{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3275", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": ",-0\\nc\\n.0 o.\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^OO^\\nA v^\\no.\\nK .A\\n-5\\n^^_ \\\\:k^^\\n.H\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.v\\n.5 -n^\\nri-,\\nA\\\\^ V\\na\\\\\\nN^^", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": ",=^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a01\\n.s\\nCO\\n.A\\ncP\\\\o\\niV J-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0:S\\nA^^", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "ScHEYICHBI AND THE StRAiND,\\nEARLY DAYS ALONG THE DELAWARE.\\nWITH\\nAN ACCOUNT OF RECENT EVENTS AT SEA GROVE.\\nCX)NTAINING\\nSKETCHES OF THE ROMANTIC ADVENTURES OF THE PIONEER COLONISTS; THE WON\\nUERFUL ORIGIN OF AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CIVILIZATION; THE REMARKABLE\\nCOURSE OF POLITICAL PROGRESS AND MATERIAL IMPROVEMENT IN THE\\nUNITED STATES, AS SHOWN IN THE HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY, WITH\\nPROOF OF THE SAFETY AND BENEFIT OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITU-\\nTIONS, AND THE NECESSITY OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.\\nTO WHICH IS APPENDED A GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE\\nSHORE OF NEW JERSEY.\\nBY\\nEDWARD S. WHEELER.\\nILLUSTRATED WITH TWELVE FULL-PAGE ENGRAVINGS, FROM ORIGINAL\\nDRAWINGS BY D. B. GULICK, CHARLES W. KNAPP, AND OTHERS.\\nPRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO.\\nPHILADELPHIA:\\n1876.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Copyright, 1876, by Edward S. Wheeler.\\nV", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "DEDICATION.\\nTO MY CHRISTIAN FRIENDS.\\nwho, firm in the faith themselves, can nevertheless respect the convictions of\\nothers to earnest Christians whose spiritual trust and faith is so perfect,\\nthey have no fear any fact can disprove truth, or human error annul\\nthe divine law to Christians whose character honors their creed,\\nwhose fairness and honesty command regard, while their\\nkindness and courtesy inspire fraternal love; to all\\nwho love truth better than their own conceit to all\\nwho reverence God more than any tlieory to all\\nwho seek the good, the true, and beautiful\\nthemselves, and devoutly labor for the\\nwelfare and eternal happiness of hu-\\nmanity, I dedicate this volume.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nEvery work should be justified by its usefulness and recommended\\nby the manner of its performance.\\nCriticism of literary style is averted from this little book, since nice\\nelaboration of details, and smooth, consistent unity of parts, with a\\nhigh degree of literary finish, are impossible in a volume made diverse\\nby the requirements of its purpose and desultory by needful brevity.\\nI have been disinterested in that of which I have written, and left\\nentirely free to follow my own taste and judgment in regard to matter\\nand manner, being bound in agreement with those concerned only that\\nI should serve their purpose by truthful representations alone.\\nThus directed and encouraged in pursuing the course congenial to\\nmy feelings and conscience, I have tried to present only the facts of\\nscience and the truth of history, knowing them to be stranger than\\nfiction, and in simple statement more wonderful and interesting than\\nthe most remarkable works of imagination.\\nAlthough an observer of the things I have described so far as they\\nexist in the present, it woul.d be absurd to put forward any claim to\\noriginal discovery. I have gathered from many sources, but think a\\ndisplay of authorities would be out of place yet, it is true, I have been\\nmore inquisitive than the result may indicate. Errors are possible,\\neven when care is taken to be accurate, and mistakes are not at all\\ninconsistent with an honest purpose; still, if misrepresentations exist\\nin this work they are unknown, and as the motive has been consci-\\nentious, and the effort earnest, I believe the consideration due reliability\\nis deserved by all herein published.\\nBut whatever discrepancies may mar the printed pages, there is no\\noccasion to criticise the illustrations for misrepresentation. They are\\nmostly drawn from photographic views, taken on the spot, with micro-\\nscopic fidelity, by artistic operators, and have been faithfully repro-\\nduced by the draughtsman and engraver. They may, therefore, be\\nlooked upon as giving a correct idea of the physical features of the", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "vi PREFACE.\\nbeautiful locality in which they were taken, and the varied structures\\nwhich utih ze and decorate the neighborhood.\\nWhoever has loitered along the shore of the summer sea, seeking\\nrest and recreation therefrom, has, when feeling his soul stirred by the\\ngrandeur and loveliness of the scene, longed for some magic art which\\ncould fix forever the transient glories of evanescent beauty in his mind,\\nmaking his memory thus the picture-gallery of nature.\\nThis may not be, but somewhat has been done to recall the features\\nof the seascape where, in the bygone summer, so many earnest. Chris-\\ntian souls took sweet counsel together, amid the healing breezes and\\npeaceful surroundings of the consecrated Sea Grove.\\nNeither the artist s pencil nor the photographer s skill can reproduce\\nall that presented itself before the delighted vision. No art can imitate\\nthe tenderness of the dawn across the sea, or do justice to the resplen-\\ndence with which the sun sank among the western waves on quiet\\nSabbath evenings but all this maybe suggested to the sense, and with\\nmany memory will fill the picture with colors true to nature, and even\\nrecall the friends who shared their summer vacation.\\nAgain, as they look upon the pictures of our unpretending book,\\nthey will hear in memory the voice of exhortation and the music ol\\npraise, mingling with the undertone of the unceasing surges. Again\\nthey will enter the broad pavilion, and, pausing but to offer a word of\\nprayer for all who share not in their religious blessings, bow the soul\\nin devotion to partake of the union communion service with their\\nnumerous friends of many churches.\\nTo awaken such reminiscences in those who know Sea Grove and\\nits associations by residence there, and to increase their interest and\\npleasure in the place by bringing before them many facts pertaining to\\ntheir favorite resort, is the purpose of this book besides, it is requisite\\nthat all who need the sea-side privileges of rest and cheerful recreation\\nshould be informed where they can secure them at their convenience,\\nreasonably, without annoying contact with demoralizing dissipations,\\nas distasteful to the thoughtful as they are wearisome and hurtful to\\nthe invalid, and physically and spiritually unprofitable to all.\\nTrusting that these ends may be fully served to the common benefit,\\nand that something of instruction and refined gratification may be\\nincidental thereto, the author with pleasure presents his work to an en-\\nlightened public.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA.\\nn page 5, 26th line, for its citizens discovered read: their citizens\\n)vered.\\n.1 page 8, 32d line, for the discoveries read: the discoverers.\\nn page 16, 28th line, for Peterzen read Pieterzen.\\n1 page 19, 4th line, for catalogue read: catalogues.\\n1 page 55, 30th line, for home and asylum of those who had deprived\\nof liberty and life read asylum of those who had deprived his people\\nberty and life.\\n1 page 63, 42d line, for 1852 read 1822.\\n1 page 107, nth line, for seventeen read: seven.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nHistory evinces the exceeding potency of religious ideas, as a cause\\nof material progress; as the phenomena of Nature manifest the power\\nof the Infinite Spirit.\\nCuriosity, avarice, and ambition induce exploration and discovery;\\nstimulate enterprise found and foster states but fanaticism, faith, and\\nspiritual convictions are the world s pioneers these move more pro-\\nfoundly the passions of mankind, quicken higher and intenser energies,\\nand develop more sublime results.\\nFanaticism, the fungi of religious growth, provokes the bigot to\\ndraw the sword of exterminating conquest, changing the character and\\nboundaries of nations the mad zealot lights the fires of persecution,\\nexpatriating the flower of a country s population, who carry religion\\nand the arts into their place of banishment. Devotion inspires the\\npropaganda, and missionaries penetrate the antipodean wilderness,\\ndomicile among barbarians, and plant civilization to flourish above\\ntheir martyr graves. Faith feeds the courage of the believer, and\\nimpels to self-consecration fired by religious enthusiasm, bound by\\nstern conviction, and led by the inwaid light, the dissenting Hugue-\\nnot, the Covenanter, the Puritan, and the Quaker dare the ocean, the\\ndesert, and the savage, in search of a home of righteousness, for free-\\ndom and for peace. Hope stimulates them, a religious purpose sus-\\ntains them they confront every peril, endure every trial, survive all\\nsuffering, outlive every hinderance, and triumph at last over every\\ndifficulty in the adorable name of God!\\nProphesied in the rhapsodies and inspirations of the seers of all\\nages; mysteriously reported in the literature of Asia in the early dawn\\nof the Christian era; celebrated obscurely in the historic runes of the\\nheroic Scandinavian sea-kings a thousand years ago, and claimed by\\nIcelandic and Danish historians as the familiar haunt of their fore-\\nfathers for many centuries, the Western Hemisphere long nourished\\non its soil nations who imitated the architecture of Egypt, perpetuated\\nthe religious rites of Tyre, and may have shared in the commerce of\\nthe Orient. On the shores of the Western World, it has been claimed,\\nwas mined the gold of Ophir for the temple of Solomon while the\\n3", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "4 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nbroad plains of its continents received, it is said, the lost and wandering\\nten tribes of Israel.\\nReflecting dubiously the life of unknown ages, from the sculptured\\nsides and hieroglyphic ornaments of its antique and symbolic monu-\\nments, America inspires the imagination, but compels the mind to drift\\nunsatisfied over its vast and significant ruins, back into the twilight of\\ntradition and the night of pre-historic oblivion. The plains of America\\nare marked by the work of a race without a record; its great valleys\\ncovered with traces of a numerous and active population-, and yet they\\nhave no chronicle. The American forests tower above the ruins of\\nlarge cities whose civilization is evident from their architecture, still\\nthe hosts of citizens have passed away: their origin, their history, and\\ntheir fate conjecture alone can intimate.\\nBut, if the past of America is perplexing to the antiquarian, dubious\\nin historic twilight, or hid in the darkness of time and barbarism, its\\nmodern life is clearly defined and of thrilling interest. Here are no\\nmonuments of an enduring civilization, linking the present, generation\\nby generation, to the remote past no vast collections of splendid\\nvolumes, the record of a people s ancient glory; no empire, one in\\nfaith and one in government for a thousand years, all is new, primi-\\ntive, incomplete; but there are young states in America proud as Rome,\\nmore free than Athens; there are a hundred great, luxurious, and\\ngrowing cities there are public works that open up the long sought\\npassage to India, and millions of happy homes, of the best provided,\\nmost intelligent, free, and independent people.\\nIt is less than four centuries since the voyages of Columbus; the\\nhistory is brief, but the advance has been rapid, the development\\nimmense. Each American generation has done the work of a hundred\\nyears, and each century has become an era in civilization, an epoch in\\nhistory. To compile and elaborate the record of such an advance, and\\neduce the principles of progress from the facts of social and political\\nevolution, is the congenial and proper work of philosophic scholars,\\nand acute and comprehensive minds have employed themselves therein\\nwith usefulness and honor.\\nIt is not the purpose of the writer to ape the great historiographers,\\nbut he may modestly hope to add a reliable note to the materials of\\nhistory, suggest some practical inference, or inspire an appropriate\\nreflection, just as the wandering but observant Indian, though unskilled\\nto build the monument of a nation, still faithfully places a votive pebble\\nupon the growing mound which tells of the greatness of his tribe.\\nHowever little the present publication may add to the vast sum of\\nhistoric knowledge, it at least indicates the causes which have fostered\\nAmerican liberty, and manifests the nature and temper of a free\\npeople as the energetic cause of moral improvements and unexampled\\nmaterial progress; this appears in the history herein given of the", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE RED /SCO VER V OF AMERICA. 5\\nsettlement of the valley of the Delaware, especially in New Jersey, and\\nconclusively in the interesting and detailed account of the develop-\\nments of Sea Grove, that beautiful and prosperous town having been\\ninstituted entirely in keeping with the spirit of the representative men\\ncomposing the Association which bears its name.\\nThe discovery of America was prehistoric; its unrecorded monu-\\nments, ruins, and sculptured rocks were antiquated when, in 1492,\\nColumbus voyaged to the West Indies, and various nations and races\\nhad already left the traces of their visits and occupancy at a number\\nof widely separated localities upon the two Western Continents. The\\nmodern histor)^ of America begins with the voyages of the inspired\\nnavigator of Genoa. The rediscovery of the Western Hemisphere\\ncommanded the attention of the civilized world; aroused the emula-\\ntion of nations, and the ambition of kings it inflamed the spirit of\\nthe adventurous and enterprising; kindled the imagination of the\\nenthusiastic awakened the hopes of the people encouraged the\\naspirations of liberal statesmen, and actualized the dreams of the\\nphilanthropist.\\nIndia was the prize Europe coveted four hundred years ago. Colum-\\nbus sailed for Cathay, and supposed he landed on its eastern shore,\\nthe beginning and the end of India. His voyages for a short route\\nto India discovered America; the search for a northwest passage\\nexplored the shores of the New World.\\nIn the time of Columbus it was the uncertain international law of\\nChristendom, that Christian nations became entitled to any land or\\ncountry its citizens discovered, took possession of and occupied, unless\\nit was already the territory of other Christians. This presumptuous\\nclaim of the exclusive right of a sect, as sucli, to the secular owner-\\nship of the whole world, was a political device, and, though endorsed\\nby popes and approved by bishops, was at once absurd, impudent, and\\nirreligious; but the heresy had a natural origin, and, becoming a dogma\\nand an apology, developed an awful historic sequence.\\nNumerous as the voyages of discovery to America were, and impor-\\ntant as trade became, for more than a hundred and fifty years after\\nColumbus, gross ignorance of the Western Hemisphere characterized\\nthe action of even the courts and kings of Europe. Under the name\\nof the West Indies, two vast and rich continents were long regarded\\nas but troublesome islands in the way of voyages to India, and frequent\\nand conflicting royal grants afterwards assumed to convey, in an impos-\\nsible manner, possession of the territories of America from ocean to\\nocean, the grantors having the untroubled conceit that the average\\nwidth of the continent was no more than about three hundred miles.\\nUnder the pretext supplied by the voj-ages of Columbus, Alexander\\nVI., the worst of the popes, assuming to be the temporal as well as\\nspiritual head of Christendom, pretended to invest Spain with regal", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "6 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\npossession in perpetuity of all heathen lands found, or to be discovered,\\nto the west of a meridian three hundred and seventy leagues westward\\nof the Azores. In insolent and fanatical assertion of her declared\\nrights, which, thus derived, became a matter of religious faith, Spain\\nundertook to monopolize the trade of the West Indies and control\\nthe navigation of the high seas. Hence, Portugal colonized and\\ntraded only in part of Brazil, her minute allotment of all the vast\\nIndies; and so, in defense of the faith enshrined in her Papal mon-\\nopoly, the fleets of Spain pirated all vessels they overhauled sailing the\\nAtlantic to her pretended exclusive possessions. At the same time\\nSpanish kings made war upon Protestant maritime nations in a way\\nthat left enterprising Holland no chance for existence but in her defeat,\\nand compelled England to sail to commercial and naval supremacy\\nover the sunken hulks of the Invincible Armada.\\nAlthough Balthazar Mouchcron, of Holland, and his associates,\\npatrons of discovery, moved by the terrible sufferings and failures of\\ntheir explorers, about the year 1600 abandoned as hopeless the quest\\nfor a northern route to India, the immense importance of such a pas-\\nsage was obvious, and the Danes and English continued the resolute\\nsearch. The directors of the prosperous and powerful Dutch East\\nIndia Company, then in full operation, shared the notions of their\\ncotemporaries, and, overruling the experienced Moucheron and his\\nZeeiand partisans, the Amsterdam members of the Directory, jealous\\nof Denmark and England, decided the Company to seek for itself a\\nsafer and more convenient way to their remote places of traffic. The\\nstockholders of the East India Company had received in one year a\\ndividend of seventy-five per cent, on their investment; they could well\\nafford a venture which promised even greater facilities to their business.\\nBy orders from the Directory at Amsterdam, a very fast sailing vessel\\nnamed De Halve Maan, or Half Moon, of forty lasts or eighty tons,\\na vlie-boat, having two masts, such as were constructed especially\\nfor difficult navigation in sounds and rivers, was fitted for an arctic\\nvoyage. For a schipper, or commander, Henry Hudson, an P^nglish-\\nman, who had already made two such adventures, was engaged. The\\nunder schipper, or mate, was a Dutchman, and the vlie-boat was\\nmanned by twenty men, P^nglish and Dutch. Robert Juet sailed with\\nHudson as his clerk, and became the historian of the voyage. The\\nDe Halve Maan was ordered to look for a passage by the northeast or\\nnorthwest to China, the Directors trusting Hudson to find some way\\npast Nova Zembla. or some strait or channel between the islands of the\\nWest Indies, by which their fleets of Dutch East Indiamen, fearless of\\nSpanish interference, could bear directly to India and all the Orient the\\nproducts of Europe in profitable exchange for the pearls of the Asiatic\\nArchipelago, the diamonds of Golconda, the lawns of the Deccan, and\\nthe spices of Cathay.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "VOYAGE OF THE VLIE-BOAT. 7\\nAccompanied by his only son, Hudson, hailing from Amsterdam, set\\nsail the 4th of April, 1609, for the northeast of Norway. He left the\\nTexel on the 6th of April, and doubled the cape of Norway on the 5th\\nof May. Finding his way toward Nova Zembla obstructed by vast ice-\\nbergs, and his ship crowded out of her course by great fields of moving\\nice, Hudson ran the Half Moon to the west and south. Passing\\nthrough a great fleet of French fishermen off Newfoundland, and\\ntouching at several points on the coast of New England, he arrived off\\nthe Chesapeake in the middle of August. Hudson s old friend, Captain\\nJohn Smith, had given him a map of Virginia, on which, somewhere to\\nthe north of the Chesapeake, a strait was laid down, by which Smith\\nwas confident the Pacific Ocean could be reached. Knowing himself\\nto be in the neighborhood of the settlement of his countrymen and\\nfriends at Jamestown, Hudson put his ship about, August i8th, and\\nkept along the coast to the north again. The Half Moon entered\\nDelaware Bay August 28th, which Hudson slightly explored and\\nsounded, making observations of its shores, but without landing.\\nFinding he could not sail his vlie-boat from Sea Grove to San P^ran-\\ncisco, and hence that the Delaware was not the passage to Cathay,\\nHudson coasted to the north along the Jersey shore, and on the 3d of\\nSeptember anchored inside of Sandheuken, or Sandy Hook, where he\\nremained a week, and was frequently visited by the Indians. From\\nthis anchorage the Half Moon sailed into the bay of New York, still\\nbeing visited by the Indians, whom Hudson and his crew taught, as\\ntheir first lesson in civilization, how to get drunk.\\nHudson examined the Hudson River for twenty-two days, his boats\\ngoing up twenty-five or thirty miles above Albany, and then, having\\nmade sure that neither Hell Gate nor the Hudson were a water-way to\\nHindustan, he, on the 4th of October, put out to sea, and, in conse-\\nquence of the dissensions of his crew, finally decided to set sail for\\nHolland.\\nThe Half Moon with her motley and mutinous company, of whom\\nHudson became afraid, put into Dartmouth, in England, where, the\\nDutch assert, she was detained and Hudson kept through the jealousy\\nof James I. Hudson, however, sent a brilliant report of his voyage to\\nhis employers in Holland, in which he speaks of the country he\\nvisited as most beautiful, hct scoonste land dat men met voeten\\nbetreden kon, etc. Whoever has voyaged up the Great River of the\\nMountains, above New York, by the Catskills, or yachted in August\\noff Sea Grove and up Delaware Bay, where the vlie-boat De Halve\\nMaan cruised in that month long ago, will certainly agree with him.\\nDuring his fourth voyage of discovery, made from P^ngland in 1610,\\nHudson with his only son and eight men, four of them being sick, was\\ndriven by mutineers from his ship, the Discovery, into an unprovisioned\\nboat and cast loose among the ice, mid-seas in Hudson s Bay. There", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "8 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nthe brave and persistent navigator must have cruelly and miserably\\nperished.\\nCould he but voyage once more out of the cold and ice-bound Arctic\\nseas, how overwhelming would be his astonishment At the extreme\\npoint of Cape May he saw, with admiration, long ago, the green woods\\ncrowd down to the sandy strand, and from the primeval forest the\\nwondering Kechemeches stare out, thinking his ship the canoe of their\\nManitou. There he would now look in amazement upon the broad\\navenues and handsome cottages of Sea Grove he would see hotels and\\npavilions in the place of savage wigwams, and hear the Sabbath bell,\\nthe organ, and the Christian hymn, instead of the gaunt wolf s long-\\ndrawn howl along the shore, or the war-whoop of the exultant savage.\\nThe bay of the south river was the first place of which the men of\\nthe Half Moon took possession, before any Christian had been there,\\nsays Vander Donk, the historian and the claim of the Dutch to the\\nadjoining territories by right of discovery was based upon the assumed\\naccuracy of the statement. Hudson may have been the first to form-\\nally take possession of the Zuydt Baai, as the Hollanders called the\\nbay of Delaware, but Cabot, Cortereal, Verazzani, Captain John Smith,\\nand others, iiad at various times carefully observed the shores and\\nharbors of Virginia, and cruised along the coast to the north;\\nbesides, it is historical that very early, scores of years before the voy-\\nages of Hudson, there was hardly a convenient harbor on the whole\\nAtlantic frontier of the United States which was not entered by\\nslavers. It seems that Hudson, following, perhaps unconsciously, in\\nthe wake of others, merely took possession of the unrecorded dis-\\ncoveries of some unknown navigator.\\nIn answer to the petitions of a number of merchants, a general\\nedict was issued by the States General of Holland, March 27th, 1614,\\nfor the encouragement of discovery and the protection of aboriginal\\ntrade. It was enacted by the High and Mighty States General that\\nthe discoveries of any new courses, havens, countries, or places\\nshould have the exclusive privilege of resorting to and frequenting\\nthe same for four voyages, and all intruders were to be punished by\\nconfiscation and fines. A number of merchants, chiefly of Amster-\\ndam, thereupon formed a partnership to make discoveries and carry\\non trade to new countries, and five vessels were fitted out to follow in\\nthe track of Hudson to Manhattan. One of these, named the Fortune,\\nwas from Hoorn, a port in North Holland, and commande-d by Corne-\\nlis Jacob.sen Mey another ship, also called the Fortune, was in\\ncharge of Commander Hcndrick Christiaensen a third, named the\\nTiger, was sailed by Captain Adriaen Block. Arriving at the mouth\\nof the Hudson, Block s vessel was accidentally destroyed by fire. To\\nretrieve this misfortune, he erected a few huts at Castle Garden, and\\nbegan to construct a yacht of about sixteen tons burthen, of the fine", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE FIRST VESSEL BUILT AT NEW YORK. g\\ntimber he found there, the Indians kindly feeding him and his men, all\\nthe winter of 1613. May, in the mean time, cruised to the eastward,\\ncoasted along the southern shore of Long Island, and continued his\\ntrip to Martha s Vineyard, then called Capacke by the natives.\\nUpon the completion of his new craft, the Onrust, or Restless, Block\\nsailed through the East River and Hell Gate, where he led the way as\\na pilot, and through Long Island Sound, observing the coasts, harbors,\\nislands, rivers, and waters, as far as Cape Cod, the promontory to\\nwhich Hudson, in the summer of 1609, had given the name of New\\nHolland. Block ascertained that Long Island was sea-girt, and visited\\nmany other remarkable places along the New England coast. The\\nrecords of the voyages of the consort ships, the Fortune, the Little\\nFox, and Nightingale, in 161 3 and 1614, are imperfect and unreliable.\\nThe name of Block Island perpetuates the memory of its persistent\\nand intrepid discoverer, the first man to run a keel through Hell Gate,\\nand the first Long Island Sound Pilot. The shores which Block\\nsurveyed, and which Holland first colonized, have been for two cen-\\nturies or more, as now, the land of steady habits, the home of in-\\ndustry, prosperity, intelligence, and freedom, a New Holland,\\nindeed, a New England as well. They are glorious by day with\\nmany a fair town and city, and sparkle at night with scores of shining\\nbeacons, while over the seas the Dutchman slowly navigated speeds\\nin ceaseless succession a numerous fleet of floating palaces, the best,\\nthe safest, and most magnificent steamboats in the world.\\nThe Restless, built at Manhattan, in 1614, was thirty-eight feet in\\nthe keel, forty-four and one-half feet from stem to stern, and eleven\\nand one-half feet wide. She was remarkable as the first vessel built in\\nthe harbor of New York, but was not, as has been written, the first\\ndecked vessel built in the old United States, the Virginia, of Saga-\\ndahoc, of thirty tons, a pretty pinnace, having been built by one\\nDigby, of London, at St. George s, Sir George Popham s settlement,\\nat the mouth of the Penobscot River, in the winter of 1607. Still, the\\nRestless was a notable craft, for she sailed in the van of a countless\\nfleet, which for two hundred and fifty years has stood out from the\\nnorthern coast of the United States to astonish the navigators of Eu-\\nrope by the excellence of American ships, and furnish models for the\\nimprovement of the naval architecture of the world. Of all the many\\nfine ships which have done honor to American shipwrights, a credita-\\nble share have been launched in the waters of the Delaware. Since\\nthe iron age of shipbuilding, the craftsmen of its shores have made\\ntheir names honorably known from London to the city of Pekin,\\nand now compete with England and Scotland for supremacy in trade,\\nconfident of surpassing the industries of the Clyde on the banks of\\nthe Delaware.\\nThe Restless explored her way to Pye Bay, now Nahant Bay,", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "lO SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nMassachusetts there she fell in with Christiaensen s ship, the Fortune,\\nalso on a cruise. Leaving the Restless in command of Cornells Hen-\\ndricksen, to be used in exploring on the coast and in the rivers, Block\\nreturned to North Holland and made his report to his employers.\\nFrom his sketches and descriptions an elaborate Figurative Map was\\nmade, and laid before the States General, with a request for a charter\\nfor those who had procured the discovery of the lands delineated upon\\nit, without delay. A special grant, dated October iith, 1614, was\\nmade to the Amsterdam partnership they were conceded the monop-\\noly of trade from forty to forty-five degrees north latitude on the coasts\\nof America. The partnership took the title of The United New\\nNetherland Company. The territory assigned them was called New\\nNetherland. At the same time, at Manhaddoes, or Manhattan, their\\nprincipal fort was named New Amsterdam.\\nThe first vessel built at Manhattan was the first to cruise the Dela-\\nware. Hudson, in 1609, was too fearful of getting aground to attempt\\nexplorations in Zuydt Baai, though less timid in the Noordt Riviere.\\nArgall, on his return from his mysterious cruise in 1610, remained but\\na day at anchor in the Delaware, leaving the same evening for the\\nChesapeake, but, in 1616, circumstances led to an exploration of the\\nPoutaxit. It happened that three fur traders, agents of the New\\nNetherland Company, having left Fort Nassau (near Albany), and\\nmade their way along Indian trails to the mouth of the Schuylkill,\\nwere there kept prisoners; news of this reaching Manhattan, the\\nRestless was sent from the Mauritius River, under command of Cor-\\nnclis Hendricksen, to ransom the adventurous captives. Block had\\nconstructed the Onrust for shallow waters and inland navigation;\\nso Hendricksen, on his arrival at Zuydt Baai, coasted fearlessly along\\nthe western shore, making careful observations, bartering with the\\nnatives for seal-skins and sables, and being delighted with the scenery,\\nclimate, and vegetable productions of the valley, until he arrived at\\nCoaquannock, the place of tall pines, now central Philadelphia; there\\nhe found and ransomed his countrymen for kettles, beads, and other\\nmerchandise.\\nThe people at Manhattan now called the Delaware River New, South,\\nor Zuydt River, and the southern Cape of Zuydt Baai, now called\\nHenlopen, was soon known as Cape Cornells, after Cornelis Hendrick-\\nsen. A point some miles south of Cape Cornelis was named Hinlopen,\\nin honor of Thymen Jacobsen Hinlopen, of Amsterdam, one of the\\nNorthern Company, engaged in the whale fisheries and explorations,\\nby which Block was employed on his return from America. Cape\\nHinlopen was also called Inloopcn by the Dutch schippers, because\\nit seemed to recede from sight when approached from the sea. The\\nnames of these capes have been transferred, and the name of Henlopen\\nis now borne by the point at first named Cornelis.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF CAPE MAY. II\\nIn 1620, Cornelius Jacobsen May, who in 16 14 commanded the\\nFortune of Hoorn in the explorations along the coast east of Man-\\nhattan, came again to New Netherland in a new vessel called the\\nBlyde Boodschap, or Glad Tidings. This voyage was intended for\\nthe exploration of territories to the west of and below Manhattan, and\\nthose south of the fortieth degree to Virginia, and was made to\\ninclude Zuydt Baai and the Chesapeake, which the Blyde Boodschap\\nascended, and went up the James River to Jamestown. May carefully\\nexamined the bay and river of the Delaware, where Hendricksen had\\npreceded him four years before, and then returning to Holland early\\nin the summer of 1620, announced the discovery of certain new\\npopulous and fruitful lands along the Zuydt Riviere. The Poutaxit,\\nZuydt, or Delaware Bay, as the Indians, Dutch, and English had\\nnamed it, was after this called Nieuw Port Mey, and the name of\\nCape Mey was given to the southern point of New Jersey, then as\\nnow the best bathing place in the world.\\nMay, as Hendricksen had done, indeed as every one does who visits\\nCape May in summer, found the climate charming. It was the highest\\ncompliment they could imagine, when the Dutch explorers, a home-\\nloving though voyaging people, declared the climate of the Delaware\\nwas like to that of Holland; as good as home. As it happened,\\nboth the nomen and cognomen of Cornelius Jacobsen May were\\napplied to capes at the mouth of the Delaware, but the name of\\nCornelius, given in honor of Hendricksen, has been thrust aside and\\nmade insignificant, while the fame of Cape May has become world-\\nwide, and summer by summer its increasing attractions add to its\\npopularity, as time multiplies its appreciative visitors.\\nThe principles of the Lutheran Reformation gave permanence and\\ncharacter to the colonization of the United States the hand of perse-\\ncution pointed the way to New Netherland, and the valleys of the Hud-\\nson and the Delaware became an asylum from ecclesiastical despotism\\neven while the Puritans of New England, jealous of their own freedom,\\ndenied liberty to others. When, in 1623, the great Dutch West India\\nCompany, complete in organization, sought to people its territories, the\\nvictims of persecution offered themselves as its first and most desirable\\nemigrants.\\nWhen the Hollanders, after their revolt against Spain and the Inqui-\\nsition, in 1565, formed the Union of Utrecht, the Belgic provinces of\\nHainault, Namur, Luxemburg, Limburg, and Liege, having mostly\\nRoman Catholic citizens, did not join the Dutch Confederation still,\\nmany of the Belgic people were Protestants, and as such were victims\\nof persecution under Philip II. of Spain. Speaking the old French lan-\\nguage, these people were termed Gallois; they fled by thousands to\\nHolland, where their skill as well as their faith secured them protection\\nand a welcome. In low Dutch the name of the rcfucfces became", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "12 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nWaalsche, which the English rendered Walloons. The farmers\\namong the Walloons found poor encouragement in Holland, and in\\n1622 a number of them offered to emigrate to Virginia if assured\\nmunicipal freedom. Some delay followed their application to the\\nBritish Minister at the Hague, and meantime those willing to form a\\nsettlement were, at the suggestion of the Provincial States of Holland,\\nengaged as colonists by the Dutch West India Company, and em-\\nployed in Holland until such time as the perfect organization of that\\ncorporation would enable its Directors to send the Walloons to New\\nNetherland.\\nHaving by virtue of their charter taken possession of their domain\\nin 1622, the Dutch West India Company secured the assent of the\\nStates General to their articles of internal government the 21st of\\nJune, 1623. The same month three trading ships were dispatched\\nto Manhattan to maintain the course of traffic, and a special effort\\nwas made to colonize Nova Belgia. The New Netherland, a ship\\nof two hundred and sixty tons, was fitted up, and on board her were\\nembarked a company of thirty families, mostly the Walloons who had\\noffered to settle in Virginia. The superintendence of the ship and\\ncolony was entrusted to Cornelius Jacobsen May, who was appointed to\\nremain in New Netherland as First Director; his second in command\\non the ship being Schipper Adriaen Joris, of Theinpont. The expe-\\ndition left the Texel early in March, and, following the southern route\\nby the Canary Islands and Guiana, came in safety to Manhattan, the\\nbeginning of May. At the mouth of the North River the emigrants\\nrepulsed a party of Frenchmen, who were about to erect the arms of\\nFrance; the French ship, however, renewed her attempt at Zuydt Raai,\\nbut was driven off from there by the Dutch settlers or traders. At an\\nearly date the Dutch established a lookout at Cape May, and from the\\ntime Cornelius Hendricksen in the Onrust explored the Delaware,\\nthey were generally well informed of whatever took place thereabouts,\\nand frequently warned off whoever entered.\\nAt Manhattan, Director May left several families, and a number of\\nsailors and men from the New Netherland, for the settlement of South\\nRiver and the shore of the sound eastward. The ship then proceeded\\nwith difficulty up the North River, and landed her company just above\\nCastle Island, on the western bank of the Hudson, at Albany. There\\na fort with four angles, named Orange, which had been plotted the\\nyear before, was soon com[)lctcd the industrious Walloons put the\\nspade in the earth, and when the next yacht sailed for Holland, their\\ncorn was nearly as hii^h as a man, so that they were getting along\\nbravely. Brave hearts, heroic souls, the verdant corn you tilled struck\\nno root so deep in the soil of the New World as the faith for which you\\nwere exiles, no harvest spread so rich a growth as the principles of\\nfreedom and toleration you planted here! Down the Hudson every", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "^1 1", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "LOVE AND PEACE IN THE WILDERNESS. 13\\nyear floats the wealth of granaries, richer than Egypt, but the spirit of\\nReh gious Liberty and Civil Independence, entrenched in the hearts of\\nmillions, bids defiance to intriguing priests and threatening tyrants as it\\nbreathes the benediction of Peace on earth and good will to men\\nover the vast expanse of a mighty continent.\\nTo prevent attempts to occupy Zuydt Baai, the fort projected in\\n1622 was, by order of Director May, speedily completed. It was built\\nfive miles below Philadelphia, on the Jersey side of the river, of great\\nlogs, and named Fort Nassau, the first post of that name, on the island\\nnear Albany, having been destroyed by flood and ice. There were\\nfour weddings on board the New Netherland during her two-months\\nvoyage from Holland over the sunny Southern seas. Director May,\\nwho was a kindly man, had been directed to govern his people as a\\nfather, not as an executioner; and it was with a touch of romance, as\\nwell as paternal care, that he selected these eight newly-married Wal-\\nloons, and sent them, about the first of June, in a yacht, with as many\\nsailors, to abide at Fort Nassau. They were far from home, from\\nfriends, even from civilization, a mere handful in the wilderness among\\nsavages, but they were enough each for the other of every pair, and\\nall for each of the quadruple family. It was a fitting and poetic thing\\nthat the valley which was to welcome the men of peace, and grow in\\npeace to be the home of freedom, should owe its first historic settle-\\nment to young and joyous brides, with their free and hopeful partners.\\nIt was in harmony also that they should come in the fresliness of\\nsummer, when the very air was balm, when every leaf told of life and\\nvigor, when every forest aisle was sweet with woodland fragrance and\\nechoing with bird songs, every note swelling the all-pervading melody,\\none perfect chorus, whose glad refrain was evermore of love, and still\\nof universal, all-embracing love.\\nEighteen of the Walloon families settled at Albany, others went for\\na time to the House of Good Hope, at Hartford, Connecticut others\\nmade themselves homes, in comfort and happiness, on Long Island.\\nThere, in June, 1625, Sarah Rapelje, the first white child of New Neth-\\nerland, was born and thereabouts, in usefulness and honor, the de-\\nscendants of the Calvanist Gallois still reside.\\nOf Cornelius Jacobscn May, who was formally installed during\\nthe summer of 1623 as the first Director-General of New Netherland,\\nthere is but little more to be said, but that little is entirely to his\\ncredit. Tis better to govern by love and friendship than by force,\\nwrote his superiors in Holland and May acted in the spirit of his\\ninstructions, to the great contentment of the people. Among the\\nIndians at Fort Nassau May s little colony of brides and grooms were\\nunharmed, while at both Manhattan and Fort Orange the Indians\\nwere all as quiet as lambs, and came and traded with all the free-\\ndom imaginable. It required other men than May, and other means", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "H\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nthan love and friendship, to arouse the savage in the red man of\\nAmerica.\\nMentioned as a man of experience at the time of his appointment,\\nDirector May had many unrecorded adventures. During one of his\\nearliest voyages to America he found the colonists at Manhattan suf-\\nfering for stores and clothing. From his own ship he supplied their\\nnecessities, and the grateful Manhattanese celebrated the timely relief\\nby giving the name of Port May to their harbor.\\nThe voyage of Director May to the Delaware, in 1620, was com-\\nmemorated by the name of New Port May, applied to the bay of the\\nDelaware, and by that of Cape May, ever since retained by the southern\\npoint of New Jersey.\\nThus circumstances supposed to indicate the vanity of May in affix-\\ning his name to various localities are explained either as a just tribute\\nto the deeds of another exploring Cornelius, or the grateful and\\ngraceful act of his people.\\nCape May is one of the very few points about the Delaware which\\nretain the names first given them by white men but of the thousands\\nwho visit it annually, very many are not aware of the source from which\\nthat name was derived. Some, careless of history, infer from their\\npleasant experience of its balmy atmosphere that Cape May derived its\\nappellation from the May-like breezes which make its summers balmy\\nas the breath of spring. But the Cape, especially since the improve-\\nment of Sea Grove, has too many charming attractions to need mis-\\nrepresentation to make it popular. By nature and improvement Cape\\nMay is superior as a seaside resort, but its name is significant only as\\na memento of the old-time voyages of the Hollanders, and of their\\nregard for the character and exploits of their popular Superintendent.\\nThough the name of Cornelius Jacobsen May disappears from this\\nhistory, the admirers of Cape May have reason to be proud of the name\\nit bears, since it recalls only deeds of courage and goodness, such as\\nconfer an honest fame in the history of time, and crown with happiness\\nthe pure in heart amid the glories of eternity.\\nBut while perfect peace and fair prosperity marked the history of\\ntheir colonics, the Directors of the Dutch West India Company were\\ndisturbed by the enterprise of a person destined to play an important\\npart in the events of New Netherland. A mariner of Hoorn, North\\nHolland, by the name of David Pietersen Dc Vries, who had several\\ntimes voyaged to Newfoundland, procured a commission from the King\\nof France, and, dividing his venture with some Rochelle merchants, he\\nbought a small vessel for a voyage to Canada, for fish and peltries.\\nDetermined to prevent all ships but their own sailing to North Amer-\\nica from Holland, the Directors seized the vessel of De Vries as it lay\\nin the harbor of Hoorn ready to sail, and detained it until an admoni-\\ntory mandate of the States General ordered its release. De Vries re-", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "FIRST PURCHASE OF MANHATTAN.\\n15\\nceived his vessel after much delay; although his v\u00c2\u00bboyage was broken\\nup, his claim for damages was evaded, and, suffering from corporate\\ninjustice, the enterprising navigator was compelled to bide his time\\nand await another chance of fortune.\\nDirector William Verhulst presided over New Netherland in 1625.\\nHe visited the Delaware and extended his voyage far up to the falls\\nat Trenton; there on an island in the bend of the river another trading\\npost was established, and for a time occupied by several families of\\nWalloons. Verhulst returned to Holland in 1626, and Peter Minuit\\nbecame Director-General of New Netherland. To superadd a higher\\ntitle than that supposed to be derived from discovery and occupation,\\nMinuit purchased Manhattan from the Indians. The island contained\\nabout twenty-two thousand acres, and was bought of the natives for\\nthe value of sixty guilders, about twenty-four dollars.\\nHaving bought Manhattan, the Dutch began a fort, to be faced\\nwith cut stone, for its defense; for the misbehavior of some of the\\ncolonists had given reason to fear just hostility. About the same time\\nthe posts on South River were much reduced, and in 1628 left un-\\ntenanted, in order to strengthen Manhattan. Still there were in all\\nprobability settlers left on the Delaware, rK3t perhaps the servants of\\nthe Company, but vrye persoonen, who had reason to trust their\\nIndian neighbors, and led a roving, adventurous life among them; but\\nof these adventurers history, made up of corporation documents, has\\nnothing to relate. Before the completion of the fort at Manhattan, it\\nwas called Fort Amsterdam, and made the seat of government. There\\nhas been a great amount and variety of government on the island of\\nNew York since that date, and not a little misgovernment; but with it\\nall an undeniable increase of trade, and a most notable advance in the\\nprice of real estate.\\nThe United Provinces of the Batavian Republic elaborated the idea\\nof federal union, but their institutions failed to develop personal liberty;\\nthe peasantry of Holland had therefore too lijttle self-reliance to emigrate,\\nand a plan was evolved to encourage colonization, called the Charter\\nof Privileges and Exemptions. By the provisions of this new charter\\nof 1629, whoever of the stockholders of the Dutch West India\\nCompany established a colony of fifty persons within four years in\\nNew Netherland, became a Patroon or Lord of the Manor. The\\nPatroon had jurisdiction over the settlement he founded, and, by\\npeaceful purchase from the natives, might hold and own the lands on\\nthe sea-shore or river-bank for sixteen miles, and as far inland as the\\nsituation of the occupiers would admit; or the land each side of a\\nriver could be held half as far, with a pro rata increase for more\\ncolonists in each case.\\nWhile the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions was under consid-\\neration, several directors of the Dutch West India Company, tempted\\n1", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "1 6 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nby the concessions it made, undertook to forestall its provisions, and\\nembezzle for themselves in advance the richest territories of the cor-\\nporation. These crafty schemers sent three ships to America with\\nagents to locate manors, and buy the land of the Indians. One of these\\nships entered the Delaware in May, and on the ist of June, 1629, a\\n{^\\\\N days before the adoption of the charter in Holland, two persons,\\nwho came on the ship, bought for directors Samuel Godyn and Samuel\\nBlommaert, from the natives, a tract of land two miles wide, which\\nextended from Cape Henlopen thirty-two miles up the bay to the\\nmouth of the river.\\nAt the first meeting of the Amsterdam Chamber after the adoption\\nof the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, Director Samuel Godyn\\ngave notice that he as Patroon occupied the bay of the South River,\\nhaving notified Minuit to register his possession of the same at New\\nAmsterdam. To remove the dissatisfaction which was manifest in the\\nchamber at the course taken by them, and to secure capital, the Pa-\\ntroons admitted Killiaen Van Rensselaer, Johannes de Laet, the his-\\ntorian, Mathias Van Ceulen, Hendrick Hamel, Johan Van Haringhoeck,\\nand Nicholas Van Sittorigh, as partners in their enterprise. In order to\\nsecure his services as supervntendent, Pieterzen De Vries was made an\\nequal partner in the concern. The ship Walvis, or Whale, carrying\\neighteen guns, and a yacht, were fitted out at once for an expedition\\nto the Zuydt Baai. The two vessels were loaded with colonists, stock,\\nanimals, seeds, tools, and the requisites of an agricultural colony. At\\nthe suggestion of Godyn, implements were also taken for the capture\\nof the whales, seals, and sturgeons, then abundant in the Delaware.\\nAmply supplied, the expedition left the Texel December 12th*, 1630,\\nunder command of Pieter Heyes, of Edam, North Holland, Peterzen\\nDe Vries remaining in Amsterdam. Through carelessness on board\\nthe Walvis, the yacht was captured by Dunkirk privateers, but the\\nship kept on, and, passing by Tortugas, where a part of her colonists\\nwere bound on French account, but which was found in Spanish hands,\\nshe completed her trip. In April, the Whale arrived safely at Zuydt\\nBaai. Poinding a safe landing and convenient harbor, with islands,\\ngood oysters, and very fertile land, the colony was landed up the\\nstream on the banks of a kill (creek, or small river), near the present\\nLewes, Del. Tliis stream, which was called after the city of Hoorn,\\nHoornkill, Hooikill, etc., afterwards corrupted to Whoorkill, or Whore-\\nkill, was also called the river of Swans, and was reported to be two\\nleagues from Cape Kornelis, now Cape Henlopen, the site of the\\nsplendid light that, with its equal and neighbor at Sea Grove, illumin-\\nates the wide entrance to the Delaware. In the vale where the Dutch\\ncolonists landed there were many swans, and hence they gave their\\nsettlement the name of Swaanendael (Swandalc).\\nGillis Hoasctt, a former agent of Van Rensselaer s in the purchase", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "ORIGINAL DEED OF CAPE MAY. 17\\nof lands from the North River Indians, was placed in command of the\\nstation a large brick house was built of Holland brick, and enclosed\\nwith palisades this building served at once as a residence for all the\\ncolony, a storehouse, and a fort. As soon as the settlement was well\\nbegun, Commissary Hossett and Schipper Heyes visited the Jersey\\nshore, and, as agents of Godyn and Blommaert, bought of ten Indian\\nchiefs, on May 5th, 1630, a tract of land twelve miles along the shore\\nof the bay, from Cape May Point to the north, and twelve miles inland\\nabove, and including Cape May. The lands on the northern and\\neastern shores of Delaware Bay were in possession of the great and\\ninfluential but peaceable tribe, called Lenni Lenape (the original\\npeople). From them must have been obtained the original title to\\nCape May and the Nanticokes, who occupied what is now Delaware,\\nmust have been the grantors who, on July 15th, 1630, ratified by treaty\\nthe sale of the western shore of the bay, made to Godyn and Blom-\\nmaert s agents the year before.\\nSuch is the record of the first transaction in real estate at Cape\\nMay; the advance in value on the smallest building lot in Sea Grove,\\nfor the current year, is represented by a sum of money greater than\\nwas needed to buy the lands of all the lower Delaware; yet both\\nparties were well pleased with the speculation. The Indians, who\\nknew but little more of the full purport and effect of a deed of land\\nthan the deer of the primeval woods, were delighted with the pres-\\nents they received, and charmed by the civil and novel manners of\\ntheir liberal customers. The patroons needed but to examine their pur-\\nchase to become satisfied they had come into possession of a land of\\npromise. Zuydt Baai was now called Godyn s Baai, by which name it\\nwas afterwards well known to the Dutch. After spending a few weeks\\nat Swaanendael, Heyes, with Hossett in company, visited New Amster-\\ndam, and there, on the 3d of June, 163 1, had the purchase they had\\neffected formally recorded and attested by Director-General Minuit\\nand his council. The deeds of the lands purchased on the Delaware\\nfor Godj n and Blommaert were deposited at Fort Amsterdam, and\\nconveyed to Holland, but are now in the archives of the State of New\\nYork, at Albany.\\nWhaling was undertaken by Heyes in Godyn s Baai, but the experi-\\nment was a failure, and, in September, 163 1, the Walvis sailed for Hol-\\nland. Gillis Hossett remained at Swaanendael to superintend that\\ncolony, and, by more thorough explorations of the new manors and\\ntheir resources, prepare the way for future settlements.\\nPioneer explorations must have been magnificent in those days. As\\nHossett sailed over the waters of the Delaware he saw a roadstead and\\nharbor, where all the commerce of Europe could ride secure; the low\\nshores on either side reminded him and his companions of Holland,\\nas they offered every facility for the construction of canals, in broad", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "1 8 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nmarshes, which could easily be redeemed from the sea, and turned into\\nfertile fields. But, unlike Holland, Cape May had dense forests of\\nvaried timber near the shores, for the countless hulls of navies, such as\\nthe world had never seen, and beyond, yet near, interminable swamps\\nwhere the giant cedars towered, an arsenal of imperishable planks\\nand spars to equip every craft, though each of them were more huge\\nthan ever sailed the Texel, or startled the dreams of shipwrights beside\\nthe Zuyder Zee. The waters swarmed with fish the whale, the por-\\npoise, the sturgeon, and the cod abounded; besides, there were black\\nfish, blue fish, green fish, silver fish, and variegated fish there\\nwere mackerel, gar-fish, drum, bass, perch, herrings, flounders, turbots,\\nsoles, eels, anchovies, mullets, porgies, smelts, and shiners, all affording\\n*^an ocean full of excellent food; then there was also the flying-fish,\\nand scores of other varieties more curious than eatable.\\nThere is no historic evidence that Gillis Hossett or the mariner Peter\\nHeyes tarried to catch all these kinds of fish; if not, it was their own\\nfault; the fish were there, and one summer, just two and a quarter cen-\\nturies later. Secretary Spencer F. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institute,\\ncaught them all except the whale, the sturgeon, the porpoise, and the\\ncod-fish, in the waters near Cape May; moreover, any visitor of Sea\\nGrove may have the same pleasure. The whale rarely visits the Dela-\\nware now; the porpoise still rolls lazily against the tide, but the stur-\\ngeon are comparatively few; yet if any transient dweller by the sea\\ndespises the capture of the smaller fry, and aspires to wage war upon\\nveritable monsters of the deep, he can, by taking passage for deep\\nwater on the yacht of the Sea Grove Association, not only enjoy a trip\\nover genuine ocean billows, but may, if favored by St. Peter, return\\nwith a string of sJiarks, and an appetite like that of the marine out-\\nlaw he captures.\\nAt the time of Godyn s purchases, the marshes of Cape May were\\nmuch more extensive, and the sounds and thoroughfares larger. The\\nexplorer found the inland waters of Cape May abounding with fine\\noysters, clams, crabs, and other shell-fish, as at present. The marshes\\naround the sounds, and the savannas or slashes between the sandy\\nbeaches, were the haunts of countless water-fowl, some remarkable for\\ntheir large size and notable appearance, while many of various kinds\\nwere estimable as game birds and known to the natives then as deli-\\ncious delicacies, as well as to the sportsman and bott vivant of the\\npresent. In their proper season the Canada geese were immensely\\nnumerous, and their habitual resorts were also frequented by more than\\ntwo dozen varieties of duck and plover, in flocks or pairs, by tens of\\nthousands; among them was the world-renowned canvas-back [Anas\\nvalisncria). The meadows, marshes, and shores were overrun by snipe\\nand loons, woodcock, rail, curlew, bitterns, herons, sand-pipers, and tern.\\nEagles, cormorants, hawks, gulls, and other fish-loving varieties of birds", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "UPLAND BIRDS OF CAPE MAY.\\n19\\nhovered over the waves and the quiet waters for prey, or, pirate-h ke,\\nplundered others of the scaly prize. On the uplands the variety of\\nbirds was vastly greater quite too numerous to mention outside of\\nscientific catalogue. The bald eagle, and ten or a dozen kind of hawks,\\nhalf as many owls, and eight or ten kinds of fly-catchers exercised their\\ncapacity upon their varied and proper game while the turkey-buzzard,\\nwith the help of several kinds of crows, was the common scavenger of\\nthe land.\\nMaster Evelyn, William Penn, and others mention wild turkeys of\\nthe Delaware country which weighed from forty-five to fifty pounds.\\nGrouse, partridges, pigeons, doves, and robins were abundant. Of birds\\nof song there was no lack. There were fourteen kinds of warblers\\nthere were thrushes, larks, vieros, finches, sparrows, orioles, bobolinks,\\nblackbirds, blue jays, cuckoos, and mocking birds, with hosts of others\\nmore or less musical. Of birds remarkable for plumage there were\\nmany fine species. The great blue, white, and snowy herons, and some\\nof the ducks, were very handsome. The snowy owl, well named, was\\na choice specimen, while red birds, yellow birds, blue birds, scarlet\\nbirds, indigo birds, golden birds, and numerous party-colored birds, lent\\nanimation to the woods.\\nBesides all these, the humming bird, bright flashing gem of the air,\\nbred at Cape May. Since the advent of white men upon the coast\\nsome varieties of birds have almost or quite disappeared, yet no locality\\nin the United States surpasses Sea Grove and its vicinity in advantages\\nfor the naturalist. The distinguished American ornithologist, Wilson,\\nresided during different seasons in the neighborhood of Cape May.\\ny\\\\t such times he was the guest of the elder Thomas Beesley, of Bees-\\nley s Point, and his visits are yet remembered by some of the oldest\\npeople. Thomas Beesley declares, in a too brief note to one of his\\nscientific contributions, that the interest awakened there by Wilson in\\nthe study of ornithology has never ceased. To that interest and a\\nlively intelligence are to be credited the catalogue of birds and beasts\\nwhich Thomas Beesley has added to the natural science of his native\\ncounty, and the fact that Beesley s Point has become one of the\\nimportant centres of scientific interest in South Jersey. It is a legend\\nthat birds choose for their habitat the most favorable and pleasant\\nlands the fairest scenes. Upon this point Thomas Beesley, in a note\\nto his catalogue of Cape May birds, quotes a citizen of Cape May as\\nsaying, If birds in their choice of a residence are gifted in deter-\\nmining what is the fairest and what is best, there can be no question\\nbut that the County of Cape May is among the most attractive portions\\nof the earth for here they congregate in as great a variety and abund-\\nance as upon any other portion of at least the civilized globe.\\nThe intermediate latitude of Cape May and its consequent equable\\nclimate, with an uncommon distribution of ocean, sound, lake, river,", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "20 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nswamp, tliicket, wood, marsh, and meadow, afford varied attractions\\nto the denizens of the air. Birds of the north and of the south, with\\nmany a feathered beauty to the manor born, there congregate and\\ndwell, or visit the scene on flashing wing with tumultuous song one\\nafter another, as the passing year rolls its changing glories through\\nthe sky. To the plodding pot-hunter the birds of Cape May supply\\nhis dinner; to the sportsman, choice and abundant game; to the\\nnaturalist, an unequaled field of study; to the artist, forms and hues\\nof beauty; to the invalid, cheer and diversion; to all, a song; to the\\nthoughtful and pious soul, most bright examples of nature s handi-\\nwork, a joyous testimony to the universal providence of God!\\nThe pioneers of Cape May were very practical persons, men who\\nwould turn away from the finest display of plumage and the sweetest\\nsong to capture a good fat goose or pursue the woodland creatures for\\ntheir skins; hunting for fur-bearing animals in South Jersey over two\\ncenturies ago, they could hardly go amiss. The bison or buffalo, the\\nblack bear, the panther, the wolf, the catamount, and the deer, were\\nthe largest of the wild beasts of Cape May; of the smaller species there\\nwere opossums, raccoons, foxes, minks, otters, and, most valuable of\\nall, the beaver. Some half-dozen kinds of squirrels filled the trees,\\nmuskrats infested the streams, rabbits were plenty, and the skunks, in\\nbad odor, were numerous, waiting a change of fashion to give value to\\ntheir handsome pelt. Twenty years ago a half-dozen black bears in\\nan autumn would perchance be killed in the Cape May County swamps,\\na few deer would also be taken; the beaver is probably extinct; the\\nopossum, the raccoon, the rabbit, the pclecat, the squirrel, the otter,\\nand an occasional fox are the remaining animals of Cape May.\\nThe agents of the Dutch patroons gave little attention to the\\nflowers which adorned the lands they bought, yet a botanist would\\nhave gathered them with delight. The same causes which make Cape\\nMay the resort of the ornithologist and ichthyologist have rendered all\\nSouth Jersey a vast botanical garden famous on both sides of the\\nAtlantic, some of its plants being peculiar and local. In 1748 and\\n1749 Peter Kalm, botanist to the King of Sweden, made a collection\\nin South Jersey, the sight of which made Linnaeus forget an attack of\\ngout; the Kaluiia, a species of laurel, was so called by Linnaeus in\\nhonor of Kalm. As recent authorities in the botany of South Jersey,\\nMaurice Beesley, M.D., Samuel Ashmead, and Mary Treat, of Vine-\\nland, have been extensively quoted.\\nThe aboriginal Indian was a savage and a pagan; the mistake of\\nmost Christian colonists was to consider themselves saints, and the\\nred man a natural devil. The valleys of the Delaware and Schuylkill\\nwere inhabited at the time of the Dutch settlements by the tribe of\\nLenni Lenape, a name which signified the original people. The\\nLenni Lenape were divided into Mantaunaks or Delawares, and", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "LENNI LENAPE SEWAN. 21\\nMuncccs, Munseys, or Mincees the last lived above the Sankitan,\\nStankekan, or Sanhickan falls, near Trenton, and toward the Hudson.\\nThe Lenni Lenape were a superior tribe; they came from beyond the\\nMississippi, and conquered their way to the Atlantic. Subsequently,\\nby the terms of a treaty made with the Hodensaunee Konoshion, or\\nIroquois Confederation, they abandoned war, becoming women, that\\nis to say, non-combatants, and, as the Indian matrons were, referees and\\npeacemakers. Hendrick Aupaumut, chief of the Muheconuck, Mohican,\\nor Mohegan tribe, of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in his report of his\\nmission as the embassador of the United States to the Western tribes\\n(Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa., vol. ii.). calls the Delawares Grandfethers,\\nand adds that the British and Five Nations depended upon them to\\nmake peace, as this nation had the greatest influence with the South-\\nern, Western, and Northern nations; also that the Lenni Lenape, since\\nabout 1600, had been grandfathers or wise ones, to whom the tribes\\nlooked as judges in arbitration.\\nThe general traits of American Indians, aside from the usages of\\nwar, characterized the Lenni Lenape; one notable habit of theirs was\\npeculiar to such tribes as inhabited the shores of New Jersey and\\nNew York, or lived elsewhere near localities like Cape May. The\\nIndians used no salt, but preserved their fish and meats by drying and\\nsmoking; at the shore they boiled, strung, and dried clams, which were\\nused to season their insipid fare. The manufacture of this Indian\\ndelicacy left behind an immense quantity of shells, those of the common\\nclam, the Venus mercenaria, which the Indians called Pequonuck or\\nQuahaug. These shells, in a broken state, are to be found in great\\nheaps on the shores of the sounds and water-courses in the vicinity\\nof Sea Grove. The fragmentary condition of the shells distinguishes\\nthe shell heaps of Indian creation from the beds and mounds of shells\\nwhich owe their origin to natural causes, or to the bivalve-consuming\\npropensities of white men. The Indian resorted to the shore of the\\nAtlantic, not alone for health and comfort, but to make viomy. Near\\nSea Grove, as on the shores of Sewan-hacky (Sewan-land), Long\\nIsland, New York, an aboriginal mint was kept in operation, and\\nthe circulating medium of exchange there issued was current at a fixed\\nvalue all over the continent. This Indian money was called variously\\nsewan, suckauhock, wampum, wampompcague, peague, etc., and was\\ncoined in the form of beads, from shells, and strung on strings some-\\nwhat after the manner of Chinese cash.\\nThere were two kinds of sewan. The black the gold of the In-\\ndians was made from the black portion of the clam-shells, and called\\nsuckauhock. It was rated at double the value of the white, called\\nwampum, which was made from the stem of the periwinkle {Liitoniuc)\\\\\\nhence the shell heaps the Indians have left along the shore of Cape\\nMay contain mostly the white part of clam-shells, broken in small", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "22 SCHEYICHDI AND THE STRAND.\\npieces to secure the black and valuable portions. Aside from the color\\nof the wampum, it was criticised by the natives as to its form and\\nfinish, and the usages of aboriginal commerce required that the beads\\nshould be uniform in size and shape, and bored in the centre. To test\\nsewan, the Indians drew the strings of beads deftly across their noses;\\nif they found them smooth, uniform, and well strung, they passed at\\npar; the worn or imperfect were discounted or rejected. The sewan\\nwas used not only as currency, but as jewelry and material for orna-\\nmentation. The Dutch, at Albany, says Kalm, made and sold a\\ngreat deal of sewan in their extensive trade with the Five Nations.\\nThere were at one time sixty or seventy shops in Albany where sewan\\nwas made, and the Iroquois called the town Laaphanachking, i.e., the\\nplace of stringing wampum. Sewan was also made in other places,\\nby poor people, and the Indians suffered the inconvenience of an\\ninflated currency after a time. The New Netherlands accepted sewan\\nin trade themselves, good wampum being in some colonies as current\\nas silver; it was voted to goe six a penny in New Haven in 1640.\\nSewan, or wampum, was the currency of New Netherlands in 164 1\\nafterwards the contributions to the churches were paid in it. At New\\nAmsterdam four beads of good black, well-strung wampum, or eight\\nof the white, were reckoned as one stuyver, a Dutch coin about a\\ncent in value. In 1650, there being at present no other specie, sewan\\nwas made lawfully current, at the rate of three black or six white beads\\nof commercial .sewan, or four black and six white of the base\\nstrung, for one stuyver, the rate ordered to goe in Nieu Haven. By\\nthis the drain of specie into New England was checked.\\nThe Indian had no banks, and was innocent of corners, bonuses,\\ndivvies, brokerages, commissions, margins, puts and calls, and\\nirregularities, yet he was a financier in his way, and managed ex-\\nchange for his own benefit. In heavy transactions, sewan, either\\nsuckauhock or wampum, was counted by the fathom, measured by the\\nspread arms of an Indian. Commissary Hudde, of Fort Nassau, in\\n1648, complained that the Cape May tribe made barter rather too\\nmuch against them, as the Indians always take the largest and tallest\\namong them to trade with us, by which means the long-armed tel-\\nlers compassed a long price for their clansmen s beaver-skins.\\nIn 1756, says Dr. Beesley, Jacob Spicer, of Cape May, advertised\\nto barter goods for all kinds of produce and commodities, and, among\\nthe rest, particularly designated wampum (suckauhock). He offered a\\nreward of five pounds to the person that should manufacture the most\\nwampum. He succeeded in procuring a quantity of the wampum, and,\\nbefore sending it off to Albany and a market, weighed a shot-bag full\\nof silver coin, and the same shot-bag full of wampum, and found the\\nlatter (by weight) most valuable by ten per cent. After the fall of\\nOswego he chronicles the decline of the wampum traffic. The Narra-", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "DE VRIES S FIRST VOYAGE TO THE DELAWARE. 23\\ngansetts and Pequods, who were able to produce sewan on their shores,\\nkept themselves rich and powerful by the possession and use of it.\\nThe Cape May Indians held similar advantages, and the accumulated\\nrefuse of their work shows that they were not neglectful of their op-\\nportunities.\\nSuch, two and a half centuries ago, were the people, such the sur-\\nroundings, among which lay the assumed territories of the High and\\nMighty Dutch West India Company, and the intended manors of the\\nwould-be patroons, Godyn and Blommaert.\\nThe unfair advantage Godyn, Blommaert, and a few others had\\nconspired to take of the Charter of Privileges and Exemptions gave\\ngreat offense, and partisan feeling became bitter against the patroons\\nand those who defended their claims. Director-General Minuit, who\\nwas cognizant of the operations of the patroons, was recalled from his\\noffice, but Minuit had simply carried out the laws and orders of the\\ncompany. Sensible of the injustice done him, Minuit transferred his\\nauthority to the Manhattan Council, and sailed for Holland to vindi-\\ncate himself, in March, 1632, bearing with him not only his own trou-\\nbles, but sad news for the patroons and the friends of the colonists at\\nSwaanendael.\\nThe first accounts from Swaanendael received by the patroons, some\\ntime after the Walvis left that colony, reported that all had been well,\\nand that the colony was pleasantly prosperous. The ill luck of the\\nWalvis had discouraged the proprietors somewhat, but Godyn was still\\nsanguine about the whale fishery, and, in February, 1632, it was agreed\\nthat a ship and yacht should be fitted out, with De Vries himself as\\npatroon and commander, to fish in the South Bay during the winter of\\n1633. This ship and the yacht Squirrel were accordingly fitted out for\\na whaling voyage, and were ready to sail the last of May. On the 24th\\nof May, just before De Vries got off, news was received at Amsterdam,\\nhaving been brought by Director-General Minuit, by the way of Ports-\\nmouth, that Swaanendael had been destroyed by the Indians.\\nDe Vries, though distressed by the news, put to sea, but an unskill-\\nful pilot ran his ship on the sands off Dunkirk; she with difficulty got\\ninto Portsmouth the 25th of May. The ship was made seaworthy,\\nand sailed the ist of August, in company with the great ship New\\nNetherland, of six or eight hundred tunncs, which had been built at\\nManhattan, in 163 1, and was then returning from her first voyage to\\nHolland.\\nDe Vries arrived on December 5th, in the offing of Godj n s Baai.\\nAs he neared the coast he saw no beacon kindled to give warning of\\nhis approach he heard no resounding and reassuring gun no signal\\nwaved to denote his looked-for arrival, and give the sign for joyous\\nwelcome. An ominous silence brooded everywhere, only the waves\\ndashed mournfully, and the tall cedars soughed in the blast of Decern-", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "24\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nber, as if they chanted a requiem. No Indians appearing, a well-armed\\nboat was sent into the Horekill the next day, to open communication.\\nFinding none of the savages about, the boat pushed on, and landed at\\nSwaanendael, where discoveries were soon made which justified the\\nworst apprehensions of De Vries. The colony had disappeared,\\nbuildings, gardens, plantations, fishing-stations, whale-boats, all were\\ngone. Only ashes and fire-blasted ruins remained, surrounded by the\\nwolf-gnawed and bleaching bones of his comrades and servants.\\nIn despondency De Vries returned to his yacht, and a gun was fired\\nto call in the Indians. The next morning a smoke was seen arising\\nfrom near the ruins of Swaanendael. The boat went into the creek,\\nand a few of the savages were seen prowling about. They were shy,\\nand the crew of the boat distrustful. The yacht gave more protection\\nfrom treacherous arrows than the open boat, and so De Vries ran her\\ninto the creek. The Indians soon came to the shore, but for some\\ntime none could be persuaded to come on board. Finally one venture-\\nsome fellow made bold to dare the vengeance of the Swannekins, and\\ncame alone among the Dutch. De Vries gave him a cloth dress,\\nand sent word by him to his chief that he wished to make a peace.\\nThe Indians at once became more familiar, and that night one of them\\nstayed on board, and was induced to give the particulars of the tragic\\nfate of the colony.\\nAccording to the story of the Indian on the yacht, Gillis Hossett had\\nconsidered it requisite to post the arms of Holland, painted on a sheet\\nof tin, by attaching them to a pillar he set up, the site of which the\\nIndian pointed out. An Indian, attracted by the sheen of the metal,\\nnot thinking he was doing amiss, carefully removed the shield for\\nhis own purpose. Hossett took much to heart the insult to the Bata-\\nvian Republic, and angrily denounced the tribe for the offense of a\\nperson, as if it were some mighty matter. It was a great fuss to make\\nabout a bit of tin, but the Indians took it for earnest, and soon pre-\\nsented Hossett the scalp of the culprit, to his avowed astonishment,\\nchagrin, and disgust.\\nRebuked, humbled, thrown off, hurt in feeling, the jealous, vindictive\\nsons of the forest returned to their wigwams, but not to live in peace.\\nThe Indians had a custom like that of the Jews, in the avenger of\\nblood. If a relative were slain, it was an obligation to avenge his fall\\nunless atonement were made by the offender. This could be done\\nby his paying, after the manner of the ancient Greeks, blood-money,\\nto cover the graves of the dead.\\nIf a l)iother bleed.\\nOn just atonement we remit the deed\\nA sire the slaughter of his son forgives,\\nThe price of blood discharged, the murderer lives.\\n(Pope: liiaJ, ix.)", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE FATE OF SWAANENDAEL.\\n25\\nThe Indian who had been killed at Swaanendael was a sachem.\\nvengeance could not be allowed to sleep. The aggrieved Indians held\\nHossett accountable as the cause of the murder, still he could at any\\ntime have purchased exemption for a few guilders worth of goods;\\nthis he unwisely neglected to do, and was accordingly condemned to\\ndie, and the colony that harbored him was to share his fate.\\nOne day Hossett was sick and remained in the house, but one of his\\nmen, a housekeeper, being with him, when a lurking war party of\\nIndians came near the place. In the yard a large bull-dog, or Dutch\\nmastiff, was chained had he been loose, they would not have dared\\napproach the house. Suddenly three Indians presented themselves,\\nand offered a small lot of beaver-skins for sale. Learning that no\\nothers were near, they set upon Hossett and his servant and killed\\nthem at once. With the dog, which they feared most, they had more\\ntrouble, and the Indian related with wonder and admiration that the\\nbrave guardian of the threshold never ceased to fight, and died only\\nwhen pierced by twenty-five arrows. But for his chain, as they knew,\\nthe Dutch mastiff would have taught the bloody savages the difference\\nbetween a dog of his breed and keep and one of their own skulking,\\nmangy little curs. The men of the colony were at work in the\\nadjacent gardens and cornfields they were approached in a friendly\\nmanner, and a treacherous attack made upon them. Whatever of\\ncourage they manifested, whatever of desperate heroism (for the\\nDutch were brave), is unknown, as it was unavailing one by one rap-\\nidly they fell, far from their beloved Faderlandt, among barbarous\\nfoes, perishing victims to the folly of their Governor and the revenge-\\nful passions of cruel savages.\\nShocked, saddened, disappointed, and involved in financial loss, De\\nVries was not discouraged, and made no useless attempt at revenge.\\nThe Indians were glad to make a formal treaty of peace with De Vries,\\nwhich was brought about by his tact and coolness the following day.\\nReceiving various presents, the bewildered Nanticokes departed in\\ngreat joy to hunt for beaver-skins to trade with the prudent and reti-\\ncent Hollander. Such is the awful story of the first bloodshed in the\\nsettlement of Delaware, and thus were the possessions of the Dutch\\nsealed with blood, and dearly enough bought. To De Vries the\\nhonor is due, that from that time war between the races was unknown,\\nand bloodshed extremely rare in all the country round about Swaan-\\nendael.\\nMindful of the plans and interests of his partners, De Vries tried the\\nwhale fishery; he had anticipated royal work, but, from the imper-\\nfection of their gear, the Dutchmen were not very successful. To eke\\nout his supplies, De Vries, in his yacht, the Squirrel, with seven men\\nmade a trip up the Poutaxit, as the Indians called Zuydt, South,\\nGodyn s, or Delaware Bay and above into the Lcnape-ittuck, Mack-", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "26 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nerish-kitton, or Arasapha, as the red men had named the Zuydt, South,\\nGodyn s, Prince Hendrick s, or Delaware River. It was New Year\\ntime, and the Dutch hoped to buy some beans of the Indians. The\\nbay and river were full of floatin^^ ice working his yacht through this,\\nDe Vries came, on the 5th of January, to Fort Nassau, finding none\\nbut Indians.\\nThe natives advised De Vries to go up the Timmer Kill, or Timber\\nKill, for his supplies; but a Sankitan, or Stankekan squaw warned the\\nDutch to keep out of the creeks, or the river Indians would murder\\nthem, as they had recently killed the crew of an English shallop, in\\nCount Ernest s River. Avoiding the creeks, therefore, De Vries\\nwent on up to Red Hook, or Mantes. There some forty Indians came\\non board, offering to barter beaver skins, and playing on reeds to\\nallay suspicion. Unaware that the Dutch were informed of their\\nmurder of the English crew, some of them wore the jackets of the\\nmen they had butchered. De Vries told them their Maneto had\\nrevealed their treacherous plans to him, and, driving them all on shore,\\nreturned to Fort Nassau. There several chiefs came on board the\\nyacht, some of whom had worn the jackets at Red Hook, but now\\nthey were dressed in robes of fur. The Indians sat down in a solemn\\ncircle on the deck, and stated they had come to make a long peace\\na long ceremony, during which ten beaver-skins were presented, one\\nafter another, by the Indians, ratified the formal compact. For the skins\\npresented in their ceremonies the Indians refused any compensation\\nwhatever. De Vries, however, bought other beaver-skins, and, procur-\\ning a small supply of corn and beans, sailed for his ship, and was on\\nboard the 13th of the month.\\nFive days after, De Vries again started to coast along the shore and\\nvisit Fort Nassau. On the way he was a fortnight frozen into Vine-\\nyard Creek, where the Dutch shot a multitude of turkeys, weighing\\nfrom thirty to thirty-six pounds each. It was the 3d of February\\nbefore the yacht could be got up to its destination. By that time a war\\nhad broken out between the Minquas and the Sankitans, and no corn\\ncould be had. After much trouble from the ice, the yacht was got back\\nto the ship, where a joyous welcome was given the long absent and\\nadventurous voyagers by their anxious shipmates.\\nStill short of [)rovisions, and ambitious to be the first Hollander to\\nvisit the Chesapeake, De Vries sailed on the 5th of March for Virginia.\\nHe visited Sir John Harvey, Governor of Virginia, and was courteously\\nentertained by that noble knight. De Vries made Governor Harvey\\nacquainted with the Dutch operations on the Delaware, and was able\\nto identify the English crew whose murder he had heard of at Fort\\nNassau as one of eight men which Governor Harvey had sent the\\nprevious September into the Delaware, in a sloop, to see if there was\\na river there. The Governor imagined his men to have been swal-", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE FIRST HOUSE IN PHILADELPHIA. 2/\\nlowed up in the sea, having heard nothing from them until the sad\\nnews by Dc Vries made him acquainted with their fate. The patroon\\nof Swaanendael and Cape May remained a week at Jamestown, and\\nthen, with an abundant supply of provisions, and a present of goats for\\nManhattan, where Governor Harvey had heard there were none, he\\nreturned to his fishermen in Zuydt Baai.\\nOnce more warmly welcomed by his company, the patroon learned\\nthat several whales had been captured, but more lost after being struck,\\nthe harpoons being defective. De Vries had, however, become satisfied\\nthat the whale fishery was less profitable than the fur trade, and pro-\\nposed to carry out his original intention of a voyage to Newfoundland\\nand the Saint Lawrence for fish and peltries. VVishing to examine the\\ncoast, De Vries sailed on board his yacht for Manhattan the 14th of\\nApril, and, coasting northward for two days, arrived safely at Fort Am-\\nsterdam, leaving Swaanendael, Godyn s Baai, and the Arasapha once\\nmore to the whales, the savages, and the aboriginal wildness of nature.\\nWhen De Vries arrived in New Amsterdam, on the i6th of\\nApril, 1633, he found the new Director-General, Wouter Van Twiller,\\non board the ship Soutberg, which had just arrived in the harbor.\\nThe information which De Vries gave Van Twiller aroused him to take\\nmeasures to hold possession of Zuydt Baai, and the fur trade in the\\ncountry adjoining; accordingly Arendt Corssen was appointed com-\\nmissary, and instructed to purchase a tract of land on the Schuylkill\\nfor a plantation and trading post, for both of which purposes the loca-\\ntion there was highly esteemed. Corssen bought for certain cargoes,\\nfrom the right owners and Indian chiefs, a tract called Armen-\\nveruis, lying about and on the Schuylkill. The Indian title being\\nthus secured, the Dutch took formal possession of Pennsylvania, and\\nestablished a trading house there, which, though soon abandoned for a\\ntime, was afterwards enlarged to a post or station and called Bevers-\\nrede, being situated within the present bounds of Philadelphia.\\nAmong the improvements ordered by Van Twiller for the year 1633\\nwas one large house, to be built at Fort Nassau on the Delaware.\\nThe work must have been neglected, for in 1635 a small party of Eng-\\nlish from Point Comfort, Va., under the leadership of Captain George\\nHolmes, and, as some have said, in the interest of Sir Edmund Plowden\\nand his associates, took possession of Fort Nassau, which they found\\nvacant. Thomas Hall, one of Holmes s men, deserted at F ort Nassau,\\nand, reaching Manhattan, gave information to Van Twiller. A Dutch\\nforce soon captured Holmes and his party, and took them to hort\\nAmsterdam, from whence they were sent, pack and baggage, back to\\nVirginia. The Dutch, after the affair with Holmes, repaired and gar-\\nrisoned Fort Nassau, and gave more attention to the valley of the Dela-\\nware. The administration of Wouter Van Twiller ended early in the\\nspring of 1638, he being superseded by William Kieft.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "28 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nAlthough the Dutch were the first to occupy the Delaware,\\nGovernor Sir John Harvey, of Virginia, had sent an unfortunate expe-\\ndition there in 1632; and before the patent for Maryland was sealed\\nthat year, Sir John Lawrence, Sir Edmund Plowden, and others applied\\nto King Charles I., of England, for a grant of Long Island and thirty\\nmiles square on the mainland, which they proposed to call Syon.\\nAfter the death of the first Lord Baltimore, before the full execution\\nof the formalities of the grant of Maryland made to him, Plowden and\\nhis associates made a second application this time asking for Long\\nIsland, and the small isles between the thirtieth and fortieth degrees of\\nnorth latitude, within six leagues from the mainland near Delaware Bay,\\nand forty leagues square of the adjoining coast; to be held as a County\\nPalatine, and called New Albion, with the privileges as heretofore\\ngranted to Sir George Calvert, late Lord Baltimore, in Newfoundland.\\nThe king confirmed the grant made Lord Baltimore to his son and\\nheir, but one month after the sealing of the Maryland patent the king\\n(says Neill), on July 24th, 1632, ordered Sir John Coke to issue a patent\\nfor Long Island and the adjacent country to Plowden and his asso-\\nciates.\\nOn the 23d of September, 1633, Captain Thomas Young, gentleman,\\nreceived a special commission from the King of England to organ-\\nize an expedition and explore in America. This expedition sailed in\\nthe spring of 1634, and with it came Master Robert Evelyn, Captain\\nYoung s nephew, as lieutenant. The voyage of Captain Young was\\nin connection with the enterprise of Plowden for the settlement of New\\nAlbion, but from stress of weather, or lack of a pilot, his course led\\nhim into the Chesapeake there desertion weakened the company, but\\nYoung fitted out a shallop or pinnace at Jamestown, in July, and\\nsailing to the Delaware with about fifteen men, established as the head-\\nquarters of New Albion a post he called Eriwomeck, near the mouth\\nof the Schuylkill, at Fort Ikwersrede, which the Dutch had just aban-\\ndoned. In September, as has been noted, George Holmes seized for\\nthe New Albion Company the vacant Eort Nassau, from which he was\\nsoon ousted by the Dutch. Lieutenant or Master Robert Evelyn\\nwent to England, early in 1635, upon some errand from which he soon\\nreturned; in 1637, he was appointed a surveyor by the Governor and\\nCouncil of Virginia, but missed confirmation; he was afterwards proxy\\nfor St. George s Hundred, in the Maryland Assembly, but was again\\nin England in 1641. At that time P2vel) n and others published a\\ncard, describing the valley of the Delaware as a fine place, where the\\nEnglish had traded since 1527, and where Evelyn himself had been\\nstationed for four years with fifteen men, trading and exploring in\\nsafety. On Evelyn s return from luigland he was commissioned, June\\n23d, 1642, to command and drill the militia, at Piscataway, four\\nmiles below Washington. The identity and character of Evelyn are", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "PL O WD EN AND NEW ALBION.\\n29\\nimportant in this history, as he was the first recorded explorer and\\ngeographical describer of Sea Grove and Cape May, as is elsewhere\\nrelated.\\nCaptain Young continued his explorations about the Delaware for\\nabout eighteen months, hoping to find there the entrance of a passage\\nto India he became satisfied of the importance of the inland or back\\ncountry, and, in 1636 or the year after, returned to England and asked\\nfor himself and his company a grant of whatever inland regions he\\nmight discover and explore. Sir Edmund Plowden remained in\\nAmerica until 1648, trying to settle the territories of New Albion, of\\nwhich he was Earl Palatine; he did not succeed in this, owing to the\\nopposition of the Dutch and others along the Delaware. Having ex-\\nhausted his fortune during his stay of about seven years in this\\ncountry, Plowden returned to England, by the way of New Amsterdam\\nand Boston, for supply. In London, in 1648, under the name of\\nBeauchamp Plantagenet, Plowden published his Description of New\\nAlbion, an inaccurate pamphlet, a copy of which remains in the Phila-\\ndelphia Library.\\nBeyond elaborating and publishing a remarkably liberal, just, and\\nworthy plan of government, the enterprise of the New Albion asso-\\nciates achieved nothing of note. Sir Edmund Plowden himself was\\nthe descendant of an eminent jurist; he was as unhappy in domestic life\\nas unfortunate in business; his wife Mabel, daughter of Peter Mariner,\\nof Wanstead, Hampshire, England, left him after a married life of\\ntwenty-five years, alleging abuse as her cause. Sir Edmund came to\\nVirginia, and was at Erivvomeck, as Earl Palatine of Albion, in 1642,\\nthe fort given over by Captain Young and Master Evelyn, He was\\nvisited in London by some Marylanders in 1652, but he never left\\nEngland again. Made poor by his outlay in behalf of his scheme of\\ncolonization, Plowden s fortunes became desperate; he was arrested for\\ndebt, and died in the debtors prison in 1655. There is a pathos about\\nthe fate of the earnest Palatine of New Albion, which is made more\\neffective by a statement of the social ideas by which he and his asso-\\nciates proposed to be governed.\\nThe pioneers of New Albion raised less tobacco and sold less rum\\nfor beaver-skins than their neighbors, but they were the first to com-\\nprehend the vast width of the continent; and in evidence of their culture\\nand character, they presented the world with an illustrious example of\\npolitical sagacity in a model form of fiee and liberal government.\\nWhile kings and ecclesiastics conspired in Europe to enslave the\\nbodies and the souls of men, while Boston and New Haven fostered\\ndespotism, and called it theocracy, Roger Williams, divichng his land\\nwith all who needed, founded a state purely on the will of the majority,\\nwith God alone as the Ruler of Conscience; and Sir Edmund Plowden,\\nbeside the Delaware, sought to establish a more liberal, wise, and perfect\\n3", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "30\\nSCHEYICHDI AND THE STRAND.\\norganization of society than the world had ever known. Rhode Island\\nbecame a more complete Democracie, and fortunate Connecticut\\ngrew to love freedom by experience, but New Albion formulated the\\nprinciples of political order, and put forward her ideal proposition, at\\nonce and entire. Of little consequence now are the Manors, dignified\\nby well chosen names, giving titles to each of the Earl s family of\\nless account, the Albion Knights of the Conversion of the Twenty-\\nthree Kings less still the mere ghost of an established church,\\nbarely provided for in a document which might have been quoted\\nas the cleath warrant of state religions!\\nGuarding against demagogue usurpation, the institution of New\\nAlbion enfranchised the people, and deferred to popular intelligence;\\nobedient to British usages, it still insisted upon independence and\\nfreedom, and thereto obtained the sanction of the throne. Mildness,\\nhumanity, and justice were characteristics of the whole constitution of\\nthe intended state, and, most glorious of all, entire religious freedom\\nwas guaranteed; dissent was not amenable for punishment, and heresy\\nto be proceeded against only by education with the proviso, that\\nt/iis argument or pcrsttasion in religion, ceremonies, or church discipline,\\nshould be acted in mildness, love, charity, a7id gentle language f\\nAs early as 1626, Gustavus Adolphus, the illustrious King of\\nSweden, the champion of Protestantism in his time, undertook to\\nfound a Swedish colony on the shores of the Delaware; this was first\\nsuggested to him by the same William Usselinx, of Holland, who in\\n1590 proposed the Dutch West India Company to his countrymen.\\nUsselinx waited upon Gustavus, and being a learned man, unusually\\nwell informed upon matters in America, he convinced the king and\\nhis nobles of the desirability of a Swedish-American colony, and of\\nthe feasibility of a great Swedish trading corporation to establish such\\na province.\\nThe company was organized duly, to trade to Asia, Africa, and\\nthe Straits of Magellan, and on July 2d, 1626, the king issued an\\nedict at Stockholm, in which he offered to people of all conditions\\nliberty of shares by subscription, according to their ability or inclina-\\ntions. The proposal was received with general satisfaction, say the\\nAnnals of the Swedes. Gustavus took for himself stock to the\\namount of four hundred thousand dollars, at equal risk. The king s\\nmother, and Prince John Cassimir, his brother-in-law; the members\\nof his majesty s council; many civil and military officers of high rank;\\nthe bishops and other clergymen; many merchants and citizens;\\ncountry gentlemen and farmers, became subscribers; ships were fitted\\nout, and all requisites for trade and a colony provided an admiral,\\nvice-admiral, commissioners, merchants, and other proper persons were\\nappointed, and a few vessels started for America.\\nThe Swedish cannon were the speakers and champions whose elo-", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CUSTAVUS, HIS CANNON AND COLONIES. 31\\nquence clinched the arguments of the Lutheran Reformation, and\\nrecast the destinies of a thousand years but for Gustavus and his\\nguns, the Protestant movement would have ended in the beginning.\\nThis hero king and philanthropist, whose mind was as practical as it\\nwas comprehensive and brilliant, who in defense of religious freedom\\ninvented and victoriously used modern artillery, was not inclined to\\nhesitate in an enterprise which he declared to be for the benefit of\\nthe persecuted, for the security of the honor of the wives and\\ndaughters of those made fugitives by war and bigotry, for the\\ngood of the common man, for the blessing of the whole Protestant\\nworld, and the advantage of all oppressed Christendom, through\\nundue deference to the dubious and conflicting claims of ambitious\\npotentates, or the greed and avarice of monopolizing corporations.\\nNeither was the King of Sweden careful, like the States General of\\nHolland, to avoid direct responsibility for colonies. Every inch a\\nking, after the best manner of his times, his charter declared that\\npolitics lie beyond the profession of merchants, and reserved the\\ngovernment of all future Swedish colonies to a Royal Council. Thus\\nthe formidable cannon of Sweden and the invincible sword of Gustavus\\nwere pledged to the protection of the emigrant. The privileges of the\\nSwedish Compan)^ were open to all, and colonists were invited from\\nevery nation of Europe; slaves were discarded, as a laborious and\\nintelligent Swedish population, with wives and children, it was wisely\\nthought, would be quite as profitable and more to the honor of the\\nstate. In Sweden all was in readiness for the colony, when, through\\nthe influence of the papal power, war was provoked, and broke forth\\nsuddenly. Gustavus found himself compelled to invade Germany\\nto vindicate the rights of conscience, establish toleration, and se-\\ncure German liberty by defending the principles of the Reformation.\\nThe fight was for the safety of Protestant Christendom. In the emer-\\ngency the funds of the new trading company were, as a military\\nnecessity, diverted for a time to the purposes of war; yet the king\\nabated not at all his zeal for the American enterprise even on the field\\nand in camp, and from Nuremberg, October i6th, 1632, he communi-\\ncated to Oxenstiern, his great minister, enlarged and most liberal plans\\nfor the proper setting of that jewel of his kingdom, even in case of\\nhis death.\\nAt the battle of Lutzen, November 3d, 1632, Gustavus fell. His\\ndeath changed the course of European politics; the project of Swedish\\ncolonies was temporarily postponed. The little squadron which left\\nSweden for America, perhaps on private account, about the time of the\\nformation of the Swedish Commercial Company, as Swedish ships may\\nhave done before, was attacked at sea by Spaniards, some of the ships\\nbeing captured; but there is reason to believe that others escaped and\\nreached the Delaware, where their factors engaged in trade with the", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "32 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nIndians, and that from that time there were always a few Swedes and\\nFinns in the valley, who finally located among the aborigines, well up\\nthe river.\\nPeter Minuit, finding partisan influence too strong for justice in the\\nDutch West India Company, visited Oxenstiern and the court of\\nSweden, and offered to conduct a Swedish colony to the unoccupied\\nwest shore of the Delaware. In the spring of 1638, a man-of-war,\\nnamed the Key of Calmar, and a tender, the Griffin, from Gottenburg,\\nSweden, with about fifty emigrants, under command of Peter Minuit,\\nas Governor by commission of Queen Christina, put in at Jamestown,\\nVirginia, to refresh with wood and water, being bound for Delaware\\nBay, which is the confines of Virginia and New England, to make a\\nplantation. The Treasurer of Virginia desired to have a copy of\\nMinuit s commission, but the Swedish Governor declined to show his\\ncharter, unless he could arrange for the purchase of tobacco for ship-\\nment to Sweden but the colonial laws of England did not permit such\\na traffic, and so Minuit, after spending ten days in the Chesapeake,\\npursued his voyage, and entered Zuydt Baai early in April. The\\nSwedes soon after disembarked at Missipillion Point, twenty miles up\\nthe bay, on the western shore.\\nEmigrating from an almost arctic climate, the Swedes were delighted\\nby the Eden-like airs which, in April, are the atmosphere of the capes\\nof Delaware, and which linger over them through the balmy summers.\\nEnchanted with the climate, and charmed by the scene, they gave their\\nlanding-place the name of Point Paradise. It may have been an ex-\\ntravagant appellation but as the lover of natural beauty sits quietly at\\nSea Grove, and sees the glorious summer sun sink amid his clouds, in\\nthe waters of the bay, above Henlopen and far-away Missipillion, he\\nneed not be a poet to imagine that the scene is somewhat too fair to\\nbe all of earth.\\nWhen, in 1623, the French attempted to take possession of the Del-\\naware, they were prevented by the Dutch settlers there so, in 1635,\\nthe Dutch from Manhattan ousted the party of P^nglish under Holmes.\\nIn 1638 they were in the river, and equally ready to repel the Swedes.\\nSoon after the Swedes arrived in the Delaware they were visited by\\nsome officials of the Dutch West India Company, who notified them\\nof the claims of Holland thereabouts, and warned them out of the bay.\\nThe Swedes, in answer to this challenge, stated that they were on their\\nway to one of the West India islands, and had put into Zuydt Baai\\nbut for refreshment after a prolonged and stormy voyage, which they\\nshould continue as soon as they supplied themselves with fresh meat,\\nwater, wood, and a few necessaries. Not inhospitable, the Dutch con-\\nsented to this delay, trusting to the representations which had been\\nmade to them.\\nBut Minuit, who well understood the Dutch policy and the extent", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE FIRST GARDEN IN DELA WARE.\\n33\\nof their jurisdiction, merely moved his expedition up stream, beyond\\nthe limits of that which had been Godyn and Blommaert s purchase in\\n1629, and at Paghacking, or Minquas, Creek, near Wilmington, Dela-\\nware, made a second landing. There, from a local sachem, named\\nMatteehoorn, a plantation was bought, between six trees, a kettle\\nand a few trifles being paid in consideration. The Swedes won Mat-\\nteehoorn by the promise of the half of a crop of tobacco, to be raised\\non the ground he conveyed to them. Between Matteehoorn and the\\nSwedes some document, memorandum, or deed was drawn up; as no\\nSwede could yet interpret Indian, and no Indian understand Swedish,\\nthe paper was written in low Dutch. The Indians could /rc? neither\\nlanguage, and were, it seems, induced to sign a deed of the land from\\nCape Henlopen to Trenton, or Sankekan Falls, and as far inland as\\nthe Swedes might gradually require, under the impression they were\\nconveying a mere patch of ground to raise tobacco on at halves.\\nThe Swedes, says Indian tradition, never divided the tobacco, but held\\nthe Indians to the letter of the fraudulent deed.\\nThe mouth of the Paghacking was but twenty-five miles from the\\nDutch Fort Nassau, and messengers were soon sent to learn Minuit s\\nintentions; these he cajoled with courtesy and fine words, and they\\nwent back to their fort. In a few days the people of Fort Nassau came\\ndown again, and found the Swedes had done more, buildings were\\nbegun, goods disembarked, and a small garden made. The Dutch\\nasking what it meant, Minuit made various excuses and pretenses, still\\ndeclaring his intention to soon depart. As soon as the Swedish colony\\nwas safely established, Minuit revealed his purpose by sending his\\nsmall vessel, the Griffin, up the river for Indian trade. She was not\\nallowed to pass Fort Nassau, and Peter May, the sub-commissary,\\nboarded her and demanded her commission. The Swedish master re-\\nfused to show his papers, and defended the establishment of a Swedish\\ncolony on the Delaware, saying his queen had as good a right to\\nbuild a fort there as the Dutch West India Company. Of all this the\\npeople at Fort Nassau took note, and at once forwarded the particulars\\nto Manhattan. Director-General Kieft protested against the Swedish\\ncolony, and warned them to depart at once, as all that part of the\\nworld, especially the Delaware, belonged to the Hollanders, it having\\nbeen for a long time beset with forts and sealed with the blood of the\\nDutch. But the epistle had little influence with Minuit, and Kieft,\\nwho was as economical as he was testy, was too prudent to attack\\nthe colony of a nation as gallant and victorious as the Swedes.\\nThere were but fifty souls in the first expedition under Minuit, and\\nof these many were bandits, condemned to penal servitude. Yet,\\nnotwithstanding the opposition from the Hollanders, the little colony\\nbetween six trees was prosperous. On the north bank of the\\nPaghacking, two miles from the Delaware, a fort was erected, and the", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "34\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nname of Christina given to it and the creek, the arms of Sweden\\nbeing carved with the royal monogram on the boundary posts of the\\nstation. Besides, a plantation was made, where corn, beans, squashes,\\nand the profitable tobacco, grew as they long had grown in the same\\nregion, except that they showed, by their unexampled productiveness,\\nthe difference between the bone paddle of the overtaxed squaw and the\\nheavy steel mattock of the athletic Scandinavian. Not only were all\\nthe Indian products improved by Swedish culture, but the seeds of\\nEurope were introduced, and soon made evident, by prolific increase,\\nthe proverbial fertility of the soil of Delaware and the influence of\\na genial climate. Meantime, commerce was not neglected; the goods\\nbrought for barter were soon disposed of, for the Swedes undersold the\\nDutch, and it is recorded that the beaver-skins taken to Sweden the\\nfirst year of Minuit s administration damaged the Dutch trade on the\\nDelaware more than thirty thousand guilders.\\nAbout midsummer the vessels which brought the colony returned to\\nSweden, but Minuit and twenty-four men, with a good supply of mer-\\nchandise and provisions, remained at Fort Christina. There was great\\ndelay in the coming of further supplies from Sweden, and in the win-\\nter of 1640 the Swedes were so much in want they decided to abandon\\ntheir plantation, and merge themselves in the settlement at Manhattan.\\nBut early in the spring, the day before the Swedes had decided to give\\nup Fort Christina, a ship named the Fredenburg, Captain Jacob Powel-\\nson, of Utrecht, Holland, arrived with a company of Hollanders, who,\\nunder the Dutchman Joost De Bogaredt as a commander for Sweden,\\nhad been sent out by Henry Hockhammer, according to grant and\\nagreement with the Swedish Government, to settle as Swedish colonists\\non the Delaware. The distress of the resident Swedes was relieved by\\nDe Bogaredt, and they continued at Fort Christina. Another colony\\nwas begun a few miles below, and soon the trade of the Dutch West\\nIndia Company on the South River was entirely ruined.\\nIn the fall of 1640 Peter Hollendare came from Gottenburg to Fort\\nChristina as Deputy Governor of the Swedes in America two vessels\\nsoon followed, and a new treaty was made with the Indians for\\nmore land. Tlie Swedes called their territory Nya Swerige, or New\\nSweden, and to Zuydt Riviere they gave the title of New Swedeland\\nStream. Nye Swerige was more foitunate than Swaanendael it had\\nbecome a successful colony, the first pcrvianent settlement on the\\nDelaware. Minuit had proved a good guide and a sagacious, even if\\ncrafty, commandant; but his work was done. In 1641, according to\\nAcrelius, the Swedish historian, he died at Fort Christina, while\\nPeter Hollendare continued the government.\\nThe colonists of Virginia, as early as 1629, extended by Nathaniel\\nBasse an invitation to such of the people of New PLngland as preferred\\na fertile soil and mild climate, to come and settle in the Valley of the", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "jVEIV haven colony on the DELAWARE.\\n35\\nDelaware. The matter was discussed among the Puritans, but the first\\nadventurers sent to the Delaware by them were from New Haven, in\\n1638, the year that colony was founded. The traders of New Haven,\\nGeorge Lamberton and others, led the way. The project of emigra-\\ntion was O -iginated by a few enterprising persons, who soon formed a\\ncompany that finally sold out its interest to the community at large,\\nwhich, as a Church, desired to establish a mission among the Dela-\\nwares, and found a prosperous colony where all should li\\\\ e in godly\\norder, and their children after them should continue to abide under\\nthe wings of Christ.\\nCaptain Nathaniel Turner bought of the Indians, for 30, the land\\nalong shore from Cape May to Raccoon Creek, Varcken s Kill, Hog\\nCreek, or Salem River; the deed was dated November 24th, 1638.\\nAt different times during the next two years additional lands were\\npurchased by and for the New Haven adventurers. They were helped\\nin their negotiations by a refugee sachem of the Pequods, and repre-\\nsented that their lands cost t hem iJ 6oa in all. (A^. H. Col. Rcc)\\nIn April, 1641, an expedition of some twenty families, or sixty or\\nmore persons, sailed for the Delaware in Lamberton s bark, or ketch,\\nunder command of Robert Cogswf^ll. Vo\\\\ aging by the way of Man-\\nhattan, they were detained by Kieft but promising allegiance to the\\nDutch if they settled in Dutch territories, they were allowed to go on.\\nThe New Haven people landed on Varcken s Kill, near Salem, New\\nJersey, and on the Schuylkill. Trading houses and habitations were\\nerected on Varcken s Kill. The Schuylkill settlement was at or near\\nFort Eriwomeck, the headquarters of New Albion; the Dutch Bevers-\\nrede, the Indian Armenveruis, or Passyunk, at Philadelphia. These\\nplantations were to be governed in combination with New Haven,\\nand Captain Turner was furloughed from New Haven and authorized\\nto go to the Delaware, for his own advantage, and the public good in\\nsettling the affairs thereof.\\nTiiough the New Haven people were intruding upon territories\\nclaimed by both the Dutch and Swedes, yet such was the confusion of\\ntitles that their claim may have been supposed by them as good as\\nany; besides, they found Sir Edmund Plowden in the bay, with an\\nEnglish grant of New Albion, and gave allegiance to him as Earl\\nPalatine. Kieft, however, considered that Cogswell had purposely\\ndeceived him, and the Swedes were ready, as they had agreed, to co-\\noperate to keep out the English. In May, 1642, two sloops, the\\nReal and Saint Martin, with thirty men, under Jan Janscn Van Ilpen-\\ndam, of Fort Nassau, were sent by Kieft s orders to break up the\\nEnglish settlements on the Delaware. Fort pj-iwomeck was first\\nvisited there were some Marylanders at that place of the rougher\\nsort, and accounts differ as to the result of Kieft s proclamation, which\\nwas read to them. One author asserts that the English were so", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "36 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nviolently blasphemous and threatening, that Jansen drew off his sloops\\nand made the best of his way out of the Schuylkill but others declare\\nthe colony there was broken up.\\nFrom the Schuylkill Jansen sailed to Varcken s Kill. There, meet-\\ning no resistance, he burned the English buildings, took possession\\nof all the goods, and bore away most of the people as prisoners\\nto Fort Amsterdam, at Manhattan. Their goods were restored to the\\nNew Haven people, and they proceeded home to Connecticut. The\\ncolony on Varcken s Kill had been very unfortunate the members had\\ncome on foot from Boston to New Haven, where they remained but a\\nshort time before moving to the Delaware the winter they spent on\\nVarcken s Kill was excessively cold, and the summer had been very\\nsickly their time, their trouble, the cost of their lands, all were lost,\\nas well as damage done their goods. Still the undaunted Lamberton\\ncontinued to trade in the Delaware from New Haven, though annoyed\\nand interrupted at times; the New Haven people also attempted,\\nthough in vain, to renew their colony, being turned back at Manhattan.\\nThe records of New Haven for a few years show the public and private\\nloss from the Delaware enterprise. The sufferers applied to the Com-\\nmissioners of New England, to Oliver Cromwell, to Richard, his son,\\nand finally, to Nichols, when he first came out, for restitution at\\nthe expense of the Dutch. Their losses were more than a thousand\\npounds sterling, but, from one cause and another, nothing was ever\\nrealized by them in return.\\nThere was no original and permanent colony from New England on\\nthe Delaware until the whalemen, who first appear on record in 16S5,\\nsettled at Cape May. Although Plowden, who never had many men\\nwith him, had been unable to defend his earldom, or protect the people\\nwho recognized him as their lord, and although the colony was driven\\nout to return no more, still members of the Calvinistic community\\nwere left behind, and the fame of the Delaware was spread abroad\\nby the quarrels which followed. In the settlements of the following\\ngeneration around the bay, the Yanokies (silent men), as the Mais\\nTchusaeg, or Massachusetts Indians, called the New Englanders, had\\ntheir full share of action, influence, and honor, as is usual everywhere.\\nComparing a record of the early settlers of New Haven and Cape May,\\nabout one-fifth of the family names from the Cape May list arc inscribed\\non the older New Haven document.\\nPeter HoUendare remained as the successor of Govcrner Minuit\\nbut eighteen months. On the 15th of February, 1643, after Hollen-\\ndare s return to Sweden, Colonel John Printz arrived at Christina, and\\nat once assumed office by virtue of his commission as Governor for\\nthe Queen of Sweden. Governor Printz came out in the ship Fame,\\nattended by the Svan or Stork, and by the Charitas all armed vessels.\\nThe instructions of the new Governor were full and explicit. About a", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "PRE- HISTORIC RUINS IN NEW JERSEY. t^-j\\nhundred soldiers came with hitn, as well as many colonists, the royal\\ncouncil having appropriated over two million dollars annually for the\\nsupport of his administration. Printz was directed to keep on good\\nterms with the Dutch and cultivate trade with the English of Virginia,\\nand especially to see that the Indians were treated with consideration\\nand justice, as the original owners of the soil. Still, the Swedes were\\nto assume control of the Delaware, that the river may be shut, and\\nin case of aggression on the west side they were commanded to repel\\nforce by force; Printz was thus to take care of his jurisdiction.\\nOn Tenacong, now Tinicum Island, Printz built the fort. New Got-\\ntenburg, of vast logs, and erected Printz Hall for his residence. To\\nshut up the river, a fort was built on Varcken s Kill, called Helsing-\\nborg or Elsingburg; it had three angles, and mounted eight twelve-\\npound guns.\\nThe Rev. John Campanius, of Stockholm, came with Printz as\\nchaplain; Reorus Torkillus had served in that capacity at Christina\\nfrom the first. He died the 7th of September following the arrival\\nof his colleague, being but thirty-five years old, still memorable as\\nthe first Lutheran missionary in the Delaware Valley, if not in all\\nAmerica.\\nThere is a well-authenticated tradition related by the Swedish\\nbotanist, Peter Kalm, in 1748, upon the authority of Moons Keen,\\none of the ancient Swedes, regarding Fort Helsingborg. When work\\nwas begun upon the fort, the builders found traces of ancient occu-\\npants in certain wells, which were bricked up to a depth of twenty\\nfeet or more under ground there were vessels and fragments of\\npottery, with broken and displaced brick also found near by, giving\\nunmistakable evidence of the civilization of former residents. The\\nsituation of the wells and the position of the other relics was in a\\nmeadow near the river, where all the surroundings indicated the\\nabsolute antiquity of the pre-historic settlement. The Indians, who\\nhad occupied the ground for generations, had no knowledge or tradi-\\ntion of people who dug wells and used bricks and pottery in a civilized\\nmanner, but assured the Swedes the relics had certainly been where\\nthey found them for more than a hundred and fifty years, ever since\\nthe voyages of Columbus. Were these wells the work of Lief PLrik-\\nson, and the Norwegian Christians, a.d. 996 to a.d. looo? Were\\nthey dug by the men who built the round tower at Newport?\\nIn October of 1643, the year Helsingborg was established, De\\nVries again visited South River, putting in as he was on his way to\\nVirginia. As the craft came abreast of P ort Helsingborg, a gun was\\nfired for her to strike her flag and come to. Blanck, the schipper,\\nasked advice of De Vries. If it were my ship I should not strike,\\nsaid De Vries, for I am a patroon of New Netherland, and the\\nSwedes are mere intruders in our river. The schipper, however,", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "38 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nhad a desire to trade, and lowered his colors. A boat came on\\nboard the vessel at once, and she sailed up to Tinicum that after-\\nnoon. The Dutch were welcomed to Fort Gottenburg by the Governor,\\nwho was named Captain Printz, a man of brave size, who weighed\\nover four hundred pounds. Being informed of the position of De\\nVries and his doings on the Delaware, Printz drank his health in a\\ngreat romer of Rhine wine. The Dutch traded confectionery and\\nMadeira wine for beaver-skins at the fort for five days, and then\\nvisited Fort Nassau, where a garrison of Dutchmen was found. Re-\\nturning to Tinicum, De Vries went with Printz to Fort Christina,\\nwhere there were now several houses, and spent the night with\\nthe Governor, who treated him well. On parting from the Swedes\\nthe Rotterdam vessel fired a salute in honor of their hospitahty, and\\nsailed away for Virginia. Thus De Vries, who forebore his vengeance\\nupon the feeble Nanticokes, and ever counseled justice and peace in\\ndealing with the bow-bearing Indians of Manhattan, was brave enough\\nof himself to defy a battery of cannon in an unarmed vessel, and court-\\neous enough to- win the favor of a supposed enemy and competitor.\\nPatroon De Vries spent the winter of 1643 in Virginia, and sailed\\nfrom there for Holland, where he arrived in June, 1644. De Vries had\\ngiven his best efforts for a dozen years to New Netherland, but the\\npetulance of Hossett, the mismanagement of Van Twiller, and the stub-\\nborn folly of Kieft, had thwarted his sagacious endeavors, and to him\\nthe memory of his sojourn in the New World was a sad retrospect of\\nlosses and tragical disappointments he seems never to have revisited\\nAmerica.\\nDavid Pietersen De Vries was one of the finest characters of New\\nNetherland history. A man of the people, he was ever a foe to des-\\npotism, injustice, and cruelty. In Manhattan, where he resided so long\\nand honorably, he was, as Chairman of the Citizens Committee, the\\nacknowledged head of the Dutch democracy. The Indians trusted De\\nVries as a Swannekin who never lied like the others, and his influ-\\nence with the aborigines, with his characteristic tact and discrimination,\\nmore than once saved the province from destruction.\\nTo the folly and mismanagement of Van Twiller De Vries opposed the\\ncoolness of practical sense and the courage of a hero. When the fool-\\nhardy and barbarous Director Kieft ordered the massacre of his Indian\\nrefugee guests, De Vries gave earnest warning, and the revengeful ruin\\nwhich followed came upon Manhattan despite the protest of the deitio-\\ncratic leader. Firm and perhaps overbearing in maintaining his own\\nrights as a citizen and privileged proprietor among his equals, even at\\nthe cannon s mouth, he forebore revenge upon the ignorant savage\\ntrespasser, and ever counseled and practiced honesty and humanity in\\nall dealings with his Indian neighbors. Wise in council, prudent in\\naction, De Varies stood firm for right, palliated the evils he could not", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "TRANSLATION OF THE LUTHERAN CATECHISM.\\n39\\navert, and constantly manifested that self-control and magnanimity\\nwhich won the affection of the Indians from Fort Orange to Sandy\\nHook, and conciliated the barbarians of Swaanendael and Scheyichbi,\\nmaking smooth and peaceful the ways of his successors on the Dela-\\nware.\\nThough filling a merely subordinate position, De Varies was by nature\\nand experience equally commendable as a man, a citizen, a commander,\\na diplomat, or a statesman. It would be untrue to history and unjust\\nboth to him and his creed not to record, in addition, the fact that the\\nfirst resident patroon and owner of Cape May was a man of religious\\nsentiments, in principle, after the best ideal, a devout and consistent\\nChristian.\\nOn the i6th of May, 1648, the Rev. John Campanius returned to\\nSweden. He had been chaplain of New Sweden since the year 1642,\\nand was a man of much earnestness and application. In addition to\\nhis duties as chaplain, Campanius kept a copious journal of his vo) age\\nto America and his observations in New Sweden. The Indians fre-\\nquented the house of Campanius, who never wearied in discussing with\\nthem the tenets of his Church, and recorded that he found them able\\nto comprehend the doctrines of his creed. Struck with the patience,\\naptness, and docility of his pupils, Campanius studied their language,\\nand translated the Lutheran Catechism into the Lenni Lenape dialect\\nof the Algonquin tongue. This book was printed by royal command\\nat Stockholm, in Indian and Swedish, in 1696, in one volume, 160\\npages, i2mo; to the text a vocabulary is added, with examples, dia-\\nlogues, etc.\\nThere is a copy of this Swedish-Indian Lutheran Catechism in the\\npossession of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, and\\none was owned by Peter S. DuPonceau, LL.D., of the Pennsylvania\\nHistorical Society. Clay, in his Swedish Annals, suggests that the\\nSwedes may claim the honor of having been the first missionaries\\namong the Indians, at least in Pennsylvania; and that, perhaps, the very\\nfirst work translated into the Indian language in America was the\\ntranslation of Luther s Catechism, by Campanius.\\nPresumably, the author of the Annals refers to Protestant mission-\\naries for, not to mention the Spanish priests who came over even with\\nColumbus, and soon made converts, the French Catholics at Port\\nRoyal (Annapolis, N. S.) began teaching the Micmacs and Abcnckis as\\nearly as 1605 and the Jesuits were there at public expense as mission-\\naries to the Indians in 161 1. De Saussaye founded the mission of\\nSt. Sauveur. on the Penobscot, in 161 3, which, in August of the same\\nyear, Argall, of Virginia, piratically destroyed. There was a mission\\nto the Hurons by Brebeuf, Daniel, and Lallemand; the Jesuit Fathers,\\nin 1634, and an amply endowed Indians hospital at Quebec, in 1635.\\nA.n Indian seminary was founded at Quebec, with money and teachers,", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "40\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nthe same year, and about the time the Swedes came to Zuydt River\\nan Ursuline convent school for Indians was established there,\\nFive years before EHot preached to a tribe six miles from Boston,\\nCharles Raymbault and Isaac Jogues, under Jesuit direction, penetrated\\nin 1641 to the outlet of Lake Superior, and preached Christ and him\\ncrucified to a congregation of two thousand wild aborigines. Not a\\ncape was turned, nor a river entered, says Bancroft, but a Jesuit led\\nthe way. Dissent is free, thank God Even dissent from dissent, at\\nlast; but history must crown with a just award those to whom, what-\\never the dogma, the cross meant obedience, patience, and self-denial,\\nwho bore the symbol of a divine humanity to savage men, and, in the\\nspeechless death-agony of Indian tortures, offered their cruel execu-\\ntioners the sign of universal love, mercy, and forgiveness\\nCampanius and Eliot began labor in the same field at about the same\\ntime, and though the work of Eliot was the greatest and most success-\\nful, the purpose was identical, and the honor due each is of the same\\nnature. The Swedish chaplain acquired the Renni Rennappi lan-\\nguage during the six years of his stay on the Delaware, but his trans-\\nlation of the Lutheran Catechism was not put to press until 1696.\\nEliot began to preach in Indian October 28th, 1646, the Mohegan New\\nTestament was printed in Boston in 1661, and the whole Bible two\\nyears later fifteen years after Eliot began the translation.\\nThe printer s work on this Mohegan Bible the first Bible published\\nin America was slowly done by an Englishman, and John Printer, an\\nIndian youth. The work included a catechism, and the Psalms of David\\nin Indian verse. Fifteen hundred copies were printed, at a cost of two\\nthousand dollars several of them, richly bound, being presented to\\nKing Charles of England. Eliot s Bible may be seen in the Phila-\\ndelphia Library, in the library of Harvard College, and a few other like\\nplaces {q.\\\\\\\\ as these copies are, those who can read them are fewer still.\\nTo give an example of the difficulties encountered by Campanius in\\nhis translation, it is said that, as the Indians used no bread, he was\\ncompelled to translate the Lord s Prayer: Give us this day a plentiful\\nsupply of venison and corn. Eliot, in translating the Biblical account\\nin which the mother of Sisera is described as looking through the\\nlattice, described a lattice to his Indian assistants, upon whom he\\nwas compelled to depend for a word: what must have been his chagrin\\nto find, afterwards, that he had made the mother of Sisera look out\\nof the window through a wicker-basket trap for eels A thorough\\nscholar like Eliot was needed to deal with the synthetical difficulties\\nof a language in which, as no unconverted Indian knelt, the phraes\\nkneeling down unto him is of necessity translated and printed\\nWutappessttukgussunnoohwehtunkguok yet l^liot translated several\\nworks into Mohegan, notably a Mohegan grammar, and an Indian\\nLogick Primer.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE PRAYING INDIANS.\\n41\\nIt required the labor of years, says Loskiel, the Moravian mission-\\nary, to make the Delaware dialect capable of expressing abstract truth.\\nA new language had to be forged out of existing terms, by circumlo-\\ncutions and combinations. Eliot caught the analogies of nature to\\nconvey moral truth in his Indian Bible. Each Indian tongue and\\ndialect was a perfectly organized language, expressive of all material\\nthings, but there were few words to express aught else; no terms for\\ncontinence, justice, gratitude, or holiness. It was impossible to trans-\\nlate the doxology into the purely synthetic, absolutely definite Indian\\ntongue, and hence the Onondagas were taught to sing: Glory be\\nto our Father, and to His Son, and to Their Holy Ghost. Cotton\\nMather, who based his orthodoxy on witchcraft, gravely stated that he\\ntested the demons around him, who made a pretense of being linguists,\\nwith the Indian tongue. These imps, Mather says, frequented his\\npremises, and could well manage Latin, Hebrew, and Greek with ease,\\nbut at the Mohegan dialect they shrank back in dismay. The pleas-\\ning inference is that the Indians were a people unknown in hell but\\nthe cruel old witch-hunter did not tell the story as a compliment to\\nthe Mohegans, but honestly as a fact, one worthy the most fortunate\\nspiritualist.\\nBoth the Mohegans and Delawares were appreciative of the work\\ndone for them by their apostles and catechists. Eliot had three thou-\\nsand six hundred praying Indians, whom he led like a flock, until\\nKing Philip s Indian war, when the men of Massachusetts, mad with\\nterror and despair, turned upon even the inoffensive, praying Indians,\\nbroke up their unarmed civilized towns, and drove their innocent red\\nfellow-Christians through suffering to foreign slavery. So perished the\\nhope of John Eliot. The Swedish missionaries sent out by the King\\nand Church of Sweden to the Delaware in 1696 wrote back: The\\nIndians and we are as one people. They are also very fond of learning\\nthe catechism, which has been printed in their language. They like to\\nhave it read to them, and they have engaged Mr. Charles Springer to\\nteach their children to read it. And these same people protested\\nalike to Swedes, Dutch, and English everywhere against the sale of\\nrum to their young men.\\nFew, if any, of the Indians of the Delaware became Christians in the\\ntime of Campanius, but afterwards, when broken as a tribe by contact\\nwith the whites, the Moravians became the kindly guardians of a part\\nof their people, and many of them joined that church, and settled\\npeacefully and prosperously at Conestoga, only to be driven from\\ntheir last home in Pennsylvania by the murderous Paxton boys, who,\\ncoveting their land, killed many of them in 1762. Under the able\\nleadership of their chief, the educated, pious Isaac Still, the remnant\\nof the Delawares emigrated to the valley of the Wabash, far away\\nthen, as they desired to be, from war and rum. The last party of", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "42\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nabout forty started in the fall of 1775. The great tribe had left the\\nbanks of the Poutaxit forever. In 1803 Hanna Hannah, last of the\\nLenapees in the east, died in Chester County. So passed away the\\npeaceful, wise, and influential original people. In their dealings\\nwith the white man, says Colonel Wm. B. Sipes, in his sketch of the\\nPennsylvania Railroad, they were scrupulously honest, and many of\\nthem became strongly attached to the early settlers. The treaties they\\nmade, which cost them so much and profited them so little, were never\\nbroken, and when they had dwindled away, before the advancing tide\\nof civilization, to a mere remnant of a mighty race, they \\\\dX the burial\\nplaces of their fathers in search of new homes without a stain upon\\ntheir honor.\\nRegretting that the limits of his work prohibit more extended recog-\\nnition of the faithful Lenni Lenape, the author has chosen a word from\\ntheir language to grace his title-page, Scheyichbi having been the\\nancient Indian name of New Jersey.\\nThe Swedes Governor, John Printz, writes Governor Winthrop, of\\nNew England, in his history, was a man very furious and passionate,\\ncursing and swearing, and also reviling the P^nglish of New Haven\\nas runnigates. The Swedish policy brought Printz into a series of\\nquarrels with the Dutch of Fort Nassau, and they found no exemp-\\ntion from his bad manners. For all that, the Governor of the Swedes\\nwas an able man, and not only managed well in the fur trade, but so\\noverslaughed and undermined the power of the Dutch, that in 1649,\\nabout ten years after the settlement by Minuit at Paghacking, the\\nSwedes were supreme on the Delaware.\\nOn the iith of May, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant succeeded Wilhelmus\\nKieft as Director-General of New Netherland. For several years\\naffairs at Manhattan restrained and preoccupied him, but in 165 1\\ndecided measures were taken to reassert the claims of the Dutch\\non South River, where Stuyvesant proceeded in person. After un-\\nsatisfactory negotiations with Printz, the Dutch bought of certain\\nIndians lands five miles below Fort Christina, and at Newcastle,\\nDelaware, they built a fort which they called Kasimir, Fort Nassau\\nbeing demolished.\\nP ailing to receive the reinforcements he demanded, Printz returned\\nto Sweden, November 7th, 1653, leaving John Papegoia in charge of\\nthe colony. But Sweden had not forgotten her colony, but entrusted\\nit to a General College of Commerce, and in 1653 John Rising,\\nGovernor of New Sweden, in command of a strong military force,\\nentered the Delaware, where there had been for some time less than\\na score of Swedish soldiers. Rising managed to gain possession of\\nFort Casimir without fighting, and at once fully rcstablished the power\\nof Sweden, and soon concluded a just peace with the Indians.\\nWhen Peter Stuyvesant learned of tlic dishonorable surrender of", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CONQUEST OF NEW SWEDEN. 43\\nthe fort made by Gerrit Bikker, and of his officers desertion to tlie\\nSwedes, with a third of his men, his rage was mighty, and he at once\\nreported the affair to Amsterdam, where his anger was equaled by that\\nof the directors. A Swedish ship, the Golden Shark, entering Man-\\nhattan Bay soon after by mistake, was detained until a reciprocal\\nrestitution shall have been made. Meantime, however. Rising wrote\\nhome an account of his success, saying that whereas he found but\\nseventy persons in New Sweden, there were then three hundred and\\nsixty-eight who acknowledged his authority, including Hollanders\\nand others.\\nOn Sunday, September 5th, 1655, after the sermon, Peter Stuy-\\nvesant, with seven powerful vessels and about seven hundred men,\\nsailed from Manhattan, under orders from Amsterdam, for the sub-\\njugation of New Sweden. The next (Monday) afternoon the fleet\\nwas off Helsingborg, then in ruins; on the lOth of the month the\\nDutch forces landed near Casimir, which, being much overpowered,\\nsurrendered without defense. Rising shut himself up in Fort Christina,\\nand, though closely invested from the 15th, held out until the 25th of\\nSeptember. The Swedish town having been sacked. New Sweden\\nravaged, and Christina invested by an overwhelming force, Rising, to\\navoid an exterminating bombardment, surrendered, and the flag of\\nSweden, which in defense of freedom had waved victoriously in Europe,\\nsank to rise no more in America.\\nThe Dutch forces were recalled to Manhattan in haste to repel an\\nIndian invasion. The conquerers had been in New Sweden three\\nweeks a body of men twice the number of the entire Swedish popu-\\nlation living on the country. Consequently, on the 1 8th of December,\\n1655, when John Paul Jacquet arrived at Zuydt Riviere as Vice-\\nDirector for Stuyvesant, out of an original population of nearly four\\nhundred but a dozen families remained, and, besides. Fort Casimir was\\nno better than a ruin. On July 12th, 1656, the Dutch West India\\nCompany conceded the land from Boomtjes Hcuken to Cape Hen-\\nlopen to Amsterdam, for seven hundred thousand guilders ($266,000);\\nthis territory became a colony of that municipality of Holland, under\\nthe name of Nieuwer Amstel, the capital being at the present New-\\ncastle. New Amstel was ruled with much rigor; to desert the colony\\nwas punishable with death, yet the numerous emigrants sent out by\\nthe city could not be retained. A trading post and small garrison\\nwere kept up at the Horekill, where in 1662 an Anabaptist Men-\\nnonist community of twenty-five families settled under the leadership\\nof Peter Cornelis Plockhoy. The Mennonists were a liberal, catholic,\\ntolerant people, and their co-operative institutions were very free and\\ndemocratic. For several years, owing to disagreements between the\\nauthorities of Manhattan and New Amstel, and between both of them\\nand the Governors of Maryland, confusion and distress continued west", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "44\\nSCHEYICHDI AND THE STRAND.\\nof the Delaware, and the dissatisfied people were scattered abroad by\\nrepeated alarms and panics.\\nThe glorious rise and progress of the Batavian Republic astonished\\nthe world; the commercial and manufacturing greatness of Holland\\naroused the bitter and ignoble jealousy of the English. In 1664, in a\\ntime of peace and progress, Eingland made a treacherous attack upon\\nthe Dutch. On the 8th of September, Manhattan and New Netherland\\nwere peaceably but unavoidably surrendered to a piratical expedition\\nwhich Charles II. of England sent out to place his brother James,\\nDuke of York, in possession of the province of the Hollanders. Sir\\nRobert Carr was sent to take possession of the Delaware. Some de-\\nfense was made at New Amstel by Hinoyssa the Governor; the place\\nwas captured, however, the Dutch soldiers sold into Virginian slavery,\\nand the people plundered, even of their farms in some cases. A boat\\nwas sent to the Horekill and the colony there was robbed among the\\ngoods carried off was what belonged to the Quaking Society of Plock-\\nhoy, to a very naile. The court of England tried in vain to justify\\nthese acts before the world they merited the scorn of mankind. Nine\\nyears after, even Charles II. repented of his buccaneering; then Hol-\\nland opened her dikes, and aided by the flood defeated two hundred\\nthousand French troops with twenty thousand man; infinitely bold\\nagainst desperate odds, the Dutch, at the same time, day after day\\noutfought the fighting ships of Britain, until the shattered fleet, sailing\\nas from an infernal scourge, hid behind the strongest forts, while the\\nrevengeful guns of De Ruyter and Tromp bellowed in insolent triumph\\nalong the shores of England.\\nBy the overthrow of the power of the Dutch West India Company\\nand the States of Holland in North America, James, Duke of York,\\nbecame Governor of Ne-w Netherland. Before tlie sailing of the expe-\\ndition for the conquest of Manhattan, James appointed Nicolls, its\\ncommander, his deputy, to act as such after the subjugation of the\\nDutch colony. Nicolls had been gone from England but a month\\nwhen, on the twenty-third of June, the Duke of York, well knowing\\nthe success of the enterprise was assured by the treachery which con-\\nceived it, sold to Lord John Berkeley, Privy Councillor and Baron of\\nStratton, and Sir George Carteret, of Sattrum, Devon County, Knight,\\na native of the Isle of Jersey, all the territory now included in the\\nState of New Jersey, which then received the name of New Jersey,\\nor Nova Caesaria. James was one of the worst bigots of the I^nglish\\nline of kings all his good qualities, as a man, a prince, a king, were\\nfoiled with glaring defects, yet in his honor the name of Manhattan was\\nchanged hy Nicolls to New York, the west of the Hudson was called\\nAlbania, and Long Island received the appellation of Yorkshire;\\nthus all the various titles of the Duke were foisted upon the country\\nat once the force of flattery could no farther go.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE ADMINISTRA TION OF NICOLLS.\\n45\\nThe flag of Britain now covered the coast of the Colonies which\\nbecame the thirteen original United States freedom and progress were\\nserved by injustice in the end, but the people of New York, who\\nimagined the privileges of Englishmen were to be added to the secure\\npossession of their property, soon had reason to sigh for the honest\\ndespotism of Stuyvesant, to save them from the extortions of their new\\nand rapacious governors; while the Duke of York and his agents\\nwere presently forced to realize in disappointment that the profitable\\ndespotism they had planned was impossible among such a people as\\nthose they fancied they had made their victims and servants.\\nBy his sale to Berkeley and Carteret, the Duke of York prefigured\\nthe outlines of the State of New Jersey, and unwittingly forecast the\\ndestiny of a free Commonwealth. The change of government which\\nhad made Colonel Nicolls Governor of New York and Albania and,\\nas President of the Royal Commission, presumptive potentate of New\\nEngland, was of vital importance to the people of the Colonies, especi-\\nally those near New York and the new administration, appreciative\\nof its opportunities, was not slow to energetically assert its powers.\\nThe citizens of New Haven, who had paid six hundred pounds for\\nlands on the Delaware, and perhaps lost as much more in fruitless\\nexpeditions thither, who had remonstrated with Kieft, quarreled with\\nStuyvesant, and sought the aid of Cromwell, through their General\\nCourt, by letter, detailed their grievances to the Royal Commissioners;\\nbut the new Governor was too busy to pause to nicely adjust the scales\\nof justice. Ignoring the investitures of the past and the equities of\\nthe present, heedless of its own engagements, the government of New\\nYork devoted itself to the illegal profit of its officials and the assidu-\\nous and flattering service of its ducal patron.\\nGovernor Nicolls, in ignorance of the sale to Berkeley and Carteret,\\nmade more than two months before the capture of New Netherland,\\nnamed New Jersey and the western bank of the Hudson Albania,\\nin compliment to the Scottish title of the Duke of York. This ter-\\nritory he was exceedingly anxious to populate. Tracts of land on\\nHackensack Neck and elsewhere were granted to parties from New\\nEngland, who, as required by Nicolls, satisfied the claims of the Indian\\nresidents. The Dutch, in 1663, had given a party of Puritans liberty\\nto settle in Nova Belgia (New Jersey), with an almost independent\\ncharter for a local government, and the settlements under Nicolls\\nwere largely the outworking of similar plans by other Yankee asso-\\nciations.\\nThe pioneers from New Haven, and those who soon followed them\\nfrom the east, brought to their new homes the same dogmatic temper\\nand theocratic ideas which characterized the ecclesiastical tyrannies of\\nearly New P^ngland but with them they brought also the inflexible\\nresolution and unceasing industry for which the people of that section\\n4", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "46 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nhave ever been distinguished. The New Enghmd emigrants soon ac-\\nquired the influence in New Jersey their pertinacious habits guaranteed\\nfrom the first, and if the constitution and laws of the new Common-\\nwealth were more favorable to liberty than the primitive enactments of\\nM.issachusetts and Connecticut, it was not the fault of the conscien-\\ntiously stubborn Puritans\\nWliile Nicolls by every means encouraged the settlement of Albania,\\nand noted with pride the multiplying farms and increasing villages from\\nBergen to Sandy liook, news came that the action of the dull James\\nof York had disparted his Colony, and conceded the fairest and most\\npromising portion to overreaching speculators. In August, 1665,\\nPhilip Carteret entered New Jersey, and by virtue of the provision\\nwhich, in English law, vested the Proprietary of a colony with juris-\\ndiction, assumed the office of Governor, under the warrant of his father\\nand Lord Berkeley.\\nGovernor Nicolls was much vexed at the unexpected turn thus given\\naffairs, and tried, but in vain, to induce the Duke of York to compel\\nthe reconveyance of the territories he had parted with in ignorance of\\ntheir value. Berkeley and Carteret remained in possession and control,\\nbut it was a long time before the duke or his agents, who assumed to\\nhold by feudal tenure, ceased to claim rightful jurisdiction, customs,\\nrights, and paramount sovereignty under the King.\\nThe {t\\\\ r settlers Philip Carteret found in his colony were well dis-\\nposed to receive him as their Chief Magistrate, and when a subsequent\\nGovernor of New York invaded New Jersey to intimidate them by a dis-\\nplay of the Royal Patent, the sturdy Puritans, without question of the\\nvalidity of the document presented, referred to Magna Charta as the\\nonly rule, privilege, and joint safety of every free-born Englishman,\\nand stood like a wall for the independence of New Jersey. The begin-\\nning of the Commonwealth was but small. On a tract of land once sold\\nby the Indians to the Dutch, and afterwards to the Puritans, four\\nhouses stood in the same neighborhood in honor of Lady Carteret and\\nher kindness, this locality was called Elizabethtown, and in May, 166S,\\nbecame the scene of a Colonial Legislature and the capital of the\\nProvince.\\nThe property of Berkeley and Carteret was almost a wilderness to\\ninduce emigration its owners had sent successful messengers to New\\nMaven to invite the rigid Calvinists to a home on their shores, while,\\nat the same time, the most liberal concessions to liberty were promised\\nwhoever should join them in their invasion of the primeval woodlands.\\nThe Governor, the Council, and popular Representatives were to\\n^create the laws, persons and property were to be secure, no ta.xes were\\nto be levied but by the Colonial Assembly, both Propriet^^ries and\\npeople were to unite in maintenance of their mutual rights, even against\\nroyal imposition; and last and greatest of all, freedom of juelg.nent,", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "AN ECONOMICAL HERESY.\\n47\\nconscience, and worship were guaranteed every peaceable person. The\\npower of veto, judicial appointments, and the executive authority were\\nall which was reserved for the Proprietaries. The lands of the new\\nState were to be held under a quit-rent of a half-penny an acre, the\\npayment of which was deferred for five years, or until 1670; and to\\nplease the Royal Duke, who was President of the African Company,\\na bounty of seventy-five acres of land was offered for the importation\\nof every able-bodied negro slave.\\nAs the Dutch patroons had done, settlers were required to base the\\ntitle to their lands in equity, by a fair and satisfactory purchase of their\\nestates from the Indians.\\nThe compact of New Jersey being ratified by the people, and peace\\nprevailing under the mild sway of Philip Carteret, the province pros-\\npered and increased, encouraged by a temperate and salubrious climate,\\nunited with a fruitful soil easy of tillage; but in 16^0 the quit-rents\\nbecame due, and then the Puritans, who, in New Haven, had Arthur\\nSmith brought into Court in 1659, and fined fifty pounds, because he\\nexpressed some of the divvilish oppinions of the cursed hercticks\\nthe Quakers, developed a peculiar heresy of their own. Referring to\\ntheir well-thumbed Bibles, from which they were apt to wrench a text\\nto cover any purpose, they argued that Noah was the original proprietor\\nof New Jersey, having in himself and heirs become invested with the\\nsame by his landing on Mount Ararat, directly after his protracted\\nvoyage in the ark. The title having thus been in Noah, as they argued,\\nfollowed his descendants. The Indians were lineal offspring of Noah,\\nthey bought their lands of the Indians, and hence, particularly as Gov-\\nernor Nicolls had approved the deed and Carteret himself assented\\nthereto, they refused rent which was merely due by the laws of Eng-\\nland and their own voluntary contract and agreement.\\nTo save a few shillings, the Puritan farmers precipitated anarchy,\\ndrove Philip Carteret from his Governor s chair, and hunted William\\nPardon, who withheld the records from them, out of the country as if\\na malefactor. A new Governor was chosen by an irregular assembly\\nof delegates, in the person of James Carteret, a trifling young man, an\\nillegitimate son of Sir George; and while the legal Governor, leaving\\nJohn Berry as his deputy, voyaged to England for fresh instructions\\nand renewed authority, the revolutionists cultivated their farms in peace,\\nkept the quit-rents in their pockets, and doubtless regarded Noah as a\\nman who had left something very hand.some to his family. Great prin-\\nciples dawn slowly on the minds of men, and rightful independence and\\nfreedom are evolved, age after age, through the crimes of those who\\ngrope toward truth in selfishness and disorder.\\nWhile toleration was established in New Jersey and the exercise of\\nfreedom urged to the license of revolution, Liberty was exiled from\\nNew York, and justice banished that corruption might prostitute the", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a248 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\noffices of government. There was no popular representation, the Gov-\\nernor and his Council made the laws, decided causes, and assumed\\nexecutive supremacy moreover, the functions of government were\\nmade means of extortion, and the people were plundered in the name\\nof law and recurity. Contrary to the stipulations of the surrender,\\nEven the Dutch patents for land were held to require renewal, and\\nNicolls gathered a harvest of fees from exacting new title-deeds.\\nThat which had been New Sweden was retained under the government\\nof New York, and shared the evils of an extortionate oppression,\\nGovernor Lovelace, who succeeded Nicolls in 1667, added to the trials\\nof the people even the Swedes and Finns became turbulent. The\\nmethod for keeping the people in order is severity, said Lovelace,\\nand laying such taxes as may give them liberty for no thought but\\nhow to discharge them. Regardless of the liberties of New Jersey,\\narbitrary customs were collected at the mouth of the Delaware by the\\nagents of the Duke of York. The people of Maryland invaded\\nLewestown with an armed force in 1672, to establish the domain of\\nLord Baltimore on the shores of the Delaware the country was at\\nonce reclaimed by Sir Robert Carr, deputy of Governor Lovelace, as\\nbelonging to the Duke of York by conquest.\\nWhile all these things took place, the claims of Berkeley and Carteret\\nwere reaffirmed in England, and it seemed that trouble was impending\\nfor the New Jersey anti-renters suddenly the political kaleidoscope\\nwas shifted by an unexpected hand Evertsen of Zeeland, command-\\ning a Dutch fleet, appeared in New York harbor, the 30th of July,\\n1673 again without a blow Manhattan was surrendered, the flag of\\nHolland waved once more over New Netherland. The unjust war\\nupon Holland became unpopular in England, and Parliament refused\\nsupplies for its prosecution peace was declared on the 9th of February,\\n1674, andthe rights of neutral flags were established by the treaty which\\nfollowed, Holland under the teaching of Grotius having been the\\nfirst to claim the enfranchisement of the ocean, the freedom of the seas.\\nBy treaty, too, England regained the port of New York, with the geo-\\ngraphical unity of her Colonies, and the flag of Holland, radiant with vic-\\ntory and honor, was finally withdrawn from the shores of North America.\\nUnder Edmund Andros, the power of James of York was rein-\\nstated at Manhattan, October 31, 1674. The narrow-minded duke had\\nlearned nothing from experience, and though Andros was a better man\\nthan Nicolls or Carr, yet the despotic system which oppressed the\\npeople of New York and clutched at the Charter of Connecticut re-\\nmained. Philip Carteret reappeared in New Jersey, and renewed after\\na time his argumentative warfare for rights and dues according to feudal\\nlaw and kingly pleasure, with a people who claimed to hold their lands\\nfrom Noah, their privileges from Magna Charta, and their faith from\\nprivate judgment of the infallible word of God.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "PERSECUTION OF THE QUAKERS. 49\\nThe Proprietaries of New Jersey sought above all things for profit\\nfrom their province. Their liberal concession of popular rights was dic-\\ntated by a policy which, however laudable in its means, looked to the\\nsame end gained by the piracies of Carr and the maladministration\\nand extortion of Nicolls. Lord Berkeley was already an old man; as\\nno profit had been derived from his New Jersey property, and trouble\\nwas still apprehended from contumacious subjects and disputatious\\ntenants, he became willing to withdraw from the barren adventure.\\nWhere avarice falters in discouragement, and ambition halts in des-\\npair, the love of liberty populates the wilderness, and religious enthu-\\nsiasm builds the institutions of the State. From the time when Charles\\nI. laid his head upon the block in front of his own banquet hall in 1649,\\nthe sufferings of the peculiar people, the Quakers, had been indescrib-\\nable and universal whoever was tolerated they were disallowed they\\nwere contemned, insulted, fined, scourged, imprisoned, enslaved,\\nmaimed, branded, and hung, even in the New World. In England all\\nclasses united to persecute even the Presbyterians declared that hell\\nhad broken loose in the person of George Fox, and the mild apostle\\nwas forced to denounce them as exceeding rude and develish.\\nThey were as poor sheep appointed to the slaughter, and as a people\\nkilled all day long. And yet, aside from the irregularities of a few\\nfanatics, such as are found in all sects, the offense of the Quaker was\\nonly in his spirituality and his democracy. But in the days of Fox and\\nPenn, these were counted worthy of stripes, bonds, and death, by those\\nwho worshiped Churches and Kings more than God and even those who\\ncontended to the uttermost for purity of soul, and the right of private\\njudgment themselves, turned like wolves upon a people who gave to\\nthe Puritans version of the rights of man a still more radical translation.\\nResolute to bear witness in testimony of the truth of the Inward\\nLight, ready at all times to be offered up a sacrifice, the Quaker pre-\\nserved the serenity of his reason, whether he stood amid courts in the\\npresence of kings as a Counselor and Friend, or perished from hunger,\\ncold, and neglect amid the frozen filth of dungeons. He who affirmed\\nhimself the peer of peers, wore his hat as only a peer by law might do; the\\nFriend was ready with his thee and thou, and other titles he\\nwould have none; but plain speech was not impertinent language,\\nand formal dress meant other things than eccentricities of character.\\nDetermined on freedom, the Friend was not bent on useless martyr-\\ndom, and while Fo.x journeyed as a missionary, and Penn traveled as\\na preacher, the iconoclasts cast about for an asylum for the persecuted,\\na land where Salem might be founded, where the Holy P^xperi-\\nment might be tried, and, God willing, Philadelphia arise to wel-\\ncome to the city of brotherly love the universal tribe of man. Penn\\ntraversed Europe. Fox the colonies of America; nowhere was there to\\nbe found rest and peace, except perhaps in the narrow confines of", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "50\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nRhode Island. New Netherland turned aside from the policy of Fader-\\nlandt, and half tolerating Lutherans; Stuyvesant had only imprison-\\nment, labor in chains, and the dungeons of Fort Amsterdam for the\\nnew, unheard-of, abominable heresy, called Quakers.\\nAt last light dawned from afar, and in New Jersey there was hope.\\nEdward Byllinge, by John Fenvvick, as trustee for himself and his\\nassigns, bought of Lord John Berkeley, in 1675, for a thousand pounds,\\none undivided half of New Jersey; under this indirect purchase mis-\\nunderstandings arose, but they were managed by the arbitration of\\nWilliam Penn, to whom, with Gawen Laurie and Nicholas Lucas, Byllinge\\nfinally assigned his property for the benefit of his creditors.\\nIn June, 1675, Major John Fenwick, claiming his own right as an\\nassociate in the purchase with Byllinge, arrived in the Delaware in the\\nship Griffith, with a large company and several families. The arbi-\\ntrators had assigned one-tenth of Byllinge s purchase to Fenwick, with\\na sum of money as his share he assumed the character and style of\\nLord Chief Proprietor. Near where the people of New Haven had\\nsettled on Varcken s Kill, not far from the site of the Swedish fort\\nHelsingborg, and where the relics of unknown pioneers were found, the\\ncolony of plain John Fenwick also selected their location, and, feel-\\ning secure at last, landed upon the peaceful shores and bestowed the\\nname of Salem upon the place. Byllinge had failed, and, in the\\ninterest of his creditors, the nine-tenths of one undivided half of New\\nJersey, left to his estate, was offered for sale in decimal shares of tenths\\nand hundredths to carry out the purpose of an asylum for the perse-\\ncuted, these shares were largely taken up by Quakers.\\nTo found his colony, John Fenwick had borrowed money of John\\nEldridge and Edmund Warner, giving his tenth of the Byllinge pur-\\nchase as security, with the right to sell lands therefrom to their satis-\\nfaction. Eldridge and Warner conveyed their claim to the trustees,\\nLaurie, Penn, and Lucas. Fenwick still asserted himself in all the\\nqualities of Lord Chief Proprietor, refusing to abide by the results of\\naibitration. The rights and claims of P enwick were a sore trial to\\nPenn, and he and his associates have been accused of duplicity in re-\\ngard to the matter, how justly or unjustly still seems a matter of dis-\\npute; however it may have been, Fenwick abode in his place, and as\\nlong as he lived gave token of an uncompromising and dauntless, even\\nif, at times, impolitic and arbitrary spirit.\\nAs soon as the matter of ownership was adjusted, the Quakers se-\\ncured from Carteret a division of the estate. Anxious to come into pos-\\nsession of their territory, where they could institute a government, the\\nFriends haggled not for advantage, and Carteret, conscious of having\\nthe best of the bargain, readily fell in with their proposals. The line\\nof division ran from I^gg Harbor to a point on the Delaware River,\\nunder the forty-first degree of north latitude, and near Burlington; the", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE POWER IN THE PEOPLE:\\n51\\nlands to the north and east were to be left to Carteret, and those to the\\nsouthward and west, under the name of West New Jersey, became\\nthe property of Quaker associates.\\nLong accustomed to endure suffering, competent as critics and\\npreachers, the peculiar people were now to be more severely tested\\nthey were required to build, to organize, to govern and enjoy. Con-\\nsulting among themselves in England, the Friends evolved their scheme\\nof government. The Concessions are such as Friends approve of,\\nwrote the Quaker Proprietaries to those already in their land of rest.\\nWe lay a foundation for after-ages to understand their liberty as\\nChristians and as men, that they may not be brought into bondage,\\nbut by their own consent, for we put The Power in the People.\\nThe basis of the Quaker State was democratic equality methodically\\nand clearly the agreements stated the sublime affirmations of the\\nQuaker, and in harmony therewith promulgated the fundamentals\\nof the highest form of actual government the world has ever known.\\nFreedom of conscience, the ballot-box, equality before the law, the\\nright of assembly, freedom of election, freedom of speech, freedom of\\nthe press, popular sovereignty, trial by jury, open courts, free legisla-\\ntures, all these were provided for in West Jersey, in March, 1677.\\nWhat more No poor man could be imprisoned for debt, none held\\nas slaves; there was free access to the courts, where each man might\\nplead for himself; the judge, an appointee of the assembly for two years\\nonly, merely announced the law, the jury gave both the verdict and\\nthe sentence; where Indians were concerned the natives were to make\\nhalf the jurymen. The statutes prescribed were admirable and con-\\nsonant with the Constitution, the whole wise, just, and discriminating,\\nfull of justice, benevolence, and protection even to the humblest deni-\\nzen of the aboriginal woods. The helpless orphan became the ward\\nof the State, and the child of misfortune was educated at the cost of the\\nCommonwealth.\\nThe honor and fame of William Penn are borne toward future ages\\nwith the progress of the mighty State that bears his name; but, let it\\nbe remen)bered, in West Jersey his inspired mind and benevolent heart\\nfirst wrought out his model of a state, and there, and there alone, his\\nwill and his purpose became the law and rule of a ha[)py people.\\nEvery acre of New Jersey has been fairly bought of the Indian tribes.\\nWest Jersey is unstained by Indian blood. You are our brothers,\\nsaid the sachems we will live like brothers with you. 1 he path\\nshall be plain there shall not be in it a stump to hurt the feet.\\nTheir ways were ways of pleasantness, and all their patiis were\\npeace.\\nThe holy experiment had been established, and thus far was success-\\nful troubles and trials came at length, but new precedents met novel\\nemergencies, and staid historians who describe the time break forth", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "52 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nin poetic rhapsody to tell of the happiness of the people. The people\\nrejoiced under the reign of God. Everything went well in West\\nNew Jersey.\\nMeantime, the trustees of Sir George Carteret grew tired of Colonial\\nburdens and trials without return, and proposed the sale of East New\\nJersey. The estate was purchased by William Penn and eleven others,\\nthe first and second days of February, 1682, for three thousand four\\nhundred pounds; possession was taken in November, 1682, by Deputy\\nGovernor Thomas Rudyard, for the Association. New Jersey was now\\nentirely in the possession of Friends, but in East Jersey were found a\\nlarge number of sober professing people of the Calvinist persuasion,\\nand sound policy seemed to require a more varied board of propri-\\netaries. Accordingly, each Friend selected a partner, and, to the\\ntwenty-four, a new patent was issued by the Duke of York. The King\\nalso confirmed all the transactions by declaration in November, 1683.\\nThe partners were not all Quakers, but one of them, who was a Friend,\\nthe able Robert Barclay, of Urie. Scotland, was made Governor, and\\nafterwards became Governor for life.\\nWhile important events thus followed each other in New Jersey,\\nWilliam Penn secured his grant of Pennsylvania, and, late in the\\nautumn of 1682, he held a meeting at Shackamaxon to which the\\nIndians of Pennsylvania were invited, and where the spirit moved Penn\\nto preach a Quaker sermon, the same gospel George Fox announced\\nto Cromwell, and which Mary F isher delivered among the armies of\\nthe Turks and bore to the Sultan, Commander of the P aithful.\\nWe are all one flesh and blood, said Penn. We will live in love\\nwith William Penn and his children as long as the moon and the sun\\nshall endure, answered the savages; and they kept their word, and\\nlong treasured the tradition of that day s speech from Onias, the great\\nFather of the Qhckcls. Says Bancroft, Not a drop of Quaker blood\\nwas ever shed by an Indian.\\nBut the affairs of Pennsylvania became too vast for personal super-\\nintendence, and the agents of Penn in the purchase of lands, in making\\nof treaties, often forgot his gospel and disregarded the wishes of his\\ngentle soul. In time the world s people rolled in on Pennsylvania\\nlike a flood professing obedience to Biblical law, and denouncing\\nvengeance on the heathen, they themselves selfishly trampled on all\\nlaw, human and divine, and, under the hypocrite s cloak of zeal for the\\nglory of God. defied the rights of Penn and his assigns, overrode the\\nlaws of the Province, intruded without warrant upon the lands of the\\ntribes, and imbrued their hands in the blood of the Indian with every\\ncircumstance of base atrocity, even to those who knelt at the name of\\nJesus and shared with the Moravian saints the bread and wine of the\\nChristian Sacrament. In 1682, Penn promised the Indians, No advan-\\ntage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be openness and love.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE CRUEL POLICY OF THE STUARTS.\\n53\\nIn 1685, the agents of Penn shamefully defrauded the tribes of their\\nlands to the Susquehanna, and, in 1764, John and Richard Penn, the\\nsons of Father Onias, sanctioned Lieutenant-Governor Cadwallader s\\noffer of one hundred and fifty dollars for the scalp of an Indian, and\\none hundred and thirty-four dollars for scalps which bore the hair of a\\nsquaw! The Pennsylvania Quakers, many of them, labored faithfully\\nand not in vain in the cause of justice and mercy, as they had light,\\nbut the student who seeks the logical issue of the principles of Fox\\nand Penn starts back in grief and horror from the blood-stained soil of\\nPennsylvania, to follow the record of events east of the Delaware.\\nTheological predestination means political democracy. Quakerism\\nis the democracy intended, and yet predestination alone separates the\\nFriend and the Calvinist. The nearer the relation, the worse the\\nquarrel, and in all the weary years, from George Fox, in 1649, to the\\ndeath of Charles II., in 1685, Presbyterians in England were the perse-\\ncutors of PViends and in Massachusetts the Puritans ordered that the\\nears of the Quakers be cut off, and their tongues bored with a red-hot\\niron. They were Calvinists who, in Boston, in 1659, put Marmaduke\\nStephenson, William Robinson, and William Leddra to death on the\\ngallows for preaching Quakerism in Massachusetts, and hung Mary\\nDyar on Boston Common, the same year, for the same offense\\nCromwell died, the Stuarts were restored, Charles II. reigned for the\\nquarter of a century; the zealous fanaticism of the Calvinist Round-\\nheads was succeeded by the superstition of the divine right of kings, the\\nlast deepened by the excesses of the first. Monarchy was absolute in\\nchurch and state in the last days of Charles 11., Independents were\\nmarked for destruction, and Presbyterians, they who since the time\\nof Edward VI. had originated each struggle for popular freedom, they\\nwho always dreamed of republics, whose creed taught insubordination\\nas a dogma, what had they to expect? It was in Scotland that the\\npolicy of the Stuarts bore its ripest fruit; there the crime of Cromwell\\nin the execution of King Charles I. was ten thousand times revenged.\\nOf the Cameronians, of the Covenanters, of the Scottish Presbyterians,\\nwhat can be said? Nothing exceeded the cruelty, the brutality, the\\nmad, exterminating barbarity visited upon them, except, forever, the\\nfortitude with which they confronted those who slew them The\\nmagistrates of Boston, in 1659. were tender nursing mothers angels of\\nmercy compared to Claverhouse and Lauderdale and Jeffreys, the\\nminions of episcopacy and the king.\\nAtrocity incited insurrection, but the adherents of Monmouth were\\nborne down, and the penalties of treason superadded to the inflictions\\nof persecution. All who had ever communed with rebels were con-\\ndemned twenty thousand lives awaited the executioner, safe only in\\nthe forbearance of the informers. In the name of law, the common\\ndragoons, the rank and file of the soldiery, were made magistrates and", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "54 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\njudges over families of rank and wealth and women of culture, as well as\\nthe peasantry of the mountains. The discretion of the ruffians themselves\\nfurnished the instructions of this banditti, but royal mercy moderated\\ntheir rigor. Summary murder was forbidden, and women were to be\\nallowed to die without dishonor; no other restriction was imposed.\\nTo whom, among the bloodhounds of vengance, should a maiden make\\nher complaint of outrage, and when have the dead returned to convict\\ntheir assassins\\nThere was not room in jail for all the Covenanters; the prisoners\\nwere sold into plantation slavery, and the price of blood shared by\\nroyal favorites. Presbyterians were hunted like vermin, with dogs and\\nguns, by mounted men led on by swarming spies it was death to\\nhouse them, death to throw them bread, death to listen to complaints\\nof theirs did a wife, a husband, a father, a child, a parent, comfort their\\nown kind, death was the doom of both the sufferer and the friend. It\\nwas more than human nature could endure, and the bewildered, de-\\nspairing victims of an infernal crusade turned at bay and threatened\\nretaliation. Such is the courage of the hunted, bleating ewe, when\\nbloody wolves rage round the mangled flock. The threat of resistance\\nwas answered by the order for massacre. As they labored, as they\\nprayed, as they journeyed, as they fled, the Covenanters were shot\\ndown; their estates were plundered, their houses burned, their families\\nhurried away to distant colonies.\\nJames II. came to the throne; he only added the aggravation of a\\ndelusive pretense of clemency to the miseries of the people. The\\nvictims of cruelty sought in flight safety from death; every day com-\\npanies of fugitives were arrested by the troops juries of soldiers trying\\nthem beside the highways, they were condemned in a body and shot\\nin heaps together. Beside the sea women were tied to stakes at ebb\\nof tide, flir out upon the strand; the pitiless tide returned by slow\\ndegrees, and, mocked by the ribaldry of the troops, who laughed at the\\namusing spectacle, they were gradually and agonizingly drowned. The\\ndungeons were crowded with men for food, for water, for air, they\\nprayed in vain; starved, choked with thirst, or suffocated, they died in\\nbreathless torture. But the Government of England was not merciless.\\nWhen the dungeons would hold no more, living or dead when the\\nassassin tired of murder; when only suspicion indicated a victim when\\na whim suggestec] forbearance, then shipload after shipload, in crowds\\nthe wretched, plundered, ill-provided e.xiles were sold and exported\\nto America. Still monarchy and episcopacy laid their hands upon\\nthem as they left their native land; some of the men were allowed to\\nretain a single ear, but others were deprived of both, while upon the\\ncheeks of fair women and matrons the branding-iron was often deeply\\nset, while a royal mandate crossed the Atlantic to forbid mercy or\\nmitigation of their slavery.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE TEACHING OF THE INWARD LIGHT.\\n55\\nNow how might the Quaker exult in liis happy home between the\\nDelaware and the sea, and, secure in the immunities of his own freedom,\\nreflect that the Lord had revenged his wrongs upon those who had\\njoined with the multitude to do him evil Had the Friend been other\\nthan friendly, now was the time to satiate his malice, for the groans\\nof his tormentors were in his ears, his eyes witnessed the full measure\\nof their suffering.\\nBut what revenge may men take to whom the Inward Light dic-\\ntates a rule of action During the reign of Charles II., James, then\\nDuke of York, was the friend of Admiral Penn, and, just before the\\nadmiral s death, pledged him the same regard for William Penn, his\\nson. When the duke came to the throne as James II., William Penn\\nhad great influence. The king, a bigoted Roman Catholic himself,\\nstood in need of toleration in PIngland, where the Established Church,\\nthough persecuting the Covenanters to the death, hated Romanism\\nmore. The Papist king persecuted Protestant dissenters to win the\\npolitical favor of the Church of England. The plea of Penn was for\\ntoleration, not for himself alone, but for all he averted persecution\\nfrom Roman Catholics on the one hand, and restrained as far as in him\\nlay the storm of rage which overwhelmed the Presbyterians. He was\\naccused of Jesuitism, popery, and treason in consequence, and, though\\ndisproving every charge, became suspected by men of all parties be-\\ncause he was active in defense of the common rights of each.\\nWhen Penn moved in the purchase of New Jersey, it was not merely\\nas an asylum for Friends, but to provide a home for all who suffered\\nfor conscience. No sooner was New Jersey under Quaker control\\nthan a fair and reasonable description of it was published, and an\\naccount of its free and tolerant institutions forwarded therewith to\\nScotland. The Quaker founded a State in freedom, and made it the\\nhome and asylum of those who had deprived him of liberty and life.\\nAnd this was the revenge of the men with broad-brimmed hats, who\\ntheed and thoud alike the plowboy and the monarch. To be true\\nto principle regardless of persons, to resist not evil, but return good\\nfor evil, such has been the teaching of the Inward Light. In Judea\\nor New Jersey the gospel was the same Do good unto them who\\ndespitefuUy use you. Well had the Quaker heeded the teacher, and\\nwell had he comprehended the lesson\\nConvinced of the purpose of the Government of England to sup-\\npress Presbyterian principles altogether, and perceiving that the\\nwhole force-of the law of this kingdom is (was) leveled at the effectual\\nbearing them down, the ruined Scotch Presbyterians, in whose souls\\na sense of duty to God forbade conformity to human assumptions, were\\nready, as soon as the way opened, to abandon even bonnie Scotland,\\nsince apostasy alone could ransom their lives in their native land. A\\nnumber of Scottish Covenanters arrived in East Jersey in 16S2.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "56 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nGeorge Scot, of Pitlochie, was a leader among the emigrants. A re-\\ntreat, where by law a toleration is allowed, said he to his neighbors\\nand fellow-suffering countrymen, doth at present offer itself in Amer-\\nica, and is no where else to be found in his Majesty s dominions.\\nTo America, to East New Jersey, came George Scot and family, and\\nabout two hundred others, in 1685. During the following year, after\\nthe Duke of Argyle had been put to death under mere pretense of\\nlaw. Lord Neill Campbell, the brother of the murdered nobleman, be-\\ncame, by purchase from Sir George Mackenzie, one of the Proprietors\\nof East New Jersey. Lord Campbell sent over a large number of set-\\ntlers, and, coming himself for a time, acted for some months as the\\nChief Magistrate. Lord Campbell was succeeded in office by Alex-\\nander Hamilton; the power of the Proprietaries was inconsiderable.\\nMonarchy had no call to the New World, there it existed only by\\nits feudal shadaw; feudalism was already outworn in Europe, and of\\nthe outworn shadow Proprietary Government was that shadow s\\nshade.\\nBut what need of thrones, of nobles, of titles, of cumbrous institu-\\ntions to this people? They who held themselves as sons of God, co-\\nheirs with Clirist; whose glory was foreordained in the eternal coun-\\ncils of the Almighty, and their names written in the Lamb s Book of\\nLife, from the foundation of the world the elect, the redeemed, the\\nsanctified, the persevering saints the children of the Covenant\\nVirtue, education, courage, experience, they had them all religion in-\\nspired them, the love of liberty controlled them nature gave them\\nthe harbors of Scotland, the fertility of PLngland, and the climate of\\nFrance with the forests, the game, the fish, the fruits, and the freedom\\nof America, beside the curious clear water which flowed in abun-\\ndant brooks and rivulets along the healthful vales of New Jersey. The\\nocean rolled between them and persecution, between them and every\\nhostile tribe abode peaceful Quakers, who practiced a blessed white\\nmagic upon the wildmen, and transformed them to philanthropists.\\nThere was a world of room, great flocks of sheep pastured beside the\\nroads of imperial width, and troops of horses fit to mount the squad-\\nrons of a king bred and multiplied uncared for in the woods. Not\\nthus grew the many children of the Scottish Calvinists, as in New\\nEngland free schools were soon provided for, and education and moral\\ntraining cared for the coming generation.\\nIndians, Puritans, Quakers, and Covenanters held in peace and uni-\\nversal prosperity the soil of New Jersey. Toleration is a narrow word:\\nthey met on the broad platform of equal rights, of judgment, and\\nmutual union for the common weal and wealth. America welcomed\\nevery sect, predominant bigotry became impossible. The pioneers of\\nNew Jersey were strong souls with varied thoughts there moderate\\ncounsel has prevailed, and seeking to preserve the rights of each, the", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "PRIMITIVE GOVERNMENT IN NEW JERSEY. cy\\npeople have maintained the noblest freedom, and fostered the prosperity\\nand happiness of all.\\nJames II., fickle and inconsistent in everything but personal selfish-\\nness and the greed for arbitrary power, had no sooner reached the\\nthrone than he undertook to make the colonies more dependent.\\nIn New York the honest advice of Penn, which was demanded in\\n1682 by the duke, won for that State her charter of liberties, but\\nJames, as king, trampled upon his engagements as duke tyranny\\nreturned in New York, and the Proprietaries of New Jersey were\\ncompelled to surrender their rights of jurisdiction. Sovereignty over\\nNew Jersey was merged in the crown in 1688. P or three years\\nafter 1689 East New Jersey had no government whatever. For\\ntwelve years the whole of the province was without settled administra-\\ntion or recognized Governors. The Proprietors, anxious to preserve\\nthe forms of law, tried in vain to exercise a power they had renounced,\\nbut, divided among themselves, they but divided the people, the courts\\nand tlie records shared the confusion, politicians puslied their disagree-\\nments, but the virtue of the people preserved society.\\nThe crimes of James II. against the Dissenters failed to secure for\\nhim, as a Papist monarch, the alliance of the Church of England; in\\nrevenge, he proclaimed equal franchises to every sect toleration was\\nto weaken the episcopacy, and reconcile the English to Rome; it\\nbrought William of Orange to the throne of Britain, in 1688, and drove\\nJames II. into poverty and exile. The advent of William was a great\\nrevolution in England: it secured toleration for all Protestants, and\\nestablished the rights of the subject on the basis of English law.\\nWhen, in 1702, Queen Anne came to reign, matters in New Jersey\\nwere still unsettled, the law officers of the crown questioned the selfish\\narrangements of those who had for gain bought out original Proprie-\\ntaries, and Parliament threatened interference in a province where no\\nregular government had ever been established. The Proprietaries, to\\navoid litigation which might have endangered their ownership of land\\nas well as their pretended rights as Governors, surrendered their claims\\nto jurisdiction, unreservedly, before the Privy Council of England,\\nApril 17, 1702. As simple owners of land, the Proprietaries managed\\nto retain their full rights, and became merged in the landholders of the\\nprovince, their titles descending unimpaired to their assigns and heirs.\\nAfter the surrender of the Proprietary, the whole of New Jersey was\\ngoverned by a royal Governor, it never again obtained a charter power\\nwas monopolized by officers under royal instructions, and toleration\\ndenied Papists; no printing-press might be kept, or any publication\\nmade without license meantime, the traffic in merchantable negroes\\nwas stimulated by every means in the power of the provincial govern-\\nment, under instructions from the throne. Thus the power of monarchy\\nfound the refugees in the forest but Quakers, Puritans, and Presby-", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "58 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nterians united in a stubborn, able, and yet orderly struggle for former\\nfreedom. Peacefully but sternly the debate had begun, to end in\\nmaking New Jersey a sovereign state, in an independent confederacy.\\nThe disputes as to jurisdiction, titles, etc., between the Duke of York\\nand the proprietors of West Jersey the trustees of Edward R} llinge\\nwere decided by Sir William Jones, in 1680, in favor of the proprietors\\nbut the duke, in his new patent, unwarrantably made Byllinge heredi-\\ntary Governor. The nomination was unprovided for in the constitution\\nof West Jersey, but to avoid further trouble a precedent was made, and\\nB)-llinge elected he, however, continued in London, liaving little in-\\nfluence in the province.\\nIn 1687, Byllinge died, and Doctor Daniel Coxe, of London, him-\\nself a principal West Jersey proprietor, bought the claims of the heirs\\nof the Governor, and undertook to organize a government, by adopting\\nthe constitution of England in place of the original Quaker Conces-\\nsions. Near Town Bank, Cape May, on Co.xehall Creek, Dr. Coxe\\nbuilt Coxe Hall for a residence; on the draft of a primitive survey,\\nmade in 1691, the edifice appears, adorned with a tower or spire, quite\\nin contrast with the original cluster of whalemen s cottages, not far\\naway. The above-mentioned survey was made by John VVorlidge and\\nJohn Budd, who, coming down from Burlington, laid off ninety-five\\nthousand acres of land in Cape May County for Dr. Coxe. The\\npeople were not inclined to co-operate with the new Governor in his\\ndesigns, and he labored in vain to establish the feudalism of England\\non the shores of the Delaware; still he continued to speculate in Indian\\nlands, and a few of the original settlers of Cape May secured their\\nestates directly from his agents.\\nDr. Coxe was a man of vast enterprise and unbounded yet not un-\\nreasonable ambition, and was concerned in the attempt to found an\\nEnglish province in Louisiana, which was rendered futile b} French\\npre-occupation. In 1692, the West Jersey Society, an organization\\nof forty-eight persons combined for the purpose, bought of Dr. Coxe,\\non the 20th of January, the whole of his claims to lands and jurisdic-\\ntion, paying therefor the sum of nine thousand pounds sterling. The\\nSociety put their newly acquired lands in market, in tracts to suit, at\\nmoderate rates, much to the public benefit; as they sold \\\\x\\\\ fee simple,\\nindependent landlords and small farmers became numerous, and the\\nfoundation of a democratic state was laid in a freeholding population.\\nProminent in geographical position, remarkable in its natural feat-\\nures, and especially fortunate in climate, Cape May attracted the notice of\\nthe earliest navigators of the adjacent seas, and was soon celebrated by\\nthe explorer and naturalist. In 1 64 1, the site of Sea Grove or its vicinity\\nwas referred to as a promontory, and Campanius wrote of dangerous\\nshoals off Cape May, no longer in existence. Whatever improvements\\nnatural causes have made in the mouth of the Delaware, the sands have", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF CAPE MAY.\\n59\\nbeen piled over against Henlopen, and with the shoals have gone the\\ndunes, or beaches, which made the point a promontory.\\nThe historian of Cape May finds no records of white men before\\n1685 then Caleb Carman was appointed Justice of the Peace, and\\nJonathan Pyne made Constable by the Assembly of New Jersey, thus\\nindicating a pre-existing population. Cape May was cut off from the\\nnorth by vast, dense, impassable cedar-swamps, extending from the\\nsea-shore to the bay, and must, in prehistoric days, have been a wild\\nand almost inaccessible place. The earliest known inhabitants of Cape\\nMay were, of course, Indians, and, according to Captain Samuel Argall,\\nin 1610 they were numerous. As a fishing station, the cape may have\\nbeen occupied at any time for the last three hundred years, and the\\npirate and slave-hunter preceded even the fishermen.\\nThe history of the Delaware valley indicates clearly that the first\\nresidents of Cape May were refugees, persons who, to escape servi-\\ntude, oppression, or debt, domiciled in the wilderness. The Swedes,\\nwho sometimes visited the cape for eggs and to kill geese, solely for\\ntheir feathers, had in their colony men bound to penal slavery some\\nof them became fugitives among the Indians. When, in 1642, the New\\nHaven colony on Varcken s Kill was broken up, some of its members\\nremained on the Delaware, and subsequently New England vessels\\nharbored at Cape May, fishing and trading for furs, an illicit business\\nfor them in the judgment of the Dutch and Swedes, One such vessel\\nwas robbed and her crew murdered by the Nanticokes, near Swaanen-\\ndael, in the spring of 1644. She had spent the winter at Cape May,\\nand went over for beaver-skins. From New Sweden, from New Am-\\nstel, from the colony at the Horekill, as may be recalled, varied causes\\nat different times scattered the people most of them fled to Maryland,\\nmany crossed into New Jersey, and some, doubtless, reached Cape May.\\nIn his Early History of Cape May County, Maurice 13eesley,\\nM.D., referring to the probabilities of prehistoric settlement, writes\\nIt would seem probable, inasmuch as many of the old Swedish\\nnames as recorded in Campanius, from Rudman, are still to be found\\nin Cumberland and Cape May, that some of the veritable Swedes of\\nTinicum or Christiana might have strayed or have been driven to our\\nshores. When the Dutch Governor, Stuyvesant, ascended the Dela-\\nware in 1654(5), with his seven ships and seven hundred men, and sub-\\njected the Swedes to his dominion, it would be easy to imagine in their\\nmortification and ch.igrin at a defeat so bloodless and unexpected, that\\nmany of them should fly from the arbitrary sway of their rulers, and\\nseek an asylum where they could be free to act for themselves without\\nrestraint or coercion from the stubbornness of Mynheer, whose victory,\\nthough easily obtained, was permanent, as the provincial power of New\\nSweden had perished forever.\\nPieter Heyser began whaling in Delaware Bay in 1630. When it", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "6o SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nbecame a regular business at Town Bank is uncertain there was a\\nfisherman s colony there from New Haven and Long Island of consid-\\nerable numbers, and living in houses, before 1691 outstaying the\\nwhales, they took up farms, resorted to other pursuits, made themselves\\nhomes, and founded some of the best families in New Jersey. The\\nfirst account of a visit to Cape May was published in a Description\\nof New Albion, written by Sir Edmund Plowden, under the name of\\nBeauchamp Plantagenet, which appeared in London in 1648. Plow-\\nden reproduced a letter from Lieutenant Robert Evelyn. Master\\nEvelyn left England with an expedition for the Delaware in 1634, and\\nprobably made his exploration of the cape soon after. Others had\\nobserved Cape May, Hudson in 1609; Argall, 1610; Cornelius Hen-\\ndricksen, 1616; Dermer, 1619; Cornelius Jacobsen, May 1614?), 1620;\\nHossett and Heyes, 1630, and De Vries in 1631 besides a party of\\neight, sent to explore the bay, in 1632, by Governor Harvey, of Vir-\\nginia, who were killed by Indians.\\nCape May County was instituted the 12th of November, 1692.\\nThere were five members of Assembly allowed it the next year a\\nquarterly court, for cases not exceeding twenty pounds, was decreed\\nby the Assembly of New Jersey. The first court was held at Ports-\\nmouth (Cape May Town, or Town Bank), on the 20th of March, 1693.\\nThe Grand Jury having been charged, found it necessary that a road\\nbe laid out, most convenient for the King and county; and, said they,\\nso far as one county goeth, we are willing to clear a road for travelers\\nto pass, as if the guardians of the county saw, prophetically, how\\nmuch their district was to owe its future growth and prosperity to the\\nappreciative health- or pleasure-seeking traveler. The tax levied in\\n1693 was forty pounds sterling, with the considerate proviso that pro-\\nduce should be taken at money price in payment. One of the first\\nacts of the court was an order that no one shall sell liquor without a\\nlicense, the traffic and use of rum having already, as usual, been the\\ncause of much trouble.\\nOf the settlers at Cape May in 1685, and of those who came for some\\nfifteen years after, the majority were attracted by the whale fishery in\\nthe bay of Delaware. It is shown by reliable records, that whaling\\nwas the business of Christopher Leamyeng and his son Thomas, of\\nCaesar Hoskins, Samuel Mathews, Jonathan Osborne, Nathaniel Short,\\nCornelius Skcllinks, Henry Stites, Thomas Hand and his sons Jolin and\\nGeorge, John and Caleb Carman, John Shaw, Thomas Miller, William\\nStillwell, Humphrey Hewes, William Mason, John Richardson, Ebene-\\nzer Swain, Henry Young, and many others. In looking over the\\ncolonial records of New Haven, in the first years of its existence, the\\nreader meets most of these family names, and the Long Island whale-\\nmen were of the same stock. The same names are found to day on\\nthe books of New England ships; they are people of Newport, of", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "LAND TITLES AND NATURAL PRIVILEGES. 6 1\\nNantucket, of New Bedford, and New London the world liad no such\\ndauntless mariners as the whalemen of New England and Ca[)e May.\\nThe purchase of the rights of Dr. Coxe being made in 1692, the\\nWest Jersey Society, as proprietors, to prevent confusion, nominated\\nAndrew Hamilton, the former deputy of Governor Barclay, to be Gov-\\nernor. The people at large acquiesced, and the General Assembly of\\nNew Jersey passed an act to cure all defects in law and practice. The\\nlaw officers of the crown, however, refused their sanction to such legis-\\nlation, and the lords of trade claimed New Jersey as a royal province.\\nThe basis of government continued unsettled, and. in 1/02, the New\\nJersey proprietors surrendering their claim of jurisdiction, as has been\\nnoted, continued to hold their lands under the Royal Governor, Edward\\nHyde, the weak, yet arrogant, Lord Cornbury.\\nMuch of the difficulty in establishing government in New Jersey\\narose from the factious opposition of parties who wished to avoid the\\npayment of quitrents, and prevent adverse decisions against their in-\\nsufficient invalid land titles. Not altogether wrong in equity, perhaps,\\nthese persons still evaded the courts, and by their interested captious-\\nncss defeated the plans of moderate men, did wrong to their neighbors,\\nand kept the province in a chaotic state, until it lost its charter, and\\npassed under the shadow of arbitrary power. In Cape May County\\nthere was little dispute about titles to land; Coxe held most of the soil,\\nthough but five sales were made by his agent George Taylor. The\\nWest Jersey Society continued the sale of lands for sixty-four years,\\nand by 1756 had disposed of most of their estate. Doctor Johnson,\\nof Perth Amboy, was the principal agent of the Society at the time,\\nand Jacob Spicer (2d), in a negotiation in which the wine-bottle is\\nsaid to have betrayed Johnson into forgetful ness of his employers\\ninterests, bought the remainder for the insufficient sum of \u00c2\u00a3,100\\\\ at\\nhis death, Johnson, seemingly conscious of his unfaithfulness, Ictt the\\nSociety a thousand pounds conscience-money.\\nBy English feudal law the West Jersey Society became, through their\\npurchase from Coxe, invested with a monopoly of the natural privi-\\nleges of Cdpe May: none could legally fish or hunt without their con-\\nsent the deeds given by the Society did not convey these natural\\nprivileges, and much anxiety was felt about the matter in time, al-\\nthough the Society prohibited none from oysters, fish, or game. An\\norganization was created in 1752 to secure the natural privileges for\\npublic use, but delay occurring, Spicer forestalled their action by his\\njolly bargain with Doctor Johnson, and by so doing provoked a\\nquarrel with his neighbors, which was discussed in a public meeting\\nat the Presbyterian meeting-house, March 26th, 1761. The foUowhig\\nJune, Spicer, who never sought to prevent his neighbors from using\\nthe natural privileges, offered to sell his whole landed estate in the\\ncounty, excepting his farm at Cold Spring Neck, and the natural\\n5", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "ez SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nprivile^res, except a riglit for his family in the same, to the people of\\nthe county for jooo, but his offer was declined. I was willing,\\nwrote he, to please the people, and at the same time do my posterity\\njustice, and steer clear of reflection.\\nIt must have been an unpleasant affair for Spicer to be at variance\\nwith the people whose representative he had been for seventeen years.\\nAn active man of exemplary habits and comprehensive mind, Spicer\\nwas twenty-one years in the assembly, being first elected in 1744: he\\nwas appointed by the legislature one of the commission which met in\\n1758 at Crosswicks, and then at Easton, to extinguish by special treaty\\nthe Indian title to lands in the State. By the work of this convention\\nNew Jersey gained the title of the great doer of justice from the\\nDelaware tribe of the Lenni Lenape.\\nJacob Spicer (2d) dying in 1765, his son Jacob conveyed the natural\\nprivileges to a corporation organized by the legislature; thus feudal\\nrights were recognized; besides, an East Jersey court gave a decision\\nin favor of the rights of the proprietors; an appeal was taken, however,\\nto the Supreme Court of the United States, and the verdict below\\nreversed, and the State made the proprietor of the privileges of the\\nwater for the use of the whole people. Thus the last trace of feu-\\ndalism disappeared, and the visitor enjoys the sports of Cape May,\\nthoughtless of the natural privileges about which so much un-\\navailing pother was made so long ago.\\n\u00c2\u00a7The earliest historical settlement in Cape May County was that of\\nthe whalemen at Town Bank, a bluff the visitor at Sea Grove can see,\\nas part of an unequaled view, from the observatory over the Pavilion.\\nFrom the tower Town Bank is the highest ground in sight, lying some\\nfour miles away due north, and on the shore of the bay. Before 1700,\\nmost of the land taken up was in that vicinity. The marine taste and\\nhabits of the people coming afterwards are attested by the fact that\\nthey settled altogether along the bay or sea, heedless of the quality of\\nthe soil.\\nIt is only within the last generation that the inland portions of West\\nJersey have attracted the attention its resources justify; the unexampled\\ngrowth of such a town as Vineland, within less than a score of years,\\nis an indication of the results of enterprise in that region still, the\\nJersey shore will have its share of residents, especially in summer, for\\nreasons which are palpable to all who observe them from one of the\\nbeautiful sail-boats, which the tourist always finds near Sea Grove,\\nwell kept, ataunto, spruce, and gay, awaiting his pleasure.\\nThe waters of Cape May are magnificent for varied sailing. The\\nsounds are as smooth and placid as a garden pool; there the most timid\\nmay venture, cruising without a fear, yet the sea breeze sweeps across\\nthem, damp with the spray of the adjoining breakers, and the voyage\\nmay be extended all the day.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "OLD-TIME TRAVEL AND COMMERCE. 63\\nFor the many not afraid in a boat, the bay and roadstead are a safe\\nand free expanse of pleasant waters while those who love the breeze,\\nthe blilow, and the spray, in all their ocean sublimity, have before them\\nthe broad Altantic, clear of reef or island for three thousand miles to\\nthe far-off Azores, and beyond for hundreds of leagues to Lisbon,\\nPortugal, and old Spain.\\nAs late as 1706, the only routes from Cape May to Burlington were\\nby the river, and over bridle-paths which led hither and thither across\\nand through the forests, swamps, and marshes. Thomas Chalkley, an\\nEnglish Friend, rode from Cohansey to Cape May, 2nd month, 1726,\\nthrough a miry, boggy way, in which we saw no house for about forty\\nmiles, except at the ferry; that night, says his journal, we got to\\nRichard Townsend s, at Cape May, where we were kindly received.\\nAt Townsend s, at Rebecca Garretson s, at John Page s, at Aaron Leam-\\ning s, Chalkley held satisfactory meetings he stopped two nights with\\nhis wife s brother, Jacob Spicer, and journeyed to Egg Harbor. We\\nswam our horses, wrote he, over Egg Harbor River, and went over\\nourselves in canoes. The difficulties of travel may have been one\\nreason why the people of Cape May chose Peter Fretwell, a Quaker\\nresident of Burlington, to represent them in the assembly in 1702,\\nand for twelve years after it seems a strange proceeding any way, but\\nall New Jersey was full of odd political devices in the early days.\\nAs early as 1698, Richard Harvo, of Cape May. owned a sloop and\\nin 1705, Captain Jacob Spicer sailed the sloop Adventure of sixteen\\ntons, John and Richard Townsend, owners, as a packet between Cape\\nMay, Philadelphia, and Burlington, under a license from Lord Corn-\\nbury. In 1706, another sloop, named the Necessity, was built and\\nowned at Cape May by Dennis Lynch, from which time the marine\\nincreased until in fifty years there were numerous small vessels trading\\nfrom Cape May County to Oyster Bay, Long Island, to Rhode Island\\nand Connecticut, and to Philadelphia. The vessels going east generally\\ncarried lumber, while oysters and produce of various kinds found a\\nmarket up the river. Jacob Spicer (2d) owned a vessel he sent to the\\nWest Indies, and he shipped much corn taken by him in barter for gen-\\neral merchandise. In 1750, the Delaware pilot-boats were pinked stern\\nboats, sharp at both ends; a usual size was twenty-seven feet keel and\\neleven feet beam; the pinkie was the lineal progeny of the whale\\nboat, and, when in familiar hands, one of the stanchest craft that ever\\nrode a wave.\\nIt is easy to imagine the slow but yet actual improvement in the\\nmeans of transportation around and from Cape May; but it was not\\nuntil 1852 that change amounting to a revolution took place in the\\nmeans of travel. In that year Captain Wilmon Whilldin put the first\\nsteamboat on the route between Cape May and Philadelphia. Though\\nregarded almost as a miracle, the boat was a modest craft compared to", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "64\\nSCHEYICHDI AND THE STRAND.\\nthose which glide along the Delaware now; the longest day in June\\nwas almost too brief for her to make the trip from the Cape to the city,\\nrunning between sun and sun. But other boats were soon put on\\nthe route, which reduced the time of travel while enlarging the accom-\\nmodation. There are few finer trips than that down the lovely Dela-\\nware; the land disappears at last as the mid-waters of the bay are\\ncrossed, and Sea Grove comes in view, often from a deck that reels\\nmerrily beneath the feet of the voyager. For those to whom even the\\nbracing air of the bay has no charms, unless inhaled from the shore,\\nthere has been provided another line of travel.\\nThe West Jersey Railroad was completed to Cape May in 1866, and\\nsince then each year has added to the excellence of the road itself, while\\nthe time consumed in the journey has been reduced to the minimum\\nconsistent with safety. Cars of the most complete construction and\\nluxurious finish are run, including Woodruff s Silver Palace Drawing-\\nroom Coaches, and a degree of care and courtesy is evinced by all en-\\ngaged in train-service, which render the journey of only two hours and\\na half or less from Philadelphia to the City by the Sea as pleasant as\\nhuman skill can make it.\\nUnfavorable as the country above Cape May was for travel, there\\nwas one circumstance of the early days which tended to make transit\\nby water an occasion for apprehension, and rendered the worst miry,\\nboggy way preferable to a route whereon the voyager had reason to\\nlook under every strange sail for the sinister visage of the sea-robber\\nand pirate! The sixteenth century was an age of piracy, and as late\\nas 1 72 1 the Delaware was the scene of captures by the highwaymen\\nof the ocean. Owing to its lack of naval and military strength, and to\\nthe reluctance of the Quakers to hang rascals, Philadelphia was a\\nfavorite place with Blackbeard and others of his kind, and the Dela-\\nware was chosen as a resort for repairs by many an outlaw vessel. In\\n173 1, five men were hung as pirates, which was about the end of a\\nbad bloody business in this part of the world. The pirates are said\\nto have infested Sea Grove, and buried much money there, after which\\nmuch digging and conjuring has been done, even in recent years.\\nAlthough most of the early inhabitants of Cape May were sea-\\nfaring men, the Swedes among them were an agricultural people, and\\nin time circumstances compelled the general cultivation of the soil.\\nThe colonies, near the close of the sixteenth century, were governed\\nby the English lords of trade; every effort was made to prohibit\\nmanufactures and commerce in America. Still, whatever the wrongs\\nof government, the natural resources of Cape May saved the settle-\\nment there from want. Parliament could not legislate the fish out of\\nthe Delaware, no lord of trade ever ate such oysters as fairly obstructed\\nthe sounds, no English park had half the game which swarmed in the\\nwoods and swamps, there was an abundance of wonderfully quick,", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "AN OLD-FASHIONED FAMILY.\\n65\\nfertile soil, easy of cultivation, and the sun never shone, ev^cn on an\\nEnglish king, as it beamed on the gardens and cornfields which, year\\nby year, grew ever wider and still wider.\\nThe primitive manufactures of Cape May, aside from lumber, were\\nof a domestic nature, and were much encouraged by Jacob Spicer\\n(2d) there was hardly anything that he would not take in exchange\\nfor goods. He advertised to receive, at the same time, a variety of\\nproduce, from a drove of cattle or sheep, a thousand pounds of\\nwoolen stockings for the army, or a large quantity of mittens, to\\na clam-shell formed in wampum, a yarn-thrum, a goose-quill, a horse-\\nhair, a hog s-bristle, or a grain of mustard-seed, being, said he,\\ngreatly desirous to encourage industry, as it is one of the most prin-\\ncipal expediertts, under the favor of Heaven, that can revive our droop-\\ning circumstances at this time of uncommon, but great and general\\nburden. This was in 1756, during the French and Indian War, the\\nconflict wherein the colonists learned to organize victory, and gained\\nthe confidence which made possible the triumph of the Revolution.\\nCape May was fortunate in her early sons. Jacob Spicer (2d) was a\\nstatesman, a merchant, an economist; a man without conceit, he\\nrequired in his own family the same reasonable diligence and thrift he\\nrecommended to others. There were twelve persons in his household,\\nand such was his minutely systematic way of business that from his\\nbooks and writings may be learned, even now, the details of their life.\\nIn Jacob Spicer s own house, under the superintendence of a tailor,\\ntailoress, and shoemaker, the apparel of his family was made. The\\nsons of this legislator and jurist were taught to cobble shoes, the\\ngirls to make clothing and knit. The Spicer boys, in 1757, were pro-\\nvided with 24 lbs. gray skin, 25d. per lb. to make them breeches\\nand vests. This was deer-skin, and some of it was worn with the hair\\non. For the girls there was a provision of striped linnen and lin-\\nsey there was a cloth vest for one of the boys, and a tammy\\nquilt for Judith. Spicer estimated the girls to knit yearly, besides the\\nother work they had to do, two hundred and twenty pairs of mittens,\\ntaking forty-four pounds of wool, to be spun by a hired woman in his\\nhouse, in forty-four days. The mittens were worth i6d. (thirty-two\\ncents) a pair at Cape May when finished, but sold at double the money\\nat York and Albany. In one way and another, the premises of the\\nHon. Jacob Spicer must have been a lively place. Teetotalism had\\nnot been heard of at Cape May then, and under the head of wets,\\nthe master of the house charges his family with using 52 gal. rum,\\n10 do. wine, and 2 bbls. cyder. As a merchant and magistrate, Spicer\\nprobably entertained many, and, in the unquestioned manner of his\\ntime, took care to welcome the coming, speed the parting, guest.\\nThe patient author, as he delves among these prosaic records of the\\npast in the magnificent Centennial year of grace, 1876, remembers the", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "66 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nscandals of his day, and pauses to heave a sigh, not for the leather\\nbreeches, linsey-woolsey, woolen mittens, rum and cider, of the\\nSpicers, but for more of the conscientious good sense which made\\nvirtue, diligence, and economy the height of fashion, public spirit\\nthe pride of the citizen, and inflexible integrity the historical glory of\\nthe merchant and magistrate\\nBut with all the usefulness and sterling worth of Jacob Spicer (2d)\\nnotwithstanding he was for twenty-one years nearly half his days\\nan officer and representative of his neighbors, still Aaron Leaming (2d),\\nwas the man the people of Cape May especially delighted to honor.\\nHe served them as their representative for thirty years well educated\\nfor the times, of great natural good sense, very industrious, and, withal,\\nsomewhat aristocratic, no man was ever more highly honored by the\\ncounty, and none, perhaps, better deserved the regard and confidence\\nof his constituents. Neither Leaming nor Spicer were place-hunters,\\ndependent upon local prejudice for recognition. Serving as colleagues\\nin the assembly for a score of years or more, their ability and fidelity\\nwere made manifest, and together they were selected by the legisla-\\nture for the responsible work of compiling the laws of the State. This\\nthey completed to the satisfaction of the public, and Leaming and\\nSpicer s Collection is, to-day, a respected authority in New Jersey.\\nLeaming was a great speculator in land, and yet found time to write\\ncopious Memoirs, which remain a faithful transcript of the times in\\nwhich he lived. Born in 17 16, the son of Aaron Leamyeng, from\\nConnecticut, a man who had worked his way against adverse circum-\\nstances to superior knowledge, large possessions, a Quaker faith, and\\npublic respect, Aaron Leaming (2d) maintained the honor of his family,\\nfilled with credit and dignity the important position assigned him, and\\ndied, much regretted, in 1783.\\nThe Leamings, Goldens, Spicers, Stites, Stillwells, Willetts, Ludlams,\\nCausons, Hands, Townsends, Youngs, Swains, Hughes, Garretsons,\\nHubbards, Mackeys, Godfreys, Reeves, and Weldons, Whilldens, or\\nWhilldins, with others, were among the early and principal settlers of\\nCape May.\\nWhile history records the virtues of the early sons of the Cape, their\\nprominence in seamanship, in commerce, in the halls of legislation,\\nwhat shall be said of the women of the place and time Theirs may\\nhave been a less conspicuous position, but many of them were of that\\nclass whose children rise up and call them blessed diverse, yet equal,\\nin domestic life they were accomplished in all good works, nor are we\\nleft without evidence of a bright intelligence, in many cases, to more\\nendear them. Very early, the Quakers did much jn West Jersey to\\nmodify and elevate the estimate of woman. In the library of Sarah\\nHall, of Salem and AUoway s Creek, Aaron Leaming the elder, as a\\nboy, very poor, helpless, and friendless, reacf law; the aged Quaker", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE MITTEN ARTICLE.\\n6/\\nlady being herself an eminent lawyer for those times. The student\\nmay fumble in vain among the dry leaves of court records, account\\nbooks, and scattered memoranda, for the chronicle of great deeds by\\nthe mothers of Cape May; but while like sire like son has become\\na proverb, do we not know that the mother is equally the parent of the\\nchild, and that the men who have done honor to their native county\\nlearned, like Washington, their noblest lessons beside a mother s knee?\\nIn an estimate of the resources, income, and expenditure of Cape\\nMay County, for 1 75 8, made by Jacob Spicer (2nd), there is credit\\ngiven the county for production of the mitten article, to the value of\\nfive hundred pounds sterling. The manner in which the mitten trade,\\nwhich, as thus appears, was quite a reward to the female industry of the\\nCounty, was encouraged, is related in the following letter from Dr.\\nFranklin to Benjamin Vaughan, dated Passy, July 26th, 1748, on the\\nbenefits and evils of luxury:\\nThe skipper of the shallop, employed between Cape May and Phila-\\ndelphia, had done us some service, for which he refused to be paid. My\\nwife understanding he had a daughter, sent her a present of a new\\nfashioned cap. Three years afterward, this skipper being at my house\\nwith an old farmer of Cape May, his passenger, he mentioned the cap\\nand how much his daughter had been pleased with it; but, said he, it\\nproved a dear cap to our congregation. How so When my daugh-\\nter appeared with it at meeting, it was so much admired that all the\\ngirls resolved to get such caps from Philadelphia, and my wife and I\\ncomputed that the whole would not have cost less than one hundred\\npounds. True, said the farmer, but you do not tell all the story. I\\nthink the cap was nevertheless an advantage to us, for it was the first\\nthing that put our girls upon knitting worsted mittens for sale at Phila-\\ndelphia, that they might have wherewithal to buy caps and ribbons\\nthere, and you know that that industry has continued, and is likely to\\ncontinue and increase to a much greater value, and answer better pur-\\nposes. Upon the whole I was more reconciled to this little piece of\\nluxury, since not only the girls were made happier by having fine caps,\\nbut Philadelphians by the supply of warm mittens.\\nThe old times were trying times; hardly were the pioneers of Cape\\nMay settled in comparative comfort, before the entire country was\\nplunged in the horrors of the French and Indian wars. Surrounded by\\nthe faithful Lenni Lenape, Cape May had no experience of the ruthless\\nbarbarities which were suffered elsewhere, but for many a year no one\\ncould tell when some French cruiser or Spanish privateer would break\\ninto the Delaware, and retaliate upon its defenseless shores the outrages\\nArgall had imposed upon the French Acadians in 1613. New Jersey\\nalways cheerfully and with alacrity met the requisitions upon her for\\nmen and means; while the soldiers of Cape May faced a cruel foe,\\nJacob Spicer rallied the people to increased industry; to meet the great", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "68 SCHEYICIIBI AND THE STRAND.\\ndemands of the time, he demanded a thousand pounds of stockings,\\nfor our men in the field faster than ever rolled the spinning-wheel,\\nfaster still flew the needles even before the Revolution Cape May\\nevinced a patriotic courage.\\nOn the 1st of November, 1775, Jacob Spicer called a public meeting,\\nto do something for the country, but had to record his chagrin that\\nonly James Whillden, Jeremiah Hand, Thomas Leaming, and John\\nLeonard attended. It was the era of doubt the magic word. Inde-\\npendence, had not yet been uttered at Philadelphia, the more honor to\\nthe ready few. Cape May sent Jesse Hand to Burlington as member\\nof the Provincial Congress in 1775 and 1776. On the 2ist of June, in\\nthe latter year, that body decided upon the formation of a new State\\nGovernment. Hand was also a member of Council in 1 779, and for\\nthree years afterward. Jesse Hand, Jacob Eldridge, and Matthew\\nWhillden were the delegates sent from Cape May to attend the Con-\\nvention at Trenton, on the second Tuesday of December, 1 787, to ratify\\nthe Constitution of the United States this was done by a unanimous\\nvote on the 19th of the month, when the members of the Convention\\nmarched in solemn procession to the Court-House, where the act of\\nratification was publicly read. New Jersey was the third State to ratify\\nthe Constitution of the United States. By the Legislature of New\\nJersey Jesse Hand was made a member of the Committee of Public\\nSafety, a most responsible and arduous position, but no one of those\\nwho served the cause of Independence, in a civil capacity, deserved\\nbetter of his country.\\nCape May has been noted for generations, as from natural causes, one\\nof the best of beaches; the same peculiarities constitute it one of*the\\nmost delightful driving places imaginable. Unequaled by nature, the\\nbeach road has been extended along shore, over Poverty Beach, away\\npast the magnificent Cape May Lighthouse, past the beautiful cottages\\nand comfortable hotels of Sea Grove, beyond the United States Signal\\nStation, around the point, and for a perfect mile up the Delaware to\\nthe steamboat landing; from thence the straight inland road runs for\\nthree miles, over the turnpike, into Cape May City. Wherever the\\nstart be made, the seven miles round brings the rider to his door again.\\nHoof or wheel, it is the same good road, and all the way the ocean or\\nthe bay is constantly in view, and the surf can scarcely stir unheard.\\nBut what have all these well-known facts to do with Jesse Hand and\\nhis offenses, he of ante-revolutionary fame? Well, the simple fact is,\\nthat gentleman and patriot utterly confounded, astonished, and dis-\\ngusted his neighbors by his audacity in presuming to ride over the very\\nroute we have described, and others thereabout the first man in the\\nhistory of the world to traverse the roads and beaches of Cape May\\nin the [)retcntious dignity and effeminate luxury of a top carriage. It\\nwas none of your modern affairs from Kimball, Brewster, or Rogers,", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "A TALE OF LOVE AND DEVOTION.\\n69\\nbut a solid, old-fashioned chair, heavy enough, hard-riding enough\\nbut what of that? Had not Aaron Learning traveled on horseback to\\nthe Legislature Had not everybody else ridden in horse carts year\\nafter year? And now Jesse Hand presumed upon a new and amazing\\nfashion before their wondering eyes. History records no popular\\ntumult, except of tongues, about the matter, but Jesse Hand never fully\\nregained the regard of some people, and jealousy and distrust, like a\\ncurse, followed his new-fangled equipage; and though he and his gen-\\neration are long since dead, yet the writer hath knowledge of traditions\\nthat, still drawn by attenuated and discouraged equines, a very Wander-\\ning Jew of vehicles, Jesse Hand s carriage still peregrinates, at a toilsome\\npace, the interminable, sandy, woodland roads of Jersey.\\nAs to the part which Cape May took in the Revolution, Dr. Maurice\\nBeesley, in his Early History of Cape May, writes as follows In\\nthe contest of our forefathers for independence, nothing praiseworthy\\ncan be said of the other counties of the State that would not apply to\\nCape May. She was ever ready to meet the demands made upon her\\nby the Legislature and the necessities of the times, whether that de-\\nmand was for money or men. Being exposed, in having a lengthened\\nwater frontier, to the attacks and incursions of the enemy, it was neces-\\nsary to keep in readiness a flotilla of boats and privateers, which were\\nowned, armed, and manned by the people, and were successful in de-\\nfending the coast against the British as well as refugees. Many prizes\\nand prisoners were taken which stand announced in the papers of the\\nday as creditable to the parties concerned. Acts of valor and daring\\nmight be related of this band of boatmen, which would not discredit\\nthe name of a Somers, or brush a laurel from the brow of their com-\\npatriots in arms. The women were formed into committees for the\\npurpose of preparing clothing for the army, and acts of chivalry and\\nfortitude were performed by them which were equally worthy of their\\nfame and the cause they served. To record a single deserving act\\nwould do injustice to a part, and to give a place to all who signalized\\nthemselves would swell this sketch beyond its prescribed limits. Yet,\\non another page, the doctor cannot forbear telling the story of the de-\\nvotion of Sarah, the sister of Captain Nicholas Still well, the young\\nMrs. Griffing. Captain Moses Griffing being a prisoner on the infa-\\nmous and murderous New Jersey Frisson Ship, where the dying, the\\ndead, the famished and famishing were promiscuously huddled together,\\nMrs. Griffing, actuated by a heroism which woman s love alone can\\ninspire, bravely made her way for a hundred and fifty miles through\\na most dangerous country, swarming with enemies, romantically re-\\nsolved to see and rescue him, or die in the attempt. The devoted wife\\ncalled at the camp of Washington by the way, who gave her in charge\\nan English captain to exchange; she reached New York in safety, and\\nfinally persuaded Sir Henry Clinton to release her husband the ex-", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "70\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nchange was made, after a long and painful suspense, and the patriotic\\nwife enjoyed the happiness she deserved.\\nAnd thus the men and women of the time that tried men s souls\\nfought the battle of English liberty on the soil of America; aivi to-day\\nthe citizen of Britain may find in the extent and stability of his free-\\ndom abundant reason to rejoice in the result of a contest which, begin-\\nning in the colonies as successful revolution, culminated in the mother\\ncountry in the achievements of liberal and progressive reform.\\nNotwithstanding the perturbations of war, or the changing policies of\\npeace. Cape May prospered, and gradually enlarged its population. It\\nwas, however, no Lotus Land, where the sdontaneous produce of\\nthe soil supported the inhabitants in corrupting sloth, to breathe ar\\nenervating air. Every ocean breeze of Cape May is an ethereal tor\\npure as the quintessence of the elixir of lile. There are no long-\\nvailing, exhaustive extremes of torrid heat, and winter, comparati\\nbrief, is only rigorous enough to destroy the germs of malaria, l j\\nsuperpurify the atmosphere with its frosts, and brace anew the vital\\npowers of man and beast. The necessary pursuits of the pioneers\\nwere all manly, demanding hardihood, muscle, and courage; develop-\\ning strength, heroism, and force of character.\\nThere were about fifteen hundred people in Cape May County in\\n1758, with an estimated income of about twenty-two thousand dollars.\\nWhen the war of 1812 began, the Cape had a population of three\\nthousand five hundred persons, its commercial importance having in-\\ncreased in a greater degree. The final war with England was a naval\\ncontest the interest of Cape May in such a struggle may be inferred.\\nFrom first to last, in the various wars for freedom and independence,\\nthe waters in view from the towers of Sea Grove have been the scene\\nof many naval conflicts. An interesting volume might be written of\\nevents when a British fleet lay constantly over against Henlopen when\\nthey captured and burned the small craft of the bay, and in their\\nlaunches cruised about, threatening to land and ravage the Cape.\\nWhat a romantic chapter the account of tlie watchful coast guard\\nwould make! And what an exciting scene it must have been, when\\nthe fast Yankee frigate. Alliance, then under Commodore Barry, fled\\nout of the Delaware, to avoid a hopeless contest, and made her way to\\nRhode Island at the rate of fourteen knots an hour, running down the\\nSpeedwell and seizing two sloops of war, to fly back to the shores\\nwhere her timbers grew, and land her wounded commander in the port\\nof Boston! Then there was the first naval conflict of the Revolution,\\nfought by the Hyder Ally, under the gallant Captain Barney, a privateer\\nwith four nine-pounder guns and one hundred and twenty-six men,\\nwhich stole down from Philadelphia disguised as a merchantman, to\\nattack the General Monk with eighteen nine-pounder guns and one\\nhundred and fifty men on board. When the captain cried Board!", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "IV//V AMERICA WON IN THE FIGHT.\\n71\\nhis men were to fire when he cried Fire they were to board.\\nAlongside the Monk, Barry shouted his first command. The brave\\nEnghsh crowd to repel boarders the Hyder Ally rocks from stem to\\nstern everything that can carry a bullet explodes in the very faces of\\nthe foe. Fire! in a flash the Yankee cutlasses are on the English\\ndeck I Doubly duped, twice tricked, the Monk surrendered: two-\\nthirds of her crew were dead and wounded; but four were killed and\\nfifteen hurt on board the privateer.\\nAnother fight, turning the other way this time. A large American\\nprivateer, beset by a fleet of British launches, just off Cape May shore.\\nA long fight, and a close one, until the vessel manceuvering too near the\\nstrand, strikes, and by and by goes to pieces in the breakers.\\nA^nd so a book might be written of the waters around Cape May, as\\na scene of war and bloodshed. But to what good end It could not\\nprove that English hearts were cowardly, or that Americans were\\nmore than the world admits them to be. America won, in the last\\nfight with England, because of finer modeled, better rigged, and more\\nhandy vessels and because on those vessels, for the first time, long-\\nrange guns and cannon were supplied with sights, and trained with\\nthe deadly accuracy of the rifle on the mark. It was the thunderbolt\\nagainst the hail-storm it was precision against mass it was the rifle\\nagainst the shot-gun; it was invention against routine; and science\\nwon, as it will forever in any fight. To-day, England sights her guns\\nwith telescopes she clothes her warrior-ships in sevenfold steel she\\nbuoys them with cork; she lights them with electricity; she drives\\nthem by steam, like avalanches; and by steam handles guns of eighty\\ntons like toys, in the recesses of invulnerable turrets! Well, cannot\\nthe United States do as much They have done, and are doing,\\nbetter.\\nAt the extreme point of Cape May, in the centre of Sea Grove\\nbeach, a tall spar bears aloft the flag of the American Union. Near\\nby, a neat but peculiar building attracts the scrutiny of the observer.\\nThis is the United States Signal Station, and there keen-eyed vigilance\\nwatches and notes the skies, the clouds, the winds, the seas, and all\\nthe grand phenomena and minute signs of nature. On lofty moun-\\ntains, amid deserts, by great lakes, everywhere throughout the terri-\\ntory of the United States, are similar posts of observation, and every-\\nwhere the same untiring watchfulness. The telegraphic wire links all\\nthese points together, and connects all with the central observatory at\\nWashington.\\nIt may be an overcast afternoon in September; nothing especially\\nbetokens danger, but vessel after vessel comes down the bay, catches\\nsight of the station, and quietly passes behind the gigantic breakwater\\nabove Henlopen. An English ship sweeps down the coast, the cross\\nof Britain bravely borne above her caiivas she too sights the station,", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "72\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nand turns her helm, and bears sail, to gain, ere nightfall, sea-room and\\nan offing. Night comes early, and with night the storm. The two\\ngreat lights answer each other s glances across the bay, over seas\\nwhich howl and show flashes of foam, like wolves snarling white-\\nfanged in the tempestuous darkness! But the ships are safe, folded\\nlike sheep in a quiet place for all day long the danger signal has\\nbeen displayed, and they have learned to heed it; and that is an\\nAmerican idea, deserving fuller development, and worth more than\\nthe war-ships of the world.\\nThere are three edifices most prominent at Sea Grove, the Light-\\nHouse, the Signal Station, and the Pavilion they typify the Nation and\\nthe Age; they actualize the beneficence of Popular Government, the\\nphilanthropy of Science, and the power of Moral Sentiment, in the\\nsublimity of Religious P reedom these, rather than batteries, armies,\\nand navies, are the conquering forces of the future.\\nTo show the critical and useful nature of the work done by the\\nUnited States Signal Service, and as a matter of information, the fol-\\nlowing table is introduced of the value of such statistics no well-in-\\nformed person need to be advised.\\nThe records of the United States Signal Service show the following\\nfigures for the three most prominent resorts on the New Jersey coast:\\nMEAN DAILY HUMIDITY.\\nCape Atlantic\\nMay. City.\\nJ iy 88.3 S5.7\\nAugust 78.8 79.0\\nSeptember 78. 9 83.0\\n3 months 82.0 82.6\\nLong\\nBranch.\\n78.4\\n77-4\\n80.0\\n78.6\\nMEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE.\\nCape Atlantic ^-o\\nA lay. City. Branch.\\nJuly 692 70.3 71.4\\nAugust 68 8 69.5 69,9\\nSeptember 68.6 67.8 67.5\\n3 montlis 68.9 69.2 69.6\\nThus it is seen that Cape May is the coolest place along the coast,\\nand as dry as Atlantic City.\\nThe village of Cape May escaped the ravages of war. Once, in 18 12,\\nthe Poictiers, a British line-of-battle ship, appeared off the place, and\\nthreatened it with bombardinent unless it was suppHed with water; the\\ncheap ransom was paid at once, and the enemy sailed away. While\\nthe P^nglish fleet lay in Delaware Bay, in 18 12, its officers managed to\\nkeep, so far as personalities went, on very good terms with the people\\nof Cape May, and made The Beach what it is now, a place of health-\\nful, free, and gay resort. The village of Cape May, though loyal, was\\nhospitable, and the chronicles assure us that its amusements were\\nshared by friends and foes together in the greatest amity, and that,\\nwhen the fleet of Albion sailed away at last, more than one of the\\nheroes and heroines of the time gave evidence of their faith, by obedi-\\nence to the command, Love your enemies.\\nIn 18 12, the present site of Cape May City was already the location", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "OLD-FASmONED FROLICS AT CAPE MAY.\\n71\\nof a considerable hamlet even then popular as a place of resort in\\nsummer. Cape Island was purchased of Dr. Coxe, throu;j;h his\\nagents, by William Jacoks and Humphrey Hughes, in 1689 a tract of\\nfive hundred and forty-six acres, or more. Jacoks sold to Thomas\\nHand, and Randall Hewit bought an interest in the Island. Hand,\\nHewit, and Hughes held the property until 1700, and it was long cul-\\ntivated and fertile land. But in the mean time the settlement increased,\\nand the corn-fields were narrowed. In 1829, Watson, the annalist,\\nvisited Cape May City, a village of about twenty houses, says he,\\nand the streets were very clean and grassy.\\nVery rapidly after the war of 18 12 Cape May began to assume a dis-\\ntinctive character as a watering place, and its history from that time\\nbecomes modified accordingly. Gradually the fashions of Cape May\\nhave changed are changing still, and not for the worse.\\nFor an idea of the earlier methods of travel, and the ways and\\nmanners of sea-side visitors in the olden time, nothing can be better\\nthan the following, from Lippincotfs Magazine: Strange old sloops\\nand bateaux used in those times to move slowly down the Delaware,\\nbearing eager Philadelphians on pleasure bent. Other sojourners\\nwould drive miserably down in their dearborns, dragged by tired\\nnags through the interminable sandy road from Camden. On the\\nadoption of steam for navigation, a modest steamboat was conducted\\nby Mr. Wilmon Whilldin, and cut its way down the long Delaware\\nin what was deemed a fleet and stylish manner, greatly improving the\\nprosperity of the place. The customs of those earlier times were very\\nprimitive and democratic. Large excursion-parties of gay girls and\\nfestive gentlemen would journey together, engaging the right to\\noccupy Atlantic Hall, a desolate barn of a place, fifty feet square,\\nwhose proprietor was Mr. Hughes. Then, while the straggling vil-\\nlagers stared, these cargoes of mischief-makers would bear down\\nupon the ocean, ducking and splashing in old suits of clothes brought\\nin their carpet-sacks, and gathering the conditions of a fine appetite.\\nThe m;ijor-domo of Atlantic Hall, one Mackenzie, would send out to\\nsee what neighbor had a sheep to sell; the animal found, all the visitors\\nof the male sex would turn to and help him dress it. Meantime, parties\\nof foragers would go out among tlie farmers around ravaging the\\nr o o 111\\nneighborhood for Indian corn. When the mutton was cooked and\\nthe corn boiled, an appetite would have accumulated sufficient to\\nmake these viands seem like the ambrosia of Olympus. Those were\\nfine, heart-hold times, and when our predecessors at Cape May went\\ndown for a lark, they meant it and they had it. At night, when dead-\\ntired after the fiddling and the contra-dances, the barn-like hall was\\npartitioned off into two sleeping-rooms by a drapery of sheets. 1 he\\nmaids slept tranquilly on one side the curtains, the lads on the other.\\nSuccessive days brought other sports, fishing in the clumsy boats,", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "74 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nrides in hay-wafrons over the deep white roads, the endless variety-\\nbeing supplied, after all, by the bathinf:r, which was always the same\\nand ever new. These primitive bivouacs were succeeded by a steady\\nservice of steamers on the Delaware and the erection of substantial\\nand civilized hotels.\\nThomas H. Hughes, Jonas C. Miller, R. S. Ludlam, and the Messrs.\\nMcMakin were among the first to erect large and commodious board-\\ning-houses. Increasing custom demanded multiplied conveniences,\\nand a host of varied places of entertainment grew up, from the small\\nand modest restaurant to the monster hotel with its fifteen hundred\\nguests at once. Meantime private cottages became numerous, the\\nresident population enlarged, and a city was built up where, says\\na writer in 1856, a few years ago corn grew and verdure flourished.\\nIt would be a pleasant task to note the particulars of such a progress\\nin full, and the reader could not fail of interesting information, but the\\nwork is left for another pen, or a future time. Material increase and\\nprosperity is not the final test of development, and the scope of the\\npresent discussion demands attention to other and important matters.\\nMan is a religious being; the impulse to worship, an ineradicable\\ninstinct of his undying soul. Tyranny is the trait of the brute; it is\\nthe bestial element in man which offends against the prerogative of\\nreason, and seeks, in intolerance, despotism over the spirit. Ambition\\nand avarice enlarged their efforts to aggrandize themselves in the\\ncolonization of New Jersey; but, after all, the settlement of the State\\nis found to be due, through persecution, to the love of liberty and the\\nprinciples of religion.\\nAmerica, says an eminent historian, was secured from bigotry\\nby lier welcome to every sect each rallied round a truth, their collision\\ncould but eliminate error. The eclectic American mind struggled for\\nuniversality while it asserted freedom. The Old World looked to the\\nAmerican Colonies for the benefit of commerce, for mines, for natural\\nproductions, but received revolutions, the consequence of moral\\npower. At Cape May, in as great a degree as in any other place,\\ninfluences were early at work tending to hospitality of opinion and a\\nbroad and catliolic spirit. Counting the whalemen as the pioneers of\\nthe county, Calvinism was the form of faith earliest introduced, but\\nthe Swedish Lutherans soon exerted an influence upon the community,\\nand the Baptists and Quakers, not long after, were added as a powerful\\nelement. The English Cluirch was strong on the shores to the west\\nof the bay, where, for a time, the Reverend William Becket, an author\\nand poet, held a broad parish. It had its adherents at Cape May also,\\nbut its connection with the monarchy, as an established Church, weak-\\nened its influence at the Revolutionary period.\\nThe Baptists are said, in Benedict s History of the Baptists, to\\nhave arrived at Cape May from England and formed a church as early", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE SCUM OF THE REFCRMATIONr\\nas 1675. Johnson, in his sketch of Salem, says the same; but Dr.\\nBeesley supposes a mistake in the date, as there is no record of a white\\npopuLation until 1685, none of a Baptist church until 1711. I .lse-\\nwhere the doctor writes, History throws no light on the original\\noccupiers of the soil. Conjecture only can be consulted on the sub-\\nject. It is quite probable that some of the Mennonist Baptists of\\nPlockhoy s colony may have escaped to Cape May, from the spoliation\\nof Carr, in 1664, with Swedes and Dutch from Christina and New\\nAmstel, refugees for the same cause.\\nThe Baptists, the scum of the Reformation, as they were called,\\nwere the democrats of the Protestant Church; the Calvinists aspired\\nfor theocracy, and made the Church dominant in the State the Church\\nof England took submission to royal prerogative as a badge, and\\nLuther taught that it was a heathenish doctrine that a wicked ruler\\nmay be deposed. But, plebeians themselves, the Baptists were consist-\\nent, and unflinchingly dealt with the relations of life, threatening an\\nend to kingcraft, priestcraft, and feudalism. Hosts of the peasantry of\\nGermany perished in the persecutions against the Baptists arrogantly\\nthey were trodden under foot, and scorn and reproach heaped upon\\ntlieir memory. As might be expected, wherever the Baptists found\\nshelter in America, in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, they\\nbecame a power, witnessing for independence, republicanism, and free\\nreligion.\\nOne of the early pastors of the Baptists at Cape May was Nathaniel\\nJenkins, a Welshman, born in Cardiganshire in 1678. He arrived in\\nAmerica in 1710, and assumed his position in the church at Cape May\\nin 1712. Mr. Jenkins was a man of character and ability, with fair\\neducation from 1 723 to 1 733 he was a member of the Assembly he\\nwas also a trustee in the Loan Office, and a local deputy and attorney\\nof Governor Hamilton, in all of which positions he served with honor.\\nNot long after the Baptist pastor became a legislator he had the oppor-\\ntunity of doing the state some service and distinguishing his princi-\\nples. The emigrants from New England, accustomed to puritanical\\nrigor, quite conscientiously strove for a long time to engraft their perse-\\ncuting policy upon the institutions of New Jersey. When Mr. Jenkins\\nwas first a member, a bill was brought into the Assembly to punish\\nsuch as denied the doctrine of the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, the\\ninspiration of the Holy Scriptures, etc., etc. This the Baptist legislator\\nopposed with all a Welshman s zeal and action. I believe the doc-\\ntrmes in question, said he, as much as the promoter of that ill-\\ndesigned bill, but will never consent to oppose the opposers with law,\\nor with any weapon save that of argument. Accordingly, the bill\\nwas suppressed, to the great mortification of those who wanted to\\nraise in New Jersey the spirit which so raged in New England.\\nThe Baptist church was from six to seven miles north of Sea Grove,", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "76 SCHEVICHDI AXD THE STRAND.\\nat what is now the district of Cape May Court-House; there Mr. Jen-\\nkins died and there is his grave.\\nThe early presence and work of the Baptists at Cape May perhaps\\nleft fewer to adhere to the Quakers. There were a number of Friends\\nat the Cape in the early days, but they never became as numerous as\\nin Cumberland and other counties. Neither tiie Friends nor any others\\nhave been persecuted at Cape May. Quakers generally went where\\nthey were not wanted, but needed sometimes their peculiar principles\\nsubjected them to loss, even at Cape May, but no persecution appears\\nto have been intended. Thomas Learning, who came to Cape May in\\n1692, and became a whaleman, and then a farmer, seems to have been\\na Quaker; among other things he records In 1706, I built my house.\\nSamuel Matthews took a horse from me worth because I could\\nnot train. Training would have prevented the levy, and paying the\\nfine for contempt would liave saved the horse from sale; Quaker prin-\\nciples forbade one and the other; it was hard upon Thomas Learning,\\nbut what could Samuel Matthews do with a Christian who would not\\nfight nor swear\\nWithin the memory of the elder people of this generation, a Quaker\\nmeeting-house stood in the northern part of Cape May County, and\\nthere the tradition is that year after year, every First-day, two old\\nQuakers got together, and silently sat out the hours furthermore, these\\nFriends were not friendly, not on speaking terms, and so spake not\\nat all. By and by one of the old men died, and then the survivor sat\\nalone, scarcely more solitary, no whit more silent, until at last he too\\ncame no more. But the part the Quakers took in founding Cape May\\nCounty has not been without a permanent effect for good, and there\\nare men to-day everywhere who, could they but learn to hold their\\ntongues as faithfully as the two in the above story, the world would\\nbe the better for it\\nPre-eminently, Calvinism has appealed to the human intellect. The\\nDemocratic State, Free Church, and Common School arose together.\\nThe Church which invoked thought, as a co-worker with zeal and faith,\\ngave guarantees to progress; the Antinomians of Massachusetts ad-\\nvanced beyond Geneva, and in Connecticut, where Calvinism enjo}-ed a\\nhundred years of peace, Massachusetts was left behind. There reli-\\ngious pride was forgotten predestination was less considered than\\nphilanthropy persecution was abandoned, and reason and charity were\\nmade the basis of law. Virtue, said the great Connecticvit Presby-\\nterian divine, Jonathan Edwards, consists in universal love. From\\nthe churches of Connecticut were drawn the men and women who\\nplanted Presbyterianism at Cape May; there also freedom and peace\\nfavored the finest developments, and the influence of Calvinism may be\\nrecognized in the stability, thoroughness, and intelligence which have\\ncharacterized the people.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "t:", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF COLD SPRING CHURCH. yy\\nThe first Presbyterian church in Cape May County was estabhshed\\nat Cold Spring, two miles to the north of Sea Grove; its earliest\\nchronicles have disappeared, but it is recorded that the first minister\\nwas the Rev. John Bradner, a native of Scotland. Mr. Bradner was\\na candidate for the ministry when invited to Cold Spring, but Rev.\\nAllen H. Brown, in his Outline History of the Presbyterian Church\\nin West South Jersey, says he had no authority to preach, and it\\nmarks the unorganized state of Church affairs at the time, that Messrs.\\nDavis, Hampton, and Henry, the three nearest ministers, took the re-\\nsponsibility of examining and licensing him in March, 17 14, he being\\nordained May 6th, 1715. In 1721 Mr. Bradner was removed to Goshen,\\nOrange County, New York, still keeping, however, his connection with\\nthe Presbytery of Philadelphia. Mr. Bradner died before September,\\n1733. The estate now occupied as the parsonage, consisting of some\\ntwo hundred acres, was conveyed by him, for the use of the pastor of\\nthis Church, to Humphrey Hughes, George Hand, John Parsons,\\nJoseph Weldon (Whilldin), James Spicer, and twenty-seven others.\\nMr. Bradner was succeeded by Rev. Samuel P inley, who. as a resident\\nat Cape May, often officiated, though not settled there. Mr. Finley was\\ndistinguished for learning and personal holiness; the great revival\\namong the Presbyterian and Baptist churches from 1740 to 1743 was\\nregarded as, in a large degree, God s blessing upon his labors; in 1761\\nhe became President of Princeton College he was made a doctor of\\ndivinity, by the University of Glasgow, in 1763, and, after an active and\\nuseful life, died in remarkable peace and happiness, at Philadelphia,\\nJuly i6th, 1766, being then fifty-one years of age.\\nP om 172 I to 175 I the Cold Spring Church had no settled minister;\\nMessrs. Beatty, Dean, Davenport, and others, were a temporary supply.\\nThe Rev. Daniel Lawrence was at last installed, June 20th, 1754. Of\\nhis ministry little is known, except that in addition to his labors at\\nCape May he was often at the Forks of Brandywine, and, in 1755,\\nwent to preach at New England over the mountains. Mr. Law-\\nrence ministered to the Cold Spring Church twelve years he died in\\n1766; his grave is at Cold Spring. After the decease of Mr. Law-\\nrence, the Rev. John Brainerd supplied the Cold Spring pulpit in 1769\\nand 1770, and there is a report that a Mr. Schcnck, a progenitor of the\\nHon. Robert Schenck, preached at Cape May, probably about this\\ntime.\\nMr. James Watt was the next minister the tombstone records his\\ndeath November iQlh, 1 789, aged 46 years. Mr. Watts is said to have\\nbeen a man remarkable for disinterested kindness, integrity, and ability;\\nhe was of the First Presbytery of Philadelphia, and represented that\\nbody in the General Assembly of I7 ^9.\\nThe sombre manners of some of the stern New England forefathers\\ngave reason for an accusation trite as untrue, that Presbyterians were", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "78\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nalways an austere, sour, morose set of ascetics the biographical anec-\\ndotes of the Rev. Mr. Watt might be quoted in refutal. Like the\\napostle Peter, Mr. Watt was much inclined to go a-fishing, and of\\nall fish the devil-fish was the one he most delighted to pursue. The\\ndevil is often a large, powerful fish, its capture rough sport. On one\\noccasion, while accompanied by two other clergymen, Mr. Watt har-\\npooned a devil-fish in Delaware Bay, so large and strong that it\\nrapidly drew the boat toward the sea. Amid the apprehension felt by\\nall, but especially by his guests, Dr. Watt, as he was familiarly called,\\nbroke out in hearty laughter. He assured his companions that he\\ncould not conceal his amusement at the idea of three clergymen of\\nthe orthodox Church being run away with by the Devil\\nMr. Watt was succeeded by the Rev. Abijah Davis, of whom there\\nis no record. The Rev. David Edwards followed him, dying in 1813.\\nAfter 1808, the church-record has been preserved. The Rev. Isaac\\nA. Ogden was installed 1817; he resigned and went West in 1825.\\nHis successor was the Rev. Alvin H. Parker, installed June 19th, 1825,\\non the occasion of the first meeting of the Presbytery at Cold Spring.\\nThe elders composing the session were Matthew Whillden (Whilldin),\\nJohn Stites, Jacob Foster, Jesse Hughes, and Jacob R. Hughes. Moses\\nWilliamson was ordained and installed at Cold Spring in 183 1 he\\nfounded a successful academy there. Under his ministry the church\\nprospered; he resigned in 1872, being now an honored resident of\\nCape May City.\\nThe pastor at Cold Spring is the Rev. Thomas S. Dewing, to whom,\\nwith the Rev. Dr. Alfred E. Nevins, thanks are due for items of this\\nhistory. Mr. Dewing began his labors October 1st, 1873, and was\\ninstalled May 6th, 1874. The Cold Spring Church has two hundred\\nmembers; the Sabbath-school two hundred and fifty scholars a chapel\\nhas been built near the Cape, and the church improved, the means\\ntberefor being derived from a legacy by Hon. Matthew Marcy.\\nThe Presbyterian church at Cape Island was erected in 1845, as\\nthe visitors church; there the Rev. Mr. Williamson, before men-\\ntioned, preached on Sabbath and Tuesday evenings, until 1851, when\\nthe Cape Island Presbyterian Church was organized. The Rev. E.\\nP. Shields is now in charge, and under his diligent culture and\\njudicious oversight, says Dr. Nevins, the society is prosperous.\\nThere is also an P^piscopal, a Methodist, and a Baptist church at\\nCape May City.\\nIn the Cold Spring church-yard, and in another burying-place near\\nthe bay, above the steamboat landing, are entombed the aslies of many\\nof the pioneers of Cape May, and of the generations which followed\\nthem. The tombstone is the only record of some who, once active and\\nconspicuous, arc now no more regarded their names, their memory,\\nobsolete, except among the venerable few.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "THE SAFE BASIS OF PROGRESS. -o\\nBut an enlightened faith dwells not in tombs, and recognizes death\\nonly as an incident of life; they whose bodies went down into the\\ngrave at Cape May came to their earthly consummation in a land where\\nthe hope of a happy immortality was part of the common creed.\\nStrong in religious faith, upheld by a consciousness of spiritual things,\\nthe hour of their departure was to many of them an hour of triumph.\\nOne and all, they lived they died; their example still remains: in\\nhigh or low degree they filled the sphere they found, whereunto\\nthey were appointed. The soul scorns the history that ends at the\\ngrave; as we stand amid the trampled dust of by-gone myriads, it lifts\\nits voice within, to assert the presence of the angelic hosts and pro-\\nclaim over all the just and loving providence of God.\\nConsidering thus briefly the history of the churches of Cape I\\\\Iay,\\nregarding especially the Presbyterian organization, it is noticeable that\\nwhile Calvinism has been influential, it has by no means been the sole\\ncreed of the people the author follows the record of Presbyterianism\\nat greatest length, because the past history of that church and the\\nrecent action of Presbyterians at Sea Grove are strikingly pertinent\\nto his argument, that freedom and equality are the safe basis of ma-\\nterial and spiritual progress.\\nSociety, as some imagine, depends upon despotism, and religion they\\nthink a tender plant, thriving best in the shadow of a throne, hedged\\nby bayonets grafted, at least, upon some constitution, and guarded by\\nfacile courts. The Presbyterian Church is a free, a self-governing\\nrepublican church. New Jersey has been democratic in the extreme,\\nand absolutely tolerant. At Cape May Presbyterianism has had free-\\ndom, continuity, scope, and time, without isolation; it is fair to accept\\nthe outgrowth as a test of democratic republicanism and of the ten-\\ndency of Calvinism in the United States. To learn this requires, in\\naddition to a survey of the past, an observation of the novel yet\\ncharacteristic developments of the present.\\nIn passing from that which has become historical in relation to the\\nPresbyterians of Cape May to an observation of the present, one thing\\nmay be remarked of peculiar interest and significance: the faith of the\\nforefathers has, as it were, become hereditary; the names of prominent\\nPresbyterians to-day are those found in the old church chronicles and\\ntraditions. Thus, Joseph Weldon (Whilldon, VVhilldcn, or Whilldin)\\nwas one of the original trustees of Cold Spring Cliurch. Matthew\\nWhillden (Whilldin), with John Stites and Jesse and Jacob R. Hughes,\\nwere elders of the session in 1 825, and to-day Alexander Whilldin, after\\nserving his church for a full generation as an elder, is now President\\nof the Sea Grove Association. Of the above officers of the church,\\nMr. John Stites and Matthew Whilldon each held the position of\\nactive and ruling elders for fifty years or more; they were contem-\\nporaries, and their terms of office were nearly coincident.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "So SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nThe organization over which Mr. Alexander Whilldin presides,\\nhaving both secular and religious purposes, is Presbyterian in its\\nantecedents and affiliations, though not exclusively sectarian in its\\nconstituency and designs, yet its work has been one of the most\\nstriking manifestations of character and tendency given by Presby-\\nterians for many years and hence the value of the history of the\\nAssociation, and its force as evidence in establishing the assumptions\\nwhich are embodied in the first paragraphs of this work, and which\\nare the conclusion of its argument.\\nFollowing the course of our narrative and the discussion together,\\nthe history of Sea Grove becomes repuisite, and immediately in order.\\nNo account of the Sea Grove Association, its origin and operations, can\\nbe at all complete without some sketch, more or less circumstantial,\\nof the gentleman who presides over the business of that corporation\\nhence the necessity of reference to him in the succeeding paragraphs.\\nThe founder of Sea Grove is a native of Philadelphia, having been\\nborn in that city in i8o8; his father was a sea-captain, and a native\\nof New Jersey. In 1812, leaving France on a return voyage to this\\ncountry, he never reached our shores, no tidings of his fate ever\\ncoming to relieve the suspense of the bereaved family. This sad\\nevent left Alexander Whilldin an orphan at the early age of four years.\\nThe widow with her son and two daughters left Philadelphia, and went\\nto reside at the old homestead in Cape May County.\\nThere, on the old farm near the Court-House, Alexander lived for\\ntwelve years, receiving only the meagre education that the country\\nschool-house of that day could give. In his sixteenth year he returned\\nto Philadelphia and entered a store, where, without grumbling, he\\nperformed the duties of youngest clerk, including making the fires,\\nsweeping the store, running of errands, and other things too often\\ncounted as drudgery nowadays. He was not too proud to work,\\nand he worked earnestly, industriously, faithfully. He remained here\\nas clerk eight years, rising from one position to another, gaining the\\nconfidence of his employer and of all about him. In 1832 he started\\nbusiness for himself, as a commission merchant in cotton and wool,\\nthe first year with a i)artner who brought in needed capital, and after-\\nwards alone.\\nHis career as a business man now began in earnest. He soon de-\\nveloped those traits which mark the solid man of business wherever\\nyou find him. He was prudent, sound in judgment, courteous, self-\\nreliant, industrious, and of indomitable energy and persistence. He at\\nonce gave proof of great executive ability, and of capacity to direct\\nextensive and complicated affairs. With such a power at the helm,\\nhis business rapidly grew to large proportions and although at one\\ntime embarrassment surrounded him, his native resources of energy,\\nsagacity, and superior judgment enabled him finally to extricate him-", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER WHII.LKIN, KOUNDKU OK SEA C.KOVE.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. 8r\\nself honorably, to meet every obligation he had assumed, and to build\\nhimself up on the experience of his trials upon a broader and surer\\nbasis than ever.\\nThe peculiar talents of such a merchant could not of course remain\\nthe exclusive possession of his own large business. Mr. Whilldin was\\nsought in commercial and financial circles, and was for many years\\nPresident of the American Life Insurance Company of Philadelphia,\\nand prominently interested in the management of other pecuniary\\ntrusts. His philanthropic sympathies, known generosity, and the\\npersonal interest he has always taken in educational, benevolent, and\\nreligious enterprises have made him prominent also in many noble\\npublic charities of Philadelphia; his upright character, and wisdom in\\ncounsel, making him invaluable as a leader in his own church denomi-\\nnation, and very efficient as a manager in the American Sunday-school\\nUnion, Presbyterian Hospital, and other worthy educational and phil-\\nanthropic institutions.\\nA truthful likeness of Mr. Whilldin is included in the illustrations\\nof this work. Although nearing his seventieth year after a laborious\\nlife, he enjoys the reward of ever temperate habits in an eye as clear,\\na step as elastic, and a mind as vigorous as most men of fifty. He is\\nstill actively at the head of his extended business, which is conducted\\nin company with his three sons, and remains, as he has been for a full\\nhalf-century, a respected and useful citizen of the great city where he\\nwas born. Though so long a resident of Philadelphia, the experienced\\nmerchant has never outworn his fondness for the scenes of his boy-\\nhood, or failed to appreciate the advantages of an annual sojourn at\\nthe old familiar sea-side places. It has been for many years his delight\\nto escape from the cares of business, and seek beside the waters of\\nCape Alay the recreation which nowhere else seemed as grateful and\\ncomplete. For half a century, e.xcept one season in Europe, he has\\nbeen there every summer.\\nNot only as a visitor to Cape May, but as the holder of considerable\\nreal estate there, Mr. Whilldin has watched with interest the growth\\nand peculiar prosperity of the county desirous, as a philanthropist,\\nthat all should enjoy and be benefited by the natural peculiarities of\\nthe place, he has seen, with regret, the increase of a bad fashion which\\nrenders the season for rest and health-giving resort to nature but a\\nwearying round of dissipation. More than twenty years ago, says\\nthe founder of Sea Grove, I had this subject under consideration.\\nMany beside Mr. Whilldin had long deplored watering-place extrava-\\ngance, and several denominations had established quiet places of con-\\ngenial resort for their members, but none existed among Presbyterians.\\nProvidentially, as some of his friends declare, Mr. Whilldin was in\\npossession of a most convenient location, whose great but long-reserved\\nnatural advantages invited occupation; besides, he had the courage,", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "82 SCHEYTCHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nthe means, and the influence, to make successful whatever he con-\\nsidered it his duty to undertake.\\nTlie site of Sea Grove was purchased of The West New Jersey\\nSociety in England, by Jonathan Pyne the elder, through Jeremiah\\nBasse as agent; being inherited by Jonathan Pyne (2d) and Abigail\\nPyne, it was deeded by them and Robert Courtney, Abigail Pyne s\\nhusband, to Henry Stites, in 17 12. The property remained in the\\nStites family until the marriage of Jane G. Stites with Alexander Whill-\\ndin, in 1836, and was by them conveyed to the Sea Grove Association,\\nMarch 15th, 1875, having been in Presbyterian hands one hundred and\\nsixty-thi-ee years.\\nI have come, said Mr. Whilldin, to consider it the providence of\\nGod that we have been led to retain this Presbyterian ground all these\\nyears, to become a subject of special consecration at last. To him it\\nseemed little less than desecration to appropriate the place he loved to\\nthe use for which nature had pre-eminently fitted it that of a superior\\nsea-side resort if it must be done in the ordinary manner. Yet it\\nseemed a pity so fine a place as Sea Grove should benefit so i^v^^, es-\\npecially when scores of thousands in the great cities not far away\\nneeded every summer the comfort and help of the ocean air, and yet\\nfound themselves repelled and excluded from most popular resorts by\\nthe crowding, the confusion, the mad revelry, and recklessness which\\nmore and more characterized them.\\nUnder the circumstances, Mr. Whilldin took counsel in the first\\nplace, as has been stated, of his own thoughts and inspirations, for some\\ntime considering the matter; then, like a wise and practical man, he\\nconferred with his wife. We, said he, laid the matter before Qod;\\nand then, feeling as if Heaven intended to bless the work, the Presby-\\nterian man of business conferred with his brethren. His suggestions\\nwere generally approved, and it was decided to utilize the choice loca-\\ntion at the point of Cape May, and furnish a Moral and Religious Sea-\\nside Home for the glory of God and the welfare of Man, zvhere lie may\\nbe refreshed and invigorated body and soul, and better fitted for the highest\\nand noblest duties of life.\\nIn furtherance of this object an organization was effected the i8tli\\nof February, 1875, which was chartered, with liberal franchises, by the\\nSenate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey the same\\nyear.\\nThis corporation was styled the Sea Grove Association, and its\\nBoard of Directors was made to consist of Alexander Whilldin. Dr.\\nV. M. D. Marcy, Downs Edmunds, J. Newton Walker, and John Wana-\\nmaker.\\nSection 6th of the charter vests the Board of Directors with the\\npower of regulation and control in the following terms\\n6. And be it enacted, That a majority of the directors for the time", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "LAW AND ORDER AT SEA GROVE.\\n83\\nbeing shall form a board for the transaction of the business of said\\ncorporation, and shall have power to make such by-laws, ordinances,\\nand regulations as shall seem necessary and convenient for the man-\\nagement and disposition of the stock, effects, and concerns of the said\\ncorporation, and for the purpose of restricting nuisances and of compel-\\nling a uniform system of improvements; the said company are hereby\\nauthorized and invested with power to incorporate into any deed or\\nconveyance made by them, whether in fee simple or otherwise, a clause\\nor condition forbidding the sale upon the premises of any spirituous\\nor intoxicating liquors, and to require of any grantee of said company\\nto make and maintain such style and character of improvement on said\\nlots so conveyed, or on the streets fronting thereon, as to the said com-\\npany may seem best for securing a uniform system of development and\\nimprovement throughout the said settlement and the board of directors\\nof said company shall have the power to appoint such peace officers as\\nthey may deem necessary for the purpose of keeping order on the\\npremises, which officers shall be paid by the said company, but shall\\nhave when on duty the same power and authority and immunities which\\nconstables and other peace officers under the laws of this State possess\\nor enjoy when on duty as such, and they shall have the same power to\\nenforce obedience to any rule and regulation of said corporation for the\\npreservation of quiet and good order on the premises of said corporation\\nand their grantees; provided, that such by-laws or regulations are not\\ncontrary to the laws or constitution of the United States or of this State.\\nSubsequently the officers of the Association were elected, with Alex-\\nander Whdldin, President and Treasurer, 20 South Front Street, Phila-\\ndelphia; J. C. Sidney, Secretary, 204 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia;\\nDowns Edmunds, Assistant Secretary, Cape May Point.\\nThe Directors of the Sea Grove Association adopted a series of by-\\nlaws and regulations which provided for the systematic and business-\\nlike conduct of its affairs, according to the terms of its charter. Of\\nthese regulations the 12th, 13th, and 15th are special and significant in\\ncharacter, and by their nature or general interest, and are therefore here\\ninserted\\n12. All buildings and other improvements will be subject to the\\napproval of the directors or to an agent appointed for that purpose by\\nthem.\\n13. All deeds will contain a clause for the purpose of restricting\\nnuisances and of compelling a uniform system of improvement, forbid-\\nding the sale or keeping for sale any spirituous or intoxicating liquors,\\nand generally providing for the submission to such rules and regulations\\nas the Board may from time to time direct. Neither the holder of a lot,\\nstockholder, or other person shall permit any amusement or act incon-\\nsistent with the character of the place and the objects of the Association,\\nas set forth in the charter.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "84 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\n15. The Pavilion is intended for religious or other meetings. Parties\\ndesiring to occupy it will not be permitted to do so without the authority\\nin writing of the President, or in his absence of the majority of the\\nBoard, who shall first ascertain the character of the intended meeting,\\nrefusing the use thereof to all such as are not compatible with the objects\\nand purposes of the Association.\\nThe stock of the company being taken up at once, operations began,\\nand were pushed with great energy. After the manner of the Calvinist\\nPuritans of New England long ago, the first structure in the new settle-\\nment was an edifice for the purposes of education and religion. The\\nPavilion, though vastly different from the comfortless churches in\\nwhich the Pilgrims delighted, was yet the creation of the same spirit,\\nthough working under vastly different circumstances. As a building,\\nit is well adapted to the purpose for which it has been constructed. In\\nwhatever respect it may fall short of the too great splendor of some\\ncity sanctuaries, it has one excellence in which many costly churches\\nare deficient as seen by the view on another page, it admits of perfect\\nventilation.\\nCompleted late in the spring of 1875, the history of the Sea Grove\\nPavilion is evidently brief; still, as the centre of Sea Grove enterprise,\\nit has already attracted much attention, and been the scene of several\\nmemorable gatherings. For the ensuing record and description of the\\nfirst season of Pavilion meetings the author is indebted to the Rev. Alfred\\nE. Nevins, D.D., the superintendent and friendly manager of the services.\\nThough a distinguished array of clerical talent of various denominations\\nwas always available through the season, yet to the supervision and\\ncare of Dr. Nevins was due much of the regularity and success of those\\nassemblies. In connection with the regular Pavilion services on Sunday,\\na Sabbath-school was organized, and conducted with decided success\\nby Mr. S. E. Hughes, a member of the Methodist church.\\nRecounting the already stated objects of the Sea Grove Association,\\nDr. Nevins proceeds to remark: During the season of 1875, it was\\ntruly gratif) ing to see how this object was kept in view, appreciated,\\nand carried out. I^arly in July, in the attractive structure set apart for\\nDivine service, and standing where but a few months before were seen\\nthe dense and dark forest, liundreds of visitors were summoned from\\nthe commodious hotel and handsome cottages by the clear and sweet\\ntones of the bell, ringing through the grove and along the beach, to\\nengage in the worship of their common Creator and Redeemer. And\\non every succeeding Sabbath was the same invitation given and\\naccepted. A pleasing spectacle it was, on such occasions, to behold\\nthose who, though differing in some points of faith, yet agreed in the\\nessential elements of our holy religion, the veteran and the child, the\\nstranger and the familiar friend, all mingling their voices and uniting\\ntheir liearts in praise and prayer to the God and Father of our Lord", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "5 ymm\\n\\\\ipn\\\\m^^", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "RELIGIOUS SERVICES IN THE PAVILION. g^\\nJesus Christ, and listening with eager ear and ardent interest to the\\nexposition of His most excellent Word. Still more pleasant, if possi-\\nble, was it to see several hundreds of representative ministers and lay-\\nmen of the various evangelical denominations, who had been invited to\\nconvene for the consideration of great moral and religious subjects, on\\nthe 25th of August, engage for several days in the noble Pavilion in\\nearnest devotions and discussions, and then on the holy Sabbath unite\\nin celebrating the love of Him who died for our sins, according to the\\nScriptures, who prays that His followers all may be one, and who\\nhas gone to prepare for them a place where they shall dwell together\\nin blissful fellowship through an endless existence. There is some-\\nthing in the magnitude and grandeur of the ocean, as it is gazed upon,\\na great symbol of eternity, to overwhelm the mind, and cast minor\\nmatters into the shade. The very sight of it, in this view, tends to\\nmagnify the essentials of Christianity and to minify its circumstantials.\\nAnd this effect was evidently realized in no small degree by the visit-\\nors at Sea Grove. May the flame that was kindled on the shore\\na spot which, in another land, Jesus so much delighted to frequent\\nsend its light and heat throughout the country and the world!\\nOne sole baptismal sign,\\nOne Lord, below, above.\\nZion, one faith is thine,\\nOne only watchword Love.\\nFrom different temples thougii it rise,\\nOne song ascendeth to the skies.\\nOh, why should they who love\\nOne Gospel to unfold,\\nWlio seek one home above,\\nOn earth be strange and cold?\\nWliy, subjects of the Prince of Peace,\\nIn strife abide, and bitterness?\\nHead of the church beneath,\\nThe catliolic the true\\nOn all her members breathe\\nHer broken frame renew\\nThen shall Thy perfect will be done,\\nWhen Christians love ami live as one.\\nWhile the Pavilion was going up, a heavy force of men were grading\\nthe streets, avenues, and boulevards of Sea Grove. In the Bird s-eye\\nView of Sea Grove which illustrates this book, the plan appears as\\nlaid out by Mr. Sidney, the architect. At the same time, the founda-\\ntions of the Sea Grove House were laid, and the building pushed\\nwith great energy, being ready for use and thronged with hundreds of\\nguests the same season. Simultaneously, many cottages arose here and\\nthere, all neat and attractive, and some ornately elegant notably that\\nof the Whilldin family, illustrated, with the original Sea Grove House,\\nin the view of Atlantic Beach, from a photograph taken upon the", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "86 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\ncompletion of the first buildings of Sea Grove. Besides, as early ex-\\namples of fitness and characteristic good taste, might be mentioned\\nthe cottage of John Wanamaker; one for Mr. Stockton, an Episco-\\npalian divine; several built on account of J. Newton Walker, M.D.\\nthose constructed by Mr. Hughes, etc., as shown in the bird s-eye view.\\nEpiscopalians, Lutherans, Methodists, and Christians of other de-\\nnominations were already owners of the soil, and began to build; be-\\nsides, people, not members of any church, were drawn by the promise\\nof order and morality to seek a resting-place in the borders of the new,\\nfast-growing town. The frontispiece represents Cape May Point, the site\\nof Sea Grove, as it appeared in 1776; the picture of Sea Grove Beach\\nby Moonlight is a sketch of the same locality, from a different point\\nof view, just before the lighthouse was moved inland, the constant\\naction of the sea having worn away the low bluff until the tower\\nwould soon have been in danger of a fall into the encroaching waves.\\nThese engravings are essentially accurate, except that in the original\\npaintings, from which both of them were copied, the artist, Mr. Charles\\nW. Knapp, of Philadelphia, well known by his fine authentic American\\nlandscapes, though reproducing faithfully and beautifully from older\\nsketches and various data the natural features of each scene, has in-\\ntroduced, for artistic effect, more figures of men and women than often\\ngathered on Barren Beach in those days. The lighthouse being\\nmoved back in 1847, the scene remained without much change until\\n1875, when the improvements of Sea Grove began.\\nThe Bird s-ej e View is reduced from a design by Armitage, of\\nMr. Sidney s office, and gives the appearance of Sea Grove in the\\nspring of 1876. Studied thus in connection and contrast, these pic-\\ntures are more expressive than any words the writer can command.\\nThe other views in this volume, being from sketches by David B. Gul-\\nick, of New York, are, of course, reliiible pictures they present ar-\\ntistically the actual features in a peculiar landscape, and, as will soon be\\nseen, are significant of the remarkable influence of changing phases of\\nreligious sentiment upon general progress. Let the reader look at the\\npicture of the gateway of Sea Grove, at the view of Lake Lily, and at\\nthe architecture of all the buildings in the various scenes, and then com-\\npare the liberality, taste, and good sense of Presbyterians to-day, with\\nthe temper manifested by the conscientiously ugly and uncomfortable\\nmeeting-houses of New England Calvinists two hundred years ago!\\nA sea-side resort, say the Directors of the Sea Grove Associa-\\ntion, in one of their publications, is generally associated in the mind\\nwith lavish display, extravagant living, dissipation, and consequent ex-\\npense, to be regretted when the apparent pleasure is past and gone.\\nTo families of quiet habits, and who visit a summer resort, even\\nwhere expense is no object, the glitter and show do not compensate\\nfor the health lost or for bad habits formed, especially by the young.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "SUMMER HOMES BESIDE THE SEA.\\n87\\nThe fashionable hotel at a watering place may afford at enormous\\nprices some luxuries and some exciting amusements, but attending\\nthese are generally small, inconvenient rooms, dissipation of every kind,\\na mixed, often immoral, company, the irreverent element preponder-\\nating over the moral and religious. In view of these facts, they ex-\\nplain that their enterprise has been undertaken with the idea of afford-\\ning a sea-side resort, and sea-side homes, with their economies and\\npleasures, as well as the influences arising from a religious sentiment,\\ngood order, and a freedom from all dissipation attending the merely\\nfashionable watering places.\\nTo encourage home life and influences at the sea-side, the greatest\\ninducements are extended to those who build at Sea Grove. Aside from\\nall other advantages of ready-made and perfectly graded streets, etc.,\\neach builder of a cottage will be entitled to a free pass over the West\\nJersey Railroad for one, two, or three years, agreeably to cost of im-\\nprovement and all materials will be carried at a reduced rate. The\\nAssociation, to facilitate transit from Cape May City and the steam-\\nboat landing to Sea Grove, have constructed a horse railroad between\\nthose places. Good-sized lots at Sea Grove have been put at moderate\\nprices, and, to prevent monopolizing speculation, none are sold except\\nto those who agree to build within three years. The observer can de-\\ntect neither overreaching greed or insane fanaticism in the develop-\\nments of Sea Grove the enterprise is no crusade, no pilgrimage to\\nsome holy but unhealthy sacred place, at the command of super-\\nstition.\\nPresbyterians to-day expect God s blessing of health only as they\\nconform to natural laws, the dictates of sanitary science, and good\\nsense. Speaking of the site of their enterprise, the Directors announce\\nThe land is sufficiently rolling to afford good drainage in every di-\\nrection, and there are many building-sites rising twenty-five feet above\\nthe level of the ocean. There is no swamp on the tract, and the whole\\nplot is available for building purposes. Water for drinking and culin-\\nary purposes, of the purest quality, is obtained on any part of the ground\\nat a depth of sixteen feet from the surface.\\nHospitable religion, broad boulevards, perfect drainage, pure, jilen-\\ntiful water, hygienic living; this is the Presbyterian programme to-day.\\nNot very long ago, moody, mistaken saints, of varied sects, counted\\nreligion, or the madness they called such, godliness enough, leaving\\ncleanliness and care for the body to be regarded almost as a vice;\\nherein is evident improvement. Progress involves no shifting of the\\ngrounds of principle, no change in the immutable basis of truth it is\\na matter of perception and receptivity. It is mankind that is con-\\nverted from the error of its way, to grow in intelligence, in morals, in\\nspiritual unfolding, to the measure of a perfect life!\\nPeculiar in its origin, remarkable in its development, .striking in its", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "88 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nresults, as a work of high civilization, as an index of progress, Sea\\nGrove commands attention by the liberality, skill, and judgment every-\\nwhere evinced, but is equally a display of good taste, a substantial re-\\ncognition of the claims of the beautiful. Calling to mind the crop-eared\\nboors of Marston Moor, the Roundheads of Cromwell s army, the\\nparliament of Praise God Barebones, the grim Puritans of Salem and\\nBoston, the Pilgrim Fathers, the Saints of New Haven, the Cove-\\nnanters of Scotland, and the early Presbyterians of New Jersey, with\\nall the stern dogmatists of a persecuted denomination whose members\\nwere accused of regarding propriety and comeliness as a wile of the\\nwicked one, how strange, how inconsistent seem the works and\\nways of their lineal descendants in the spirit the inheritors of the\\nfaith, the Presbyterians of to-day. Yet, whatever may, at first thought,\\nseem to be the case, Sea Grove is a coherent outgrowth of Geneva,\\nand Calvinism as much at home there as it was with the democratic\\nand catholic Pilgrim. leathers aboard the Mayflower and at Plymouth,\\nor amid the privations, gloom, austerity, and exclusiveness of the per-\\nsecuting Puritans during the first years of Salem and Boston.\\nTo make it still more plain that the principles, good manners, and\\nmorals of the elder generations of Calvinists are essentially preserved,\\nand their foibles alone omitted, by the people of Sea Grove, the following,\\nfrom the pen of an experienced, observing, orthodox minister, is here\\nadded: Throughout the season a bright, cheerful, and sociable spirit\\nprevailed. Innocent and agreeable amusements abounded. Cultured\\nand friendly intercourse was cherished. Guests, without any constraint\\nto do so, had an opportunity of attending family worship morning and\\nevening, as well as public Divine service on the Sabbath. Nothing oc-\\ncurred of any kind to mar the pleasure of the visitors from North, South,\\nEast, and West, and every sign indicated a brilliant and useful future for\\nSea Grove. It was evident to all who visited the place for a day, a\\nweek, or a month, that it is just the resort that is needed, one where\\nfashion and dissipation do not hold sway, where extravagance finds no\\nsphere for display, where guests, without an affected pretense of piety\\nor of devotional services, may enjoy the means of grace to which the\\ninmates of Christian homes are accustomed in their church relations,\\nand where, whilst religious advantages are supplied and cherished,\\neverything like sectarianism and bigotry is eschewed. It was a joy\\nto the writer that, during a visit of a number of weeks at Sea Grove,\\nwhilst witnessing much cheerful enjoyment, and sharing in it, he nei-\\nther saw a card or glass of liquor, nor heard a profane word. And this\\nwas peculiarly gratifying, as so many young persons were present, who\\ncould not but be benefited by so much exemption from evil influences,\\nwhile under the power of others of an opposite character, genial, cheer-\\ning, manly, and eminentlj; salutary.\\nIt has been stated that not only Presbyterians, but Episcopalians,", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "EPISCOPALIANS AT SEA GROVE.\\n8g\\nLutherans, IMethodists, and others were attracted to Sea Grove. To\\nshow how some of these people re ^ard the place and its arrange-\\nments leads the author directly to the point of his perhaps too long\\nland circumstantial argument. The subjoined paragraphs are from an\\nEpiscopalian in training and by long affiliation a liberal man and a\\nreformer, one familiar with great enterprises, and to whom some of the\\nmost remarkable acts of the Senate of the United States owe their\\nconception. This gentleman made a careful examination of the affairs\\nof Sea Grove at an early date, and in a letter from thence to a friend,\\nbut for publication, he wrote,\\nAnother visit to this delightful spot demonstrated the fact that the\\nsuccess of the enterprise is assured.\\nAlthough somewhat surprised at the rapid advancement of the\\nwork as it appeared a few weeks ago, the sight presented last Saturday\\nseemed quite bewildering.\\nThe place, considering the brief interval, had assumed the air of\\na lively little village, with evidences on all sides of the greatest activity\\nand healthy progress. Cottages are springing up as if under the\\ninspiration of magic, the commodious hotel recently begun is now\\nopen, the beautiful wide avenues are being graded and graveled, the\\nsidewalks gently elevated above the smooth, level drives, and the busy\\nworkmen finishing their labors give hopeful note of preparation for the\\ncoming season.\\nThe excursionists last Saturday appeared to enjoy the visit very\\nmuch after taking a bird s-eye view of Sea Grove from the lofty\\nsteeple of the Pavilion, they strolled off along the beach, and visited\\nthe numerous objects of interest, as the clear fresh-water lake, the new\\nhotel, the cottages, and grounds.\\nA sign of the progressive times is the fact that men of large ex-\\nperience, keen sagacity, and ample means are attracted to South Jersey\\npartly from its superior natural advantages, and, in some measure, from\\nthe moral tone and growing sentiments of the people u[)on the vital\\nquestions of temperance and prohibition, without which no community\\ncan reach the highest degree of moral development and material wealth.\\nThe Sea Grove Association, composed of such men as Messrs,\\nAlexander Whilldin, John VVanamaker, J. C. Sidney, and others of like\\nearnestness and capacity, recognizing these principles, has founded this\\nnew settlement on the basis of morality, religion, and temperance, and\\nprocured such legislation as will effectually banish, within the cor-\\nporate limits, the sale and traffic of intoxicating liquors. Built on this\\nsuperstructure, with its natural advantage of position, health, accessi-\\nbility, moral tone, and religious sentiments, the future of Sea Grove is\\nassured.\\nThe temperance feature is one which your valuable journal cannot\\ntoo highly commend. The beneficent result which will soon be ap-", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "90\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nparent from the practical workings of the prohibitory provision will\\nfurnish you additional arguments and illustrations to continue the\\nmanly fight made in Pennsylvania against the rum traffic and in favor\\nof prohibition throughout the State.\\nThe party returned to the city about eight o clock without acci-\\ndent, seemingly well pleased with the day s enjoyment.\\nBut all the world are not Presbyterians, all are not Episcopalians\\nsome are not members of any church, and yet are people of discrim-\\nination, at least in secular matters. John Calvin, in Geneva, could not\\nraise himself above the persecuting spirit of his age altogether. The\\nCalvinists in Holland, in England, in Massachusetts, were by the\\nrecord held guilty of conscientious bloodshed for the offenses of con-\\nscience. Coming down the tide of time, what spirit ruled at Sea\\nGrove? The hospitality, tolerance, and courtesy of the Sea Grove\\nChristians were early put to a test, and as to the manner in which they\\nbore the trial, the evidence of the one who gave whatever provocation\\nmay have been felt shall be admitted.\\nThe letters here quoted from were published at Boston, Massachu-\\nsetts, in the Banner of Light, an old, ably-conducted Spiritualist\\njournal, much respected by its supporters, and of world-wide circula-\\ntion. Addressing the editor as a personal friend, the correspondent at\\nSea Grove freely comments as follows\\nWhile your various correspondents are sending you cheerful notes\\nfrom different points where the thousands of liberal souls congregate\\nand enjoy the satisfaction of a refined society and philosophical teach-\\nings, I add my scribble from another locality, where it may seem that\\nI am out of place and ought to be uncomfortable.\\nSea Grove is a creation, and a creation by Presbyterians. If you\\ntake your United States map, and let your pen-handle run down the\\ncoast of the Atlantic southwardly until you reach Cape Henlopen, you\\nwill be fourteen miles beyond where I am. Still, Cape Henlopen light,\\nshining across the entrance of Delaware Bay, threw its rays into my\\nwindow last night, for I slept at the very end of Southern New Jersey,\\non the shore of the actual Cape May. The long-established watering-\\nplace of that name is north of here, in a much less desirable locality,\\nnot on a cape at all hence, in our American way, its name.\\nOn the point of the Cape a few Presbyterian gentlemen and capitalists\\nhave laid out in noble style a small town, building, as their forefathers\\nin the faith in New England did, a church first, and then, as the pilgrim\\nfathers did not, a comfortable hotel, with modern improvements, next!\\nNor this alone, but they have leveled the sand banks, improved the\\nshores of a small fresh-water lake, and multiplied streets, roads, ave-\\nnues, and boulevards in every direction. Eine cottages have been\\nerected, and the place is rapidly developing characteristics of material\\norder and beauty.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "DISINTERESTED EVIDENCE. pi\\nThe Abraham, the Moses, the Solomon of this enterprise is Alex-\\nander Whilldin, Esq., a wealthy wool merchant of the city of Philadel-\\nphia, in whose family the land hereabouts has been a legacy for genera-\\ntions. Presbyterianism has descended in the same line as the property,\\nbut it must not be understood that the large fortune of Mr. W. was all\\ninherited, or that he is of that class of men who accept their creeds\\nready-made from their ancestors. On the contrary, he is a thorough\\nman of business, as liberal in his charities as thoughtfully tolerant in\\nhis adhesion to his sect. In association with him is the famous Napo-\\nleon of clothiers, John Wanamaker, of the same city. Both these\\npersons are remarkable in the same way men whose broad views and\\nceaseless energies, coupled with catholic sympathies, make mere sec-\\ntarianism seem impertinent, and exalt our conception of human nature\\nas we observe their philanthropic activity and eminent public spirit.\\nThe plan of this sea-side paradise, this New Jerusalem in the sand,\\nas well as the public improvements, reflects credit upon the taste and\\nskill of Mr. J. C. Sidney, another Philadelphian, and an architect of\\nrepute. Under his superintendence, backed by abundant means, the\\ngrowth of this place has been exceedingly rapid, and yet substantial\\ncompleteness is everywhere evident.\\nUnder the favorable laws of this State (New Jersey), the regulations\\nof this new town are as peculiar as the old Presbyterian Blue Laws\\nof Connecticut in fact, they smack somewhat of their character. I\\nshould hesitate long before I consented to such laws for a State or large\\ncity, but here, and now, very possibly they are excellent anyway, those\\nwho disapprove can go to Cape May, or even Long Branch, which is\\nworse.\\nFor my part I am glad to get to a place where rest and health and\\npersonal improvement seem really to be the object of those around\\nme. I am rejoiced to be, even for a week, where my eyes are not\\noffended by the emblazonry with which the rum traffic decorates so\\nmany fronts in town, and where the tippler tippleth not and the drunk-\\nard Cometh not. Continual swearing \\\\m others) is not essential to my\\nhappiness, while slang and obscenity, such as I often hear in some re-\\nsorts, make me crawl all over with disgust. Sea Grove has no rum\\ntraffic never will have it has no scenes of riot, and moreover is clean\\nand decent in every way. I don t know how rigid the regulations are,\\nbut I do know they will be enforced, whatever they may be; and that\\nnow the result is every way satisfactory if health and rest are really\\ndesired.\\nIt seems queer to see the people of a hotel convene twice a day for\\nfamily prayers, where various clergymen address the throne of grace,\\nand a fine quartette like this of the Hayes family leads the singing;\\nyet such is the fashion here, and I, wishing to be in style, followed the\\nfashion. I cannot detect any demoralization in myself in consequence", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "92\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nof this self-indulgence, and if I think my own thoughts the while prayer\\nand music go on, I do not think I am surrounded by a company of\\nmere hypocrites and canting, pretentious formalists I am sure some\\npeople I know would be surprised to learn how much of real human\\ngoodness unspoiled there is in all the churches. The danger here seems\\nto be that so much piety and propriety, taken straight, may become\\ndull from monotony, and so efforts have been made to avoid sanctimo-\\nniousness. A very distinguished Presbyterian divine organized a\\nminstrel troupe from the kitchen and the dining room, and they gave\\nan entertainment. Then last evening there was in the parlor an exhi-\\nbition of sleight-of-hand by Professor Giieriiella and lady. He belongs\\nto the assumed exposers of Spiritualism, and I have to say that he\\nwas decent in his remarks and clever in his tricks, but his imitation was\\nas much like spirit phenomena as the pantomime of the deaf and dumb\\nis like the eloquence of Wendell Phillips; and so as before the facts of\\nSpiritualism remain, as Gncrnclla says, to puzzle longer heads than\\nmine.\\nTo-day, after the teachings of Guernella, that we should attribute\\nnothing to supernatural causes because we don t understand it, we had\\na sermon from the Rev. Mr. Nevins upon the stilling of the sea by\\nJesus. He took occasion to inculcate muscular Christianity, saying\\nsalvation was incomplete without health, and that Jesus healed the sick.\\nHe then told us that the storm on Galilee was the work of demoniacal\\nspirits, as were all storms, earthquakes, and other destructive outbreaks\\nof nature It was cheap science, even if good theology anyhow, it\\nshowed Gncrnclla had not effaced the idea that somehow good or bad\\nspirits had much to do with our life and its environment. Nevins is\\nan elderly Presbyterian minister. To-night, at 5 o clock, we listen to\\nthe Rev. Mr. Stockton, an PLpiscopalian of reform tendencies, but still\\nin full communion. From conversation with him, I expect liberal\\nthings.\\nDisagreeing radically and frankly with those around him, the writer\\nof the above states, in the further course of his correspondence, that\\ncandor and courtesy were the only concessions made by him in frequent\\nconversations and debates with both laymen and ministers; and yet he\\ndeclares that nowhere was he ever so cheerfully tolerated, never treated\\nwith greater kindness, not even in the radical Israel.\\n\u00c2\u00a7Such has been the course taken by the Presbyterian managers of\\nSea Grove, and such is the concurrent testimony of various parties as\\nto the order, morality, and liberal tolerance of those who frccjucnt the\\nplace; yet there resides and rules the same Calvinism which was\\nbelieved in by the Puritans, who sanctioned the death of dissenters in\\nEngland and Massachusetts a few generations ago. Since then, how\\nmuch of growth in grace\\nDivorced from the entanglements of state ecclesiasticism, the free", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "^^\u00e2\u0099\u00a64a", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "COXCLUSION OF THE HISTORIC ARGUMENT. ^3\\nPrcsb} terian Church, hkc oilier Christian or^^inizations, has escaped\\nfrom potent influences of corruption and gained in spiritual life. De-\\nlivered from persecution, endowed with freedom, resting secure, that\\nChurch has outgrown the old-time Puritan arrogance, intolerance, and\\ncruelty. This is not a change in Calvinism, but it is progress among\\nmen. It was not the creed, but the fears of the Puritans, which made\\nthem exclusive and proscriptive.\\nThe progress made manifest by the success of the Presbyterians in\\nNew Jersey has been shared by the Episcopalians of Virginia as well,\\nand has extended to every Christian denomination in our country. It\\nis the fruit of religious freedom, of security, prosperity, and culture;\\nthe expression of the spirit of the nineteenth century, the outgrowth\\nof the republican institutions of the United States of America.\\nCalvinism ran to seed in Massachusetts, it is said its thorns it\\nput forth in Europe in defiance a defense against its persecutors.\\nAfter two hundred years ot tolerance and liberty, it blooms at Sea\\nGrove the humanities, the cour .esies, the graces of life, blossom in\\nbeauty on the same rugged stock which so long has nourished the\\nsterner virtues.\\nFreedom is the natural basis of civilization, progress, and a true life.\\nReligion needs no establishment except in the hearts of the devout.\\nThe only legitimate rule is the law of equal rights, a government of\\nthe people, by the people, and for the people never to perish from\\nthe earth.\\nSuch are our conclusions. Such the lesson of New Jersey and Sea\\nGrove; the historic argument of Scheyichbi and the Str-^nd.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "GEOLOGICAL OUTLINES AND ITEMS.\\nA FACT IN NATURE IS AN ACT OF GOD.\\nThe course of nature is the art of God.\\nYoung.\\nCape May Lighthouse is at the southern end of the State of New\\nJersey, and. according to the United States Coast Survey Reports, is in\\n38\u00c2\u00b0 55 50 .42 north lati-\\ntude, and in 74\u00c2\u00b0 57 15\\n.57 west longitude; high-\\nwater mark by the same\\nobservation was 11 88 feet\\ndue south of it, or in lati-\\ntude 38\u00c2\u00b0 55 39 65 north,\\nand longitude 74\u00c2\u00b0 57 15\\n.57 west. The light is one\\nhundred and sixty-seven\\nand three-eighths miles\\nfrom the northern limit of\\nNew Jersey, and between\\nDelaware Bay and the At-\\nlantic Ocean. Immediately\\nwest is located the settle-\\nment of Sea Grove, includ-\\ning the United States Signal\\nStation at the extreme point\\nof Cape May. Both the light\\nand the settlement, as well\\nas the long-famous resort of Cape May City, and the country thirty-\\ntwo miles north, are included in Cape May County.\\nGeologically, this county, in common with all the southern portion\\nof the State, belongs to the Tertiary and recent formation of the Ceno-\\nzoic period, and is characterized by deposit, drift, and alluvium. The\\nwhole county is very low, level, and uniform, and, in the absence of mines,\\nquarries, or other deeo excavations, geological examinations have been\\n94", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE ANCIENT SHORES. ^5\\nconfined to the surface, and tlie deposit to the depth of three hundred\\nand thirty-five feet beneath it. The best opportunities for observations\\nhave been afforded by the boring of several artesian wells at different\\npoints.\\nNot very long ago as time is counted in geology tl ocean shore\\nof Southern New Jersey extended from Trenton, on the D. aware, to\\nWoodbridge, on Staten Island Sound, running nearly along the ^^resent\\nrailroad from Trenton to Metuchen, Middlesex County, and from thence\\neastward a short distance. This was the southern limit of the appear-\\nance of the red sandstone of the Triassic formation. All the land\\nbetween there and Cape May, to a depth of about seven hundred and\\nforty-two feet, in the Cretaceous formation, and one thousand or more\\ndeep the rest of the distance, has been made either by deposits from\\nthe sea and from vegetable growth, or by drift and wash of materials.\\nThe Cretaceous formation extends from the southern line of the\\nTriassic southwardly about sixty miles along the Delaware as far as\\nAUoway s Creek, Salem County, and from thence northeastwardly to\\nShark River Inlet, on the Atlantic coast, eight miles below Long\\nBranch. Clayton Station, on the West Jersey Railroad from Philadel-\\nphia to Cape May City and Sea Grove, is near the southern border of\\nthe Cretaceous formation.\\nThe Tertiary formation covers all the surface of Southern New Jersey\\nsouth of the line from Shark River Inlet to AUoway s Creek, except a\\nnarrow margin of recent formation along the shores. Owing to the\\nnature of their materials, and the agencies which have operated upon\\nthem through successive ages, it is very difficult to definitely outline\\nthe field of these two formations. The Tertiary overlies the Cretaceous\\nin the north, and runs irregularly into the recent formation along the\\nshore.\\nBeyond the Cretaceous, to the north, appears the Triassic formation,\\ncomposed of the red sandstones and others, the trap and conglomerate\\nrocks.\\nNorth of the Triassic rise the mountains which stretch across the\\nState of New Jersey in its northwestern portion. These mountains\\nare composed of gneiss rocks and crystalline limestone, or marble, but\\nmostly of gneiss; these are the outcrop of the metamorphic rocks of\\nthe Azoic time, and are metamorphic, igneous, or primitive in character,\\nthat is to say, they are geologically the most ancient rocks, and owe\\ntheir character to the action of fire. The valleys among these mount-\\nains are limestone localities, and all the territory of New Jersey beyond\\nthe mountains to the northwest is a limestone region, and of the Paleozoic\\ndivision of geologic structure and time.\\nIt being known that the metamorphic rocks of the Azoic period are\\nprimitive, igneous, or Plutonic rocks, it is understood that they are the\\noldest, and, if retained in place, would be the deepest buried, of all the", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "96\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nstrata, lying as an ever-shrinking shell of granite upon the fiery lava\\nwhich forms the liquid pulpy heart of the globe. All the strata, were\\nthey in place, would be piled one on another above this heated granite\\nfloor. First would come the Azoic or Metamorphic rocks; then the\\nSilurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permean, Triassic, Jurassic, Creta-\\nceous, Tertiary, Post-Tertiary; and last and uppermost of all, the\\nRecent formations.\\nThis would place Southern New Jersey geologically where some of\\nits residents declare it is to be found in every respect, at the top of\\nthe heap but, since the central fire of the planet first began to cool,\\nand islands of red-hot stone floated upon the incandescent ocean, there\\nhas been many a commotion and violent shaking-up of things in this\\nworld, and geologists are not the only people who, in order to learn\\nthe truth, are compelled to follow with painstaking care the clue of fact\\nthrough what seems a labyrinth of confusion before they catch a view\\nof the system of nature, comprehend in part the laws of the universe,\\nand realize with reverence the glory of the Infinite God\\nThe geologic strata are first formed, and then upheaved or depressed,\\ncrushed, crumpled, and distorted, disintegrated, mixed, and distributed,\\nin a thousand ways and positions, by the action of known but incon-\\nceivable forces. The shrinkage of the earth s crust crowds up enormous\\nridges of granite or other rocks, which in cragged wedges slowly pierce\\nupwards through the superincumbent mass, or else the crash of earth-\\nquake explosions produces effects in a few moments otherwise the work\\nof ages. The variations of condition and character thus introduced in\\nthe geologic elements by the causes described create an appearance of\\nutter confusion bewildering to the uninformed and heedless. It seems\\nto the superficial observer that the rocks and earths, the sands and the\\nsoils, are jumbled together without sequence or significance, and such\\npersons, if induced to consider the subject at all, are inclined to surren-\\nder the use of their senses and reason, and atone for tlieir imbecility and\\nunf:iithfulness by the acceptance of some superstitious, heathenish, and\\nwicked pretension of a revealed Cosmogony. Thus they give up the\\nstudy, appalled by the difficulties which surround it, content to know\\nno more scientifically of the wondrous world they mysteriously inhabit\\nthan did the saurian reptiles whose fossil remains enrich the marl beds\\nand banks of fossil shells. Such a course is blindly impious, and dis-\\ngraceful to human nature.\\nIt is true the Bible asserts that God made the world, but it gives\\nonly the most exceeding vague intimation as to how or when the\\nCreation announced was effected whatever may or may not be re-\\nvealed in si)iritual things, we are left to study geology hammer in hand,\\nknocking hard at the rocky doors of science. Yet we need not be dis-\\ncouraged nor afraid the difficult is not of necessity impossible, and\\nalthough geology is an infant science compared to astronomy and", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "SCIENCE AND TRUTH.\\n97\\nmathematics, and only a child beside even chemistry, yet the clue has\\nbeen discovered, the system made plain, and only diligence and cour-\\nage are required for the conquests of the future. The practical eco-\\nnomic value of geology is immense, and besides, it must ever be a high\\ngratification to read in the record of the rocks the history of the evo-\\nlution and progressive development of our home, the earth.\\nTiiere is no danger the facts of Geology can annul, or even obscure,\\nthe truth of religion. Men of science are not always scientific, but\\nwhile we trace the process by which that which is has been brought\\nabout, it need not be that we become process mad, and unable to see\\nin and behind the unfolding the infinite spirit, which movc\u00c2\u00ab5 in the\\nwheels of existence. Here, are phenomena there, is law, process, and\\nevolution; the spirit is everywhere, all in all. There is no pebble so\\nsmall but lazu constrains it, no material so inert but evolution compels\\nits progress; the smallest grain of sand has being in an infinite order;\\nomnipotence overtops the loftiest crag, underlies the deepest primitive\\nstrata, and sustains the central fire. Facts cannot disprove truth the\\nidea of God science can displace from the minds of candid and tho-\\nrough students is but the myth of morbid imagination, the shadow of\\nthe fetich of barbarian ignorance.\\nNew Jersey contains the out-crops of all the geologic formations\\nexcept, unfortunately, the carboniferous. In the absence of the coal-\\nbearing strata there are, however, other rich and rare mines and de-\\nposits in the State, notably those of zinc; as well as an abundance of\\niron, of lime, of valuable clays, of building materials, and natural fer-\\ntilizers. The remarkable geologic characteristics which have marked\\nthe region, are the evident recurrent upliftings and subsidences of a\\nlarge part of the surface, and the effects of denudation and drift.\\nThe Cretaceous formation of New Jersey, which with the Tertiary\\ncovers the whole southern part of the State, was once the bottom of a\\nshallow and quiet ocean; it is evident from its stratification that the\\nsurface of the land rose and fell with comparative regularity, so that\\nthe sea would advance at times and cover it, and then the bottom\\nwould be uplifted and the .sea recede. Vegetation would .start up upon\\nthe marshes and upland, which would after a time by subsidence of\\nthe land be overwhelmed in the waves, and then buried by degrees in\\nthe sea sediment.\\nIn proof of all this, the immense quantities of fossil shells in this\\nformation are found unbroken, and the bones of reptiles lying together\\nundisturbed near where they lived and died this would not be the\\nca.se if the sea which covered them had been turbulent and stormy.\\nThat marine shells and sea sediments are found both above and brlow\\nvarious beds or layers of vegetable fossils and the bones of land rep-\\ntiles shows that alternately the land was submerged, and then for an\\na^ie emerged from the waters. Yet all this time the land must have", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "98\\nSCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nbeen subsiding on the whole for a regular stratified formation some\\neight hundred feet thick was thus aggregated, and the topmost layer\\nof shells was of course under the tide when it grew. This subsidence\\nwas followed by an elevation of the whole coast to about four hundred\\nfeet above the level of the sea, which was effected bodily; but the up-\\nlift seems to have been greatest in the northwest, so that the strata\\nslope or dip toward the southeast at present. This upheaval was\\nbefore the drift period. When it came, the process of denudation\\nreduced the land to nearly its present level and configuration.\\nThe name of the Cretaceous formation is derived from England, and\\nis significant of the great amount of chalk which characterizes it. The\\nconstituents of the formation in New Jersey are all earthy, except\\nwhere in a few detached spots the material has become cemented by\\noxide of iron into a kind of sandstone or conglomerate. The strata\\nare the upper marl bed, the yellow sand the middle marl bed, the\\nred sand the lower marl bed, clay marls, and plastic clay. These\\nlast are of fresh-water origin, and are supposed to have originated from,\\nthe decomposition of gneiss rock; they are the underlying strata when\\nin place, but in actual situation crop out on the surface on the northern\\nedge of the formation at Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, South Amboy,\\nWashington, and Trenton they are also used as potters clay at sev-\\neral other places.\\nThe other strata came to the surface one after another as distance\\nincreases towards the south, until at the commencement of the Tertiary\\nformation the upper marl beds appear while the other strata are mostly\\nsubterranean.\\nNext to the evidences of denudation and drift presented by the sur-\\nface of the Cretaceous district, the vast quantities of fossil shells and\\nbones are remarkable. The shells of the clay beds are of fresh- water\\norigin (such as the genus U)iio, as fresh-water mussel and others),\\nand may have grown at the bottom of lakes before the subsidence,\\nor the fresh water may have been kept from the sea by hills and ridges.\\nThe green sand which abounds in the Cretaceous formation is sup-\\nposed to have become granulated by forming inside very small shells,\\nand is of chemical origin, and evidently a deposit from salt water, as\\nthe vast amount of fossil marine shells contained in it demonstrates.\\nOne species of these shells, the Tcrclnxtitla Harlaui, forms a layer\\nninety miles long, over a mile wide, and about a ard in thickness in\\nthe middle marl bed. This layer is made up almost entirely of this\\nspecies, of shell, closely packed together. Immediately beneath the\\nTcrcbatitla Harlaiii shell layer is another equally large, made up of\\nshells of the Pycnodonta convcxa. Many other kinds of shells exist in\\ngreat quantities in the Cretaceous formation at various places. Of\\nthese over three hundred varieties have been classified and described,\\nwith no certainty that the work is complete. In some marl beds a", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "FIRST USE OF THE MARL.\\ndozen or twenty varieties might be found in comparatively small space,\\nand then again, as before described, beds of one kind of shells, a mile\\nwide and several feet thick, are scores of miles in length.\\nThe plastic cla} s of the Cretaceous formation of New Jersey are\\nhighly valuable to the potter and to the maker of fire-brick the com-\\nmon clays are useful too for ordinary brick-making the gneiss of the\\nAzoic formation, and the red sandstone or brown stone of the\\nTriassic strata, and, very generally, the various colored limestones of\\nthe Paleozoic district of the State, are used in building the brown sand-\\nstone of southern New Jersey serves the same purpose. The Triassic\\ntrap rock and sandstone is used in paving, and its slates for roofing.\\nIron and zinc mines are very rich in New Jersey, the iron produced\\nbeing of the best; the zinc ore is generally rare elsewhere, yet ten\\nyears ago twenty- five thousand tons of it were dug yearly in Sussex\\nCounty. This ore yielded seven thousand tons of zinc white, and\\nfive hundred tons of metallic zinc; this was seven-tenths of all the zinc\\nwhite manufactured in the United States, and about one-fourth of all\\nthe spelter produced. Yet it is probable the marl beds of the Creta-\\nceous formation, used alone as fertilizers, or in combination with its\\nshell and stone lime, and the muck and peats of the region, are or\\nmight be made worth more than all the quarries and mines within the\\nCommonwealth.\\nThe green sand marl was first used as a fertilizer, in Monmouth\\nCounty, in 1768, when an Irishman ditching for Peter Schenck\\nthrew out a substance he called marl. It was spread over an acre\\nand a half of land, where its good effects were visible for many years;\\nbut, says the record, this circumstance attracted no particular\\nnotice until 181 1, when the farm came into the possession of John II.\\nSmock then notice was taken of the effect of the marl, and the use\\nof it began in the neighborhood. It had been used somewhat at that\\ntime in other places, but at no place in this country was the use of\\nmarl general before the present century began.\\nThe discovery and use of the marl have raised thousands of acres of\\nlands from sheer barrenness to remarkable fertility worn-out farms,\\nwhere a family could not be supported, are now making their culti-\\nvators rich by their productiveness. Bare sands are made to grow\\nclover, and then crops of corn, potatoes, and wheat. Pine barrens,\\nby the use of marl, have been made into fruitful lands, and thus whole\\ndistricts have been saved from depopulation, and the inhabitants of\\nothers increased.\\nFifty-five years ago the six southern counties of New Jersey were\\ndescribed by Morse as four-fifths waste and barren land; this consti-\\ntuted two-fifths of the entire State: now, large portions of this desert\\nare under high and profitable culture, and the land in farms in the six\\nsouthern counties is worth an average of over fifty dollars an acre.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "lOO SCHEYICHDI AND THE STRAND.\\nThe Irishman who spread the first marl in New Jersey deserved more\\nhonor than many a conquering warrior a monument erected to his\\nmemory would be more in keeping than to have him referred to in the\\nState Geologist s Report merely as an Irishman!\\nIn the marl-beds of the Cretaceous formation are abundant and\\nextraordinary remains of extinct reptiles. They were of the orders\\nThecodon tia, Sauropterygia, Testudinata, Crocodilia, and Dino-\\nSAURIA, A fine specimen of the last order is preserved in the Museum\\nof the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, and is classified\\nas the HadrosaiiTus Foulkii. It was a gigantic reptile, about twenty-\\neight feet long. The hind legs were very long, more than double the\\nlength of the fore limbs. The reptile walked on his hind legs as a\\nman uses his legs, and ate foliage and vegetable food. It was a heavy\\nunwieldy monster, living on land or in the marshes.\\nThere were carnivorous reptiles also, some of them forty feet long,\\nsome only about twenty-five feet long, with a body as large round as\\nan ox, and a long neck. These steered themselves by flippers like\\nthose of a whale, and propelled themselves by their tails. Some of\\nthem had flattened tails, and sculled themselves along as a boatman\\nuses a single oar some of them had great conical teetli they ate fish\\nprobably; such were the Cimoliasaurus, the Elasmosaurus, the Mosa-\\nsaurus, and the Clidastes; the last, however, was more serpent-like,\\nand fifteen feet long.\\nThere have been more than twenty kinds of Tortoises, Turtles, or\\nTerrapin found. One of them, the Eiiclastcs, was full six feet long, and\\nvery strongly constructed. Others were as large, and some had ex-\\nceedingly thick shells, notably the Adoctis Pctrosiis and Adocus Firmus.\\nThe Crocodiles, Alligators, and Gavials were very numerous three-\\nfourths of the bones found are of this order, and the wonder is what\\nsuch swarms of them lived on, as they have left no remains of their\\nfeasts to tell the story so far as yet seen. These horrid brutes were\\ntwenty feet long in some cases, but they varied in size, some being\\nfour feet long only.\\nThe Dinosauria, of which order is the Hadrosaurus Foulkii, were the\\nhighest order of reptiles, and in some characteristics resembled birds.\\nMany of them were as large as Mastodons and Elephants. Some of\\nthem squatted; some jumped like the Kangaroo; some, with great\\nlong legs, stalked around flopping their half-useless arms, and over-\\nlooking the levels with bird-like eyes set in a bony visage, as if their\\nface was trying to become a beak\\nSuch were the monsters of the Cretaceous land, such the shells once\\nalive, when it was under the sea. These reptiles, and the vegetable\\nremains in conjunction with them, indicate a torrid climate; but the\\nbones of IValrus have been found in the neighborhood of Long Branch,\\nand it is otherwise evident that their long summer was, in the drift", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "DENUDATION AND DRIFT. 10 1\\nperiod. turned, and perhaps suddenly, too, into an equally long and\\nappalling winter.\\nThe phenomenal efifects of Denudation and Drift are not confined to\\nany geologic formation or geographic locality, but may be observed\\nthroughout many extensive sections, and indicate the force of several\\nagents acting at separate times upon diversified materials in different\\ndirections, and by various modes and in distinct degrees. These agents\\nare evidently three, wind, water, and ice, and the mode of action by\\neach is unlike. Exposure to the heat of the sun and the effects of cold\\nand frost disintegrates the rocks and subjects them to the effect of drift-\\ncreating forces. The common variations of climate and season are\\nefficient in this respect, but special causes in different ages have vastly\\nintensified the influences of temperature and weather.\\nThe influence of wind and of water is constant but the vast effects\\nof the ice-drift are referable to the geologic Drift Period. The force\\nof wind is active not alone in wearing away rocks, by whirling grit and\\ntransporting great quantities of. sand, and building dunes and beaches\\nalong low shores, but in some places it wafts the sands of shores and\\ndeserts far over fertile fields and even forest hills, thus sadly increasing\\nthe -area of sterility. In the African deserts the awful simoom blights\\nvegetable growth and suffocates animals and men, then lets fall over\\nthe dead caravan thick layers and hills of sand for their winding-sheet\\nand grave.\\nOn the Western American plains, and among the mountains of that\\nregion, the winds have cut countless cavities into solid stone; these\\ncuttings vary from small orifices and hollows to large channels and\\nopenings; in fact, in some localities the most of the strata has been\\nworn away, and only small isolated elevations of fantastic form remain\\nto denote the former level of the surrounding territory. On loose sand\\nthe operation of wind is obvious: the finer earth and dust is lifted and\\nbodily conveyed to a distance in proportion to the strength of the blast,\\nwhile the coarser sand and gravel is rolled, slid, and drifted along the\\nsurface, often up steep inclines and considerable elevations.\\nAs a gale grows in violence, the power of wind increases in the same\\ndegree to an unknown limit: typhoons and c\\\\ clones exhibit its force\\nin Indian seas, the West Indies are often devastated by hurricanes, and\\nin portions of the United States whirlwinds and tornadoes sometimes\\nlevel giant forests in their path, demolish strong buildings, and hurl the\\nruins far through the air. A hurricane in the West Indies broke down\\na very heavy wall, and rolled stones weighing hundreds of pounds along\\nthe ground\\nBv forcing a blast of air through a nozzle, and charging it with sand,\\nmade to impinge upon flint glass, artisans abrade, cut, gruid, and en-\\ngrave the glass most rapidly. In a similar way, the wind, forcing itself\\nthrough rocky canyons, notches, passes, defiles, fissures, and crevices", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "102 SCHEVICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\namong the mountains, and sweeping over rainless plains, takes up the\\ngritty debris and sharp sand and, whirling them along, drives them in\\nan enormous rotating sand-blast against the rocks. Gneiss and adamant\\ncould not resist the impact and continued friction.\\nThe effects of water and ice in the Drift Period have been closely\\nstudied and elaborately stated by the geologists, but it is possible the\\neffects of winds have not been as fully observed and noted. By some\\ncommentators it is supposed that the destruction of the Assyrians\\n(II. Kings, 35) was accomplished through the agency of a simoom,\\nwhich certainly would be a sufficient natural cause for the death of\\neven that host. However it may have been in this case, there is evi-\\ndence throughout the scriptures of the Old and New Testament, but\\nnot confined to the Bible or any book, of the power of spiritual beings\\nwho, under Providence, use the forces of nature as their instruments to\\ndo the will of Heaven. No marvelous work is belittled or made less\\nwonderful because we are enabled to discern the agencies and the\\nmethod by and through which the Eternal Power is made manifest.\\nThe evidence of the former submergence of vast areas which are now\\nthe elevated portions of continents, and of tremendous floods which\\nhave deluged the surface since it has been uplifted, appears almost\\neverywhere, and seems to be amply convincing tradition among\\nsavages, and the poems and mythological records of many races, refer\\nto such phenomena, ascribing them generally to the action of the gods.\\nThe Bible account of the deluge, it is thought by some, finds corrobo-\\nration in these legends and poetical allegories of antiquity. Certain it\\nis that water, in showers, floods, and oceans, has been the potent cause\\nof distribution and change in geologic materials. When porous stones\\nare exposed to rain and severe frost, they rapidly disorganize the\\nwater penetrates the pores of the stone and is frozen there, the expan-\\nsion of water changing to ice bursts the cells of the stone by the exertion\\nof one of the most potent natural forces, and the rock soon crumbles\\nfrom the effect of such weathering. Some rocks, when submerged or\\nlong subjected to the action of water, become rotten stone, the\\ncementing material in their composition being oxidized or dissolved\\naway. In turbulent torrents the stones are dashed against each other\\nand broken, they are ground together and pulverized, and, after tritura-\\ntion, are borne away to form the sediment of quieter waters. Thus the\\nwinds, the rains, the streams, and the waves co-operate, and through\\ntheir action, in time, the rocky mountains are reduced to a bed of sand,\\nto be drifted about by every flood or borne away before the wind.\\nThe influence of changing weather and seasons is incessant: every\\nwarm day, every wandering wind, every passing shower, is active in\\nchanging the surface of the earth, while geologic indications prove that\\nnot only have icy oceans rolled over what are now the mountain-tops\\nof temperate climes, but glai:ier-like formations of ice, during the winter", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE EFFECT OF THE DIUFT.\\n10-\\nages, crept down from the pole, submerging tlie life of the zone beneath\\na curtain of frozen death. Gripping inimensc boulders of flinty rock in\\ntheir icy flow, the frigid seas dragged them for hundreds of miles, firm\\nfixed in the icebergs as a glazier s diamond in steel. Grinding heavily\\non the bottom of shallow seas, these enormous tools in the hands of\\nNature have scratched and scored the granite mountains, the trap\\ndikes, and the various ridges, until they have, in some cases, been\\nutterly worn away under the long-continued and terrific abrasion and\\ntheir debris scattered far and wide. From astronomical causes diver-\\ngences are supposed to occur in the polarities of the earth, producing\\nexcessive and sudden but persistent changes in climate, or, as is known,\\ncomparatively slight deflections of constant winds and currents grad-\\nually bring about the same result. In the far north mastodons by\\nthousands are to be found imbedfjed in ice, where and as they stood\\nwhen the torrid climate congenial to them passed away at once, and\\nparalyzing frost and overwhelming snow descending upon them estab-\\nlished most abruptly the conditions of Arctic winter.\\nThe Drift of New Jersey indicates not only a grand movement of\\nthe agencies of denudation from the northwest, but counter, or rather\\ndivergent, currents of a similar nature, due to local elevations or other\\nsecondary causes; the main line of advance however being toward the\\nsoutheast.\\nThe Paleozoic formation to the northwest of the mountains was of\\ncourse the first affected by the southward tending drift. The amount\\nof material displaced is almost incredible. One body of drift in the\\nPaleozoic district is one hundred miles or more long, from ten to fifty\\nmiles wide, and two to three thousand feet in depth.\\nThe drift action in the Azoic formation has also been immense, and\\nthe evidence of it is to be seen not only among the gneiss-crowned\\nmountains, but all over the State, as the disintegrated granite appears\\neverywhere in almost every foot of gravel bed. On the lower margin\\nor southern border of the Triassic formation a belt of gneiss rock is\\nexposed this was drift from Azoic outcrops in the mountains, and has\\naggregated in its present place and concreted into stone, and then again\\nhas been in part abraded, disintegrated, and carried away. The most\\ncommon soil of the Azoic formation is drift, deposited among the\\neneiss rocks and mountain ranjres. There are limestone boulders in\\nthe neighborhood of the gneiss which weigh two thousand tons each,\\nand which have drifted a mile at least, and perhaps several miles, and\\nhave been lifted one or two hundred feet. On Sparta mountain, twelve\\nhundred feet above the sea, are found boulders which weigh a hundred\\ntons, which have been carried there from an unknown distance. Boul-\\nders of ore have been carried into distant deposits far from the original\\nstrata, and have misled those who found them into the idea that iluy\\nwere indications of mines in the place where they were discovered.", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "104 SCHEYICHDI AND THE STRAND.\\nIt is in the Triassic formation, however, that the greatest signs of\\ndrift action appear there the red sandstone has in many places been\\nworn away from two to five hundred feet. The Newark marshes have\\nbeen dug out by drift action, and the excavation was carried below the\\nlevel of the sea, resulting in bays now but partly filled by mud, grass,\\nroots, etc., etc. Boulders of various kinds appear in this formation.\\nThere is a boulder of five hundred tons weight on the northwest slope\\nof First Mountain, near the Newark and Mount Pleasant turnpike,\\nwhich has been carried by the drift current full thirteen miles. There\\nis another boulder near Woodbridge, more than twenty miles from its\\nparent strata, which must weigh two hundred and fifty tons. There\\nare trap and sandstone boulders everywhere in the Triassic formation,\\nand considerable deposits of limestone in loose masses. Paleozoic fos-\\nsils are also found scattered with the drift into Triassic beds.\\nThe Cretaceous formation has been worn away and changed by denu-\\ndation nearly as much as the Triassic strata; Naversink Highlands,\\nand the Mount Pleasant Hills of Monmouth County, have perfect sea-\\nshore pebbles upon their summits yet they are about four hundred feet\\nhigh, their valleys being one hundred feet above the sea-level. In the\\nCretaceous beds and layers, the forces of the drift encountered only\\nfriable materials, as the stratification was comparatively recent, and the\\nelevation referred to in a former page still later hence, when these\\nforces became active among the shell layers and the loose sands which\\nhad been imported from other formations and not concreted, the uni-\\nform surface of the u[)lifted land was worn into valleys, or washed away\\nentirely for large areas, to the depth of three or four hundred feet.\\nThus were created the broad low plains now visible in South Jersey,\\nand the low hills with their shallow valleys between them, which there\\nmark the Cretaceous area. The sides of these hills, and the bottoms of\\nthe valleys, afford excellent opportunities for geologic observation.\\nThe sand, loam, and general mass of material dislodged, was carried\\naway toward the south. The drift action continued a long time, and\\nthus were the abraded constituents of all the strata to the north mixed\\nwith the materials of the Cretaceous sediment, swept out to sea and\\ndeposited there, creating the Tertiary formation.\\nThat extensive areas should rise and fall, and even the sit-fast and\\nimmovable hills appear and disappear, grow and waste away, seems\\nincredible to the untaught, and is wonderful to all and yet in geologic\\nages continents emerge from the sea and then sink again beneath the\\nocean Himalayas, Alps, Andes, and Sierras swell aloft by the action\\nof geologic forces, and then subside into the subterranean, or are sculp-\\ntured into picturesque forms and worn away by dcnudatioti.\\nGeology gives time; and in time, the sun, the rain, the wind, and the\\nfrost, as has been demonstrated, will humble the head of the hii^hest\\nmountain that lifts its granite top above the clouds I Then again by", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE EARLILST LIFE ON EARTH. 105\\nSitddcn or by gradual sliiftings of tlic balance and polarities of the earth,\\ntremendous and sometimes abrupt changes of climate have been in-\\nduced, and vast floods and moving fields of ice have been the conse-\\nquence. These awful forces, tji tunc, work out the grandest results and\\nmost radical changes.\\nThe whole solid crust of the earth, moreover, is no thicker in com-\\nparison to its liquid, fiery mass than the shell of an egg to its contents\\ntherefore any changes ot the surface are not unnatural, or, in view of the\\nfacts, a matter of amazement. The perpetual miracle and admirable\\nwonder is that, with such forces always in action in some form, the uni-\\nversal equipoise is maintained, and the conditions of human life and\\nhappiness evolved, with Infinite wisdom, from the perturbations of\\nnature\\nFormerly, the names of Primitive, Transition, Secondary, and\\nTertiary, were applied to various kinds of rocks, in geological classifi-\\ncartion modern usage substitutes the technical terms of Azoic, Paleo-\\nzoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, to define periods marked by peculiar\\nstratifications and fossils. The rocks themselves are now called Meta-\\nmorphic, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic,\\nCretaceous, and Teitiary; the last significator being retained and\\nadopted from the old terminology; besides, the phrase Post Tertiary is\\nused, meaning since the Ternary.\\nThe rocks are named with regard to their constituents and character,\\nor derive their titles from geographic localities where they especially\\nabound, or where they were first scientifically observed. The Azoic\\nrocks are supposed to have been formed before vegetable or animal life\\nexisted on this planet, and until the last few years it was sujiposed that\\nno form of life was known below the lower Silurian rocks, that is to\\nsay, in Azoic time, before the Paleozoic period. American geologists\\nare disposed to admit that the recently investigated eozoon found\\nbelow the Silurian is the fossil of an animal form if they are right,\\nthe history of life on earth must be antedated, and carried back very\\nfar in time, and an Eozoonic age be recognized between the Azoic\\nand Silurian.\\nThe Paleozoic period was the age of Mollusks or shell-fish, and their\\nfossil remains abound in the limestones of the Silurian division. The\\nDevonian sandstones and shales contain shells and the fossil remains\\nof vertebrate fishes. The Carboniferous division of the Paleozoic time\\nhas no place in the geology of New Jersey, it is exceedingly develoj^ed\\nin Pennsylvanian coal measures in its time land plants flourished\\nbeyond comparison; these fossil plants are coal at present. In the\\nTriassic, the Jurassic, and Cretaceous divisions of the Mesozoic time\\nthere was an enormous development of Reptilian life, and the bones of\\nmonster reptiles are plentifully found as fossils in the rocks of those\\nlayers. The Mammals, which are warm-blooded quadrupeds, appear", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "I06 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nas fossils first in the Tertiary rocks and strata, and the human period,\\nthe time in which man has inhabited the earth, is included in the Post\\nTertiary.\\nThe divisions of the Tertiary formation are the Eocene, the Miocene,\\nthe Pliocene, and the Post Pliocene, including the recent in New Jersey\\nit constitutes the formation of the territory south of the Cretaceous\\nstrata, being bounded on the north by an irregular line from Shark\\nRiver to AUoway s Creek. The Recent formation lies along the sea-\\nshore and the banks of various streams, and generally includes all lands\\nless than twelve feet above the level of the tide.\\nNone of the boundaries of the Tertiary fields are sharply defined\\nlike those of the rocky strata; the drift and wash has intermixed the\\nmaterials of the formation, merging the outlines of the various beds\\nand layers. Though the earthy nature of the Tertiary formation sub-\\njects its surface to change from storms and streams, by which the beds\\nare mixed together or discolored, yet the mineral substances therein\\nare undisturbed in their original places of deposit and not petrified,\\nwhile even the lowest Tertiary strata contain fossils of existing species,\\nproving the modern origin of the whole. The upper marl bed is in\\nthe Eocene division of the Tertiary formation, and is the lowest layer\\nof its stratification.\\nIn a well bored at Winslow, Camden County, New Jersey, there was\\nfound\\nFirst 5 feet of surface earth.\\nThen 15 feet blue and black clay,\\n95 glass sand.\\n35 miocene clay,\\n107 micaceous sand.\\n43 brown clay.\\nA gum log one foot thick.\\n20 feet green sand, marl, white shells, teeth, etc.\\n15 pure green sand.\\nAt which point water rose from the bottom of the green sand. This\\ngives a good general idea of the structure of the Tertiary formation in\\nNew Jersey.\\nLoamy clay, white quartz pebbles, silicified fossils, feldspathic rock,\\netc., intermixed with sand, the materials of the drift, overlie the other\\nbeds unless the surfiice has been washed away. This drift varies much\\nin constituency from pure clay to clean sand it is generally reddish\\nyellow from oxide of iron, often fertile and retentive as a soil, and\\nmakes good roads, packing into a solid, smooth, durable bed, even\\nwhen spread over loose sand. The excellence of the road-bed of the\\navenues of Sea Grove is due to the liberal use of this material upon\\nthem.\\nThe glass sand underlies the drift gravel to the depth of ninety-five", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "FORMATION OF THE STRAND.\\n107\\nfeet, and is pure white quartzose sand, except when it comes to the surface\\nor at the bottom of the bed in places, then it is sometimes discolored.\\nIts use in glass-making is very common and important, and this sec-\\ntion, from which much glass sand is now shipped, contains enough of\\nthis valuable material to supply the world for a thousand ages The\\nsandy plains of South Jersey are the exposures of this bed of sand\\nwhere the drift gravel has been washed away.\\nThe Miocene clays and marls of South Jersey, so largely and suc-\\ncessfully dug as fertilizers, contain numerous fossils, and are a source\\nof wealth as well as a matter of geologic interest. The Micaceous\\nsand, one hundred and seventeen feet deep, found in the well at Win-\\nslow, does not crop out at the surface anywhere, and is in place below\\nthe sea level. The same is true of the brown clay found as described.\\nThus the layers of the Tertiary were formed, being deposited as\\ndrift from the more ancient strata. Mixed with the Tertiary layers, or\\ndistributed through them, may be found constituents of all the older\\nformations in the State; thus thrown together, they have, by chemical\\naction and reaction upon one another, entered into new combinations\\nand produced new substances these in turn, with all the rest, sub-\\njected for thousands of years to the play of elementary forces, have\\nbeen variously manipulated and chemicalized continually, while all the\\ntime impelled by the floods and streams toward the sea, along whose\\nshallow margin they have been deposited, forming in Recent ages\\nstill another new shore to the ceaseless waves.\\nAs the Tertiary formation is marked by drift and earthy deposit,\\nso alluvium characterizes its Recent division. In the Tertiary we find\\nclay, sand, gravel, loose pebbles, and some boulders, most of which arc\\nfrom distant strata; the beds of the Recent are made up of finer\\nsands and clays, loams, mud, peat, etc., derived from adjacent deposits\\nor the remains of vegetable production. The fossils of the Recent are\\nall identical with existing species among them human remains and\\nrelics are frequent. The Recent formation in New Jersey borders tiie\\nAtlantic from Sandy Hook to Cape May, and forms the shore of Del-\\naware Bay up to Salem, also the banks of some of the rivers and\\ncreeks. The sand beaches, the marshes, the cedar swamps, and an in-\\ndefinite amount of upland border in the State are recognized as being\\nincluded in this formation, and are in process of formation and change.\\nThe general surface soil of the upland border is a fine sandy loam with\\nbut little gravel, and contains organic matter enough to render it pro-\\nductive and fertile ground. An example of such border land is to be\\nseen adjoining Sea Grove, and forms the Stitcs farm. The farm has\\nbeen for some time occupied by the Hon. Downes ICdmunds, and has\\nbeen worked in places constantly and successfully for a hundred or\\nmore years without any manure or dressing whatever, and yet has not\\nbeen at all impoverished. The land thus cultivated is so full of shells", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "I08 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nin spots as to make ploughing difficult the sub-soil is a deep, black,\\nsandy mould.\\nThe tide marshes of the Recent formation of New Jersey are a re-\\nmarkable feature; there are about three hundred thousand acres of\\nsuch marshes in the State, and Cape May County alone, with a total\\narea of one hundred and seventy thousand one hundred and seventy-\\none acres, has fifty-eight thousand eight hundred and twenty-four acres\\nof tide marsh, including ten thousand four hundred and forty-three\\nacres of sounds, bays, inlets, etc. The marshes are but little above\\nordinary tide level, and covered with grass, reeds, and coarse sedge,\\nbut treeless. Beneath the surface of the marsh there is from a yard\\nto forty feet of nmd or soft earth, with an average depth of twenty feet.\\nThe marsh is deepest back from the beach and from the banks of\\nstreams, water-courses, etc. The body of the marsh is merely a bed\\nof fibrous roots; near the beach, sand is intermixed with the roots, and\\nalong the streams and water-courses mud has been deposited, and is\\nretained among them.\\nThe marshes enlarge by encroachment in places upon the wooded\\nupland, and by growing into the sounds and waters they enclose at\\nthe same time the sea and bay have during the last century cut away\\nmany acres of the marshes, which have become exposed to the waves\\nby the demolition and shifting of the sand dunes and beaches. The\\nsurface of the marsh, when enclosed by beaches, or by the clayey banks\\nof streams, sinks slowly, by the decay and compression of the fibrous\\nmass of which it is mostly composed. The wash of streams and the\\ndrift of the sea sand landward tends to solidify the marsh, as vege-\\ntable growth and deposit elevates the surface; however, shutting the\\nwater off from a true marsh causes it to sink, as it is really afloat,\\nin and through the water, and it is so unsubstantial that many cubic feet\\nof it when burned make but a very small quantity of ashes the marsh\\nis, in fact, a sound or cove choked full of fibrous roots and vegetable\\ndeposit. Many hundreds of acres of that which was cedar swamp is\\nnow salt or tide marsh the trees having been killed by the encroach-\\nment of the sea water, have fallen, and are now buried, but undecayed,\\nin the deep mud, the surface growth flourishing evenly above them,\\nIn treating of the Cretaceous formation, on a former page, it was\\nstated that alternate elevations and depressions of the shore line had\\ntaken place, until finally, before the drift period, the surface of the\\nwhole formation was lifted several hundred feet above the sea, from\\nwhich it has been degraded by denudation and drift down to its\\npresent level and configuration. It can be readily and definitely shown\\nthat similar but less extensive fluctuations have taken place in the\\nTertiary and Recent formations and are now operative along the present\\nshores. How far inland the action may reach, or in what degree affect\\nthe interior, \\\\ii more difficult to decide.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "ALTITUDE OF CAPE MAY COUNTY.\\n109\\nIn various elevated positions in the Recent formation marine shells\\nof the common species, or casts of them, arc to be seen in their natural\\nattitude; on the banks of Maurice River, at Tuckahoe, and elsewhere\\nalong shore, they lie from eight to twelve feet above high-water mark,\\nand indicate an elevation before the depression now going on; and as\\nthe amount of subsidence at present is about seventeen feet on an\\naverage, as estimated by measurement from tide level to the lowest\\npoints where buried and submerged trees are found in the places in\\nwhich they grew, the former elevation must have raised the surface\\nfrom twenty-five to thirty feet.\\nThe highest land of Cape May County is but about forty feet above\\nthe level of the sea, and that only at a few points of very limited extent,\\nthe average elevation being but eleven feet; so that when the shells\\nnow from eight to twelve feet above tide mark were at the level in\\nwhich they grew, the greater part of Cape May County must have\\nbeen submerged. The last elevation carried the shore line at least\\nseventeen feet above where it now is.\\nThe operations of the Sea Grove Association in clearing and grading\\nthe remarkable sea-side resort they have so well begun, have obliterated\\nsome of the most interesting and characteristic traces of geologic action\\nto be found in the State. Between the gateway of Sea Grove and the\\nbay, and lying along the shore, were formerly a number of well-\\ndefined parallel ridges of drift sand. These were the evidence of a\\nformer uprising of the shore, and of the consequent receding of the\\nwater of the sea, which must have washed the gravel bank or fast\\nland the ridges were created, one behind another, by the wind, which,\\nblowing across the ancient strand, would raise the innermost ridge\\nfirst, and then, as the shore widened toward the sea, another between\\nit and the water, and so on.\\nThe beach ridges, having been formed long since, were covered with\\na heavy growth of black oak timber, which has been in part removed\\nby the Sea Grove improvements the parallel ridges have ceased to\\nadvance seaward, but Mr. Alexander VVhilldin, a close observer, affirms\\nthat at present Cape May Point is growing out into Delaware Bay, by\\nthe deposition of sand upon it from the ocean front, and by the action\\nof the wind piling up dunes or sand-hillocks.\\nAlmost entirely along the shore of New Jersey, the main or fast\\nland is separated from the sea by salt marshes of three miles or\\nless in width; outside of these, next the sea, occurs a row of long,\\nnarrow, somewhat elevated, and more or less wooded islands, or\\nbeaches. These are the Old beaches; they are more ancient than\\nthe marsh, and are supposed to have been formed during a former\\nperiod of depression. The waves beating upon a friable shore of earth\\nand sand, such as then existed, would wear a channel next tlie shore,\\nand pile up a shoal outside the surf; a scries of such shoals would\\n8", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "no SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nthus be formed parallel to one another, and when the next elevation\\noccurred they would appear above water, and form the basis of the\\npresent beaches. Shrubs and trees would soon grow upon these\\nridges, saving them from drifting away, and causing them to retain\\nall the sand the wind blew from the strand upon them. The lower\\ngrounds between the ridges would finally rise above water, and pres-\\nently become covered with vegetation, until a subsequent depression\\nagain carried them below tide level, when they would become salt\\nmarshes, filling with mud by the action of the tides, and keeping their\\nsurface at high-water mark, by the growth of peat, just as one hun-\\ndred and seventy-eight thousand two hundred and forty-wo acres\\nof such formation, lying all the way from Long Branch southward\\nalong the shore to Cape May, are now doing.\\nFresh marshes form in the broad shallow valleys of the slow-\\nmoving rivers and creeks of South Jersey as at Tuckahoe, and on\\nGreat Egg Harbor Rivers. The salt marshes on Delaware Bay shore\\nhave been formed as fresh marshes in the valleys of the streams which\\nflow through them to the bay, and are supposed to hav^e had beaches\\nbetween them and the bay, which have gradually been washed away;\\nin the same way a large portion of the marsh itself has gone.\\nThe landward beaches which join the marsh are developed in long,\\nparallel lines, and, where the timber has not been removed, are covered\\nwith a very old growth of it the open spaces in the depressions\\nbetween the beaches are called savannas in wet seasons they are\\nsaturated or more or less covered and filled with fresh water; they\\nare then called slashes, and are the haunts of numerous water-fowl\\nand game-birds, which makes them favorite resorts of discriminating\\nsportsmen.\\nThe Old beach ridges are not over a rod in width, and not more\\nthan five or six feet high yet they, with the savannas beside them,\\nmay be a mile or two long. The Old beaches contain a small portion\\nof clay with their sand, which partly saves them from drifting with\\nthe wind, and [)romotes the growth of the timber. The Old beach\\nvaries in height, increasing in elevation toward the sea; part of the\\nlow landward ridges have become submerged, and yet can be traced\\nin places by the lines of dead trees standing in the marsh.\\nAt Sea Grove the marsh disappears from the Delaware Bay front,\\nand the Old beach has formed back directly over the marsh or against\\nand upon the upland. Lily Pond, or Lake Lily as it is now called,\\noccupies the place of what might be a marsh, and yet is a fresh-water\\npond, from which water was formerly taken for shipping.\\nThe water of Lake Lily had connection with the sea by a water-course\\nwhich ran from the shoreward end of the lake, between the strand and\\nthe lighthouse, and along the foot of the upland, to the west of Cape\\nIsland, and so into Skillinger s Creek and under the bridge to Cape Island", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "DESCRIPTION OF LAKE LIL V. 1 1 1\\nSound, and out by Cold Spring Inlet to the Atlantic. Now the sand\\ndrift has filled and covered the water-course near the lighthouse, and\\nthe Sea Grove Association have obliterated the natural features of the\\nlake. In their zeal for improvement they have detracted very much\\nfrom the scientific interest and value of the original pond, which is less\\nto be regretted however, as there are enough indications all around of\\nthe same purport, and the engineers, by grading the shore of the pond\\nto a fine drive, putting up ornate boat-houses, etc., have succeeded in\\nmaking a very pretty miniature lake of what was a somewhat unsightly\\neven if pure and interesting sheet of fresh water.\\nSince its improvement as above stated, Lake Lily has become one\\nof the attractions of attractive Sea Grove, and is a great addition to the\\npleasure of visitors. When the water-course referred to was open, it\\nwas not very uncommon for the sea, in storms, to throw its waters across\\nthe beach into it, making the waters of the lake brackish; but now the\\nnatural and artificial filling in of the southern end of the water-course\\nand the lake prevents such an occurrence, so the lake has been care-\\nfully cleaned out, and stocked with valuable fish. The waters of Lake\\nLily are solely from the rainfall they percolate slowly down and out\\nfrom the bed of the lake, displacing the salt water which infiltrates the\\nsand, yet not mixing much with it. Similar effects are produced\\namong all the beaches. The different gravity of salt and fresh water has\\nan influence upon the phenomena the fresh water being lightest, remains\\nat the surface, and can be obtained by digging a few inches beneath the\\nsand, anywhere between the beach ridges. Lake Lily is the only simi-\\nlar body of water on the Cape below Cold Spring.\\nThe Recent formation of New Jersey, especially in the southern\\npart of the State, is noted for extensive swamps and marshes. Those\\nof the interior are heavily wooded, but none of Uiem are much above\\ntide level; the more elevated and solid are timber swamps, and not\\nonly furnish good and desirable lumber, but might in many cases be\\nimproved by clearing and culture, and thus make valuable farms. It\\nseems remarkable more has not been done for the agricultural develop-\\nment of the interior of South Jersey, but the original .settlers looked\\nto the sea for their highway, and to a great degree for their harvest too;\\nfor which reason they made their homes along the upland of the shore.\\nOf late, through the enterprise of several parties, notably that of\\nCharles K. Landis, of Vineland, the interior of the State has been\\nbetter appreciated, and, being extensively and judiciously advertised,\\nhas attracted many intelligent and industrious settlers, who have suc-\\ncessfully planted many fine vineyards, orchards, and farms.\\nThe cedar swamps, which are extensive on the banks of the rivers\\nand around their sources, are overflowed, not stable land like the timber\\nswamps the White Cedar (the Qtpressus thuyoides of the botanical\\nnomenclature), which holds exclusive possession of them, flourishes", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "112 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nonly in submerged or saturated soils. In many places in South Jersey\\nit grows in a peaty stratum, where there is neither clay, gravel, loam\\nor mud, but only a compact mass of fibrous roots, and the debris of its\\nown fallen growth. In such localities, as well as where more substan-\\ntial components partly form a true soil, the white cedar grows densely,\\nand in its young growth rapidly; afterwards it becomes crowded, and\\ngrows tall, but increases more slowly in diameter.\\nThe vegetable remains which fall from the swamp trees into the\\nwet mass are shaded from the sun by the evergreen foliage, and thus\\nkept cool and saved from rapid decomposition. Settling gradually\\ndown, they become submerged and then buried, from which time their\\ndecay is almost imperceptible. In this way the surface of the swamp\\nis gradually elevated; a layer of more than a foot thick has thus been\\nformed in sixty years.\\nThe original growth of cedars were sometimes seven feet or more in\\ndiameter, and immensely high the average size of the full-grown trees,\\nhowever, was but about two feet and six inches. There are none of these\\ngreat trees left, and as the whole area of Cedar Swamp is cut over\\nevery second generation, or every sixty years, a living cedar tree a\\nhundred years old is now a rare specimen still, the natural term of\\nthe tree is a lifetime of successive centuries. Various parties have\\ncounted the annual rings in the logs and stumps of cedars, and various\\nwitnesses affirm the existence of from five himdred to over a thousand\\nof them in a single specimen. Sir Charles Lyell, F.R.S., quoting a\\nnewspaper article of Dr. Beesley, of Dennisville, says (Second Visit to\\nUnited States, vol. i. page 34) that Dr. Beesley, of Dennis Creek\\ncounted 1080 rings of annual growth, between the centre and outside\\nof a large stump six feet in diameter; this grew atop of a previously\\nfallen tree, which was half as old; thus fifteen centuries were registered\\nin a couple of logs on the surface of a swamp, which has been sounded\\nin places from eight to ten or even eleven or more feet deep, and xsfull\\nof fallen logs to the very bottom.\\nThe white cedar, though a very tall, slim tree, sends no roots down\\ninto the firm soil underneath the swamp, but spreads them laterally in\\nthe shallow, soft, black, peaty, wet earth which is its congenial place\\nof growth. The timber standing in a natural ancient cedar swamp is\\nbut a fraction of the quantity which has fallen and become subterranean.\\nThe living timber thus buried is apparently indestructible, and has\\nbeen viitied from its place of deposit buoyant and sound, and used for\\nthe best quality of lumber, many hundreds and perhaps thousands of\\nyears after it had grown. This mining of timber has been carried on\\nas a regular business in the swamps about Dennisville; between nine\\nand ten thousand dollars worth of shingles, at fifteen dollars a thousand,\\nhave been manufactured in a year from logs thus exhumed. The pro-\\nduction of shingles did not consume all the timber taken, as a part of", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "CEDAR MINES AT CAPE MAY.\\n113\\nit was large, fine logs, more valuable for boards, into which it was sawn.\\nMore than forty thousand dollars worth of cedar rails and lumber are\\nproduced by these cedar swamps every year, and an acre of good\\nswamp, fifty years in growth, is worth from five hundred to a thousand\\ndollars. The cedars are mined not alone in the growing swamps, but\\nin meadows where only stumps and dead roots break the surface, and\\nin places where a smooth turf entirely hides all traces of wood from\\nsurface observation, as well in a part of the tide marshes, which were\\nonce cedar swamps, but where the growth of timber has been stopped\\nby the encroachments of salt water in consequence of the subsidence\\nof the swamps along the shore. Of course many of the buried trees\\nare unfit for use. Those which grew when the swamp was shallow and\\nthe roots of the trees touched the gravel bottom, are so gnarly -as to be\\nunfit for splitting. Some of the trees fell only from extreme age,\\ndeadness, and partial decay: these are worthless; some were prostrated\\nand grew long after they fell these are hard and boxy on one side,\\nhence undesirable. The trees wanted by the miners are those not of\\nthe bottom layer, which were broken dozvn by the wind or otherwise,\\nand buried at the perfection of their growth.\\nThe first tool of the miner is an iron sounding-rod; with this he\\nprobes the mud of the swamp, finding often that the logs lie so thickly\\nacross one another beneath the surface that it is only after repeated\\nefforts that he can pass his rod among them. The miner judges of the\\nvalue of the log he comes in contact with after examination with his\\nprobe, by signs known to an expert only; he feels out the size, shape,\\nand position of it, and judges of the work required to secure it; he cuts\\ndown to the log through die peat with a sharp spade, and manages to\\nget a chip from it by smelling of this chip he can tell whether he is\\ndealing with a zvindfall or a breakdown, the latter being most likely to\\nbe sound lumber. Removing the peat, mud, roots, and rubbish-timber\\nas far as necessary, the miner then saws off the log at the ends, his\\nsaw working without injury, the soil being free from grit. The log\\nmaybe thirty feet long, but is generally shorter. Having sawn the\\nlog off, the miner uses levers to loosen it from its place and to throw\\noff superincumbent timber; this being done, the log floats upward\\nwith perfect buoyance the under side being most buoyant, the log, as\\nit floats free, always turns over. The logs for shingles are sawn into\\nbolts or blocks, and rived and shaved into shingles on the ground.\\nThe ground is gone over again and again with success by the miners,\\nas the logs, once disturbed, continually work toward the surface.\\nAn inch of vegetable matter is deposited by the fall of foliage, twigs,\\netc., upon the surface of a cedar swamp in about five years, but as this\\nfresh layer is itself buried it partly decays and diminishes in bulk pro-\\ngressively very much by compression and other causes, so that no clue\\ncan be had from it as to the age of these remarkable swamps. Such a", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "114 SCHEYICHDI AND THE STRAND.\\nclue is found, however, in the buried cedars, which by annular rings\\ntell, like a calendar, their own individual age, and by their relative\\npositions demonstrate the successive generations of growth which\\nmust have taken place, before they could have appeared where they\\nwere left centuries since, superimposed and grown, one above another,\\nin many layers.\\nThe attempt to estimate the age chronicled by interwoven logs is\\nconfusing, but the certainty of thousands of years is evident, and even\\nten or twelve generations of such trees as Dr. Beesley examined may\\nhave grown and died since the oldest swamp began; and yet the age\\nthus recorded is occupied by the most modern layer of a formation\\nwhich is, in all and at the oldest, but the very latest evolvement of the\\nmost extremely short and insignificant of all the geologic periods.\\nIf the record of ten thousand years can be preserved in mud and\\nperishable wood, what is the chronology of the cycle in which obdu-\\nrate gneiss and granite grows and disintegrates, crumbles and is\\nrecomposed of the old material, again and again, until the Azoic rocks\\ndevelop into mineral wealth and fertile alluvium, tower into- forests,\\nbloom into flowers, ripen into golden harvests, nourish the beasts and\\nbirds, redden the blood of the animal world, and give strength and\\nvigor to the body of man; the fitting tabenacle of the immortal soul?\\nOutside the Old beach, and immediately next the strand, are found\\nirregular hillocks of shifting sand of various elevations, but all less\\nthan forty feet high. They are composed almost exclusively of fine\\nwhite quartzose sand without clay or metallic admixture some few\\nfragments or particles of shell can be found, but the mass of the beach\\nis almost absolutely pure quartz.\\nRed cedar trees, of which many are dead, are scattered among the\\nhillocks, and are often found buried to the tops where the constantly\\nshifting sands have drifted upon them. These hillocks, downs, or\\ndunes, are denominated tlie Little or Young Beach; the ntethod by\\nwhich they originate is obvious.\\nShoal shores at ebb of tide are exposed in wide strands, which\\nrapidly dry under the influence of the sun and wind. Where a wide\\nsandy strand is thus left bare, the wind sweeps the fine sand before it\\nupon the beach and beyond the reach of the returning tide, and then\\ndeposits it in the forms described as characteristic of the Young Beach.\\nThe sea washes up additional sand, which takes the place of that taken\\noff by the wind, and so the process continues which, though counter-\\nacted by various agencies, has built up thousands of acres of Young\\nBeach in the State.\\nThe continuity of the beaches on the sea front is broken by a series\\nof inlets, through which the waters of the ocean flow into a number of\\nbays or sounds which lie behind the beaches or within the marshes,\\nand, communicating with one another by inside channels or thorough-", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "PHENOMENA OF THE INLETS.\\nIIS\\nfares, make an available still-water navigation for a hundred miles north-\\nward from Cape Island to the head of Barnegat Bay. These bodies of\\nwater are from fiv^e to six miles across in several places, though not on\\nan average more than one-third as wide, having, according to survey\\nand careful estimate, an area of but one hundred and seventeen thou-\\nsand two hundred and thirty-two acres, excluding the Raritan Bay and\\nadjoining waters.\\nThe most of the inlets themselves are narrow, and, although the tides\\nin the neighborhood of Sea Grove and along shore rise but from a\\nlittle above four feet in the neap tides to six feet in the spring tides,\\nyet the capacity of the sounds and their adjuncts is so great compara-\\ntively that the sea ebbs and flows through the inlets with considerable\\nforce, especially when heavy seas run with the incoming tides. In\\nconsequence, the bays and sounds are constantly invaded by silt and\\nsand, which, being caught by the abundant growth of grassy marsh\\nroots along their margins, is retained and consolidated in quantities\\nand to a degree which has much decreased the area and depth of those\\nremarkable waters.\\nThe outgoing tide of the sounds cuts away the banks of the inlet\\nand the adjoining shores, throwing the sand out upon the bars, from\\nwhence the shore currents and waves convey it along the strand; in\\nthis way shoals are added to the southwest of the beaches which crowd\\nthe inlets to the south, against the northeast and highest ends of the\\nbeaches presently a new inlet forces its way during a storm across the\\nbeach to the northwest of the old one, which may be closed up at the\\nsame time. The new inlet is then subjected to the same action as the\\nother one, and with like results; in this way the inlet is continually\\nshifted, wearing its way to the southward for a mile or more at an un-\\ncertain rate, and then forcing its way as may be back again to its ex-\\ntreme position toward the north.\\nNortheast of Barnegat, the inlets move in an opposite manner to the\\none described as peculiar to those south of that place. The movement\\nof the sands along the New Jersey ocean shore is immense, and due to\\ncauses operating on a vast scale in prolonged time. These causes are\\nnot fully understood, nor is the scope of their operation fully deter-\\nmined. The theory of the subsidence itself which, conceding a de-\\npression of one-fourth of an inch per annum, would submerge half or\\nmore of Cape May County in five hundred and twenty-eight years has,\\nnotwithstanding the facts presumed to demonstrate it, been strenuously\\ndisputed by official geologists.\\nHowever confident of a conclusion we may feel to be on the basis\\nof facts in our possession, true courage of opinion is not obstinate, and\\na partial suspense of judgment leaves room for hospitality to the result\\nof enlarged observation, maturer experience, and more deliberate com-\\nparison and reflection. Galileo was certain the world moved, and it is", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "Il6 SCHEYICHBI AND THE STRAND.\\nequally certain the sands shift. They are carried away from one point\\nor another it may be, but are deposited as well in another place shoals\\nare created thus, and currents changed, changes of current bring change\\nof drift, and so the transported sands may be shifted back again. Only\\nlong-continued observation can establish the fact of a persistent ten-\\ndency, and still more care must be taken to verify the rate and extent\\nof a movement, the evolution of which is completed only in centuries\\nand ages of time.\\nBeside the quartzose sand composing the beaches along the ocean\\nfront of New Jersey, there are an abundance of various kinds of peb-\\nbles washed up from the sea. They are of small size, and every year\\na great quantity of them are conveyed to Philadelphia, and used in\\nroofing buildinys and for other purposes. Quartz is exceedingly abun-\\ndant in South Jersey the young beach is pure quartz sand, the old\\nbeach has but a very small percentage of clay, and the plains or bar-\\nrens of Burlington and Ocean Counties have from ninety to ninety-\\neight per cent, of quartz in their soil. Pebbles of pure, transparent\\nquartz abound in the gravel beds and at the shore of Sea Grove and\\nCape May; being washed clean and bright in the waves, they are often\\ncollected by bathing parties and other visitors, under the name of\\nCape May Diamonds. If the collectors have not gained great wealth\\nin their gems, they have often found the treasure of health in their\\nrecreative amusements, and some of the pebbles, when well polished\\nand set in gold, form handsome mementos of pleasant summer excur-\\nsions and peaceful days beside the surf upon the sandy shore, as well\\nas characteristic specimens of a remarkable geologic formation.\\nGeologic research has, in caves, in mines, in tunnels, and other en-\\ngineering excavations of submarine nature, been conducted under the\\nsea with interesting and important results, but the present study may\\nend properly and appropriately upon the strand of the open ocean, the\\ntype of the unfathomable and infinite. Divesting ourselves of fear, of\\nconceit, of prejudice, of pride alone with the sand, the waves, the\\nwind, and the breeze the simplicity and grandeur of nature, our eyes\\nbecome more clear, the reasoning soul sweeping with one flashing and\\nintuitive glance the old levels and horizons, sees over sea and land a\\nlight not born of either, yet luminous as heaven, which lighteth every\\nman that cometh into the world, revealing even in geologic ruins the\\nlove and glory of Our Father, and lighting the way to peace, righteous-\\nness, progress, and eternal happiness\\ny, c FINIS.", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "-5-..\\n.s=\\n....-il\\nv^.\\nav\\n.0 N V^-\\n:f\\n.V\\noV", "height": "3119", "width": "2048", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "v^\\no 0\\no\\nxV\\nvOc-^\\nv\\\\\\n-0-\\noo^\\n-/\u00e2\u0080\u00a2y\\n-A^\\nt,_ 1/\\n^b.\\n.V\\nV", "height": "3087", "width": "2069", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3238", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "scheyichbistrand00wheel_0156.jp2"}}