaining no fears of an aggressive move-\\nment, allowed his troops to occupy their camps without keep-\\ning a close watch on the banks of the Delaware. Washing-\\nton matured a plan to surprise the enemy, in the hope that\\nhe might strike an effective blow and thus revive the failing\\ncourage of the American people.\\n20. Marching orders were sent along the line, and the\\ntroops were supplied with three days rations and forty\\nrounds of ammunition. Washington had determined to cross\\nthe river at Mackonkey s Ferry, nine miles above Trenton,\\nwith 4000 troops under his immediate command, assisted by\\nGenerals Sullivan and Greene. General Erwin was directed\\nto cross at the Trenton fei-ry, and to seize the bridge below\\nthe town to prevent the escape of the enemy by that road.\\nGeneral Cadwalader was to cross at Dunks Ferry and\\ncapture the post at Mount Holly, and General Putnam was\\ndirected to unite the forces engaged in fortifying Philadelphia\\nwith those at Bristol, and to cross the river at that point.\\n21. On the night of the 25th of December, AVashington\\ncrossed at Mackonkey s Ferry, at the head of 2400 veterans.\\nThe current was swift and thick with floating ice. The wind\\nblew violently in the faces of the men. Snow began to fall\\nat 11 o clock, and soon a north-west storm of wind, sleet and\\nhail set in and beat pitilessly upon the soldiers, who success-\\n19. What is said of tlie armies on the Delaware? What did Wasli-\\nington resolve to do?\\n20. What orders were issued\\n21. Describe the crossing of the Delaware?\\n12", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfully ferried the stream, and, regardless of icy roads and\\npelting elements, pressed forward toward the enemy s camp.\\nThe other divisions of the army were prevented by the ice\\nand storm from crossing.\\n22. At daylight, General Sullivan, who commanded the\\nright Aving of the army, reported to the general-in-chief that\\nhis men s powder and arms were wet. Then tell your gen-\\neral to use the bayonet, for the town must be taken, said\\nWashington to the messenger who brought the report.\\n23. The troops pushed bravely on, and the town of Trenton\\nwas taken. Colonel Ralle, the Hessian commander, had spent\\nthe night in drinking and card-playing, and was wholly un-\\nconscious of danger until the roll of the drum and the crack\\nof the rifle fell upon his dull eai s. The Hessians rushed to\\narms, but were speedily overcome by the impetuous charge\\nof the Americans. Seventeen of the enemy Avere killed,\\nseventy-eight wounded and nine hundred and forty-six were\\ntaken prisoners. Washington captured 1200 small arms and\\nsix brass cannon. The battle lasted only thirty-five minutes,\\nand the Americans returned to their camjDS without the loss\\nof a man.\\n24. The news of this victory filled all patriot hearts with joy.\\nThe Tories, who, before the battle, rejoiced at the low condi-\\ntion of the American army, were now silenced and abashed\\nbut the friends of liberty, recently so despondent, rose in the\\npride and strength of their principles, and were bold to talk\\nand work for the cause of independence. Troops again\\nflocked to the victorious standard of Washington the vet-\\neran soldiers, whose term of service expired the first of the\\nyear 1777, re-enlisted, and thus the army and the people\\nwere inspired with new vigor and courage.\\n22. What did General Sullivan report?\\n23. Describe the battle of Trenton\\n2^. Wliat was the effect of this victory?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nCampaign of 1111 Battle of Princeton Enemy Driven from\\nthe State Noble Conduct of the State Militia.\\nWASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS, MORBISTOWN.\\n1. After the battle at Trenton the British forces with-\\ndrew from the Delaware and established themselves at\\nPrinceton and New Brunswick. The strength of Washing-\\nton s army was so rapidly increased that the commanding\\ngeneral resolved to enter upon a winter campaign, in the\\nhope that he might drive the enemy from New Jersey and\\nencourage the patriots there to re-enlist in the cause of inde-\\npendence.\\n2. He ordered General Heath, at Peekskill, on the Hud-\\nson river, to move into the northern part of New Jersey and\\nto threaten the British encampments. General Maxwell was\\nChapter XIII. 1. Wliat campaign was undertaken\\n2. What orders were issued to Heath and Maxwell?\\n135", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ndirected to collect the New Jersey militia and to attack the\\noutposts of the enemy.\\n3. Washington, at the head of the main army, crossed the\\nDelaware at Trenton on the 30th of December. Generals\\nMifflin and Cadwalader marched up from Bordentown and\\nCrosswicks with nearly 4000 militia, and joined Washing-\\nton on the 1st of January. Lord Cornwallis had watched\\nthese movements from Princeton, and on the 2d of January\\nmarched down at the head of a large force toward Trenton.\\n4. On his approach, General Washington withdrew his\\nforce across the Assunpink creek, and formed his line of\\nbattle on its southern bank. The British attempted to cross\\nthe stream, but the guards at the fords could not be over-\\ncome. The enemy therefore halted and kindled their fires\\nfor the night on the northern bank of the Assunpink. The\\nAmerican troops lighted their fires on the opposite bank, and\\nduring the evening a brisk cannonade was kept up from both\\nsides.\\n5. Washington saw that his army was now in a danger-\\nous position. He could not hope, with his 5000 troops,\\nto gain a victory over the large and well-disciplined army\\nthat lay in his front. To suffer a defeat would sacrifice\\nthe great advantages that had been secured by the vic-\\ntory at Trenton the week before. The Delaware Avas now\\nfloating thick with ice, so that it would have been impossible\\nto withdraw his forces to Pennsylvania. He therefore re-\\nsolved not to risk a battle when the chances of victory were\\nso largely in favor of the enemy. A council of war was\\ncalled, and a plan to fall upon the enemy s flank and rear,\\nsubmitted by the commander-in-chief, was unanimously\\napproved.\\n3. What movements were made\\n4. How did the armies encamp\\n5. What was the position of Wasliington s array?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF PRINCETON. 137\\n6. As soon as it was dark the baggage was removed to\\nBurlington. About one o clock in the morning of the od of\\nJanuary the fires were renewed so as to burn brightly, the\\nguards along the stream were strengthened, and the army\\nthen quietly marched away on the Quaker road toward\\nPrinceton.\\n7. Washington had resolved to fall upon the rearguard of\\nthe British array, to overwhelm it, to capture Princeton, and\\nthen, by a rapid march, reach New Brunswick in time to\\nseize the large magazines and storehouses of the enemy at\\nthat point. Three British regiments had encamped on the\\nQuaker road on the night of the 2d. These were encoun-\\ntered at sunrise by General Mercer s brigade, which formed\\nthe vanguard of Washington s army. A sharp battle en-\\nsued, in which General Mercer was mortally wounded and\\nhis troops were routed, but the fortune of the day was imme-\\ndiately changed by the appearance of General Washington\\nat the head of a body of regulars. These attacked the enemy\\nwith great spirit, and soon forced the British lines to give\\nway. The regiments were separated and driven from the\\nfield, having suffered great loss in officers and men. Wash\\nington then pushed forward to Princeton. The British regi-\\nment which had been left to guard this place Avas drawn\\nup in the college grounds. The Americans attacked these\\ntroops and compelled them to surrender.\\n8. In the actions of this day about 100 British were killed\\nand nearly 300 were taken prisoners. The loss of the Ame-\\nricans was somewhat less, but among their number was in-\\ncluded General Mercer of Virginia, an officer who had been\\nhighly esteemed by the commanding general, and had been\\n6. Wliat movement was made?\\n7. What did Washington expect to do? What battle was fouglit?\\nDescribe this battle. What occurred at Princeton\\n8. What were the casualties of the day?\\n12", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfrequently entrusted with the discharge of the most important\\nduties.\\n9. At daylight on the od, Lord Cornwallis discovered that\\nthe American army had withdrawn from his front, and he\\nimmediately comprehended Washington s plan and his move-\\nments. He faced about his troops and marched with the\\nutmost speed toward New Brunswick, in order to save the\\nmagazines and valuable military stores at that point. His\\nvanguard came up close to the rear of the American army\\nbefore it had left Princeton. Thus General Washington\\nwas again placed in a very perilous situation. His army was\\nexhausted with the fatigue of night-marches and battles, and\\nhis troops had been without sleep. They were without blan-\\nkets in the midst of winter, many of them barefoot and\\nthinly clad. They were in the vicinity of an enemy who\\ngreatly outnumbered them, and were at least eighteen miles\\nfrom any point of safety. The commanding general there-\\nfore wisely abandoned the idea of moving on New Bruns-\\nwick, and retired across Millstone creek, destroying the\\nbridges between Princeton and New Brunswick. He with-\\ndrew on the road leading up the country to Pluckemin, and\\nthere permitted his troops to halt for rest and refreshments.\\nCornwallis was too anxious for the safety of New Brunswick to\\npay any attention to troops marching in another direction.\\nHe therefore passed by Washington s fatigued army and\\nhurried forward to save his stores.\\n10. The experience of this short, brilliant and successful\\nmovement taught Washington that his undisciplined militia\\nand his poorly-clad army were not prepared to endure the\\nexposure of a winter campaign. He therefore withdrew his\\narmy to Morristown, and there went into winter quarters.\\n9. What is said of Cornwallis? What was now the condition of\\nWasliington s army\\n10. What were the effects of these battles", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "POWER GIVEN TO WASHINGTON. 139\\nThe battles of Trenton and Princeton were regarded by the\\npeople as great victories. To them this campaign Avas evi-\\ndence that the American troops were far superior to the\\nroyal army, that the Continental generals were more skillful\\nthan the leaders of the enemy, and that ultimate success\\nmust attend the eftbrts of the patriots.\\n11. Congress gave Washington authority to raise sixteen\\nadditional regiments of regulars, and conferred upon him for\\nsix months almost unlimited powers to conduct the war.\\nThe public spirit was now so strong in favor of the Conti-\\nnental army that these regiments were rapidly filled up by\\nrecruits from the States.\\n12. The favorable change in public aftairs was nowhere\\nmore sensibly felt than in New Jersey. Here the people had\\nsuffered all the horrors of war. When the royal army first\\nentered the State the inhabitants generally remained quietly\\nin their houses, and many of them received certificates of\\nprotection signed by order of the British commander-in-\\nchief. These papers, however, were wholly disregarded by\\nthe licentious and unrestrained soldiery. No class of citizens\\nwas exempt from plunder and insult: the property of the\\ninhabitants was taken and destroyed without distinction.\\nThe Hessians could not read the certificates of protection,\\nand the British soldiers deemed it foul play that the Hes-\\nsians should be the only plunderers. The enemy therefore\\nmade no distinction between friend and foe. Neither age\\nnor sex was protected from outrage. Men, women and\\nchildren were robbed and stripped, and often left in their\\nhouses without so much as a blanket or an article of clothing\\nto cover their nakedness. Furniture which could not be\\n11. What authority was given to Washington?\\n12. AVhat effect had these successes on New Jersey? What is said\\nof the conduct of the enemy in the State Describe some of the out-\\nrajies committed", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ncarried away was wantonly destroyed. Cattle and horses\\nwere driven off. Dwellings and outhouses were burned or\\nrendered uninhabitable, and even churches and public build-\\nings were consumed. Young girls, middle-aged and old\\nwomen were treated in the most barbarous and cruel\\nmanner.\\n13. This terrible suffering accomplished for the American\\ncause what the earnest appeals of patriots, the recommenda-\\ntions of Congress, the zealous exertions of Governor Livings-\\nton and the State authorities, together with the suj)plications\\nof General Washington, could not effect. The whole country\\nwas aroused, and the people as one man rose in arms\\nagainst the invaders. Those who from age and infirmities\\nwere unable to enter the army acted as spies and informers.\\nThey kept a strict watch on the movements of the enemy,\\nand made haste to communicate all important information to\\ntheir countrymen in arms, and all who were able enrolled\\nthemselves in organized companies and joined the troops in\\nthe field. The militia of New Jersey, which had hitherto\\nbeen overawed by the presence of the enemy to such an ex-\\ntent as to render it almost useless, was now inspirited and\\ndisciplined for the duties of the severest campaigns. Detach-\\nments scoured the country in every direction, seized the\\nBritish stragglers wherever found, and in several sharp skir-\\nmishes conducted themselves with the steadiness and gal-\\nlantry of veterans, achieving marked successes over the\\nBritish troops.\\n14. Within four days after the battle of Princeton a com-\\npany of Waldeckers was completely destroyed by the\\nNew Jersey militia under Colonel Spencer, at Springfield.\\nOn the 2()th of January, General Dickinson, with about 400\\nmilitia and a company of Pennsylvania riflemen, fell upon a\\n13. Wliat effect had these outrages on tlie people\\n14. Name some of the exploits of the State militia?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S PROCLAMATION. 141\\nBritish foraging party at Somerset Court-house, and captured\\n40 wagons, upward of 100 liorses, with a large number of\\ncattle and sheep, which the enemy had collected. A month\\nlater. Colonel Neilson, of New Brunswick, surprised and cap-\\ntured Major Stockton and his company of Tories near that\\nplace.\\n15. Thus, in an incredibly short time, the Americans\\nhad completely overrun the Jerseys. The enemy was forced\\nto leave Woodbridge. General Maxwell surprised the gar-\\nrison at Elizabeth and took nearly 100 prisoners, with a quan-\\ntity of baggage. The British were driven from Newark, and\\nafter a few weeks the royal troops were shut up in New\\nBrunswick and Amboy.\\n16. General Putnam pitched his camp at Princeton, and\\nguarded the country in that vicinity. During the winter he\\nsent out flying expeditions toward the enemy s lines, which\\ngreatly perplexed and harassed the British commander.\\n17. Washington took advantage of this favorable senti-\\nment in the State, and issued a proclamation directed to all\\nthe inhabitants Avho had taken protection from the enemy.\\nIt ofiered full and free pardon to all who would appear before\\nany general ofiicer and swear allegiance to the United States.\\nThe same terms were also included in an act passed by the\\nNew Jersey Legislature, wdiich was at this time in session.\\nThese measures had a very salutary effect upon the people.\\nMany flocked in from every quarter to take the oath of alle-\\ngiance, and a strong sentiment in favor of American inde-\\npendence now grew up where but a few weeks before loyalty\\nto Great Britain filled the community.\\n18. The rising spirit of liberty spread through the whole\\n15. What other movements were made\\n16. What is said of Putnam s troops?\\n17. What efforts were made to win tlie people to the cause of inde-\\npendence", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nState of New Jersey. The work of organizing the militia Avas\\ncarried on vigorously, and the war of skirmishes on every\\nside of the British army was kept np throughout the winter.\\nThe loss to the British in this succession of encounters was\\nconsiderably more than that sustained at Trenton and Prince-\\nton. The enemy s foraging parties were so closely watched\\nand so frequently captured that their cavalry and draft\\nhorses were put on short allowance, and at the oj^ening of\\nspring they were in very ill condition to enter upon a\\ncampaign.\\n19. The British government had sent a powerful army\\ninto Canada, commanded by General Burgoyne. When the\\nspring of 1777 opened this army began to move toward the\\nupper valley of the Hudson. Washington believed that\\nGeneral Howe, with the British army at New York, would\\neither move up the Hudson to meet Burgoyne s troops, or\\nwould endeavor, by a campaign across the State of New\\nJersey, to capture Philadelphia. He therefore determined\\nto remain in the high grounds of the State to discipline his\\nai-my and arrange his plans to meet the enemy, no matter\\nin what direction he should move. On the 28th of May\\nthe army broke camp at Morristown and advanced to Middle-\\nbrook, not far from the Raritan and ten miles from New\\nBrunswick. His army numbered 8378 men, of whom up-\\nward of 2000 were sick. More than half of these troops had\\nnever met the enemy, and were therefore undisciplined in\\nbattle. General Sullivan lay at Princeton with a body of\\nContinental troops, which was daily increased by the addi-\\ntions of New Jersey militia and by the arrival of re(?ruits\\nfrom the Southern States. General Howe had resolved not\\nto attack the Continental army in its fortified camp, but en-\\n18. Wliat was tlie state of public feeling?\\n19. Wliat is said of the condition of tlie enemy? What transpired\\nin the North What was the strengtii of Washington s army", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "MOVEMENTS OF GENERAL HOWE. 143\\ndeavored to draw it out in the open field, in the hope that he\\nmight there meet it and overwhehu it. This, however, Wash-\\nington had resolved to avoid, and had instructed all his gen-\\neral officers to harass and annoy, but not to attack, the\\nBritish forces.\\n20. Early on the morning of the 14th of June, General\\nHoT/e marched out from New Brunswick in two columns.\\nThe first was led by Lord Cornwallis, and reached Somerset\\nCourt-house at the break of day. The second division,\\nunder General Heister, marched to Middlebush, between\\nNew Brunswick and Somerville. Receiving intelligence\\nthat the enemy was approaching, Washington posted his\\nAvhole army in order of battle on the heights in front of his\\ncamp. This position he maintained during the day, and at\\nnight the troops slept on the ground. The New Jersey militia,\\nwith commendable promptness and with unexampled ardor,\\ntook the field in great numbers and marched to General Sulli-\\nvan s camp, who had retired behind the Sourland Hills, toward\\nFlemington, where he collected quite a large army. When\\nGeneral Howe found that he could not draw Washington\\naway from his strong position, and saw that the inhabitants\\nof the country all around him had rushed to arms to resist\\nhis progress, he determined to waste no more time in en-\\ndeavoring to reach Philadelphia by marching through New\\nJersey. He therefore returned to New Brunswick with his\\nwhole army on the night of the 19th. From thence, on\\nthe 22d, he marched to Amboy, and sent his baggage trains\\nacross to Staten Island, on a portable bridge which he\\nhad constructed dui ing the winter for the purpose of crossing\\nthe Delaware.\\n21. Washington had closely watched the movements of\\n20. What movements were made by the enemy? How did Wash-\\nington prepare to meet these? Why did Howe withdraw to Amboy?\\n21. How did Washington embarrass his march?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe enemy, and sent General Greene with three brigades\\nwith orders to fall upon the rear of the British army. Gen-\\neral Sullivan was directed to move with his division to co-\\noperate with Greene, and General Maxwell was sent to\\nattack the enemy s flank. These troops inflicted serious\\ndamage on General Howe s rearguard. Washington ad-\\nvanced his whole army to Quibbletown, on the road to\\nAmboy, and Lord Sterling s division moved forward to\\nMatouchin Meeting-house.\\n22. General Howe, observing these movements, deter-\\nmined to face about, and, if possible, bring on a general en-\\ngagement with the American army. Early on the morning\\nof the 26th he made a rapid march in two columns toward\\nWestfield. The right, commanded by Lord Cornwallis, took\\nthe road by Woodbridge to Scotch Plains and the left, ac-\\ncompanied by Sir William Howe in person, marched by\\nMatouchin Meeting-house to ftill in the rear of the first\\ncolumn. General Howe had ordered his left column to pass\\nround and attack the left flank of the American army at\\nQuibbletown, while Lord Cornwallis should gain the heights\\non the left of the camp at Middlebrook. Four battalions\\nwith artillery were detached to take posts at Bonhamtown.\\n23. Washington discovered the movements of the enemy,\\nand at once penetrated his object. He therefore instantly\\nput his army in motion, and with the utmost celerity re-\\ngained his fortifications at Middlebrook and took possession\\nof the heights on the left, which it had been the design of the\\nenemy to seize. Lord Cornwallis encountered Lord Ster-\\nling s division, and a smart skirmish ensued, in which the\\nAmericans were driven from the ground with the loss of\\nthree field-pieces and a few men, and Sterling withdrew his\\n22. What did Howe attempt to do?\\n23. How did Washington prepare to meet him? Wiiat was the re-\\nsult of tilt movement?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE BRITISH LAND IN MARYLAND. 145\\ntroops to the hills about the Scotch Plains. General Howe\\nsaw that the object for which he had performed this skillful\\nraanffiuvre could not be obtained. He therefore marched\\nback through Rahway to Amboy, and on the 30th of June\\ncrossed with his whole army to Staten Island.\\n24. Washington remained for some days at his camp at\\nMiddlebrook, until the enemy had withdrawn his military\\nstores and baggage from the coast opposite Amboy. He\\nthen saw that Howe had given up his intention of marching\\nacross the State to Philadelphia.\\n25. General Howe embarked his troops at New York and\\nput to sea on the 23d of July. Washington regarded this as\\na movement against Philadelphia from the south, and there-\\nfore took up the march toward the Delaware. On the 30th\\nof July the enemy s fleet appeared off the capes of the Dela-\\nware, and orders were given by Washington for concentrating\\nhis forces at Philadelphia. The fleet, however, soon disap-\\npeared from the mouth of the bay, and no further intelli-\\ngence was received of its movements until the 7th of August,\\nwhen it was reported to be a few leagues southwai d of the\\nDelaware capes. On the 16th of August the Avhole fleet ap-\\npeared at the mouth of the Chesapeake. Meanwhile, General\\nWashington had posted his forces on the Delaware below\\nPhiladelphia. The foists at Red Bank on the east side of the\\nDelaware, and on Mud Island on the west side, were strength-\\nened and the garrisons were increased.\\n26. The British landed near the village of Elkton, in\\nMaryland, on the 25th of August. Washington moved his\\narmy to the banks of the Brandywine, and prepared to meet\\nthe enemy at Chadd s Ford. The British army confronted\\n24. What was given up\\n25. What great movement was now undertaken What is said\\nof it?\\n26. Wliere did the British land? Wliere did the armies meet?\\n13 K", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146 HISTORY OF NEW JEBSEY.\\nWashington s line on the 11th of September. Skirmishing\\nsoon began between the advance parties. At ten o clock,\\nGeneral Maxwell, commanding the New Jersey troops, which\\nhad been sent over the stream to watch the movements of\\nthe enemy, was driven across Brandy wine creek, below the\\nfords. General Howe sent a detachment under General\\nKnyphausen to threaten the crossing at Chadd s Ford, while\\nwith the main body of his army he marched up the creek,\\ncrossed at the uj^per fords and came down upon Washington s\\nright flank.\\n27. A severe engagement took place near Birmingham\\nMeeting-house, beginning at four o clock in the afternoon.\\nThe enemy broke through the American lines, and compelled\\nWashington to fall back in order to save his army. The\\nBritish rushed forward in hot pursuit, eager for the total de-\\nstruction of the patriot regiments. General Muhlenberg s\\nbrigade Avas instantly formed and thrown forward as a rear-\\nguard. These troops made such obstinate resistance to the\\nadvance of the enemy that Howe was compelled to move\\nwith great caution, and finally receiving a severe check by\\nthe charge of General Greene s division, he abandoned the\\npursuit.\\n28. While the battle was raging on the right, Knyphausen\\nattempted to cross the creek at Chadd s Ford, but he was so\\nstoutly resisted by Generals Wayne and Maxwell that he\\nwas unable to accomplish his purpose. When, however,\\nthe right wing was defeated, the troops at the ford fell\\nback and joined the main army, which retreated upon\\nChester.\\n29. In this battle the Americans lost 900 killed and\\nwounded. Among the wounded was General La Fayette,\\n27. What battle was fought? Describe it.\\n28. Describe tlie battle on the left.\\n29. What were the casualties", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "ATTACK ON FORTS MERCER AND MIFFLIN. 147\\nwho had but a short time before arrived in America and\\njoined Wasliiugton s army. The British loss was 100 killed\\nand 400 wounded.\\n30. Washington retired to Philadelphia and encamped his\\narmy at Germantown. Four days after the battle of Bran-\\ndywine the Americans crossed the Schuylkill and marched\\ntoward Goshen, for the commander-in-chief had determined\\nto risk another battle for the possession of the city. The\\nenemy had encamped near Village Green, in Delaware\\ncounty, and on the morning of the 16th the two armies con-\\nfronted each other. The skirmishers in the front of the\\npicket-lines opened a brisk fire, when suddenly a violent\\nrain-storm set in and separated the hostile forces. Washing-\\nton was informed by his officers that the ammunition of his\\nmen had become so wet as to be unfit for use he therefore\\nwithdrew to Warwick Furnace, where he obtained a new\\nsupply.\\n31. On the 23d of September the British army crossed the\\nSchuylkill near Norristown, and three days later marched\\ninto Philadelphia. Howe ordered the main body of his\\ntroops into camp at Germantown, but established his head-\\nquarters in the city. The British general had sent his fleet\\nfrom the Chesapeake round into the Delaware bay, and had\\nordered the navy to join the army at Philadelphia.\\n32. The forts on the Delaware below the city were de-\\nfended by the American garrisons with a tenacity that\\ngreatly perplexed the British commander. The British fleet\\nwas unable to pass up the river until Fort Mifflin, on the\\nPennsylvania side, and Fort Mercer, on the New Jersey side,\\n30. Where did the armies encamp after the battle? How was an-\\nother battle prevented\\n31. When did the enemy occupy Philadelphia?\\n32. What is said of the forts on the Delaware and the efforts made to\\ncapture them", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148 IIISTOBT OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwere captured. In the efforts to gain possession of these\\nforts nearly two months were consumed, and lieavy losses\\nwere sustained by the enemy. On the 2 2d of October, over\\n2000 Hessian grenadiers, under Donop, made an assault on\\nFort Mercer. They were repulsed with heavy loss and their\\ncommander was slain. The little garrison of patriots defend-\\ning the fort numbered less than 500 men, and was commanded\\nby Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Greene. The enemy s war\\nvessels came up the river to assist in the reduction of the fort,\\nbut the 12 galleys and the 2 floating batteries from the Penn-\\nsylvania navy attacked these royal ships with such vigor that\\ntwo of the largest were driven aground and blown to pieces\\nby the explosion of their magazines.\\n33. These disasters greatly exasperated the British gen-\\neral, and he therefore concentrated his land and naval forces\\nagainst Fort Mifflin. The heroic garrison defended that post\\nwith matchless courage until their block-houses were re-\\nduced to heaps of ruins, the pallisades broken down, their\\nguns dismounted, and until the men, Avorn down by incessant\\nlabor and loss of sleep, were unable to continue the defence.\\nThe garrison then withdrew on the night of the 15th of No-\\nvember, set fire to the barracks and carried away their can-\\nnon and stores. Three days later, Fort Mercer was evacuated,\\nand the American fleet on the Delaware sailed by the city at\\nnight and escaped up the river. Thus, after a long and dis-\\nastrous contest, the army and fleet of the enemy formed a\\njunction at Philadelphia.\\n34. General Washington had pitched his camp at Potts-\\ngrove, 35 miles up the Schuylkill river. On the 4th of Oc-\\ntober he fell suddenly on the British camp at Germantown,\\nfought a severe engagement with the British troops at that\\npoint, and upon the approach of reinforcements from Phila-\\n33. How were these forts finally taken\\n34. What is said of the battle of Germantown", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "WIA TER QUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. 149\\ndelphia rapidly withdrew his army and encamped near\\nWhitemarsh.\\n35. On the 4th of December the British forces marched\\nout against this camp, in the hope of being able to surprise\\nand destroy Washington s army. Fortunately for the Amer-\\nican cause, a patriotic lady Lydia Darrach had overheard\\nthe reading of General Howe s secret orders for this expedi-\\ntion, and had sent word to Washington of the approaching\\ndanger. The British general, to his great surprise and mor-\\ntification, discovered the American army drawn up ready to\\nreceive him. He therefore sullenly withdrew his forces to\\ntheir camp.\\n36. On the 11th the American army went into winter\\nquarters at Valley Forge. The men moved toward the\\nwooded hillsides selected for their resting-place, many with-\\nout shoes to protect their bleeding feet from the ice and\\nfrozen ground of midwinter. They speedily converted the\\nforest trees into huts, which they plastered with mud and\\ncovered with boughs and bark. The untiring vigilance of\\nWashington secured the camp against surprise. Love of\\ncountry and aflTectionate attachment to their general sus-\\ntained the troops under hardships that would have disheart-\\nened and dispersed weaker and less patriotic men. The\\nwinter was colder and longer than usual the men were\\nthinly clad had not so much as bare straw to lie down upon\\nat night often half starved for want of even the meanest\\nfood. Yet that freezing, starving little army of patriots\\nknew that its cause was just, and felt that its labors and suf-\\nferings must end in victory.\\n35. Where did the enemy attempt to surprise Washington s camp?\\nHow was this prevented\\n36. Where did Washington s army go into winter quarters? What\\nwas the condition of the army?\\n13", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nBritish Foraging Parties\u00e2\u0080\u0094 March Across the State\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Battle of\\nMonmouth.\\nLl H \\\\t r M NM LTIl l\\\\irLLHEir\\n1. After the battle of Brandy wine, New Jersey was\\ncalled upon to furnish reinforcements for the army. The\\nrecollection of past suffering, and the fear that the enemy\\nmight again occupy the State, induced the inhabitants to\\nenlist more freely and to reorganize the militia of the State.\\n2. Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander at New\\nYork, invaded the northern counties in order to draw the\\nattention of the New Jersey troops from General Howe s\\narmy at Philadelphia. He entered the State and marched\\n3000 men by way of Elizabeth, on the 13th of September,\\n1777, The enemy collected large quantities of provisions.\\nChapter XIV. 1. What occurred after the battle of Brandy wine?\\n2. How was the State invaded?\\n150", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE SPIRIT OF THE STATE MILITIA. 151\\nGeneral McDougal, Avith a division of Continental troops,\\nand General Dickinson, at the head of the New Jersey mili-\\ntia, marched against Clinton s troops, and compelled them\\nto withdraw to Staten Island.\\n3. These movements on the northern border of the State\\ninduced the Jersey militiamen to watch the enemy in that\\nquarter. A small body, however, crossed the Delaware to\\nco-operate with Washington s array on the Schuylkill. After\\nthe battle of Gerniantown the New Jersey troops were or-\\ndered back to the State for home defence.\\n4. Lord Cornwallis entered New Jersey opposite Philadel-\\nphia with 5000 men, and j3amped on Gloucester Point,\\nwhence foraging parties were sent into the country to collect\\nprovisions. General Greene commanded a. body of troops,\\npart of which were New Jersey militia, but he did not feel\\nhimself sufficiently strong to attack the British in their\\nentrenched camp. At a favorable opportunity, however,\\nGreene sent a detachment of 150 men from Morgan s rifle\\ncorps, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Butler, and about\\nan equal number of State militia, under General La Fayette,\\nagainst a picket station of the enemy about 300 strong. A\\nspirited engagement took place, in which the enemy was\\nrouted and pursued to the very lines of his encampment.\\nThe Americans then hastily retired and left the enemy in\\nsuch perfect bewilderment that he did not pursue the victori-\\nous Jersey men. La Fayette, in a letter to Washington, said\\nI found these riflemen even above their reputation, and the\\nmilitia above all expectation I could have formed of them.\\nSoon after this, Cornwallis withdrew his division to Phila-\\ndelphia.\\n5. The loss to the Americans at Brandywine, Philadel-\\n3. What was the effect of these movements\\n4. What engagements took place opposite Philadelphia? Wliat is\\nsaid of the spirit of the Jersey militia?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152 HISTORY OF NEW JKRSEY.\\npliia aiifl (Icnuaiitowii in tlif fall of 1 777 was iiion^ tlian\\nbalanced jjy the capture of the avIioIc! JJritisli army under\\nGeneral Burgoyne, near Saratoga, on the l. 3th of October of\\nthe same year. An army of 5752 British officers and soldiers\\nwas thus destroyed and captured. The finest train of artil-\\nlery that had ever entered the American continent, together\\nwith 7000 stands of excellent arms, clothing for 7000 recruits,\\nV. ith tents and other military stores of great value, fell into\\nthe hands of tlie Continental troojjs. This ev(!nt filled all\\npatriot hearts with joy. It enabled (leneral Washington to\\ndraw large reinforcements froju the northern army to o[)eratc\\nagainst the enemy in Pennsylv.ania. It greatly discouraged\\nthe British ministry, gave character and credit to tlu; United\\nStates in all ])arts of the world, enabled Franklin to con-\\nclude a treaty with France, wherein tin; king acknowledged\\nthe independence of the colonies and |)ledged himself to assist\\nwith money and arms to maintain it.\\n6. In compliance with tliis treaty, the French government\\nsent a scpiadron of 12 ships and 4 large frigates to America,\\nwith orders to proceed to the mouth of the Delawan; antl\\nblockade the British fleet in tliat bay.\\n7. Early in the spring of 1778, the enemy made incursions\\ninto New Jersey. About the middle of ]\\\\Iarch a body of\\n1200, commanded by Colonel Mahwood, entered the State at\\nSalem, and dispersed a small body of inilitia stationed at that\\n])lace under Colonels Hand and Holme. Several skirmishes\\ntook place on the banks of Alloways creek, in which the\\nmilitia lost about 50 men. General Washington had learned\\nof this expedition, and sent Colonel Shreve with a regiment\\nof regulars to join the New Jersey militia at Iladdonfield.\\n5. How Avere the American losses balanced? Wliat was the effect\\nof tlio capture of I5iirgo\\\\ ne?\\n0. Wliat did tlie French govornnieiit do?\\n7. AVhat occurred at Salem?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "Till TililTmiT EVACUATE I ///LA D/CL/ IIIA. IT)!}\\nMiiliwoix] addressed ii lett(!r to (JoloiK;! Iliiml, in uliich Ik;\\noffered t(j pay for all the cattit; and foraj^c; lie had (;olleeted\\nif the militia would lay down their arin.s and return to their\\nhomes, but if they refused to accept this proposition, he\\nthreatened to arm the Tories and to authorize them to cap-\\nture all p(!rs()ns found in arms against tlu; royal autlujrity,\\nto l)urn tluir dwellings and reduce th ;ir famili(!S to th(! ut-\\nmost poverty. (JoIoik;! Jfarid indignantly n^jettted the pro-\\nposition, and Mahwood fully executed his threat. He seized\\nand imprisoned the patriots, and in the lower part of the\\nState plundered their hou.sr-s and destroyed their pnjperty\\nwithout restraint.\\nH. In the beginning of June, Sir Henry Clinton assumed\\ncommand of the Jiritish for(;es at Philadcilphia. On the\\n18th of that month he evacuated the city and took up\\nhis march across New Jersey toward New York. J he\\napproach of the French fleet rendered Philadelphia a dan-\\ngerous camp for the enemy. He therefore wisely with-\\ndrew his army and fleet before the arrival of the French\\n.squadron.\\ni). Washington had closely watched the movements, and\\nhad disposed his forces so as to follow the Briti.sh army,\\nand, if possible, bring it to battle upon advantageous\\ngrounds. General Maxwell, with the N(;w .Jersey brigade,\\nwas ordered to take post at Mount Holly and unlit; with Cien-\\neral Dickinson, who was tirming the New .j ;r.sey militia for\\nthe fiurpose (jf breaking down bridg(;s and felling trees in tin;\\nroads, and doing all that was possible to embarrass the march\\nof the (;nemy. Orders were given to these troops to keep\\nthemselves in light marching order and to avoid a general\\nengagement,\\n8. Wlicn wan Philadelpfiia evacuated?\\n9. VVliat had Wasliington rcHolved to do? W liat ordorH were\\niHsued", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n10. General Clinton moved with great caution. He\\nseemed to expect an attack, and held himself in readiness\\nto give battle. He encamped at Haddonfield for one night,\\nand thence marched through Mount Holly, Slabtown and\\nCrosswicks to Allentown and Imlaytown, where he arrived\\non the 24th of June. Dickinson and Maxwell retired\\nslowly before the enemy, breaking down the bridges and\\notherwise destroying the roads.\\n11. Washington broke camp at Valley Forge, crossed the\\nDelaware at Coryell s Ferry on the 22d, and encamped at\\nHopewell on the following day. He had resolved to hold\\nhis army on the high grounds and to guard the passes of the\\nHighlands. General Arnold was ordered to enter Philadel-\\nphia, and to send forward a detachment of 400 Continental\\ntroops and all the militia that could be collected, under the\\ncommand of General Cadwalader, to harass the rearguard of\\nthe enemy. From Hopewell, Washington sent out Morgan\\nwith 600 riflemen to watch the enemy s right flank, and or-\\ndered Dickinson, with about 1000 Jersey militia and Max-\\nwell s brigade, to hang on the enemy s left.\\n12. The armies in New Jersey were now of nearly equal\\nstrength. The British numbered about 10,000 men, fully\\narmed and well disciplined. Washington had under his\\ncommand nearly 12,000, part of whom were militia and in-\\ndift erently armed. A council of war decided against accept-\\ning a general engagement. Generals Wayne and Cadwalader\\nwere strongly in favor of giving battle. General La Fayette\\nfavored the decision of these officers, but did not press his\\nviews. Washington himself was resolved upon battle. Al-\\nio. Who commanded the enemy in New Jersey How did he\\nmove? How was his marcli embarrassed?\\n11. How did Washington conduct tlie pursuit?\\n12. What was the relative strengtli of the armies in New Jersey?\\nWho favored a general engagement", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "MOVEMENTS OF THE AMERICANS. 155\\nthough the council of war decided against him, he was so\\nstrongly supported by a few officers in whom he had the\\nhighest confidence that he determined to bring on a general\\nengagement.\\n13. The enemy was now approaching Monmouth Court-\\nhouse. Washington sent forward a select body of 1500 men\\nunder Brigadier-General Scott, to join the divisions on the\\nleft flank of the enemy. He afterward sent forward General\\nWayne, with an additional corps of 1000 men, to strengthen\\nthis part of his army. These troops, numbering about 4000,\\nand placed under the command of La Fayette, gained the\\nenemy s front. The general was ordered by tlie commander-\\nin-chief to co-operate with General Dickinson to impede the\\nmarch of the British and to inflict upon them the severest pos-\\nsible loss. The execution of these orders would inevitably\\nlead to a general battle. General La Fayette so understood\\nthem, and fully prepared himself for that event.\\n14. On the 26th, Washington moved his army forward\\nto Greenburg to support his advanced division. His van-\\nguard had pressed forward and taken position on the Mon-\\nmouth road, about five miles in the rear of the enemy,\\nwith the intention of attacking him on the next morning,\\nbut the intense heat of the day and a heavy storm coming\\nup checked the progress of the enemy, and La Fayette was\\nordered to draw oflT his troops toward Englishtown. Early\\non the morning of the 27th, Lee was sent forward with 2000\\nmen to join La Fayette.\\n15. W^ashington communicated to his army his intention\\nto attack the enemy as soon as he should attempt to move\\nfrom his present position. At five o clock on the morning\\nof the 28th, word was received from General Dickinson, at\\n13. How did Washington dispose his troops?\\n14. What disposition did Wasliington make for battle\\n15. What occurred on the 28th of June?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe head of the New Jersey militia, that the front of the\\nenemy was in motion. The troops were immediately under\\narms, and Lee was directed to move up and attack the rear.\\nHe was at the same time informed that the main army Avould\\nmarch to support him.\\n16. General Clinton, perceiving that the Americans were\\nupon him, changed the order of his march. His baggage\\nwas placed under the care of General Knyphausen, while the\\nflower of his army formed the rear division, commanded by\\nLord Cornwallis. In order to avoid pressing upon Knyp-\\nhausen, Cornwall is remained quiet in his camp until about\\neight o clock. He then descended from the heights of Free-\\nhold into a plain about three miles in extent, and took up\\nhis line of march in the rear of the baggage trains. General\\nLee now prepared to attack the rearguard of the enemy.\\nGeneral Dickinson was ordered to detach part of his troops\\nto co-operate with Lee, and Morgan was sent to threaten the\\nenemy s right flank. Lee gained the heights of Freehold as\\nsoon as the enemy had left them, and following the British\\ninto the plains, ordered General Wayne to open the battle.\\n17. Clinton now discovered the Americans on both his\\nflanks, and heard the roar of attack upon his rearguard.\\nBelieving that this was an attempt to seize his baggage\\ntrains, he determined to fall upon the troops in his j-ear so\\nvigorously as to compel Washington to call off the troops\\nfrom his flanks.\\n18. It was now about ten o clock, and both armies were\\npreparing for action. At this moment a column of Ameri-\\ncans moving obliquely on the flank led Lee to suppose that\\nWashington had ordered the troops in front to retire. He\\ntherefore resolved to withdraw his division behind a morass\\n16. Describe the opening of the battle of Monmouth.\\n17. What did Clinton resolve lo do?\\n18. Wiiat blunder was committed?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE RETREAT OF GENERAL LEE. 157\\nthat was in his rear. The enemy opened a vigorous attack\\non this retiring column. The firing was heard in the rear,\\nand Washington, regarding it as the opening of the battle,\\nimmediately ordered his troops to throw off their packs and\\nadvance rapidly to the front. The commanding general had\\nreceived no intelligence from Lee notifying him of his re-\\ntreat. As the troops approached the scene of action, Wash-\\nington rode forward, and to his utter astonishment and mor-\\ntification met his advanced corps retiring before the enemy\\nwithout having made any considerable efforts to maintain\\nits ground.\\n19. Washington galloped forward to the rearguard of the\\ndivision, which was closely pressed. He there met General\\nLee, whom he addressed with great warmth, implying disap-\\nprobation of his conduct. He gave orders to the troops to\\nform immediately upon advantageous grounds, which he\\npointed out, and directed General Lee to make every effort\\nto stop the advancing column of the enemy. The com-\\nmander-in-chief then rode back himself to arrange the rear\\ndivision for battle. These orders were executed with great\\npromptness. A sharp conflict ensued, and when General\\nLee s troops were forced from the ground on which they had\\nbeen posted, they retired in good order and formed in the\\nrear of Englishtown.\\n20. Meanwhile the left wing and a second division of the\\nAmerican army had formed on high ground, partly in a\\nwood and partly in an open field covered by the morass in\\nfront. Lord Sterling, who commanded this wing, brought\\nup a detachment of artillery, which played with considerable\\neffect on a body of the British pressing to the charge. This\\nartillery fire, well supported by the infantry, eflfectually\\nstopped the advance of the enemy,\\n19. How was it rectified\\n20. How was the line of battle formed?\\n14", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n21. General Greene, commanding the right wing, had\\nearly in the morning been sent out to the New Church, two\\nmiles from Englishtown, with orders to form in the Mon-\\nmouth road, a short distance in the rear of the court-house.\\nHaving, however, learned of Lee s retreat, he immediately\\nwithdrew his division and took position on the right. The\\nenemy, being unable to overcome the artillery fire in the\\nfront, attemjited to turn the left flank of the Americans, but\\nwas repulsed with severe loss. An attempt on the right Avas\\nequally unsuccessful. General Greene had there strongly\\nposted his artillery and infantry, and cut down the enemy\\nwith a severe enfilading fire. At the same moment General\\nWayne came up with his infantry upon the front, and\\ncharged with such vigor that he forced the British to with-\\ndraw behind the morass to the grounds upon which the first\\nhalt had been made.\\n22. The enemy s line was reformed on very strong ground\\nboth flanks were protected by thick woods and morasses,\\nwhile the front could be reached only through a narrow pass.\\nNevertheless, Washington resolved to renew the engagement.\\nHe sent a body of troops under General Poor to gain the\\nenemy s right flank, while Woodford with his brigade turned\\nthe left and his artillery advanced upon the front. The ob-\\nstructions upon the flank, however, were found to be so great\\nthat before the troops could gain that part of the line it Avas\\nnearly dark. The divisions Avere therefore ordered to halt.\\nThe troops on both flanks and on the front bivouacked, and\\nAvere held in perfect readiness to rcncAV the engagement.\\nAVashington passed the night in the midst of his soldiers, en-\\ncouraging them by his presence to exert their whole ])OAver\\non the coming day to destroy the British army in their\\n21. Describe General Greene s movements. Wayne s charge.\\n22. How did the battle end?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND AMERICAN LOSSES. 159\\nfront. About midnight the enemy silently stole away, and\\nleft the patriot army in jjossession of the field.\\n23. Washington regarded the action as highly favorable\\nto the American cause, and finding that the enemy would\\ngain the Highlands before he could be overtaken, he resolved\\nto relinquish the pursuit. Leaving the New Jersey brigade\\nto hover upon the enemy s rear and to protect the country\\nfrom depredations, he withdrew the main body of his army\\nto the Hudson to occupy the passes in the Highlands,\\n24. In the battle of Monmouth the loss of the Americans\\nwas 8 officers and 61 privates killed, and about 160 wounded.\\nThe British reported their loss at 4 officers and 184 privates\\nkilled, 16 officers and 154 privates wounded. This report,\\nhowever, was proven to be false by the presence of 4 officers\\nand nearly 300 privates left dead on the field. In addition\\nto the casualties of this battle, the British lost in their\\nmarch through New Jersey about 100 prisoners and nearly\\n1000 by desertion.\\n25. After passing a few days on the high grounds near\\nMiddletown, General Clinton marched to Sandy Hook, and\\nthence transported his army to New York.\\n23. How did Washington regard the result? How was the enemy\\npursued\\n24. What were the casualties in the battle of Monmouth When\\ndid the Britisli withdraw from New Jersey", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nTory Marauders Villages Burned and Inhabitants Murdered\\nDestiiidion in Camp Battle of Springfield.\\nLLUM.NU UF\\n.;LT lAKMS.\\n1. After the battle of Monmouth and the expulsion of\\nthe enemy from New Jersey, active military operations were\\ntransferred to the South. Georgia, the Carolinas and Vir-\\nginia became the battle-fields, and during nearly four years,\\nbeginning with November, 1778, the struggle for independ-\\nence pressed sorely upon the inhabitants of those States.\\nThe enemy maintained his hold on New York throughout\\nthe war. Washington s army in New Jersey, with detach-\\nments on the Highlands and in New England, kept a strict\\nwatch on the Bi itish forces camped on the New York islands.\\nChapter XV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Wlmt occurred after the battle of Monmouth?\\n160", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "NEW JERSEY AGAIN INVADED. 161\\n2. Marauding j^arties and foraging expeditions frequently\\nleft these islands to prey upon the inhabitants of the surround-\\ning country. Near the close of September, 1778, a body of 5000\\ntroops under Cornwallis entered New Jersey, A detachment\\nof this expedition surprised Colonel Baylor s cavalry regiment\\nat Harrington. The enemy came upon the cavalrymen at\\nnight, and found them sleeping in a barn. They surrounded\\nthe regiment, and, refusing quarter, put the men to the bay-\\nonet 67 were killed or wounded, and all of the officers were\\nwounded and captured. A few days later, this massacre was\\nfairly matched by Colonel Richard Butler and Major Lee,\\nwho, with a body of Provincial cavalry, fell upon a party\\nof the enemy commanded by Captain Donop, and, without\\nthe loss of a man, slew 10 of the enemy s party, captured 18\\nand carried away the officers as prisoners of war.\\n3. About the same time, Count Pulaski s camp at Little\\nEgg Harbor was betrayed into the hands of the enemy by a\\nprofessed British deserter. Three companies of infantry and\\n40 cavalrymen were captured but the principal body, led\\nby the count, cut its way through the enemy s lines and\\nescaped.\\n4. In December, Washington s army went into winter\\nquartei s. Part of it camped in Connecticut, and part at\\nWest Point and at Middlebrook.\\n5. In the spring of 1779 strong expeditions were sent\\nagainst the Indians on the Western frontier, who had been\\nemployed by the British to plunder the border settlements\\nand massacre the inhabitants. General Maxwell s brigade\\nof New Jersey troops, stationed for the winter at Elizabeth,\\n2. How was New Jersey invaded How was Baylor s cavalry de-\\nstroyed How was this massacre avenged\\n3. What occurred at Little Egg Harbor?\\n4. Where did the army go, into winter quarters\\n5. W^hat occurred in the spring of 1779?\\n14 L", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwas ordered to join General Sullivan s expedition against the\\nSix Nations in the western part of New York.\\n6. Early in May the officers of the First New Jersey regi-\\nment in Maxwell s brigade sent a remonstrance to the gen-\\neral, addressed to the State Legislature, declaring that unless\\ntheir complaints on the subject of pay and subsistence re-\\nceived immediate attention, they would, at the expiration\\nof three days, resign their commissions, and requested the\\nLegislature in that event to appoint officers to succeed\\nthem.\\n7. In forwarding this address to the Legislature, General\\nMaxwell sent a letter, in which he said: Nothing but\\nnecessity, the officers being unable to support themselves,\\nwould have induced them to resign at so critical a juncture.\\nThese officers at the same time declared their readiness to\\nmake every necessary preparation to march against the\\nIndians, and to keep their regiments in discipline until a\\nreasonable time for the appointment of their successors\\nshould elapse. Washington attempted by patriotic appeals\\nand paternal remonstrances to change the resolution of these\\nofficers. Their condition, however, was one of extreme\\nprivation.\\n8. The petitions of the officers and the letter of General\\nMaxwell were laid before the Legislature. A resolution was\\nadopted to refer the matter to Congress. A resolution was\\nalso offered, censuring General Maxwell for the use of too\\nstrong language in his letter. This, however, was voted\\ndown.\\n9. This tardy action of the Legislature was not seconded\\nby the patriotic people of the State. The soldiers and offi-\\n6. What difficulty occurred in Maxwell s brigade?\\n7. What did General Maxwell say of this\\n8. How was the petition of the officers received by the Legislature?\\n9. What action did the people take?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "SULLIVAN S EXPEDITION. 163\\ncers in the camp at Elizabeth were in want, and their con-\\ndition demanded immediate relief. Governor Livingston,\\njoined by eight patriotic and wealthy citizens,* called upon\\nthe treasurer of the State on the 15th of January and re-\\nquested him to pay into the hands of Enos Kelsey, a com-\\nmissioner for the purchase of clothing, the sum of \u00c2\u00a37000, to\\nbe applied to the purchase of clothes for these officers,\\nugreeing to replace the sum in the State treasury if the\\nLegislature at its next session did not assume the debt.\\n10. On the 30th of April, the Legislature, being then in\\nsession, assumed this debt, and appropriated the additional\\nsum of \u00c2\u00a325,000 for the purpose of furnishing other officers\\nwith necessary supplies. The commissioners, however, were\\ntardy in filling these orders, and on the 7th of May the re-\\nmonstrance of the officers was repeated. The house then\\ndirected that clothing should be furnished immediately to\\nthe amount of \u00c2\u00a3200 to each officer, and that the sum of \u00c2\u00a340\\nshould be paid to each soldier in the brigade.\\n11. After these difficulties had been adjusted, Sullivan s\\nexpedition marched to the Chemung Valley, where the In-\\ndians and Tories had formed a large camp near Elmira.\\nSullivan attacked this camp on the 29th of August. General\\nHand and General Maxwell, commanding the New Jersey\\ntroops, were ordered to take the front of the enemy s line,\\nwhile other troops operated on the flanks. The attack was\\nsuccessful, and the enemy was routed and driven across the\\nriver with great loss.\\n12. During the summer of 1779 marauding parties of\\nThe persons wlio joined the governoi- were John Cooper, Andrew\\nSinnickson, Josepli Holmes, Robert Morris, Peter Tallman, Abraliani\\nVannest, Silas Condict and William Churchill Houston.\\n10. What did the Legislature do for the officers\\n11. What part did New Jersey take in Sullivan s expedition?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "164 HISTOET OF JSTEW JERSEY.\\nTories and expeditions of regular troops from New York\\nand Staten Island made devastating excursions into New\\nJersey. The Tories sought i)lunder and revenge, whilst the\\nregular troops were sent out to forage and to keep up the\\nappearance of aggressive operations. The T-ory parties fre-\\nquently took shelter in the deep pine forests of Monmouth\\ncounty and plundered the inhabitants without distinction.\\n13. Among the most notorious of these freebooters were,\\nFagan, Bourke, Stephen West, Ezekiel Williams and Fenton.\\nParties of militia were authorized to hunt down and destroy\\nthese Tory leaders, who, in their depredations, inflicted the\\nmost barbarous cruelties upon the inhabitants. Fagan was\\nfinally killed by a party of militia under Captain Benjamin\\nDennis. This same officer, with the assistance of a bold\\nguide named Vankirk, entrapped Bourke, West and Wil-\\nliams as they were in the act of embarking from Rockpond\\nfor New York with a large quantity of booty which they had\\ncollected. Dennis had concealed a party of his men in the\\nthicket, Avho shot down these Tory leaders as they were en-\\ntering their boats. Their bodies, with that of Fagan, were\\nhung to the limbs of trees by chains. Fenton soon met the\\nsame fate.\\n14. The inhabitants of Bergen county were particularly\\nexposed to the hostile inroads of malicious Tories. On the\\n10th of May a party of these savages entered the settlement\\nof Closter, murdered or carried away the principal inhabit-\\nants, burned their dwellings and plundered the entire settle-\\nment, wantonly destroying the furniture and abusing the\\nwomen. This party was a detachment from Colonel Van\\nBushkirk s regiment, who was one of the most violent Tory\\n12. What is said of marauding parties from New York and Staten\\nIsland\\n13. Wliat notorious freebooters were killed\\n14. Wliat is said of the inhabitants of Bergen conntv.", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "RAVAGES OF THE TORIES. 165\\npartisans that infested the State. His companies were\\nmade up of the former residents of Closter and Tappan and\\na number of negroes.\\n15. On the 17th of the same month, Van Bushkirk\\nmarched through Bergen county, marking his course at\\nevery point with desolation and slaughter. Not a house\\nwithin his reach belonging to a patriot inhabitant escaped.\\nAbraham Allen and George Campbell, influential citizens,\\nAvere barbarously murdered. Joost Zabriskie, a prominent\\ncitizen, was stabbed in fifteen places, and two negro women\\nin his place w^ere shot down for endeavoring to drive off their\\nmaster s cattle. The county militia rallied and marched\\nagainst this horde of plunderers, but they avoided punish-\\nment by a precipitous retreat.\\n16. On the 9th of June a body of 50 Tories entered\\nMonmouth county. They murdered several of the inhab-\\nitants, and returned to New York laden with plunder.\\nAbout the 1st of August a small band of rufiians sur-\\nrounded the house of Thomas Farr, near Crosswicks Baptist\\nchurch, broke into his dwelling, cruelly wounded Mr. Farr\\nand murdered his wife. His only daughter escaped by flying\\nto the house of a neighbor. A party of the enemy s light\\ndragoons landed at Stony Point, above Amboy, on the 18th\\nof October. They burned the stores at Boundbrook, de-\\nstroyed a number of boats at Van Veighton s bridge, and\\nmarched out to Somerset Court-house, which they also burned.\\nOn their return by way of New Brunswick they were attacked\\nand routed by a body of militia, and their colonel was made\\na prisoner.\\n17. The season for active operations in the North having\\nclosed, the army retired into winter quarters. The main\\n15. Describe the conduct of the enemy in Bergen county.\\n16. Describe the conduct of the enemy in Monmouth county. How\\nwas it punislied", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ndivision, under Washington, encamped on the heights in the\\nrear of Scotch PLains, New Jersey, but late in December\\nmoved to Morristown, where the soldiers occupied log huts\\nduring the winter. Detachments were thrown out toward the\\nbay to watch the enemy on Staten Island. The destitution\\nof the army in the winter of 1779 and 1780 was almost as\\ngreat as that which the soldiers had suffered at Valley Forge\\ntwo years l)efore. The supply of provisions was finally ex-\\nhausted, and famine invaded the American camp at Morris-\\ntown. Washington addressed a circular letter to the magis-\\ntrates of the several counties in the State of New Jersey,\\nrequiring them to forward a quantity of meat and flour to\\nthe camp within six days, proportioned to the resources of\\nthe inhabitants. He stated that the pressing wants of the\\nsoldiers demanded immediate relief, and that if the supplies\\ncould not be obtained by this appeal, a resort to force would\\nbe inevitable. To the lasting honor of the patriotic people\\nof the State, this appeal was promptly answered, and the\\nnecessary supplies were immediately furnished. The soldiers\\nin camp patiently endured their hardships, and the people,\\nfrom their scanty stores and their impoverished fields, will-\\ningly divided their supplies with their patriotic defenders in\\nthe neighboring camps.\\n18. The winter was very severe. The Hudson river, New\\nYork bay and even some of the arms of the sea were frozen\\nover with ice strong enough to bear the march of an army.\\n19. On the night of the 14th of January, 1780, Washing-\\nton sent General Lord Sterling with 2500 men to join a de-\\ntachment under General Erwin, with orders to march across\\n17. Where did the armies go into winter quarters? What was\\nthe condition of the army at Morristown How did Washington\\nsupply its wants?\\n18. What was the character of tlio winter?\\n19. What eflbrt was made to capture Staten Island", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "DEPRECIATION OF PAPER MONEY. 167\\nthe ice and attack the British troops on Staten Island. The\\nenemy, fully aware of the dangers that surrounded them,\\nwere on the watch, and had made every preparation to re-\\nceive reinforcements from New York. Lord Sterling- dis-\\ncovered this, and deemed it unwise to risk his troops in\\nbattle. He therefore withdrew to New Jersey on the morn-\\ning of the 17th.\\n20. The army encamped in New Jersey and in New Eng-\\nland was now threatened by an evil almost as great as the\\nfamine which had endangered its existence in the beginning\\nof the winter. The depi eciation of paper money had become\\nso great that the pay of a major-general was not sufficient to\\ndefray his daily expenses, and all the money a private re-\\nceived would not have paid for the shoes which he wore out\\non the march. The national Congress and the State Legisla-\\nture Avere slow to remedy this evil. Finally, a committee of\\nCongress was apjjointed to inquire into the condition of the\\ntroops. This committee reported that the army was unpaid\\nfor five months that it seldom had more than six days pro-\\nvisions in advance, and was on several occasions for sundry\\nsuccessive days without meat; that it was destitute of forage;\\nthat the medical department had neither sugar, tea, choco-\\nlate, wine nor spirituous liquors of any kind that every de-\\npartment Avas without money, and had not even the shadow\\nof credit left and that the patience of the soldiers, borne\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0down by the presence of complicated sufferings, was on the\\npoint of being exhausted.\\n21. The long course of suffering had produced a relaxation\\nof discipline, and the discontents of the soldiery finally broke\\nout in open mutiny. On the 25th of May two Connecticut\\n20. How did tJie depreciation of paper money affect the array\\nWhat is said of paying the soldiers What is said of provisions\\n21. What effect had this suffering in camp? What effect had tliis\\nrevolt on Congress", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "168 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nregiments paraded under arms, with a declaration that they\\nwould return home or obtain subsistence at the point of the\\nbayonet. The soldiers of many other regiments, though not\\nuniting with the mutineers, showed no disposition to suppress\\nthe mutiny. By great exertion on the part of officers, and\\nthe bringing up of a neighboring brigade of Pennsylvanians,\\nthe leaders were secured and the troops were persuaded to\\nreturn to their camps. The temper of the troops alarmed\\nCongress and the whole country, and ra-oused the people\\neverywhere to strenuous efforts to supply the reasonable\\nwants of the army.\\n22. The story of these demonstrations in the camps, and\\nthe complaints of the people of New Jersey, who had fre-\\nquently been called upon to divide their stores of provisions\\nwith the soldiers, had been greatly exaggerated and repeated\\nto the British commander in New York. He was thus led\\nto the belief that the American soldiers were ready to desert\\nthe cause of independence and the people of New Jersey to\\nchange their government. In order to take advantage of\\nthis feeling. General Knyphausen, with about 5000 men, was\\nsent from Staten Island on the 6th of June. He landed at\\nElizabeth Point in the night, and early next morning marched\\ntoward Springfield by way of Connecticut Farms.\\n23. \\\\Yashington had arranged with Governor Livingston\\nto call out the State militia whenever occasion should require.\\nOn the appearance of this invading army the call to arms\\nwas sent throughout the counties in the northern part of the\\nState. The militia assembled with great alacrity, marched\\nupon the flanks of the enemy s column and greatly impeded\\n22. What deceived the Briti.sh commander in New York What\\nexpedition was sent out?\\n23. What arrangement liad Wasliington made with Governor Liv-\\ningston How did the militia respond to the call to arms? Of what\\nwas the British general convinced?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "BURNING OF CONNECTICUT FARMS. 169\\nits progress. The number of the militia hourly increased,\\nand the resistance they offered to the march of the enemy\\nsoon became so great as to convince the British general that\\nhe had been wholly misinformed as to the temper of the in-\\nhabitants of New Jersey. So far from being ready to sur-\\nrender their government, he found that they defended it with\\na spirit and determination that rendered the position of his\\narmy exceedingly dangerous. Knyphausen ordered his\\ncolumn to halt at Connecticut Farms. Mortified and\\nenraged by disappointment and the failure to accomplish his\\npurpose, the enemy determined to take revenge on the de-\\nfenceless village in which he had camped.\\n24. Connecticut Farms, with its church and parsonage,\\nwas reduced to ashes. Mrs. Caldwell, the wife of the Rev.\\nJames Caldwell,* remained quietly in her dwelling, sitting in\\nJames Caldwell was born in Virginia in 1734. He graduated at\\nPrinceton College in 1759. In 1761 he was ordained by the Presby-\\ntery of New Brunswick, and installed pastor of the First Presbyterian\\nChurch of Elizabeth. He was married in March, 1763, to Miss Han-\\nnah Ogden of Newark, a lady whose piety and fortitude clieered and\\nsustained her husband through many dark and trying scenes. At the\\nbeginning of the war he was appointed chaplain of the New Jersey\\nbrigade. In June, 1776, he joined Colonel Dayton s regiment on the\\nnorthern lines. His popularity with the army and people in New\\nJersey was unbounded. His wisdom and talents were held in high\\nesteem, and he was bitterly hated by every enemy of American liberty in\\nthe State. He was at home the night before the attack on Connecticut\\nFarms. Hearing that the enemy was approaching, he endeavored to\\npersuade his wife to flee with him, but she would not go. Whilst\\ndrinking a cup of coffee in his saddle, he saw the enemy in the dis-\\ntance, and, bidding his wife farewell, galloped away. He never saw\\nher again alive. He was shot at Elizabeth Point on the 24th of No-\\nvember, 1781, and died instantly. The soldier who shot him was a\\nJersey militiaman, supposed to have been bribed by the enemy. He\\nwas tried and executed for willful murder.\\n24. Describe the destruction of Connecticut Farms.\\n15", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "170 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nher room with an iufaut in her arms and surrounded by her\\nchildren. A British soldier came to the window and dis-\\ncharged his musket at her. The ball passed through her\\nbosom and she instantly expired.\\n25. From the ruins of Connecticut Farms Knyphausen\\nproceeded toward Springfield. The New Jersey brigade,\\nunder General Maxwell, and the militia that had joined it,\\ntook a strong position in front of Springfield, determined to\\ndefend it. Knyphausen halted in front of Maxwell s lines\\nand camped during the night, but made no efforts to dislodge\\nthe Americans. Washington had drawn up his army early\\nin the morning on which Kny2:)hausen had landed at Eliza-\\nbeth Point, and advanced to the Short Hills, in the rear of\\nSpringfield. Knyphausen, perceiving that he was in danger\\nof being attacked by an overwhelming force, rapidly retired\\nto his boats. He was closely followed by a detachment which\\nattacked his outposts and annoyed his rearguard,\\n26. The American army in the vicinity of the Hudson\\nnumbered 5580 Continental troops, only about 3000 of w hom\\nwere eflTective soldiers. Sir Henry Clinton had now returned\\nfrom the South, so that the strength of the enemy in New\\nYork was increased to 12,000 regulars, with an additional\\nforce of 4000 Tory militia. The British commander resolved\\nto invade New Jersey, for the purpose of destroying the Ame-\\nrican camps and stores at Morristown. He first made a de-\\nmonstration against West Point, in order to draw off Wash-\\nington s troops in that direction. On the morning of the\\n23d of June he landed a force of 5000 infimtry and a large\\nbody of cavalry and artillery at Elizabeth, and took up his\\nmarch toward Springfield. General Greene, whose camp was\\nat Springfield, commanded two brigades of Continental troops\\n25. What followed the destruction of Connecticut Farms?\\n20. What was the relative strength of the American and British\\narmies near New York What was undertaken", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF SPRINGFIELD. 171\\nand the New Jersey militia. The greater part of Washing-\\nton s army had been directed to march slowly toward Pomp-\\nton. As soon as Washington learned of the movements of\\nthe enemy, he detached a brigade to hang on his right flank,\\nand prepared himself to support General Greene.\\n27. At Springfield, General Greene posted Major Lee on\\nthe Vauxhall road, on which the right column of the British\\nwas marching, and Colonel Dayton on the direct road to\\nSpringfield, to face the enemy s left. A detachment of\\nGreene s artillery was posted to defend the bridge over the\\nRailway, supported by Colonel Angel. Colonel Shreve, with\\nhis regiment, guarded a second bridge to cover the retreat of\\nColonel Angel s men. Major Lee s dragoons and the pickets\\nunder Captain Walker, supported by Colonel Ogden, defended\\nthe bridge on the Vauxhall road. The main body of the\\nBritish troops was drawn up on high grounds in the rear of\\nthe town, with the militia on the flanks.\\n28. As the enemy approached Springfield he opened an\\nartillery fire on the Americans, which was answered by\\nColonel Angel s battery at Rahway bridge. The British\\nattacked Lee on the Vauxhall road. He resisted the pas-\\nsage of the bridge until a body of the enemy had forded the\\nriver above him and gained his flanks, when he withdrew his\\ntroops to avoid being surrounded. On the left, Colonel\\nAngel maintained his ground until he was compelled to\\nyield to superior numbers. He then retired in perfect order,\\nbringing oft his wounded men. Colonel Shreve, after covering\\nAngel s retreat, rejoined his brigade on the hill. The British\\nthen took possession of the town, and immediately set it on\\nfire.\\n29. The stern resistance he had encountered, the gallantry\\nand discipline of the Continental troops, the firmness dis-\\n27. Describe the position taken at Springfield.\\n28. Describe the battle of Springfield.", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nplayed in the skirmishing, the strength of Greene s position,\\nthe spirit and luiiiihcrs of tlie New Jersey militia, together\\n\\\\vith the report that a formidable fleet and army were daily\\nexpected from France, induced Sir Henry Clinton to aban-\\ndon the further invasion of New Jersey. He therefore with-\\ndrew from Springfield, and on the same night returned to\\nStaten Island. The conduct of the New Jersey brigade and\\nof the State militia in this day s fighting was conspicuously\\nnoticed, and was honorably mentioned by the commander-in-\\nchief.\\n30. On the 10th of July the first division of the French\\narmy, which had been sent out to co-operate with Washing-\\nton, arrived at Newport, Rhode Island. General Washington\\nvisited Hartford in order to have an interview with the\\nFrench commander and to arrange plans for the campaign.\\nWhilst the commander-in-chief w as absent from his camp on\\nthis business, Benedict Arnold attempted to surrender the\\nmilitary posts at West Point to the enemy. His treason was\\ndiscovered and defeated, but the traitor fled to the British\\ncamp at New York before he could be arrested.\\nol. The spirit of the campaign in the South made it im-\\npracticable to undertake any considerable movements in the\\nMiddle States. The close of the summer was spent in re-\\ncruiting, and early in December the army went into winter\\nquarters. The Pennsylvania troops, under General Wayne,\\nwere stationed near Morristown the New Jersey regulars en-\\ncamped at Porapton the New England troops near West\\nPoint, and the New York regiments at Albany.\\n29. What induced the enemy to abandon the invasion What is\\nsaid of the conduct of the New Jersey militia?\\n80. When did the French army arrive, and where did it land?\\nWhat treachery was attempted?\\n31. Where did the army go into winter quarters?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI.\\nRevolt in Camp End of the War Contributions of the State\\nand Sufferings of the Inhabitants.\\nRUTOERS COLLEGE, NEW BRUNSWICK.\\n1. The year 1781, which closed in glorious triumph,\\nopened with many gloomy prospects and disheartening cir-\\ncumstances. The soldiers had served their country in many\\nsevere campaigns, almost without pay often without suffi-\\ncient clothing to cover their shivering bodies or food to stay\\ntheir hunger. Congress had sent promise after promise that\\nrelief would be afforded speedily, but the promises were un-\\nfulfilled. The soldiers became dissatisfied, and finally, on\\nthe 1st of January, a body of Pennsylvania troops in the\\ncamp at Morristown i-esolved to march to Philadelphia and\\ndemand immediate justice from their representatives.\\n2. General Wayne was in command of these troops, and\\nChapter XVI. J. Wbnt occurred in tlie beginning of 1781?\\n1,\u00c2\u00ab 17:5", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nevery oue of the 1300 who had entered upon this desperate\\npurpose dearly loved his general. He followed the men, and\\nby persuasion and threats endeavored to bring them baek to\\nhis camp. They would not listen to his entreaties. Finally\\nhe threw himself in front of the column, drew his pistol and\\nthreatened to shoot the leaders if they did not face about and\\nreturn to Morristown. The men instantly surrounded Wayne\\nwith their fixed bayonets, and, pointing their muskets at his\\nheart, cried out, General, we love and respect you; often\\nhave you led us into the field of battle, but Ave warn you to\\nbe on- your guard. If you fire your pistol or attempt to en-\\nforce your commands, we shall put you instantly to death.\\nBrave Anthony Wayne still stood firm, not fearing harm at\\nthe hands of his own men. He appealed to their patriotism,\\nreminded them of toils and sufferings already endured for\\nthe cause of American liberty, and begged them not to sacri-\\nfice, in one rash moment, the honor and advantage they had\\ngained by years of w^eary marches and terrible battles. He\\nrecited to them how the enemy would rejoice and how their\\nfriends would grieve over their conduct.\\n3. The men replied by exhibiting their tattered garments\\nand relating the story of their sufferings for want of food,\\nand then repeated their determination to march to Philadel-\\nphia and demand from Congress immediate redress. Find-\\ning himself unable to restrain the troops, Wayne resolved to\\naccompany them, and at the same time sent orders to his\\nquartermaster to send supplies after him, for he knew the\\nmen would soon need them.\\n4. At Princeton the party was met by a committee from\\nCongress, who promised that the just demands of the sol-\\n2. Who commanded these troops? How did he endeavor to bring\\nthem back to camp?\\n3. What answer did tlie soldiers make?\\n4. How did tlie revolt terminate?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "SUPPRESSION OF THE REVOLT. 175\\ndiers should be granted. The men whose enlistment had\\nexpired were allowed to go home, and those whose term of\\nservice had not yet ended agreed to return to their camps.\\n5. When intelligence of this revolt reached the British\\ncommander in New York, he despatched agents to Princeton\\nto bribe the soldiers and persuade them to desert and join\\nthe enemy. But these troops seized the British emissaries\\nand delivered them to General Wayne. They were tried\\nby military commission, and condemned to be hung as\\nspies.\\n6. The success of the Pennsylvania regiments in obtaining\\nredress of grievances stimulated part of the New Jersey\\ntroops to pursue the same course. On the night of the 20th\\nof January, part of the brigade stationed at Pompton rose in\\narms and claimed the same privileges that had been granted\\nto the Pennsylvanians. A body of 160 men marched to\\nChatham, where another brigade was stationed, and invited\\ntheir comrades to revolt.\\n7. General Washington had already discovered the danger\\nof yielding to the violent demands of soldiers with arms in\\ntheir hands, and therefore resolved upon severe measures to\\nbring the mutineers to unconditional submission. He sent a\\ndetachment under General Howe, with orders to arrest the\\nleaders and to bring them to punishment. Howe s troops\\narrived at Chatham early in the morning, and surrounded\\nthe camp of the revolters. Colonel Barber, of New Jersey,\\ncommanded the mutineers to parade without arms and to\\nmarch to designated ground. They hesitated to obey, and\\nColonel Sprout was ordered to advance with his regiment\\nand give them five minutes time to comply with the com-\\n5. What did the British commander do?\\n0. What eflect liad the success of the Pennsylvanians on other troops\\nWhat occurred at Pompton\\n7. How was til is revolt suppressed", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176 IIISTOUT OF NEW JERSEY.\\nniand of Colonel Barber. With fixed bayonets and leveled\\nmuskets on every side of them, they instantly laid down\\ntheir arms and complied with the order. Three of the\\nmost active leaders were tried and executed on the spot.\\n8. Sir Henry Clinton heard of the mutiny of the New\\nJersey troops, and despatched emissaries to offer them the\\nsame terms that had been offered to the Pennsylvaniaiis.\\nHe sent General Robertson, at the head of 3000 men, to\\nStaten Island for the purpose of supporting the mutineers.\\nThe British emissaries, however, proved false to their com-\\nmander, and delivered their papers, containing instructions\\nand propositions, into the hands of Colonel Dayton, who com-\\nmanded the American outposts.\\n9. These severe measures not only enforced discipline in\\nthe camps, but aroused the States to give immediate atten-\\ntion to the w ants of the soldiers. It was in this hour of\\ngloom and extreme want that Robert Morris of Philadel-\\nphia threw into the empty treasury of the nation his immense\\nfortune and credit, which enabled the commanding general\\nto clothe and feed his army, and to prepare for a vigorous\\ncampaign in the approaching summer.\\n10. Washington and the French general. Count Rocham-\\nbeau, had agreed upon a plan to attack the enemy in New\\nYork. For this purpose the French troops were ordered\\nfrom Newport late in June. But large reinforcements Avere\\nreceived by the British commander, and Washington there-\\nfore deemed it unwise to risk a battle. Word was received\\nalso that a large French fleet, commanded by Count de\\nGrasse, would soon arrive in the Chesapeake bay. The\\nAmerican and French commanders therefore resolved upon\\ntransferring their armies to Virginia to co-operate with this\\n8. What is said of the British emissaries?\\n9. Wliat was the efltct of tliese severe measures?\\n10. Wliat campaign was planned?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "THE MARCH TO WILLIAMSBURG. Ill\\nfleet. The British general, Lord Cornwallis, had collected a\\nlarge army at Yorktowu, in Virginia, and a British fleet was\\nstationed at Gloucester Point, in the York river.\\n11. Washington wrote letters, in which he gave instruc-\\ntions for an attack upon New York, and made arrangements\\nto allow these to be captured by the British scouts. He thus\\nled Sir Henry Clinton to expect an assault upon the city.\\nWhile the enemy labored under this deception, Washington s\\narmy and the French troops marched through the State of\\nNew Jersey, by way of Philadelphia, crossed the Delaware\\nnear that city, and thence through Pennsylvania and Mary-\\nland, and arrived at Williamsburg, in Virginia, on the 14th\\nof September. It is recorded of this march that such was\\nthe discipline and order of the French troops that in passing\\na distance of 500 miles through a country abounding in fruit\\nnot a peach or an apple was taken without leave of the com-\\nmissioned oflicers.\\n12. Count de Grasse had arrived in the Chesapeake with\\nhis fleet late in August, and General La Fayette had fortified\\na camp on James river. La Fayette had informed De Grasse\\nof the position of the enemy, and upon the arrival of General\\nWashington and Count Rochambeau, laid before them a care-\\nful description of the country and the approaches to the\\nBritish camp. The whole French fleet was now concentrated\\nat the mouth of the Chesapeake, and the British fleet, from\\nNew York, upon reaching the southern coast, stood to sea\\noutside the harbor. A naval engagement occurred on the\\n5th of September with part of the enemy s fleet, but no\\nadvantage was gained on either side.\\n13.. On the night of the 6th of October the combined Amer-\\nican and French armies surrounded the camp of Lord Cornwal-\\n11. How did Washington deceive Clinton? Describe the raarcli to\\nWilliamsburg.\\n12. What great commanders met on the James?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "178 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nlis at Yorktown. They jirosecuted the siege with great vigor.\\nJ he officers and soldiers of France and America vied with\\neach other in conrage and skill. A series of battles, extend-\\ning through thirteen days, was fought with great spirit, until\\nalmost every gun on the enemy s fortifications was dismounted\\nand the batteries were prostrated. On the 19th, Lord Corn-\\nwallis surrendered his army with the arms and munitions of\\nwar to Washington, and the ships and seamen to Count de\\nGrasse. The total number of prisoners exceeded 7000 men.\\nDuring the siege. Sir Henry Clinton had arrived outside of\\nthe harbor with 7000 troops and 25 ships, but finding it im-\\npossible to break through the French lines, he returned to\\nNew^ York.\\n14. The capture of Cornwallis crushed the British power\\nin America. Praise and thanksgiving went up to the Lord\\nOmnipotent from every family altar where the love of lib-\\nerty dwelt. In every church, in legislative halls, in the\\narmy and in Congress, the voice of the people was heard in\\nprayer. The dark clouds of war which had hung over the\\nStates during seven years now began to break away, and\\npeace dawned in the horizon of the new-born nation.\\n15. Count de Grasse sailed for the West Indies. A de-\\ntachment of Washington s army, under General Wayne,\\nmarched to the aid of General Greene in the Carolinas.\\nThe French troops remained in Virginia, and the Eastern\\nregiments returned to New York and New^ Jersey, under the\\ncommand of General Lincoln.\\n16. In Great Britain the people now began to clamor for\\npeace. Strong resolutions were adopted by Parliament in\\n13. Describe the siege of Yorktown.\\n14. What was tlie efTect of this victory How was the news re-\\nceived\\n15. What disposition was made of tlie troops\\n16. Wliat occurred in England", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "THE MURDER OF CAPTAIN HUDDY. 179\\n1782, requiring the king and his ministry to bring the war\\nto a close and on the 14th of March the House of Commons\\ndechired by a vote that those Avho should advise or attempt\\na further prosecution of an offensive war on the American\\ncontinent were enemies to his majesty and the country. A\\nnew ministry was formed, and the British commanders in\\nAmerica were notified that negotiations for peace were about\\nto be entered upon.\\n17. NotAvithstanding these measures, a spirit of hostility\\nstill dwelt in the bosom of the Tories in and about New\\nYork. The traitor Benedict Arnold had been commissioned\\nan officer in the British army, and at the head of troops com-\\nposed of men of like character made frequent incursions into\\nNew Jersey, and inflicted most barbarous cruelties upon the\\ninhabitants.\\n18. On the 2d of April, 1782, a party of these Tories\\nattacked the blockhouse on Tom river, commanded by Cap-\\ntain Joshua Huddy. The little garrison gallantly defended\\nthe post until it was overpowered by superior numbers and\\ncaptured. The captain was taken to New York and impris-\\noned, and on the 12th he was carried by a party of Tories to\\nMiddletown Heights, where, without trial, he Avas hung.\\nHuddy was a man of extraordinary bravery, and met his\\ncruel fate with fortitude and perfect composure. He wrote\\nhis will in a clear, steady hand on the head of the barrel\\nfrom which he was to be executed.\\n19. Washington wrote to Sir Henry Clinton at New York\\nthat unless these murderers were surrendered he would re-\\ntaliate by the execution of some of the British officers in his\\nhands. The demand was refused, and Captain Asgill was\\n17. Who invaded New Jersey?\\n18. What occurred on Tom river? What is said of Captain Huddy?\\n19. What notice did Washington t.ake of tliis murder? What reply\\ndid the British commander make", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "180 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ndesio-uated by lot to expiate the death of Captain Huddy.\\nMeanwhile, however, the British commander had organized\\na court-martial to examine into the affiiir. It was found that\\nthe murder of Huddy had been perpetrated under instruc-\\ntions from Governor Franklin, who was now in New York,\\nand was president of the Associated Loyalists, as the\\nTories there called themselves. Sir Guy Carleton, who now\\ncommanded on Manhattan Island, gave orders for the disso-\\nlution of the society of Associated Loyalists; and assured\\nGeneral Washington that these outrages would not be re-\\npeated. Asgill was then released.\\n20. Preliminary articles of peace were signed on the 30th\\nof November, 1782, to take efiect on the 20th of January,\\n1783. On the 15th of April the return of peace was pub-\\nlicly celebrated at Trenton. On the 19th the eighth anni-\\nversary of the battle at Lexington a proclamation, declaring\\nthe cessation of hostilities, was read to the troops, and on the\\n3d of November the army was disbanded. The enemy was\\nallowed ample time to collect his troops and materials of war,\\nand to embark them for England. The British were finally\\nremoved from New York on the 25th of November, 1783.\\nWashington took leave of his soldiers and officers in New\\nYork on the 4th of December, and proceeded to Annapo-\\nlis, where, on the 23d of that month, he surrendered his\\ncommission as commander-in-chief of the Continental army\\nto Congress, and then quietly retired to private life.\\n21. During the eight years of war, from 1775 to 1783,\\nNew Jersey furnished 10,726 soldiers to the army. This,\\n20. When were articles of peace signed? How was tlie news re-\\nceived? When was the army disbanded? When did the British\\nfinally leave New York? When did Washington resign his com-\\nniission\\n21. How many troops did New Jersey furnisli during the war?\\nWhat other contributions were made?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "OUTRAGES OF TORIES. 181\\nhowever, was the smallest part of the contribution of the in-\\nhabitants to the cause of liberty. The State several times\\nbecame the public highway of marching armies. It was\\nalmost the permanent camping-ground for divisions of the\\nContinental troops, was in constant fear of invasion, and was\\nfrequently overrun by detachments of the enemy. The main\\nbody of Washington s army camped three winters on its\\nhighlands, and drew upon the inhabitants for supplies until\\nalmost every family was reduced to extreme destitution,\\nleaving barely enough to sustain life.\\n22. In addition to this drain upon their resources, the\\nState was preyed upon by associations of Tories, freebooters\\nand robbers, who inflicted the most barbarous cruelties\\nupon all the inhabitants, disregarding public or social posi-\\ntion, age and sex. Movable property was carried away,\\ndwellings were sacked, villages were burned, men were shot\\ndown in the fields and on the highways, young girls and\\naged women Avere outraged in their own homes and mur-\\ndered in cold blood.\\n23. The inhabitants of the northern part of the State for\\nyears could not enjoy an hour of exemption from the fear of\\nthese marauding hordes. The frequent incursions of the\\nenemy kept the State militia almost constantly under arms,\\nso that there was scarcely time or labor to sow the fields or\\nto gather the harvests. The State might therefore with pro-\\npriety have been regarded as the battle-field of the nation,\\nrather than as a source of supplies for the army.\\n24. Though the war had absorbed the strength of the\\npeople, there was nevertheless kept alive amid scenes of car-\\nnage a desire to cultivate the arts of peace. As soon, there-\\n22. Describe the sufferings of the people.\\n23. What occurred in the northern part of the State?\\n24. What followed the close of the war? Wliat institutions were\\nestablished?\\n16", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "182 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfore, as the war ended, many unfinished enterprises, suddenly\\narrested by the call to arms, were resumed. The institutions\\nof learning at New Bi unswick are conspicuous illustrations\\nof this fact. George III. chartered Queen s College in 1770.\\nThe charter was granted to such Protestants as had adopted\\nthe constitution of the Reformed churches in the Nether-\\nlands. The Dutch Reformed Church held a convention in\\nNew York in 1771, and resolved to establish a theological\\nseminary at New Brunswick. This was the first institution\\nof its kind in America.\\n25. The struggle for American liberty which had already\\nbegun, and the war for independence that so speedily fol-\\nlowed, demanded the whole strength of the people. All\\ncivil projects were deferred until the Avar should be brought\\nto an end. The theological seminary was not formally\\nopened until the year 1784. In 1825 the name of the col-\\nlege was changed to Rutgers College. The two instituions\\nwere partially united, and provided with an able corps of\\ninstructors. From that time they grew in strength and in-\\nfluence, and are now among the most successful schools in\\nthe country.\\n25. What is said of these institutions?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nThe Constitution of the United States Adopted.\\nv:i I i,!ih\\nEMBLEMS OF THE NATION.\\n1. The war for independeuce had now closed. With peace\\ncame the labor of laying the foundation of a new nation.\\nThe toils of the statesman began where those of the soldier\\nhad ended. The efforts of the army closed in triumph, it\\nwas now the duty of statesmen to preserve, in constitutional\\nlaw, the principles of personal and national liberty wrenched\\nfrom the monarchies of Europe and successfully defended by\\nthe swords of the patriots. The establishment of a govern-\\nment, to be administered by the people and for the people,\\nwas the task imposed by the victory of our arms.\\n2. At the beginning of the war necessity had forced a\\nhasty union of the colonies. Their regiments and brigades\\nwere united into an army, commanded by Continental officers.\\nChapter XVII. 1. What had the patriots accomplished, and what\\nwas yet to be acliieved\\n183", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "184 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nand were led against the common enemy but the great work\\nof constructing a nation that should have power over the sev-\\neral colonies which by the successful issue of the struggle had\\nbecome independent States, had not yet been undertaken.\\n3. The limited authority of Congress became still more in-\\nsignificant upon the establishment of peace. There was no-\\nwhere a guiding power to lead the people up to the full real-\\nization of the fruits of their victory, nor to direct them in the\\nconstruction of a representative government, under whose\\nsupreme control the States might become free republics,\\nbound by a uniform system into a great nation, strong to\\ndevelop the resources of the continent and powerful to defend\\nthe rights of its people in all parts of the world.\\n4. The wisdom that had prevailed in council and triumphed\\nin the field was again brought into harmonious action. A\\nconvention was called to meet at Annapolis,* Maryland, Sep-\\ntember 17, 1786, which agreed that another convention should\\nbe called to meet in Philadelphia, for the purpose of consid-\\nering what changes should be made in the Articles of Con-\\nfederation adopted in 1776 for the government of the States\\nduring the war. The representatives for New Jersey in the\\nPhiladelphia convention were David Brearley, William\\nC. Houston, William Patterson, William Livingston, Abra-\\nham Clark and Jonathan Dayton.\\n5. The convention assembled on May 10, 1787, and sat\\nin the room which had been occuj)ied by Congi-essf when\\nTlie New Jersey commissioners were William C. Houston, Abra-\\nham Clark and James Sclirereman.\\nt The Continental Congress assembled at Princeton, June 30, 1783,\\nand at Trenton, November 1, 1784.\\n2. What had been done at the beginning of the war? What had\\nnot been undertaken\\n3. What was needed\\n4. What was done to organize the government?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "CONVENTION IN PHILADELPHIA. 185\\nthe Declaration of Independence was adopted. Delegates\\nwere present from all the States except New Hampshire and\\nRhode Island. Washington was chosen president of the con-\\nvention. He was surrounded by many great and good men,\\nwho desired nothing so much as the glory of their country\\nand the w^elfare of the people. The delegates soon discov-\\nered that the Articles of Confederation were so defective and\\nlimited in their power that it would be useless to endeavor\\nto adapt them to the wants of the nation. They resolved\\ntherefore to enter at once upon the work of framing a new\\nconstitution.\\n6. Several plans of government were presented by the\\ndelegates from the different States, and there Avas great\\ndiversity of opinion among the best and wisest men in the\\nconvention. A number of days had been spent in discus-\\nsion, and many began to fear that the members would sep-\\narate without accomplishing anything. Finally, some one\\nproposed an adjournment, but at this crisis Benjamin Frank-\\nlin rose and said IVIr. President How has it happened\\nthat while groping so long in the dark, divided in our opin-\\nions, and now about to separate without accomplishing the\\ngreat object of our meeting here, we have hitherto not once\\nthought of humbly applying to the Father of lights to illu-\\nminate our understandings In the beginning of our contest\\nwith Great Britain, when all were sensible of danger, we\\nhad daily prayers in this room for divine jjrotection. Our\\nprayers, sir, were heard and graciously answered. He then\\noffered a resolution that, henceforth, prayers, imploring the\\nassistance of Heaven and its blessings on our deliberations,\\nbe had in this assembly every morning before we proceed to\\nbusiness.\\n5. When and where did the convention assemble What was dis-\\ncovered\\n6. How did the work progress? Wliat did Franklin propose?\\n1(5", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "186 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n7. The suggestion was iid(_)pted, and the clergy of the city\\nwere invited to officiate. From that day there was greater\\nharmony in the convention and, guided by Divine wisdom,\\nthe delegates soon agreed upon articles of government, which\\nwere adopted on the 17th of September, and subsequently,\\nhaving been ratified by the people, became the Constitution\\nof the nation.\\n8. The Articles of Confederation, and with them the Con-\\ntinental Congress, expired on the 4th of March, 1789, and\\nthe Constitution of the United States became the or-\\nganic law of the nation. On the 6th of April of the same\\nyear. General Washington was elected the first President\\nof the United States. He was then at his home at Mount\\nA^ernon, Virginia, but having been again called to serve his\\ncountry, Avent to New York, the place appointed for the\\nmeeting of the new Congress, and there, ^in the presence of\\na vast assembly took the oath of office on the 30th of\\nApril, 1789.\\n9. Congress gave its attention to the organization of the\\nnational government, and the inhabitants of the several\\nStates, relieved from the excitement of public affairs, devoted\\nthemselves to the development of the resources of the country.\\nEoads were opened between widely-separated settlements,\\nchurches were organized, schools were established, factories\\nwere erected, trade and commerce were extended, and the\\npeople, speedily recovering from the effects of the war, be-\\ncame prosperous and happy.\\n7. What was the cflect of prayer? Wlien was the Constitution of\\nthe United States adopted?\\n8. When did the Confederation end and tiie United Slates begin\\nWho was the first President When was he eU cted Wiien and\\nwhere was lie inangurated?\\n9. Wiiat did Congress do? What did tlie {ie()i)ic do?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII.\\nTlie State Government Organized.\\nGOVERNOR tlVINGSTON S MANSION.\\n1. The lirst Constitution of the State of New Jersey was\\nadopted by the Provincial Congress at Burlington on the\\n2d of July, 1776. It provided that members for the first Leg-\\nislature should be chosen on the second Tuesday of August,\\n1776, and thereafter on the second Tuesday of October of\\neach year. The Legislature was to convene on the second\\nTuesday after the election. This constitution received the\\ngeneral sanction of the people, who observed and enforced its\\nprovisions.\\n2. The first election was held on the appointed day, and\\nChaptee XVIII. 1. When was the first State Constitution\\nadopted What were some of its provisions\\n187", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "188 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe members chosen met in General Assembly at Princeton on\\nthe 27th of August. Two days after the opening of the ses-\\nsion both houses of the Legislature the Council and the\\nAssembly were organized. John Stevens Avas chosen vice-\\npresident of the council, and John Hart was elected speaker\\nof the house. On the 31st of August, the two houses, having\\nmet in joint ballot, elected William Livingston governor of\\nthe State. A committee w-as appointed to devise a public\\nseal, and until that could be made it Avas ordered that the\\nprivate seal of Governor Livingston should be used as the\\ngreat seal of the commonwealth.\\n3. On the loth of September, Governor Livingston deliv-\\nered his first address to the Legislature. He stated clearly\\nand forcibly the questions at issue in the war between Eng-\\nland and America, strongly endorsed the action of the Conti-\\nnental Congress and the Declaration of Independence, and\\nclosed with the following exhortation Let us, then, as it is\\nour indispensable duty, make it our invariable aim to exhibit\\nto our constituents the brightest examples of a disinterested\\nlove for the commonweal. Let us, both by precept and ex-\\nample, encourage the spirit of economy, industry and patriot-\\nism, and that public integrity and righteousness that cannot\\nfail to exalt a nation, setting our faces at the same time like\\na flint against that dissoluteness of manners and political cor-\\nruption that will ever be the reproach of any people. May\\nthe foundation of our infant State be laid in virtue and the\\nfear of God, and the superstructure will rise glorious and\\nendure for ages! The Assembly replied to this address,\\nendorsing the moral and patriotic sentiments expressed by\\nthe governor.\\n4. In order to perfect the organization of the government,\\n2. When was the first election lield What is said of the first Legis-\\nlature? Who was elected the first governor?\\n3. Wlial is said of tlie governor s address?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "THE STATE MILITIA ORGANIZED. 189\\nthe Legislature elected John de Hart chief justice of the\\nState, Samuel Tucker second justice, and Francis Hopkinson\\nthird justice. William Patterson, was appointed attorney-\\ngeneral Bowes Reed, clerk of supreme court Charles Petit,\\nsecretary of state, and Richard Smith, treasurer. An act\\nwas passed to establish courts of justice, and other measures\\nnef^essary for the complete organization of the government\\nwere adopted.\\n5. The second meeting of the Legislature was opened at\\nBurlington on the 13th of November. It was at this time\\nthat all the terrors of the first British invasion chilled the\\nheart of every patriot in the land. The enemy had already\\nestablished himself in New York, and the American army\\nwas slowly retiring southward from the Hudson. In this\\nhour of gloom, when the American cause was meeting with\\ndefeat and disaster in every field, the Legislature of New\\nJersey gave its full attention to the organization of the mili-\\ntia of the State and to recruiting for the Continental army\\nthe full quota of troops required by Congress. A bill was\\npassed providing for the raising of four battalions.\\n6. The retreat of Washington s army through the State\\nand the rapid advance of the enemy brought the session of\\nthe Legislature to a sudden end. Provisions for the support\\nof the government were hastily made, and on the 2d of De-\\ncember both houses adjourned to meet again on the 18th of\\nJanuary, 1777.\\n7. Washington s victories at Trenton and Princeton, near\\nthe close of the year, again aroused the hopes of the Ameri-\\n4. What State officers were elected\\n5. Wlien and where was tlie second session of the \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Legislature held?\\nWhat was the condition of the country\\n6. How was tiie session ended\\n7. What effect had the victories at Trenton and Princeton on the\\npeople? Wiicre did the Legislature meet", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "190 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ncans. The timid inhabitants, who had been forced into sub-\\nmission by the presence of the enemy, now took courage.\\nThe base and treacherous men who had given aid and com-\\nfort to the public enemy were compelled to withdraw from\\nthe State, and the large majority of the people, who had\\nheld fast to the cause they had espoused, were now filled\\nwith hope for a speedy deliverance from the hand of the op-\\npressor. The action of the State authorities was immedi-\\nately resumed, and the Legislature was summoned to meet\\nat Pittstown on the 22d of January, 1777. The governor\\ncongratulated the members on the great success of the Amer-\\nican armies in the State, and declared that there was no\\nreason to be dispirited in the contest unless the people and\\ngovernment were wanting to themselves.\\n8. Before the houses had entered fairly upon business it\\nwas rumored that the enemy was marching southward. The\\nLegislature therefore adjourned to Haddonfield on the 29th\\nof January. At this session Robert Morris was appointed\\nchief justice, Isaac Smith second justice, and John Cleves\\nSymmes third justice, in place of Hopkinson, who had been\\nchosen a member of the Continental Congress. The Legisla-\\nture found great difficulty in framing a militia law, that\\nwould ensure an armed force for the defence of the State,\\nand at the same time respect the rights of the very large\\nclass of citizens who, from conscientious scruples, could not\\nengage in war. The bill provided that all able-bodied men\\nshould be eni-olled, and that those whose religious obliga-\\ntions prevented them from entering the army might pay\\na sum of money to be released from actual service.\\n9. An act was passed establishing a council of safety, to\\nconsist of twelve members, who, with the governor, were\\n8. To what place did the Legislature adjourn What was done at\\nthis session\\n9. Who were authorized to govern the State in times of invasion?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. 391\\nvested with power and authority to administer the aflliirs of\\nthe State in times of invasion, or wlien it was impracticable\\nto call a session of the Legislature. This body was clothed\\nw^ith almost unlimited power. It might order the arrest of\\nsuspicious and dangerous persons in the State, correspond\\nwith Congress and with other States, and transact any busi-\\nness necessary for the public good. It could call out the\\nmilitia to resist invasion or to suppress insurrection, and do\\nwhatever, in the judgment of the governor and the council of\\nsafety, might be necessary to protect the inhabitants in their\\nlives and property.\\n10. A bill was passed for the support of the government,\\nwhich provided that the pay of the governor should be\\n\u00c2\u00a3600 per annum, that of the chief justice \u00c2\u00a3300, of the third\\njustice \u00c2\u00a3200, and of the attorney-general \u00c2\u00a340. Each dele-\\ngate in Congress was to receive twenty shillings a day, each\\nmember of the State council ten shillings, and each member\\nof the Assembly eight shillings.\\n11. After a shoi t recess the Legislature reconvened at\\nHaddonfield on the 7th of May, 1777. At this session\\nsevere penalties were enacted for the punishment of all per-\\nsons who should in any way give aid to the enemy. In lay-\\ning before the house the conduct of the Tories and banditti\\nin the northern counties. Governor Livingston said: They\\nare resolved to contaminate the British name by every spe-\\ncies of infamy, rather than abandon their purpose of enslaving\\na free and unoffending people.\\n12. The governor and council of safety were authorized to\\narrest and imprison as many persons known to be disaffected\\nin the State as might be thought sufficient to induce the\\nenemy to release such of the patriotic citizens as had been\\n10. Name the salaries of public officers?\\n11. What did Governor Livingston say of the Tories?\\n12. What was the governor and council of safety authorized to do", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "192 HISTORY OF NUW JERSEY.\\nkidnapped and carried oft also to arrest and imprison all\\nsuspicious persons. An act was passed confiscating the per-\\nsonal estates of all who had deserted to the enemy, unless\\nthey should Avithiu a stated period return and renew their\\nallegiance to the State. This induced many who had\\nalready become sensible of their error, and Avho had been\\ndeceived by the enemy, to petition to be restored to citizen-\\nship. The Legislature adjourned on the 7th of June.\\n13. When the members again convened at Haddonfield\\non the 3d of September, Governor Livingston congratulated\\nthem on the victory of the Americans at Bennington and on\\nthe successful resistance made against the march of General\\nBurgoyne s army down the Hudson. The efforts of the Leg-\\nislature at this session were devoted to raising money to de-\\nfray the expenses of the State and to the remodeling of the\\nmilitia law. An act was passed continuing the council of\\nsafety, and authorizing them to give relief to officers and\\nprivates of the militia who had been disabled in public\\nservice, and to the widows of those who had been killed.\\nAn act for the punishment of high treason prescribed that\\nAvhen any one should be convicted the punishment should be\\nthe same as in the case of murder. On the 24th of Septem-\\nber the Legislature adjourned to meet on the 29th of the\\nsame month at Princeton.\\n14. Members for a new Legislature were chosen on the\\n14th of October, 1777, and it convened on the 28th of the\\nsame month. The houses organized by the re-election of the\\nold officers, and on the 1st of November AVilliam Livingston\\nwas unanimously re-elected governor. Events of the utmost\\nimportance to the State and to the whole country were now\\n13. What important acts were passed by the Legislature at Haddon-\\nfield?\\n14. How was the State government organized? What important\\nevents were transpiring?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 193\\ntaking place. The British had successfully invaded Penn-\\nsylvania from the south, and had entered Philadelphia. De-\\ntachments were thrown across the Delaware to protect the\\nforaging parties of the enemy that scoured the lower counties.\\nAs an offset to these misfortunes, the northern army had\\ncaptured the splendid army of the enemy commanded by\\nPurgoyne. The efforts of the government were devoted\\nchieHy to preparing for a vigorous campaign in the opening\\nof the following year, when the British Avere to be driven\\nfrom the State. The enemy took up his winter quarters\\nin Philadelphia, and the American army was at Valley\\nForge.\\n15. On the 15th of November the Continental Congress\\nhad perfected a plan for the perpetual union of the thirteen\\nStates into a confederacy, under the name of the United\\nStates of America. This plan was sent to the several\\nStates to receive their sanction. It was submitted to the\\nLegislature of New Jersey on the 14th of December. The\\nearly adjournment prevented immediate action on this mat-\\nter, but on the 26th of February, 1778, the articles were\\nread and entered upon the journal, and on the 25th of\\nMarch committees were appointed to consider the subject\\nand make report thereon. These reported the result of\\ntheir deliberations to the Legislature on the 15th of June.\\nThe whole subject had been carefully considered, and sev-\\neral important alterations were recommended. These were\\nadopted by the Legislature and forwarded to the Continental\\nCongress. Other changes had been recommended by the dif-\\nferent States. Congress, however, rejected all these, and\\nadopted the Articles of Confederation as they had been orig-\\ninally sent out.\\n15. What had the Continental Congress perfected How were these\\narticles received by the Legislature?\\n17 N", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n16. The members of the Legislature elected in October,\\n1778, met at Trenton on the 27th of that month, and organ-\\nized by reappointing the old officers. Governor Livingston\\nwas also re-elected. The first act of this session was the\\nratification of the Articles of Confederation the delegates in\\nCongress were instructed to sign them. It was to this Legis-\\nlatui-e that the petition from the New Jersey troops and the\\nletter from General Maxwell were sent, and the labor of j^ro-\\nviding remedies for the extreme wants of the soldiers consti-\\ntuted the chief work of both houses until their adjournment.\\n17. The Continental Congress had called upon the several\\nStates to raise by taxation large sums of money to pay the\\nexpenses of the war. This subject Avas brought before the\\nLegislature of New Jersey in May, 1779. An act was then\\npassed to raise the sum of \u00c2\u00a31,000,000, which Avas to be col-\\nlected and paid into the treasury before the 1st of Decem-\\nber of that year. Of this sum, \u00c2\u00a3401,250 were to be paid to\\nCongress. The balance was reserved for the use of the State\\ngovernment.\\n18. The legislation during this and the two following years\\nwas given up almost wholly to schemes for raising money\\nto defray the war expenses of the State and to contribute\\nto the general fund demanded l)y the Continental Congress.\\n19. On the 4th of May, 1782, the act of the British Par-\\nliament to enable the king to conclude a peace with the\\nUnited States was brought before the Legislature. A reso-\\nlution was adopted which declared that the power of the\\nState of New Jersey should be exerted to enable Congress to\\nsupport the national independence of America and that who-\\never attempted any pacification between the States and Great\\nIfi. What is said of the legislation of 1778?\\n17. What did Congress ask of the States?\\n18. What occupied the attention of the Legislature?\\n19. What action was taken on the proposition for peace?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "ABDItl^SS OF GOVERNOR LIVINGSTON. 195\\nBritain, implying the least subordination or dependence of\\nthe United States to or upon Great Britain, ought to be\\ntreated as an open and avowed enemy and that, although\\npeace upon honorable terms is an object truly desirable, yet\\nwar, with all the calamities attending it, is incomparably\\npreferable to national dishonor and vassalage that the Leg-\\nislature will maintain, support and defend the sovereign in-\\ndependence of these States, and will exert the power therein\\nto enable Congress to prosecute the war until the independ-\\nence of these United States shall be fully established.\\n20. William Livingston was annually re-elected governor\\nby the Legislature. When the termination of the war was\\ncelebrated throughout the State on the 19th of May, 1783,\\nhe delivered an address to the Legislature, in which he said\\nPerhaps at no particular moment during our conflict with\\nGreat Britain was there ever a greater necessity than at the\\npresent juncture for unanimity, vigilance and exertion. The\\nglory we have acquired in the war will be resounded through\\nthe universe. God forbid that we should ever tarnish it by\\nany unworthy conduct in times of peace. We have estab-\\nlished our character as a brave people, and exhibited to the\\nworld the most incontestable proofs that we are determined\\nto sacrifice both life and fortune in defence of our liberties.\\nLet us now show ourselves worthy of the inestimable bless-\\nings of freedom by an inflexible attachment to public faith\\nand national honor. Let us establish our character as a\\nsovereign State on the only durable basis of impartial and\\nuniversal justice.\\n21. Upon the return of peace the Legislature gave its\\nattention to the thorough organization of the government, to\\nthe support of public improvements, to the establishment of\\n20. What is said of Governor Livingston? What advice did he\\nMve\\n21. To what did the Legislature give its attention?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "196 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nschools for the education of the people, and to the encourage-\\nment of the inhabitants in the development of the agricul-\\ntural and mineral resources of the State.\\n22. The new Constitution of the United States, framed by\\nthe convention at Philadelphia in 1787, was submitted to\\nthe Legislature of New Jersey on the 26th of October of that\\nvear. On the 30th of October the Legislature passed a reso-\\nlution which provided for the holding of a general election\\non the fourth Tuesday of November, to choose three persons\\nfrom each county to serve as delegates in a State convention,\\nto take action on the proposed Constitution.\\n23. This convention assembled in December, and on the\\n18th of that month unanimously ratified the Constitution\\nof the United States. The convention also resolved that the\\nState should offer a district of land, not exceeding ten\\nmiles square, for the seat of government of the United\\nStates. New Jersey was the third State that ratified the\\nConstitution.\\n24. The proceedings of the State convention were submitted\\nto the Legislature on the 28th of August, 1788. Governor\\nLivingston, who had for twelve years administered the\\naffliirs of the government, accompanied these proceedings\\nwith a communication, in which he congratulated the peo-\\nple on the early and unanimous ratification of the national\\nConstitution, and said: We are now arrived to that au-\\nspicious period which I confess I have often wished that\\nit might please Heaven to protract my life to see. Thanks\\nto God that I have lived to see this day\\n25. This venerable patriot had, with eminent skill, per-\\n22. When was the National Constitution laid before the Legislature\\n23. How and when was the Constitution of tlie United States rati-\\nfied? What otiier action was taken in the con% ention\\n24. How did Governor Livingston submit tliese proceedings to the\\nLegislature?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "SEAT OF GOVERNMENT FIXED. 197\\nformed the duties of his office during the difficult and peril-\\nous years of the war. He had assisted in framing the plan\\nfor the general government, and used his powerful influence\\nin favor of its adoption. And now, in the fulfillment of his\\nhopes and as the full reward of his services, he witnessed the\\nattainment of the independence of the American people and\\nthe establishment of the National Union. He died on the\\n25th of July, 1790.*\\n26. At the session of the Legislature in November, 1788,\\nJonathan Elmer f and William Paterson J were chosen United\\nWilliam Livingston was born in New York, 1723, graduated at\\nYale College in 1741, was early in life distinguished as a lawyer, re-\\nmoved to New Jersey before the opening of the Revolutionary strug-\\ngle, and was in 1774 chosen a member of the first Continental Congress.\\nHe was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was gov-\\nernor of New Jersey during all the years of the Revolution, and was a\\nmember of the convention that framed the Constitution of the United\\nStates. Governor Livingston was one of the purest patriots named in\\nAmerican history. He lived to see his country established an inde-\\npendent nation, and then died at his mansion near Elizabeth.\\nf Jonatlian Elmer, one of the first Senators from New Jersey, was\\nborn in Cumberland county, 1745, was liberally educated in medicine\\nand law, was a member of the Philosophical Society the friend and\\nassociate of Benjamin Franklin. He was one of the most earnest de-\\nfenders of the American cause, was a member of the New Jersey Vigi-\\nlance Committee, and of the committee that framed the first State con-\\nstitution. He was during the war a member of Congress, and afterward\\na Senator of the United States. His ancestors are distinguished in the\\nannals of America for their devotion to the cause of religion and human\\nrights, and his life of public service added lustre to the name.\\nJ William Paterson was born in 1745, graduated at the College of\\nNew Jersey 1763, and was admitted to practice law 1769. He was a\\nmember of the State convention that adopted the constitution in 1776,\\n25. What is said of Governor Livingston\\n26. When were United States Senators first chosen When was the\\nseat of government established at Trenton\\n17", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "198 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nStates Senators, and provision was made for the election of\\nmembers of Congress. By an act passed on the 25th of\\nNovember, 1790, the seat of the State government was per-\\nmanently established at Trenton.\\n27. By the constitution of 1776 the political power of the\\ncommonwealth was divided into three departments the leg-\\nislative, the executive and the judicial. The legislative\\npower was vested in a Council and Assembly, to be chosen by\\nthe qualified voters on the second Tuesday and Wednesday\\nof October. The Legislative Council consisted of a governor\\nand a member from each county, elected annually. The\\nAssembly was composed of delegates from each county,\\napportioned to the number of the population. The execu-\\ntive power was vested in a governor, who was annually\\nelected by the Council and Assembly, in joint convention,\\nat their first session. The secretary of state and the treas-\\nurer were also chosen by the Legislature. The judiciary\\npower was vested in a court of appeals, court of chancery,\\nsupreme and circuit courts, courts of oyer and terminer and\\ngeneral jail delivery, courts of common pleas, quarter ses-\\nsions and orphans courts, and courts held by justices of\\nthe peace for the trial of small cases. The judges of the\\nsupreme court were elected by the Legislature, and held\\ntheir ofiices during seven years. Judges of the inferior\\nand also of the national convention that formed the Constitntion of the\\nUnited States. He was a firm supporter of tlie American cause during\\nthe llevolutionary struggle was one of the first Senators of the United\\nStates chosen by New Jersey. In 1791 he was elected governor of the\\nState, and three years later was appointed a judge of the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States. In 1799 he revised the laws of the State.\\nHe died in 180G.\\n27. How was the political power of the State divided How was\\nthe Legislature organized? How was the governor elected? What\\ncourts were established How were the justices chosen", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "TREATMENT OF THE INDIANS. 199\\ncourts and justices of the peace were chosen for five\\nyears.\\n28. The last remnant of the Indian tribes left this State in\\n1802. The Indian titles had been extinguished by a treaty\\nmade at Crosswicks in 1758, with the exception of the right\\nof fishing in all rivers and bays, and of hunting on all unen-\\nclosed grounds. A tract of three thousand acres was pur-\\nchased at Edge Billock, in Burlington county, for the resi-\\ndence of the Indians remaining in the State. About sixty\\npersons lived there until 1802, when they removed to New\\nStockbridge, New York, and thence to Statesburg, near Green\\nBay, Michigan. These Indians, in order to provide them-\\nselves with agricultural implements, petitioned the Legisla-\\nture in 1832 for the sum of $3000, in consideration of the re-\\nlinquishment of all their rights in the State. The sum named\\nwas promptly granted by the Legislature.\\n29. Hon. Samuel L. Southard,* in presenting this claim\\nbefore the legislative committee, said It is a proud fact in\\nthe history of New Jersey that every footstep of her soil has\\nbeen acquired from the Indians by fair and voluntary pur-\\nchase and transfer a fact that no other State of the Union,\\nnot even the land which bears the name of Penn, can boast\\nof. In gratefully acknowledging the receipt of this money,\\nSamuel L. Southard, son of a distinguished citizen of New Jersey,\\nwas born in Baskingridge, 1787, was educated in the law, and early\\ngained distinction in his profession. At the age of twenty-eight he was\\nplaced on the Supreme Court bench of the State, and in 1821 was elected\\na Senator of the United States. In 1823 he was appointed Secretary of\\nthe Ni^vy by President Monroe, and was subsequently reappointed by\\nPresident Adams. At the close of this administration he was appointed\\nattorney-general of the State, and afterward was twice sent to the United\\nStates Senate. He died in 1842.\\n28. How and when was the Indian title extinguislied\\n29. How were the Indians treated?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "200 HISTORY OF NFW JERSEY.\\nthe chief, Bartholomew S. Calvin (known as Schawriskhe-\\nhung, or Wilted Grass), on March 12, wrote: Not a drop\\nof our blood have you spilt in battle not an acre of our\\nland have you taken but by our consent. This just treat-\\nment of the original occupants of the soil was rewarded with\\nthe enjoyment of perpetual peace by the early settlers.\\nBartholomew S. Calvin, an Indian of pure blood, was educated at\\nPrinceton at the expense of the Scotch Missionary Society. At the\\ncommenceraent of hostilities in the Avar for Independence, being then in\\nhis twenty-third year, he left his studies, shouldered his musket and\\nfought against the common enemy. At the presentation of the petition\\nby him on behalf of his people he was eighty years old.", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nThe Constitution of the State of New Jersey.\\nSTATE HOUSE, TRENTON.\\n1. The convention to revise the Constitution of the State\\nof New Jersey met at Trenton on the 14th day of May,\\n1844, and having agreed upon the provisions to be submitted\\nto the people for adoption, adjourned on the 29th day of\\nJune.\\n2. The preamble of this constitution expresses the gratitude\\nof the people of the State to Almighty God for civil and\\nreligious liberty, and reliance on Divine power for blessings\\nto all succeeding generations.\\n3. The first article declares that all men are by nature\\nfree and independent that no person shall be deprived of\\nChapter XIX. 1. When was the constitution revised\\n2. What does the preamble express\\n3. How are personal rights secured?\\n201", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "202 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe privilege of worshiping God in the manner agreeable to\\nthe dictates of his own conscience that there shall be no\\nestablished religion in the State that no law shall be passed\\nabridging the liberty of speech or the press and that no\\nperson shall be imprisoned for debt.\\n4. Article second provides that every white male citizen\\nfvf the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, who\\nhas resided in the State one year and in the county five\\nmonths, shall be entitled to vote; but no pauper or idiot,\\ninsane person or any one convicted of felony, can vote. The\\nLegislature may pass laws to deprive persons, convicted of\\nbribery at elections, from voting.*\\n5. The powers of the government are divided into three\\ndepartments legislative, executive and judicial.\\n6. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and General\\nAssembly. Members of the Senate and General Assembly\\nare elected on the second Tuesday of October, and the two\\nhouses meet separately on the second Tuesday of January.\\nThe Senate is composed of one senator from each county in\\nthe State, elected for three years and only one-third of the\\nnumber of State senators is chosen at each annual election.\\nThe General Assembly is composed of members elected annu-\\nally the number cannot be less than one from each county,\\nnor more than sixty from the whole State.\\n7. The Legislature is not allowed to grant divorces or to\\nauthorize lotteries in the State. The members of the Legis-\\nlature are required to take the following oath or affirmation\\nWomen voted under tlie constitution of 1776, but in November,\\n1807, a law was passed by the Legislature confining suffrage to white\\nmale citizens of the age of twenty-one years.\\n4. Who may vote?\\n5. How are the powers of government divided\\n6. How is the Legislature organized\\n7. What restrictions are placed on legislation", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "THE STATE CONSTITUTION. 203\\nI do solemnly swear [or affirvi] that I will support the\\nConstitution of the United States and the constitution of\\nthe State of New Jersey and that I will faithfully dischai-ge\\nthe duties of senator [or member of General Assembly] accord-\\ning to the best of my ability.\\n8. The executive power is vested in a governor, to be\\nchc^en every third year at the general election, and to be\\ninstalled on the third Tuesday of January, to continue in\\noffice during three years. The governor cannot be re-elected\\nat the expiration of his term of service. He must be at\\nleast thirty years of age, have been for twenty years a citizen\\nof the United States, and a resident of New Jersey seven\\nyears preceding his election. In case of the death, resigna-\\ntion or removal of the governor, the powers and duties of the\\noffice devolve upon the president of the Senate and, in case\\nof his removal, upon the speaker of the House, until another\\ngovernor shall be qualified.\\n9. The judicial power is vested in a court of errors and\\nappeals, a court of trial of impeachments, a court of chancery,\\na supreme court, circuit courts, and such other inferior courts\\nas may be established by law. Justices of the supreme court,\\nchancelors and judges of the court of errors and appeals, are\\nappointed by the governor judges of the court of common\\npleas are appointed by the Senate and General Assembly\\njustices of the inferior courts are elected by the several dis-\\ntricts in which they reside.\\n10. Amendments must be proposed in the Senate or\\nGeneral Assembly, and if approved by the majority of the\\nmembers of the two houses, they are referred to the next\\nLegislature. If approved by that Legislature, they are sub-\\n8. What is said of the executive? What are the necessary qualifica-\\ntions for tlie office of governor\\n9. How is the judicial power vested How are judges ajipointi d\\n10. How may the constitution be amended?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "204 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nmitted to the people and if ratified at a special election by\\na majority of the people voting, they become part of the con-\\nstitution. But no amendment or amendments shall be sub-\\nmitted to the people by the Legislature oftener than once in\\nfive years.\\n11. This constitution took eflfect on the 21st day of Sep-\\ntember, 1844.\\n11. When did this constitution take effect?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nEducation.\\nSTATE NORMAL SCHOOL.\\n1. The history of educational efforts in this State begins\\nwith the date of the earliest English settlements. There are\\nno records of schools established by the Dutch settlers at\\nBergen or by the Swedes on the east bank of the Delaware.\\nThe Swedes west of the river opened schools soon after their\\narrival there, and the same is true of the Dutch on Manliat-\\ntan Island. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that the\\nfamilies settled in New Jersey also provided for the education\\nof their children.\\n2. The Presbyterians and Congregationalists, who were\\nChapter XX. 1. When did educational wori begin in New\\nJersey\\n18 205", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "206 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nthe earliest immigrauts under the English authority, came\\nto the Province bringing preachers and school-teachers with\\nthem. By the side of the log church the primitive school-\\nhouse was erected, and schools, supervised and supported l)y\\nthe church authorities, were established in the early settle-\\nments at Elizabeth, Newark, Middletown, Freehold, Shrews-\\nbury, Piscataway, Perth Amboy, Woodbridge and other\\nplaces in East New Jersey.\\n3. The pioneers in West New Jersey were Quakers.\\nEducation was part of the religion of these people. To\\nthem school-houses were scarcely second in importance, and\\nwere usually placed under the same roof with the church.\\nFenwick s Settlement, at Salem, opened a school soon after\\nits establishment, and maintained it without interruption to\\nthe present day.\\n4. The settlement at Burlington exhibited a wonderful\\ndegree of progress, both in the appreciation of learning and\\nin the knowledge of the best plan for the support of public\\nschools. In 1683 an island in the Delaware, opposite the\\ntown, was set apart for educational purposes, and the reve-\\nnues derived from the rent or sale of the lands were reserved\\nfor the support of schools for the education of the children in\\nthe adjoining settlements. This was certainly the first school\\nfund established in the Province and it is doubtful whether\\nany other settlement in America was in this respect in advance\\nof Burlington.\\n5. As early as the year 1667, George Fox advised his\\nbrethren in New Jersey to establish boarding-schools, that\\n2. How did tlie English immigrants come? Where were schools\\nestablished?\\n3. What is said of the pioneers in West .Jersey? Where did they\\nestablish a school?\\n4. What early appropriation was made?\\n5. What did George Fox advise? What school was opened?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY ESTABLISHED. 207\\nyoung men of genius in low circumstances may be furnished\\nwith means to procure requisite education. The Shackel-\\nwell school, which was opened about this time, was estab-\\nlished for the teaching of whatsoever things were civil and\\nuseful in creation.\\n6. The General Assembly of East New Jersey, in session\\nat Perth Amboy in 1693, passed an Act for the establish-\\nment of schoolmasters in the Province. This act author-\\nized the inhabitants of any town to elect three or more school\\ncommissioners, whose duty it was to employ and to fix the\\nrate for the salary and maintaining of a schoolmaster\\nwithin said town. The majority of the people might com-\\npel the minority to pay their share of the teacher s salary.\\nIf any person refused to pay his proportion, the commission-\\ners had authority to levy upon and sell his goods or property\\nfor the payment thereof This was a complete recognition\\nof the principle of taxing property for the support of public\\nschools, which at the time was up to the most advanced leg-\\nislation on this subject in America.\\n7. In 1695 this act Avas amended, providing that three\\nmen should be chosen yearly in each separate town, to have\\npower to appoint the most convenient place or places where\\nthe school shall be kept, that as near as may be the whole\\ninhabitants may have the benefit thereof Under the oper-\\nation of this law, schools were established in all parts of the\\nProvince, wherever a majority of the inhabitants desired them.\\n8. The College of New Jersey was incorporated in the\\nyear 1746. In 1756 it was permanently established at\\nPrinceton. This institution at an early period of its history\\nattained an honorable position among the best colleges in Amer-\\n6. What was the first legislation on this subject?\\n7. When and how was this act amended?\\n8. When was the College of New Jersey incorporated? What is its\\ncharacter? What other celebrated institution is at Princeton", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "208 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nica, and has ever maintained a high reputation. The General\\nAssembly of the Presbyterian Church of the United States\\nfounded a theological seminary at Princeton in 1811, which\\nhas long been celebrated for the extent and liberality of its\\nteachings.\\n9. Rutgers College was chartered by King George III. of\\nEngland in 1770, under the name of Queen s College, and\\nwas established at New Brunswick. The name was changed\\nby the State Legislature in 1825, in honor of Henry Rutgers,\\none of its most liberal benefactors. The institution is con-\\ntrolled by the Reformed Dutch Church. The theological\\ncollege of this denomination, the first theological school\\nestablished in America, is also at New Brunswick, founded\\nin 1771.\\n10. In 1816 the Legislature passed an act creating a pub-\\nlic fund for the support of free schools in the commonwealth.\\nThis act directed the State treasurer, to invest the sum of fif-\\nteen thousand dollars in United States bonds, bearing six\\nper cent, interest, as a permanent school fund. This sum\\nwas increased by act of Legislature in 1817.\\n11. In 1818 the governor, the vice-president of councils,\\nthe speaker of the Assembly, the attorney-general and the\\nsecretary of the commonwealth were appointed trustees for\\nthe control and management of the fund for the support of\\nfree schools. The Avhole amount of the fund was then in-\\ncreased to the sum of 8113,238.78.\\n12. A law was passed in 1820 authorizing the inhabitants\\nof any township to raise by taxation money for the education\\nof the children of the poor. In 1824 the Legislature provided\\nthat one-tenth of all the State taxes should every year be\\n9. When was Bntgers College founded? What other institution is\\nat New Brunswick\\n10. What was done in 1S16?\\n11. Who were appointed to manage the school fund", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "LEGISLATIVE ACTION ON EDUCATION. 209\\nadded to the school fund. Four years hiter, the people were\\nauthorized to raise funds in town meetings to erect or re-\\npair school-houses. The presidents of such meetings were\\ndirected to read to the people the act of 1820, and also that\\nof 1828.\\n13. A central committee on education was appointed\\nby a convention held at Trenton in 1828 to canvass the State\\nand collect statistics from every county. Committees were\\nappointed in the several counties and in the majority of\\ntownships to aid the central committee. The reports from\\nthese committees show that many schools had been estab-\\nlished in all parts of the commonwealth, but more than one-\\nthird of the children in the State were reported to be with-\\nout schooling of any kind. Many of the county reports\\ncontain evidence that the leading men in the State thor-\\noughly understood the true basis of a public-school system.\\n14. The chairman of the committee for Essex county said:\\nI very much wish that some plan of improvement may be\\nattempted to raise the tone of feeling respecting our common\\nschools. I have thought of no plan better than to establish\\na high school for the sole purpose of educating young men\\nfor teachers. Let them be taught in this school not only the\\ncommon branches required to be taught in common schools,\\nbut let them be instructed and properly disciplined in the\\nbest mode of communicating ideas to the young mind. They\\nshould learn to govern themselves, and to govern their schools\\nwithout a rod or without a cross word. Let all government\\nbe effected by mild and pleasing persuasion, that shall so win\\nthe affections of every child that he will feel most pleasure\\nwhen he pleases his teacher most.\\n12. What were the people authorized to do\\n13. What important work was undertaken? What did these com-\\nmittees report?\\n14. What did the Essex county committee say?\\n18", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "210 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n15. The proposition to establish a normal school at that\\nearly period was in advance of public action on that subject\\nanywhere in America, and evinced a just appreciation of the\\nwants of a successful system of public instruction.\\n16. In 1829 the Legislature first began to make annual\\nappropriations for the supjoort of common schools. In that\\nyear $20,000 were apportioned to the several counties in pro-\\nportion to the amount of taxes paid by the inhabitants. This\\nact also provided for the election of school committees in each\\ntownsliip. The committees were authorized to divide the\\ntownships into convenient school districts, to examine and\\nlicense teachers and to call annually district meetings.\\n17. At these meetings three trustees were chosen every\\nyear, to determine how many months the schools should be\\nkept open, to provide suitable school-houses, to prepare a list\\nof children in the district between the ages of four and six-\\nteen years, and to send a copy of the list to the townshij)\\ncommittee. The public money was divided among the dis-\\ntricts in each township in proportion to the number of chil-\\ndren reported in the official lists.\\n18. The school committees were required to visit and in-\\nspect the schools at least once in every six months, and to\\nmake a report of the condition of the schools in the town-\\nship. This report was read at the annual town meeting, and\\nwas then sent to the governor, to be laid before the Legisla-\\ntui e. Though this act was amended in 1830 and 1831, no\\nimportant changes were made during a period often years.\\n19. In 1838 the inhabitants of each township Avere recom-\\nmended to raise, by taxation or otherwise, money for school\\n15. What is said of tlie proposition What does it show?\\n16. What is said of annual appropriations? W^hat further was\\ndone that year?\\n17. What were the trustees to do?\\n18. What wei-e the school committees required to do?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "THE SCHOOL SYSTEM REMODELED. 211\\npurposes. This act also authorized the trustees to use the\\nState appropriation exclusively for the education of the\\npoor. The most important change made from the old law\\nwas the provision that the public money, which had been\\npaid to the trustees of the districts, should now be paid to\\nthe several schools in the township, whether they were pub-\\nlic, private or parochial. This change was made in obedi-\\nence to the demands of the religious denominations in the\\nState. Schools had been established by churches and meet-\\nings in all parts of the commonwealth, and the friends of\\nthese demanded, and finally obtained, part of the annual\\nappropriation from the public treasury. The money was\\ntherefore distributed among all schools in proportion to the\\nnumber of children taught.\\n20. In 1838 there was a general movement throughout\\nthe State to remodel the school system. Public meetings\\nwere held, and a State convention assembled at Trenton on\\nthe IGth of January. This convention declared that the\\nschool laws were defective and ought to be repealed. It\\nrecommended the appointment of a State superintendent\\nof common schools, and appointed a committee, of which\\nGeorge W. Doane was chairman, to issue an address to the\\npeople.\\n21. The address of the committee reviewed the condition\\nof public education in the State, recommended proper changes\\nin the school system, and said to the inhabitants, Tax\\nyourselves for the support of common schools, and you will\\nnever be in danger of taxation from a foreign power. You\\nwill need less taxation for the support of pauperism and the\\n19. What was recommended What important change was made?\\nWhy?\\n20. What occurred in 1838? AVhat was recommended by the con-\\nvention\\n21. What was the character of the address?\\n18", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "212 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\npunishment of crime. Look to your school-houses. See\\nthat they are convenient of access, that they are comfort-\\nable, that they are neat and tasteful. Look to the teachers.\\nSee that they are taught themselves and apt to teach men\\nthat fear God and love their country. See that they are\\nwell accommodated, well treated, well remunerated. Respect\\nthem and they will respect themselves, and your children\\nwill respect them. Look well to the scholars. Remember,\\nyou are to grow old among them. Remember, you are to\\ndie and leave your country in their hands.\\n22. The Legislature, instructed by the action of the\\npeople, passed an act in 1838 that increased the annual\\nappropriation to $80,000, authorized each township to raise\\nby taxation a sum equal to double the portion received from\\nthe State, re-established the district system of distributing the\\npublic money, created a board of examiners for each county,\\nwith authority to issue county certificates to competent teachers,\\nfixed the age for admission at five years, allowed the use of\\npublic money for the erection of buildings, the purchase of\\nfuel, furniture and books and the payment of teachers, and\\ngranted to schools already established by any religious socie-\\nties a fair proportion of the public fund.\\n23. During the sessions of an educational convention at\\nTrenton, in January, 1845, a preliminary meeting of citizens\\nfrom all parts of the State, of which Ex-governor Peter\\nD. Vroom was elected chairman, was held on the 13th of that\\nmonth, for the purpose of organizing a State Historical So-\\nciety. This meeting appointed a committee to draft a consti-\\nstitution and by-laws, and then adjourned to meet again on\\nthe 27th of February. At the second meeting the New\\n22. What act did the Legislature pass Wiio were authorized to\\nexamine teachers?\\n23. Wiien and liow was the Historical Society organized? What\\nhas been done by this society?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SOCIETY ORGANIZED. 213\\nJersey Historical Society was fully organized,* The society\\npublislied au address to the people, inviting all who possessed\\npapers, books, or anything relating to the history of New\\nJersey, to forward them to the librarian. The inhabitants\\nof. the State responded freely to this request, and the society\\nthus became the recipient of much valuable historical matter.\\nThis has been carefully compiled by the secretary, William\\nA. Whitehead, and published in several volumes, entitled\\nCollections of the New Jersey Historical Society.\\n24. The constitution adopted in 1844 declared that it\\nshall not be competent for the Legislature to borrow, appro-\\npriate or use the school fund, or any part thereof, under any\\npretence whatever, for any other purpose than for the support\\nof public schools for the equal benefit of all the people. f\\nA supplementary act, passed by the Legislature in April,\\n1845, authorized the State trustees of the school fund to\\nappoint a superintendent of public schools for the counties\\nof Essex and Passaic. Other counties might come under the\\nprovisions of the law by resolution of the board of freeholders.\\nThe following officers were elected at the meeting in February\\nPresident, Joseph C. Hornblower vice-presidents, Robert G. Johnson,\\nPeter D. Vroom and James Parker; treasurer, Thomas J. Stryker;\\nlibrarian, Tliomas Gordon corresponding secretary, William A. White-\\nhead recording secretary, Joseph P. Bradley chairman of executive\\ncommittee, Daniel V. McLean.\\nf This provision Avas inserted in the new constitution through the\\nefforts of James Parker, the father of the school fund and an ardent\\nsupporter of public education. Mr. Parker was also an early advocate\\nof the construction of canals and railroads across the State, was long an\\nable legislator in the Slate and in Congress, and an active philanthro-\\npist during many years. He was the second president of the State\\nHistorical Society. He died at the age of ninety-two years, at Perth\\nAniboy, in 1863.\\n24. What does the Constitution declare? What supplementary act was\\npassed When was the jurisdiction of the superintendent extended", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "214 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nThe superintendent was required to visit the schools and to\\nmake an annual report to the Legislature. He received\\nthree dollars a day for the time given to this work. The\\njurisdiction of the superintendent was extended over the\\nwhole State in 1846.*\\n25. The general school law was amended in 1846, so as to\\nrequire every township to raise for school purposes a sum of\\nmoney at least equal to its portion of the State appropriation.\\nIt also authorized the election of township superintendents,\\nwho were required, among other duties, to visit the schools\\nonce every quarter, and to make a report of their condition\\nto the State superintendent. It authorized the board of\\ntrustees and town superintendents to erect school-houses and\\nto determine what books should be used in the township.\\nIt made it the duty of the trustees of the school fund to elect\\nthe State superintendent and to fix his salary, and limited his\\nterm of office to two years.\\n26. In 1851 the annual appropriation was increased to\\n$40,000.t The act of that year provided also that the\\npublic money should be apportioned to the counties in\\nthe ratio of their population, and to the townships in propor-\\ntion to the number of children between the ages of five\\nand eighteen years. No township was allowed to raise by\\ntaxation, for school purposes, more than three dollars an-\\nState superintendents of New Jersey\\nT. F. King, from 1845 to 18-52.\\nJohn H. Phillips, from 1852 to 1860.\\nF. W. Eicord, 1860 to 1SG4.\\nC.M.Harrison, 1864 to 1866.\\nE. A. Apgar, 1866 to\\nf By joint resolutions, the Legislature had added $10,000 to the\\nannual appropriation in 1849 and in 1850, making the appropriation\\nfor each of these years $40,000.\\n25. How was the school law amended in 1846\\n26. What was done in 1851 How was the public money to be used?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "STATE NORMAL SCHOOL ESTABLISHED. 215\\nnually for each child on the list. The public money was to\\nbe used in maintaining a free school in each township,\\nin which all children who desired might be taught free of\\ncharge.\\n27. In 1854 teachers institutes were established by law,\\nand $100 were appropriated annually to each institute. In\\nthe following year the Legislature provided for the purchase\\nof a copy of Webster s Dictionary for each school in the\\nState. The annual appropriation for the support of schools\\nwas increased to $80,000 in 1858\u00e2\u0080\u0094 $50,000 from the school\\nfund and $30,000 from the general revenues.\\n28. The educators in New Jersey were among the first in\\nthe United States to advocate the establishing of schools for\\nthe professional training of teachers. Professor Philip Lind-\\nsay, acting president of the College of New Jersey, in 1823\\ndeclared in favor of professional schools for teachers. In\\nJanuary, 1828, Professor John Maclean, of the same institu-\\ntion, in a public lectui e, recommended the establishment of\\na school to educate young men for the business of teach-\\ning. In 1847, Professor E. C. Wines read to a convention\\nat Mount Holly a report on normal schools, which was\\nprinted and widely circulated. The subject was presented to\\nthe State Teachers Association in 1855, in an essay by John\\nT. Clark, of New Brunswick. County educational meetings\\nand the reports of the State superintendents and letters from\\nmany leading citizens forcibly pressed ui:)on the authorities\\nthe necessity for the immediate founding of a normal school.\\nRichard S. Field and David Naar greatly assisted the friends\\n27. AVhen were teachers institutes established? When was the\\nState normal school established? What is the object of this school?\\nWhat book was purchased for the schools?\\n28. When and by whom was the establisliment of a normal school\\nadvocated? When and how was the State normal school provided\\nfor?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "216 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof this movement by using their influence to procure the legis-\\nlation whereby, in 1855, the State normal school was estab-\\nlished, with an annual appropriation of $10,000 for its\\nsupport.\\n29. The city of Trenton provided buildings for the accom-\\nmodation of the institution, which was opened for students\\nin March, 1856. The property of the normal and model\\nschool, and the boarding-houses for students, are valued at\\n$160,000, An auxiliary department, called the Farnum\\nPreparatory School, was founded at Beverly in 1856, by\\nPaul Farnum, who gave $70,000 in property and money for\\nthe support of that school.\\n30. The State normal school is placed under the super-\\nvision of a board of trustees, appointed by the governor and\\nconfirmed by the Senate. Two trustees are appointed from\\neach congressional district.* The board ajipoints the teacher-s\\nand prescribes rules for the government of the school. f The\\nmanagement of the institution has been highly successful,\\nand has resulted in great good to the State. The profession\\nof teaching has been elevated, educational interests in every\\ncounty have been advanced, better teachers have been pro-\\nvided, and the public schools in all parts of the common-\\nwealth improved rapidly. The attendance at the State nor-\\nmal school in 1868 was, in the normal department, 259\\nmodel department, 555; preparatory, 302; total, 1116.\\nHon. Richard S. Field was elected first president of the board of\\ntrustees, and has lield that position to the present time 1869.\\nf William F. Phelps was appointed principal of the State normal\\nschool in 1856. In 1864, Professor Phelps resigned, and John S. Hart,\\nLL.D., was appointed principal.\\n29. When and where was the school opened What is the value\\nof its property\\n30. How is the normal school governed? W^hat is said of this in-\\nstitution", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "THE SCHOOL LA W REMODELED. 217\\n31. The State Board of Education was established in 1866.\\nThe trustees of the normal school, the governor, attorney-\\ngeneral, state comptroller, secretary of state, president of the\\nSenate, speaker of the House, and the principal and treasurer\\nof the State normal school, were, by act of the Legislature,\\nconstituted this board. It has authority to appoint the State\\nsuperintendent, makes an annual report of the educational\\nwork in the State, and prescribes rules and regulations for\\nholding teachers institutes. The distribution of public\\nmoney to private and parochial schools was now discon-\\ntinued, and the State appropriation was reserved for the sup-\\nport of the public schools.\\n32. In 1867 the school law was remodeled, the best features\\nof the old system were retained, and important new provisions\\nwere adopted. The State board was confirmed and its powers\\nwere enlarged the qualifications and duties of the State super-\\nintendent were defined the otfice of county superintendent\\nwas established; the township board of trustees was recog-\\nnized as the legal association of the district trustees for each\\ntownship teachei s were required to keep a school regis-\\nter a school month was defined to be twenty school days,\\nor four weeks of five school-days each Christmas, the first\\nof January, the fourth day of July, and days of thanksgiving\\nand fasting appointed by the President of the United States\\nor governor of the State, were declared to be holidays.\\n33. A State board of examiners was established, with\\nauthority to grant and revoke State certificates, which entitle\\nthe holder to teach in any part of the commonwealth also\\n31. Who constitute the State board? What are its powers and\\nduties? What important change was made in the distribution of the\\npublic money\\n32. When was the school law remodeled? Name some of the lead-\\ning features of the law. What is a school month\\n33. What is said of examiners? For what was provision made?\\n19", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "218 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ncounty aud city boards with similar powers in their respect-\\nive localities. Ample provision was made for the govern-\\nment and support of the State normal school at Trenton.\\n34. This act gave authority to the inhabitants of any two\\nor more districts to establish a graded school, to be supported\\nby public funds and governed by a board of trustees. The\\ncollection of taxes, the increase of the school fund and the\\ndistribution of the public money were carefully provided for,\\nand the system in all its parts was adapted to the educational\\nwants of the people.\\n34. What authority did this act give", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI.\\nPublic Improvements.\\nPUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS.\\n1. The first road of any considerable extent in New\\nJersey was that which opened communication between the\\nHudson and the Delaware. It began at Elizabeth Point,\\ncrossed the Raritan near where New Brunswick now stands,\\nand reached the Delaware above the present site of Trenton.\\nA branch of this road swept eastward from the ford on the\\nRaritan and crossed the Delaware at Burlington. This was\\nfor many years only a bridle-path, and as late as 1695 only\\n\u00c2\u00a310 annually were required to keep it in repair. In 1684 a\\nroad was opened from Perth Amboy to Burlington, and a\\nferry boat was established between Amboy and New York.\\n2. An express wagon was run between New York and\\nChapter XXI. 1. Where were the first roads opened in New\\nJersey\\n2. When were the first express and stage wagons run\\n219", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "220 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nPhiladelphia before 1707, to carry produce and merchandise.\\nA few years later a stage wagon for passengers and freight\\nwas put on the road from Burlington to Perth Amboy, an-\\nother on the New Brunswick road, and a third by way of\\nBordentown.\\n3. A mail system was devised by Colonel John Hamilton,\\nin 1694, which was adopted by the English government. In\\n1729 the mail passed once a week between New York and\\nPhiladeljjhia in summer, and once a fortnight in winter. This\\nschedule continued till 1754. From that date the mail system\\nwas rapidly improved, and in 1764 the carriers passed over\\nthe route three times a week, and made the trip from city\\nto city in twenty-four hours. There were, in 1791, six post-\\noffices in the State; these were at Newark, Elizabeth, Bridge-\\nton, New Brunswick, Princeton and Trenton.\\n4. Legislation for the building of turnpikes in the State\\nbegan in March 1801. A charter was granted in that\\nyear to the Morris Turnpike Company for the construction\\nof a turnpike from Elizabeth, through Morristown, to the\\nDelaware. Within thirty years from that date fifty-four\\ncompanies were organized and obtained permission to build\\nroads, but only about one-half of these were built. John\\nStevens, a citizen of the State, was one of the first advocates\\nof railroad-building in the United States. At his solicitation\\nthe Legislature granted a charter in 1815 for the construc-\\ntion of a railroad, either of wood or iron, from the Delaware\\nriver near Trenton to the Raritan near New Brunswick.\\nThis was the fii-st railroad charter granted in America.\\n5. The Morris and Essex Canal Company was incorporated\\nin December, 1824, with a capital of $1,000,000. The at-\\ntempt to connect the Hudson with the Delaware by the con-\\n3. What is said of mail service and post-offices?\\n4. When and where were turnpikes constructed? When was the first\\nrailroad charter granted", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 221\\nstruction of this canal was at the time by far the most stu-\\npendous project undertaken on this continent. The work\\nwas begun in 1825, and was completed, so as to admit of the\\npassage of boats, carrying twenty-five tons, from Newark to\\nPhilipsburg, in 1831. The Avork Avas afterward extended to\\nJersey City the cost of the whole line, comj^leted in 1836,\\nexceeded $2,000,000.\\n6. The Delaware and Karitan Canal, which connects the\\nDelaware river at Bordentown with the Raritan at New\\nBrunswick, was completed in 1834. This project had long\\nengaged the attention of the inhabitants of the State. In\\n1804 the construction of a canal between these rivers was\\nstrongly urged in 1816, and again in 1823, commission-\\ners appointed by the Legislature examined the route and pro-\\nnounced it practicable. The company that finally completed\\nthe work was chartered in 1830. In February, 1831, this\\ncompany and the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company\\nwere consolidated, and soon thereafter entered upon the con-\\nstruction of their great lines across the State.*\\n7. The Camden and Amboy Railroad Company was incor-\\nporated in Februaiy, 1830, with authority to construct a rail-\\nroad from the Delaware river, in Gloucester county, to the\\nUnder subsequent acts these companies united with the New Jersev\\nRailroad and Transportation Company, and obtained control of several\\nother lines. They own the following: Philadelphia and Trenton\\n(Kensington to Trenton, Delaware Branch), 26.G miles long; Trenton\\nto Jersey City, 57.1; Jamesburg to Monmouth Junction, 5.5; Camden\\nto Amboy, 61.2; Bordentown to Trenton, 6.1; Monmouth Junction to\\nKingston, 4; and branches, 4.5; total length, 165. They have a con-\\ntrolling interest in the Rocky Hill to Kingston, 2.5 miles long; Bur-\\nlington to Mount Holly, 7.1; Mount Holly to Camden, 16.5; Pember-\\nton to Mount Holly, 5.9; Vincenttown Branch, 3; West Jersey to\\n5. When was canal-building begun What is said of the Morris\\nand Essex Canal\\n8. When was the Delaware and Raritan Canal built?\\n19", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "222 HIS TOBY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nRaritan bay. A train first passed over the entire length of\\nthis road in 1833. The line from New Brunswick to Jersey\\nCity was completed in 1836; the Belvidere Delaware to\\nLambertville, in 1851, to Easton in 1854, and to Belvidere\\nin 1856 the Central of New Jersey, in 1852 the Morris\\nand Essex, in 1853; the Camden and Atlantic, in 1854; the\\nWest Jersey, in 1857, to Woodbury, and in 1861 to Bridge-\\nton; the Millville and Glassboro in 1861, and the Northern\\nNew Jersey, in 1864. In 1869 there were nine hundred and\\nfour miles of railroad in the State, constructed at a cost of\\n$55,995,000.\\n8. The position of New Jersey, between two great cities,\\nand the adaptability of its soil and climate to the cultivation\\nof fruits and vegetables, have induced many of its citizens to\\nengage in that business, so that the State has been named\\nthe market-garden of New York and Philadelphia.\\nWithin the past few years numerous settlements have been\\nformed, wherein the families devote their efforts chiefly to the\\ngrowing of small fruits, which are shipped to the city markets.\\nHammonton, in Atlantic county, is the centre of one of the\\nmost prosperous fruit-growing communities in the State.\\nVineland, in Cumberland county, is another. This village\\nBridgeton, 37, and from Millville to Glassboro 22; Cape May and\\nMillville, 44; Salem Branch, 17; Freehold and Jamesburg, 11.5;\\nMillstone, G.6 Perth Amboy and Woodbridge, 6.4; Belvidere Dela-\\nware, 68.7; Flemington Branch, 11.4; total, 259.6; and they lease the\\nPemberton and Hightstown and connecting roads, 31.3.\\nThese united companies thns control 65 miles of canal and 456 of\\nrailroad, costing nearly $30,500,000. The last year s business, as re-\\nported in April, 1869, was $7,830,525. The number of passengers car\\nried nearly six millions, and the tonnage over a million tons.\\nSee Table IV. Appendix.\\n7. When were the principal railroads completed?\\n8. To what are the climate and soil of the State adapted Wliat is\\nsaid of fruit-growing?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "SLAVERY ABOLISHED. 223\\nwas founded in 1861. The population of the township is\\nnow about five thousand the viHage contains three churches,\\nfour manufactories and twenty-five stores. The inhabitants\\nare largely engaged in the cultivation of small fruits, from\\nthe sale of which they derive their principal revenue.\\n9. The sea-coast of this State has recently become a favor-\\nite place of resort. Cape May has long been a popular\\nwatering-place during the summer season. The Camden and\\nAtlantic Railroad was completed in 1854, and soon there-\\nafter large hotels were erected at its terminus for the accom-\\nmodation of guests, and since that time many people have an-\\nnually spent the summer at Atlantic City. At Long Branch\\nand Deal Beach the soil is said to be the only fertile terri-\\ntory immediately on the coast from Maine to Georgia.\\nLong Branch has recently become a village of vast hotels,\\nwhich are occupied by persons who leave the great cities\\nduring the summer season to enjoy the sea air and bathing.\\n10. Slavery was introduced into New Jersey at the foun-\\ndation of the province, but it was never popular with the\\npeople. In the counties of Burlington, Gloucester, Salem,\\nCumberland and Cape May there were comparatively few.\\nThese counties were inhabited by Quakers, who early de-\\nclared themselves opposed to this institution. The traffic be-\\ntween this and other States was prohibited in 1798. In 1804\\nan act was passed for the gradual abolition of slavery, which\\nprovided that all children born in the State after that date\\nshould be free. In 1800 the number of slaves was 12,422\\nunder the operation of the emancipation act this number\\nrapidly diminished. In 1810 it was 10,851 in 1830, 2254,\\nand in the census of 1860 it was reduced to 18.\\n9. What has the sea-coast become Where are the principal places\\nof resort?\\n10. What is said of slavery", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXII.\\nNatural Resources Manufactures.\\nMANUrACTURE OF GLASS.\\n1. The northern part of the State is crossed by a series\\nof ridges of the Appalachian chain, and is therefore moun-\\ntainous. The central part is hilly, and the southern half is\\nlevel and sandy.\\n2. On the borders of the ocean and on the Delaware bay,\\nthere is a strip of land, from one to five miles in width, that\\nis on a level with the high-water line. This is called the\\ntide-marshes. It is covered with grass, but beneath the tough\\nsod there is a deposit of soft mud, which in some places is\\nthirty feet deep.\\nChapter XXII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Describe the surface of the State.\\n2. What are the tide-niarslies?\\n224", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "SHIP-BUILDING AND MILLS. 225\\n3. The pioneers in New Jersey at a very early day gave\\ntheir attention to ship-building and to the erection of saw\\nand grist mills to supply their pressing wants. Ship-building\\nbegan in 1683. In 1694 an act of Assembly for the encour-\\nagement of ship-building provided that no timber should be\\nexported except to Gi eat Britain. A town lot in Amboy was\\ngranted to Miles Foster by the proprietors, as a reward for\\nhaving built the first sloop at that place. The ship-yards at\\nSalem and Burlington were early noted for the number and\\nquality of the vessels built at them.\\n4. The first saw-mill of which any record is found was\\nerected at Woodbridge in 1682 another was built at Salem\\nin the same year. In May, 1683, Governor Rudyard wrote\\nfrom Amboy, There are five or six mills going up here this\\nspring. Saw and grist mills were erected at Little Egg\\nHarbor by Edward Andross in 1704, and others, in 1758,\\nat Pemberton on the north branch of the Rancocas. In 1798\\nthere were in New Jersey nearly five hundred saw-mills.\\nWoodbridge also claims the first corn-mill in the State. It\\nwas built in 1670 by Jonathan Dunham, who agreed with\\nthe town to furnish two good stones of at least five feet\\ndiameter. The owner received grants of land as an encour-\\nagement, and was allowed a toll of one-sixteenth. Other\\nmills were built in 1705, 1709 and 1710. Newark appointed\\nRobert Treat and Richard Harrison, in 1668, to erect a\\ngrist-mill on the brook at the north end of the toAvn, and\\ntwo of the six days of the week were made grinding days.\\nIn 1682 a mill was built at Hoboken by residents of New\\nYork. A water-wheel mill Avas built near Rancocas creek,\\nWest Jei sey, by Thomas Olive, and another at Trenton by\\nRobert Stacey, in 1680. In 1690, John Townsend built a\\n3. What is said of ship-building?\\n4. Where were saw and grist mills first built?\\nP", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "226 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nmill ten miles below Little Egg Harbor. A patent for an\\nimprovement in grist-mills, by the use of horizontal wheels,\\nwas granted in 1791 to Mr. Macomb. In 1796 there were\\nfive hundred flourishing mills in New Jersey.\\n5. The second paper-mill in the country (the first being at\\nRoxboro Pennsylvania) was built at Elizabeth previous to\\n1728. It was owned by Samuel Bradford, the government\\nprinter for New Jersey and New York, who lived there for\\nsome time. In 1769 there were forty paper-mills in this\\nState and the adjoining States of Pennsylvania and Delaware,\\nmanufacturing to the amount of \u00c2\u00a3100,000 value annually.\\nSeveral manufactories of paper-hangings were established in\\nNew Jersey, Boston and Philadelphia prior to 1787, and\\nshortly after the establishment of the Patent Office, patents\\nfor imjDrovements in these goods were taken out by J. Condict\\nand Charles Kinsey of this State.\\n6. Printing in New Jersey was transiently done by Samuel\\nKeimer, Avho transported a press from Philadelphia to Bur-\\nlington to do the printing for a lot of New Jersey paper-\\nmoney. James Parker, a native of Woodbridge, was the first\\nresident printer. He established a press at that town in 1751.\\nThe next year he published a folio edition of the laws of the\\nProvince. In 1765 he removed his press to Burlington, but\\nreturned to Woodbridge after printing Smith s History of\\nNew Jersey. He published the New American Maga-\\nzine monthly for twenty -seven months. This was the first\\nperiodical issued in New Jersey, The first newspaper pub-\\nlished was the New Jersey Gazette, issued at Burlington\\nDecember 3, 1777, It suspended publication November,\\n1786, The New Jersey Journal was first published in\\n1779, at Chatham, It was removed to Elizabeth in 1786,\\nA quarto edition of the Bible was published at Trenton\\n5. What is said of paper-mills?\\n6. What of printing?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "BRICK-MAKING AND GLASS-BLOWING. 227\\nin 1791. The Quarterly Theological and Religious De-\\npository was coiinaenced at Burlington in 1813. The\\nBiblical Repertory and Theological Review was first issued\\nat Princeton, in 1825.*\\n7. As early as the year 1683 the size and quality of brick\\nmade in the Province were regulated by act of Assembly,\\nand thus the stability of many early buildings was ensured.\\nThe first record of a brick structure is the Friends meeting-\\nhouse at Salem, built in 1700, at a cost of \u00c2\u00a3415 13s.\\nWhether the bricks were imported or of home manufacture\\nis not known. In 1713 a large dwelling was built at Had-\\ndonfield of brick imported from England; and in 1721 a\\nbrick Episcopal church was erected at Salem. Freestone\\nwas first quan-ied at Newark, in 1721.\\n8. In 1748 a glass factory was established at Freasburg by\\nGerman workmen, imported at considerable expense but the\\nproprietor was soon ruined by the workmen deserting him to\\nbecome land-owners. In 1765, Wistai- s Glass Works\\nwere in operation about three miles from Allowaystown, Sa-\\nlem county. The first factory for the making of window\\nglass was established near Malaga, Camden county, about the\\nyear 1780. By the beginning of the next century others\\nwere in operation at Port Elizabeth and Millville. In 1820\\nworks were running at Clementon, Camden county, and\\nHammonton, Atlantic county. Other factories were estab-\\nlished at Waterford in 1825, at Jackson in 1829, at Winslow\\nin 1832, and the increase since that date has been steady.\\nThere are now (1869) in tlie State seventy-eight publishing estab-\\nlishments, issuing ninety-eight publications seventeen daily, seventy-\\neight weekly and three monthly. Two dailies and five weeklies are\\nprinted in the German language.\\n7. Of brick-making and buildings?\\n8. Where was glass first made What is the extent of its manu-\\nfacture", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "228 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nThe works at Glassboro were started in 1810, and were the\\nfirst to make hollow-Avare glass. At the close of 1868 there\\nwere thirteen glass factories in the State. Ten furnaces con-\\nnected with these produced to the value of about $1,000,000\\nof window-glass, and twenty furnaces manufactured $1,500,-\\n000 worth of hollow-ware goods during that year.\\n9. Small works for the manufacture of salt were scattered\\nalong the shores of New Jersey during the Revolution. A\\nnumber of these were destroyed by foraging parties of British\\ntroops. In 1778 several salt-works on the south side of\\nSquam Inlet, Monmouth county, were burned and Dr. Har-\\nris large establishment near Townsend Sound, Cape May\\ncounty, was threatened because the owner had furnished gun-\\npowder to the American troops.\\n10. The cultivation and home manufacture of hemp and\\nflax flourished in the early settlements of New Jersey. These\\nwere introduced into West Jersey by Scotch immigrants be-\\nfore 1684. In 1678 the Quakers from Yorkshii-e and Lon-\\ndon, who settled Salem and Burlington in West Jersey, in-\\ntroduced the manufacture of cloth, serges, druggets and\\ncrapes good plushes, with several varieties of linen goods,\\nwere made at the same time. The first fulling-mill in the\\nProvince was built in February, 1703, by Richard Clarke,\\nand for his encouragement he was granted twenty acres of\\nland. In 1784 there were forty-one fulling-mills for house-\\nhold woolens, but no woolen factories.\\n11. The Legislature chartered, in 1791, a Society for the\\nEstablishment of Useful Manufactures, with a capital of\\n$200,000, divided into shares of $400 each. This com-\\n9. Where was salt made?\\n10. Wliat is said of flax and hemp, and woolen cloth\\n11. How was manufacturing at Paterson begun? When and where\\nwere calico prints first made? What is said of Paterson What of\\nBelleville? Where is thread made?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING AND TANNING. 229\\npany had the exclusive privilege of carrying on all kinds of\\nmanufacturing at the falls of the Passaic. It was under the\\npatronage of Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury.\\nIn 1792 the association founded the town of Paterson, and\\nin the following year the first yarn was spun there. The\\nfirst factory was completed in 1794, and in that year calico\\ngoods were first printed in Nev/ Jersey. In 1823, Paterson\\ncontained three extensive woolen and two duck factories,\\nwhich chiefly supplied the navy with canvas, and consumed\\nover one ton of flax per day. The New Jersey Bleaching,\\nPrinting and Dyeing company at Belleville, nine miles from\\nNew York, was incorporated December, 1824, with a capital\\nof $150,000. It erected one of the largest and most com-\\nplete factories in the United States. In 1840 the manufac-\\nture of silk from the cocoon w^as begun at Paterson by John\\nKawle of England. That town has since become the princi-\\npal seat in the country of that industry, and produces an-\\nnually silk goods to exceed $2,000,000 in value. The Pas-\\nsaic Flax Mills, for making shoe, sewing-machine and all\\nkinds of linen thread, were established at Paterson, 1864. The\\nAmerican Velvet Company, previously located at Newark,\\nerected a factory in Paterson in 1865. This was the first\\nattempt to manufacture velvets on a large scale in America.\\nTo Paterson also belongs the credit of having produced the\\nfirst locomotive engine made in the State. It was built at\\nthe Rogers Machine Works in 1837. These works were\\nestablished in 1831 for the manufacture of machinery for\\ncotton, woolen and flax factories. They were for many\\nyears one of the most extensive establishments in the\\ncountry.\\n12. Tanning was introduced into the Province by the first\\nsettlers of Elizabeth in 1664, and was encouraged by John\\n12. Where was leather first made? What is said of its manufacture?\\n20", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "230 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nOgden, one of the proprietors. Throughout East Jersey ef-\\nforts were made to induce mechanics to settle, and at Newark\\na lot of land was set apart as a gift to the first of every trade\\nwho should settle there. In 1676, Samuel Whitehead, the\\nfirst shoemaker from Elizabethtown, was formally admitted\\na member of the community, on condition of his supplying it\\nwith shoes. The exportation of hides was forbidden by\\nlaw in 1678. The first tannery in Newark was established\\nin 1698 and the first japanned leather made in this country\\nwas produced in that city. The leather trade is indebted\\nfor some of its most valuable mechanical aids to William\\nEdwards.*\\n13. The manufacture of iron-Avare, jewelry, leather, har-\\nness and carriages is now carried on extensively at Newark,\\nand the city has recently increased rapidly in population and\\nwealth. In 1830 it contained a population of 10,000 inhab-\\nitants, and was little known as a manufacturing town. In\\n1869 its population had increased to 120,000, and the pro-\\nduct of its manufactures to nearly $40,000,000. The Clark\\nThread Company in 1865 erected, at a cost of three-quarters\\nof a million dollars, at this place, the most extensive factory\\nin the United States for the manufacture of cotton thread.\\nColonel William Edwards, grandson of the eminent Jonathan Ed-\\nwards, and a descendant by his mother from the Ogdens, was born at\\nElizabeth, in 1770. He learned the business of his uncles, Colonels\\nMathias Ogden and Oliver Spencer, two Revolutionary officers, who had\\na factory in that town. At Northampton, Massachusetts, when twenty\\nyears of age, he carried on the tanning, and it is believed he there em-\\nployed the first bark-mill run by water. He subsequently invented\\nand patented the copper heater, long used by tanners, the hide mill\\nor fulling stocks, and the beating or rolling mill. The saving of\\nmanual labor thus effected gave a great impulse to the manufacture of\\nleather.\\n13. What is said of manufactures at Newark", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "MINERAL RESOURCES. 231\\nNewark now takes the place of the third manufacturing city\\nin America.*\\n14. New Jersey contains rich mineral deposits iron, cop-\\nper and zinc. The zinc mines in Sussex county are among\\nthe richest in the United States, and have long been exten-\\nsively worked by the New Jersey Zinc Company. In colo-\\nnial times the most celebrated and productive copper mine\\nwas in the town of Hanover, Hudson county. This ore was\\ndiscovered in 1719 by a negro servant, who picked up a piece\\nof copper near that place. Hammers and other tools were\\nfound in an opening which had been worked many years\\nbefore that date by Dutch settlers. The rich ore was trans-\\nported by a short land-carriage to the Hudson, and thence\\nthrough New York it was shipped to England, where it was\\nsold for \u00c2\u00a340 per ton. Before the Revolution the shaft had\\nbeen sunk nearly two hundred feet. A steam engine was im-\\nported by Colonel John Schuyler in 1745, to keep the mine\\nclear of water. It was the third engine erected in America,\\nand continued in use forty years.\\n15. In 1750, Elias Boudinot, of Philadelphia, leased for\\nninety-nine years a mine of copper within one-quarter of a\\nmile of New Brunswick. He erected a stamping-mill and\\nsent many tons of ore to England, but the mine was subse-\\nquently abandoned.\\n16. Some of the rich mines of iron ore in this State have\\nbeen worked for a century and a half, and during many years\\nSummary of manufactures at Newark in 1868\\nNo. of hands. Capital. Production.\\nIron 3,000 $3,500,000 $4,250,000\\nJewelry 1,493 2,259,000 4,500,000\\nLeather 1,500 3,000,000 4,300,000\\n14. When and where were mines opened\\n15. What is said of copper-mining?\\n16. What is the character and location of the iron ore?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "232 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nfurnished a large proportion of the iron manufactured in this\\ncountry. Many of tliem still contain immense beds of ore\\nabove water-level, which may be taken out without the em-\\nployment of expensive machinery. These mines could be\\nmade to yield, advantageously, a million tons of ore annually\\nfor many years to come, which would be sufficient to supply\\nnearly half of the consumption in the United States. They\\nare situated in the counties of Sussex, Passaic, Warren and\\nMorris, within an area of three hundred square miles.\\n17. The first iron-works were established near Shrewsbury,\\nand were on a large scale for an infant settlement. They are\\nsupposed to have been founded by James Grover, and were\\nbought from him by Lewis Morris, a merchant of Barbadoes.\\nThe deed for 3540 aci-es of land bears date October 25, 1676.\\nGood iron was made by the smelting furnace and forge in\\n1682 over sixty negroes and a number of Avhite laborers were\\nthen employed. In 1714, Colonel Morris addressed a letter to\\nthe Lords of Trade, transmitting an address from the Coun-\\ncil and Assembly, asking encouragement for the iron interests\\nof the Province. The first settlements in Sussex and Morris\\ncounties were made near Hanover, in 1685, for the purpose\\nof smelting the ores found there. Forges were erected at a\\npoint that is still known as the Old Forges, twenty miles\\neastward of the Suckasunny mine, in the town of Randolph.\\nThis mine was public property until 1716, w hen it was taken\\nup by Joseph Kirkbride. It subsequently became the pro-\\nperty of Mahlon Dickerson, whose name it now bears. Bat-\\nsto furnace was erected in 1766, by Charles Reed, near the\\njunction of Batsto and Egg Harbor rivers in Burlington\\ncounty. During the Revolutionary Avar it was employed in\\ncasting cannon, shot and shell for the use of the American\\narmy, and boilers for the salt-works on the coast.\\n17. Where were iron-works first established?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "IRON MANUFACTURES. 233\\n18. Before 1720 mining was commenced at Clinton, Mer-\\ncer county. Union Furnace, which was abandoned in 1778,\\nwas supplied with ore from this place. The Oxford furnace\\nwas established in Sussex (now Warren) county in 1741.\\nThe first iron was made March 9, 1743. It is one of the\\noldest remaining in the Union, and being in complete repair\\nis still running as a steam hot-blast furnace, two-thirds of the\\nyear on charcoal and one-third on anthracite. The Ring-\\nwood and Longpond Bloomeries were built near Boardville,\\nPassaic county, by Baron Hass before the Revolution. The\\nTroy Bloomery, Morris county, is as old as the Oxford. At\\nAndover, in the southern part of Sussex county, a blast\\nfurnace was erected before the Revolution, and the works\\nwere noted for their superior quality of bar iron. In Janu-\\nary, 1778, Congress directed that all steel for the use of the\\nContinental artificers should be made of this iron, and the\\nworks were seized, as the owners were Royalists. They were\\nagain put in operation in 1847 by Messrs. Hewitt and Cooper.\\nThe first experiments in this country with the Bessemer pro-\\ncess were made with this iron at the Cooper furnace at Phil-\\nlipsburg. The first wrought-iron beams for fire-proof build-\\nings were also made by this company at its rolling-mills in\\nTrentoii.\\n19. In 1775, Thomas Maybery manufactured sheet iron at\\nMount Holly. Congress ordered from his factory, in May\\nof that year, five tons of sheet iron to make camp-kettles for\\nthe troops. A nail factory was in operation at Burlington in\\n1797. The earliest rolling-mill was built at Dover, Morris\\ncounty, in 1792. The first anthracite furnace was blown in at\\nStanhope, Sussex county, in 1840. In 1784, New Jersey had\\n18. Where are the oldest furnaces in the State? Wliere was steel\\nfirst made\\n19. Where was sheet iron made? What was the extent of iron-\\nmaking in 1840\\n2u", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "234 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\neight furnaces and seventy-nine forges for the manufacture\\nof iron. Ten years later there were made in the State 1200\\ntons bar iron, 1200 tons pig, 80 tons nail rods, besides\\nhollow-ware and castings. At the close of the century ten\\nmines were Avorked in Morris county, and two furnaces, three\\nrolling-mills and forty forges were in operation.\\n20.. The foundry for the manufacture of malleable iron was\\nestablished in Newark, in 1827, by Seth Boyden. This city is\\nnow one of the largest producers of this metal.\\n21. In 1867 the State manufactured of anthracite iron\\n36,919 tons, standing third in quantity among the States\\nof charcoal pig iron, 9000 tons. Its forges and bloomeries\\nmade 5980 tons, and its rolling-mills produced 2076 tons\\nof rails. In 1866 the other products of the rolling-mills\\nwere 11,478 tons of bar and rod iron, 6000 tons plate, 435\\ntons hoop, 24,519 tons nails and spikes, 6184 tons axles, etc.;\\ntotal, 48,616 tons. Its manufacture of steel was then 4157\\ntons.\\n22. The manufacturing establishments at Camden, on\\nCooper s Creek and at Gloucester Point, are comparatively\\nof recent date, but they have grown rapidly and now rival\\nthe largest in the country. The American Nickel Works,\\nowned by Joseph Wharton, founded in 1842, are on Cooper s\\nCreek. This is the only establishment of the kind in America,\\nand the operations carried on there are truly Avonderful. The\\nnickel ore is obtained from a mine in Lancaster county,\\nPennsylvania, which is the best found in the world. From\\nthis ore 200,000 pounds of nickel metal are produced an-\\nnually, valued at $250,000. Cobalt-oxide, blue vitriol and\\ncopperas are made from the same ore. The nickel is used at\\n20. When and by whom was malleable iron first made?\\n21. What was the extent of iron manufactures in 1867?\\n22. What is said of manufactures at Camden Describe the nickel-\\nworks.\\ny", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "COTTON AND WOOLEN MANUFACTURES. 235\\nthe United States mints in the making of coin, and in the\\nmanufactui e of German silver.\\n23. The manufacture of dyewood extracts, paint colors,\\nfertilizers and other chemical compounds, is carried on in\\nseveral large establishments. The first of these was erected\\non Cooper s Creek in 1842 their annual product is now\\nnearly $2,000,000.\\n24. Cotton and woolen goods are produced in considerable\\nquantities. The Washington Manufacturing Company was\\nincorporated in 1844, and employs a capital of $450,000, in\\nthe manufacture of cotton goods. The first loom was started\\nin August, 1845. The works occupy ten acres of ground,\\ncontain 847 looms, 48,150 spindles and employ nearly 1000\\nhands. The manufixctures are printed cloths, jeans and sati-\\nnets, of which 9,000,000 yards, valued at $720,000, are pro-\\nduced annually. The Gloucester Manufacturing Company\\nwas incorporated in 1845. Its works occupy eight acres of\\nground, employ 250 hands and produce annually 30,000,000\\nyards of calicoes. The buildings of this company were to-\\ntally destroyed by fire on the 14th of September, 1868, and\\nwere entirely rebuilt and began the manufacture of goods\\nbefore the middle of March, 1869. Large works for the\\nmanufacture of fine French cassimeres were erected on\\nCooper s Creek in 1864, with the capacity of turning out\\n$800,000 worth of these goods annually. There is also in\\nCamden a large mill for the manufacture of girths, reins,\\nwebs, bindings, cords, tapes and other like fabrics.\\n25. Carding-machines, spinning-jacks, looms, wool-pickers\\nand other machinery are manufactured to the value of\\n$500,000 annually. The Camden Iron Works produce cast-\\n23. What other articles are manufactured at Camden\\n24. What are the principal cotton-mills? State their capacities?\\nWhat woolen goods are produced\\n25. What machinery is made?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "236 HISTORY OF NEW JEBSEY.\\niugs and apparatus used in tlie raanufticture of gas. New\\nYork, Philadelphia and thirty-four of the principal cities in\\nthe United States have been supplied from this establishment.\\nIt consumes annually 16,000 tons of iron, and produces over\\n$1,000,000 worth of machinery.*\\n26. The manufacture of fine porcelain ware was begun in\\na small way in Jersey City about the year 1835. In 1852\\nthe Trenton potteries were established, and the extensive\\nmanufacture of porcelain door-knobs and trimmings began.\\n27. In 1866 the village of Marion was founded, and the\\nUnited States Watch Company was established there. The\\ncompany erected a large iron and glass building for the\\nmanufacture of watches, and dwellings for the accommoda-\\ntion of workmen. At this place six hundred hands are\\nemployed, producing one hundred and fifty watches a day of\\nfifty-six diftei-ent styles, valued at $11,250, and equal in\\nmechanism and finish to any made in America.\\n28. The extensive marl-beds found along the coast, and in\\nmany places in the interior of the State, are sources of great\\nwealth. The marl when spread on the sandy soil of the\\nlower counties greatly increases its productiveness. Green-\\nsand marl was first used as a fertilizer in Monmouth county,\\nin 1768. An Irishman employed in ditching a meadow on\\nPeter Schenck s farm, near Marlboro discovered a marl-bed.\\nTliere are 42 forges and bloomaries in the State, nearly all of\\nwhich are in the counties of Sussex and Morris. The oldest of these,\\nthe Petersburg Forge, near Milton, was erected about the year 1725.\\nThere are eleven blast-furnaces, as follows: in Sussex county there are\\n5 in Passaic, 3 Morris, 1 Warren, 1 Cumberland, 1. There are\\nfifteen rolling-mills: In Morris county, 5; Mercer, 2; Passaic, 3;\\nHudson, 2; Warren, 1; Camden, 1; Cumberland, 1. There are seven\\nsteel-works: In Essex, 3; Morris, 2; Passaic, 1; Mercer, 1.\\n26. Where is 2:)orcelain made?\\n27. Where are watches made?\\n28. What is said of the use of marl", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "MARL. 237\\nA small quantity was taken out and spread on a field, where\\nit produced a marked effect in the growth of the crop. In\\n1795 marl was dug on Hop Brook and used on the farm\\nowned by John H. Smock, and soon came into general use in\\nthat neighborhood. It was not until about the beginning of\\nthe present century that the value of marl began to attract\\nthe attention of farmers in all the sandy region of the State.\\nIts use spread rapidly, until in many places the most sterile\\nsoils were made productive, and waste places were converted\\ninto vast fruit and vegetable gardens that enriched their\\nowners and added millions of dollars to the wealth of the\\nState.", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIII.\\nThe Rebellion.\\nPHILIP KKARNET.\\n1. During the political camjiaign that preceded the Presi-\\ndential election in 1860, leading men in the South declared,\\nthat if Abraham Lincoln were elected President of the\\nUnited States, the Southern States would secede from the\\nUnion.\\n2. South Carolina was the first to put this suicidal threat\\ninto execution. On the 20th of December, 1860, a conven-\\ntion of delegates elected by the voters of that State adopted\\nan Ordinance of Secession, wherein it was declared that\\nthe State was no longer under the authority of the national\\ngovernment. Other States followed this example, and before\\nthe close of the administration of James Buchanan seven\\nChapter XXIII. 1. What threats were made in 18G0?\\n2. How were these carried out?\\n238", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "THE REBELLION. 239\\nhad seceded from the Union. In February, 1861, delegates\\nfrom the seceded States assembled in Montgomery, Alabama,\\nadopted a constitution, appointed Jefferson Davis President\\nand Alexander H. Stephens Vice President, and organized a\\ngovernment called the Confederate States of America.\\n3. The conspirators rapidly organized armed forces, seized\\nthe mints, custom-houses, arsenals, navy-yards, forts and\\nother property of the national government in the Southern\\nStates, and on the 12th of April began the bombardment of\\nFort Sumter in Charleston harbor. The garrison made an\\nheroic defence, lasting three days, and then on the 15th sur-\\nrendered the fort to the enemy.\\n4. The news of this attack on the national troops created\\nthe most intense excitement throughout the whole country.\\nOn the 15th of April, the day on which the garrison surren-\\ndered, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, is-\\nsued a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteer troops to\\ndefend the Union. The people of the North laid aside all\\npolitical disputes, and with great unanimity resolved to sus-\\ntain the government.\\n5. New Jersey, from her revolutionary battle-fields, an-\\nswered the Nation s call with eager pledges of help. The\\nold flag, displayed aforetime only on fair holidays when no\\nstorms beat, flung out its folds in every town and hamlet and\\nover secluded country homes, and became a perpetual sign\\nof covenant-keeping faithfulness a pledge to all the world\\nthat the cause it symbolized should be maintained at what-\\never cost. In every town and village the people, assembled\\nin public meetings, pledged their utmost resources in behalf\\nef the imperiled government. The banks came forward\\n3. What did the conspirators do\\n4. What effect had the capture of Fort Sumter on the Northern peo-\\nple What did the President do\\n5. W^hat was done in New Jersey", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "240 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nwith liberal offers of money leading citizens proffered their\\nassistance to the authorities every fireside shone with the\\nlustre of patriotic feelings, and even the schools shared in the\\nabsorbing excitement. It was a carnival of patriotism from\\none end of the State to the other.\\n6. New Jersey s quota of troops under the President s call\\nwas four regiments, of 780 men each. Governor Olden f re-\\nceived the requisition of the War Department on the 17th,\\nand immediately issued a proclamation for volunteers to\\nreport within twenty days. The people everywhere promptly\\nresponded to the call the organized companies in the State\\nopened recruiting-stations 2)ublic meetings were held in\\nevery town and city to assist enlistments the churches en-\\ntered earnestly into the work, many sending full companies\\ninto the ranks and everywhere the popular heart beat\\nstrongly in favor of the Union. Within a few days over one\\nhundred companies, exceeding ten thousand men, offered\\ntheir services to the governor. The first regiment of the\\nHunterdon Brigade reported for duty on the 18th of April,\\nand was the first organized body of troops ready for service.\\nThe Camden Zouaves reported on the same day. Many offers\\nof individual services came from citizens who afterward were\\ndistinguished in the field. The Olden Guards of Trenton,\\nNew Jersey and the Rebellion, by Jobn Y. Foster.\\nf Charles S. Olden, a distinguisbed citizen of tbe State, was elected\\ngovernor in 1859. He was experienced in public affairs, and eminently\\nqualified for tbe high office be beld in tiiis trying period of tbe nation s\\nhistory.\\nX Joseph W. Revere, George D. Bayard, Judson Kilpatrick, William\\nS. Truex, William Cook, H. W. Sawyer, J. H. Simpson, William B.\\nHatch, Mark B. Collett, Mrs. Kitty K. Painter were among those who\\nfirst tendered their services to Governor Olden.\\n6. What was the quota of tbe State under the first call How were\\nthese troops raised? What troops were first enrolled?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "TROOPS FOR THE REBELLION. 241\\nmustered into the service on the 23d of April, were the first\\nenrollment from this State for the National army. So rapidly\\nhad the volunteers come forward that on the 30th of the\\nmonth the quota was completed and the regiments stood ready\\nto march.\\n7. The State authorities took active measures to strengthen\\nthe defences on the Delaware and to protect the numerous\\ninlets on the coast. Organized companies were offered for\\ngarrison duty in the forts on the Delaware and in New York\\nharbor, and every effort was made to put the commonwealth\\nin a complete state of defence. An extra session of the Leg-\\nislature was called by Governor Olden to meet on the 30th\\nof April. This Legislature, upon the recommendation of\\nthe governor, appropriated $2,000,000, and levied an annual\\ntax of $100,000 for military purposes. The common council\\nof Newark voted $100,000 to the families of soldiers and\\n$5000 for equipments. The banks throughout the State\\nplaced $451,000 at the disposal of the governor. Among\\nthe individual subscriptions made may be named those of\\nSophia and Esther Stevens, each of whom on the 29th of\\nApril sent to the governor $1000; and within a month after\\nthe firing on Fort Sumter these private subscriptions ex-\\nceeded one million dollars.\\n8. Theodore Runyon, of Newark, was appointed brigadier-\\ngeneral of the brigade organized for the National service.\\nWhen the brigade had been fully organized, a despatch was\\nreceived from the Secretary of War, stating that the govern-\\nment could not furnish equipments and arms for the troops.\\nThe State authorities thereupon resolved to supply the defi-\\nciency of the National government, and to send forward the\\n7. What did the State authorities do? What did Newark do for the\\nsoldiers families? What was contributed by private citizens?\\n8. Who was appointed to command the First Brigade? How were\\nthese troops armed and equipped?\\n21 Q", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "242 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\ntroops clothed,* armed and fully equipped for active service.\\nGovernor Olden desj)atclied a messenger on the 1st of May to\\nGeneral Butler, commanding at Annapolis, informing him\\nthat the New Jersey Brigade would leave the State on the\\nfirst, second and third of that month, and urged him to make\\narrangements to receive them and to promote their comfort.\\nAs the troops were about to move, it was found that the gov-\\nernment could not even so much as supply ammunition. A\\nmessenger was sent to New York, and after the most persist-\\nent efforts succeeded in obtaining five thousand musket-ball\\ncartridges and one hundred thousand percussion caps. These\\nwere immediately shipped after the regiments that had already\\ngone forward, and were distributed to the men on board the\\nsteamers on Delaware Bay.\\n9. The troops arrived at Washington on the 6th of May,\\nand went into such quarters as could be hastily provided for\\nthem. The arrival of these three thousand Jerseymen, thor-\\noughly armed and equipped, inspired a feeling of security\\nin the Departments at Washington that had not been felt\\nfor many days. New Jersey never stood higher in the esti-\\nmation of the loyal peojole of the country than at that junc-\\nture, when she sent to the nation s defence a full brigade of\\ntroops in every particular prepared for immediate action.\\n10. After a few days the brigade was ordered to go into\\ncamp at Meridian Hill here the service of camp-duty\\nTlie First Kegiment was clothed at Newark at the expense of the\\nState. The Second Regiment was mostly clothed by a committee of\\nliberal and isatriotic gentlemen of Jersey City at their own expense,\\nwithout any instructions or authority from the State. The Third and\\nFourth Regiments were clotiied entirely by the State.\\n9. When did the brigade arrive in Washington? How was it\\nreceived\\n10. Where did the regiment encamp? What was the first service\\nperformed", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF BULL RUN. 243\\nbegan. The severest discipline was enforced, and the troops\\nwere required to observe the strictest regulations of army life.\\nOn the 24th the brigade crossed Long Bridge into Virginia\\nand encamped along the heights south of the Potomac. The\\nwork of entrenching the camps and of building redoubts was\\nimmediately begun. The principal work constructed by the\\nJersey men was named Fort Runyon, and was known by that\\nname during the war.\\n11. On the 3d of May the President called for thirty-nine\\nregiments of infantry and one of cavalry, to serve for three\\nyears or during the war. The quota of New Jersey under\\nthis call was three regiments. So enthusiastic had been the\\nresponse to the first call for troops that nearly five thousand\\nmen who could not be received in the New Jersey quota had\\ngone to New York and enterSd the service from that State,\\nand almost a sufiicient number of organized companies now\\nstood I eady to fill the quota under this second call. The\\ntroops were received at Camp Olden near Trenton, and organ-\\nized into regiments. These regiments were clothed and fur-\\nnished with camp and garrison equipage by the State, and\\nwere armed by the General Government. They left Trenton\\non the 28th of June, and reported to General Scott at Wash-\\nington City on the following day.\\n12. In the disposition of troops on the 15th of July for\\nthe advance against the enemy at Bull Run, the New Jersey\\nBrigade and all other troops held in reserve were placed\\nunder the command of General Runyon. When the main\\narmy was defeated on the 21st of July, and fell back in dis-\\norder and confusion, the New Jersey Brigade, together with\\nthe First, Second and Third three-year regiments, advanced\\n11. When was the second call for troops made What was the quota\\nof the State? How was the quota filled?\\n12. What position was assigned to the New Jersey troops in the\\nmovement against Bnll Rnn?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "244 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nin good order to Centreville, where their presence and cool-\\nness gave confidence to many of the ileeing fragments of\\ncompanies, and induced them to form in the rear of these\\ntroops. Thus a strong rear-guard was organized for the protec-\\ntion of the trains of the retreating army. Before live o cloclv\\nin tlie afternoon the stampede was stopped, the road was\\ncleared, the army-wagons halted, and order had come out of\\nchaos, mainly through the efforts of the New Jersey regiments.\\n13. The First Regiment was thrown forward beyond Cen\\ntreville to resist tlie advance of the enemy, in case it should\\nbe attempted. After the whole army had fallen back the\\ntroops were withdrawn and reached Fort Albany, near Alex-\\nandria, on the afternoon of the 22d, having been on duty\\nthirty hours without provisions. Many of the men dropped\\ndown exhausted beneath the shelter of fences and trees,\\nwhence they were afterward rescued by their comrades. The\\nterm of service of the First Brigade had now expired, and\\nthe men were accordingly mustered out on the 25th. They\\nreturned to the State, but many of them re-enlisted and\\nserved in other regiments during the war.\\n14. After the disaster at Bull Run another call came from\\nthe National capital for troops. The quota of the State was\\nplaced at five regiments. These Avere named resjDectively the\\nFourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth regiments. The\\nFourth Regiment reached Washington on the 21st of August\\nand Avas assigned to the brigade commanded by Brigadier\\nGeneral Kearney,* and with the First, Second and Third\\nPhilip Kearney was born June 2, 1815. He graduated at Colum-\\nbia College, New York, studied law, and at the age of twenty-one was\\ncommissioned a lieutenant in the regiment of dragoons for service on\\n13. What part did they take in the battle?\\n14. What occurred after the battle of Bull Eun What was tlie\\nState s quota under this call How was it filled? AVho commanded\\ntliese brigades?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "PHILIP KEARNEY. 245\\nregiments composed the First Brigade of New Jersey volun-\\nteers. The Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth regiments were\\norganized into the Second Brigade of New Jersey volun-\\nteers, under the command of Colonel Samuel H. Starr.\\nthe Western frontier. In 1S40 he was sent by the United States govern-\\nment to the military school in France. He accompanied the Frencli\\narmy to Africa, and distinguished himself in two engagements. After\\nreturning from France he was attached to General Scott s headquarters.\\nHe served witli distinction through the Mexican war, and for gallant\\nconduct was promoted to the rank of major. After having served\\nseveral years in Indian wars he resigned his commission and went to\\nEurope. In 1859, during the Italian war, he was aide-de-camp on the\\nstaff of General Morris, commanded the cavalry of the Guard and was\\npresent at the battle of Solferino. In consideration of the services\\nrendered in this campaign, the Empei or Napoleon conferred on him\\nthe Cross of the Legion of Honor. When the rebellion broke out in\\nAmerica, Major Kearney instantly abandoned his life of ease and luxury\\nin Europe, and hastened to the defence of his country. He was com-\\nmissioned a brigadier-general, and assigned to the command of the First\\nBrigade of the New Jersey three-year regiments. In front of the\\nenemy south of the Potomac, Kearney soon attracted a large share of\\npublic attention. In the advance against the enemy at Manassas, in\\nthe Peninsular campaign and during the series of terrible battles that\\nended at Malvern Hill, no general officer was more conspicuous in the\\nthickest of the fight than brave Gener.al Kearney. In Pope s campaign\\nthe commanding general again found a hearty support in the New\\nJersey troops under this gallant officer. After the National army had\\nbeen defeated on Manassas Plains and driven across Bull Bun with\\nheavy los.s, and wlien General Lee had resolved to crush the retreating\\ntroops before they had reached the Potomac, General Pope determined\\nto make another desperate stand, and in this he resolved to trust only\\nsuch officers as had never failed in the severest duty. Kearney, Reno\\nand Stevens were placed in the most trying positions. The New .Jersey\\ntroops had been sl)attered and thinned by the severe struggles they had\\njust passed through, but with Kearney as their leader they were still a\\nstrong arm of defence. On the first of September the enemy made a\\nbold flank attack on Beno, near Ciiantilly, in order to seize the road\\nleading to Washington. Beno and Stevens made a desperate resistance,\\n21", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "246 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n15. Though the people of New Jersey Avere wholly unpre-\\npared for war, without a military establishment or men expe-\\nrienced in military duty, yet, by the energy of the officers of\\nits government, and the skill and patriotism of its people,\\nit was enabled to respond promptly to every call for assist-\\nance from the General Government. During the year 1861\\nthe State equipped and sent forward thirteen regiments at an\\nexpense of $665,303. In addition to this there were numer-\\nous instances of independent action by communities and indi-\\nviduals. The jmtriotic women of Newark organized a relief\\nassociation on the 24th of April, 1861, to provide conve-\\nniences for the soldiers and delicacies for the sick, that could\\nnot be supplied by the government. The women of Jersey\\nCity formed a similar association at about the same time, and\\nthese noble examples Avere speedily followed in other places.\\nIn 1863 the United States Sanitary Commission for New\\nJersey was formed. During the first year of its operations\\nbut were driven back by overpowering numbers. General Stevens fell,\\nflag in hand and cheering on his men, in the very front of the line.\\nAt the moment the National forces were giving way. General Kearney\\nappeared on the field. With characteristic impetuosity he hurled his\\ncolumns of Jerseymen against the lines of the enemy, ordered his bat-\\nteries to fire with double canister, and placing himself at the head of\\nthe charging column, rushed upon the enemy. He broke tlirough the\\ncentre of his lines and hurled it back in disorder and confusion. Thus\\nhe rescued Pope s army and saved the National capital. Soon after\\nsunset the general was riding forward to examine the position of his\\ntroops, and unexpectedly came upon the enemy. He was summoned to\\nsurrender, but refusing, was shot dead. The death of no soldier during\\nthe war created more profotmd regret and deeper grief, nor was the loss\\nof any one more deeply lamented, than that of the heroic Kearney, who\\nnobly died that the nation might live.\\n15. What was the military status of the State at the beginning of the\\nwar? How were the demands on the State met? What was done\\nduring the first year? What private action was taken? What contri-\\nbutions were made?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "BR AVERT OF JERSEY TROOPS. 247\\nthe Commission collected for the relief of the soldiers, in\\nmoney and supplies, $128,806.85. Nine hundred and thirty\\nboxes of jjrovisions and goods were sent from the State to the\\narmy, about $50,000 were contributed to the great fair at\\nPhiladelphia, and $20,000 were sent by local societies through\\nother channels. The contributions, as far as it is possible to\\nstate them, were as follows of supplies, Elizabeth gave\\n$7755; Boonton, $4140; Salem, $4136; Millville, $2062;\\nPlainfield, $4322; Paterson, $3122; Rahway, $2328;\\nSomerville, $2216; AVoodstown, $1598; Lodi, $1616;\\nMontclair, $1793, and Schralenburg, $1838. The contribu-\\ntions in money were, from Newark, $7052 Jersey City,\\n$5566; Hoboken, $1050, and Pequaunock township, $1015.\\nThere were many liberal contributions made by the citizens\\nof other towns not here named, for the patriotism and liber-\\nality that actuated the people of New Jersey during the\\nperiod of the nation s struggle for life was not bounded by\\npolitical divisions, nor confined to party, faction, sect or con-\\ndition the action of the people in all parts of the State was\\ngenerous and prompt. The Legislature authorized the au-\\nthorities of Newark, Trenton, Jersey City, Rahway, Camden\\nand Bordentown to appropriate money for the support of\\nsoldiers families. This and many other acts of devotion to\\nthe Union cause consumed large sums of money that cannot\\nbe fully estimated. The patriotic women of the State were\\nalso represented in the field. Several won distinction as\\nnurses in the hospitals at Washington, and as agents of the\\nSanitary Commission in the Army of the Potomac.\\n16. During the four years of war New Jersey was called\\nupon for 78,248 men. In response to these several calls it\\nsent into the field 88,305, or 10,057 more men than its pro-\\n16. How many troops were called for? How were the calls an-\\nswered", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "248 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nportion of the contril^utions for the war.* The Legislature\\nalso appropriated money for the support of the families of\\nthe men who entered the service, and for this purpose\\n$2,317,374 were spent.\\n17. Most of these troops were sent to the Army of the\\nPotomac, where they participated in all the campaigns and\\nbattles through which that great army passed, in its efforts to\\ndefend the National capital and to overthrow the power of\\nthe enemy at Richmond. The New Jersey regiments, here\\nand in the West, are frequently mentioned in the official re-\\nports of the several commanders, and are commended for\\ngallant conduct under the most trying circumstances. The\\ntroops of no State made a more honorable record for devotion\\nto the National Union or for skill and bravery in the field.\\n18. Many regiments from New York and the New England\\nStates, on their way to and from the seat of war, passed\\nthrough this State. The citizens along the lines of the rail-\\nThe following statement exhibits tlie number of men called for, and\\nthe number furnished by this State, and the term of enlistment, from\\nApril 17, 1861, to April 30, 1865:\\nNumber men furnished for four years 155\\nthree 42,573\\ntwo 2,243\\none year 16,812\\nnine months 10,787\\nthree months 3,105\\none hundred days 700\\nnot classified 2,973\\nCredited to State 79,348\\nFurnished, but not credited 8,957 88,305\\nTotal number of men called for 78,248\\nSurplus over all calls 10,057\\n17. What is said of these troops?\\n18. How were troops passing through the State treated?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. 249\\nroads spared no efforts to minister to the wants of these\\ntroops, and everywhere cheered on the patriot soldiers who\\nwere hastening to the front, or who, having honorably served\\ntheir country, were returning home from the toils of war.\\n19. The term of office of Governor Olden expired in 1863,\\nwhen Joel Parker was inaugurated governor of the common-\\nwealth. Governor Parker, though not agreeing in political\\nvicAvs with his predecessor, was a true patriot, and administered\\nthe affairs of the State in the full interest of the National\\ncause, vigorously carrying out the war policy inaugurated by\\nGovernor Olden.* In 1865 an act was passed providing for\\nthe establishing of The Soldiers Children s Home to sup-\\nport and educate the destitute children of soldiers. In the\\nfollowing year a Home for Disabled Soldiers was established\\nat Newark, and money was appropriated by the Legislature\\nto remove the bodies of the New Jersey soldiers from the\\nbattle-fiekls to the National cemeteries.\\n20. It is now 252 years since the first settlements were\\nmade in the north-eastern part of the State by the Dutch\\n205 years since the establishment of the government of East\\nJersey 193 years since the establishment of the government\\nGovernor Pnrker was ever attentive to the wants of the State\\ntroops frequently visited the army and personally inspected the regi-\\nments. He established agencies at Washington and in Philadelphia\\nto attend to the interests of the soldiers, and despatched a messenger to\\nexamine into tlie condition of the New Jersey regiments in the Western\\narmy. When Pennsylvania was invaded in 1863, he forwarded troops\\nwith great promptness to Harrisbnrg to aid in the defence of that State.\\nNo call was made on the State for assistance, during his administration,\\nthat was not cheerfully and promptly met.\\n19. What is said of Governor Parker? What was done for the\\nsoldiers\\n20. What is the age of the oldest settlements? What of the Prov-\\nince? Of the commonwealth What is said of the character of the\\npeople?", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "250 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nof West Jersey; 167 years since the merging of the two\\nProvinces into one under the crown, and 93 years since the\\norganization of the commonwealth. The inhabitants of New\\nJersey were early noted for the observance of the principles\\nof peace, and for strict justice in dealing with the Indian\\ntribes found in the territory. Though they had much less to\\nfear from British taxation on American commerce than any\\nof their neighboi s, they were not surpassed in devotion to the\\ncause of human rights, nor in promptness to defend personal\\nliberty and to adopt the principles of the Declaration of In-\\ndependence, by the people of any other Province.\\n21. The public men of New Jersey were conspicuous dur-\\ning the Revolutionary struggle, and made large contributions\\nto that wisdom in council and bravery in the field that suc-\\ncessfully maintained the cause of the colonies against the\\npower of the British government. New Jersey was the only\\nState wherein the National Constitution was adopted unani-\\nmously and without amendment. In making early provision\\nfor the education of the young, in establishing public tho-\\nroughfares and undertaking the construction of vast public\\nimprovements, the inhabitants of this State have ever evinced\\na degree of skill and energy equal to that of any other peoj)le.\\nThe early settlers were noted for their rigid piety, and their\\ndescendants have maintained an honorable reputation for a\\nliberal support of religious, educational and philanthropic\\ninstitutions.\\n21. What is said of tlie public men of New Jei sey? Of tlie adop-\\ntion of the Constitution Of the people?", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nTABLE I.\\nComities in New Jersey.\\nCounties. When Formed. ropuLAxioN in IStiO. County Towns.\\nSalem 1675 22,458 Salein.\\nGloucester 1677 18,444 Woodbury.\\nBergen 1682 21,618 Hackensack.\\nMiddlesex 1682 34,812 New Brunswick.\\nSomerset 1688 22,057 Sornerville.\\nBurlington 1694 49,730 Mount Holly.\\nEssex 1710 98,887.. Newark.\\nMonmouth 1710 89,346 Freehold.\\nCape May 1710 7,130 Cape May Court-house.\\nHunterdon 1714 33,654 Flemington.\\nMorris 1739 34,677 Morristown.\\nCumberland 1748 22,605 Bridgeton.\\nSussex 1753 23,846 Newton.\\nWarren 1824 28.433 Belvidere.\\nPassaic 1837 29,013 Paterson.\\nAtlantic 1837 11,786 May s Landing.\\nMercer 1838 37,418 Trenton.\\nHudson 1840 62,717 Jersey City.\\nCamden 1844 34,457 Camden.\\nOcean 1850 11,176 Tom s Kiver.\\nUnion 1857 27,780 Elizabeth City.\\nPopulation: 1790, 184,139\u00e2\u0080\u0094 11,423 slaves; 1800, 211,949\u00e2\u0080\u0094 12,422 slaves;\\n1810, 245,555\u00e2\u0080\u009410,851 1820, 277,575\u00e2\u0080\u0094 7,357\\n1830, 320,823\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2,254 1840, 373,306\u00e2\u0080\u0094 674\\n1850,489,555\u00e2\u0080\u0094 236 1860,672,035- 30\\nTotal vote for President in 1868, 163,122; 1864, 136,048; 1860,\\n121,125; 1856, 99,396; 1852, 83,283; 1848, 77,765; 1844, 76,944;\\n1840, 64,385 1836, 51,729 1832, 47,249 1828, 45,708.\\n251", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "252 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nTABLE II.\\nTable of the Governors of the Colonies, of the Provinces and\\nof the State.\\nAccess. Exit\\n1614. Carstiansen (first Dutch governor)\\n1624. Peter Minuit (Governor of New Netherlands)\\n1633. Woiitcr Van Twiller (Governor of New Netheriands) 1638\\n1638. Wm. Keift (Governor of New Netherlands) 1646\\n1642. Col. John Printz (Governor of New Sweden) 1653\\n1646. Peter Stuyvesant New Netherlands) 1664\\n1664. Philip Carteret (first English governor) 1676\\n1674. Major Edmund Andross (appointed by Duke of York) 1676\\nDivision into East Jersey and West Jersey.\\nKA.ST JERSEY.\\n1676. Philip Carteret 1682\\n1682. Robert Barclay (Proprietary Governor in England) 1690\\n1682. Thomas Rudyard (Deputy Governor) 1683\\n1683. Gawen Lawrie 1686\\n1686. Lord Neill Campbell 1687\\n1687. Andrew Hamilton 1688\\n1688. Edmund Andro.ss (Royal Governor New York) 1689\\n1690. John Tatham (Proprietary Governor; rejected by Province). 1690\\n1691. Col. Joseph Dudley 1691\\n1692. Andrew Hamilton 1697\\n1698. Jeremiah Basse 1699\\n1699. Andrew Bowne (Deputy Governor) 1699\\n1099. Andrew Hamilton 1702\\nWEST JERSEY.\\n1676. Board of Commissioners\\n1679. Edward Byllinge (Governor) 1687\\n1679. Samuel Jennings (Deputy Governor) 1684\\n1684. Thomas Olive 1085\\n1685. John Skeine 1687\\n1687. Daniel Coxe (Governor) 1690\\n1690. Edward Hunloke (Deputy Governor) 169C", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 253\\nAccess. Exit.\\n1691. West Jersey Society of Proprietors 1691\\n1692. Andrew Hamilton 1697\\n1697. Jeremiali Basse (both Provinces) 1699\\n1699. xindrew Hamilton 1702\\nPROVINCE OF NEW JERSEY UNDER THE CROWN.\\n1702. Lord Cornbury 1708\\n1708. Lord Lovelace* 1709\\n1709. Richard Ingoldsby (Lieutenant-governor) 1710\\n1710. Robert Hunter* 1720\\n1720. Wm. Burnett* 1727\\n1728. John Montgoraerie* 1731\\n1731. Lewis Morris (President of Council) 1732\\n1732. Wm. Crosby* 1736\\n1736. John Anderson (President of Council) 1736\\n1736. John Hamilton 1738\\n1738. Lewis Morris 1746\\n1746. John Hamilton (President) 1746\\n1746. John Beading 1747\\n1747. Jonathan Belcher 1757\\n1757. John Beading (President) 1758\\n1758. Francis Bernard 1760\\n1760. Thomas Boone 1761\\n1761. Josiah Hardy 1763\\n1763. Wm. Temple Franklin 1776\\nGOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.\\n1776. Wm. Livingston 1790\\n1791. Wm. Paterson 1793\\n1794. Richard Howell 1801\\n1801. Joseph Bloomfield 1802\\n1802. John Lambert (President) 1803\\n1803. Joseph Bloomfield 1812\\n1812. Aaron Ogden 1813\\n1813. Wm. S. Pennington 1815\\n1815. Mahlon Dickerson 1817\\nGovernor-in-chief of New York and New Jersey.\\n22", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "254 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nAccess. Exit.\\n1817. Isaac H. Williamson 1829\\n1829. Peter D. Vrooni, Jr 1832\\n1832. Elias P. Seeley 1833\\n1833. Peter D. Vroom 1836\\n1836. Philemon Dickerson 1837\\n1837. Wm. Pennington 1843\\n1843. Daniel Haines 1844\\n1844. Chas. C. Stratton 1848\\n1848. Daniel Haines 1851\\n1851. Geo. F, Fort 1854\\n1854. Kodman M. Price 1857\\n1857. Wm. A.Newall 1860\\n1860. Chas. S. Olden 18G3\\n1863. Joel Parker 1866\\n1866. Marcus L. Ward 1869\\n1869. Theodore F. Randolph", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 255\\nTABLE III.\\nToMe of the Principal Officers of the United States from New\\nJersey, since the Adoption of the Constitution.\\nPRESIDENT CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.\\nTerm of Service.\\nElias Boudinot 1782-1783\\nSECRETARIES OP THE NAVY.\\nSamuel L. Southard 1823-1829\\nMahlon Dickerson 1834-1838\\nWin. M. Eobeson 1869-\\nASSOCIATE JUDGE OP THE SUPRE5IE COURT OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES.\\nWilliam Paterson 1793-1806\\nPRESIDENT OP THE SENATE.\\nSamuel L. Southard 1841-1842\\nSPEAKERS OP THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES.\\nJonathan Daytou 1795-1798\\nWilliam Pennington 1860-1861\\nMINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY AND RESIDENT.\\nJ. P. Stockton, Minister Kesident. Rome 1858\\nWm. L. Dayton, Minister Plenipotentiary. Paris.. 1861-1864\\nJudson Kilpatrick, Minister Resident. Chili 1865", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "256 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nTABLE IV.\\nRailroads in Netv Jersey.\\nName of Company. Cost. Length.\\nCaimlen and Amboy $11,221,696 63 64\\nNew Jer.sey 7,341,277 93 33\\nPerth Amboy and Woodbridge 214,581 57 CJ\\nMillstone and New Brunswick 109,918 42 Q,^^\\\\\\nKocky Hill E. K. and Transportation Co... 45,008 71\\nFreehold and Jamesburg Agricultural 329,305 42\\nBelvidere Delaware 3,914,895 68 64\\nFlemington R. K. and Transijortation Co.. 389,922 12.G\\nPeniberton and Ilightstown 533,785 75\\nCamden and Burlington Co 710,962 50\\nVincenttown Branch of Burlington County\\nE. R. and Transportation Co 45,256 61\\nWest Jersey 1,840,303 78 47\\nCape May and Millville 873,5-55 93\\nSalem 278,327 80\\nNorthern 525,563 12 21\\nPaterson and Hudson Eiver 630,000 l^\\nHackensack and New York 191,245 88\\nPaterson and Eamapo 350,000 15\\nCentral 10,234,725 81 64\\nSouth Brancli 435,249 04\\nWarren 2,000,000 18\\nSus.sex 474,400\\nMorris and Essex 15,002,013 62 53\\nOgden Mine 450,000\\nHibernia Mine 55,000\\nNewark and Bloomfield 103,850\\nEaritan and Delaware Bay 4,098,592 45\\nLong Branch and Sea Shore 223,440 53\\nCamden and Atlantic 2,062,101 95 60", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\n257\\nTABLE V.\\nCanals in Neiv Jersey.\\nName op Company. Cost.\\nDelaware and Raritan $4,580,394 70\\nMorris Canal and Banking Co 3,408,224 06\\nLength.\\n65^\\n102\\nTABLE VI.\\nAgricultural Products of New Jersey in 1868.\\nProducts.\\nIndian corn. ..bushels.\\nWheat do\\nEye do\\nOats do\\nBarley do\\nBuckwheat do\\nPotatoes do\\nTobacco pounds.\\nHay tons.\\nTotal\\na.\\no\\ni\\no\\nt:\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0VhOO\\ni\\no =o\\ni-H\\na; o\\nS o\\n6C rt\\na\\n01\\n37.5\\n10,216,000\\n1,432,000\\n13.9\\n1,358,000\\n13.5\\n6,368,000\\n22.4\\n26,000\\n22.9\\n852,000\\n16.7\\n3,670,000\\n97\\n150,000\\n700\\n486,000\\n1.40\\na;\\n3\\na o\\nS s\\n^3\\nJ o\\nt\\n0) K\\nOJ\\n0)\\nS C\\n5 .fH\\nc3 -is\\n272,426\\n$0 9.^\\n103,021\\n2 11\\n100,592\\n150\\n239,642\\n69\\n1,135\\n155\\n51,017\\n128\\n37,835\\n97\\n214\\n10.5\\n347,142\\n19 00\\n1,153,024\\n$10,113,840\\n3,021,520\\n2,037,000\\n3,703,920\\n40,300\\n1,090,560\\n3,559,900\\n15,750\\n9,234,000\\n32,816,790\\nCOTTON MANUFACTURES IN 1868.\\nMills, 30 spindles, 175,042 average yarn, No. 32|\\n10,767,600 pounds; average per spindle, 61.51 pounds.\\n22 R\\ncotton spun,", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "258 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nTABLE VII.\\nA Chronolofjlcal Table of Important Events in the History\\nof Neiv Jersey, from the Discovery of the Delaivare in 1609\\nxmtil 1869.\\n1609. Delaware Bay discovered by Henry Pludson. Hudson anchored\\nat Half Moon Avithin Sandy Hook, September 3.\\nIGIO. The Dutch establish trading posts on Manhattan Island and at\\nAlbany.\\n1617. Bergen settled by Danes.\\n1621. The West India Company organized to settle New Netherland.\\n1623. Tlie Dutch build Fort Nassau on the Delaware.\\n1624. Peter Minuit appointed governor of the New Netherlands.\\n1633. Wouter Van Twiller governor of the New Netherlands.\\n1634. Charles I. granted charter to Lord Palatine Plowden of New\\nAlbany, extending fi om Long Island to Pennsylvania, Jan-\\nnary 21.\\n1638. \\\\Vm. Keift becomes governor of the New Netherlands. First\\npermanent settlement of Swedes on the Delaware.\\n1642. Col. .lolin Printz appointed governor of New Sweden.\\n1643. Fort Elsingburg built on the east bank of the Delaware by the\\nSwedes.\\n1646. Peter Stuyvesant governor of the New Netherlands.\\n1648. Six families settled at Middletown.\\n1654. Swedish settlements on the Delaware subjugated by the Dutch.\\n1661. First ferry established at Coramunipaw.\\n1664. Dutch possessions conquered by the English. Deeded by\\nCharles II. to Duke of York. New Jersey granted by Duke\\nof York to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret,\\nJune 24. Concessions of the Proprietors published Feb-\\nruary 10. Philip Carteret appointed governor of New Jersey,\\nFebruary 10 (Old Style New Style, 1665). Site of Elizabeth-\\ntown, first permanent English settlement in New Jersey, pur-\\nchased from the Indians by the Elizabethtown Associates,\\nOctober 28 land granted by Governor Nichols, December 2.\\nShrewsbury settled.\\n1665. Swedes on Delaware submitted to Sir Robert Carr. First church\\nestablished at Elizabethtown by Congregationalists and Inde-", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 259\\npendents; enlarged, 1760; burned January 25, 1780. Gov-\\nernor Carteret arrived in Elizabethtown with tliirty settlers,\\nAugust.\\n1666. Newark settled by tliirty fomilies from Branford, Connecticut,\\nunder Eev. Mr. Pierson, May 17. Middletown and Piscata-\\nway settled.\\n1667. Woodbridge directed to be laid out, December 3. Site of Newark\\npurchased from Indians, July 11. Courts of justice instituted\\nin Monmouth county under authority of Col. Nichols.\\n1668. Meeting-house built at Newark. Session of first Legislative\\nAssembly of New Jersey at Elizabethtown, May 26. Second\\nsession, November 3. Bergen chartered, September 22. Grant\\nof 276 acres issued for Hoboken, May 12.\\n1669. Woodbridge chartered, June 16. Township erected, June 1.\\n1670. First settlement of Friends Meeting in East .Jersey, at Shrews-\\nbury. First monthly meeting held. Presbyterian congrega-\\ntion formed in Woodbridge. First grist-mill erected at Wood-\\nbridge.\\n1672. First Friends meeting-house built at Shrewsbury.\\n1673. Berkeley sold West Jersey to John Fenwick and Edward Byl-\\nlinge, March 18. Dutch recover New Netherlands and New\\nJersey.\\n1674. New Jersey surrendered to the English by the treaty of Feb-\\nruary 9. West Jersey divided one-tenth to Fenwick and\\nnine-tenths to Byllinge. Byllinge assigns his nine-tenths to\\nWm. Penn, etc., February 10. Fenwick leases his one-tenth\\nto Eldridge and Warner.\\n1675. Fenwick sailed from London. Salem, first English colony in\\nWest Jersey, settled by him in June. First Friends meeting\\nestablished at Salem. Salem and Cumberland townships\\nbought from the Indians. First Baptist congregation at Cape\\nMay established. Presbyterian meeting-house erected at\\nWoodbridge. General Assembly met at Elizabethtown, No-\\nvember 5. Courts of justice first established by law.\\n1676. Andror.s ordered Fen wick s arrest, November 8. Eldridge and\\nWarner conveyed Fenwick s lease to Penn, etc. Quinti partite\\ndeed, dividing Province into East Jersey and West Jersey,\\ndated July 1 the former assigned to Carteret, the latter to\\nPenn. Concessions and Agreements of the Proprietors of", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "260 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nWest Jersey issued, and government established, March 3.\\nGeneral Assembly at Woodbridge. Vessels cleared from Perth\\nAmboy by Carteret. Newark authorized the engagement of\\na schoolmaster, February 7. Col. ISIorris erected iron mills\\nat Fenton, Monmouth county.\\n1677. Ship Willing Mind arrived at Elsingburg with seventy pas-\\nsengers. Martha, from Yorkshire, brought one hundred\\nand fourteen passengers. Burlington laid out, and Friends\\nmeeting for worship held in tents. Government commission-\\ners arrived in West Jersey.\\n1678. Shield, from Hull, witli 114 passengers, was the first ship that\\nascended the Delaware to Burlington, December. Sir George\\nCarteret directed East Jersey to be sold, by will dated De-\\ncember 5. Salem and Cohansey laid out into lots, Septem-\\nber 18.\\n1679. Amboy declared a free port by Governor Carteret. Death of\\nSir George Carteret. Jennings appointed deputy governor\\nby By Hinge.\\n1680. Andross arrested Carteret, April 30. Carteret tried and ac-\\nquitted. May 27. General Assembly repudiated Andross\\nauthority, June 2. Second grant of West Jersey to Proprie-\\ntors by Duke of York, August 6 grant of East Jersey, Sep-\\ntember. Wm. Cooper settled on tract of land between the\\nDelaware and Cooper s creek. First voyage from Burlington\\nto Barbadoes, by ketch of 50 tons. Friends meeting estab-\\nlished at Amboy. Friends at Salem purchase house for wor-\\nship. First meeting in Burlington county established at Ches-\\nterfield, and meeting-house built. Vicinity of Trenton settled\\nby Phineas Pemberton. First water-wheel mills in West\\nJersey built at Eancocas creek and at Trenton.\\n1681. Assembly met at Elizabethtown. First Assembly met at Bur-\\nlington and organized government, November 21. Building\\nof the first highway, from Burlington to Salem, authorized.\\nNewton meeting settled. First yearly meeting of Friends for\\ndiscipline in this country held at Burlington, June 28. The\\ntimes for religious worship regulated, June 31. Yearly meet-\\ning established at Salem. Women s meetings for business first\\nestablished at Burlington. Site of New Brunswick granted to\\nJohn Inians and company, November 1.", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 261\\n1682. Pliilip Carteret died, December. Deputy-governor Riidyard ap-\\npointed September IG. East Jersey sold to Wm. Penn and\\nassociates, February 1 and 2. New conveyance of East Jersey\\nto twenty-four Proprietors by Duke of York, Marcli 14. Robert\\nBarclay appointed governor. Assembly met at Elizabetbtown,\\nMarch 1. Friends quarterly meeting established in Burling-\\nton county. Six weeks Friends meeting held at William\\nCooper s Pine Point, June 16. First land grant for school\\npurposes by act of Assembly (Matenicunk Island), September\\n28. Fenwick conveyed title to Governor Penn, March 1.\\nFirst saw-mills built at Salem and Woodbridge. Salem made\\na port of entry. East Jersey divided into four counties, and\\nthe boundaries defined.\\n1683. Friends meeting-house built at Freehold. Perth Amboy laid\\ncut into 150 lots. Death of Fenwick. Ordinary (tavern)\\nestablished at Woodbridge first in the Province. Population\\nof Shrewsbury, 400; Middletown, 500; Piscataway, 400;\\nWoodbridge, 600; Elizabetbtown, 700; Newark, 500; Ber-\\ngen, 350. Gawen Lawrie appointed deputy-governor, July.\\n1084. Yearly meetings of Society of Friends held alternately at Bur-\\nlington and Philadelphia until 1761. Site of Camden occu-\\npied by Messrs. Cooper, Eunyon and Morris. First govern-\\nment house erected at Perth Amboy for Proprietors. Ferry\\nacross the Raritan, between Perth Amboy and Newark, estab-\\nlished. Long Ferry Tavern built\u00e2\u0080\u0094 first public-house in\\nAmboy.\\n1685. Death of Charles II., February. Assembly West Jersey acknow-\\nledges John Skeine deputy-governor under Byllinge. St.\\nPeter s Episcopal church founded at Perth Amboy the first\\nin New Jersey. Friends meeting-house built on Lower AIlo-\\nway s creek. Court-house built at Perth Amboy.\\n3686. Friends monthly meeting established at Amboy. First yearly\\nmeeting at Salem, February 11. Lord Neill Campbell ap-\\npointed governor of East Jersey, June 4. Semi-annual iiiirs\\nauthorized at Amboy for three days, commencing first Tues-\\ndays in May and October.\\n1687. Death of Byllinge. Dr. Daniel Coxe purchased his interest.\\nCollector and receiver of customs commissioned at Perth\\nAmboy, November 30.", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "262 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n1688. First Baptist church in East Jersey built at Middletown also\\noccupied by the Qualvcrs.\\n1689. Second Baptist church built at Piscataway. Schoolmaster ap-\\npointed in Woodbridge, ]March.\\n1690. Death of Governor Barclay, October 3. Baptist church at Co-\\nhansey erected.\\n1691. West Jersey Society of Proprietors bought Governor Coxe s\\nclaim for \u00c2\u00a38000.\\n1692. Andrew Hamilton appointed governor of both East and West\\nJersey. Presbyterian church established in Freehold and in\\nWoodbridge. The great flood in the Delaware.\\n1693. Burlington incorporated. Schoolmaster allowed to be appointed\\nby townsmen and taxes levied for his support, October 12.\\n1694. Custom-house established at Pertli Amboy by Assembly.\\n1695. Salem incorporated. Location of schools in towns authorized.\\n1696. Kaighn s Point settled. Quakers recommended their brethren\\nto refrain from importing slaves.\\n1697. First dam in New Jersey erected on Alloway s creek. Presby-\\nterian church established at Fairfield, Cumberland county, by\\nConnecticut emigrants.\\n1698. Rev. Edward Perthuick, first Episcopal minister, arrived at\\nPerth Amboy. The sale of liquor forbidden by Assembly at\\nsemi-annual fairs.\\n1699. Andrew Hamilton reappointed governor of both Jerseys.\\n1700. Friends brick meeting-house built at Salem. First lands in\\nMorris county bought near Pompton Plains.\\n1701. Total population of New Jersey, 15,000. Ten rods of land given\\nin Woodbridge for school-house, December.\\n1702. Government of New Jersey surrendered to the Crown, April 17,\\nand both Provinces united. INIilitia force, 1400 men. New\\nconstitution established, and Lord Cornbury appointed gov-\\nernor, November 16.\\n1703. General Assembly met at Pei th Amboy, November 10. Corner-\\nstone of Episcopal church, Burlington, laid, March 25. First\\nEpiscopal service at Elizabethtown, November 3.\\n1704. Assembly met at Burlington, September 7. Friends monthly\\nmeeting established at Woodbridge. Episcopal church built\\nat Hopewell. Swedish church built at Raccoon.\\n1705. Four-rood road laid out from Salem to Morris river.", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 263\\n1706. St. John s Episcopal church built it Elizabethtown. First court\\nof sessions at Salem, May 17.\\n1707. First association of Seventh-day Baptists formed in Piscataway,\\nApril.\\n1708. Governor Cornbury recalled and Lord John Lovelace appointed.\\nCongregational church organized at Woodbridge.\\n1709. Death of Lord Lovelace. Kecall of Lieutenant-governor In-\\ngoldsby and appointment of General Hunter. Independent\\nmeeting-house, tlie first in Middlesex county, built at Wood-\\nbridge. Paper-money first issued in New Jersey. Independ-\\nent congregations at Elizabethtown and Newark.\\n1710. Presbyterian church established at Hanover, near Whippany,\\nMorris county. Iron-works built at Whippany.\\n1711. Presbyterian church at Greenwich erected. Episcopal congrega-\\ntion formed at Woodbridge.\\n1712. Baptist church built at Cape May.\\n1713. Duty of \u00c2\u00a310 laid on every slave imported into the Province.\\nJail erected for Middlesex county. Surveys and purchases at\\nMendham, Chester, Randolph and Mill Brook, Morris county.\\n1714. Dutch Eeformed church built in New Brunswick. In Newark\\nit was agreed ye old floor in ye meeting-house should be\\nmade use of for ye making a floor in ye school-house.\\n1715. Baptist church built at Hopewell.\\n1716. Assembly convened at Perth Amboy by order of George I.,\\nApril 4. Assembly met at Chesterfield, November 27.\\n1717. Svv edish church built at Penn s Neck.\\n1718. Hanover church lot, Morris county, deeded. Assembly met at\\nPerth Amboy, January 13. Northern boundary line established\\nin latitude 41\u00c2\u00b0 40^\\n1719. St, Peter s Episcopal church begun at Perth Amboy. Friends\\nold meeting-house at Shrewsbury rebuilt.\\n1720. Kahway settled. Trenton named after Col. Trent, speaker of\\nAssembly. Brick Episcopal church built at Salem.\\n1721. Kigid measures adopted against the Papists. First freestone\\nquarried in New Jersey at Newark. Wm. Burnett succeeded\\nGovernor Hunter.\\n1722. Forge built near Dover, Morris county.\\n1724. Presbyterian congregation established at Perth Amboy.\\n1726. Presbyterian church built in New Brunswick.", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "264 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n1727. Presbyterian church organized at Westfield.\\n1728. John Montgomery appointed governor April 15.\\n1730. Lotteries and rafflings for merchandise prohibited. Presbyterian\\nchurcli organized at Connecticut Farms (now Union).\\n1731. Governor Montgomery died, July.\\n1732. Wm. Cosby appointed governor, August 1.\\n1734. Episcopal church established in Newark. Post-offices opened at\\nTrenton, Perth Amboy and Burlington. Line of boats and\\nstage-wagons started between New York and Philadelphia, by\\nway of Bordentown. Peter Decker built first house in Deck-\\nertown, Sussex county.\\n1735. Presbyterian church built at Perth Amboy.\\n173G. John Hamilton acting governor. Eev. Aaron Burr (father of\\nHon. Aaron Burr) called to the First Presbyterian church,\\nNewark.\\n1737. Earthquake in New Jersey. Census-population: West Jersey,\\n20,963, and East Jersey, 26,439; total, 47,402, including 3981\\nslaves. Deerfield Presbyterian church built. Presbyterian\\nchurch formed at New Providence.\\n1738. Executive of New Jersey separated from New York. Lewis\\nMorris appointed governor. College founded at Princeton.\\nOne grist-mill built in Sussex county, on the Flatbrook and\\nDelaware.\\n1739. Weekly mail established between Philadelphia and New Y ork,\\nacross New Jersey, by post-boys.\\n1740. Friends meeting-house at Trenton built. Eev. George Whitfield\\nvisited Elizabethtown. Presbyterian church. Railway, organ-\\nized. German Valley, Morris county, settled.\\n1741. Pittsgrovc Presbyterian church organized. First iron-furnace\\nerected in Sussex (now Warren) county, at Oxford. First iron\\nrun, March 9, 1743.\\n1742. Baptist church built at Kings wood. Minisink and Wallpack\\nchurches built the first in Sussex county.\\n1743. Christ Church, P. E., built in New Brunswick.\\n1744. Presbyterian church built in Oxford township, Sussex.\\n1745. Census-population: West Jersey, 31,911; East Jersey, 29,472;\\ntotal, 61,383, including 4606 slaves. Quakers in West Jersey,\\n6079 in East Jersey, 3557. Baptist church built at Hights-\\ntown. Presbyterian church, Springfield, organized. Anti-", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 265\\nrent Association formed in Essex and in parts of Middlesex,\\nMorris and Somerset counties.\\n1746. Governor Morris died, May.\\n1747. Jonathan Belcher appointed governor. College of New Jersey\\nenlarged and incorporated located at Elizabethtown. Bap-\\ntist church built at Scotch Plains. Church in German Valley\\nbuilt.\\n1748. College of New Jersey removed to Newark new charter granted.\\nHorse-racing for lucre of gain declared a nuisance by As-\\nsembly. Emanuel German Lutheran church constituted at\\nFreasburg by German workmen in the glass-factory.\\n1749. Lottery authorized for benefit of New Jersey College, Princeton.\\n1750. Trenton Public Library founded. Logtown Presbyterian church\\nbuilt. Newton settled by Henry Hanlocken.\\n1751. First printing-press in Province established at Woodbridge by\\nJames Parker.\\n1752. Baptist church built at Morristown. Folio edition of Laws of\\nProvince printed at Woodbridge.\\n1753. Sussex county set off from Morris.\\n1755. Baptist church built at Salem. College of New Jersey finally\\nlocated at Princeton. Nassau Hall erected for college. Four\\nhundred militia from Sussex county drove Indians from Eas-\\nton. Library of College of New Jersey founded. Belvidere\\nsettled by Eobert Peterson.\\n1766. England declared war against France, May 17. Stage-line be-\\ntween New York and Philadelphia, by way of Trenton and\\nPerth Amboy, started November; time, three days.\\n1757. Governor Belcher died, August 31. Death of Rev. Aaron Burr,\\npresident of New Jersey College. Barracks erected at Bur-\\nlington, Trenton, New Brunswick, Amboy and Elizabethtown\\nto defend the frontier from Indians.\\n1758. Francis Bernard appointed governor, June 13. First annual\\nEpiscopal convention in New Jersey, November. New\\nAmerican Magazine began at Woodbridge the first periodi-\\ncal published in New Jersey. Treaty with the Indians at\\nEaston by the governors of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.\\n1760. Governor Bernard succeeded by Thomas Boone, July 4.\\n1761. Yearly meeting of Society of Friends transferred from Burling-\\nton to Philadelphia.\\n2.3", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "266 BISTORT OF NEW JERSEY.\\n1763. Wm. Franklin commissioned governor.\\n1765. Stamp Act passed, March 22. New Jersey delegates attend\\nCongress at New York, October 5. School-liouse erected by\\nSt. Peter s church at Perth Amboy. Friends have 14 meet-\\nings in Burlington, 7 in Gloucester, 4 in Middlesex, 4 in\\nSalem, 3 in Monmouth, etc. 169 congregations in New Jer-\\nsey Episcopal, 21 Presbyterians, 55 Friends, 39 Baptists,\\n20 Dutch Reformed, 21.\\n1766. Stamp Act repealed, Marcli 18. First convention of Episcopal\\nministers of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Phila-\\ndelphia held at Elizabeth, November. Plan of Union\\nformed. First medical society in the colonies organized in\\nNew Jersey, July 23.\\n1767. Duty imposed on paper, glass and tea, June 29.\\n1769. Hope settled by Moravians from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.\\nEpiscopal church established at Burlington.\\n1770. Rutgers College at New Brunswick chartered, under the name\\nj of Queen s College, by George III. First survey made by\\ni David Rittenhouse for canal to connect Delaware river with\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-i\\nthe Hudson. Duties repealed on all articles but tea,\\nApril 12.\\n1772. Site of Camden divided into building lots by Jacob Cooper.\\n1774. Cargo of tea destroyed at Greenwich, November 22. First Con-\\ntinental Congress met at Philadelphia, September 5. The\\nQuakers abolished slavery among themselves. Newark au-\\nthorized school-house to be built, March 8. Committee of\\nCorrespondence and Inquiry appointed by Assembly, Feb-\\nruary 8. The first of series of public meetings held at Lower\\nFreehold to aid people of Massachusetts, June 6. General\\nconvention held at New Brunswick to elect delegjjtes to Con-\\ntinental Congress, July 21. Public meeting at New Bruns-\\nwick appointed General Committee of Correspondence,\\nJune 21.\\n1775. Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia, May 10.\\nWashington chosen commander-in-chief, June 15. Restric-\\ntions on trade of East and West Jersey imposed by Parlia-\\nment. Assembly unanimously approved proceedings of Con-\\ngress, January 11. Newark voted It acres for new academy,\\nMarch 14. Day of fasting, humiliation and prayer appointed", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 267\\nby Congress, July 20. Provincial Congress of New Jersey\\nassumed all governmental authority, May 23. 54 companies\\nof minutemen authorized, and \u00c2\u00a33000 raised by taxation.\\nLast Provincial Legislature convened by Governor Franklin,\\nNovember IG prorogued December 6.\\n1776. Fast day observed by the colonies, May 17. Constitution of New\\nJersey adopted, July 2. Governor Franklin declared an\\nenemy to his country, May 30. American camp established\\nat Perth Amboy by General Mercer, July 4. First General\\nAssembly of the State of New Jersey met at Princeton,\\nAugust 27. Wm. Livingston elected first governor of New\\nJersey, August 31. Committee appointed to draft a new con-\\nstitution, June 24. Washington retreated through New Jer-\\nsey. Headquarters at Hackensack, November 17-21 Aquack-\\nanonck, 21 Newark, 23-27 New Brunswick, 30-December\\n1; Trenton, 3. Washington crossed the Delaware, December\\n8. British occupied Amboy, December 1. Burlington taken\\nby Hessians, December 4 evacuated, 26. Fort Lee, Bergen\\ncounty, abandoned by General Greene, November 19. Con-\\ngress adjourned to Baltimore, December 12. Battle of Tren-\\nton, December 26.\\n1777. Battle of Princeton, .January 3. Jersey militia attacked British\\nregiment near Railway, Junuary 5. Elizabethtown and 100\\nprisoners captured by General IMaxwell. Engagement at\\nMillstone creek: British scouting-party routed and stores\\ncaptured. Skirmish near Amboy with British detachment\\nunder Colonel Preston, January 23. Skirmish at Piscataway\\nbetween 700 Americans and 1000 British, February 1. Fleet\\nof boats with supplies for British at New Brunswick fired\\nupon near Amboy and five sunk, February 26. Skirmish\\nnear Bonhamptown three field-pieces captured by Ameri-\\ncans, March 8. Washington s army wintered at Mori istown,\\nspring of 1777. Skirmish near Morristown with British\\nforaging party, February 23. Session of Assembly at Pitts-\\ntown, January 22 adjourned to Haddonfield, 29. Council\\nof Safety appointed. British occupied Philadelphia, Sep-\\ntember 26. Skirmish at Piscataway, May 10. Presbyterian\\nchurch at New Brunswick destroyed by British. Nassau Hall\\nat Trenton occupied by British troops. New Brunswick evac-", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "268 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\nuated, June 22. New Jersey evacuated, June 30. General\\nGreen in Fort Mercer, at Ked Bank, repulsed British under\\nCount Don op, October 22. Fort Mercer evacuated, Novem-\\nber 18. New Jersey Gazette, first newspajjer in the State,\\npublished at Burlington, December 3. National day of thanks-\\ngiving and praise, December 18.\\n1778. Salem occupied by 500 British from Pliiladelphia, February 20\\nheld for several days captured by Mahwold, March 17.\\nPhiladelphia evacuated by the British, June 18. Battle of\\nMonmouth Court-house, June 28. British took possession of\\nBurlington, May 16. Assembly adopted Articles of Confed-\\neration. French fleet arrived in the Delaware, July 8.\\nSkirmish at Alloway s creek, March. Massacre of cavalry\\nregiment at Harrington by British, September.\\n1779. New Jersey Journal first published at Chatham removed to\\nElizabethtown, 1786. Citizens of Burlington seized by British\\nand confined at Bordentown, January 25. Tory parties plun-\\nder and murder citizens in Bergen county. American ai my\\nXj wintered at Morristown, December.\\n1780. British regiment from New York crossed Passaic river on the ice\\nand burned Newark Academy, January 25. General Knyp-\\nhausen with 5000 men landed at Elizabethtown and destroyed\\nConnecticut Farms, June 7. General Clinton with 5000\\ntroops landed at Elizabethtown, drove back Americans under\\nGeneral Greene at Springfield, and burned town of 50 houses,\\nJune 23. Privateer Governor Livingston built and fitted\\nout at Bordentown. Patriotic ladies organized committees in\\nevery county to receive donations for sufTering soldiers, July 4.\\n781. Eev. James Caldwell shot at Elizabethtown, November 24.\\n1782. Preliminary treaty of peace signed at Paris, November 30. New\\nBrunswick captured by 300 British, October 19.\\n1783. Cessation of hostilities agreed on, January 20. Congress, by\\nproclamation, declared the cessation of hostilities, April 11.\\nGeneral Washington proclaimed peace to the American army,\\nApril 19. Treaty of peace signed at Paris, September 3.\\nProclamation issued, October 18. Disbanding army, Novem-\\nber 3. Washington issued a farewell order to his army, No-\\nvember 2. Congress recommended the second Thursday in\\nDecember as a day of thanksgiving and prayer.\\nV", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 269\\n1784. New Brunswick incorporated. Metliodist church consecrated at\\nSalem; probably the first in the State. New Brunswick Theo-\\nlogical Seminary established by the Dutch Reformed Church.\\n1787. National Constitution adopted by convention in Philadelphia,\\nSeptember 17. Adopted unanimously by Assembly of New\\nJersey, December 18, without amendment. First Presbyte-\\nrian congregation in Newark founded.\\n1788. Presbyterian Synod of New York and New Jersey established.\\n1789. General Washington crowned with flowers by ladies of Trenton\\non bridge over the Delaware, April. Committee of Congress\\nj received him at Elizabethtown and escorted him to New York,\\nwhere he was inaugurated the first President of the United\\nStates, April 30. Twenty-four congregations of Dutch Re-\\nformed Church in New Jersey.\\n1790. Trenton made the capital of the State. Death of Governor\\nLivingston. First forge to refine iron built in Sussex on the\\nPaulinskill.\\n1791. Six post-offices in New Jersey: Newark, Elizabethtown, Bridge-\\nton (Rahway), New Brunswick, Princeton and Trenton.\\nQuarto edition of the Bible printed at Trenton. Society for\\nthe Establishment of Useful Manufactures incorporated.\\n1792. Paterson founded by an association for the manufacture of cotton\\ncloths, capital $200,000. Trenton incorporated, November 13.\\nPresbyterian church organized at Bridgeton.\\n1793. First yarn spun at Patei-son.\\n1794. First factory built at Paterson, and calico goods first printed in\\nNew Jersey. Teacher employed to instruct the factory chil-\\ndren on Sundays probably the first Sunday-school in the\\nState.\\n1795. National day of thanksgiving appointed by President Washing-\\nton, February 19. Bridge built over the Raritan opposite\\nNew Brunswick.\\n1798. Inter-State traffic in slaves forbidden by Legislature, March 14.\\nCounties authorized by Assembly to build poor-houses.\\n,1800. Wom.en first voted in New Jersey at the Elizabethtown munici-\\npal election.\\n1802. Women vote at Hunterdon for members of Legislature.\\n1804. An act for the gradual abolition of slavery, preventing the\\nfuture enslavement of infants, to go into operation April 7,\\n23", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "270 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\npassed February 15. Delaware and Earitan canal projected\\nand route examined by citizens. Newark Bank and Insurance\\nCompany chartered; the iirst in the State.\\n180G. Act passed authorizing the erection of new court-house and jail\\nin Essex county, and allowing the inhabitants of the county\\nto vote thereon, November 5.\\n1807. Under act of 1806 women voted. Election set aside on account\\nof frauds. Act passed confining right of suffrage to white\\nmale citizens, November 16.\\n1809. Bible Society formed in New Jersey for the gratuitous distribu-\\ntion of the Scriptures.\\n1812. Princeton Theological Seminary established by the Presbyterian\\nChurch. Library founded. War declared with Great Britain,\\nJune 19.\\n1813. Princeton incorporated. The Quarterly Theological and Ke-\\nligious Depository established at Burlington. National fast-\\nday for the restoration of peace, second Thursday in September.\\n1814. National fast-day, January 15. Lambertville bridge erected over\\nthe Delaware by a stock company. Treaty of peace between\\nthe United States and Great Britain, December 24. $500 ap-\\npropriated in Newark for schooling poor children,\\n1816. First establrshment of State school-fund of $15,000, February 9.\\n1818. Methodist congregation formed in Perth Amboy. Trustees of\\nschool-fund first appointed, February 12.\\n1820. Jersey City incorporated, January 28. Act authorizing town-\\nships to raise money to educate poor children, May 22.\\n1822. Legislature authorized survey for Morris canal, from the Dela-\\nware to the Hudson, 100 miles, November 15.\\n1823. Legislative commissioners survey route of Delaware and Raritan\\ncanal. Paterson contains three extensive woolen and two\\nduck factories.\\n1824. Incorporation of private company to build Morris canal.\\n1825. Morris canal commenced. The Biblical Eepertory and Theo-\\nlogical Keview established at Princeton.\\n1827. Internal improvement convention held at Princeton. Act passed\\nauthorizing townships to raise money to build and repair\\nschool-houses, March 3.\\n1828. Delaware breakwater authorized by Congress. Taxes on incor-\\nporated companies transferred to schnol-fund, March 5.", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\n271\\n1829. Erection of monument at Eed Bank.\\n1830. West Jersey railroad incorporated. Camden and Amboy rail-\\nroad incorporated, February 4. Joint-stock company author-\\nized to build Delaware and Raritan canal, February 4. Free\\nschool maintained at Burlington chiefly by rent of Mateni-\\ncunk Island.\\n1831. Delaware and Earitan canal consolidated with the Camden and\\nAmboy company. Morris canal built to Newark, 90 miles,\\nAugust. Trenton Falls company incorporated, capital $200,-\\n000, February 16. Camden incorporated. Paterson and Hud-\\nson railroad incorporated and work commenced, January.\\nFort Mifiiin destroyed by fire. Money apportioned to all\\nschools, public, private and sectarian, February 16.\\n1832. Legislature appropriated $2000 to extinguish all Indian titles to\\nland. New Jersey railroad incorporated.\\n1833. Morris canal built to Newark.\\n1834. Paterson railroad built from Bergen Hill to Paterson. Delaware\\nand Raritan canal built.\\n1835. Morris and Essex raih oad incorporated.\\n1836. Geological report on the State marl-beds made to Legislature by\\nHenry D. Rogers. Delaware and Morris canal from Easton\\nto Jersey City finished. New Jersey railroad opened, June.\\nBurlington and Mount Holly, Belvidere and Delaware rail-\\nroads incorporated.\\n1837. Camden and Amboy railroad finished.\\n1838. New .Jersey State educational convention held at Trenton, Janu-\\nary 27, 28. Trenton and New Brunswick railroad commenced,\\nJune. Destructive fire at Newark.\\n1840. New Jersey Historical Society founded at Trenton, February 27.\\n1844. Present Constitution of New Jersey adopted, August. Perth\\nAmboy incorporated, February 27. Marble monument erected\\nto Rev. James Caldwell, Elizabeth town. School superintend-\\nent first authorized, April 4.\\n1846. Burlington College established. Town superintendents of schools\\nfirst authorized, April 7. Newark Library Association\\nfoimded.\\n1848. State Lunatic Asylum at Trenton opened. May 15.\\n1849. New Jersey s contributions for the famishing poor of Ireland,\\n$45,000.", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "272 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.\\n1850. House of Refuge authorized by Act, February 23.\\n1851. Legislature divides $80,000 among the counties for the use of\\nschools.\\n1852. State lands near Paterson sold for the benefit of school-fund,\\nMarch 25.\\n1854. Geological survey of State commenced, July. Teachers insti-\\ntutes legalized, March 3. Camden and Atlantic railroad\\ncompleted.\\n1855. State Normal school established at Trenton.\\n1856. State Normal-school building erected, March 17 school opened,\\nOctober 8. P^arnum Preparatory School founded at Beverly\\nby Paul Farnum.\\n1857. State Model School established.\\n1860. State Union Convention met at Trenton, December 11.\\n1861. Governor Olden issued j)roclamation for four militia regiments,\\nApril 17. Union meeting at Newark, April 16. Four regi-\\nments New Jersey volunteers, under Brigadier General Kun-\\nyon, despatched to Annapolis, May 3. Judge Ogden defined\\ntreason as giving aid, comfort or information to the enemies\\nof the government, May 7. Contributions of private citizens\\nof the State amount to $1,000,000, May 7. Splendid flag\\nraised over the residence of Lieutenant-General Scott by citi-\\nzens of Elizabethtown, May 29. Banks loaned the governor\\nmoney to equip troops. Common Council of Newark voted\\n$100,000 to families of soldiers, and $5000 for equipments.\\nExtra session of Legislature, April 30. State expended in\\nequipping thirteen regiments $665,303, and appropriated\\n$2,000,000 for war purposes.\\n1862. Kecruiting camps established at Trenton, Beverly, Freehold,\\nNewark and Flemington, July 7. August 4, quota of 10,478\\nnine-months men required. Delaware and Raritan railroad\\ndeclared a military and post road, December.\\n1864. Legislature appropriated annual interest of public-land scrip to\\nthe Scientific School of Rutgers College opened, 1865, at\\nNew Brunswick. New Jersey College for the benefit of\\nAgriculture and the Mechanic Arts established, April 4\\nopened, September, 1865.\\n1865. Model and Normal school buildings at Trenton purchased by\\nthe State, February 2. State Reform School for Juvenile", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 273\\nOffenders established. Surrender of General Lee and end\\nof the rebellion, April 8. Soldiers Children s Home in-\\ncorporated at Trenton, March 20 $5000 appropriated for its\\nsupport, April 6 $8000 donated by the Camden and Amboj\\nrailroad and Delaware and Earitan canal.\\n1866. Constitutional amendment, Article XIII., ratified by Legislature,\\nApril 13. Article XIV. ratified, September 11. Celebration\\nof the two hundredth anniversary of the settlement of Newark,\\nMay 17. State Board of Education established, March 20.\\nProfessorship of Geology and Physical Geography endowed in\\nCollege of New Jersey by grant of $30,000 by John I. Blair\\nand $85,000 additional advanced for its support. Agricultural\\nSociety authorized to purchase real estate and locate at New-\\nark. Home for disabled soldiers established at Mount Pleas-\\nant, Newark. $5000 appro[)riated to remove bodies of soldiers\\nfrom Maryland battle-fields to Antietam Cemetery. State ap-\\npropriation to sectarian schools discontinued, April 5.\\n1867. Census taken of children between five and eighteen whole num-\\nber, 230,518.\\n1868. School-fund appropriation, $100,000. Legislative commission\\nappointed to collect data for reorganizing the State prison.\\nS", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OJ J. B. LIPPINOOTT 00.\\nWill be sent by Mail on receipt of price.\\nLIPPINCOTT S PMONOUNCING GAZET-\\nTEER OF THE WOltLD,\\nOR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.\\nRevised Edition, witli an Appendix containing nearly ten\\ntliousand new notices, and the most recent Statistical Informa-\\ntion, according to the latest Census Returns, of the United\\nStates and Foreign Countries\\nLippiacott s Pronouncing Gazetteer gives\\nI. A Descriptive notice of the Countries, Islands, Rivers,\\nMountains, Cities, Towns, etc., in every part of the Globe,\\nwith the most Recent and Authentic Information.\\nII. The Names of all Important places, etc., both in their\\nNative and Foreign Languages, with the Pronunciation\\nof the same a Feature never attempted in any other Work.\\nIII. The Classical Names of all Ancient Places, so far as\\nthey cau be accurately ascertained from the best Authori-\\nties.\\nIV. A Complete Etymological Vocabulary of Geographical\\nNames.\\nV. An elaborate Introduction, explanatory of the Principles\\nof Pronunciation of Names in the Danish, Dutch, French,\\nGerman, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Norwegian, Polish,\\nPortuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and AVelsh Lan-\\nguages.\\nComprised in a volume of over two thousand three hundred\\nimperial octavo pages. Price, $10.00.\\nFrom the Hon. Horace Mann, LL.D.,\\nLate President of Antioch College.\\nI have had your Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World before me\\nfor some weeks. Having long felt the necessity of a work of this\\nkind, I have spent no small amount of time in examining yours. It\\nseems to me so important to have a comprehensive and authentic\\ngazetteer in all our colleges, academies, and schools, that I am in-\\nduced in this instance to depart from my general rule in regard to\\ngiving recommendations. Your work has evidently been prepared\\nwith immense labor and it exhibits proofs from beginning to end\\nthat knowledge has presided over its execution. The rising genera-\\ntion will be greatly benefited, both in the accuracy and extent of\\ntheir information, should your work be kept as a book of reference\\non the table of every professor and teacher in the country.", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "A CHARMING MAGAZINE FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.\\nThe Child is Father of the Man. Wordsworth.\\nGOOD WORDS FOR THE YOUNG.\\nA Profusely Illustrated Magazine for Young People.\\nEDITED BY\\nGeorge /VLacDonald, j-j-.P.\\nGOOD WORDS FOR THE YOUNG is a beautifully Illus-\\ntrated Monthly Magazine for Young People, edited by George\\nMacDonald, LL.D., author of Alec Forbes, Annals of a\\nQuiet Neighborhood, etc.\\nAmong the contributors to this Magazine are some of the most\\npopular writers for the young of the present day.\\nIt is the constant aim of the conductors, bearing in mind that\\nthe Child is Father of the Man, to mingle instruction with\\namusement.\\nIn addition to entertaining STORIES, TALES, SKETCHES\\nOP TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, and POEMS, the Magazine\\ncontains valuable and instructive papers on NATURAL HIS-\\nTORY, FAMILIAR SCIENCE, etc., adapted to the comprehen-\\nsion of young readers.\\nThe ILLUSTRATIONS, one of the great features of the Maga-\\nzine, are profuse, and engraved in the best style from designs by\\neminent artists. Printed from clear, legible type, on fine paper,\\nwith handsome cover, GOOD AVORDS FOR THE YOUNG\\nforms one of the most attractive Juvenile Magazines published.\\nIn the words of the Baltimore Statesman We pronounce it\\nunhesitatingly the first of juvenile periodicals. We have seen\\nnothing of its class that can compare with it in the beauty,\\nvariety and good taste of the reading matter, nor that approaches\\nit in the number and excellence of the illustrations.\\nTERMS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Yearly Subscription, $2.50. Single Number, 25 cents.\\nClub Rates. Three Copies, $6.50; Five CoiJies, $10; each additional\\ncopy, $2.\\nGood Words for the Young, with Lippincott s Magazine, $5.50; with\\nSunday Magazine, $5.25 with Good Words, $-1.50 with the three Maga-\\nzines, $10.50.\\nSpecimen Number mailed, postage paid, to any address on receipt of\\n20 cents.\\nJ. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Publisliers,\\n715 and 717 Markft St., I liiladclphia.\\nJ 9^r", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2730", "width": "1629", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2682", "width": "1684", "jp2-path": "historyofnewjers00syph_0288.jp2"}}