{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3342", "width": "2086", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Glass 1 O^h\\nBook 3 S1.S^", "height": "3257", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3257", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3257", "width": "1914", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3257", "width": "1914", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3257", "width": "1914", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "3257", "width": "1914", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE\\nHISTORY\\nN E W H A M P S H I R E,\\nFROM ITS DISCOVERY, IN 1614, TO THE PAS-\\nSAGE OF THE TOLERATION ACT, IN 1819.\\nBY GEORGE BARSTOW\\nSECOND KDITIO.N.\\nPUBLISH ICD BY\\nLITTLE BROWN, liOSTON;\\nGEO. P. PUTNAM A- (JO., 10 PARK PLACE, NEW YORK.\\nJam. 20, 1853.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1842,\\nBY GEORGE BARSTOW,\\nIn the Clerk s Office of the District Court of Massachusette.\\n(i\\nS caAIUHEAI), rRINTER.\\nr.3 V Sie; Street, .V. Y.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nIt is not without distrusting my own abilities,\\nthat I have resolved to perpetuate what is worthy\\nof remembrance in the history of my native state.\\nI am aware of the dilficuUies and dangers of such\\nan undertaking.\\nTo discard prejudice to sit in cahn judgment\\nupon those who cannot speak for themselves, but\\nwho require justice from history to examine with\\na faithful scrutiny the institutions of one s own\\ncountry to present candid, temperate, and just\\nviews of men and things, and yet to mingle pleas-\\nure with instruction this is a task which few\\nhave the assurance to begin, and fewor still can\\nsay that they have successfully executed. Yet 1\\nhave thought that I could do something for those\\nwho would know their state s history with trifling\\nexpense of time, and more for those who are better\\npleased to travel in the smooth path of connected\\nnarrative, than to toil up the rugged ascent of\\ntime-worn documents, and broken, disjointed an-\\nnals.\\nFrom the mass of materials before me, I have\\naimed to build a compact edifice, with fair pro-\\nportions. My first and highest object has been to\\npresent the truth. Yet I have desired to make\\nthe history of New Hampshire not simply a record\\nof facts. I have endeavored to trace actions to", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "IV PREFACE.\\nmotives, and results to causes. I have sometimes\\ndelineated the character of those whose actions I\\nhave portrayed. I have dared to censure where I\\nthought censure to be due, and have applauded\\nwhenever superior virtues have presented a spec-\\ntacle for admiration. Above all, I have sought to\\nplace in bold relief those examples of moral great-\\nness which are fitted for the instruction and emu-\\nlation of posterity. Such are the duties which I\\nhave assumed, and which I have endeavored to\\nexecute faithfully and impartially but it is not\\nwithout many misgivings that I now^ commit this\\nvolume to the judgment of the public.\\nThe valuable assistance rendered me by others\\ndemands a suitable acknowledgment. Of the e I\\ntake great pleasure in mentioning my talented\\nfriend James M. Rix, of Lancaster, to whose\\nresearch I am indebted for many important facts.\\nI am mider like obligations to Alexander Ladd,\\nof Portsmouth, for all that relates to the commerce\\nof that town. Among those who have furnished\\nme with rare files of papers and documents, are\\nthe Directors of the Portsmouth Athenaeum, and\\nVirgin Sl Moses, the present publishers of the\\nNew Hampshire Gazette. It is due to Josiah\\nStevens, Jr., secretary, and to Zenas Clem-\\nent, treasurer, of the state, to say that their\\npoliteness and attention have greatly facilitated\\nthe examinations which I have been obliged to\\nmake of the state records and papers deposited\\nat Concord in the public archives.\\nBoston, June 1, 1842.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nIntroduction.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The red race\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tlie first setlkrs of New Hainpsliive, their\\ncharacter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Scottish emigrants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ColumLiis\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early voyages\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Cabots\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDiscoveries of the English, French, and Portuguese-Conquests of the Span-\\niards\u00e2\u0080\u0094North American Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Discovery of New Hampshire\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Smith-His\\ncharacter-Mason and Gorges-Sir Walter Raleigh-Landing at Portsmouth-\\nMelancholy decay of the Indians-Search for gold- Description of the country-\\nAttempt to introduce the feudal system into New Hampshire\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Death of Mason\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094His character\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Failure of the colony of ]Mason and Gorges\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reflections, 5\\nCHAPTER II.\\nDover-Tlie Antiuomians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eseter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Form of government a democracy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Antino-\\nmian controversy in Massachusetts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hampton-Government formed at Ports-\\nmouth\u00e2\u0080\u0094At Dover\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Constitution\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Causes which led to the settlement of Exeter\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Puritans\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Contest between them and the Antinomians, Henry Vane,\\nMrs. Anne Hutchinson, Whcelwright-They are banished from Massachusetts\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094They come to Exeter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tlioir doctrines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Calvin-Calvinism\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Union with\\nMassachusetts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wheelwright\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His interview with Oliver Cromwell\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The con-\\nfederation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Passaconaway disarmed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The White Mountains explored\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Neal\\nsearches their summits for gold-Descriplioii of them-Superstitious reverence\\nof the Indians for their in visil le inhabitants, 38\\nCHAPTER III.\\nWitchcraft at Portsmouth\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In England and France\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In Germany and Scotland-\\nTrial of a witch\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Salem witchcraft\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Conjectures as to the phenomena\\nof witchcraft- Persecution of the duakers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Execution of Leddra, Robinson\\nand Stevenson Reflections,\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nWar with the Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Passaconaway\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His character\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His dying speech\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nPenacooks refuse an alliance with king Philip\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian depredations\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fall of\\nPhilip-Waldron seizes the refugees liy straiagem-The Mohawks instigated to\\nattack the eastern Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Union with Massachusetts dissolved\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New Hamp-\\nshire made a royal province\u00e2\u0080\u0094 President Cults, 7C", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "2 CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nOrganization of the new government Laws Crimes^Courts Militia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dis-\\ncontent of the people Death of Cults Cranfield His character Arbitrary\\nmeasures\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gove s rebellion He is sent to the tower of London Persecution\\nof Moody\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Character of Moody Riot at Exeter Andros made governor-gene-\\nral Revolution in England Revolution in the colonies Andros deposed\\nUnion with Massachusetts War with the Indians Death of Waldron\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian\\ncruelty Sufferings of the captives, 93\\nCHAPTER YI.\\nConquest of Canada attempted It fails Governor Allen Union witli Massachu-\\nsetts dissolved Sir William Phipps The small-pox first imported into New\\nHampshire Peace with tlie Indians The war resumed Madokewando\\nUsher\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Durliam destroyed Peace The return of the captives\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Earl of\\nBellomont His character His death Death of Allen War between France\\nand England Dudley His conference with the Indians Indian depredations\\nExpedition against Port Royal It fails Congress of delegates Second ex-\\npedition against Port Royal It is successful Death of Hilton\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Expedition to\\nQuebec The fleet wrecked in the St. Lawrence One thousand men perish\\nPeace The captives return Vaughan John Wentvvorth Industry revives\\nMonopoly resisted Gov. Shute holds a conference with the Indians on an island\\nin the Kennebec The Scottish emigrants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Their character, 109\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nThe Aurora Borealis seen for the first time in New England in 1721 Inoculation\\nfirst used as an antidote to the small-pox War with the Indians The Jesuit\\nmissionaries\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Father Rasle his labors his death and cl.aracter War with\\nthe Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tlie family of Hanson Captain Lovcwell\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Last battle with the\\nIndians at Lovewell s Pond Defeat and death of Lovewell\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Description of the\\nbattle-ground and the scenery in the valley of the Saco\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Departure of Ihe Pena-\\ncooks Boundary dispute Settlement of Concord Triennial act Burnet\\nBelcher Death of Wentwortli his character Dunbar\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Contest between the\\nfriends of the union with Massachusetts and the advocates of a separate gov-\\nernment\u00e2\u0080\u0094Boundary dispute continues decided in favor of New Hampshire\\nBenning Wentworth appointed governor Sickness in New Hampshire Intelli-\\ngence Morals Schools George Whitefield comes to New Hampshire his\\neloquence his character, .132\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nExpedition to Cape Breton\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William Pepperell Siege and fall of Louisburg\\nVaughan War with the Indians Settlement wilh the Masonian proprietors\\nDefence of Number-Four liy Capt. Stevens Contest concerning the Vermont\\nlands Stark France resolves to connect Canada wilh Louisiana Union of the\\ncolonies for defence Congress of delegates meet at Albany Campaign of 175.5\\nDefeat of Braddock Washington The Rangers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Expedition to Crown Point\\nMassacre at Fort Willam Henry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Montcalm Pitt- Attack upon the fortress\\nof Ticonderoga The English repulsed Quebec Expedition again.?t the St.\\nFrancis Indians Destruction of tlieir village Disasters of the Rangers Con-\\nquest of Canada completed The Rangers Unsuccessful attempt of the Indians\\nto exterminate the English N. H. Gazette Progress of seltlement Contest\\nbetween New York and New Hampshire for the lands of Vermont The Revo-\\nlution dawning, 161", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 3\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nAdministration of Pitt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Taxation Stamp act Duties Deliates in Parliament\\nExcitement occasioned by the stamp act Stamp distributor at Portsmouth\\ncompelled to resign Riots in other colonies Threatened destruction of tea at\\nPortsmouth\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Removal of Gov. Wentworlh, and appointment of John Went-\\nworth Assault upon fort William and Mary, led by Langdon and Sullivan\\nAmmunilioii and cunuou removed by the provincials Battle of Concord and\\nLexington A convention called at Exeter Governor Wenlworth recommends\\nreconciliation Royal government dissolved in New Hampshire Boston be-\\nsieged by liie provineials^Battle of Bunker s Hill Death of Warren and Mc-\\nClarv Whigs and tories Formation of a state government in New Hampshire\\nAdoption of a constitution Meshech Ware, president\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New Hampshire fits\\nout a ship of war\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lan 1 forces Expedition to Canada Sullivan meets the\\narmy retreating\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New Hampshire resolves on a declaration of independence\\nPublic sentiment Burgoync advances into Vermont Battles of Bennington and\\nStillwater General Sullivan s expedition to Rhode Island Surrender of Corn-\\nwallis Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United Colonies\\n^Yashington retires to Mount Vernon, 211\\nCHAPTER X.\\nDepreciation of continental money Efforts of Congress to prevent the deprecia-\\ntion Proscription of persons and confiscation of estates Constitution proposed\\nrejected by the people Another proposed Revolt of sixteen towns Mone-\\ntary distress Insurrection the insurgents made prisoners Union of the states\\nConvention of delegates at Philadelphia The Federal Constitution sub-\\nmitted to the people Convention assembles at Exeter to ratify the Federal\\nConstitution Conflicting opinions Joshua Atherton s speech against the adop-\\ntion of the Constitution It is finally ratified Washington chosen President of\\nthe United States John Langdon elected President of New Hampshire Wash-\\nington visits New Hampshire Progress of settlements Increase of population\\nSupport of common schools Education Establishment of post offices State\\ndebts Revision of the State Constitution Josiah Barltett Formation of par-\\nties Republicans Feileralists Depreciation of paper money The privateer\\nship M Clary Case of the prize ship Susanna Remonstrances against the acts\\nof the general government Jay s treaty Progress of settlements Lake Wiu-\\nnipiseogee A medical school established Troubles with France Laws for the\\nobservance of the Sabbath Death of Washington Administration of John\\nAdams Organization of parties Manufactures Coos county Scenery around\\nthe mountaias, 266\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nSamuel Livermore Matthew Thornton\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Amendment of the federal constitution\\nAscendency of the republican party Laws District schools Iron mines\\nFranconia mountain scenery The notch Mount Lafayette The basin The\\nflume\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Old Man of the Mountain, or Profile rock Ascent of Mt. Lafay-\\nette Execution of Burnham at Haverhill Removal of the seat of government to\\nConcord\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Commerce of Portsmouth The effect of the embargo, the war of 1812,\\nand other causes Right of search Orders in council French decrees The\\nembargo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 it is unpopular\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The federal party again in the ascendency George\\nSullivan -Aggressions of Great Britain War becomes a probable event\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mes-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "4 CONTENTS.\\nsage of Governor T,a!igr!on\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Debates in the senate and house\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Speech of Gil-\\nmaii\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Speech of Parrolt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lotteries\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Banks\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Election of William Plummer\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nhis war message Preparations for war\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Madi.son calls an extra session of con-\\ngress Increase of the army and navy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The militia called out\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Campaign of\\n1812 Daniel Webster Progress of the war Campaign of 1813 Change in\\nthe judiciary\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Great fire at Portsmouth\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Campaign of 1814\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Battle of Chip-\\npewa\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Battle of Bridgwater\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Miller\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M Niel\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Weeks\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Machinations of the\\nfederal party\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Battle of New Orleans\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Peace\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Debates in the legislature-\\nSpeech of Mr. Handerson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Speech of Mr. Parrott\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gov. Plummer s message-\\nChange in the judiciary\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Richardson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bell\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Woodbury\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pierce\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Release of\\nthe poor prisoners Project of a canal Western emigration, 327\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nControversy witli Darlmoutli College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Message of Governor Plummer The state\\nassumes jurisdiction The trustees refuse to submit to the law they are sum-\\nmoned to meet at Hanover A quorum do not obey the summons they declare\\nthe law unconstitutional Second message of Governor Plummer Wheelock\\nre-appointed president Charges against the professors their address to the\\npublic- Death of President Wheelock Trial of llie Dartmouth college case\\nArguments of counsel Opinion of Chief Justice Richardson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 overruled by the\\nsupreme court of the U. S. President Monroe\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The tuleration act\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Toleration\\nin Connecticut Bill of rights Act of 1701 Vexatious lawsuits brought\\nagainst dissenters Toleration in Maryland and Vermont, Pennsylvania and\\nMaine Speech of Dr. AYhipple Bill of rights\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Speech of Dr. Whipple Speech\\nof Henry Hubbard Dr. Whipple in reply to Mr. Parker Speech of Ichabod\\nBartlett The toleration act is assailed it passes is again assailed violently\\nfinally becomes popular The Methodists The Baptists The Universalists\\nScenery of New Hampshire Ascent up Mooschillock mountain Owl s Head\\nScenes in the valley of the Connecticut View from Moosebillock ^from Cata-\\nmount hill from Haverhill corner from mouul Pulaski Appearance of an\\nAmerican forest in autumn Route to the While Hills from Haverhill through\\nBethlehem and Fraiiconia from Lancaster The Notch Valley of the Saco\\nScenery about Indian Stream and the cotinlry near the Magalloway--Dixvi!le\\nNotch 393", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nCHAPTER 1.\\nIntrodcction. The red race TJie first settlers of New Hampshire, their\\ncharacter The Scottish emigrants Cohimbus Early voyages The\\nCabots Discoveries of Jhe English, French, and Portuguese Conquests\\nof the Spaniards\u00e2\u0080\u0094 North American Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Discovery of New Hamp-\\nshire Smith His character Mason and Gorges Sir Walter Raleigh\\nLanding at Tortsmouth Melancholy decay of the Indians Search for\\ngold Description of the country\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Attempt to introduce the feudal sys-\\ntem into New Hampshire Death of Mason His character\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Failure of\\nthe colony of Mason and Gorges Reflections.\\nThe origin of American history is not found in chap\\nthe region of fjihulous legend. Its beginning and _J[^^,\\nprogress are distinctly known. The people of the\\nUnited States are acquainted with their earliest\\nancestors, and with all the succeeding generations.\\nThey cannot, like the Romans, consecrate their\\norigin, or rank the founders of the Republic with\\nthe gods. Nor have they built, like the nations of\\nmodern Europe, over the ruins offallen greatness.\\nThey inhabit a new world a world conquered from\\nbarbarians but yesterday, and subdued by civili-\\nzation to-day a world which has begun to witness\\nthe birth and growth, but not the decay and death,\\nof nations. No ancient empire has risen or moul-\\ndered away within these limits. Except the red\\nrace, of doubtful origin and melancholy fate,\\nAmerica has no surviving memorials of the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "6 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, past. Here are no magnificent and picturesque\\n.^.^i^ ruins no stupendous monuments of forgotten skill\\nno curious relics of lost arts, the history and\\nbirth of which are in dispute. Here were neither\\nhigh dukes nor mighty carls neither a nobilit} a\\nbanditti, nor a priesthood. Yet American history\\nwould be a treasure, if it could offer to the world\\nnothing but the name of Washington. Massachu-\\nsetts would be honorod, if it were only for the\\ngenius of Franklin. New Hampshire will not be\\nforgotten while she preserves the memory of Stark.\\nThe Jirst settlers of New Hampshire were a few\\nmerchant adventurers. They were not distin-\\nguished for literature or religion. They did not\\ncome, like the pilgrims,\\nBreaking the depths of the desert s gloom\\nWith their hymns of lofty cheer.\\nYet they were, like them, a bold and hardy few.\\nForsaking their English homes in quest of better\\nfortune, they opened a path over the ocean, and\\nchose the wildest solitudes of nature for the scene\\nof their experiment. Their energy and perse-\\nverance, their fortitude and courage, made them\\nthe terror of the Indians, and fitted them lor the\\nstruggles of freeilom against oppression. They\\nwere obliged to fight and conquer a savage foe.\\nThey gained their subsistence by a constant Mar-\\nfare against the obstacles of nature. They went\\nout to the field of toil with arms in their hands.\\nWhile with their axes they bowed the woods, their\\nfirelocks leaned against the nearest trees. Their\\nswords hung at their sides. In the character of\\nthese men avarice and roin.irrce were blended.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 7\\nAfter them came a band of the persecuted, chap.\\nThey were driven from a neighboring colony*\\nfor conscience sake. These shared the perils\\nof the others. Their character took its impress\\nfrom the troubled scenes in which their lives were\\npassed. Their days, also, were devoted to the\\nfields of toil and battle. Their descendants were\\nnurtured from childhood in the midst of hardships.\\nThey were taught in the school of adversity.\\nResolution, firmness of purpose, and patient en-\\ndurance impress themselves on their character and\\nmark their history.\\nThe next and most brilliant period of New\\nHampshire colonization is that which is connected\\nwith the history of Scotland. The border ro-\\nmances, the songs of the bard, the Covenanter s\\nhonest faith, and all the proud recollections and\\nglorious memories of the land of Burns, were to be\\ntransported to the wild woods of New Hampshire.\\nThey came with the settlers of Londonderry.\\nIn one thing the companies of the emigrants\\nwere all agreed. They founded government on\\nthe natural equality of men. They trusted to find\\nall the duties growing out of civil society enforced\\nand performed by the popular will. They believed\\nthat all the rights of man may be secured and en-\\njoyed by a government purely elective and free.\\nIt is the province of history to hand down to pos-\\nterity the evidence of their efforts and their suc-\\ncess. I shall begin the narrative with the dis-\\ncovery of America.\\nOn the fourteenth of October, at dawn of day, 1492.\\nColumbus led his followers to the shores of the\\nMassachusetts.\\nOct. 14.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "8 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, new world. The brilliant court of Spain received\\n__!_^ the news with transports of joy, and chanted Te\\nDeum* for the discovery of a continent. But the\\ngreat navigator sunk to the grave in neglect, while\\nthe world was yet unconscious of the nature and\\nthe merit of his services. A jealous rivalf had\\nsent him home from the theatre of his achieve-\\nments, loaded with fetters. He could solace him-\\nself only by the consciousness of integrity, and by\\nreflecting upon the great things he had performed.\\nAn illiberal envy attended his whole career.\\nMany were struck with a sense of the great\\nactions of Columbus. Many more were touched\\nwith sentiments of veneration and pity but no\\none appeared as the avenger of his wrongs. The\\nempress Isabella, his patroness, preceded him to\\nthe tomb, and when she was gone, there was none\\nleft to redress his injuries. He was doomed to em-\\nploy the little remainder of his days in fruitless\\nsolicitation to Ferdinand, for the punishmeiit of\\nhis oppressors and the restoration of his privileges.\\nVain effort The heartless monarch amused with\\nunmeaning promises the man who had added a\\nworld to his dominions.\\nMeanwhile, the health of Columbus declined.\\nThe ingratitude of his sovereign, whose reign he\\nhad rendered illustrious, wounded his generous\\nspirit, and at length, exhausted by hardships, and\\nheart-broken by being deceived in his expectations,\\nhe ended his days, in the fifty-ninth year of his age.\\nHe was buried at Valadolid, leaving an admir-\\nIrving. f Bovadilla.\\nX Among these was Alonso del Val ejo, the Captain of the vessel, on board\\nwhich Columbus was conJined.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 9\\ning world to reap the fruits of the most memorable chap.\\nEXPERIMENT that liumaii genius ever planned or -_\\nperformed.\\nThe voyage of Columbus, while it filled Europe\\nwith astonishment, excited England to emulate the\\nglory of Spain. In less than two years after his\\nreturn, Henry VIII. invested John Cabot, a 1495.\\nVenetian merchant, and his son Sebastian, with ^5\\nthe command of an armament, destined to explore\\nunknown regions.\\nThe chief object of Cabot was to reach India by\\nthe shortest course. He embarked at Bristol, and 1497.\\nsailing due west, discovered an island, which the May.\\nsailors called Newfoundland, and, in a few days Jimeai\\nafter, a smaller one, which he named St. Johns.\\nHe landed on both and brought off several of the\\nnatives. Continuing his course westward, he\\nreached the continent at Labrador, and sailed alonsr\\nthe coast as far south as Virginia.\\nThus England was the second nation that\\nventured to visit the Nev/ World, and the first that\\ndiscovered the continent of America. The Cabots,\\nlike Columbus, derived little benefit from their\\ngenius and maritime skill. They gave a continent\\nto England, and were reverenced as the most re-\\nmarkable men of their day. History preserves the\\nfact, among the few incidents of their career, that the\\nmean jealousy which pursued Columbus, when\\nthwarted by his death, did not fail to seek out the\\nluminous track of the Cabots and pursue them.\\nThe scheme of finding a shorter passage to the\\nIndies was twice resumed under the reign of Hen-\\nry VIII. But neither voyage was successful, and\\nboth were disastrous. The fisheries on the banks\\n2", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "10 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, of NeAvfoimdland were an object of attention in the\\n^_ reign of Edward VI.; and the prospect of opening\\na communication with China and the Spice Islands,\\nwithout doubhng the Cape of Good Hope, con-\\ntinued to allure the English.\\nFrance and Portugal, also, resolved to compete\\nwith England and Spain. Gaspar Cortereal,\\nunder the patronage of the king of Portugal,\\n1501. ranged the coast of America for six hundred miles,\\nioOS. and Francis I., of France, excited, perhaps, by the\\nstories of some savages f from the north-eastern\\ncoast, sent John Verazzani, a Florentine, to explore\\nJan 17 west. It is worthy of remark, that the repub-\\nlics of Italy furnished all the great captains, who,\\nunder the patronage of foreign kings, made the\\nearly voyages to America. In the benefits or evils\\nof those voyages Italy was destined to have rto\\nshare.\\nThe reign of Henry VIII. was unfavorable to\\ndiscovery and a period of more than sixty years\\nelapsed, during which the sovereigns of England\\ngave but little attention to the country which was\\nto add so much opulence to their crown. Yet the\\nspirit of adventure did not slumber. Voyages con-\\ntinued to be undertaken by companies and private\\nadventurers. Merchants fitted out ships, and gave\\nthem to the conduct of the ablest captains. Though\\nthe voyages Avere seldom profitable to the projectors,\\nyet, the sphere of English navigation was enlarged\\nand the shores of North America became known.\\nHitherto no settlements had been attempted.\\nThe French were forward in these enter-\\nBancroft s History United Slates. I. 14.\\nt Bancroft, I. 15.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. H\\nprises.* They were early awake to the glory of chap\\ndiscovery, eager for gain emulous to excel. _,^_.\\nEighty-six years from the date of Columbus first 1^^^-\\nvoyage, they had a hundred and fifty vessels at New-\\nfoundland, and in 1609 one French mariner had made\\nmore than forty voyages to the American coast. f\\nWhile the English and French extended their\\ndiscoveries over the north, the active spirits of\\nSpain rushed to the more favored regions of Mex-\\nico and Peru. Cortez, Pizarro and Almagro\\nwere leading their followers to the climes of the\\nNew World. Mad with the passion for gold, they\\nswept like a whirlwind through half-civilized hordes\\nof natives, and gathered their booty amidst the\\nruins of cities. Their love of riches was equalled\\nonly by their contempt for industry. They hurried\\nthe Indians in crowds to the mountains, and forced\\nthem, with merciless rigor, to the fatal toil of the\\nmines. Inflexible pride, determined valor, and\\ndeliberate atrocity marked their whole career of\\nconquest and oppression. It was a union of ava-\\nrice, fanaticism and chivalry. These three ele-\\nments combined, gave rise to those amazing efforts\\nof mind and body, before which the efleminate\\nidolaters of South America fell and disappeared.\\nDesolation marked the footsteps of the Spaniards.\\nThe native emperors, incas, and people were in-\\nvolved in common destruction. Never were courage,\\nfortitude and valor devoted to more sordid, unjust\\nand barbarous ends. Never was genius more\\npowerfully employed to scourge mankind.\\nSee Bancroft s account of the voyages of Cartier, Robcrval, and Chau-\\nvin, I. 18\u00e2\u0080\u009425.\\nt Bancroft, I. 21.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "12 HISTORY OF\\nThe paganism of the natives had allured to the\\ninvasion a few of the old bigots of Spain and it\\nis sadly instructive to mark these champions of\\nthe cross, trampling, in the name of religion, upon\\nthe most sacred rights, and giving glory to God,\\namidst the destruction of life and the desolation of\\nempire. The expeditions of Cortez and Pizarro\\nterminated in the conquest of Mexico and Peru.\\nThe simple natives had been nearly exterminated.\\nBut a golden harvest had fallen into the lap of\\nSpain. Ignorant of political science, the Spanish\\nmonarchy greeted this accession of treasure as the\\nfruition of hope and the strength of empire. His-\\ntory celebrated the achievements of the adven-\\nturers, and the poetic genius of Spain invested them\\nwith a romantic interest. They knew not how\\nweak is a throne resting upon golden pillars.\\nThey had not seen how strong may be a govern-\\nment enthroned in the hearts of the people.\\nFrom the golden seed that was sown in Europe\\ntime ripened a bitter harvest. When it expand-\\ned to fruit, liberty, prosperity and industry died\\nin Spain. The Cortes ceased to assemble public\\nvirtue expired and long before a century had run\\nits round, it was apparent that the glory of ancient\\nCastile had departed forever.\\nFar different was the effect of English and\\nFrench colonization on the northern shores of\\nAmerica. The action of the United States and the\\nOld World upon each other forms the noblest fea-\\nture in their history and ours. We have trans-\\nplanted arts, manners and languages. They are\\ntransplanting liberty and the art of government.\\nThe history of colonization has always been a", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 13\\ndark history. Whatever may have been the pro-\\nfessed motives of the founders of colonies, their\\nprogress has been destructive to the native inhabi-\\ntants. It is not improbable that the early voyagers\\nto the North American coast possessed much of\\nthe rapacious spirit which deluged Peru with blood.\\nPortugal had long since decided that human flesh\\nwas an article of traffic and in conformity with\\nthis, the natives were sometimes kidnapped. Here\\nand there an instance is recorded in history. But\\nthere were causes operating to restrain the rapac-\\nity of the northern voyagers within very narrow\\nlimits. First, there was a dearth of gold in all the\\nnorthern regions. Secondly, the natives of the\\nNorth were strong and warlike those of Mexico\\nand Peru were comparatively languid and effem-\\ninate. Like all the inhabitants of the torrid zone,\\nthey yielded their independence with but a feeble\\nstruggle. Cortez confessed that he relied on noth-\\ning so much as the w^eakncss of his enemies. But\\nthe natives of the north were men of robust con-\\nstitutions. They were hostile and jealous. When\\nthey were first induced to traffic in their furs\u00c2\u00bb they\\ndemanded, in exchange, knives and weapons of\\nsteel.* They remembered injuries, and cancelled\\nthem in blood. The northern Indian never forgot\\nto tell the story of his wrongs to his children, and\\nthey told it again to theirs, to the latest generation.\\nBut among the northern tribes there were marked\\ndistinctions. While the Mohawks, the Pequots,\\nand the Tarateens of the far cast were fierce, and\\ncourted war, the Delawares, and the Penacooks\\nof the 3Ierrimack, refused to shed the blood of\\nBancroft, I. 17.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "14 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP Englishmen. Tlic Indians of New Hampshire were\\ngenerally inclined to peace. Even when cheated\\nof their lands, and insulted, they, in many cases,\\nforhore to resent it, and often retired quietly before\\nthe advancing waves of emigration.\\nConspicuous among the northern voyagers to\\nAmerica, was Captain John Smith a name that\\nwill he forever associated with the noblest achieve-\\nments in navigation. He was the founder of colo-\\nnies the father of states. It was he who first\\nexplored the coast of New Hampshire and the\\n1614. beautitul harl)()r of the Piscataqua. Withtwoships\\nhe ranged the shore from Penobscot to Cape Cod,\\nand, returning to Englnnd, presented a map of the\\ncountry to the young prince Charles. Though it is\\ncertain that European vessels had visited the coast\\nbefore, though, for thirty years at least, European\\ntraders and fishermen had coasted along the whole\\nline of New Hampshire, for the sake of its furs\\nand its fish, yet nothing remains, even in tradition,\\nto show that they ever entered the mouth of the\\nPiscataqua, or landed upon the banks, or the shores\\nof tlie sea.\\nWhile history retains a record of the generous\\naffection of Pocahontas, the name of Smith can-\\nnot be lost and if we search the annals of the\\nworld, there are few whose adventures would lend\\ngreater charms to history or to fiction. Though born\\nto a competence, he is found at a very early age\\nembarking on the ocean. From his childhood he\\nwas a rover. When but thirteen years of age\\nhe sold his school books and satchel to obtain\\nmoney to go j)rivately to sea and from that time\\nhis whole career was one continued romance.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 15\\nWhether we view him embarking for Italy, with chap.\\na rabble of pilgrims, mounting the deadly _-l^\\nbreach at Regal, fighting hand to hand with the\\nTurks in the armies of Austria, wandering in the\\ndeserts of Circassia, conducted a prisoner in the\\ncountry of the Cambrian Tartars, passing over\\ninto Africa, and visiting the Court of Morocco, or\\nsurveying the wild coast of New Hampshire, he\\nappears everywhere to be equally remarkable for\\nhis eccentric genius, and his strange fortunes.\\nAfter passing through a variety of military ser-\\nvice, we find him, in 1607, in Virginia. The\\ndesponding minds of the colonists are turned to\\nhim as the only man who can extricate them from\\nimpending danger. He instantly adopts the only\\nplan which can save them from destruction. He\\nrepels the hostile savages, and obtains for the\\ncolony the most abundant supplies.* When sur-\\nprised, and taken captive, his eminent faculties do\\nnot desert him. He desires to speak with the Sa-\\nchem. He presents him with a mariner s com-\\npass. He points out to the admiring savage the\\nmagical play of the needle. He expatiates on the\\nshape of the earth, the vastness of the sea, the\\ncourse of the sun, and the order of the seasons.\\nSubdued by the influence of wonder, the Indians\\nsuspend their purpose. Opecancanaugh gazes\\nwith amazement, and, holding up the compass in\\nhis hand, gives the signal of reprieve. From\\nthat moment the Indians regarded Capt. Smith with\\na superstitious awe and when the Great Spirit\\nshut up the clouds, they sent to Jamestown to\\nentreat that he would pray for rain. But though\\nGraharae s History United States, I., 50, 53.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "16 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, he delayed his fate by this stratagem, it did not\\n.^_^ procure his release. Yet they regarded him as an\\nillustrious prisoner; and it was resolved to refer his\\ndestiny to Powhatan. This ferocious king in-\\nstantly adjudged him to sufter death,* and ordered\\nthat his head be beat to pieces with clubs. His\\nself-possession did not forsake him. He had dis-\\ncovered that Pocahontas, the favorite daughter of\\nPowhatan, regarded him with aftection. When the\\nappointed hour of death arrived, a large stone was\\nplaced before the king, and the executioners stood\\nround it with clubs in their hands. f Captain Smith\\nwas then conducted to the spot, his head laid upon\\nthe stone, and the men prepared with their clubs\\nto beat out his brains. Amidst these dreadful\\npreparations, Pocahontas stood with the crowd of\\nwomen that surrounded the executioners. When\\nshe saw him dragged, defenceless and bound, but\\nstill struggling, to the place of execution, she gave\\nway to loud lamentation. But the savage king was\\ninexorable, and the chief executioner began to lift\\nhis club to strike, when Pocahontas rushed with\\nmournful distraction to the stone, and clasping the\\nvictim s head in her arms, proffered her own to re-\\nceive the blow.\u00c2\u00a7 At this gush of feeling, Pow-\\nhatan relented. He dismissed the executioners, and\\npronounced the prisoner s pardon. Twice had\\ndeath been strangely deferred but Captain Smith\\nnow gained from Powhatan, not only his life, but a\\nquantity of provisions sutHcient to keep the colony\\nfrom starving. When charged with sedition by\\nthe Virginians, it appeared, on investigation, that\\nSmitlf s Hist. Vir., Ibl. eil., I., p. ly. t Cainpbeir.s Hist. Vir., p. 9.\\nX Bulk s Hist. Vir., I., p. 113, 114. j Smith s Hist. Vir., fol. ed., I., p. 49.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "IS E\\\\V HAMPSHIRE. 17\\nhis only offence consisted in the possession of chap.\\nenviable qnalities.\\nIt was from the story of this remarkable naviga-\\ntor, that the nortltern shore of America first\\nattracted the notice of the unfortunate Charles.\\nHe bestowed upon it the name of New England.\\nBut while Smith was returning to his sovereign\\nwith the fruits of his discoveries, an act of perfidy\\nwas consummated by his lieutenant, which planted\\nthe sting of resentment deep in the savage heart.\\nThomas Hunt, who remained in charge of a ship\\nv hich Smith left behind him on his return to Enff-\\nland, far from conciliating the natives by acts of\\nhospitality, decoyed twenty of them on board,\\ncautiously hoisted his sails before they wdre aware,\\nhurried out to sea, and sold them for slaves in\\nMalaga. Thus, without an injury to provoke him,\\nor a show of hostility, the white man hurled at the\\nIndian all the horrors of slavery and the slave\\ntrade. In vain would history seek to apologize for\\nso perfidious a deed. It could spring only from\\nthat fierce and cruel avarice which has robbed\\nAfrica of her children, and entailed upon America\\nthe curse of slavery and the scoffs of the world.\\nThe country discovered by Captain Smith soon\\nbecame of importance. Humor magnified its ad-\\nvantages, and greedy credulity deemed none of its\\nwonders too extraordinary for belief. Its lofty\\nmountains, its forests of timber, its lakes, its nu-\\nmerous rivers and enchanted isles, dimly appearing\\nin the distance, caught the eye of adventure and\\ninvited many, even of the nobility, to take active\\nmeasures to promote its settlement.\\nBancroft, History United States, vol. I., page 125.\\n3", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "8.\\n18 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Forty noblemen, knights, and gentlemen, v ere\\nT\\n.-^^-w constituted, by the sole authority of the king of\\nEngland, a council for the planting, ruhng, and\\nerovernin^ of New Ensrland in America. Among\\nthese were Ludowick, duke of Lenox, the mar-\\nquises of Buckingham and Hamilton, and the earls\\nof Pembroke, Arundel, Bath, Southampton, Sal-\\nisbury, and War Yick. Various and strange Vv ere\\nthe motives which, at that day, led these noblemen\\nto project settlenients in the New World. Vision-\\nary ideas ever mingle with the spirit of discovery.\\nFarm- They wcrc made a corporation with perpetual suc-\\nknap,V cession, by election of the majority and their\\nterritories extended from the fortieth to the forty-\\neighth degree of northern latitude. The patent,\\nor charter, which the king gave this company, was\\ntheir warrant of authority, and was the foundation\\nof all the grants made, of the couniry of New\\nEngland, until by its odious monopoly it was com-\\nplained of as a grievance of the kingdom, and\\nsurrendered to the crovvu Thus tlie first govern-\\ning power exercised over New England was that\\nCORPORATE power, wliich has often given a spring\\nto enterprise, and as often threatened to overthrow\\nthose principles of civil liberty which first led the\\nfathers of New England to her rocky shores.\\nIn the council of Plymouth there were two men\\nwhose fame belongs to New Hampshire. These\\nw^ere Ferdinando Gorges, and Capt. John Mason.\\nGorges was a man of active genius and dauntless\\nenterprise. He had been at the court of Eliza-\\nbeth,! and was a companion of Sir Walter Raleigh\\nHubbard s New England; p. SO. Hume s History of England.\\nt Hume.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 19\\none of the most renowned and attractive names chap.\\nin English story admitted to be a miiversal genius,\\na warrior both on land and sea, an orator, a phi-\\nlosopher, an historian, a poet, an architect, an\\nelegant courtier, a bold projector, a founder of\\ncolonies equally active and great in all distin-\\nguished for the most enviable success and the most\\npitiable reverses of fortune raised to the highest\\npinnacle of favor by the greatest female sovereign\\nof England,* and perishing at last on the scaffold\\nyet appearing upon the historian s page in glorious\\nassociation with the most illustrious names of\\nEngland. No man of that age exhibited so much\\nvigor of mind, with so much versatility of talent\\nNature seemed to have fitted him equally well for\\nstudy or for action. There was hardly a subject\\nwhich his pen did not touch, or a field of enterprise,\\nhowever hazardous, which his adventurous foot did\\nnot enter. Gorges was full of the restless spirit\\nof his great companion. After the peace of 1604,\\nthe king had appointed him governor of Plymouth,\\nin England. He soon grew weary of the quiet\\nround of official duty. He had heard vague stories\\nof the new world, and was burning to embark on\\na voyage of discovery, when accident flung in his\\nway a new cause of excitement. A captain in\\nsearch of a northwest passage, brought into Ply-\\nmouth five natives of America. f Gorges eagerly\\nseized threej of them, and kept them in his service\\nthree years. He listened with enthusiasm to their\\nQueen Elizabclh. t Gorges, p. 21.\\nf These I seized, says Gorges. Their names ^vere Manida, Skeltwar-\\nroes, and Tasqixantnm. They were all of one nation, but of severall parts,\\nand severall families. Gorges description of New England, p. 2.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "20 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, half articulate tales of a country abounding in\\n_i^ rivers, islands, fisheries, and stately woods. He*\\nlearned from them the number, force, disposition,\\nand government of the natives, their customs, and\\nmodes of warfare. He made them trace in rude\\noutline on the sand, the figure of the country;\\nwhat mountains rose in it what great rivers ran\\nup into the land what tribes and chieftains dwelt\\nupon their banks. Naturally sanguine, his imagin-\\nation kindled at the tales they told, and he began\\nto estimate the profits of discovery. In Captain\\nMason, he found a kindred spirit his inferior in\\nacquirements, his equal in credulity, courage, and\\nselfishness. Mason was a London merchant, but his\\nroving fancy led him to enter the navy. After the\\npeace, he was made governor of Newfoundland, and\\ncame out to America. On his return to Eng-\\nland, he was elected a member of the Plymouth\\nCouncil. From the cold island of Newfoundland\\nhe had looked with covetous desire towards the\\nmore southern lands of New England, and con-\\nceived the most extravagant ideas of the facilities\\nthey aflbrded for immediate wealth. He was not\\nj(52i long in procuring from the Council a grant of all\\nthe land from the river of Naumkeag, now Salem,\\nround Cape Ann, to the river Merrimac, and up\\neach of those rivers to the farthest head thereof;\\nthen to cross over from the head of the one to the\\nhead of the other with all the islands lying within\\nthree miles of the coast. This was called the dis-\\ntrict of Mariana. But circumstances had now\\nbrought Mason and Gorges together for the\\nformer had become secretary, and the latter presi-\\nGorges, p. 4.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "N E W 11 A 31 r S H I R E 21\\ndent of the Council. They resolved to unite their chap.\\nfortmies. Accordingly, the next year, a grant was _1_\\nprocured, by Gorges and Mason jointly, of the\\nprovince of Laconia. This comprised all the land\\nbetween the rivers Merrirnac and Sagadahock,\\nextending back to the great lakes and the river of\\nCanada.*\\nThey now set to work, with characteristic vigor,\\nto people the vast region they had bought. Will\\nnot after events show that in this their courage and\\nresolution were more conspicuous than their gain?\\nIn the spring of the following year, they sent over 1623.\\nsome fish-mongers of London, with a number\\nof other people in two divisions. These were to\\nestablish a colony and fishery at the mouth of the\\nPascataqua. They arrived in safety. They had\\nbrought with them tools of various kinds and were\\nwell supplied with provisions. One party landed\\non the southern shore, and called the place Little\\nHarbor. t From tlie name of Strawberry Bank,\\nwhich they gave to the spot where Portsmouth\\nnow stands, a late historian infers that they touched\\nthe shore before mid-summer, and that a profusion\\nof strawberry-blossoms, or fruit, welcomed their\\narrival. t They hastily erected salt-works, and\\nnn iMK^Io hnnso vvns quickly prepared. The Other\\nparty of emigrants went eight miles farther up the\\nriver and sat down at Dover.\\nThus came the first fathers to New ILimpshire.\\nIt is now to be seen with what spirit they will bear\\nup against the rugged poverty of the soil, the in-\\nThe St. Lawrence. f F. Belknap, p. 4. :j: Whiton, p. 1.\\nAdam.s s Annals of Portsmouth, p. 10.\\nII At first named Norlham, afterwards Dover.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "22 li I S T R Y F\\nCHAP hospitable severity of the climate, and the opposi-\\ntion of the surrounding Indians. Five thousand\\nrude tenants of the woods then sufficed to inhabit\\na state which civilization has since peopled with\\nnearly three hundred thousand souls. A small\\ntribe dwelt at Exeter, another at Dover, and a\\nthird, the Pascataquas, on the banks of that river.\\nThe Ossipees roamed round the Winnipissiogee*\\nand Ossipee lakes, and the Pequawkets dwelt on\\nthe upper branches of the Saco. The Penacooks\\nlived on the beautiful lands around Concord, along\\nthe banks of the Merrimac; and the hunting-\\ngrounds of the Coos Indians extended through\\nGrafton county and upward, over the meadows\\nof Lancaster,! to the head waters of the Connecti(5ut.\\nThese confederated nations were distinguished by\\nthe general name of Pawtuckets, and were subject\\nto the mild sway of the sachem Passaconaway.\\nlie was old, had never seen a white man before,\\nand was reverenced as the father and supreme\\nhead of the people. Peaceful and happy tribes\\nHow soon ybu arc destined to perish! You will\\nfall, like leaves scattered by an autumnal blast.\\nCivilization and barbarism have met together. Is\\nit doubtful that the former will gain the mastery?\\nCivilization and barbariwiii! IIu v nilghij arc the\\nenergies of the one how poor and powerless the\\nother At the mention of civilization, the tri-\\numphs of science rise before the mind, and all\\nnature is seen made tributary to the wants and the\\nfancy of men. At the mention of barbarism, the\\nmind is ta*ansported to the solitudes of the forest.\\nWoman is the slave of the wigwam, and man, far from\\nWhiton, p. S. t Oil Israel s river.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 23\\nbeing the conqueror of nature, is only left free to chap.\\nfollow her and appears to be her simple child. Art ...^..J^\\nbinds him with no shackles. Society imposes no\\nrestraints. He consults no adviser but inclination.\\nHe roams or reposes at will.\\nThe simple natives received the little band of\\nemigrants with friendship. It would have been\\neasy to exterminate them; but they welcomed\\nthem with hospitality, for the children of the w^oods\\nlooked not to consequences. The Indians have\\nnow disappeared, and every memorial of them\\nis lost, save when the ploughshare or the water-\\ncourse dishumes some skeleton form or buried\\nimplement of the hunter, and reminds the present\\ngeneration of their ill-fated predecessors. Thus\\na whole peculiar people have perished forever.\\nThe first years of the little colony at Pascataqua\\nfurnish few events of interest, until 1628; when 1628.\\nthe colonists were surprised at meeting Indians in\\nthe woods of Dover, hunting with fire-arms. The\\nsale of them had been forbidden and had not been\\nsuspected. It was soon discovered that they pur-\\nchased guns and ammunition of a trader in the\\nMassachusetts colony. The vendor w as seized at\\nWeymouth, and sent prisoner to England. But\\nthe Indianiiad already learned, w4th fatal skill, the\\nuse of fire-arms. He was charmed with an instru-\\nment of destruction so potent, when compared with\\nhis feeble arrow and bow. These weapons he\\nsoon learned to despise, and freely gave the richest\\nproducts of the chase for a rifle. The colonists\\nwere made to rue, to the latest day, the dire con-\\nsequences of the traffic at Weymouth.\\nNear the close of the next year, Laconia was 1629.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORYOF\\nCHAP, divided, probably* by mutual agreement,! between\\n^,J^ Mason and Gorges. The wild region east of the\\nPascataqua was relinquished to Gorges, and took\\nthe name of Maine while the tract west of this\\nriver and extending back into the country sixty\\nmiles, was confirmed to Mason. The county of\\nHampshire, in England, had been the place of his\\nresidence, and to his extensive grant in the Nev/\\nWorld, he gave the name of New Hampshire.\\nThe Pascataqua settlement now advanced slowly.\\nApart of Mason s associates in the Company\\nof Laconia, for the better security of their inter-\\nests, obtained a grant of the township of Dover,\\nwhile Mason himself procured a charter of Ports-\\nmouth. Thus early the colonists were divided into\\ntwo distinct communities, and were familiarly\\ncalled the Upper and Lower Plantations. They\\nwere subject to different regulations, were carried\\non under different auspices, and w^ere afterwards\\ntwo distinct governments, like independent states.\\nThe Dover plantation was under the patronage of\\nthe west countrie adventurers, and they ap-\\n1631. pointed Thomas Wiggiii, their superintendent and\\nagent. The lower plantation was under the pat-\\nronage of the London adventurers, and the first\\nsuperintendent of Portsmouth, was Walter Neal.\\nTlie enterprise of the lower plantation soon whit-\\nened the harbor with a little fleet of shallops, fish-\\ning-boats, and skifis and while the English were\\nbusy with their lines, the Danish emigrants among\\nthem sawed lumber and made potash. Tlie few\\npieces of cannon hich the proprietors sent over\\nto terrify the Indians, were placed at the northeast\\nF. Belknap, p. 8. f Whiton, p. 10.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "N E Vv 11 A 31 P S H I R E 25\\npoint of the Great Island, on a high rock, about a chap.\\nbow-shot from the shore. It was thought that the\\nredoubhng noise of these great guns, rolhng in the\\nrocks, would cause the Indians to betake themselves\\nto flight. But the colonists were soon in dan-\\nger of turning this artillery against each other for\\nwhen the agent of Dover took possession of a point\\nof land at Newington, the agent of Portsmouth\\nclaimed it, and both parties, heated by dispute,\\nprepared to appeal to arms. But at length they\\nwere persuaded to refer the dispute, for arbitration,\\nto their employers and thus, without bloodshed,\\nthe place acquired the name of Bloody Point.\\nShortly after the termination of this dispute Neal 1632.\\nwas summoned to an expedition against the far-\\nfamed pirate. Dixy Bull. This daring marauder\\nhad appeared upon the coast and raised an alarm\\nby taking several boats and rifling the fort at\\nPemaquid. Neal equipped four pinnaces and\\nshallops, and being joined by twenty more from\\nBoston, proceeded to Pemaquid to meet the enemy.\\nBut a storm arose, and tlie winds that separated\\nhis own barques drove the pirates beyond the\\nreach of pursuit. He was obliged to put back in\\na shattered condition, and the Boston forces\\nreturned home.\\nWhen the plantations appointed their agents,\\nthey declared their severall businesses to be,\\ntrade, fishery, salt-making, building and hus-\\nbandry. These common pursuits, however, were\\nnot all. The meagre profits of the fisheries and\\nsalt-making were not sufficient to satisfy the\\ndesires of such men as 3Iason and Gorges. To\\nsearch for gold was the great object of their errand\\n4", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "2Q HISTORY OF\\nCHAP to America. Mason believed the country to be\\n___ full of the precious metals concealed in mines. In\\nthis opinion he was not alone.\\nEver since the discovery of the New World was\\nproclaimed in Europe, the strangest delusions filled\\nthe minds of men. America became at once the\\nregion of romance. Descriptions of it appeared\\nin rapid succession, each presenting a new ac-\\ncumulation of wonders. By these the people of\\nEurope were completely infatuated. To them the\\nwestern world was enchanted ground. Every\\nisland and lake were such as mankind had never\\ndreamed of before. Every tree, and plant, and\\nanimal, assumed extraordinary forms and differed\\nfrom those of the ancient hemisphere. Old Europe\\nbegan to be despised, as too narrow, and seemed to\\noffer to the heated imaoination nothing above me-\\ndiocrity. Columbus liimself, a man of sound\\nunderstanding, declared that in America he had\\nfound the seat of paradise; and Ponce de Leon\\nranged, with his followers, through the Lucayo\\nislands, in search of the fountain of youth.\\nThe old were to become young, by bathing in its\\nsalutary waters. Why do you quarrel, said a\\nyoung cazique to the Spaniards, about such a\\ntrifle as gold I will conduct you to a region\\nwhere the meanest utensils are made of it.\\nIt was true that the natives of South America\\nignorantly wore the material from which the most\\nprecious jewels of Europe were made. The plun-\\nderers of Mexico and Peru had actually returned\\nladen with gold. Montezuma had exhausted his\\ntreasures to glut their rapacity. Their success\\nhad surpassed the wildest vision of the boldest", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 27\\nimagination. It was everywhere extolled, and all chap.\\nEurope began to dream of America as a land _.l^\\nwhere the sands sparkled with gold, and the earth\\nwas paved with glittering gems where mountain\\nand vale were brightly veined with silver, and\\ncrystal rivers glided over beds pebbled with dia-\\nmonds. While such were the fabulous tales, half\\nbelieved in England, is it strange that Mason\\nshould have come to Portsmouth with the same\\nvisionary ideas of infinite wealth He knew that\\nthe Spaniards dug their gold from the mountains.\\nNew Hampshire was a region of mountains.\\nWould fortune be less propitious in Laconia than\\nin Mexico Why should he hesitate to adopt a\\nconclusion to which he could so easily arrive by\\nreasoning from analogy He did not hesitate\\nand there were those among his followers vAio\\nlooked to Laconia as a region where nature would\\nsmile in eternal fertility and bloom where wealth\\nv/ould flow in upon them with the profusion of an\\nocean where towns* and cities would rise as by\\na stroke of the enchanter s wand.\\nIt liad been described as containing- divers lakes,\\nand extending back to a great lake and river in the\\ncountry of the Iroquois. This river was said to be\\nn falrc large river, well replcnisht with many\\nfruitfull islands the ayr thereof is pure and wliol-\\nsome; the country pleasant, having some high\\nhills full of goodly forrests and faire vallies and\\nplaines fruitfull in corn, vines, chesnuts, wallnuts,\\nand infinite sorts of other fruits, large rivers well\\nstored with fish, and invironed with goodly mead-\\nows full of timber trees.\\nGorges, p. 31. f Gorges, p. 58.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "28 HISTORYOF\\nIn the great lake were said to be 4 faire\\nislands, which are low and full of goodly Woods\\nand Meadows, having store of game for hunting, as\\nStagges, Fallow-Deer, Elkes, Roe-Bucks, Beavers\\nand other sorts of Beasts, which come from the\\nmain land to the said Islands. The rivers which\\nfall into the Lakes, have in them good store of\\nBeavers, of the skins of which Beasts, as also of\\nthe Elkes, the Salvages make their chiefest Traf-\\nfique. The said Islands have been inhabited here-\\ntofore by the Salvages, but are now abandoned by\\nreason of their late wars one with another. They\\ncontain twelve or fifteen leagues in length and are\\nseated commodiously for habitation in the midst\\nof the Lake, which abounds with divers kindes of\\nwholsome Fish. From this lake run two rivers\\nSouthward, which fall into the Eastern and\\nSouthern Sea-coast of New England.\\nSuch was the description of Laconia, penned by\\nGorges himself in the true style of adventure. The\\nking of England and his ministers entertained ideas\\nof it scarcely less exalted, for in the patent of New^\\nEngland, they took especial care to convey the\\nMines, Mincralls, Quarryes, Shoares, Soyles, Wa-\\nters, Lakes, Fishings, Huntings, Fowlings, Com-\\nmodities, Hereditaments, Prerogatives, Rights,\\nJurisdictions, and Boyalties, Privileges, Fran-\\nchises, Escheats, Liberties and Prochemiences. f\\nBut it is not from the testimony of Gorges alone,\\nnor yet from the teclmical language of the patent,\\nthat the visionary hopes of the colonists are to be\\ninferred. It appears from the letters of the Ports-\\nmouth planters themselves, that their views were\\nGorges, p. 47. j Gorges, pp. 31\u00e2\u0080\u009436. Patents of New England.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "N E W HAMPSHIRE. 29\\nchiefly turned towards the discovery of lakes and cuav.\\nmines. It also appears that tlicy expected to\\nderive a considerable revenue from the culture of\\ngrapes. Tliey fell into the errors ^Yhich would\\nnaturally be committed by those who are at once 1633.\\nsanguine and avaricious. Instead of subduing the\\nforest, they penetrated into the earth. Instead of\\ncounting upon the natural growth of the colony,\\nfounded upon its apparent and well-known re-\\nsources, they built their chief expectations upon\\nthe fortune of discovery. Agriculture they aban-\\ndoned for the uncertain and chance advantages of\\nIndian trade and fishing, and for the cultivation of\\ngrapes. No mill was erected for grinding corn\\nfor the colonists had none of their own to grind.\\nBread came from England in meal, except some\\ncorn and wheat, which were brought from Virginia\\nand sent to the windmill at Boston to be ground.*\\nBeef and corn they could have produced easily.\\nBut these were luxuries almost unknown to them.\\nTliey searched the earth for roots, and caught the\\nwild game of the woods. At the end of ten years,\\nso large had been their outlays and so small their\\nreturns, that the proprietors in England began to\\nfeel the supplies they furnished them to be a bur-\\nden. The colonists themselves acknowledged that\\ntheir golden hopes had failed. They did not in-\\ncrease in wealth or importance. No mines but\\nthose of iron were discovered, and these were not\\nwrought. The lakes were not explored. The\\nvines were planted,! but would produce nothing.\\nThe peltry trade with the Indians was of some\\nvalue. So also were the fisheries. But neither\\nPrince s Annals, pp. 30, 70. f F. Belknap, p. 13.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "30 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP of them yielded great profits. Meanwhile, by the\\n_^^ neglect of agriculture, they made but scanty inroads\\nupon the forest. Three or four houses only had\\nbeen built within the first seven years. The fiiture\\ngTew dark before them, and they began to be dis-\\ncouraged. Around them lay a repulsive and un-\\nexplored wildernes_s. In ten years of privation they\\nhad scarcely gained a foothold. Cut off from all\\nthat made life sweet, obliged to derive their sup-\\nport from an unkind soil, they saw before them only\\nthe prospect of struggling forever with penury,\\nsickness and the undying hostility of the Indians.\\nAt the thought of all this they became deeply de-\\npressed and the question arose whether they should\\ncling to the sinking colony longer, or depart to\\nsome region of brighter prospect and fairer pro-\\nmise. But the despondency of others only served\\nto heighten, by contrast, the undaunted resolution\\nof Mason and Gorges. It awoke them to still\\ngreater exertions, and bore them up through many\\na vain efibrt to diffuse courage and hope amidst\\nthe general despondency and gloom. They re-\\nmained as sanguine as ever of success, and con-\\ntinued to advance with alalbrity against obstacles\\nwhich drove their followers to despair. So it is\\nwith men formed by nature for great undertakings.\\nThey evinced, by all their conduct, that they had\\ncome to America with minds not to be broken by\\nmisfortune or depressed by adversity. An obsti-\\nnate, unyielding temper shone conspicuously in\\nMason and it was this that sustained his spirits\\nunbroken, while dejection hung like a black\\ncloud upon all around him. His wildly romantic\\nambition extended his views forward, to results so", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "NEW HA3IPSIIIIIE. 3]\\nmngnificont, and so refreshed his confidence that he chap\\never saw his glory ripening, and chided the seem- .^-J^\\ningly dim vision of his timid followers. But they\\nwere sullenly discontented, and most of them re-\\nsolved to remove. Some abandoned their lands\\nwholly. Others sold their shares and departed.\\nThus Mason and Gorges became immediately the\\nprincipal, if not the sole proprietors. The shares\\nwhich had been relinquished, fell of course into\\ntheir hands. Others they bought, until nearly the\\nwhole came to their possession.\\nThey now looked around for means to revive the\\ndrooping colony. They appointed Francis Wil- 1631.\\nliams governor, and sent over from England a\\nfresh supply of servants and materials for build-\\ning.\\nShortly after this time the Plymouth colony 163.5.\\nsurrendered their charter to the crown. It had\\nbeen complained of as a monopoly, and Gorges,\\nseeing it in jeopardy, resolved to appear in person\\nand defend it. He arrived at Westminster and\\nsoon gained an audience. The house being re-\\nsolved into a committee, Sir Edward Colce in the\\nchair, Gorges came forvv ard to the bar.* Sir Ed-\\nward briefly explained to him that the charier of\\nthe Plymouth colony liad been complained of as a\\ngrievance of the Commonwealth; also that it\\nwas a monopoly, and that the colour of planting a\\ncolony had been put upon it for particular ends\\nand private gain; all which the house were to\\nlook into and to minister justice to all parties.\\nFirst of all, demanded Sir Edward Coke, (he\\ncharter must be brought into the house and de-\\nGorge?, p. 23.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "32 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. livered by Sir Ferdinando Gorges. To which that.\\n-_^ -_ ardent hypocrite replied, in the canting tone of the\\nday, For my own part, said he, I am but a\\nparticular person, and inferior to many to whom the\\nPattent was granted, having no power to deliver it\\nwithout their assents. Neither in truth is it in my\\ncustody. Humbly bold in behalf of himself\\nand the rest of those intrusted in the Pattent, he\\ncontinued strenuously to maintain that it could\\nnot be a grievance to the Publique, seeing at first it\\nwas undertaken for the advancement of religion,\\nthe enlargement of the bounds of a nation, the\\nincrease of trade, and the imployment of many\\nthousands of all sorts of people. A second and\\na third time he appeared before a committee of the\\nhouse, and strove to convince them that all his ad-\\nventures were for the advancenient of religion in\\nthose desert-parts, and that he had been drawne,\\nout of zeal for his countryes happinesse to\\nengage his estate so deeply as he had done. l\\nThis confused and sinister harangue availed noth-\\ning. When Parliament presented the pub-\\nlique grievances of the kingdome, the patent of\\nNew England was the first. They had heard\\nGorges and his Learned Coimcell severall dayes,\\nbut they could not defend the same, and it was\\nresigned to the king. Gorges did not fail to ascribe\\nit to the influence of evil counsellors around the\\nthrone. Notwithstanding, says he, amongst\\nthose great swarmes, there went many that wanted\\nnot love and affection to the Honor of the King,\\nand happinesse of their native country, however\\nthey were mixed with those that had the state of\\nGorges, p. 21. Gorges, p. 21. Gorges, p. 28. Gorges, p. 29.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMrSHIRE. 33\\nestablished Church Government in such scorne chap.\\nand contemptj as finding themselves in a country _J-^\\nof Liberty, where tongues might speake without\\ncontroule, many, fuller of malice than reason,\\nspared not to speake the worst that evill affections\\ncould invent.\\nPrevious to the surrender, he and Mason had\\ntaken care to secure to themselves some portion of\\nthe expiring interest. That of Mason compre-\\nhended both his former patents and in September\\nfollowing, Gorges sold to him a tract of land on\\nthe northeast side of the Pascataqua. It extended\\nthree miles in breadth,! following the course of the\\nriver, from its mouth to its farthest head, and in-\\neluded a saw-mill at the falls of Newichwannock.\\nIn the midst of his fond anticipations of better\\nfortune. Captain Mason was removed by death. 1635.\\nThis happened near the close of the year. He\\nhad accomplished none of the great purposes for\\nwhich he came to this wilderness world. He em-\\nbarked with vast expectations of boundless wealth\\nand grandeur. He proceeded the best time of\\nhis age, loaden with troubles and vexations from all\\nparts. Golden visions hovered round him to the\\nlast, in spite of the light of experience. He had\\nno religious views in the purchase and settlement\\nof New Hampshire. His whole energies were\\nabsorbed in the discovery of wealth, and the\\naggrandizement of himself and his family. His\\ndarlinjr scheme was the introduction of the feudal\\nsystem into New Hampshire by which his family\\nwere to be the lords, and the people tenants of the\\nsoil. For this he labored; for this he sacrificed\\nGorges, p. 43. t F. Belknap, pp. 14, 15.\\n5", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "3-i HISTORY OF\\nhis all still dreaming of the profits of discovery,\\nantl the glory of founding a state. But though a\\ndreamer, he was at the same time a man of action.\\nThis Captain John Mason was himself a man of\\naction, is the testimony of Gorges. Nothing\\ndaunted him. Nothing deterred him. Though\\nadversity might cloud his prospects, it never de-\\npressed his spirits. The frustration of his efforts\\nand the frequent wreck of his hopes only seemed\\nto display the indestructible vigor of his mind.\\nAmidst disappointment and discouragement he\\ncontinued to attempt the foundation of a feudal\\nempire, until death interrupted his toils and left\\nhim only a reputation for attempting impossible\\nthings.\\nIn their American possessions, both Mason and\\nGorges readily embarked their whole property,\\nexpecting the investment to return to them suddenly\\nwith great gain. But their estates melted aw^ay,\\nand they received no profits. Yet their efforts,\\nthough fruitless to themselves, were not wholly\\nlost. Their daring energy excited other minds;\\nand, like the first voyagers over an unknown sea,\\nthey discovered and pointed out the quicksands to\\nothers, who profited by their disastrous experience.\\nThus they left the spur of their example to those\\nwho should set on foot new enterprises, or improve\\nthose which they had so boldly begun. I began,\\nsays Gorges, when there was no hopes for the\\npresent bat of losse in that I w\\\\is yet to find a\\nplace, and being found, it was itselfe in a manner\\ndreadfull to the behoulders for it seemed but as\\na desart Wildernesse replete onely with a kind of\\nGorges, p. 38.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 35\\nsavage People and overgrowne trees. So as I chap.\\nfound it no meane matter to procure any to go\\nthither, much lesse to reside there and those I\\nsent knew not how to subsist but on the provisions\\nI furnished them withall. Such was then a true\\npicture of this now flourishing state, and such were\\nthe endeavors of the first settlers. In all the\\nmovements of Gorges there was a lack of system.\\nI was forced, says he, to hire men to stay\\nthere the winter quarter at extream rates.\\nThere was no place prepared to receive the emi-\\ngrants who consented to be the companions of his\\nfortune. His enthusiasm allured them to his stand-\\nard his eloquence persuaded them to embark.\\nWhen they became discouraged, he inspired them\\nwith confidence. When their provisions were ex-\\nhausted, he supplied them. Meanwhile he con-\\ntinued his exploring expeditions in the country,\\nfeeding his mind with visions of future splendor and\\npower. But it was impossible to bear up against\\nthe obstacles of savage nature. It was impracti-\\ncable to reap prosperity in a plan which neglected\\nall the solid sources of growth.\\nGorges and Mason established no government.\\nThey employed persons to trade and fish for them,\\nyet erected no tribunal to which they were ame-\\nnable for fraud or breach of trust. They might\\ncommit the most flagrant crimes, and yet escape\\npunishment. They might squander their goods,\\nand yet avoid any civil liability. It was not,\\nhowever, from undue confidence in man, or any\\nmistaken views of the goodness of human nature,\\nthat they were led to dispense with the forms of\\nGorges, p. 49. f Gorges, D. N. E., p. 12.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "36 HISTORYOF\\nCHAP, government and law. It was the philosophy of\\n__!^ Gorges, that profit and content are (for the most\\npart) the motives that all men labor, however oth-\\nerwise adjoyned with faire colours and goodly\\nshadows. lie often wondered and complained\\nwhen their plans failed. But how could it be\\notherwise with those who neglected agriculture,\\nwhich is like rearing the superstructure, having\\nomitted the foundation? How could it be other-\\nwise with those who, instead of grain, planted the\\nvine and sought a purple vintage, as if the cold\\nshore they dwelt on had been the brightest island\\nof a tropic sea? Their scheme throughout, in all\\nits details, was stamped with impracticability.\\nThey sketched out a fanciful system of lordships,\\nand dwelt upon the plan of granting the lands sub-\\nject to quit rents and feudal tenures. The money\\nnecessary for this splendid government was to be\\ndug from the earth the fashions and decorations\\nwere to be imported from the old world. They\\nwere to have stars and titles of nobility. But in\\nall this they were doomed to disappointment. No\\nlordships were established no order of nobility\\narose. There were neither titles to be enjoyed,\\nnor wine-presses to be trodden. The same cold\\nwilderness still stretched before their eyes. The\\nrivers, broad and deep, rolled on, reflecting only\\nthe wild woods that had intermingled their branches\\nand cast the shadows of ages over the waters. The\\nsame soil, rugged, but strong and productive, yet\\nwaited for the hand of industry, and refused to yield\\nanything but to patient toil. It could not give\\nthem what it did not possess. It furnished wood\\nGorges, D. N. E., p. 11.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "N E W H A ]\\\\I P S H I R E 37\\nand iron in abundance. But silver nor gold would chap.\\nit reveal. Had it possessed these, New Hampshire\\nmight have been what Mexico is, and England\\nwould have shared the calamities of Spain.\\nWell was it for posterity that the unnatural\\neyes of Adventure, alone, could discern mineral\\nwealth in the hills of New Hampshire. Fortu-\\nnate was it that the soil was, for the most part,\\nreserved for men who should settle upon it with\\nno chimerical and vain hopes of treasure but men\\nviewing human life and society in a true light\\nnot building the castles of avarice but living by\\ntheir industry expecting only the rain and dew\\nupon the seed they had sown hoping for health\\nand competence and laying the only sure founda-\\ntion for a great and flourishing country in intelli-\\ngence and public virtue good schools, good morals,\\ngovernment, and sober industry. These are the\\nstrength of a state.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nDover. The Antinomians Exeter Form of government a democracy\\nAntinomian controversy in Massachusetts Hampton Government\\nformed at Portsmouth\u00e2\u0080\u0094 At Dover Constitution Causes which led to the\\nsettlement of Exeter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Puritans Contest between them and the\\nAntinomians, Henry Vane, Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, Wheelwright\u00e2\u0080\u0094 They\\nare banished from Massachusetts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 They come to Exeter Their doctrines\\nCalvin Calvinism Union with Massachusetts Wheelwright His\\ninterview with Oliver Cromwell The confederation Passaconaway dis-\\narmed The White Mountains explored Neal searches their summits\\nfor gold description of them Superstitious reverence of the Indians for\\ntheir invisible inhabitants.\\nThe death of Captain Mason left the lower\\nplantation on the Pascataqua under deep embar-\\nrassments. He had been the moving spring in all\\nits affairs, and his services were lost in the time of\\nsorest need. But while the upper settlement lay\\nunder discouragement, the lower one also was\\nstruggling with difficulties. It was finally resolved\\nthat Captain Wiggin, tlie superintendent, should\\nmake a voyage to England to obtain more ample\\nmeans for its advancement. He procured a num-\\nber of families from the west of England, some of\\nthem men of property, and of some account for\\n1633. religion, to come over and increase the colony.\\nTrade was their object, and they resolved to build\\na town. Accordingly, they divided the land on\\nDover neck into small lots and on the most invit-\\nmg part of that beautiful eminence which hes be-\\ntween the two branches of the river, they erected", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 39\\na church. Danger compelled them to surround it chap.\\nwith an intrenchment, and flankarts. High above .^^J^\\nthe surrounding shores, commanding an extensive\\nand delightful prospect, stood this first edifice,\\nconsecrated to the public worship of God. A\\nchurch Seldom has the New England village\\nbeen found without one. Its spire, pointing to\\nheaven, is the ensign of those who put not their\\ntrust in outward show, but in the inward purity.\\nBut the pious Leveridge, whom Wiggin brought\\nover to minister to the people, was soon obliged to\\nleave them for want of support and he retired to\\nthe Plymouth colony. After this, wandering ad-\\nventurers,* and artful impostors, (as they were 1634.\\nsupposed to be,) came and preached to the people.\\nGeorge Burdet stole the hearts of the majority, so\\nthat they elected him governor, to the defeat of 1636.\\nhis rival, Wiggin. He represented his opponents\\nas hypocritical, and that, under pretence of greater\\npurity and discipline in matters of religion, they 1637.\\nwere aiming at nidependent sovereignty.\\nAt this time the far-famed Antinomian contro- 1638.\\nversy, at Boston, had occasioned a violent strife and\\nschism. It terminated in banishing from that colony\\nthe principal persons who bore that name of re-\\nproach. Conspicuous among the exiles were the\\nlearned and truly pious Wheelwright, and his\\nfamous sister, Anne Hutchinson. They had before\\npurchased some land of the Indians at Squamscot\\nFalls, and now came, with the few friends who\\nfollowed them into banishment, and began a plan-\\ntation. They called it Exeter. Desirous to give 163S.\\nefiiciency to those doctrines which they sacredly\\nF. Belknap, p. 18.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, cherished, and for which they had been driven from\\n_,.J^ Boston, they formed themselves into a church.\\nThey also combined into a separate body pohtic,\\nand chose rulers and assistants. Each ruler had\\ntwo assistants.\\n1638. These were sworn into office, and the people\\nwere as solemnly sworn to obey them. Their\\nrulers, with the assistants, were elected annually.\\nThe laws were made in a popular assembly, and\\nformally assented to by the people. Though they\\nstyled the king the Lord s anointed, and\\npunished treason against the king or the country,\\nrebellion and sedition, yet in all their proceedings\\nthey presented a specimen of a pure democracy.\\nThey founded government on the true basis,\\nviz., the consent of the governed. They recog-\\nnised the right of every man to have a voice in the\\nselection of his rulers thus making the people the\\nsource of power the fountain from which it flows.\\nThis government conferred upon man a perfect\\nequahty of rights. It made the people subject to\\nno. laws but those of their own enacting, and it left\\nin their own hands the absolute right of repeal\\nthus giving them the power to correct public evils\\nso soon as they should manifest themselves. This\\nlittle association of exiles I consider to be the first\\ninstitution of government in New Hampshire.*\\nThe colony of Mason cannot be regarded as such.\\nIt contemplated nothing but amassing wealth. It\\nwas formed wholly for purposes of trade and\\nemolument. It imagined a system which was\\nwholly impracticable, and was never, in fact, at-\\n1638, tempted. The settlement at Exeter, therefore, was\\nTrumbull s Hist, of Connecticut^ vol. I., p. 6.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMFSHIKE. 41\\nthe foundation of the state. That government has chap.\\ncontinued with trifling alteration for more than two\\nhundred years. Two hundred years How wide\\na space in the world s history In that period\\nwhat revolutions have convulsed the earth In\\nthat period Napoleon has run his career, changed\\nthe face of Europe, and died in exile. England\\nhas deposed sovereigns, reared a Commonwealth,\\nand changed, again and again, the entire structure\\nof her monarchy. France has overturned thrones,\\nand all Europe has been shaken by the earthquakes\\nand thunders of revolution. South America has\\nbeen made to reek with blood unprofitably shed.\\nThe farthest east and the west, even to savage\\nwilds, have been desolated by war. But with\\nlittle interruption the northern states of America\\nhave shown to the world a proud example of\\nliberty, stability, and progress.\\nAbout this time the plantation of Hampton was i63S.\\nformed at a place which the Indians called Winni-\\ncumet. The salt meadows had attracted the knap, p.\\nnotice of Massachusetts, and the general court of\\nthat colony had empowered Richard Dummer and\\nJohn Spencer to build a house there. This\\nsettlement opened the way and invited some per-\\nsons from Norfolk, in England. They shortly\\nafterwards came over, and the Hampton settle- 1638.\\nmcnt, with this accession, numbered fifty-six. It\\nwas considered at this time as belon\u00c2\u00abjinff to the\\ncolony of Massachusetts.\\nAfter the death of Capt. Mason, his widow, i639.\\nweary of the great expenses and inadequate re-\\nturns of the Portsmouth plantation, informed her 1639.\\nservants that they must provide for themselves.\\n6", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "1640.\\n4)2 HISTOKYOF\\nSome removed with their goods and cattle others\\nremained, keeping possession of the buildings and\\nimprovements, which they henceforth claimed as\\ntheir own. But the houses at Newichwannock\\nwere consumed by fire, and nothing was left of\\nMason s estate but a doubtful interest in the soil.\\nThus, the people were left without a government.\\nAfter the example of Exeter, they formed them-\\nselves into a body politic* Those of Dover did\\nOct. 22. the same.f By a written instrument, signed by\\nforty-one persons, they agreed to submit to the\\nlaws of England and such others as should be\\nenacted by a majority of their number, until the\\nroyal pleasure should be known. Here was a\\nconstitution, not dissimilar to that which is now\\nkept sacred by a mighty nation, grown up around\\nthat first experiment upon constitutional govern-\\nment.\\nThus, I have briefly traced the history of these\\nfirst four republics of the wilderness. They rose\\nhumbly from the forest. They stood as four cities\\nof refuge, thrown open to those whom the sword of\\npersecution might drive to them from beyond the\\nAtlantic, or from the borders of the neighboring\\ncolonies. But it is here to be remarked that they\\nwere in fact J governments of the churches. The\\nBible was their law book and when the magistrate\\nenquired his duty, he asked only what is the will\\nof God. The plantation at Exeter formed the first\\ncongregational church, that at Hampton the\\nsecond, that at Dover the third. Their diflicul-\\nThe time when is uncertain. f F. Belknap.\\nWith the exception perhaps of Portsmouth, where a small Episcopal\\nsociety had been formed, but no Congregational society existed there for\\nmany years.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "N E W H A M P S H I K E ^i3\\nties, embarrassments and bickenn\u00c2\u00abfs, arose from chap.\\nII\\nvexed questions of religious faith and practice. _.\\nThe backshding of some church member was\\nalways an event of importance. The imprudence\\nof some minister was sufficient to agitate all the\\ncolonies. These three plantations were in all their\\ncircumstances much alike. Their governments\\nwere essentially the same. Yet the settlement at\\nExeter must be regarded as the most important,\\n*both in its origin and in its influence upon the\\ncharacter of the state. It was made up of the\\npersecuted Antinomians. But the history of the\\nAntinomians is so intimately connected with that\\nof the puritans, that it is impossible to present the\\none properly, without at least a preliminary view\\nof the other. Without such a view, the character\\nand motives of the first settlers of Exeter would\\nbe but little understood. The term Antinomian\\nwas a name of reproach. It signifies, an opposer\\nof law. The Exeter settlers were deemed oppo-\\nsers of law and I now propose to glance at the\\nhistory of the puritans, in order to show who were\\nthese Antinomians why they were thus stigma-\\ntized, and how it came to pass that they were driven\\nout from Massachusetts, and came, as exiles, to\\ntake shelter in the woods of New Hampshire.\\nNext after the merchant adventurers at Ports-\\nmouth, came the band of the persecuted to Exeter.\\nMassachusetts was peopled by a feeble company\\nof puritans, who fled from religious persecution in\\nEngland. Massachusetts was destined in hev turn\\nto draw the sword of persecution, and to people\\nother colonies with the exiles whom she drove from\\nher borders. Iler intolerance founded Rhode", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Island, and gave immortality to the name of Roger\\nJ_ Williams.\\nThe puritans distrusted the power of truth to\\nwork out her own triumphs. This, however, was\\nthe error of the age in which they lived and on\\nthat account they demand from posterity, when\\npassing judgment upon them, a magnanimous for-\\nbearance. History would do them injustice, did it\\nfail to suggest the universal prevalence of this\\nerror, as an apology for the violence which the\\ncause of religious liberty received at their hands.\\nThe puritans never professed to be advocates for\\nfreedom of conscience. From their writings they\\ncarefully excluded the idea of religious liberty.\\nThey demanded of the Church of England the right\\nto enjoy their faith unmolested not because they\\napproved of toleration, but because they believed\\nthey had found the true faith, and that all opposition\\nto it was rebellion against God. They expressly\\ndenied and repudiated the doctrine of toleration, as\\na heresy, whenever it was imputed to them in Eng-\\nland and when they came to America, they came,\\nnot to establish religious liberty, but to enjoy,\\nunmolested, the peculiarities of their own faith.\\nThey lied to the New World to escape from inquisi-\\ntion not to establish a system from which inquisi-\\ntion should be excluded. They regarded their dis-\\ntant retreat rather as a home and household of their\\nown, than as the world s asylum, and they claimed\\na right to dictate the terms on which their guests\\nshould enter. American eloquence and poetry have\\nfrequently eulogized them for opening a refuge for\\nthe world s outcasts. This is far from being true.\\nThey had no such intention. They always claimed", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 45\\nthe right to thrust out those v. honi they should find chap.\\nto be enemies to their safety and harmony. Such J_\\nwas the ilhberal spirit by which they were actuated,\\nin common with tlie age in which they lived, that\\nthey ever regarded the advocate of new doctrines\\nas an intruder, coming to sow tares in the field.\\nThey experienced the alarm which the careful\\nshepherd feels at seeing a wolf enter his fold.\\nThe fame of Massachusetts had gone abroad to\\nthe most distant lands, and the year 1635 witness- iq^s.\\ned an accession of three thousand emigrants to\\nthe puritan colony.* Among these came Henry\\nVane, the younger a youthful statesman of aspir-\\ning mind, but of spotless integrity. His admirable\\ngenius, his energetic will, his noble devotion to the\\ncause of civil and religious liberty, rank his name\\nhigh amongst those of whom history may be proud.\\nThe author of Paradise Lost has composed his\\neulogy in the most splendid forms of the English\\nlanguage. His elevated rank, his distinguished\\nability, his piety, and love of freedom, commended\\nhim to the freemen of Massachusetts, and he was\\nelected governor, notwithstanding his extreme 1636.\\nyouth and want of experience. Under his admin-\\nistration, the effect of religious divisions began to\\nbe felt, and the formation of two distinct religious\\nparties may be perceived. The first party consist-\\ned chiefly of the original settlers. They had\\nfounded the commonwealth, and were intent upon\\nbuilding it up. They were satisfied with the es-\\ntablished order of things. It was the work of\\ntheir hands. They were afraid of innovations, and\\nBancroft, I., p. 383.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "46 HISTORYOF\\ndreaded the effects of unlimited freedom of discus-\\nsion.\\nThe other party consisted of persons lately ar-\\nrived in the colony. They had come, not so much\\nto build up a commonwealth as to establish, enjoy\\nand perpetuate entire freedom of religious opinion.\\nThey had fled from the oppressive laws of Europe,\\nand they determined to resist every form of despot-\\nism over the mind in America. It was their pride\\nto follow out the principles of the reformation of\\nMartin Luther, w^ith logical precision, to all their\\nconsequences.* The founders of this party were,\\nMrs. Anne Hutchinson and her brother, John\\nWheelwright; the former, a woman whose eloquence\\nand admirable understanding were universally ac-\\nknowledged and admired. Mr. Wheelwright, her\\nbrother, was a clergyman of elegant accomplish-\\nments and devoted piety, and, at that time, the\\nminister of Braintree, which then formed a part of\\nBoston. When Mrs. Hutchinson and her brother\\nexamined the institutions of Massachusetts, they\\nfound this new building of the reformation defec-\\ntive, and proceeded in very bold language to point\\nout the flaws. They denounced the clergy as\\nushers of persecution, and popish factors\\nthe magistrates as priest-ridden, and as not hav-\\ning imbibed the true doctrines of Christian reform. f\\nThey were encouraged by Henry Vane. The men\\nof learning and members of the general court\\nadopted the opinions of Mrs. Hutchinson, and a\\nmajority of the people sustained her in her pre-\\nsumptuous rebellion against the clergy. Thus, at\\nthe outset, the party of Mrs. Hutchinson was in\\nBancroft, I., p. 387. f Bancroft, I., 387.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 47\\nthe ascendency. Bat the subject became of the chap.\\nhighest political importance, and both parties pre- _J^\\npared for an obstinate contest. Nearly all the\\nclergy clustered together under Winthrop, and\\nselected^ him as their candidate for governor\\nwhile the new sectarians rallied under Vane. The\\nwhole colony was convulsed with the contest.\\nThroughout Boston and its environs the tide of\\nenthusiasm rose to an unprecedented pitch. The\\nnicest shades of faith were of sufficient magnitude\\nto throw the whole community into transports or\\nbroils. The most abstruse distinctions were de-\\nbated with a confidence and a swell of importance,\\nsuch as the great fathers of theology never felt or\\ncomprehended.\\nThe general court consumed its sessions in\\ndebating what quantity and quality of piety should\\nbe preached on the coming Sabbath, and on Mon-\\nday they enquired what minister had preached\\nsedition the Sunday before. The speeches of the\\nmembers were made up of apt texts of Scripture,\\nendowed with a new and powerful meaning, de-\\nsigned for the context into which they found them-\\nselves thus unceremoniously introduced.* The\\nshops were supplied with elaborate essays, and the\\nstreets thronged with crowds eagerly discussing\\nthe subtlest points of controversy. Many persons\\ndeclared themselves in personal companionship with\\nthe Holy Spirit. Some became insane, and others,\\nplunged in learned doctrinal disquisitions, forgot the\\nduties of active benevolence. The Wheelwright\\nmen were unforbearing and impatient of contra-\\ndiction. Mrs. Hutchinson divided the Christian\\nGrahame.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "4S HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, souls into sound and unsound, and stigmatized the\\nn\\n___ last as a set of unchristian vipers. The Win-\\nthrop men, in return, denounced the followers of\\nWheelwright as fanatics, extreme Calvinists and\\nAntinomiaiis. In Mrs. Hutchinson they found an\\nunconquerable antagonist slow to hear, quick to\\nspeak. She assembled conferences, presided in\\nperson, and kept the lire of controversy in a con-\\nstant blaze. She attacked her opponents with\\nacrimony, and those who refused to receive her\\ndoctrines found the consequence to be a full mea-\\nsure of abuse. There is no peace in the neigh-\\nborhood, said the clergy. Home and the fire-\\nside have no quiet. Though they admitted her\\nto be an adept in debate, they professed to find her\\ndeficient in all the gentle graces that adorn the\\nfemale character.\\nMeanwhile election day arrived, and on that\\noccasion the pious Wilson deemed it his duty to\\nclimb into a tree to harangue the people at the\\npolls. The result of the election proved the\\nWinthrop party, the fathers and founders of the\\ncolony, to be in a majority. They elected their\\ngovernor and their candidates for the magistracies.\\nWhen they found themselves in possession of\\npower, they procured a movement to be made in\\nthe general court. Thus did the theological jar\\ngain admission into the legislature of the colony.\\n1637. An act was passed censuring Wheelwright and his\\nfriends for sedition. Vane, who pleaded eloquently\\nfor the liberties of Catholics and Dissenters in\\nParliament, and afterwards laid down his life in the\\ncause of religious liberty, remonstrated, but inef-\\nfectually, against this act of censure. He, likewise,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 49\\nopposed the alien law, which the puritan fathers chap.\\npassed, for the purpose of excluding such infatu- L^\\nated men as Wheelwright from the colony.\\nWheelwright and his friends, however, bade de-\\nfiance to the decrees of the court. They avowed\\nthe dictates of conscience to be of higher authority\\nthan acts of legislative assemblies. They declared\\nthemselves to be, as usual, in direct communication\\nwith the Holy Spirit, and guided by immediate\\nrevelations from heaven. Winthrop and the pious\\nfathers now excited the people with apprehensions\\nof an immediate insurrection of lawless fanatics.\\nThis spread alarm through the colony. They\\ndeclared themselves to be on the eve of a revo-\\nlution, and that it was a crisis calling for a convo-\\ncation of the grand synod of the clergy of New\\nEngland. It was accordingly convened, but the\\nmountain of investigation gave birth to nothing.\\nThe synod found, that with all their theological\\nacumen, they could discover no criminal difference\\nbetween the dreaded Antinomian heresy main-\\ntained by Wheelwright and his sister, and the\\nmore orthodox tenets of Winthrop and Colton.\\nThey therefore adjourned, and left to the civil\\nmagistrates the task of punishing the leaders of\\nAntinomianism. The magistrates, glad of an op-\\nportunity to exercise their newly acquired power,\\npassed sentence of banisliment upon Wheelwright,\\nAnne Hutchinson and Aspinwall. The exiles,\\nwearied with opposition, took up their march for\\nthe wilderness, seeking a refuge from intolerance,\\nbanished from among banished men exiles from\\na place of exile. Dissenters could not tolerate a\\ndissenter.\\n7", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "50 HISTOEY OF\\nCHAP. Thus ended the Aiitiiiomian controversy in Mas-\\nsachusetts. It now remains to point out the dis-\\ntinctive doctrines of each party. First, then, it is\\nto be observed that the Wheelwright men were\\nrigid Calvinists. They did not come to Massa-\\nchusetts with the first band of emigrants. When\\nthey arrived, they found that the colonists had\\nrelaxed somewhat from the precise tenets of Cal-\\nvin. They were placing what was considered an\\nundue reliance upon good works, and were swerv-\\ning from the true faith on the important subjects\\nof election and foreordination. They proclaimed\\nthe precise dogmas of Geneva, wdth which they\\nhad come freshly laden, and reproached the\\ncolonists with being practical men under a covenant\\nof works. The Winthrop men wished to pre-\\nserve Calvinism, but softened and mellowed down\\nwith an infusion of what they deemed practical\\nreligion. The Wheelwright men relied for sal-\\nvation on absolute predestination, which could not\\nbe affected by the merits or demerits of men s\\nactions. The Winthrop men relied for salvation\\non faith and good works. Wheelwright believed\\nthat the divine choice had rested, from all eternity,\\nupon a certain number, to whom grace was given\\nby an absolute, unchanging decree, Winthrop\\nbelieved that the salvation of men w^as not so abso-\\nlutely decreed as to be impregnable against the\\nassaults of temptation and sin. The divine will is\\nunchangeable, said Wheelwright. The eternal\\ncounsels of God are sure. Is the will of Heaven\\nto be defeated by the sins of man Of what use,\\nthen, enquired Winthrop, is repentance To\\nwhat purpose is the practice of virtue and pietv.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 51\\nsince the divine favor is neither to be propitiated chap.\\nnor forfeited Wheelwright was himself a most _.-J^\\npowerful pulpit advocate of Calvinism. Both he\\nand his sister, in their conduct and doctrines, were\\nprone to extremes. Yet in the history of the\\nCalvinists there is much to palliate error and much\\nto mitigate the harshness of censure. Liberty\\nnever had braver defenders than were these extreme\\nCalvinists. Almost always in the old world, and\\ngenerally in the new, the warfare for Calvinism has\\nbeen a w^arfare against oppression. The soldier\\nof the cross, in the Calvinistic sense of the term,\\nhas ever been the soldier of liberty and of all the\\nmultitudes who have worshipped at the shrine of\\nthat goddess, few have been more devout. They\\nhave investigated the bounds of authority. They\\nhave set limits to the power of kings. They\\nnever were the slaves of priestcraft. In their\\nsystem of church government they acknowledge\\nno sovereign pontiff. It is a pure democracy.\\nThe will of the majority is law. There is\\nnothing to disturb equality of rights. Whatever\\npower the clergy may have obtained, is no fault\\nof the system itself; for no power of necessity\\npertains to them or to any officer of the church.\\nThe humblest member has no superior but the\\nKing of kings. Nor is the pastor superior to any\\nbrother, except it be in faith, humility, and hope.\\nHe has no greater power over the brother than the\\nbrother has over him. They are monitors of each\\nother counsellors of each other. They use no\\nliturgy they bow to no confessor. The pastor is\\nbut the expounder of the divine will. The body\\nof the church are the judges of it, and God is the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, judge of all. This system leads, of necessity\\n_-.-i^ and naturally, to popular liberty. The idea that\\nwealth is to be deified, and government founded\\nupon property, never sprung from the system of\\nJohn Calvin. It is a plant of after growth amongst\\nus. The democratic theory springs naturally from\\nthe Calvinistic system of church government. The\\ntheory has been caught up by thousands who have\\nrejected the creed. The Calvinists were ad-\\nherents of a system that sprung from the people.\\nThe great reformer was himself a plebeian. His\\ninfancy was cradled in a lowly abode. His youth\\nand manhood were spent in wrestling with the\\nerrors of a world. He raised and elevated an en-\\nslaved peasantry. He exposed the crimes of a\\ncorrupt priesthood. He was tlie advocate of com-\\nmon schools, the glory of New England. On the\\nwhole, humanity is largely indebted to the man\\nwhose cruel burning of Servetus has left an indel-\\nible stain on his memory.\\nThus the motives of the first settlers of Exeter\\nwere in harmony with democratic principles of gov-\\nernment. They were exiles for conscience sake.\\nThey came to the wilderness for freedom. They\\nwere tried in the school of misfortune they were\\ndisciplined by struggling with persecution. Such\\nwas the Exeter settlement. Christianity presided\\nat its birth and rocked its cradle. It grew up.\\nIt put forth its hands with increasing strength,\\nand displayed in its form the beauty of youth. It\\nripened to maturity. It became the State of New\\nHampshire a member of that Union which binds\\ntogether a mighty confederated Republic.\\nBancroft.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "N E W H A I\\\\I P S H I R E 53\\nFour distinct governments had been formed on chap.\\nthe several branches of the Pascataqua. These 1^\\ncombinations were but voluntary agreements.\\nThey might be invaded by capricious leaders, or\\ndashed asunder by the first wave of popular dis-\\ncontent. The people were too much divided to\\nform any general plan of government, and the dis-\\ntracted state of the mother country cut off all hope\\nof the royal attention. In this state of things, the\\nminds of the more considerate men were turned to\\na union with Massachusetts. The affair was agi-\\ntated for more than a year, and on the fourteenth ^pt.\\nof April, it was concluded by an instrument of\\nunion, subscribed in the presence of the general\\ncourt. Thus did Massachusetts spread the broad\\nwing of her jurisdiction over the Pascataqua set-\\ntlements. Her laws now took immediate effect in\\nNew Hampshire, and the histories of the two plan-\\ntations, for a period of thirty-eight years, become to\\nblended together. The population of New Hamp-\\nshire, at this time, did not exceed one thousand,\\nwhich was about one twentieth of the whole popu-\\nlation of the American colonies. When the act\\nof union took place, one extraordinary concession\\nwas made to New Hampshire. By a law of Mas-\\nsachusetts, a test had been established, which pro-\\nvided that none but church members should vote\\nin town affairs, or sit as members of the general\\ncourt. This gospel requisite was dispensed with 1641.\\nin favor of the New Hampshire members, and her\\nfreemen were permitted to vote in town affairs, and\\nher deputies to sit in the general court, without\\nregard to religious qualifications an amazing\\nstride in liberality a stretch of toleration, which", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "54 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, some declared to amount to absolute atheism, and\\nn\\n^^J^ others looked upon as the entering wedge of impi-\\nety, destined to sunder the goodly bonds of society.\\nIt sent a shudder through the whole body of the\\nchurch.\\nUnder the new order of things, Wheelwright\\nwas no longer safe. His sentence of banishment\\nwas still in force, and when the laws of Massachu-\\nsetts took effect in New Hampshire, he was obliged\\nto make another remove, to escape the sword of\\npersecution. Attended by a few faithful followers\\nhe withdrew to Wells, in Maine, and there gathered\\n1 small church. He was afterwards permitted to\\neturn, and exercise his ministry at Hampton,\\n^leanwhile, a revolution in England had raised\\nJliver Cromwell to the head of the English com-\\nmonwealth. Some time afterwards, Wheelwright\\nwent to England, and was conducted to the pres-\\nence of Cromwell. The Lord Protector, with\\ncharacteristic constancy to his early friends, recog-\\nnised him as an old college acquaintance. They\\nhad been at the University together. I remem-\\nber the time, said Cromwell, turning to the gen-\\ntlemen then about him, when I have been more\\nafraid of meeting Wheehvright at foot-ball than of\\nmeeting any army since in the field. Cromwell\\nreceived him kindly, took him into favor, and ap-\\npointed him to a post of distinction. After the\\n1660. restoration, he returned to Salisbury, in New\\nHampshire, where he died in 1680, at the advanced\\nage of more than eighty years. It will be remem-\\nbered that the immediate cause of Wheelwright s\\nbanishment, was a sermon which he preached at\\nBoston. That sermon was considered, by the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 55\\nmagistrates, as tending to sedition. But it chap.\\nwas not such, says Savage, as can justify the\\ncourt in their sentence for sedition and contempt,\\nnor prevent the present age from regarding that\\nproceeding as an example and a warning of the\\nusual tyranny of ecclesiastical factions.\\nScarcely had the act of union taken place, when 1642.\\nthe settlers were alarmed by apprehensions of an\\nattack from the Indians. Rumors were circulated\\nof a plot formed for the utter extermination of the\\nEnglish. A party was immediately despatched to\\nseize and disarm Passaconaway. The old chief, 1642.\\nas a pledge of amity, readily delivered up his guns.\\nIt was soon discovered that the reports of a plot\\nhad but a slight foundation, and the affair ended\\nwith an apology to Passaconaway, for the acts of\\nviolence which had been committed. But ground-\\nless as this alarm proved, it drew the attention of\\nthe colonists to the advantages of a confederation.\\nThey were surrounded by common difficulties\\nand menaced by common dangers. On the one\\nhand, the Dutch coveted their possessions. On\\nthe other the French threatened to encroach. All\\naround them lay savage tribes, against whom they\\ncould rely for security only upon their arms, their\\nunion and their valor. Influenced by these con-\\nsiderations, the inhabitants of four colonics, viz.,\\nConnecticut, New Haven, New Plymouth, and\\nMassachusetts, which embraced New Hampshire,\\nformed a confederacy. It lasted for half a century\\na type of that more glorious Union under whose\\nbroad wings their posterity now repose.\\nBy the articles of confederation, as they were\\ncalled, these colonies entered into a perpetual", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "56 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, league of friendship and amity. It was declared\\nJ^ to have a twofold object. It was to propagate\\nthe gospel and for mutual safety and welfare. Each\\nplantation was to retain its own jurisdiction and\\ngovernment. No other colony could be received\\nas a confederate, nor could any two of the confed-\\nerates be united into one, without the consent of\\nthe rest. They decreed the estabHshment of a\\nlegislative assembly to manage their affairs, and\\nthis consisted of two commissioners, or members\\nchosen from each colony. All affairs of war or\\npeace, leagues, aids, charges, number of men for\\nwar, division of spoils, and whatsoever is gotten\\nby conquest, receiving of more confederates for\\nplantations, and all things of like nature, which\\nare the proper concomitants and consequences of\\nsuch a confederation, for amity, offence and defence,\\nwere weighed and determined by these commis-\\nsioners, and the determination of any six of them\\nwas to be binding upon all. The expenses of all\\njust wars, were to be borne by each colony, in\\nproportion to its number of male inhabitants. But\\nthe commissioners were directed to take into con-\\nsideration the causes of such war and if it should\\nappear that the fault was in the colony invaded,\\nsuch colony was not only to make satisfaction to the\\ninvaders, but to bear all expenses of the war. The\\ncommissioners were also authorized to frame and\\nestablish agreements and orders, in general cases\\nof a civil nature, wherein all the plantations were\\ninterested, for preserving peace among themselves\\nand preventing, as much as may be, all occasions\\nof war, or difference with others. It was also\\nwisely provided in the articles, that runaway ser-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 57\\nvants and fu2jitives from justice should be returned chap.\\nII.\\nto the colonics to which thc}^ belonged, or from 1^\\nwhich they had fled. If any of the confederates\\nshould violate any of the articles, or in any way\\ninjure any of the other colonies, such breach of\\nagreement was to be considered and ordered by\\nthe commissioners of the other colonies. Such\\nwere the powers of the general government of the\\ncolonies and it was expressly provided that this\\ngeneral power should not intermeddle with the gov-\\nernment of any of the jurisdictions which by the\\nthird article was preserved entirely to themselves.*\\nWhile the leading men of the colonies w ere busy 1642.\\nwith the confederation, Capt. Neal explored the\\nWhite Mountains.! He was by no means devoidj\\nof the passion for discovery and a feature so\\nprominent in the scenery of New Hampshire could\\nnot fail to attract his attention. The Indians had\\ngiven the name of Agiocochook to the whole group\\nof northern mountains. These awful summits they\\nregarded with superstitious veneration. The red\\nman believed that a powerful genius presided on\\ntheir overhanging cliffs and by their waterfalls.\\nHis imagination peopled them with invisible beings.\\nHe saw the Great Spirit in the clouds gathered\\naround their tops. He heard his voice speaking in\\nthe revels of the storm, and calling aloud in the\\nthunders that leaped from cliff to cliff and rumbled\\nin the hollows of the mountains. Wherever sur-\\npassing excellence appears in the works of nature,\\nthe Indian discerns the presence of a divinity. He\\nbelieves that some unknown agency has made the\\nPitkin s Hist. U. S., pp. 50, 51. Holmes American Annals, vol. I., pp. 32(3-7.\\nt Whiton. p. 11. Winthrop, Hist. New England, H., C7, 68.\\n8", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "58 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, firmament, and set a light in the eastern sky. A\\n._-,I^ god resides in the stars, the lakes, and the recesses\\nof the grottos. He sees him in the clouds and\\nhears him in the winds frowning in the wintry\\nblast breathing in the zephyrs of spring smil-\\ning in the first blush of morning, and the last hue\\nof twilight that lingers above the pines in the\\nwestern sky. In his undefined ideas of Nature, the\\nsentiment of fear is always mingled. He cannot\\nsolve the origin of her changes or analyze her laws.\\nEvery uncommon appearance excites his amaze-\\nment and strikes him with terror. With every\\nhidden agency, with every mysterious influence of\\nNature, he blends the idea of a divinity. Super-\\nstition springs up in his mind from all her inexpli-\\ncable relations and remarkable features. Influ-\\nenced by fear, the Indians never ascended the\\nWhite Mountains. They supposed the invisible\\ninhabitants would resent any intrusion into their\\nsacred precincts. But while they presented an\\nimpassable barrier to the Indian, they offered a\\ncharm to the mind of the white man, and their\\nsupposed mineral wealth allured him to their\\nheights. Such an impression had they made\\nupon the imagination of Neal, that he set out on\\nfoot, attended by two companions, to reach them\\nthrough an unexplored forest. He described them,\\nin the most exaggerated style, to be a ridge\\nextending an hundred leagues, on which snow\\nlieth all the year, and inaccessible, except by the\\ngullies which the dissolved snow hath made. On\\none of these mountains the travellers reported to\\nhave found a plain of a day s journey over whereon\\nnothing grows but moss and at the further end", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "NEW HA Mr SHI RE. 59\\nof this plain, a rude heap of mos\u00c2\u00ab^ stones, piled up chaf.\\non one another, a mile high on which one might i^\\nascend from stone to stone, like a pair of winding\\nstairs, to the top, where was another level of ahout\\nan acre, with a pond of clear water. This summit\\nwas said to he far ahove the clouds and from\\nhence they heheld a vapor, like a vast pillar, drawn\\nup by the sunbeams out of a great lake mto the\\nair, whence it was formed into a cloud. The\\ncountry beyond these mountains, northward, was\\nsaid to be daunting terrible, full of rocky hills,\\nas thick as mole hills in a meadow, and clothed\\nwith infinite thick woods. They had great expec-\\ntation of finding precious stones and something Cei-\\nresembling crystals being picked up, was sufficient\\nto give them the name of Crystal Hills. From\\nhence they continued their route in search of a\\nlake and faire islands. But their provisions\\nwere now well nigh spent, and the forests of La-\\nconia yielded no supply So they were obliged to\\nset their faces homeward, when the discovery\\nwanted but one day s journey of being finished.\\nLate in the year, depressed with that disappoint-\\nment which ever treads upon the heels of extrava-\\ngant expectation, they returned from their melan-\\ncholy journey across the wilderness. They seemed\\nto expect a treasury underneath every foot of the\\nrude soil. They imagined every rock of yellowish\\nhue to be impregnated with gold. They slept on 1642.\\nthe mountains, dreaming of the rich ore lurking in\\ntheir rocky foundations, and overlaying the roofs\\nand floors of their deep subterranean halls. With\\nfancy s eye they saw through the fissures of the\\nrocks, and beheld yawning caverns starred with", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "60 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, gems and rouoh with gold. Two centuries have\\nrolled over the bleak summits of these stupendous\\nmountains without realizing one dream of early\\nadventure. They still stand, the throne of the\\nthunder and the storm; still rear their snow-\\ncrowned heads into the sky, unchanged and un-\\nchangeable images of eternal duration.\\nOh that some bard would rise true heir of glory,\\nAVith the full power of heavenly poesy,\\nTo gather up each old romantic story\\nThat lingers round these scenes in memory.\\nAnd consecrate to immortality\\nSome western Scott, within whose bosom thrills\\nThat fire which burneth to eternity,\\nTo pour his spirit o er these mighty hills,\\nAnd make them classic ground, thrice hallowed by his spells\\n1650. After the confederation of the colonies, few events\\nclaim a notice in history, till the middle of the\\nseventeenth century. The settlements had con-\\ntinued to increase in population and Major\\nRichard Waldron, having risen, by his bravery\\nand force of character, to be the most conspicuous\\nman of the province, was occasionally elected\\nspeaker of the Massachusetts assembly. Ports-\\nmouth had lost the rustic name of Strawberry\\n16-52. Bank, and assumed its present appellation, Mas-\\nsachusetts had begun that admirable system of\\n1647. common schools, which has ever been the pride of\\nNew England and Mayhew Elliot and others had\\nbegun to journey on foot through the pathless wil-\\nderness fording streams paddling sometimes in\\ncanoes on the rivers, lodging in the smoky week-\\nwams, and suffering every privation, to preach\\nChristianity to the Indians. It was not the least\\nHibbard s description of the Franconia Mormtain Notch, Democratic\\nReview of April; 1830, No. 16.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "NEV/ HAMPSHIRE. 61\\nof Elliot s labors that he translated the whole Bible chap.\\ninto the language of the Pawtiickets. An im-\\nportant change had occurred in the form of legisla- 1644.\\ntive proceedings. Hitherto tlie magistrates and\\nrepresentatives, who together constituted the gen-\\neral court, had acted as one body. From this time\\ntheir deliberations assumed parliamentary forms.\\nThe magistrates met in a separate apartment,\\nconstituting an Upper House, and bills were sent\\nfrom one house to the other for concurrence in a\\nparliamentary way.\\nThe heirs of Mason, in England, now learned 1658.\\nthat Massachusetts had extended her jurisdiction\\nover New Hampshire. They could offer no effec-\\ntual resistance. While England was distracted\\nwith civil wars, there was no time for legal inves-\\ntigation and when Robert Tufton, the heir to\\nwhom his estate descended, came over, on the\\ndeath of Mason s executrix, he found the heirs of\\nMason already dispossessed of the lands at Ne-\\nwichwannock. To recover possession, he instituted\\nsome suits in the county court. This induced\\nMassachusetts to order a survey, which extended\\nto Aquedochtan, the outlet of lake Winnipiseogee.\\nThe court decided that a portion of land propor-\\ntionate to Mason s disbursements, with the privi-\\nlege of the river, should be laid out to his heirs.\\nTufton gave up the remainder for lost, and returned\\nto England, where now centered all hope of re-\\ncovering any further portion of his ancestral do-\\nmains. The family of Mason had been too strongly\\nattached to the royal cause to expect any relief\\nfrom the commonwealth and the Protectorate of\\nCromwell.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nCHAPTER III.\\nWitchcraft at Portsmouth In England, and France In German} and\\nScotland Trial of a witch The Salem witchcraft Conjectures as to\\nthe phenomena of witchcraft Persecution of the Quakers Execution\\nof Leddra, Robinson, and Stevenson Reflections.\\nCHAP. I HAVE now readied an epoch in the history of\\nNew Hampshire, from which I would gladly pass\\nto some other point, if oblivion could cover the\\nspace that would lie between. While Old Eng-\\nland was shaken by the earthquakes of two revo-\\nlutions, and a civil war raged, in which an ancient\\nthrone passed away and returned again, the people\\nof Portsmouth, in common with the whole of New\\nEngland, were agitated by convulsions scarcely\\nless terrific. Old women, in the shape of cats,\\nrode the air on broomsticks, and unwonted spectres\\nhaunted many a disordered imagination. Some\\nwere publicly accused, and many more were pri-\\nvately stamped and known as witches. While\\naccusation and suspicion were confined to the\\nabodes of humble life, the bewildered reason of\\nman submitted in silence, and the mania seemed to\\nadmit of no cure. But when some of the principal\\npersons were accused, they assumed the offensive,\\nand brought suits of slander against their accusers.\\nThis put a stop to prosecutions but a lingering\\nbelief in witchcraft still remained with the super-\\nstitious. The trial of Good wife Walford, is a", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "March.\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE. 63\\ncurious relic of the times.* She was broui^ht be- chap.\\nlu\\nfore tlie Court of Assistants at Portsmouth, on _,J_\\ncomplaint of Susannah Trimmings, and the testi-\\nmony of a number of witnesses was gravely laid\\nbefore the court. The complainant, the person\\nbewitched, was the first witness, and testified as\\nfollows\\nAs I was going home on Sunday night I\\nheard a rustling in the woods, which I supposed to\\nbe occasioned by swine and presently there ap-\\npeared a woman, whom I apprehended to be old\\nGoodwife Walford. She asked me to lend her a\\npound of cotton. I told her I had but two pounds\\nin the house, and I would not spare any to my\\nmother. She said I had better have done it, for I\\nwas going a great journey but should never come\\nthere. She then left me, and I was struck as with\\na clap of fire on the back, and she vanished toward\\nthe water side, in my apprehension in the shape of\\na cat. She had on her head a white linen hood,\\ntied under her chin, and her waistcoat and petti-\\ncoat were red, with an old gown apron and a black\\nhat upon her head.\\nOliver Trimmings, her husband, thus testified\\nMy wife came home in a sad condition. She\\npassed by me with her child in her arms, laid the\\nchild on the bed, sat down on the chest, and leaned\\nupon her elbow. Three times I asked her how\\nshe did. She could not speak. I took her in my\\narms, and held her up, and repeated the question.\\nShe forced breath, and something stopped in her\\nthroat as if it would have stopped her breath. I\\nunlaced her clothes, and soon she spake and said,\\nAdams s Annals of Portsmouth. N. H. Hist. Coll., I., p. 255.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "64 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Lord, have mercy upon me this wicked woman\\n^J^ will kill me. I asked her what woman. She said\\nGoodwife Walford. I tried to persuade her it was\\nonly her weakness. She told me no, and related\\nas above, that her back was a flame of lire, her\\nlov/er parts were, as it were numb and without\\nfeeling. I pinched her and she felt not. She\\ncontinued that night and the day and night follow-\\ning very ill, and is still bad of her limbs, and com-\\nplains still daily of it.\\nNicholas Rowe testified, that Jane Walford,\\nshortly after she was accused, came to the depo-\\nnent in bed, in the evening, and put her hand upon\\nhis breast, so that he could not speak, and was in\\ngreat pain till the next day. By the light of the\\nfire in the next room, it appeared to be Goody\\nWalford, but she did not speak. She repeated\\nher visit about a week after, and did as before, but\\nsaid nothing.\\nEliza Barton deposed that she saw Susannah\\nTrimmings, at the time she vras ill, and her face\\nwas colored and spotted with several colors. She\\ntold the deponent the story, who replied that it was\\nnothing but fantasy her eyes looked as if they had\\nbeen scalded.\\nJohn Puddington deposed that three years\\nsince, Goodwife Walford came to his mother s.\\nShe said that her own husband called her an old\\nwitch and when she came to her cattle, her own\\nhusband would bid her begone for she did over-\\nlook the cattle, which is as much as to say in our\\ncountry, bewitching.\\nOther cases occurred at Portsmouth, of a simi-\\nlar character. But in no instance was the accused", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "N E W 11 A Rl r S II I R E 65\\ncondemned to suffer death. Yet the scenes which chap.\\nwere enacted in New Hampshire would be worthy .^J^\\nof notice, as instances of remarkable delusion, if\\nthey had not been far exceeded by the multitude\\nof witch trials at Salem, Braintree, Andover and\\nTopsfieldj in Massachusetts which trials were\\nalso far surpassed, in enormity and absurdity, by\\ncases which occurred in almost every country in\\nEurope. In France and Germany, in England\\nand Scotland, witchcraft was recognised as a crime\\nin courts of justice, and by sovereigns and legis-\\nlators. The most learned judges of the day,\\ninfected by the popular belief, gravely listened to\\nthe testimony of witch-finders, passed judgment, in\\nthe forms of \\\\u.w, upon the condemned, and inflicted\\npunishment in every form of death and torture.\\nThus Europe, the land of the arts and sciences,\\nthe world of civilization and learning, was echoing\\nwith authority on the subject of witchcraft. Ac-\\ncounts were arriving constantly of its horrors in\\nthe old vrorld and the trials and executions of\\nwitches. The same excitement began to prevail\\nin America until, at length, witchcraft broke out\\nat Salem in its most malignant form. Twenty 1^^^\\npersons were condemned and perished by the hands\\nof the executioner. They protested their inno-\\ncence to the last, and died for a crime which\\nmodern intelligence declares never existed but in\\nthe imagination of man. The public excitement\\nrose to such a pitch that all legal principles seem\\nto have been as effectually destroyed as were the\\nJewish laws at the trial of Christ.*\\nSee the Trial of Jesus, translated from the French of M. Dupin, by a\\nmember of the American Bar.\\n9", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "66 HISTORY OF\\nIII\\nCHAP. The JLidges partook of the frenzy which bore the\\nmultitude away. Thus it happened that this most\\nundefined of all crimes, witchcraft, Vv as established\\nby the most absurd modes of proof that ever\\ninsulted a judicial tribunal. No punishment was\\ndecreed against false witnesses.* During all this\\ndelusion, no such thing as perjury was suspected.\\nThe magistrates seem never to have thought of im-\\nposture, fraud, or mistake. Cross-examination of\\nwitnesses, one of the great shields of innocence,\\nwas prohibited. The judges, whose duty it was\\nto protect the innocent, obeyed the popular\\nclamor, and sought to elevate themselves in public\\nestimation by entrapping the prisoner into confes-\\nsions of guilt. The most diabolical witch evidence\\nand hobgoblin cant were greedily listened to from\\nthe bench, and the testimony of impartial, substan-\\ntial witnesses was suspected and frowned upon.\\nRevolting and ingenious modes of torture were\\noften resorted to, and insults were offered to the\\nprisoner in open court, by the bystanders, and by\\nthe judges and ofhcers of the court.\\nWhile the laws were forgotten, or trampled\\nupon, the ties of nature seemed to be loosened and\\ndissolved. It was not uncommon for young chil-\\ndren to be witnesses against their parents, and\\nparents against their children. Contrary to the\\nlaws of nature and the laws of civil society, hus-\\nbands were permitted to accuse their wives, and\\nwives to bear witness against their husbands.\\nWhat can be more revolting than a superstition\\nthus deaf to the voice of humanity; arming itself\\nwith supernatural terrors striding with icy foot\\nUpham .s Lectures on Witchcraft.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "NEW IIA3IPSHIRE. 67\\nover the family hearth siinderin\u00c2\u00a3[ the sweet kindred chap.\\n.Ill\\nties, and making husband and wife, parent and child, ._--,.^\\nthe blind instruments of each other s doom!\\nSo bitter was the public hatred against witches,\\nand with such a terrible zeal did the multitude\\npursue all suspected persons, that many confessed\\nthemselves guilty, that they might either be ac-\\nquitted, or suffer death and find in the grave a\\nrefuge from their tormentors. But this was not\\nto be their lot. All who confessed were acquitted.\\nThis is directly at war with the principles of the\\ncommon law, under which the witch magistrates\\nprofessed to act. By the common law, when a\\ncrime has been committed, free, voluntary confes-\\nsion is deemed the best evidence of guilt. Yet all\\nthose who had been proved guilty by what is\\nusually deemed the best evidence, were acquitted;\\nwhile those were executed, to procure whose con-\\nviction all justice had been violated and every\\nprinciple of law broken down. Fifty-five persons\\nconfessed that they were witches, and had formed\\na compact with the devil. By maintaining their\\ninnocence, they had before them the certain pros-\\npect of an ignominious death. They knew that\\nthe delusion had full control of their accusers, and\\nof the magistrates and judges.* Self-preservation,\\nthe first law of nature written on man s heart, was\\nthe law upon which they acted. Some instances\\noccurred of persons really believing themselves\\nguilty, and confessing under that belief Nor\\nneed this excite wonder. Confused by the terrors\\nThis court consisted of seven judges. In it there was no jury, and law-\\nyers were forbidden to practise there. The abuses of this court furnish a\\nterrible example of the danger of abolishing the trial by jury, and denying to\\naccused persons the assistance of counsel.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, of an arrest, cut off from their friends, overwhelmed\\n_,^J_ by evidence wholly new, and which they did not\\nsuppose to exist, heart-broken and bewildered in\\nmind, they ceased to distinguish between things\\nsuggested by their own knowledge and memory, and\\nthings poured into their ears by their accusers, and\\nechoed and re-echoed by the popular cry. To\\nincrease their embarrassment, there w^as a class of\\nprofessed witch-finders, who had various devices\\nfor finding out witches. These creatures were per-\\nmitted to give their spectral evidence in court, and\\nmake oath to what they had discovered by the use\\nof charms. To this detestable jugglery the mag-\\nistrates lent a ready ear.\\nThe effect of accusation upon the accused some-\\ntimes resembled the effect of epidemic disease\\nfor they immediately fancied themselves possessed\\nof, and exhibited, all the demonish witch symptoms\\nwhich the ignorance or malice of their accusers\\nattributed to them. When superstition has thus\\nbecome contagious, it reigns in its most appalling\\naspect. It prostrates its wretched victims like the\\nblasting touch of the plague. It moves like a\\nspreading disease, and strikes both the heart and\\nthe intellect, like the touch of the torpedo. It in-\\nvades the bench, and manhood seems to be lost in\\nthe magistrate. Unable to summon energy of\\nmind to resist or mitigate this merciless scourge, he\\nseems prepared, under its baneful influence, to\\ninflict upon his fellow-men the greatest of evils.\\nThe mode of examination and trial pursued by\\nthe Salem magistrates, sufficiently explains the\\ncontrol it had gained over them. It was this. A\\nwarrant being issued out to apprehend the person", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 69\\ncomplained of by the afflicted children, the said chap.\\nperson is brought before the justices. The af- .__-l^\\nflicted children are present. The justices ask\\nthe accused, why she afflicts these poor children.\\nTo which she answers, I do not afflict them.\\nUnavailing is this artless plea of not guilty,\\ntendered to the magistrate in the simplest language\\nthat insulted human nature could utter do not\\najjlict them. The justices next order the accused\\nto look upon the said children; which she\\naccordingly does. The afflicted are then cast into\\nfits. The accused is next commanded to touch\\nthe afflicted whereupon the afflicted ordinarily\\ncome out of the fits, and then proceed to affirm that\\nthe accused has bewitched them. The accused is\\nstraitway committed to prison, on suspicion of\\nwitchcraft. In the solitude of her dungeon she\\nawaits her trial, wholly unconscious of the crime\\nwhich must seal her doom, and unable to fathom\\nthe mystery which brings suspicion and punishment\\nupon an innocent head.\\nThis process was called the evidence of ocular\\nfascination; and in order that it might have its\\nperfect work, the accused and the accusers were\\nconfronted face to face, in the presence of the\\ncourt. When the supposed witch was ordered to\\nlook upon the afflicted persons, instantly, upon\\ncoming within the glance of her eye, they would\\nscream and fall down in convulsions. It was\\nthought by the magistrates of Salem, that an in-\\nvisible and impalpable fluid darted from the eye of\\nthe witch, and penetrated the brain of the bewitch-\\ned.* By bringing the witch so near that she could\\nUphara s Lectures on Witchcraft.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORY OF\\nCHAr touch the afflicted persons with her hand, it was\\nIII\\n_.-;_ supposed that the mahgnant fluid was attractedback\\ninto her hand, and that thus the sufferers recovered\\ntheir senses. It was a favorite theory of the Salem\\nmagistrates that a witch, or a person in confeder-\\nacy with the devil, could not weep. The callous\\nspot, also, was an infallible proof of guilt. They\\nbelieved that Satan affixed his mark to the bodies\\nof those in alliance with him, and that the spot\\nwhere this mark was made became callous and\\ndead. Thus, upon the testimony of witch-finders,\\nmany aged women were condemned, because some\\nspot could be found upon their old and palsied\\nframes, insensible to a throb of pain or, because\\nthey were so overwhelmed, when brought before\\ntheir tormentors, by the horrors of their situation\\nand approaching fate, that the fountain of grief was\\ndry.\\nThe public mind had become so inflamed that it\\nwas unsafe to express a doubt of the reality of\\nwitchcraft. Accused persons were accordingly\\nwithout defence. But the extremity of an evil\\nsometimes suggests its cure. It is a fact that the\\nfirst check given to the Salem witchcraft arose from\\nan accusation brought against the wife* of one\\nof the principal men of the town. This has\\ngenerally been considered accidental. But it may\\nbe that there were, amongst the poor and unpro-\\ntected, some bright minds, whose keen perception\\ndiscovered that the only way to check this fatal\\ndelusion was to bring it home to the firesides of\\nthe clergy, the magistrates, and the rich men of the\\ncolony. It may be that these poor persons pur-\\nMrs. Hale. See Upham s eloquent Lectures on Witchcraft.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "NEW IIAiMPSHIRE. 71\\nposely accused some of the principal citizens, chap.\\nin order to awake others from their trance, in time ._^J^\\nto avert the impending calamity from their own\\nhvunbler dwcHings.\\nIt would perhaps be difficult to offer a solution\\nof all the phenomena of witchcraft, upon scientific\\nprinciples. Most of them, however, point to\\ndiseases of the nervous system and particularly\\nto an affection of the optic and auditory nerves.\\nTo the afflicted, the air, the darkness, and all space\\nwere full of strange sights and sounds. Drums\\nbeat in the air at dead of night, and guns, swords,\\nand armed men appeared in the darkness. The\\nminds of all were oppressed with the most distress-\\ning apprehensions of coming evil. Every uncom-\\nmon sight was construed into a preternatural sig-\\nnal of approaching dissolution. Death bells tolled\\nthrough their dreams, and a departed spirit seemed\\nto shriek on every rushing blast. Their visions\\nwere disturbed by the forms of their deceased\\nfriends, walking before them in their grave-clothes.\\nEvery village teemed with legends of haunted\\nhouses, where ghosts looked out from the windows.\\nThe simple guide-post, and the tavern signs were\\ntransformed into ghosts, stretching out their hands\\nto the travellers, like supernatural assassins. The\\nwithered tree, red with autumnal foliage, of\\\\en\\ntook the form of a murderer, giving in the con-\\nfession of guilt by holding out his gory hands.\\nThe strange twitchings, and spasmodic action, with\\nwhich whole families were seized, the fits and con-\\nvulsions, the settled melancholy, and occasional\\ninsanity of others, are all symptoms of nervous\\naffections and when we consider that the witch-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, craft excitement spread gradually over Europe,\\n..^..J^ and reached America, (while other portions of the\\nworld were untouched,) reigning for a brief season,\\nand then disappearing, it is not an improbable\\nconjecture that the whole mystery of witchcraft\\nmay be solved, by ascribing it to an epidemic\\ndisease of the nerves which, like the cholera and\\nthe plague, overspread vast portions of the earth,\\nand passed away leaving mankind in doubt, as to\\nthe cause of its origin and the mode of its fearful\\nprogress.\\nl6oS. While the magistrates of Portsmouth were busy\\nwith the witches, religious intolerance broke out\\nfiercely against the Quakers. During the whole\\nperiod of this persecution. New Hampshire was\\nbut an appendage to Massachusetts, and tlie laws\\nby which Quakers were whipped and led through\\nthe streets of Dover, tied to carts, were laws of\\nMassachusetts. The stain of that vindictive\\npersecution attaches itself to New Hampshire,\\nbecause she had a small representation in the\\nassembly of Massaclmsetts when those laws were\\nenacted.\\nThe civil authorities at Boston justified their\\nproceedings, with the specious pretence of securing\\nthe peace and order of society. They declared\\nthe vagabond Quakers to be capital bfas-\\nphemers, seducers from the glorious Trinity, open\\nenemies to government, and subverters both of\\nchurch and state.*\\nAccordingly, a la\\\\y was published, prohibiting\\nthe Quakers from coming to the colony, on pain\\nof the house of correction. Notwithstanding\\nSewall s Hist. Quakers, p. 462.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "N E W H A 31 P S H I R E 73\\nwhich, by a back door they found entrance. chap.\\nThe penalty was then increased to cutting off the L-\\ncars of those who offended the second time. This\\nbarbarous punishment was inflicted in several in-\\nstances for which the public safety was the ready\\napology. But even this proved ineffectual and the\\noffenders were next banished, upon pain of death,\\nfor returning. But this availed nothing. The\\nQuakers returned and sealed with their blood the\\ntestimony of their faith. Of all the wrongs which\\nman has inflicted upon his fellow-man, is there one\\nwhich has not been perpetrated in the name of reli-\\ngion and for the public good? On the twenty-\\nseventh of October, Robinson and Stevenson were Oct. 2-.\\nled to execution, attended by two hundred armed\\nmen, besides many horsemen. When they had\\ncome near the gallows, a coarse and vulgar priest\\ncried out tauntingly to Robinson, Shall such\\njacks as you come in before authority with their\\nhats on? t To which the martyrs made a mild\\nreply. The prisoners then tenderly embraced\\neach other, and ascended the ladder. When Rob-\\ninson signified to the spectators that he suffered\\nnot as an evil-doer, the voice of the priest was\\nagain heard, hold thy tongue be silent thou\\nart going to die with a lie in thy mouth. The\\nsufferers were soon launched off; their last words\\nwere silenced by the beating of drums. When ,gg,\\nWilliam Leddra was brought to the gallows, he\\nbegan a speech, which took so much with the\\npeople that it wrought a tenderness in many.\\nSee The Apologj of the Bloody Persecutors. Sewall, I., p. 460.\\nt This was one of the crimes of the Quakers. Sewall, I., p. 596.\\nX Idem, p. 597.\\n10", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "74. HISTORY OF\\nciiAP. Allen, an officious priest was near, whose business\\nTTT\\nit V. as to make the martyr odious and instantly\\ninterrupted him. People cried Allen, I would\\nnot have you think it strange to see a man so will-\\nino- to die. The hangman was commanded to\\nmake haste with Leddra, and so he was turned\\noff, and finished his days. But his friends, with\\npious solicitude, gathered around the foot of the\\ngallows, caught the body in their arms, as it fell,\\nbathed it with tears, and having waited until the\\nhangman had stripped it of the clothes, laid it\\ndecently in a coffin. Thus intolerance had another\\nvictim.\\nWhen the news of this bloody work was carried\\nto England, and reached the king, an order was\\n1661. forthwith issued to Governor Endicot, to suspend\\nall executions, and send the (Quakers to England,\\nfor trial* a privilege which they had claimed,\\nwhen brought before the courts of Massachusetts.\\nThe next year, three duaker women were pub-\\nDe~ licly whipped in New Hampshire. In the depth\\nof winter, the constables w ere ordered to strip them\\nand tie them to a cart then to drive the cart and\\nwhip these three tender women through eleven\\ntowns, with ten stripes apiece in each town. The\\nroute lay through Dover, Hampton, Salisbury,\\nNewbury, Rowley, Ipswich, Wenham, Lynn,\\nBoston, Roxbury, and Dedham a distance of\\nnear eighty miles. They were whipped at Dover\\nand Hampton, and then carried, through dirt\\nand snow half the leg deep, in a very cold day,\\nto Salisbury and there whipped again. They\\nwould probably have perished long before reaching\\nScM-all, I., p. 475.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 75\\nthe end of the route, but at Salisbury they were chap.\\nhappily released. Walter Barefoot persuaded the ___\\nconstable to make him his deputy, and having\\nreceived the warrant, set them at liberty, and they\\nreturned to Dover.*\\nThe Quakers were accused of courting perse-\\ncution. It was said that they rushed upon the\\npoint of the sword. It would be difficult per-\\nhaps to reconcile all their conduct with that prin-\\nciple of common law and common justice which\\nrequires every man so to use his own rights as not\\nto interfere with the rights of others. Actuated by\\na mistaken sense of duty, they sometimes violated\\nthis salutary maxim. But so long as the errors\\nof an honest faith inflict no great evil upon society,\\nenlightened reason will regard them rather as the\\nharmless eccentricities of misguided zeal, than as\\noffences deserving the extreme vengeance of the\\nlaw.\\nSewall, I., p. 563.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "IV.\\n166a\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nAVak with the Indians Passaconaway His cliaracler His dying speech\\nThe Penacooks refuse an alliance with king Philip Indian depredations\\nFall of Philip Waldron seizes the refugees by stratagem The 3Io-\\nhawks instigated to attack the eastern Indians Union with Slassachii-\\nsetts dissolved New Hampshire made a royal province President\\nCults.\\nCHAR At the restoration of Charles II., Tuft on, who\\nnow took the surname of Mason, determined to\\nmake one more attempt to recover the vast pos-\\nsessions of his ancestor. The family of Mason\\nhad heen too strongly attached to the royal cause\\nto look for favor to the Protector. But when\\nCharles II. ascended the throne, it was hoped that\\na ray of royal favor might heam from the mind of\\nthe hesottcd king. The monarcli received his pe-\\ntition favorahly, and referred it to the attorney\\ngeneral. Sir Geoffrey Palmer. That officer re-\\nported that Mason had a good title to the province\\nof New Hampshire. But tlic English government,\\nbeing at this time involved in difliculties at home,\\nnothing of importance was done relative to this\\ntitle and while it lay in supense an Indian war\\n167.5. hurst upon tiio colony. Suddenly, the towns and\\nsettlements were filled with alarm. Business was\\nsuspended, and the inhabitants, deserting their\\ndwellings, were seen flocking together into the for-\\ntified houses, or hastily tlu owing up entrench-\\nments. Behind these they awaited, in terror, the\\napproach of the savages.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 77\\nAt this time the far-famed sachem Passacon-\\navvay dweh. at Penacook. He was now old and\\nhis reputation for wisdom and cunning had hecome 167 o.\\ncelebrated amongst all the eastern Indians. His\\nauthority extended over the Pcnacooks, and over\\nall the tribes on the Pascataqua and its branches,\\nand around the environs of lake Winnipiseogec.\\nBut he was famed not less for his duplicity and\\ncunning, than for his moderation and love of peace.\\nHe had, also, the reputation of a sorcerer. The\\nIndians believed that he held secret intercourse\\nwith the mysteries of nature that it was in his\\npowder to make water burn and trees dance. They\\nsupposed he had power to change himself into\\nflame that he could darken the sun and moon that\\nin winter he could raise a green leaf from the ashes\\nof a dry one, and a living serpent from the skin of\\none that was dead.* With the Indians, such at-\\ntributes give their supposed possessor a boundless\\ninfluence. Passaconaway liad alv.ays been an ad-\\nvocate for peace. From the first landing of the\\nEnglish, this savage seemed to have a presentiment\\nthat they were destined to exterminate his race.\\nA few years before, the Indians held a great 1(360.\\ndance and feast. On such occasions the elderly\\nmen, in songs or speeches, recite their histories,\\nand deliver their sentiments and advice to the\\nyounger.f At tliis solemnity, Passaconavvay was\\npresent, and made his farewell speech to his chil-\\ndren. The warriors and chiefs were gathered from\\nall the tribes, and sat reverently to hear the last\\nwords of their great father. Passaconaway was\\ngifted with all the natural eloquence of the Indian.\\nHutchinson, vol. I., p. 471. F. Belknap, p. 6G. f F. Belknap, 06.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "78 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. He rose deeply aflected, and spoke as a dying man\\n^J3^1^ to the dying. He described the happy hunting-\\ngrounds, once theirs, with the stores of fish and ani-\\nmals which the Great Spirit had made for his red\\nchildren and placed in mournful contrast their past\\nindependence and power, with their present w^eak-\\nness and decay. He explained the superior powers\\nof the w hite man, and told the Indians plainly that\\nthe day would come when the English would be\\ntenants of all the pleasant lands of their fathers.\\nHe prophesied that a war would shortly break out\\nall over the country and that it was only by\\nstanding aloof from it that they could hope to pre-\\nserve a small seat, so that they might not be\\nbeggars in the pleasant places of their birth.\\nHearken, said he, to the last words of your\\nfather and friend. The ichite men arc sons of\\nthe morning. The Great Spirit is their father.\\nHis sun shines bright about them. JVever make\\ntear u ith them. Sure as you light the fires, the\\nbreath of heaven ivill turn the flames ujwn you\\nand destroy you. Listen to my advice. It is the\\nlast I shall be allotvcd to give you. Remember\\nif and live.\\nWhen this recital was ended, Passaconaway sat\\ndown, and a cloud of sorrow passed over the brow\\nof the venerable sava^-e. The Indians remained\\nfor some time musing in silence upon his words.\\nHis speech had deeply agitated them, during the\\nwhole recital. His aged frame, loaded with years,\\nhis deeply plaintive voice, his sad and altered tones,\\nwhen bespoke of the hunting-grounds once theirs,\\nWilliamson s Hist, of Maine, vol. 1., p. 461. Hubbard s Indian Wars,\\npp. 67-8, and 329. Hist. IN ew England, p. 60.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 79\\nstronoly airitatcd the whole assembly. When he chap.\\nJ IV.\\ndrew the picture of their melancholy decay, and J^\\ncompared them to the snows of winter dissolving,\\nthe Indians bowed their heads and gave way to\\nloud lamentation.\\nHis counsels made a deep impression upon all\\nbut upon none more than Wanalonset, his son.\\nWith the exception of the Pequot war, in Connec-\\nticut, the settlers of New Hampshire had lived in\\npeace with the Indians for nearly fifty years. Yet\\nthe Indians were not too blind to see, without\\nconcern, the growing power of the English. Their\\nfavorite hunting-grounds were growing narrower,\\nand their game fled at the repeated sound of the\\nwoodsman s axe. The wilderness around them\\nwas falling. What would be the end of this in-\\ntrusion Their minds began to be haunted with\\nmelancholy forebodings of eventual dispossession.\\nPhilip, the far-famed warrior of Mount Hope, per-\\nceived the discontent of his brethren, and resolved\\nto take immediate advantage of it to foment a war.\\nHe had long sought a pretext for hostilities.\\nPhilip was an artful, ambitious, warlike chief;\\nand if patriotism be the love of one s own country\\nand people, he was a patriot. He foresaw that his\\npeople must eventually be destroyed, unless they\\ncould equal the whites in civilization, or vanquish\\nthem in battle. The former was impossible and\\nhe resolved upon the latter. His old men approved\\nit, and his zeal was seconded by the rash ardor of\\nhis young warriors. In pursuance of his design\\nhe went from tribe to tril)e, exhorting the Indians\\nto a war of extermination. He sent out his run-\\nners in all directions, always selecting men of ad-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "80 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, dress, to urge on the bloody enterprise. A fortu-\\n___ nate incident, happening at this time, brought into\\nhis alliance the Tarrateens and most of the eastern\\nIndians. It was one of those accidents which was\\nwell fitted for his purpose. As the wife of Squando,\\nwhiton, sachem of the Pequawkets, was passing on Saco\\n^Bei- river, with her infant child in her frail birch bark\\np canoe, she was met by some thoughtless sailors.\\nThey had heard that Indian children could swim\\nas naturally as the young of brutes, and wantonly\\noverset the canoe. The child sunk the mother\\nF. Bel- instantly dived and recovered it but the child died\\nsoon after, and the Indians ascribed its death to\\nthis brutal treatment. Squando was a noted sa-\\nchem, a leader in the superstitious devotions of the\\n1675. Indians, and pretended to a familiar intercourse\\nwith the invisible work! Such an indignity, offered\\nto a man of such distinguished character, was\\nsufficient to make the tribes of Maine and Massa-\\nchusetts allies of PhiHp.\\nHis next care was to enlist the Mohawks. This\\nhe resolved to do by an artful and cruel stratagem.\\nWith his own hand he slew some Mohawks, and\\nleft them unburied in the woods. His intention\\nwas that their bretliren should discover their man-\\nsled bodies, and ascribe the deed to the English.\\nBut this proved abortive. One of the number, left\\nfor dead, unexpectedly recovered and disclosed his\\ncruel perfidy to the tribe. The Mohawks were\\never afterwards his implacable enemies. He found\\nno difficulty in bringing into his plans the Ossipees,\\n(in Stratford County,) the Indians at the mouth of\\nthe Pascataqua, at Squamscot Falls, and at Ne-\\nwichwannock. The Penacooks were the only", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "NEW HA MPS HIKE. 81\\ntribe that resisted his soHcitations. No arts of per- chap,\\nIV\\nsuasion could move them. In vain did he strive L_\\nto win over the young Wanalonset by artful ap- 1675.\\npeals to his pride and his remembrance of wrongs.\\nIn vain, with well-timed eloquence, did he seek to\\narouse the ambition of the young chieftain for war\\nand glory and in vain did he try to play upon the\\nsuperstitious reverence of the Indian for the bones\\nof his dead. The dying advice of Passaconaway,\\nhis father, had sunk deep into the heart of the\\nyouthful sachem, antl he drew off his men to a dis-\\ntant part of their imnting-grounds, that they might\\nescape the infectious influence of Philip.\\nFoiled in his attempts to enlist the Penacooks,\\nPhilip now determined to rest his hopes of success\\non the support of the other tribes. He saw ranged\\nunder his banner the warriors of many powerful\\nnations. He put himself at their head and gave june,\\nthe signal for hostilities. His first attack was upon\\nSwansey, in Massachusetts where several of the\\ninhabitants fell victims to the tomahawk. From this\\npoint the flames of war spread rapidly. The eastern 1675.\\nand northern Indians, rushing from their coverts ww-\\nI ll- 2\\nm small bands, fell upon the scattered mhabitants\\nat unawares, and killed many. In September they Sept.\\nextended their incursions into New Hampshire, and\\nspread destruction through Somersworth and Dur-\\nham,* and along the road between Exeter and\\nHampton. They passed on, burning houses and\\nslaying the inhabitants, to the borders of Maine,\\nand came to attack a house in Berwick. In this\\nhouse were huddled together fifteen women and\\n*N. H. Hist. CoU., vol. V., pp. 129\u00e2\u0080\u0094153.\\nII", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, children, amongst whom was a girl of eighteen\\n^.J^ years. Discovering the Indians approaching, she\\nclosed the door and stood firmly against it, while\\nF.Bel- the savages chopped it to pieces with their hatchets,\\np. 7-2. and then, rushing in, knocked her down and left\\nher for dead. Meanwhile the other inmates had\\nall escaped to a safe distance, except two of the\\nchildren, who, being unable to scale the fence, were\\novertaken and slain. The adventurous heroine\\nrecovered from her wounds, but neither history\\nnor tradition has preserved her name.\\n1675. On the sixteenth of October the enemy made an\\nattack upon Berwick. Lieut. Roger Plaisted im-\\nmediately detached a party of seven from his garri-\\nson to search for the Indians. They scoured the\\nwoods, finding no trace of them, until they suddenly\\nfell into an ambush. Three were instantly killed,\\nand the remainder retreated. Plaisted now^ des-\\npatched an express to Major Waldron for assisl-\\nF. Bel- ance; which he was not in a situation to afford,\\np^ys. Plaisted resolved to do his utmost with the means\\nin his hands. The next day he ventured out with\\ntwenty men and a cart drawn by oxen to bring in\\nthe dead bodies of the slain. Unhappily, they fell\\ninto another ambush. The cattle, affrighted, ran\\nback. At this juncture Plaisted s men deserted\\nhim. Being a brave man, and disdaining to yield\\nor fly, he was killed on the spot, with his eldest\\nson and one more, while another son was mortally\\nwounded fighting at his side. The gallant behavior\\nof Plaisted and his sons caused the enemy to re-\\ntreat to the woods. They next made an assault\\nupon Frost s garrison. This little garrison consist-\\ned of Mr. Frost and three boys. But they kept", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. S3\\nup a constant fire, and Frost gave orders to load, chap\\nas if to bodies of men marching and counter- J^\\nmarching. The stratagem completely succeeded, ^^J^^-\\nand the house was saved. Emboldened by suc-\\ncess, the Indians soon appeared opposite to Ports-\\nmouth, and threatened to attack the town but\\nwere easily dispersed by a few cannon shot. They\\nshowed themselves at Dover, Lamprey River and\\nExeter, killing and plundering and thus passed\\nthe autumn, till near the end of November, when Nov.\\nthe number of slain amounted to more than fifty.\\nThe inhabitants began to find the necessity of\\nvigorous action, and resolved upon an expedition\\nagainst the winter quarters of the Indians around\\nWinnipiseogee and Ossipee lakes. But at this whi-\\ncrisis winter set in with uncommon severity, and p.^7.\\nwrapped the earth in a deep snow. This circum-\\nstance inclined the Indians to peace. Pinched by\\nfamine, they came to Major \u00c2\u00a5/aldron with profes-\\nsions of sorrow and promises of amity. A peace was\\neasily concluded with the eastern Indians and with\\nthose of the north. The joyful return of peace\\nbrought with it a welcome deliverance to many\\ncaptives. In the mean time, Philip, at the head of\\nthe southern tribes, was spreading death and deso-\\nlation throughout Massachusetts. lie burnt, in\\nrapid succession, the towns of Brookfield, Deer-\\nfield, Mendon, Groton, Rehoboth, Providence and\\nWarwick. lie laid waste Lancaster, and car- 1675.\\nried Mrs. Rowlandson captive into the wilderness.\\nAt Northfield he defeated Capt. Beers and slew\\ntwenty of his men. At Muddy Brook, in Deerfield,\\nhe surprised Capt. Lothrop and his company, while\\ngathering grapes, and with him slew more than", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "84 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, seventy young men, the flower of Essex County.\\n..,,..-L_ At Sudbury, Captains Wadsworth and Brockle-\\nbeauke sustained a disastrous defeat, and fell, with\\nfifty of their men, after maintaining the action\\nwith great gallantry and killing one hundred and\\nfifty of the enemy.\\nThese bloody reverses overspread the whole\\ncountry with gloom. It was apparent that, unless\\na speedy check could be given to the career of\\nPhilip, the utter extermination of the English must\\nfollow. The colonists aroused themselves to a\\nlast effort at self-preservation, and the campaign of\\n1676. 1676 opened with a plan at once bold, perilous,\\nand successful.\\n1675. Philip had retired, glutted with blood, to the\\nheart of a great swamp in Rhode Island. Thither\\nhe was attended by his warriors, with a multitude\\nof old men, women, and children. He had carried\\nwith him large quantities of provisions, and had\\nbuilt more than six hundred wigwams. These he\\nplaced so that the whole of them formed a camp,\\nfortified in a manner far superior to the rude no-\\ntions of his tribe. To render them bullet-proof,\\nhe caused baskets of corn to be piled one above\\nthe other around the inside of the wigwams. His\\nsupplies were abundant, and he thought himself\\nsecure. But the troops of Massachusetts, Ply-\\nmouth, and Connecticut, hearing of his position,\\nresolved to attack him in his winter quarters. They\\napproached the place, forced an entrance, after a\\nfierce conflict, and set the wigwams on fire. A\\nthousand Indians perished by the sword and the\\nflames. This disaster proved a death-blow to the\\n1676. power of the southern Indians. The next spring\\n1675.\\nDec.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 85\\nthey were able to renew the war but feebly. The\\nEnglish scoured the woods m all directions, killing\\nlarge numbers and at length brought them to a\\ngeneral battle on the west bank of Connecticut\\nriver. Overtaken by surprise, a large number\\nwere killed. Others threw themselves into the\\nriver to escape their pursuers and some, rushing\\npanic-struck to their canoes, were unable to seize\\nthe paddles, and, when they reached the current of\\nthe river, were borne down over the falls. The\\naffairs of Philip had now become desperate. His\\nwarriors, accustomed to victory, could not bear\\ndefeat. His allies and dependents forsook him, and\\nhe was at last surprised, with a few followers, and\\nslain by Captain Church.\\nThus perished this savage warrior, whose name\\nhad so long filled the colonies with terror. After\\nhis fall, his tribes were unable to renew the war,\\nand New England happily found rest. But the\\njoyful return of peace in southern New England,\\nwas quickly followed by the renewal of hostilities\\nat the north.\\nNumbers of the southern Indians, at the death 1676.\\nof Philip, fled and took refuge with the Penacooks,\\nthe Ossipees and the Pcquawkets. It was chiefly\\nby these refugees that the war was fomented. All\\nthe inhabitants west of Portland, abandoned their\\nplantations and retired westward. But the settlers\\nof New Hampshire were now prepared to prosecute\\nthe war vigorously. They had become accustomed\\nto Indian warfare. Massachusetts, freed from the\\nterror of Philip, could send powerful reinforce-\\nments and, accordingly, two companies marched p j.t. e.\\nfrom Boston to Dover. Here they found a great", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "86 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, number of Penacooks at Major Waldron s, who\\nTV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e^.J_ had come to confirm a peace. But there were\\namongst them many known to have been the con-\\nfederates of Phihp. They were disguised in their\\nlooks and behavior. But it was not easy for them\\nto escape the discernment of those who had met\\nthem in combat. After much deUberation, and\\nsome misgivings as to the morahty of the proceed-\\ning, it was finally resolved to seize all the refugees.\\nWaldron himself, was averse to the measure. But\\nthe Boston companies had brought with them\\norders to seize all the Indians who had been en-\\ngaged in the war. Eager to avenge the slaughter\\nof their friends, they were desirous to fall upon\\nthem at once. Waldron dissuaded them from this,\\nand contrived the following stratagem. He invited\\nthe Indians to have a sham-fight and a training,\\nafter the fashion of the English. To this they\\nreadily assented, and it took place the next day.\\nWaldron s men, with the Boston companies, formed\\none party, and the Indians the other. While en-\\ngaged in this diversion, by a dexterous movement,\\nthe whole body of Indians were surrounded before\\nF. Bel- they could form a suspicion of what was intended.\\nap,p. r^i^^y ^vere immediately seized and disarmed, with-\\nout the loss of a man on either side. A separation\\nwas then made. Wanalonset and the Penacooks\\nwere peaceably dismissed. The strange Indians\\nwere sent prisoners to Boston. Seven of them\\nwere proved to have killed Englishmen, and were\\nhanged. The rest were sent to Africa and sold\\ninto slavery. Africa was destined to return the\\nboon with usury. This was an act of deliberate\\ntreachery, for which there is no sufficient justifica-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMT SHIRE. 87\\ntioii. Had not the Indians come to treat for peace? chap.\\nWere they not entertained for that purpose? To .^J^\\nattack them under such circumstances was a\\nwanton breach of good faith, and a violation\\nof the laws of nations. Such the Indians deemed\\nit, and with their accustomed remembrance of\\ninjury, they treasured it up against the day of\\nvengeance.\\nDoes the responsibility of this act rest wholly\\nupon Major Waldron? His judgment was averse\\nto the measure. Did he yield, without reluctance,\\nto the rash counsels of the Boston troops? Did\\nhe fail, after every effort, to dissuade them from the\\nattack, and then interfere and substitute a strata-\\ngem only to save the lives of the Indians? If the\\nlatter was his position, the whole blame rests upon\\nthe companies from Boston. They could plead\\nnothing in extenuation of their conduct, except *the\\ngeneral orders of their government. Did the gen-\\neral orders of their government excuse them?\\nThese were to seize all who had been concerned\\nwith Philip in the war. But no orders of gov-\\nernment imply the necessity of breaking over that\\nimmemorial custom and universal law which gives\\nfull protection to all individuals of the enemy\\nactually engaged in treating for peace. The laws\\nof war forbid firing upon a flag of truce, and pro-\\ntect every one who goes to an enemy s camp to ask\\nfor a suspension of arms. It is true that the\\ncruelty and treachery of a barbarous foe make it\\nimpossible to conduct a war with him strictly\\naccording to the usages of civilization. As a\\nmeasure of retaliation, therefore, it must be justified,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, if at all. Unhappily for the country, as the sequel\\n,2^J^ will shew, it cost Waldron his life.*\\nHaving sent to the government at Boston a cargo\\nof slaves, as well fitted for the market of Africa as\\nher own sable sons were for iVmerica, the troops\\n1676. took eight Indian pilots from Cocheco, and pro-\\nceeded eastward. But they found only deserted\\nsettlements. No enemy was to be seen, and the\\ncompanies returned from their fruitless march, to\\nPascataqua. They next undertook a winter expe-\\ndition to lake Ossipee for it was reported that the\\nIndians had constructed a strong fort on the west-\\nNov. 1. ern shore. Four days they marched through the\\nwilderness, and crossed several rivers. On arriving\\nat the spot, they found the fort entirely deserted.\\nNot an Indian had been seen in all the march.\\nThe weather, in the meantime, had become severe,\\nand the snow was deep. Finding it impracticable\\nto proceed farther, the main body halted and sent\\nforward a select detachment. They proceeded\\neighteen miles, and saw nothing but frozen ponds\\nand snowy mountains. After an absence of nine\\ndays, they returned to Newichwannock, and found\\nthat the story of Indians assembling at Ossipee\\nhad been invented by a Penobscot. A third incur-\\n1677. sion into the Indian country was led by Major\\nWaldron, the next year. But he returned after a\\nfew unimportant skirmishes.\\nHaving been long harrassed by the alarms of\\nwar, the people sought for some expedient by\\nwhich they might effectually guard against them.\\nThey remembered the inveterate enmity of the\\nMohawks to the New England tribes, and that\\n*N. H. Hist. Coll., n., p. 46.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 89\\nthe Penacooks still trembled at the mention of chap.\\ntheir formidable enemies. They imagined that if !_\\nthey could incite the Mohawks to make a hostile 1677.\\nincursion eastward, it would terrify all the hostile\\nIndians. Agents were about being despatched to\\nfurther the project, when a doubt arose as to the\\nmorality of the proceeding, and it became a subject\\nof debate. It was said that the Mohawks were\\nheathen. The colonists, however, had an easy\\nway to settle the question. The Bible was strait-\\nway produced, and therein it was found that Abra-\\nham had entered into a league with the Amorites\\nto recover his kinsman Lot from a common enemy.\\nThis argument was conclusive the most scru-\\npulous were satisfied and the Mohawks were\\nbrought down to Amoskeag early in the spring. March.\\nThey appeared at the falls, to the son of Wanalon-\\nset, and killed several friendly Indians in the neigh-\\nborhood of Dover. But this incursion of the\\nMohawks failed of its object. It produced no\\nother effect than to pour suspicion into the minds\\nof the peaceful Penacooks, and irritate the more\\nwarlike tribes of the east. The next summer was\\npassed in continual apprehension and alarm. The\\nIndians were hovering about the precincts of the\\nsettlements, murdering and carrying into captivity. 167S.\\nEarly the next year they discovered an inclination\\nfor peace, and a treaty was negotiated at Casco.*\\nThree years of ceaseless anxiety had passed over\\nthe colonists. The flower of the young men had\\nfallen in battle. But all this was now happily\\nterminated. The captives returned with joy, and\\ngentle peace succeeded the storms of battle.\\nNow Portland,\\n12", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "90 HISTORY OF\\nCHAr. The omens and prodigies of superstition attended\\n_il_ this war. The human mind, ignorant at tliat time\\n1678. of the most common phenomena of nature, stricken\\nby continual fear, and brooding constantly over hor-\\nrors, sunk to puerile weakness, and readily resolved\\nevery unusual appearance into prodigy and miracle.\\nMany people imagined that they heard guns and\\ndrums in the air. Even an eclipse was viewed\\nwith serious fears, and long lines of clouds in the\\nevening sky, having their edges illuminated by the\\nsetting sun, were converted, by a disordered fancy,\\ninto flaming swords and spears, gleaming athwart\\nthe heavens, presaging wrath and impending havoc.\\n1675. In the midst of the difliculties and distresses of\\nthis war. Mason again petitioned the king for the\\nrestoration of his property. The king referred the\\npetition to his attorney general, Sir William Jones,\\nand his solicitor general. Sir Francis Winnington.\\nThese officers reported that Mason had a good\\nand legal title to said lands. The Massachusetts\\n1G7G. colony were thereupon summoned to appear and\\n^xT answer the complaints which Mason and the heirs\\nof Gorges had made of usurpation. Accordingly,\\nWilHam Stoughton and Peter BuUerly, two agents,\\nwere despatched to make answer for the colony.\\nThey arrived, and appeared before the Lords Chief\\n1677. Justices of the king s bench and Common Pleas.\\nAfter hearing both parties, the judges decided that\\nMassachusetts has no right of jurisdiction over\\nNew Hampshire. They did not settle the ques-\\ntion of the right of soil but decided that Mason\\nhad no right of government within the territory\\nwhich he claimed. It was likewise determined\\nthat the four towns of Portsmouth, Dover, Exeter", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 91\\nand Hampton, were out of the bounds of Massa- chap.\\nchusetts. By this decision, it was evident that no .___\\ncourt in England had jurisdiction of the pro-\\nl^ietary claims. In order to the establishment of\\nMason s title, it was necessary to erect a new\\njurisdiction, with new modes of trial and appeal.\\nThis decision paved the way to a separation from\\nMassachusetts. The king himself was in favor of\\nit. Influenced by his displeasure against that\\ngrowing colony, and by his desire to favor the claim\\nof Mason, he resolved on a separation of the two\\ncolonies. Accordingly, things having been pre- 1679.\\npared beforehand, a commission passed the great fs.\\nseal for the government of New Hampshire re-\\nstraining the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and\\nerecting New Hampshire into a distinct province.\\nThe government was to consist of a President and\\nCouncil, to be appointed by the crown, and an\\nassembly of Representatives to be chosen by the\\npeople. John Cutts, an eminent and popular\\nmerchant of Portsmouth, was president, and the\\ncounsellors were Richard 3Iartin, William Yaughan\\nand Thomas Daniel, of Portsmouth John Gil-\\nman, of Exeter Christopher Ilussey of Hampton\\nand Richard Waldron, of Dover. Thus was\\ndissolved the union of Massachusetts and New\\nHampshire. It had subsisted for thirty-eight\\nyears. It was beneficial and satisfactory to both.\\nThe growth of both had been promoted. The\\ngovernment about to take its place, was instituted\\nat the instance, and with the view to favor the\\nclaim, of Mason, the most repugnant to the people.\\nThe system prescribed in this commission was\\nthe most simple form of subordinate government in", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "92 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nCHAP. America. The people were represented, in a body\\n_J_ chosen by themselves, and had the right of in-\\nstructing their representatives. The king could\\ndisannul the acts of both bodies at his pleasure.\\nActuated by his aversion to Parliaments and repre-\\nsentative bodies, king Charles, by a clause art-\\nfully worded, retained the right to discontinue the\\nrepresentation of the people, whenever it should\\nsuit his pleasure to resist their will. Yet into this\\nplan of colonial government there was infused\\nmuch of the spirit of the British constitution, and\\nthere was much more protection given to the rights\\nof the people than in England. There was no\\nthird branch between the king and the people.\\nThus the house of peers, the worst feature of the\\nfeudal system, composed of lords, enjoying a\\nsovereignty over their own territory, and ruling\\npowerful bands of vassals, was excluded from New\\nEngland. The relation of lordship and vassalage\\nwas not to perpetuate the dependence of the many\\non the few. Though the king ruled, yet the yeo-\\nmanry, the natural defenders of their own rights\\nand property, were the proprietors of the soil.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nOrganization of the new government Laws Crimes Courts Militia\\nDiscontent of the people Death of Ciitts Cranfield His character Ar-\\nbitrary measitres Gove s rebellion He is sent to the tower of London\\nPersecution of Bloody Character of bloody Riot at Exeter Andros\\nmade governor general Revolution in England Revolution in the colo-\\nnies Andros deposed Union with Blassachusetts War with the Indians\\nDeath of Waldron Indian cruelly Sufferings of the captives.\\nOn the first day of January, a royal commissioti chap.\\nwas brought to Portsmouth. Bearing the sanction __^\\nof the great seal, it declared New Hampshire a J^^-^-\\nroyal province. Unwelcome tidings to the people\\nUnwelcome was the messensrer who bore them.*\\nHaving long enjoyed the advantages of the union\\nwith Massachusetts, they yielded witli reluctance\\nto the separation. They saw the evil genius of\\nMason in the change, and viewed it as the triumph\\nof a vested right over rights acquired by purchase\\nof the Indians, and defended at the price of blood.\\nIt was difHcult for them to see how a piece of\\nparchment, taking precedence of both contract and\\npossession, should give title to the vast tract along\\nthe Pascataqua and stretching eastward to the\\nMerrimack. The commission was received with\\nregret, even by the officers whom it clothed with\\npower. The aged and infirm, but upright and\\npopular Cutts accepted of the ofilce of President,\\nonly to prevent it from falling upon some instru-\\nEdward Randolph, a kinsman of IVIason.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "94 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, ment of royalty. The same motive also moved the\\n..^^S^ generous and public-spirited Vaughan, and Daniel\\nGilman, Hussey,* and Richard Waldron. These\\nmen were all favorites of the people who, though\\naverse to the change, found some alleviation of\\ntheir discontent in the appointment of their trusty\\nfriends. It was, with the king, a matter of policy\\nto smooth the way to an unpopular government, by\\n16S0. introducing it through these hands. But no arti-\\nfice of that kind could make it satisfactory to the\\npeople. It struck liberty out of existence, by\\ndenying them the choice of their own rulers and\\nthey viewed the loss of liberty as a precursor to an\\ninvasion of their property for this government\\nhad kindled new hopes in the breast of Mason.\\nFeb.2c. They, however, submitted in silence. Writs were\\nissued for calling a general assembly. An oath of\\nallegiance was administered to each voter. A\\npublic fast was then observed, to propitiate the\\nfavor of Heaven and the continuance of their\\nMarch precious and pleasant things. In March, the\\nassembly met at Portsmouth. They immediately\\nwrote a letter to the general court at Boston, J full\\nof gratitude and respect for their former protectors\\nfull of regret for that separation which they had\\nno power to prevent. They signified their wish\\nfor a mutual correspondence, and offered their\\nservices for defence against the common enemy.\\nLaws. Their next care was to frame a code of laws.\\nThey decreed no less than fifteen capital offences,\\nand put witchcraft and idolatry on their black\\nCrimes, catalogue. The president, council, and assem-\\nLewis s Hist, of Lynn, p. 29. f F. Bellvnap, p. 9L F. Belknap, p. 92.\\nCouncil Records, lt5S0. F. Belknap, p. 92.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "N E W H A I\\\\I P S H I R E 95\\nbly, constituted the supreme court, and inferior chap.\\ncourts were established in the towns. The _-,^_\\nmilitia was organized, and consisted of one com- Militia.\\npany of foot in each of the four towns, one com-\\npany of artillery at the fort, and one troop of\\nhorse; all under the command of the veteran\\nWaldron.\\nThe people were now watching, with jealous\\neyes, for the first infringement of their rights.\\nThey soon discovered it in the duties and restric-\\ntions imposed by the acts of trade and navigation.\\nThe office of collector, surveyor, and searcher of\\nthe customs, throughout New England, had been\\nconferred upon Edward Randolph. Having pub-\\nlished an advertisement, requiring that all vessels\\nshould be entered and cleared with him, he be-\\ngan to obstruct the vessels in passing from harbor\\nto harbor. In the execution of his commission, he\\nseized a ketch belonging to Portsmouth. When\\nbrought before the president and council, on the\\ncomplaint of the master of the ketch, he behaved\\nwith haughty insolence. But the affair terminated\\nwith a reprimand to himself, and a fine upon his\\ndeputy, Barefoot. Randolph and his commission\\nwere equally unpopular at Boston. The decisions\\nof the courts there were invariably against him.\\nBut the people, acting upon the ground that the\\nroyal authority could be exercised only through\\nthe president and council,* while they denied the\\nauthority of Randolph, passed an order of their\\nown for the observance of the acts of trade, and\\nofficers of their own to see it executed. While the ^g^j\\npeople were resisting the assumptions of this royal Aprils.\\nWhiten, p. 35. F. Belknap, 93. Council Records, KISO.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "96 HIS TOE Y OF\\nCHAP, officer, President Ciitts died, lamented, as he had\\nJ_ lived beloved, and was succeeded by his deputy,\\nMajor Waldron. In a sequestered spot, in a gar-\\nden, the inhabitants of Portsmouth can now point\\nout his grave. The remembrance of his integrity\\nand benevolence has survived the tomb.\\n1632. Mason was disappointed in the government he\\nhad been so solicitous to procure. He found that\\nPresident Cutts and a majority of the council were\\nopposed to his wishes. He, therefore, on his re-\\nturn to England directed all his efforts to procure\\na change. To this end he was assisted by the\\nnecessities of the king. Negligent of the interests\\nof his people, and careless of glory, Charles II.\\nlavished their treasures with thoughtless extrava-\\ngance. He raised immoderate supplies of money,\\nand squandered it with profusion. Consequently,\\nhe was oppressed with debts, and straitened in his\\nrevenue.* By surrendering one fifth of the quit\\nrents to the king, for the support of a royal\\nJan. 25. govemor, .Mason procured the appointment of Ed-\\n_ ward Cranfield.\\n^^I^^i- The ruling passion of Cranfield was avarice.\\nMason, perceiving this, secured to him the payment\\nof one hundred and fifty pounds per annum. This\\nmade the government of this poor province, num-\\nbering scarcely four thousand inhabitants, appear\\nto him a dazzling and inviting object and he came\\nover less careful for the interests of the people\\nthan for the bettering of his fortune. Arbitrary,\\nneedy, and rapacious, he made no secret of his ob-\\nject in accepting the office, and openly sought to\\nHume, vol. IV.,, p. 405.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 97\\nreturn the liberality of Mason by a devotion to the chap\\nV.\\nproprietary claim. J-^\\nBy his commission he was vested with extraor- May 9.\\ndinary powers. He could adjourn, prorogue and\\ndissolve general courts. He had a negative voice\\non all acts of government. He could suspend any\\nof the council. He appointed judges and all sub-\\nordinate officers, and executed the powers of\\nvice-admiral. Within six days after the publi-\\ncation of his commission, he suspended the popu-\\nlar leaders, Waldron and Martyn. From this\\nexercise of power, the people plainly saw the\\ndangerous designs formed against them. They\\nperceived that the sole design of these novel and\\nextraordinary powers was to facilitate the entrance\\nof the claimant on the lands.* They had subdued\\nthe rough wilderness, and defended their families\\nand estates against a savage enemy. Would they\\nsurrender their property to satisfy a doubtful and\\nI disputable claim\\nMeanwhile the assembly was summoned. Cran-\\nfield, to make a show of concihation, restored\\nWaldron and Martyn to the council. The assem- Nov.\\n14.\\nbly, hoping to detach him from the interest of Ma-\\nson, voted him two hundred and fifty pounds.\\nThis put the rapacious governor in good humor,\\nbut it was of short duration. At the next session, ja\u00e2\u0080\u009e. 2o.\\nthe assembly refused to pass a bill for the support\\nof government, and he hastily dissolved them.\\nThis kindled the popular discontent to a flame.\\nThe public voice against him was loud and violent,\\nand the people, asseihbling in public meetings, be-\\ngan to act in concert. They demanded redress.\\nF. Belknap, p. 97.\\n13", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. The more moderate only gave vent to their resent-\\nJ!.l^ ment m murmurs. But the rash and thoughtless\\nproceeded to acts of rebellion and violence. A\\ntumultuous body assembled from Exeter and\\nHampton, headed by Edward Gove, declaring for\\nliberty and reformation. Marching at the head of\\nhis followers, Gove went from town to town,\\nbearing arms in his hands, calling upon the people\\nto rise and overturn the government. But the ma-\\njority, though disaffected, were not prepared for\\nopen revolt. Gove, finding himself but feebly sup-\\nported, paused from his measures, and peaceably\\nsurrendered. He was convicted of high treason,\\nand received sentence of death. All his accom-\\nplices were set at liberty by the king, and Gove\\nhimself, instead of being led to execution,* was\\nimprisoned in the tower of London that prison\\nwhose gloomy walls have so often echoed the sighs\\nof innocence, genius, and virtue.\\nOn the fourteenth of February the governor\\nFefn called upon the inhabitants to take out leases from\\nMason. This would be an acknowledgment of his\\nclaim, and they with one consent refused.\\nHe threatened to seize the principal estates and\\nbeggar the owners. His threats, however, intim-\\nidated no one. His position was well understood.\\nHe was determined, with the aid of the governor,\\nto enforce his claim to the soil of New Hampshire,\\nand the people were determined not to submit to\\nit.\\nCranfield, having assumed the whole legislative\\npower, acted as if the assembly had either no\\nexistence, or no rights. He assumed to alter the\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., n., p. 44.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 99\\nvalue of money, changed the bounds of townships, chap.\\nand estabhshed the fees of office. When the acts\\nof trade were not observed in Massachusetts, he\\nprohibited vessels from that colony to enter the\\nharbor of Portsmouth. Notwithstanding these\\nmultiplied and extensive powers,* Cranfield was\\ndissatisfied with his position. He discovered, with\\nchagrin, that the path which he had seen leading\\nto fortune, ended in public hatred. It was evident,\\nalso, that his hopes of sudden wealth must be pro-\\ntracted to a length of years for he must apply for\\nmoney to the people he had so much abused. As\\nhe could hope for nothing from their favor, he\\nstarted a vague rumor of war, trusting that he\\ncould turn to his own benefit the measures which\\nthe people should adopt for defence. He called\\nan assembly at Great Island and tendered them a jan.n.\\nbill for supplies. The liouse debated it awhile,\\nand returned it with their negative. At this he\\nwas highly incensed, and dissolved them. Sus-\\npecting the influence of the Rev. Mr. Moody, of\\nPortsmouth, a strenuous advocate of the popular\\ncause, he from that hour marked Moody as an\\nobject for vengeance. Soon after the dissolution\\nof the assembly, he sent an order to Moody, re-\\nquiring him to administer to himself, with Mason\\nand Ilinks, the Lord s supper, according to the\\nliturgy. This vindictive and arbitrary mandate\\nwas contrary to the laws of England. By the stat-\\nute of 13 and 14 Charles II., it is enacted that no\\nperson shall presume to consecrate and administer\\nthe Lord s supper, before he is ordained a\\npriest by Episcopal ordination. Moody had\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., I.; p. 261.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "100 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, not been episcopally ordained; and, as Cranfield\\n_,J^ foresaw, refused to obey the order. This furnished\\nthe desired pretext for a criminal prosecution.\\nWhen brought to the bar. Moody pleaded in his\\ndefence the laws of England, and the rights of\\nconscience. Edgarly and Fryer, two of the\\njustices, pleaded strenuously for his acquittal, and\\nwere rewarded by removal from office. Moody\\nwas condemned, and, to the great joy of Cotton\\nMather, was committed to prison. At a time\\nwhen no clergyman could doubt the reality of\\nwitchcraft, without danger of a dismissal from his\\nsociety. Moody exposed it as a delusion, and de-\\nnounced the Salem magistrates as murderers. It\\nwas but natural that such a man should incur the\\ndispleasure of Cotton Mather for, while that\\nfierce and sullen bigot was riding through the\\ncountry, fanning the excitement and dragging in-\\nnocent victims to the gallows. Moody visited them\\nin prison, warned them of their danger, plan-\\nned their rescue, and assisted them to escape.\\nThroughout the whole dark period of the Salem\\nexcitement, he was the friend of the unfortunate\\naccused; and while Boston and Salem, the theatre\\nof Mather s influence, were immolating their own\\ncitizens on the altar of superstition, Portsmouth,\\nunder the pastoral influence of Moody, had learned\\nto despise the delusion, and became the asylum of\\nthe accused.\\nIt is thus that a great man sometimes stands out\\namidst the follies of his time, a solitary monument\\nto the triumph of reason. Escaping, like Galileo,\\nfrom the narrow prejudices and the conceited\\nlearning of his cotemporaries, he seems to pass the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 101\\nveil which divides the present from the future, and\\nwhile to mortal eyes the future seems shrouded in\\ndarkness, he beholds the dawn of a more enlight-\\nened afje.\\nIn obedience to an order* from England, Cran- ^^^^7.\\nfield once more convened the assembly. But they\\nrefused to vote anything for the support of govern-\\nment. They are persons of such a mutinous\\ndisposition, said he, in his letter to the Secretary\\nof State, that it is not safe to let them convene.\\nHe, however, called them together once more, to ji,iy22.\\npass acts for the suppression of piracy, and to raise\\nmoney. They passed the acts, but refused the\\nmoney, and he called them no more. Vexed at\\ntheir obstinacy and the failure of his plans, he re-\\nsolved upon a bold usurpation of pow^er. Having\\nfilled the council with creatures of his own, he\\nundertook to impose taxes on the people, by the\\nauthority of the governor and council, without the\\nconcurrence of the assembly. This was in defi-\\nance of the plain letter of the provincial laws.\\nThe people were resolved not to submit to such\\nan imposition, and formed combinations for mutual\\naid and resistance. At Exeter they attacked the De..22.\\nsheriff and drove him off witJi clubs. Most of the\\nconstables went over to the people, and refused to\\nlevy upon their goods. f Such as persisted, met\\nwith insult in every form. When they attempted\\nto enter the houses, tho women heated brimming\\nkettles of water, and poured upon their heads. J The\\nmilitary were next called to aid the \\\\\\\\v\\\\n of civil\\npower, and a troop of horse were ordered to march\\nOrders of Cranfield. N. H. Hist. Coll., II., p. 200.\\nt N. H. Hist. Coll., III., p. 417. Bancroft. F, Belknap. Whiton.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "10:2 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, out on a certain day, completely mounted and\\n._^_^ armed. But the military were the people and\\n1685. when the day came, not a soldier appeared. Thus\\nfoiled in every direction. New Hampshire began\\nto wear to the eyes of the governor a cheerless\\naspect. The voice of complaint reached England,\\nand drew down upon him the royal censure.* The\\nking at length granted him leave of absence,\\nand Walter Barefoot, his deputy, succeeded to the\\nchair of the chief magistracy.\\nFrom the days of Cranfield down to the time of\\nSir Edward Packenham, English governors and\\ngenerals, like English writers, have mistaken the\\ncharacter of the American people. It is only by\\nthe severest lessons of experience, that American\\ncourage and love of liberty have been made known\\nto the English armies. Cranfield believed that\\nmenaces and prosecutions would bend the necks\\nof the Congregationalists to the yoke of Episcopal\\nforms and Packenham, leading on the veterans\\nof Wellington, despised the American rifle in\\nthe hands of back-woodsmen. The former sacri-\\nficed his power to his error the latter lost his life.\\nBoth found the Americans more resolute in defence\\nof their rights than cautious of danger, or submis-\\nsive to usurpation.\\nThe rising settlements were now fast gain-\\ning upon the wilderness. One after another the\\nhardy pioneers of that day progressed into the\\nforest, until they reached the southern borders of\\nCheshire county. The hand of oppression was\\nlightly laid upon them. The course of the\\nArticles of complaint against Lieut. Gov. Cranfield. N. H. Hist. Coll.,\\nI., p. 267.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 103\\ngovernment was conciliating. The king was\\npreparing them for the introduction of a governor-\\ngeneral.\\nThree years before his death, Charles II., had\\ndeclared the charter of Massachusetts forfeited, jgg^\\nJames II., his successor, inherited the arbitrary Feb. e.\\ndisposition of his brother Charles. The colonies\\ncould hope for no favors from him. He organized igse.\\na new government and placed at its head, Joseph May 25.\\nDudley. But the administration of Dudley was\\nshort. In December, Sir Edmund Andros arrived Dec.30.\\nat Boston, with a commission appointing him\\ncaptain-general and governor-in-chief of New\\nEngland. He began with fair professions and\\nconciliatory measures but he soon disclosed his\\nreal object in accepting the appointment. It was\\nto enrich himself* Finding the council backward\\nin aiding his oppressive exactions, he appointed\\nto that body none but willing instruments. Thus\\nfortified, he pronounced all the land titles forfeited\\nby the surrender of the Massachusetts charter\\nand, that he might cut oif any reliance which the\\npeople had upon titles purchased of the Indians,\\nhe declared an Indian deed to be no better than\\nthe scratch of a bear s paw. His intention was to\\ncompel all the landholders to purchase of him new\\ntitles. In addition to this, he imposed upon them\\nexorbitant taxes.\\nTo silence the popular complaint, he restrained\\nthe liberty of the press. That the people might\\nnot consult upon their grievances, he prohibited\\ntown meetings, except one in each year. To pre-\\nvent complaints from reaching England, he forbade\\nN. H. Hist, Coll.. p. 2G9.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "104 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, any one to leave the colony without permission\\n,!_ from the governor.\\nThe people had borne with this rapacious\\n1688. plunderer for two years. Their patience was\\nexhausted. Meanwhile, the strides of King James\\ntowards arbitrary power were preparing the way\\nto a revolution in England. His reign had been\\none continued invasion of civil and religious\\nliberty.! It terminated in his expulsion from the\\nthrone which William III. ascended in 1688.\\n1688. When the news of this great revolution reached\\nBoston, Andros affected to discredit the rumor,\\nand imprisoned the man who brought it. But the\\npeople believed it, and were filled with joy.\\nTheir native love of freedom kindled at the\\nprospect of deliverance. Actuated by a kindred\\nspirit with their brethren in England, they deter-\\nmined to act with similar promptitude. Accord-\\n1689. ingly, on the morning of the eighteenth of April,\\nis the drums in Boston beat to arms. Crowds came\\nflocking in from the country, as the day advanced,\\nto the assistance of the Bostonians and Andros\\nwas seized and thrown into prison. A committee\\nof safety was hastily organized, and assumed, for\\nthe time, the functions of government. Andros\\n1690. Vvas afterwards, by order of King William, sent\\nto England, a prisoner of state, and New Hamp-\\nshire was without a government. For some time\\nthe people waited for orders from England. None\\nJan. came, and they chose deputies to form a plan of\\ngovernment. They met, and resolved upon a\\nMarch nni\\n12. union with Massachusetts. Ihen petition was\\nreadily accepted at Boston, and New Hampshire\\nP once more became a part of Massachusetts.\\nWhiton. t Humej vol. IV., p. \u00e2\u0080\u00a2163.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "16SS.\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE. 105\\nAmidst the oppressions of Andros,* and the chap.\\nIV\\ncontests with Mason, tlie colony became involved .^J^\\nin an Indian war. The seeds of hatred, long\\nsince sown, had begun to spring up. The Indians\\nhad brooded over tlie seizure of their brethren, by\\nMajor Waldron, with deep thougli silent resent-\\nment. Thirteen years had not been sufiicient to\\nerase from their hearts the remembrance of injury\\nand the thirst for vengeance. Besides this, they\\nalleged other grievances and immediate causes of\\nwar. In vain did the government strive to concil-\\niate them with presents, and eagerly sue to them\\nto make a treaty of peace. The Ossipees, the\\nPequawkets, and even a portion of the Pena-\\ncooks, united to raise the warwhoop. A grandson\\nof Passaconaway led the dreadful enterprise. It\\nrequired all the influence of Wanalonset, although\\nthe dying charge of his father was often repeated,\\nto persuade a portion of the Penacooks to peace.\\nThe Pequawkets were the movers of tlie war, and\\nwere not without provocation. The mansion of the\\nBaron de St. Castine stood at this time at Penob-\\nscot. The baron, tliough of an ancient and proud\\nfamily of France, chose to lead the life of an\\nIndian trader in the wilds of America. He had\\nadopted Indian customs, and h.ad married a\\ndaughter of the sachem Madokewando. Andros,\\nunprovoked, sailed up the Penobscot in the Rose\\nfrigate, and plundered his house and fort, scarcely\\nleaving him the ornaments of his chapel. This\\ncalled on Castine for revenge. Instigated by him,\\nthe Indians began to commit depredations at\\nNorth Yarmouth. Some of them were pursued\\nN. U. Hist. Coll., I.. 209.\\n14", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "106 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP and seized. Andres, hoping to conciliate those\\n_!;_ whom he had so wantonly and cruelly offended,\\ncommands the captured to be set free. He\\ntrusted that the enemy, in return for this mildness,\\nwould liberate their prisoners. But this had not\\nthe desired effect. The Indians retained their\\nprisoners, and put them to death with the most\\ncruel tortures. Andros now changed his mild\\npolicy, and led into their country an army of\\nseven hundred men. They saw not an Indian in\\ntheir whole march.\\nMeanwhile the Indians were preparing for hos-\\ntilities in New Hampshire. Some of those whom\\nMajor Waldron sent to Boston to be sold into\\nslavery, had returned, and would not let their\\nbrethren rest unrevenged. It required but little\\ntime to concert an attack upon Dover for\\nWaldron was there. The Penacooks, the Pe-\\nr\\nquawkets, and the Ossipees, are called into the\\nleague. And now, all things being ready, the\\nIndians set forward. It is the evening of the\\n16S9. twenty-seventh of June. Waldron sleeps in one of\\nthe garrisoned houses. Two of the squaws apply\\nat each of the houses and ask leave to lodge by\\nthe fire. They are welcomed as is also the\\nchief, Mesandowit, who went to the Major s\\nhouse and supped with him in the evening.\\nBrother Waldron, said the crafty savage, with\\njocular and usual familiarity, what would you\\ndo, if the strange Indians should come? I\\ncan assemble an hundred men, replied the vete-\\nran, by lifting up my finger. In this unsus-\\npecting confidence the family retired to rest. The\\nred men have trapped the lion in his lair.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 107\\nNight advances. At the moment of deepest sleep, chap.\\nthe gates are softly opened by the squaws, and a L_\\nshrill whistle breaks the silence of night. It is the\\nsignal agreed upon for attack. Instantly the In-\\ndians rush in to take their long-meditated revenge.\\nAroused by the noise, Major Waldron starts from\\nhis sleep, seizes his sword, and, though bowed with\\nthe weight of eighty years, drove the assailants back\\nthrough two doors. But in doing this, unluckily\\nan Indian darted behind him and stunned him with\\nthe blow of a hatchet. The Indians immediately\\nraise him up from the floor, and setting him in a\\nchair on the table, they begin the work of torture.\\nThey cut off his nose and ears, and gash his breast\\nwith their knives each one exclaiming, with\\nfiendish mirth, I cross out my account. Faint\\nfrom the loss of blood, he was falling from the\\ntable, when an Indian held his own sword under\\nhim and pierced him through. Thus fell this\\ngallant and venerable man. In this closing scene\\nof his existence he displayed the same determined\\nvalor which had made him, through life, the terror\\nand admiration of the Indians.\\nAfter attacking other houses, and killing many,\\nthe Indians effected a speedy retreat, and sold\\ntheir prisoners in Canada. Aroused by these\\nbarbarities, the government sent a party, under\\nCapt. Noyes, to attack the Penacooks. But\\nthey could only destroy their corn. Another\\nparty, under Capt. Wincol, were sent to Lake\\nWinnipiseogee, but they killed only one or two of\\nthe enemy. Instigated by the French, who were\\nnow at war with England, the Indians continued\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., II., 46.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "108 HISTORY OF NEW H A 31 P S H I R E\\ntheir depredations. The Count de Frontinac,\\ngovernor of Canada, eager to distinguish himself\\n1690. cause of his royal master, the king of\\nFrance, detached three parties of French and\\nIndians from Canada. These murderous bands,\\npursuing different routes, spread devastation along\\ntheir whole march. Many are the affecting inci-\\ndents mingled in the history of this war. Women,\\nwith babes at their breasts, were carried captive\\nin the depth of winter, and when their infants\\nbecame burdensome, they were taken from their\\narms and dashed against the nearest tree. Some-\\ntimes, in mid-harvest, the husbandman was shot\\nin the field, and the crops burned on which the\\nsubsistence of a desolate family depended.\\nYoung children were marched through the dreary\\nwinter snows to Canada,* and in these protracted\\njourncyings suffered a thousand deaths.\\nAmidst these barbarities, an instance of Indian\\ngratitude now and then occurs, to brighten, by\\nits dim lustre, the gloomy recital. Here and\\nthere, among their captives, they would discover\\nsome one wlin had bofriended tliom and such\\nwere invariably set at liberty. In the voice of\\nsome feeble woman, crying out under her tor-\\ntures, the quick ear of the Indian would discover\\nhis former benefactress, and he would spare her\\nlife. Though gentle pity seemed never to inhabit\\nthe breast of the North American Indian, he\\nwas proud to remember favors, and never forgot\\nto revenge an injury.\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., v., 109.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nCoNQL EST of Canada attempted It fails Governor Allen\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Union with I\\\\Ias-\\nsachusetts dissolved Sir William Phipps\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The small-pox first imported\\ninto New Hampshire Peace with the Indians The war resumed IMado-\\nkewaudo Usher Durham destroyed Peace The return of the captives\\nThe Earl of Bellomont His character His death Death of Allen\\nWar between France and England Dudley His conference with the In-\\ndians Indian depredations Expedition against Port Royal It fails\\nCongress of delegates Second expedition against Port Royal It is suc-\\ncessful Deathof Hilton\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Expedition to Quebec\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fleet wrecked in the\\nSt. Lawrence One thousand men perish Peace The captives return\\nVaughan John Wentworth\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Industry revives Monopoly resisted\\nGov. Shute holds a conference with the Indians on an island in the Ken-\\nnebec The Scottish emigrants Their character.\\nThe people of New England now regarded chap.\\nCanada as the source of their calamities, and\\nresolved to carry the war into the enemy s country.\\nWith but feeble resources, they formed the bold\\ndesign to subject that province to the crown of\\nEngland. For this object, an army of two thou-\\nsand men, under the command of Sir William\\nPhipps, sailed from Boston for (Quebec. Winter\\nmet them on their arrival. The troops became\\ndispirited, sickness prevailed in the camp, and\\nthis enterprise, which promised so much, and\\ninvolved the colonies deeply in debt, ended, having\\neffected nothing. Fortunately, however, at this\\ntime the Indians ceased hostilities, and remained l^^l.\\nJune 9.\\nquiet till the summer of 1 69 1\\nAn important political revolution conferred the 1692.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "110 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, appointment of governor upon Samuel Allen, of\\nL, London, and that of lieutenant-governor upon his\\nson-in-law John Usher, of Boston. With un-\\nfeigned regret the people saw the dissolution of\\ntheir second brief union with Massachusetts. Al-\\nlen had purchased of the heirs of Captain Mason\\ntheir title to the soil of New Hampshire. It was\\nsufficient to make this announcement received\\nwith coldness, that the inhabitants apprehended a\\n1692. revival of Mason s claim.\\nAbout the same time a new form of government,\\nWhiton,\\np. 4s. under the second charter, was established in Mas-\\nsachusetts. This raised to the governor s chair\\nan obsure boy, born on the banks of the Kenne-\\nbec. He was of a poor family, and at the age\\nof twenty-two could not read. But he discovered,\\nand drew up from the depths of the sea, the\\ntreasures of an old Spanish vessel. This gave\\nhim wealth. Wealth commanded influence and\\nthus was appointed to the post of governor that\\nremarkable child of fortune, Sir William Phipps.\\nTo the calamities of the war, now raging, were\\nsuperadded the horrors of the small-pox a disease\\nthen little understood, and its treatment imperfect.\\nIts importation in cotton bales from the West In-\\ndies to Portsmouth and Greenland, was an event\\nwhich, from the nature of the disease and its well-\\nknown fatality among the Indians, was calculated\\nto fill the colony with alarm. As if the intellect\\nwere destined to be affected simultaneously with\\nthe body, the public mind at this time was most\\nstrongly infected with witchcraft.*\\nSome good, however, was now to be mingled\\nSee page 65.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. Ill\\nwith the ills of fortune. Wearied with the contest, char\\nand some of their chief men being in captivity, the !_\\nIndians became, in their turn, advocates for peace. 1693.\\nThey longed for the time to come when they could\\nremain idle in their wigwams and they needed a\\nspace to recruit. Though their animosity still\\nburned against the English, they came into the\\nfort at Pemaquid, and there entered into a solemn\\ncovenant of amity. They acknowledged their\\nsubjection to the crown of England engaged to\\nabandon the French interest promised perpetual\\npeace to forbear private revenge to restore all\\ncaptives and they delivered hostages for the per-\\nformance of their engagements.\\nTo the people of New Hampshire this peace\\ngave a grateful respite. They were dispirited and\\nreduced. The war had broken up their trade and\\nhusbandry, and weighed them down Vvith a heavy\\nburden of debt. The earth also was less fruitful\\nthan before as if the kindly skies withheld their\\ngifts at such an exhibition of the follies and cruel-\\nties of man. The governor was obliged to impress\\nmen to guard the outposts and sometimes these\\nwere dismissed for want of provisions.* In this\\nsituation, they applied to Massachusetts for assist-\\nance. Their application found that colony over-\\nwhelmed with witchcraft, and rent with feuds\\nabout the charter. Superstition and party spirit\\nhad usurped the place of reason, and the defence\\nof themselves and their neighbors was neglected\\nfor the ghostly orgies of the witch-finder and the\\nquarrels of the old and new chartists.\\nF. Belknap, p. 136. See also Province Records, Journal House and\\nAssembly for 1692\u00e2\u0080\u00941716, in the office of the Secretary of State at Concord.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "112 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. The peace, which they had so recently hailed\\n__J_ with joy, was destined to be of short continuance.\\n1691. The spirit of Madokawando was abroad amongst\\nthe Indians, for the plundering of Castine yet\\nrankled in the breast of his father. Villieu, at the\\nhead of two hundred and fifty Indians, collected\\nfrom the tribes of St. John, Penobscot, and Nor-\\nridgwock, marched to Oyster river. Durham* is\\nthe object of attack. It has twelve garrisoned\\nhouses but the inhabitants dream not of danger,\\nand are scattered in their own dwellings. The\\nIndians approach the place undiscovered, and halt\\nat the falls. It is the evening of the seventeenth\\nJuij i Qf July. They are formed in two divisions, and\\nproceed on both sides of the river. These divi-\\nsions are now subdivided into small parties, and\\nthey plant themselves in ambush near every house,\\nthat the destruction of the town may be sudden,\\noverwhelming, and complete. They are to be\\nready for the attack at the rising of the sun. The\\nfiring of the first gun is to be the signal. Happily,\\nit was fired too early, and a part of the inhabitants\\nescaped. Five houses were destroyed, and an\\nhundred persons carried captive. The next year,\\n169-3. the enemy remained inactive, but in 1696, a body\\n1696. of them, coming from the eastward in canoes,\\nmade an attack at Portsmouth plain, and took\\nnineteen prisoners. A company of militia, under\\nCaptain Shackford, was immediately detached in\\npursuit. They came upon the Indians at Break-\\nfast Hill,t while they were cooking their morning\\nrepast, and, by a sudden onset, retook all the pris-\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., v., pp. 129\u00e2\u0080\u0094153.\\nf Between Greenland and Rye. blather s Magnalia. lib. 7., p. 86.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "N E W H A M P S II I Pv E 1 13\\noners. At Dover and Exeter many of the settlers chap.\\nwere killed or captured and before the close of\\n1697, the widow of President Ciitts, was among\\nthe number of victims.* Madokawando was now\\nrevenged. He gathered up all the scalps taken in\\nthe war, and carried them to Canada a fit offering\\nto be made to Count Frontenac. Thus the base\\ndeeds of Governor Andros were visited upon the\\ninnocent and unoffending. The Indian refuses to\\ndiscriminate. To his mind, the guilt of the race\\nis involved in the crime of each individual offender;\\nand when he imbrues his hands in the blood of a\\nguiltless child, it is because his code of justice\\nvisits the iniquities of the fathers upon the chil-\\ndren.\\nDuring the war, Usherf continued to administer\\nthe government, and to alienate the affections of\\nthe people. He had amassed a fortune by specu-\\nlation, and, like many others who have been sur-\\nprised to find themselves suddenly rich, he became\\nbloated to a size corresponding with his fortune.\\nHe assumed the airs of authority, and affected a\\ntone of despotic severity.\\nThe airs of such a man as Usher could only\\nexcite the contempt of the hardy colonists, who\\nhad faced too many real dangers, and grappled with\\ntoo many real horrors, to be awed by the pomp of\\nignorance, or terrified at the wrath of a fool. H\u00c2\u00ab\\nwas profoundly illiterate and weak-minded and\\nseemed to be decked with authority and crowned\\nwith success, only to^ illustrate to the world that\\nfortune and merit are not inseparable companions.\\nF. Belknap, p. 141.\\nt Province Records, Journal House and Assembly, 1092 1716.\\n15", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "114, HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. He was soon superseded by the appointment of\\nWilliam Partridge, as lieutenant-governor and\\n/ime. commander-in-chief, in the absence of Allen. The\\ncounsellors whom Usher had suspended, resumed\\ntheir seats, and he returned to Boston.*\\nThe The news of peace, coming at this time, equally\\n^Ryl surprised and rejoiced the inhabitants. The gov-\\n169S. ernor of Canada signified to the Indians that he\\ncould no longer aid them in the war. He advised\\nthem to bury the hatchet and restore their captives.\\nMany of them, however, had long since despaired\\nof release. The woes of exile did not silence the\\nafirections and passions. Some of the young cap-\\ntives learned to love the life they led. They\\nintermarried with the Indians, and preferred to\\nmake their homes and their graves in the forest.\\nEven when invited to return, they refused, to the\\npoignant regret of their friends. But in the path-\\nless wilderness through which they travelled to\\nreach Canada, an inhuman massacre took place,\\nas often as the sick and aged became a burden.\\nThe infant, whose feeble cry irritated the sullen\\nIndian, was dashed against a rock or a tree, before\\nthe eyes of its mother, with a wanton indifference\\nwhich indicated almost a total want of parental\\naffection and sympathy in the savage breast.\\nThose who were spared were compelled to pass,\\niunclad and almost unfed, over mountains and\\nthrough swamps and interminable forests, often\\nwading in deep snows. But the pious benevolence\\nof the French missionaries often met them in their\\ndreary marches and soothed the sorrows of exile.\\nIt is difficult, at this day, to estimate fully the\\nProvince Eecords, Journal Council, 1696 1722.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 115\\ndiscourai^ino circumstances under which the fa- chap.\\n.VI\\nthers carried on this war. They were not fighting\\non a broad theatre, where their achievements would\\nbe the theme of a workl s admiration but with a\\nwily, lurking foe, who never felt the force of that\\nnoble maxim of Tacitus, that victory is most\\nhonorable when mercy spares the vanquished.*\\nIf they should be taken prisoners, their lives would\\nbe spared only to protract their tortures or they\\nmust be led at the heels of their captors, until\\nslavery should consummate the rights of the victors\\nover the conquered.\\nEarly in the summer, Allen came to America. 1698.\\nSix years had elapsed since the date of his appoint-\\nment. The people knew that the Earl of Bello-\\nmont,f a nobleman of accomplished manners and\\nliberal views, a friend of the late revolution, had\\nreceived the appointment of governor of New York,\\nMassachusetts, and New Hampshire. Allen s\\ncommission, however, remained in force till the\\narrival of his successor. His administration lasted\\na year, and was one continued scene of alterca-\\ntion. J At the end of that time, Bellomont arrived,\\nand was received by the people with the greatest\\n1699\\ncordiality. The counsellors, who had refused juiyai\\nto sit at the board with Usher, resumed their\\nplaces, and Partridge, who had been removed to\\nmake way for Usher, was restored. From this\\ntime onward, througli a period of forty-two years.\\nNew Hampshire and Massachusetts were placed\\nunder the same governor. Each state had its own\\nAnnals of Tacitus, b. 12, s. 19. f N. H. Hist. Coll., IV., 251.\\n:j: Prov. Rec, Jour. Council and Assembly, 1692 1716. Jour. Council,\\n1696\u00e2\u0080\u00941722. Prov. Rec, J. C. and A., 1692-1716.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, council,* its own assembly of representatives, and\\n.^^J^ its own laws. The council having been con-\\nstituted in accordance with the popular wishes,\\nthe next care of the people was to reorganize the\\ncourts. This they did by selecting all the judges\\nfrom the decided opponents of the Masonian claim.\\nWhen things had been thus happily arranged, the\\n1701. Earl of Bellomont died at*New York. He was a\\n5. man of superior talents and of an energetic charac-\\nter. He had always been the defender of popular\\nrights and when he was removed by death, the\\npeople mourned the loss of a nobleman, who,\\nthough faithful to the king, never oppressed the\\npeople. In his short administration, he had sv^^ept\\nfrom the seas the pirates who had so long harassed\\nthe commerce of the colonies. Captain Kidd and\\nhis daring followers, whose adroitness had eluded\\nthe most vigilant search, were captured by Bello-\\nmont, and sent to England in chains. Before the\\nEarl s death, Allen had begun to agitate the Ma-\\nsonian claim. Tired of controversy, the people\\nproposed to him terms of compromise. Allen\\nhimself, advanced in age and failing in health, de-\\nsired to pass the remainder of his days in quiet,\\nand sought an accommodation with the people.\\nA settlement was on the point of being agreed to,\\nwhen his death presented a result so desirable.\\nHis son revived the controversy, but without\\n1715. success. The death of the son relieved the inhab-\\nitants from the fear of being disturbed in their\\n1702. possessions. At the death of Bellomont, Joseph\\nJuly 13. Dudley was appointed governor of Massachusetts\\nand New Hampshire. Favorably disposed to the\\np. R.. Jour. Council, 1696\u00e2\u0080\u00941722.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 117\\ninterests of the colonists, and opposed to the Ma- chap.\\nsonian claim, he was received with cordiality. L_\\nThe next year Usher was commissioned Lieut.\\nGovernor. His rival, Partridge, being thus super- 1703.\\nseded, retired from the province.\\nThe peace that followed the treaty of Ryswick,\\nwas of short duration. The seeds of war had been\\nsown in Europe and while England and France\\nwere engaged in hostilities at home, it was natural\\nfor them to make their American possessions the\\ntheatre of warlike operations. The English claimed\\nthe territory as far as the St. Croix. French ships\\nof war had driven the English fishermen from the\\nbanks of Nova Scotia, and France had attempted\\nto prevent the English from settling east of the\\nKennebunk.\\nSuch was the posture of affairs, when Dudley* 1702.\\nentered upon his administration. Fearful of an y^^-\\noutbreak, he immediately sought a conference with\\nthe Indians. They had solemnly agreed to be at\\n1703\\npeace. He was met by delegates from the Nor- juncso.\\nridgwocks, the Penobscots, the Pequawkets, the\\nPenacooks and Ameriscogins. They presented\\nhim with a belt of wampum in token of their sin-\\ncerity, and led him to two heaps of stones that\\nstood in the valley. These had been raised years\\nbefore, and, as a pledge of peace, were named the\\nTwo Brothers. To these they now added other\\nstones, in token of ratifying ancient friendship.\\nHigh as the sun is above the earth, exclaimed\\nthe savages, in the plenitude of their professions,\\nso far distant from us is the least design to\\nbreak the peace. Yet, in less than six weeks, a\\nProv. Rec, Jour. C. and A., 1G92\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1716,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "118 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, body of French and Indians laid waste all the\\n..^__ settlements from Casco to Wells killing and\\n^^f^ carrying captive one hundred and thirty persons.\\nScarcely had another week elapsed, when they at-\\ntacked Hampton village and killed five.\\nThe whole frontier, from Deerfield on the west,\\nto Casco on the east, was now thrown into con-\\nfusion and alarm. The women and children re-\\ntired to the garrisons the men went armed into\\nthe fields. Few of the lurking foe were taken,\\nthough the government offered a bounty of forty\\npounds for scalps.\\nWith the return of spring, hostilities were resumed\\nafresh, and Indian vengeance fell heavily upon the\\nsettlements on Oyster and Lamprey rivers. They\\nwere pursued to Haverhill, in Coos, and one or\\n1705. two were killed. Early the next year, Col. Hilton\\nled two hundred and seventy men on snow-shoes\\nto Norridgwock, to attack them in their winter\\nquarters. It was a fruitless march. But an ex-\\n1706. ploit was performed the next year, which made\\nup in some degree for the failure of that expe-\\ndition. It was the defence of a house in Durham*\\nby a few women. These heroines, in the absence\\nof their husbands, heard the war-whoop, and saw\\nthe Indians approaching to attack the house.\\nWhat was to be done It was impossible to re-\\ntreat. Should they surrender Without a\\nmoment s hesitation, they resolved to defend the\\nhouse. Throwing on their husbands hats, and\\ndisguising themselves as much as possible, they\\nassumed the resolute action of men, and com-\\nmenced a smart fire. The deception was com-\\nF. Belkaap. N. H. Hist. Coll., V., pp. 129\u00e2\u0080\u0094153.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 119\\npletc. The Indians, supposing the house to be chap.\\ndefended by a strong garrison, fled. Thus did __!^\\nthese women, with a quickness of invention,\\ncourage, and decision of character, worthy of the\\nmost distinguished heroism of ancient or modern\\ntimes, successfully devise a plan, with the utmost\\npresence of mind, in the midst of danger, which\\nsaved their lives and those of their husbands and\\nfamilies.\\nAfter killing twenty Indians at the eastward, 1707.\\nthe colonists resolved to attack Port Royal, the\\ncapital of the French settlements.* New Hamp-\\nshire united with the other colonies and sent thither\\na considerable army. Under convoy of two men- May is\\nof-war, the forces approached the place. At their\\nlanding, they were received into the midst of an\\nambuscade. The Indians were hidden amongst the\\nsedge. Walton and Chesley,t at the head of the\\nNew Hampshire troops, who were already on\\nshore, pushed up the beach, and attacked the ene-\\nmy in flank. The Indians fled. But the advan-\\ntages of victory could not be reaped, for there were\\noperating here, on a smaller scale, the same\\njealousies and bickerings amongst officers, which\\nhave ruined the prospects of the most splendid\\nmilitary enterprises. A quarrel broke out between\\nthe military and naval officers. Nothing could\\nreconcile differences, or inspire union. The army\\nwas finally put under the direction of three super-\\nvisors, and the whole affair came to a wretched\\nend.J The army returned, sickly, disheartened, August.\\nPennhallow Charlevoix. f F. Belknap, p. 174.\\nt F. Belknap, p. 175. P. R., J. 0. and A., 1692\u00e2\u0080\u00941716.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, and ashamed. They had lost sixteen killed, and\\n.J^ as many wounded.\\nThe colony at this time was in a dismal state.\\nThe best warriors were abroad in pursuit of the\\nenemy. Those at home were harassed more than\\never by the cruel foe. Not an acre of land could\\nbe tilled, except within sight of the garrisoned\\nhouses. Their lumber trade and fisheries were\\ndeclining, taxes increasing, and there was no pros-\\npect of an end to the war. Besides, the Indians\\nhad killed one hundred and thirty, between Casco\\nand Wells five at Hampton, twenty-four at Oys-\\nter River, five at Exeter, two at Dover, one be-\\ntween Exeter and Kingston.\\nUnder these discouragements, great and over-\\n1708. whelming as they were, the people had preserved\\ntheir fortitude. They maintained all their garri-\\n1709. sons, so that not one of them was cut off in New\\nHampshire during the war.*\\n1709. In autumn, a congress of delegates, of all the\\ncolonies, met at Rhode Island, and determined\\nupon an expedition against Canada. The British\\nministry approved of the proposal, and the imme-\\ndiate reduction of Port Royal was agreed upon.\\n1710. Accordingly, an English force came over in five\\nfrigates, and a bomb-ketch. They were joined by\\nthe colonial troops, and sailed from Boston on the\\nSept. eighteenth of September. On the twenty-fourth\\nthey arrived at the place. The governor, despair-\\ning to hold out against so formidable a force, sur-\\noct.5. rendered, after the firing of a few shots.\\nAt the moment of organizing this expedition,\\nand before the appointment of officers, the people\\nF. Belknap, p. 175.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 121\\nof New Hampshire were called upon to mourn the chap.\\nloss of their favorite son, and bravest defender,\\nCol. Winthrop Hilton. He fell into an ambush,\\nand was slain by the Indians. They had long July 22.\\nthirsted for his blood, and waited patiently to take\\nhim. At length they saw him go out with a party\\nof men to peel the bark from some trees which had\\nbeen felled. While engaged in the work, they\\nrushed upon them, and killed two one of whom\\nwas Hilton. Their guns were wet, and they could\\nmake no defence. Thus died Col. Hilton, univer-\\nsally lamented. On the west bank of Lamprey\\nriver, in his own field, by the side of his American\\nancestors, where the descendants of four gene-\\nrations have since been gathered around him, the\\nremains of the gallant man repose. He was\\nburied with honors due to his rank and charac-\\nter. The inscription upon his moss-covered monu-\\nment shows where the remains of a man, who sin-\\ncerely loved and faithfully served both God and\\nhis country, have long since mouldered into\\ndust.*\\nAfter the death of Hilton, Capt. Walton, with\\none hundred and seventy men, traversed the eastern\\nshores in pursuit of the Indians. They encamped\\non an island, and by the smoke of their first fire\\nsome Indians, mistaking them for some of their\\nown tribe, were decoyed to the camp and made\\nprisoners. Among these was the sachem of Nor-\\nridgwock. He had been an active and fierce war-\\nrior. When he found himself in tlie hands of his\\nenemies, he surveyed them with haughty disdain.\\nWhen required to disclose the lurking-places of his\\nN. H. Hist. CoU.\\n16", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "122 HISTORY Of\\nCHAP, warriors, he refused when they threatened him\\n_,^ with death, and made before his eyes the prepara-\\ntions to execute him, he laughed scornfully. His\\nwife, being an eye-witness of the scene, was so in-\\ntimidated as to make the discoveries which the cap-\\ntors had tried in vain to extort from the sachem.*\\nThey followed to the place pointed out by her,\\nand returned with seven scalps. This success,\\ninconsiderable as it may appear, kept up the spirits\\nof the people, and added to the loss of the enemy,\\nwho were now daily diminishing by sickness and\\nfamine. 16.\\nThe success of the second expedition against\\n1711. Port Royal, encouraged an attempt, the next year,\\non Q,uebec and an agent was despatched to Eng-\\n1711. land to solicit aid. To the surprise of all, the min-\\nisters of Queen Anne acceded to the proposal, and\\na fleet came over, under the command of Admiral\\nWalker, consisting of fifteen ships of war, fifty\\ntransports, and six store-ships. The troops which\\nthey brought, had been selected from the veteran\\nlegions of the Duke of Marlborough, the flower\\nof English valor. Never had New England seen\\nupon her waters a fleet or an army so formidable.\\nWhen joinecl by the colonial troops, they amounted\\nto six thousand five hundred men a force con-\\nsidered at that day fully equal to the reduction of\\nQuebec. t Their bright anticipations of conquest\\nwere blasted in a single night. No sooner had\\nthey entered the St. Lawrence, than the admiral\\nobstinately refused to direct his course by the ad-\\nvice of the pilots. He had proceeded but ten\\nleagues up the river, when, on the night of the\\nF. Eelknap, p. 179 f W^ton. F. Belknap.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "Aua;ust\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE. 123\\ntwenty-third of August, the weather being thick,\\neight transports were wrecked upon an island, and\\na thousand men perished. Of the whole number\\nonly one was a New-Englander. The fleet put\\nback, and with great difficulty beat down the St.\\nLawrence, and rendezvoused at the mouth of\\nSpanish river. There the officers held a consul-\\ntation, and ffiially resolved to abandon the enter-\\nprise.\\nThe Indians took courage from these misfor- 1712.\\ntunes, and fell upon Exeter, Dover, and Oyster\\nRiver. Such w^as the posture of affairs, when, to\\nthe great joy of the inhabitants, the news of the\\npeace of Utrecht arrived in America. As soon as oct.20.\\nthe Indians were informed of this, they came into\\nCasco with a flag of truce, and desired to make a\\ntreaty. An unusual despondency was percepti-\\nble in their demeanor. Thoughtful of past misfor-\\ntunes, they now saw that all further hostility\\nwould be useless, and asked for peace. A sus- Oct.29.\\npension of arms was proclaimed at Portsmouth,\\nand, on the eleventh of July, the chiefs and depu- jjj^ ^j\\nties of the several tribes solemnly ratified the treaty\\nof peace. Most joyfully did the inhabitants leave\\nthe garrisoned houses, where they had suffered so\\nmuch, to resume once more the peaceful pur-\\nsuits of industry. The fields again looked gay\\nwith the harvest the wilderness and the solitary\\nplace began to bud and blossom like the\\nrose.\\nImmediately after the peace, a ship was de- ^7^4\\nspatched to (Quebec, to bring home the captives.\\nThe scene, on their arrival, is not to be described.\\nHundreds thronged the beach to meet them.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "124 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Mothers were eagerly searching through the crowd\\n._^_;_ for their sons, and watching, with tremhhng sohci-\\ntiide, each person that stepped upon the shore.\\nWives were there agitated with uncertain hopes,\\nand fearing to interrogate the strange company of\\nthe ransomed for they were indeed strange.\\nSome could only make signs of recognition. They\\nstood locked in the embraces of their friends, and\\nwept tears of joy in silence. They had forgotten\\ntheir native language. Some came not. Captivity\\nhad not quenched the feelings. They had inter-\\nmarried with the Indians, and refused the call that\\nbade them return. They had grown out of the\\nhabits and the memory of home. A new love had\\nbeen grafted, where the old had been broken.\\nThey preferred the hut of the wilderness to the\\nhome once so dear to them.\\nDuring the war, Dudley, as governor, and Usher,\\nas lieutenant-governor, had administered the go-\\nvernment, as faithful servants of the crown, and\\nto the satisfaction of the people. Affairs in Eng-\\nland had now changed, by the accession of George\\nI. Many valuable officers, who had served the\\nEnglish government in the late wars, were wasting\\n1715 away by the rust of peace. They must be provided\\nfor in America. Accordingly, George Vaughan\\n1716. yyas made lieutenant-governor, and Samuel Shute\\nOct. 13.\\ncommander-in-chief of the province of New\\nHampshire. Dudley, expecting soon to be super-\\nseded, went to pass the evening of his days in re-\\ntirement, and left the helm of state in the hands of\\nVaughan.\\nVaughan s first act offended the people. It was\\np. R., Journ. Council and Assembly, 1692\u00e2\u0080\u00941716.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 125\\nan attempt to establish a perpetual revenue to the chap.\\ncrown, by bringing into New England the land-tax .^_^\\nof Great Britain. The assembly declined to lay\\nany imposts until the arrival of a governor. Shute, Oct. 17.\\nhowever, soon came to the chair. lie abandoned\\nthe land-tax, but displaced six of the old counsel-\\nlors, and filled their seats with six more, all of\\nPortsmouth. This gave the trading interest a\\npreponderance in the assembly. The yeomanry\\nfeared that the burdens of government would be\\nlaid wholly upon their shoulders. Disputes and\\nbickerings* arose between the governor and the\\nhouse of representatives, and between the governor\\nand lieutenant-governor. The rash and precipi-\\ntate, hasty and imperious temper which brought on\\nthe contest,! disqualified Vaughan for managing it\\nwith success. He disgusted the council and as-\\nsembly, and did not conciliate the crown.| Ven- 1717.\\nturing to disobey some of the instructions of\\nShute, he was complained of to the king, and\\nsuperseded by John Wentworth. The same hand\\nthat penned the immortal soliloquy of Cato, and\\ntraced the finest harmonies of the Spectator,\\ncountersigned the conmiission of Wentworth. It\\nwas the hand of Addison.\\nDuring the last, long, and distressing war with\\nthe Indians, the resources and improvement of the\\ncolony had been at a stand. But on the return of\\npeace, Industry ventured once more to ply her\\nbusy hand, and the staple productions of the\\ncolony rose into view and became objects of at-\\ntention. The royal navy needed masts, and, by\\np. R., J. C. and A., 171G\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1728. House, 1711\u00e2\u0080\u00941724.\\nt F. Belknap, p. 187. T R; JC. and A.. 1715\u00e2\u0080\u00941728. House, 1711\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1721.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, law, all pine trees of a certain diameter were re-\\nserved for the king. To encourage the colonists,\\nand for the benefit of Great Britain, lumber Avas\\nimported into England free of duty. In the east-\\nern waters the fisheries had been successful, and a\\nconsiderable profit began to be derived from the\\nmanufacture of tar and turpentine from pitch-pine\\ntrees. A company of merchants soon attempted\\nto monopolize the manufacture of these articles.\\nBut when many thousand trees had been prepared\\nfor use, they were destroyed by unseen hands.\\nThus did the fathers resist the first stride of the\\ngiant Monopoly.\\nSomething was done at this time towards the\\nculture of hemp. But it was soon found that the\\npeople could till no more land than was requisite\\nfor raising corn, and they turned their attention at\\nonce to the means of subsistence. Their peaceful\\npursuits were soon to be interrupted. The eastern\\n1717. Indians at this time discovered symptoms of un-\\neasiness. With sullen discontent they saw the\\nrapid progress of English settlements the erec-\\ntion of mill-dams and forts, and the increasing\\nactivity and power of the colonists. Governor\\nShute resolved upon an effort to produce recon-\\nciliation. Assembling their chiefs on an island in\\nthe Kennebec, he promised them trading-houses,\\nsupplies of arms, and smiths to keep their guns in\\nrepair. Their prejudices had been strongly ex-\\ncited against the English. Why are you so\\nstrongly attached to the French? demanded a\\nstranger of an Indian sachem. Because, re-\\nplied the savage, the French have taught us to\\nWhiton.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 127\\nprav to God, Vviiich the Ensjlish never did. The chap.\\nVI.\\nIndians found encroachments daily made upon __\\ntheir lands, and desired the English to fix a boun-\\ndary, beyond which their settlements should not\\nextend. This desire Governor Shute never com-\\nplied with. Nor were the promised supplies ever\\nfurnished.\\nWhile an Indian war hung in suspense over the ^\u00e2\u0080\u009e^g\\ncolonists, they received an important accession to\\ntheir numbers. Early in 1719 came the Scottish Scottish\\nenn-\\nfamilies, sixteen in number, to Londonderry, s^nts.\\nNear the beginning of the seventeenth century,\\ntheir ancestors had emigrated from Argylshire, in\\nthe vrest of Scotland, to the counties of London-\\nderry and Antrim, in the north of Ireland.* There\\nthey trusted that their posterity might dwell, be-\\nyond the reach of tyrants. But the hand of per-\\nsecution, which fell so h.eavily upon all Protestants\\nduring the reigns of Charles I. and James II.,\\nreached Ireland, and was laid upon the Scots.\\nTliere, while burdened with tithes and thirsting\\nfor a larger liberty, they heard that there was a\\ndelightful region in the New World, yet unmarred\\nby the foot-print of an oppressor. Cheered by the\\nmost flattering hopes, one hundred and twenty\\nfamilies embarked for America. Their voyage\\nwas prosperous. They arrived, some at Boston,\\nothers at Portland, and there passed the autumn\\nand winter. The next year 3I Gregore, with six-\\nteen families, selected for their residence London-\\nderry and there he preached his first sermon,\\nunder the shade of a spreading oak. Large ac-\\ncessions of their countrymen were soon added to\\nVVhiton, p. GG.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, the original company and in a few years the\\nchurch numbered two hundred and thirty mem-\\nbers. They were Presbyterians. They Uved in\\nthat age of enthusiasm when the adherents of old\\nand new creeds gloried in the name of martyrs,\\nand dissenters demanded, (what they were seldom\\nwilling to grant,) unlimited freedom of religious\\nopinion. These emigrants were proud to enjoy,\\nand gloried in vjndicating, the Presbyterian faith.\\nThey were descended from men by whom that\\ndoctrine had been maintained with a spirit of in-\\ndependence unequalled in any state in Europe,\\nand hardly surpassed by the firmness and valor\\nwith which their more remote ancestors, unawed\\nby the terror of the Roman name, defended their\\nmoors and marshes against the conquering arms of\\nAgricola.\\nIt is not strange that they should have been\\nardently attached to their faith. They knew that\\nit was Christianity that changed the savage man-\\nners of their remote ancestors, and brought to the\\ndepths of the morasses and woods the dignity and\\nhappiness of civilized social life. It was no won-\\nder, then, that they should hold strong opinions.\\nIt was no wonder that they should worship, with\\nfervent devotion, that Sun of Righteousness wliich\\nhad shed such a reviving light over the highlands\\nand into all the glens of Caledonia. It is no won-\\nder that they should deem it a sacred duty to serve\\nthe cause of Heaven by making the fiercest oppo-\\nsition to what they deemed a false faith nor,\\nwhen they had found what they esteemed true\\nChristianity, that they should be willing to sacri-\\nfice for it the last and best joys and possessions of", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 129\\nman even to forsaking their country and laying chap.\\ndown their lives.\\nNext to their piety, the most striking character-\\nistic of the Scottish settlers was their national pride\\nand high sense of honor. They held life in mean\\nregard, compared with the slightest stain upon\\ntheir honor. They felt the blood of the ancient\\nScots swelling their veins and though far removed\\nfrom them by time, and far distant from home,\\nthey still remembered Scotland, and cherished\\nas household words the local names of Moray and\\nCaithness, Galloway and Strath Clyde. It was\\nnatural for men to feel some pride of country,\\nwhose ancestors had been led to battle by such\\nheroes as Wallace and Bruce. It was still more\\nnatural for those to feel it who had been taught\\nthat other generations of Scottish heroes had ren-\\ndered memorable the fields of Harlow, Sterling,\\nand Ancram-Moor. The earliest annals prove\\nthe Scots to have been a gallant people. The\\nancient Caledonians, preferring death to slavery,\\nmet the Romans in the forests of Lochleven and\\nLoch Ore, and maintained their native indepen-\\ndence, in spite of the universal conquerors com-\\npelling them to feel and acknowledge how great\\nmust be the patriotism and valor which move a\\npeople to defend such wild districts of mountain,\\nmoor, and marsh, against the victors of the world..\\nIn process of time the descendants of the London-\\nderry settlers spread over Windham, Chester,\\nLitchfield, Manchester, Bedford, Goffstown, New\\nBoston, Antrim, Peterborough, and Acworth, in\\nNew Hampshire, and Barnet, in Vermont. They\\nwere the first settlers of many towns in Massa-\\n17", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, chusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia. They are\\nnow, to the number of more than twenty thousand,*\\nscattered over all the states of the Union. But\\nwherever located, and however situated, these\\nancestral recollections seem to have been cherish-\\ned by the posterity of the Scottish emigrants. To\\nthis it is to be ascribed, in part at least, that\\nStark, Reid, M Clary, M Niel, and Miller, have\\ndisplayed, in later days, much of the same pride\\nand patriotism which swelled the dauntless hearts\\nof Wallace and Bruce. Inheriting the same great\\ntraits of character, the American heroes of Scot-\\ntish descent have made the achievements of Bunker\\nHill, Bennington, and Bridgewater, not unworthy\\nto be associated in history with those of Flodden,\\nMelrose, Dundalk, and Bannockburn.\\nIn the character of the Scots of Londonderry\\nindustry was another and a prominent trait. It is\\nsaid of them that they were a well-principled\\npeople; frugal, hardy, and industrious. It is\\ncertain that they made rapid advances towards\\nwealth and importance and that the excellence\\nof their manufactures and the products of their\\nindustry procured for them an extensive demand.\\nIt is easy for the physiologist to discover, even\\nnow, in the countenances of the people of Derry,\\nthe same traits of character which led the ancient\\nScots to encounter such formidable odds, and\\ncling with such tenacity to the defence of hills clad\\nin perpetual snow, and wintry shores washed by\\nthe Northern Ocean. It is easy to see, in the\\nWhilon estimates the descendants of the Londonderry settlers at be-\\ntween twenty and thirty thousand p. 67.\\nt Whiton, p. 66.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 131\\nfaces tliat assemble on a Sabbath day at Derry, chap.\\nindications of the same deep feehng and high .^J^\\nresolve, which moved the Scots of olden time to\\nresist the fierce tyranny of the English church.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nThe Aurora Borealis seen for the first time in New England in 1721 Inoc-\\nulation first used as an antidote to the small-pox War with the Indians\\nThe Jesuit missionaries Father Rasle his labors his death and char-\\nacter War with the Indians The family of Hanson Captain Love-\\nwell Last battle with the Indians at Lovewell s Pond Defeat and death\\nof Lovewell Description of the battle-ground and the scenery in the\\nvalley of the Saco Departure of the Penacooks Boundary dispute\\nSettlement of Concord Triennial act Burnet Belcher Death of\\nWentworth his character Dunbar Contest between the friends of the\\nUnion with Massachusetts and the advocates of a separate government\\nBoundary dispute continues decided in favor of New Hampshire\\nBanning Wentworth appointed governor Sickness in New Hampshire\\nIntelligence Morals Schools George Whitefield comes to New\\nHampshire his eloquence his character.\\nCHAP. The Aurora Borealis, the beauty of the north-\\nVII.\\n1721.\\nDec. 17.\\nern sky, which is now gazed upon with so much\\ndehght, was seen for the first time in New Eng-\\nland in 1721, and filled the inhabitants with alarm.\\nSuperstition beheld with terror its scarlet hues,\\nand transformed its waving folds of light, moving\\nlike banners along the sky, into harbingers of com-\\ning judgment, and omens of impending havoc.\\nUnder its brilliant reflections, the snow, the trees,\\nand every object, seemed to be dyed with blood,\\nand glowed like fire.\\nShortly after the appearance of this beautiful\\nand still mysterious phenomenon of the northern\\nheavens, it was for the first time proposed in New\\nEngland to make use of inoculation as an antidote\\nto the small-pox. It had long been known as a\\nI", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRB. 133\\nremedy in Turkey, and was now introduced into chap.\\nthe colonies, under the auspices of Cotton Mather. _.^\\nIt required all his influence to gain for it the coun-\\ntenance of the clergy but the prejudices of the\\npeople were inflamed against it to such a degree,\\nthat when Dr. Boylston, who was the first indi-\\nvidual to use it, offered to test its harmlessness or\\nfatality by applying it to his own family, they\\nraised a tumult and threatened his life.\\nBut the attention of the people was soon ab-\\nsorbed by another and more fearful subject. The\\nIndians were preparing for hostilities. The English\\nmust make ready for defence. In the long interval\\nof peace, causes of war had been silently operating.\\nThe royal governors at the north did not strive, as\\ndid Oglethorpe and William Penn, to secure the\\nattachment of the tribes by frankness and strict\\nfidelity. The natives never regarded tlie northern\\ngovernor as their father, nor did they confide in\\nhim, and appeal to him in every emergency of their\\ninternal disputes. Seldom or never did he enter\\nthe large square of the council place, or distribute\\npresents to his red friends, or drink with the P fin-\\nwarriors the sacred safkey, or smoke with the ni-.\\n434-5.\\nnations the pipe of peace. They gave them few\\npresents, and purposely avoided explaining to them\\nthe terms of treaties and conveyances of land. If\\nthey did not openly break their engagements with\\nthem, they pursued towards them a selfish and un-\\nscrupulous policy. They erected dams and mills,\\ncareless of the injury they did to the Indian fisheries.\\nThe Indians more than once complained that they\\nwere cheated in trade. Avarice often led the\\nEnglish to obtain deeds of land by deceit and", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "134 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, when the Indian had been tausht to get drunk,\\nTT T r\\n1, his best possessions coukl be taken from him in a\\nfit of intoxication, without an equivalent. They\\ndid not foresee that the erection of forts and mills\\nwas to drive away their game and fish and it was\\nnot till they found their means of subsistence cut\\noff, that they repented of their unguarded confidence,\\nand sought to dispossess those whom they had\\nwelcomed as friends. When they found that agri-\\nculture was destroying their interests, they deter-\\nmined, as a measure of self-preservation, to drive\\nawTcy the new settlers, and bring back the already\\nhalf-reclaimed wilderness to its primitive state.\\nHaving no records, the memory of bargains was\\nsoon lost and then many of the land titles which\\nthey had given came to be of doubtful validity.\\nThe lands which had been sold on the banks of the\\nSt. George and Kennebec at an early period, the\\nIndians had no memory of; and when the sales were\\nproved to them, they declared that the sachems\\nhad exceeded their authority.\\nFrom the first landing of the English, they\\ntreated the natives as subjects of the crown. They\\ndeclared war against them as rebels, and in treaties\\nthey styled them British subjects. When they\\nwere conquered, they were compelled to acknow-\\nledge their submission to the English government.\\nThe French, on the contrary, did not declare the\\nIndians to be subjects of France. They left to\\nall the tribes their native independence. Although\\ntheir traders often travelled and resided amongst\\nthe Indians, they seldom or never sought to obtain\\ntheir lands. The French sent to them mission-\\naries, wlio gained access to their hearts, and in-\\nspired them with reverence and love.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "I NEAV HA 51 PS II I RE. 135\\nThe Jesuits planted the cross at an early day chap.\\namong the tribes of the Abcnaqiiis. But of the ,._,^\\nmissionaries whom they sent there, no one endured\\nor accomplished so much to christianize the In-\\ndians as father Sebastian Rasle. In early youth\\nhe left the endearments of home and civilized life,\\nplunged into the depths of wilds unexplored, and\\nshared with the Indians the privations of the wil-\\nderness. In the Indian village of Norridgewock,\\nby a graceful curve of the Kennebec, on a beau-\\ntiful prairie, stood his abode. All around lay a\\npathless wilderness. It was here that the mission-\\nary, then young, resolved to devote the remainder\\nof his days to the spiritual services whereto he\\nhad been appointed. A church was erected, and\\nsupplied with those splendid decorations by which\\nthe Catholics seek to engage the imagination, and\\nthrough that to reach the heart. Above the village\\nstood one consecrated chapel, and below it another\\nwas erected, and bore on its walls the image of\\nthe holy virgin. By the assistance of women, the\\nchurch was embellished with tasteful ornaments,\\nand illumined by brilliant lights from the wax\\nof the bayberries, gathered from the islands of the Hist,\\nsea. A bell was transported from Canada,\\nthrough the wilderness, which, at morning and\\nevening hour, called the hunters and warriors to\\nprayer. Around tlie village the primeval forest\\nyet stood in its grandear and glory. Islands, like\\ngems, studded the clear expanse of the Kennebec,\\nand a range of lofty mountains skirted the distant\\nhorizon. The matin song began to be chanted in\\nthese romantic solitudes, and with the unceasing\\nmusic of the waterfall mingled the vesper hymn.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "136 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. The Indians were taught to sing and recite in their\\nVH\\nnative tongue, and were charmed with the same\\nceremonies v hich captivated the cultured minds\\nof Fenelon and Cheverus. By the winning con-\\nversation of Father Ilasle, and by the fervor and\\npathos of his preaching, the Indians were pro-\\nfoundly impressed with the truth of his religion,\\nand 3^ielded almost implicit obedience to his will.\\nHe was master of all their languages, shared in\\ntheir privations, and adopted the customs of the\\ntribe. In times of scarcity he supplied them with\\nfood, secured their aiTections by his gentle deport-\\nment, and finally gained over them an ascendency\\nsuperior to the influence of the native chiefs.\\nWhen he had grown gray in poverty and absti-\\nnence, he v\u00c2\u00bbas suspected by the English of insti-\\ngating the Indians to war and a party under Col.\\n1721. Westbrook was sent to Norridgewock to seize\\nhim. But a courier had preceded them to give\\nhim notice of their approach, and he escaped into\\nthe woods. The government soon resolved upon\\nanother expedition to Norridgewock and accord-\\n1724. ingly Captains Moulton and Harmon invested that\\nfs! village, each of them at the head of an Imndred\\nmen. When Father Rasle heard the tumult of\\ntheir approach, he knew the danger to which him-\\nself and his people were exposed. Nothing in-\\ntimidated, he went forth, with fifty warriors, to\\nmeet the assailants, hoping to hold them in check\\ntill the women and children should have time to\\nescape. As soon as he was discovered, a volley\\nof musketry was directed towards him, and he fell\\ndead at the foot of the cross which he had planted.\\nThe Indians mourned for him as for a chief and a", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 137\\nfather. He was buried near the place where his\\naltar stood, and where he had so often celebrated\\nthe rites of his faith. More than a century after\\nhis death, gratitude and reverence reared an hum-\\nble monument to his memory on the spot where he\\nfell. It was consecrated by Bishop Fenwick, with\\nthe solemn and imposing ceremonies of the Catlio-\\nlic worship. No one could deny that it marked the\\nspot where a good man was stricken down and\\nwhen it was destroyed by the unseen hand of vio-\\nlence, Charity could but mourn that enough of in-\\ntolerant fanaticism should be found in the present\\nenlightened age, to invade the precincts of :the\\ndead, in order to trample upon a monument which\\nthe most savage conqueror would respect and\\nspare.\\nIt was impossible for the Indians to overlook\\nsuch an outrage upon their spiritual father, as that\\nwhich was committed in the first attempt to seize\\nRasle. They regarded him v. itli a reverence ap-\\nproaching almost to worship. They determined\\nto retaliate, and sought eagerly for revenge. The\\nnext summer they made an attack at Merry-meet- J\\nJunel3.\\ning-Bay, and carried captive nine families. At\\nthe fort of St. George s they were repulsed but\\ndestroyed Brunswick. This determined the gov-\\nernment upon hostilities, and accordingly a formal\\ndeclaration of war was published at Boston and\\nPortsmouth. Walton, Westbrook and Penhaliow\\nled the New Hampshire forces. Thus, after an\\ninterval of ten years of peace, the colony was again\\ninvolved in a war with the Indians. The enemy\\nwas expected on every part of the frontier, and\\nagain the people fled to their garrisoned houses.\\n18", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "138 HISTOJRY OF\\nThe growing unpopularity of Shute admonished\\nhim, at this time, to return to England, Although\\nthe people of New Hampshire were quiet under his\\nadministration, yet there was rising in Massachu-\\nsetts a violent and increasing opposition. Having\\nbeen a soldier in his youth, and accustomed to\\nmilitary command and obedience, he was poorly\\nprepared to brook the crosses and perplexities of\\npoliticrJ life. He did not possess that evenness of\\ntemper and calmness, Vvhich are so necessary for\\niTIa. ^^^6 management of difficult affairs. It was in the\\nmidst of an Indian war, when difficulties surrounded\\nthe government, that he left for England, and\\nLieutenant Governor Wentworth succeeded to the\\nchair. It was resolved to prosecute the war vigor-\\nously. Wentworth, in the absence of Shute, took\\nthe field as commander-in-chief, and displayed\\nthe prudence and energy of an able leader. He\\nwas careful to supply the garrisons with stores and\\nto visit them in person, to see that the duties of all\\nwere strictly performed.\\nThe Indians approached the settlements by way\\nAugust of the Winnipiseogee. Their first appearance was\\nat Dover their next at Lamprey River and they\\nattacked, in quick succession, the settlements at\\nMay Oyster River, Kingston and Chester. A company\\njyiay marched to protect Oyster River, under the com-\\nmand of Abraham Benwick. At Dover some\\nfamilies of Quakers, scrupulously opposed to war,\\ncould not be persuaded to defend themselves. A\\nparty of French and Mohawks marked the family\\nof John Hanson for their prey. They waited in\\nambush till the eldest daughter had gone and the\\ntwo oldest sons. They then entered the house.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 139\\nkilled and scalped two of the small children, and chap.\\ntook prisoners Mrs. Hanson with her infant. The _.^\\nfirst person to discover this disa-^ter was the absent\\ndaughter wdio, on her return, seeing the two chil-\\ndren dead at the door, gave a shriek of despair,\\nwhich was heard at the same moment by her mo-\\nther in the hands of the enemy, and by her brothers\\nin the meadow. The people were quickly alarmed,\\nand went in pursuit but the Indians, avoiding all\\nthe travelled paths, bore off their captives beyond\\ntheir reach. After this catastrophe, Mr. Hanson\\nremoved to the house of his brother who, though 1724.\\na duaker, accustomed his family to the use of arms,\\nand defended himself. Thus do scruples of con-\\nscience sometim.es yield to the supreme necessity\\nof self-preservation.\\nThe captive lady, though tender and delicate,\\npossessed a vigorous mind, and bore the hardships\\nof the march with surprising fortitude. On arriving\\nin Canada, the prisoners were all sold to the\\nFrench. With ceaseless effort the sad father\\ngathered gold and silver for their ransom and\\nwhen a sufficient sum had been accumulated, he\\ntraversed the woods to Canada, in search of his lost\\nfamily. Long and hopelessly he sought for them\\nthrough all the French settlements, and was about\\nto abandon the search, when, by the benevolence\\nof a French lady, he was directed to the house\\nwhere they were kept as slaves. Overwhelmed\\nwith joy, he paid the ransom, and received his wife,\\nthe three younger children, and the nurse. It was\\nimpossible to obtain the eldest daughter, though\\nhe saw and conversed with her and he returned,\\nleaving her in captivity. But he remained not long", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, at home. The loss of his daughter continued to\\nvn\\n_..,-^ prey upon his mind, and it was impossible to solace\\n1727. his grief. In a short time he set out to tread\\nagain his lonely path to Canada. But the troubles\\nof his mind and the exposure and fatigues of the\\nfirst journey, had undermined his health, and be-\\nfore he reached Crown Point his strength failed\\nhim. Parental affection urged him on till the last\\nsands of life had run, and seemed to grow stronger\\nas his end drew near, until death extinguished life\\nand love together, and the father was laid in a\\ngrave equally distant from his home and his\\ndaughter.\\n1724. The enemy now ranged the whole extent of the\\nSept. 5. frontiers, plundering and laying waste and killing\\nSept. 7. several at Dunstable and Kingston. One after\\nanother, the Indian villages were visited but they\\nwere found deserted. The fate of Norridgewock\\nwas still fresh in their thoughts, and they could not\\nbe found in their former abodes. Scouting parties\\nvisited their principal villages, generally with little\\neffect. But there was one of these parties, distin-\\nguished at first by success, and afterwards no less\\ndistinguished by misfortune. Commanded by Cap-\\ntain John Lovewell, they set out on their first\\n1725. excursion, north of Lake Winnipiseogee, killed\\nFeb. 20. QY,Q Indian and brought another home to Boston.\\nThis trifling good luck augmented his company to\\nMarch scvcuty. Tcn Indian scalps were the trophies of the\\nsecond excursion. Encouraged by repeated suc-\\ncess, Lovewell marched a third time to attack the\\nvillages of the once formidable Pequawkets, on the\\nupper branches of the Saco. The company, at this\\ntime, numbered forty-six, including a chaplain and\\n9.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 141\\nsurgeon. Two of them afterwards returned an-\\nother fell sick. Partly for the accommodation of\\nthe sick man, and partly for a place of retreat in i^nap.\\ncase of disaster, they halted and built a stockade\\nfort on the west side of Great Ossipee pond. Here\\nthey left the sick man with the surgeon and eight\\nof the company for a guard. The number was\\nthus reduced to thirty-four. They had not pro-\\nceeded far northward, when they came to a pond,\\non the margin of which they encamped for the\\nnight. Early the next morning, they heard the\\nreport of a gun, and saw a solitary Indian standing,\\nmore than a mile distant from them, on the point\\nof a promontory projecting out into the water.\\nSuspecting that he had been placed there to decoy\\nthem, and that a body of the enemy was in front,\\nthey held a consultation and determined to march\\nforward, encompass the pond, and endeavor to gain\\nthe place where the Indian stood. That they\\nmight be ready for action, they laid aside their\\npacks, containing all their provisions. It hap-\\npened tliat two parties of Indians, commanded by\\nPaugus* and Wahwa, were returning from a scout\\ndown tlie Saco, to the lower village of the Pe-\\nquawkets. Falling on Lovewell s track, they fol-\\nlowed it till they came to the packs. By counting\\nthese they discovered at once the weakness of their\\nenemy. The number of men was less than their\\nown. They then placed themselves in ambush\\nnear the spot, and quietly waited the return of the\\nmen to their packs. The single Indian, who had\\nstood on the point of land {)rojccting into the pond,\\nthe party of Lovewell killed and scalped. Seeing\\nCharles James Fox s account of Lovewell s fisht MS.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORY OF\\nno otiier enemy, they returned towards their packs,\\nand while they were looking about for them, the\\nIndians rose and rushed upon them with a horrid\\nwar-whoop. Captain Lovewell and eight men fell\\ndead at the first fire Lieutenant Farwell and\\ntwo others were wounded. By this time several\\nof the Indians had fallen but being superior in\\nnumber, they were able to keep up a brisk fire,\\nwhich was as briskly returned. Perceiving that\\nthe Indians were endeavoring to surround them,\\nthey retreated a short distance, and chose a more\\nadvantageous position.\\nHere they were partially sheltered by a point\\nof rocks extending out into the pond, and by a few\\npine trees standing on the sandy beach. Here\\nthey made a stand. On their right was the mouth\\nof a stream on their left the rocky point their\\nfront partly covered by a deep bog, partly exposed,\\nand the pond in their rear. Thus they were\\nhemmed in, and the enemy pressing upon them and\\ngalling them in front and flank. The fall of their\\ncommander and more than one quarter of their\\nnumber, at the first onset, was disheartening. But\\nthey knew that their distance from the frontier cut\\nofi all hope of safety by flight. Prudence as well\\nas valor dictated a continuance of the engagement.\\nThey were now without a mouthful of sustenance.\\nThey had fought till past noonday, and their chap-\\nlain and ensign Robbins were mortally wounded.\\nUnder these discouraging circumstances, the In-\\ndians invited them to surrender, but they declined,\\nand under the conduct of Lieut. Wyman, on\\nwhom the command had devolved, they kept up\\ntheir fire. As night approached, the war-whoop", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 143\\ngrew fainter. The number of the Indians was chap.\\nVll\\ngreatly diminished; Paiigus was slain;* and ...,..-.1\\nbefore sunset they retired, carrying with them\\ntheir dead and wounded. Such was the fortune\\nof this bloody ^ay. The field was left to the col-\\nonists. The enemy, awed by their brave resistance\\nand weakened by their own loss, thought it pru-\\ndent to yield them the honor of the field. The\\nshattered remnants of the brave company now as-\\nsembled together, and found but nine of their\\nnumber who had received no hurt. Of the wound-\\ned, eleven were able to march. To dispose of\\nthose who were unable to move was now the sad\\nduty of the survivors. To remain with them\\nwould be certain destruction to all to remove them\\nwas impossible and yet to leave their dying com-\\npanions behind, to fall into the hands of those who\\nfelt not pity, was little less than death to the gen-\\nerous soldier. There seemed, however, to be no\\nalternative, and, after struggling with their feelings,\\nthey tore themselves from the spot. Ensign Rob-\\nbins desired them to lay his gun by him loaded,\\nthat before his death he might kill one more Indian.\\nBy the light of the rising moon they quitted the\\nfatal field and directed their march to the stockade\\nfort, here they had left the sick man with a guard,\\non their way to Ossipee pond. To their surprise\\nthey found it deserted. In the beginning of the\\naction one man had fled from the field, and had\\ngone and told them of the defeat of the company.\\nThey now abandoned the fort and set out to return\\nhome. On their way, Lieut. Farwell and two\\nothers died of their wounds. One by one the sur-\\nCharles James Fox s account, in MS.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "144 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, vivors reached home, and were received with joy,\\nvn\\n___ as men restored from the dead. A company\\nfrom Dunstable, headed by Col. Tyng, went out\\nto bury the bodies of Capt. Lovewell and his\\ncompanions. They found twelve of them, and\\nburying them, carved their names on the trees\\naround the battle ground. The village of Fryeburg,\\nin Maine, built in one of the most delightful valleys\\nin America, stands near the sheet of water which\\nhas been made to commemorate this battle, by\\ntaking the name of Lovewell s Pond. The inhabi-\\ntants are able to point out the spot where he fell.\\nThe pond is a beautiful sheet of water, three miles\\nlong.\\nIt is thought that the surrounding scenery has\\nbeen changed but slightly, although more than a\\ncentury has elapsed since the battle was fought.\\nThe inhabitants of the town suppose that they can\\ndesignate the spot, now called Indian Point, near\\nthe mouth of a small stream, where stood the\\ndecoy Indian. The waters are encircled by a\\nwide sandy beach, which rises with a gentle slope,\\nand is bordered with a growth of pines, which sur-\\nround it like a belt. Loon island rises like a green\\nspec, near the centre, and at a little distance from\\nthis is Pine island, crowned with trees. The Saco\\nsweeps within twenty rods of the pond, as if com-\\ning to receive the waters, which flow into it through\\na narrow channel. The village of Fryeburg stands\\non a level plain, elevated a few feet above the broad\\nintervals of the Saco. In the midst of this plain\\nrises a single stupendous rock, two hundred feet\\nhigh its top capped with small pines, its sides\\nclad in dark brown moss. When standing under its", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 145\\noverhanging cliffs, man appears to be an insignifi- chap.\\ncant object. It rises like an observatory in the\\nmidst of the unrivalled charms of a landscape, over\\nwhich the eye ranges for miles. From the south\\ncomes the Saco, flowing in graceful meandcrings,\\nits banks frmged with the various trees that adorn\\nthe meadows, and loses itself at last towards the\\nnorth, amidst the hills which range themselves on\\neither side. Northward are the Pequawket moun-\\ntains, and westward is Cliocorua peak, the monarch\\nof the Sandwich range altogether, forming a semi-\\ncircular group of mountains of surpassing grandeur.\\nAnciently, within this town, scarcely six miles in\\nextent, the winding course of the Saco measured\\nthirty-four miles in length. The frightful freshets\\nof the river often compelled the inhabitants to re-\\ntreat, with their flocks and herds, to the highlands.\\nThey have now, by a canal running across the nar-\\nrowest neck of land, led the river from its bed and\\ndried it up for a distance of thirty miles. In early\\ntimes the Pequawket Indians could float with their\\ncanoes, by making the circuit of Lovewell s pond\\nnear the shores, and passing through its outlet into\\nthe Saco, for more than a hundred miles, all with-\\nin the town of Fryeburg. The features of this\\nvalley are hardly equalled in New England. From\\nan observatory, raised by the hand of nature in its\\nmidst, the eye of the beholder ranges from Love-\\nwell s pond on the southeast, eastward over an\\nalmost unbroken forest, until the view is bounded\\nby Pleasant mountain. He sees, almost at a\\nglance, the silver thread of the Saco winding in\\nthe distance the bright waters of the pond, and\\nthe plains and meadows the clouds resting on the\\n19", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "146 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, summits of the mountains, or hanging wreathed\\n___L around their rugged sides, sometimes ilhimined by\\nthe sun s rays hke fluid gold, sometimes kindling\\nwith the first fires of morning. Never did nobler\\nmountains fling their broad shadows, at sunset, over\\nmore beautiful plains and meadows than those which\\nsurround the village of Fryeburg. Nor is it the\\nleast interesting of the traveller s reflections, while\\ngazing here, that he treads upon the favorite hunt-\\ning-grounds of the once formidable Pequawkets.\\nThe battle with Lovewell was the last expiring\\neffort of the Indians in New Hampshire. They\\nnever took the field again. They seemed to be\\naware of their destiny. The prophecy of their\\ngreat father, Passaconaway, made more than a\\ncentury before, had been fulfilled.* The pale\\nfaces were indeed tenants of all the pleasant places\\nef their fathers. Copying the vices without the\\nvirtues of the white man, the Indian gained from\\ncivilization no advantages equal to the ills he suf-\\nfered and while impelled by instinct to self-\\ndefence every effort which he made did but accel-\\nerate his doom.\\nThe battle of Lovewell s pond was the most ob-\\nstinate and destructive encounter in the war.\\nCommissioners were now despatched, on the part\\nof New England, to Vaudruil^ governor of Canada,\\n1725. to complain of the countenance he had ffiven to the\\nJan. 20.\\nIndians. This procured the ransom of some cap-\\ntives, and exerted an influence favorable to peace.\\nAfter a few months, a treaty was ratified at Fal-\\nQ^^ j5 mouth.f Never were the people of New Hamp-\\nshire so well trained to war as at this period.\\nSeepage f Prov. Rcc, Jour. House, 1724\u00e2\u0080\u00941743.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 147\\nRanging parties constantly traversed the woods, cHAr.\\nas far north as the White Mountains. Every man ,_,^\\nof forty years had seen twenty years of war. They\\nhad been taught to handle arms from the cradle,\\nand, by long practice, had become expert marks-\\nmen. They were hardy and intrepid, and knew\\nthe lurking-places of the foe. Accustomed to fa-\\ntigue and familiar with danger, they bore with com-\\nposure the greatest privations, and surmounted\\nwith alacrity the most formidable difficulties.\\nThe Penacooks* had now gone from Concord\\nand from all the valley of the Merrimack. Some of 1727.\\nthem, more warlike than the others, had gone to\\nthe Abenaquis. The residue of them emigrated to\\nthe confines of Canada, and mingled with the tribes\\nof the St. Francis. All obstacles being removed,\\nand there being no vicinity of hostile neighbors,\\nthe settlement of Concord v/as commenced in\\n1727 ;f the same year that was distinguished by oct.29.\\nthe second great earthquake which had shaken New\\nEngland. J Not long after, scattering settlers plant-\\ned themselves along the Merrimack, from Dun-\\nstable to Boscawen, and sometime afterwards, at\\nHoUis, Amherst, Winchester, Keene and Swansey.\\nOf the emigrants on the Merrimack and its western\\ntributaries, the greater part were from Massachu-\\nsetts. Another class was at the same time added\\nto the population. They came from Connecticut,\\nand planted themselves on the cast bank of Con-\\nnecticut river. For years these different classes\\nof settlers exhibited characteristics so peculiar as\\nto be distinguished from each other like four na-\\nFarmer s note on the Penacook Indians. N. H. Hist. Coll., I., p. 218.\\nt N. IT. Hist. Coll., I., 158. t N. H. Hist. Coll., IV., p. 92.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORY OF\\ntions and time has not wholly obliterated the pe-\\nculiarities which once so strikingly distinguished\\nfrom each other the inhabitants of the Pascataqua,\\nLondonderry, Merrimack and Connecticut River\\nsettlements.\\nWhile the cloud of war overhung the colonies,\\n1726. boundary dispute had slept in silence. The\\nreturn of peace brought with it leisure, and the\\ncontest revived afresh. Massachusetts asserted her\\ncharter claim to all the lands lying beyond a certain\\nline. This line began at a point three miles north\\ntm^rl. mouth of the Merrimack. From thence it\\n^kn?p! west and north, at the same distance of three\\nx ^P- miles from the river to a point in the present town-\\nship of Sanbornton three miles beyond the paral-\\nlel of the junction of the Winnipiseogee and the\\nPemigevvasset thence due west to the Connecti-\\ncut. This claim covered the whole of the county\\nof Cheshire and the greater part of Hillsboro\\nMerrimack and Sullivan. Aware that their claim\\nto jurisdiction might be overruled by the king,\\nMassachusetts was desirous to acquire in these\\nlands the right of property. To further this object,\\nMassachusetts proposed the appointment of com-\\nmissioners to establish the line. The New Hamp-\\nshire assembly refused to concur,* alleging that\\nthey had already submitted the case to the king.\\nBoth parties waxed warm in the dispute a sur-\\nvey was ordered, and each state strove to plant\\nsettlements within the confines of this disputed ter-\\nritory. Every pretence was sought, and every en-\\ncouragement given to entitle persons to become\\nProv. Rec, Jour. House, 1721\u00e2\u0080\u00941743. Jour. Council and Assembly\\n1716\u00e2\u0080\u00941728.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 14\u00c2\u00bb9\\ngrantees of tlie lands. A claim was soon discover-\\ned, founded in feelings of gratitude to the country s\\ndefenders. The descendants of those who had\\nfought in the wars of the preceding century were\\nyet unrewarded. Nine townships were readily\\ngranted by Massachusetts to the heirs of these sol-\\ndiers. Those nine were called the Canada town-\\nships, and six of them were within the space\\nclaimed by New Hampshire. To the survivors of\\nbrave Lovewell s defeat, and to the descendants\\nof those who fell, a select tract was granted at\\nSuncook. New Hampshire, also, granted the\\ntownships of Epsom, Chichester, Barnstead, Can- Mayi s\\nterbury, Gilmanton and Bow. None of these were\\nwithin the disputed tract, except Bow which in-\\nterfered with grants already made by Massachu-\\nsetts in Suncook and Penacook. This brought\\nthe parties directly into a contest for it was a\\npractical assertion, on the part of New Hampshire,\\nof her claim to the territory in dispute. A litiga-\\ntion arose, which survived through the changes of\\nforty years.\\nThe deserted homes of the peaceful Penacooks\\nnow invited the current of emigration to the banks\\nof the Merrimack, and a settlement was commenced\\nin 1727. In 1733 it was called Rumford,* and 1727.\\n1 700\\ndid not take the name of Concord till 17G5. Al-\\nlured by the level and pleasant lands on this river,\\nsettlers planted themselves along its whole course,\\nand all along its western tributaries. They fol-\\nlowed up the Ashuelot, and planted themselves at\\nKeene, in one of the most beautiful vales in New\\nEngland. These settlers were from Massachu-\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., I., p. 153\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ibid. 218.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "1727.\\n150 HISTORY OF\\nsetts, and were distinctly marked as the third\\ndivision of the inhabitants of New Hampshire.\\nThey exhibited pecuharities, intellectual, moral,\\nsocial and political. The Connecticut, Pascata-\\nqua, and Londonderry divisions have all likewise\\nbeen distinguished by peculiar traits of character\\nand long continued to display, in their manners,\\ncustoms and modes of thinking, the peculiar char-\\nacteristics of former generations. The settlers car-\\nried with them, into their new abodes, the habits,\\nfeelings and principles deeply impressed on their\\nminds, when young, which long continued to dis-\\nplay their peculiar influences on their descendants.\\nThus these settlers continued to exhibit almost the\\nnational peculiarities of four distinct nations.\\nDuring the absorbing excitement of the boundary\\ncontest, little progress was made in the improve-\\nment and settlement of the country. Projects for\\ncolonies were continually formed meetings of\\nproprietors were held, and an avaricious spirit of\\nspeculation in landed property prevailed every\\nwhere but the best lands remained uncultivated\\nand the real wealth of the country was diminished.\\nIts improvement was retarded. But in the midst\\nNov. of these speculations and schemes of settlement,\\nthe death of King George I. dissolved the assem-\\nbly, and writs were issued for the election of a new\\none, in the name of George the second. This as-\\nsembly had subsisted for five years, which had\\nbeen deemed a grievance. By so long a con-\\ntinuance in office, tlie representatives became too\\nindependent of the people. Basking so long in\\nthe rays of royal favor, they became alienated\\nfrom their constituents, and corrupted by long inti\\n21", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 151\\nmacy with a royal governor and his council, and chap.\\npopular opinion lost its just weight in government. ,^,.,-1.,\\nThe death of the king furnished a fit occasion,\\nand the democratic principle, which quickens the\\nnatural progress of power from the few hands to\\nthe many, now manifested itself in a general desire\\nexpressed by the people to limit the duration of\\nassemblies. Immediately after the organization of\\nthe new assembly, a move was made for a trien-\\nnial act.* The lieutenant governor, Wentworth,\\nfavored the proposal, and both houses agreed in\\nframing an act by which the^present assembly was\\nlimited to three years, unless sooner dissolved by\\nthe governor. This act afibrded additional se-\\ncurity to the rights of the people, and was hailed\\nas a popular triumph. Having taken the first step,\\nthe house were disposed to proceed to other alter-\\nations and reforms. They had already resolved\\nupon remodelling the courts.\\nBut the council resisted. A contest arose be- 1727.\\ntween the two branches, which Wentworth sudden-\\nly terminated, by dissolving the assembly ;f an act\\nwhich embittered the people against him and his\\nadministration. Most of the old assembly were\\nre-elected, and the same speaker, Nathaniel Weare, 1728.\\nwas again chosen. Wentworth, however, nega-\\ntived tlie choice, thus assuming the power of a\\nroyal governor. After several days suspension of\\nbusiness, the house reluctantly chose another\\nspeaker. The public business now proceeded\\nwith ill humor. Tiie chair and the house assumed\\nhostile attitudes. Continual reproaches passed\\n*Prov. PiCC, Jour. Council and Assembly, 1716 1728. Jour. House, 172-1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00941743. t P- R-; J- H. and A. 1717\u00e2\u0080\u00941728. J. H. 1721\u00e2\u0080\u00941713.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "152 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, between them, and the house carried their oppo-\\n;_ sition so far as to resolve upon petitioning the king\\nto annex the province to Massachusetts. But in the\\nmidst of this controversy, William Burnet, son of\\nthe famous Bishop of Sarum, arrived at Boston,\\ncommissioned as governor of Massachusetts and\\nNew Hampshire. He was an elegant scholar, and\\nan enemy to ostentation and parade. He had been\\ngovernor of New York and New Jersey. His\\nfame had reached New England, and the people\\nhad formed high anticipations of favor and benefit\\n1730. from his appointment. Shortly after his arrival at\\nPortsmouth he died of a violent fever, and was\\nsucceeded by Jonathan Belcher,* a man of a char-\\nacter widely different from his predecessor. He\\nwas a merchant, of an ample fortune, had passed\\nsix years in Europe, and had been twice at the\\nBel- court of Hanover, before the Protestant succession\\np. 224. in the house of Brunswick. In his person he was\\ngraceful his manners elegant and polite, and of\\na lofty and aspiring disposition. He was frank\\nand sincere, a generous friend, a vindictive, but not\\nimplacable, enemy proud of his office, and fond\\n1730. of splendor. When he found the emoluments of\\nhis office inadequate to support the luxuries in\\nwhich he chose to live, he determined to support the\\ndignity of his station at the expense of his private\\nDef?2 ^*^i ^u*^6- Shortly after his appointment, occurred\\nthe death of Lieutenant Governor Wentworth.\\nUntil the unfortunate controversy between liim and\\nthe assembly, near the close of his administration,\\nhe had possessed the confidence of the people, and\\nhe carried with him their respect to the grave.\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., IV., p. 97.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 153\\nWisdom and moderation marked the whole of his chap.\\nVH.\\npublic career. For nearly thirteen years he had .^-.-1^\\nconducted the affairs of the province, through the\\nperplexities of high party excitement and the diffi-\\nculties of an Indian war. In every station he\\nsecured the general confidence and esteem. In\\nhis youth he had followed the seas. From being\\nthe commander of a ship, he became a merchant.\\nHe was charitable to the poor, courteous and affa-\\nble. As a merchant, he sustained the reputation\\nof a fair and generous dealer. As a citizen, he\\nwas distinguished for his integrity, benevolence,\\nand public spirit. At his death, David Dunbar, a\\nnative of Ireland, and a reduced colonel in the June 24.\\nBritish service, succeeded him in the lieutenancy.\\nNo sooner did Dunbar arrive in New Hamp-\\nshire, than he joined the party opposed to Govern-\\nor Belcher.* To tlie exertions of this party New\\nHampshire is indebted for a large extent of terri-\\ntory. Had it never sprung into existence, the\\nboundary line would have been yielded to Massa-\\nchusetts and New Hampshire, curtailed in terri-\\ntory and without a separate governor, would have\\nfinally been annexed, as a mere appendage, to her\\nmore wealthy and flourishing neighbor. The rise\\nof this party began before the death of Wenlworth,\\nand received a powerful accession of numbers from\\nhis influence. After the death of Burnet, it was\\nuncertain whether Belcher would be appointed, or\\nwhether Governor Shutc, who had been long\\nabsent, would return and resume the chair. Went-\\nworlh wrote letters of compliment to both. Bel-\\nciici was not apprized of the letter to Shute until\\nProv. Eec, Jour. House. 1721\u00e2\u0080\u00941713.\\n20\\nRol-\\niiap.p.\\n224.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "154 HISTOPwY OF\\nCHAP, after his arrival in America. He was then inform-\\n_^__ ed that Shute had received a letter from the lieu-\\ntenant-governor, of the same tenor as his own.\\nThis was deemed an act of duplicity, and excited\\nhis displeasure. He withdrew all civilities from\\nWentworth and having control over the emolu-\\nments of his office, he cut down his salary to the\\nsmallest possible limits. At this, Wentworth s\\nfriends were disappointed and disgusted. He did\\nnot long survive. But his son, Benning Went-\\nworth, and his son-in-law, Theodore Atkinson,\\nresented the affi ont, and having turned all their\\ninfluence against Belcher, they became leaders of\\nthe opposition. Dunbar seconded their enmity\\nwith great zeal, and the current of popular feeling\\nbegan to set strongly in their favor. The positions\\nand views of the two parties at this time may be\\ndistinctly seen. Belcher and his friends had pro-\\njected the union of New Hampshire with Massa-\\nchusetts. To effect this, it was necessary to\\ninduce the people unanimously to petition the\\ncrown. This project was unpopular, and was\\nfound to be impracticable. They therefore kept\\ntheir plan out of sight, and awaited a favorable\\nopportunity to accomplish it.\\nOn the other hand, the opposition warmly advo-\\ncated the continuance of a separate government,\\nand demanded a distinct governor, who should\\nreside in the province. The greatest obstacle to\\nthis was the poverty and smallness of the province.\\nThe population of New Hampshire, at this time,\\nnumbered not above ten thousand three or four\\nthousand of whom resided within the territory\\nclaimed by Massachusetts. There were little", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 165\\nmore than nineteen hundred dweHing-houses, and chap.\\nthe amount of shipping did not exceed five hundred\\ntons. The number of seamen was but forty. The\\nexports were small, and consisted chiefly of fish and wiu\\nlumber. The customs and excise brought only a p ^s.\\nrevenue of four hundred pounds, while the annual\\nexpenses of government rose to over fifteen hun-\\ndred pounds and the deficiency was supplied by\\na tax. In this state of things, the opposition saw\\nthe necessity of enlarging the territory and fixing\\nits limits.\\nThey easily persuaded the people that great\\nadvantages would flow to them from establishing\\nthe line that the expenses of it would be but tri-\\nfling and that the lands, when once acquired,\\nwould be granted to them and their children.\\nBoth parties had become greatly embittered m\\ntheir animosities, and the spirit of intrigue marks\\nthe whole course of their negotiations.* The\\ngovernor and his party found strong aid in the\\npowerful neighbor at their side, who, covetous of\\nterritory, was no idle spectator of the contest.\\nMassachusetts stoutly asserted her chartered\\nclaims, and affected to look with contempt on the\\nambitious plans of the small province which she\\nhad once governed. On the other hand. New\\nHampshire, aspiring to the rank of an independent\\nstate, contested boldly every inch of ground with\\nher proud rival, and when baffled in her efforts, made\\ninterest with the servants of the crown and sought\\nrefuge in royal favor. Such was the state of par-\\nties, when, in the autumn of 1731, a committee of 1731,\\nboth provinces met at Newbury, to settle this pro- ^2u\\nProv. Rec, Joar. House, 1724\u00e2\u0080\u00941743.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "156 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, tracted ciispvite. The influence of Massachusetts\\nL prevented an accommodation, and this proved to\\nhe a fruitless conference. The representatives of\\nNew Hampshire now determined to treat no long-\\ner with Massachusetts but represent the matter\\nto the king, and petition the crown to decide the\\ncontroversy. Accordingly, v/ithout the concur-\\nrence of the council,* they commissioned John\\nRindge, a merchant of Portsmouth, to present\\ntheir petition to the king. On its reception, it\\nwas referred to the lords of trade, and Rindge, on\\n1732, his departure from London, left his business in the\\nhands of John Tomlinson, of London, and Mr.\\nParris, the solicitor. These shrewd and persever-\\ning men supported the petition of New Hampshire\\nwith great ability and success. In due time they\\nobtained a royal order referring the question to a\\nboard of commissioners, to be selected from the\\n,-,0^ councilors of the neighboring province. Li Au-\\nAug. gust, 1737, this board convened at Hampton, and\\nsimultaneously with them the assemblies of the\\ntvv o contending provinces met in the same neigh-\\nborhood that of Massachusetts at Salisbury, and\\nthat of New Hampshire at Hampton Falls. Thus\\narrayed, each jealous of the other, v/atcliing to\\ncircumvent, and eager to catch at the most trivial\\nmistake, the parties, with their commissioners,\\nentered upon the difficult business before them.\\nMassachusetts contended for a line to be drawn\\nwhiton, three miles from the left bank of the Merrimack, up\\np. 81.\\nto the confluence of its two main branches, and\\nasserted her right to all the lands south and west\\nof this limit. She also contended that the eastern\\nProv. Rec, Jour. House; 1724\u00e2\u0080\u00941743.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "NEW HxV 31 PS II I RE. 157\\nboundary of New Hampshire should be a line drawn chap\\nfrom the mouth of the Pascataqua to the source of -!_\\nthe Salmon Falls branch, and from thence doe ^vhuon,\\nnorth-west. This would have cut off small por-\\ntions of Grafton, and almost the \\\\vhole of Coos\\ncounty. On the other hand, New Hampshire\\nclaimed for her southern boundary a line drawn due\\nwest from a point three miles north of the mouth p. si.\\nof the Merrimac and for her eastern, a line pass-\\ning up the Pascataqua, to the source of Salmon\\nFalls river, and thence north one or two degrees\\nwest. After a long and angry discussion between\\nthe parties, the commissioners fixed upon the present\\neastern boundary. The southern they were una-\\nble to determine. An appeal to the king was the\\nonly mode of adjustment. Tired of the contro-\\nversy, both parties finally agreed to submit the\\nwhole subject to the royal decision.* Three years\\nafterwards, George II. terminated the dispute in\\nfavor of New Hampshire. In regard to the east-\\nern boundary, he confirmed the judgment of the\\ncommissioners. His decision upon the southern\\nline was not anticipated by either party. He\\nsubstituted the present line for one running due\\nwest from a point three miles north of the mouth\\nof the Merrimac thus giving New Hampsliirc a\\nterritory of fifty miles in length, by fourteen in\\nbreadth, more than she had claimed.\\nThis enlargement of territory, population and\\nwealth gave to New Hampshire a new political\\nimportance and it was determined in England to\\ngratify her wishes as to a separate government.\\nAccordingly, Benning Wcntworth, the favorite of\\nProv. Rcc, Jour. House, 1721\u00e2\u0080\u00941713.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "158 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, the people, and the warmest opponent of Belcher,\\n-i^ received the appointment of governor and com-\\nmander-in-chief of New Hampshire. After a long\\nabsence, he had at length returned to Ports-\\nmouth in triumph, invested with the honors of his\\noffice.\\nWhile this controversy was pending, the advance\\nof New Hampshire in wealth and importance had\\nbeen slow. A severe check had been given to her\\npopulation, in 1735, by a malignant throat distem-\\nper, which spread from Maine to Carolina. In\\nNew Hampshire alone more than a thousand per-\\nsons, mostly children, fell victims to its ravages.\\nBut the intelligence and morals of the colony were\\nin advance of her wealth. Schools had been well\\nestablished and sustained.* No public execution\\nhad ever taken place since the first settlement, a\\nperiod of one hundred and twenty years. Freed\\nfrom the grasping claims of Massachusetts, pos-\\nsessing solid resources, her boundaries enlarged\\nand established, and with a separate government\\nof her own, she started afresh in her career, and\\ngave evidence of a capacity for improvement\\nhitherto unknown even to herself. The popula-\\ntion of New Hampshire at this period began to\\nincrease rapidly from emigration for there were\\nin England many who rather chose to spend\\nms^of themselves in seeking a new world, than servilely\\np. 3? to be hired as slaughterers in the quarrels of\\nstrangers.\\n1744, An unusual religious excitement brought to\\nAmerica, at this period, one of the most remark-\\nable men of the age. With the exception of\\nt Rev. N. Bouton s Address. N. H. Hist. Coll., IV., p. 5.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "NEW HA^IPSIIIRE. 159\\nPatrick Henry, it may be safely said that no voice chap\\nwas ever heard on the western continent so elo- J^\\nquent as that of George Whitefiekl nor is there\\na name so sacredly embalmed in the religious\\nremembrances of the American people. He was\\nof humble origin, and there is no genealogy of his\\nfamily relations to swell the bidk of history. In\\nhis youth he discovered a predilection for the\\nstage, and acted some plays at school. Yet a\\ngraceful delivery was so natural to him that he\\nmay be said to have imparted it to the stage\\nrather than to have borrowed it there.* Like\\nmany of the great orators of ancient and modern\\ntimes, he has left few memorials of his genius and\\nexcellence behind him. Yet it would be impossible\\nto write the annals of eloquence and not insert the\\nname of him who was regarded as the great model\\nof excellence in his time. The lightning flashes\\nof his eloquence were never written, and never\\ncould be reported. His printed sermons discover\\nbut faint traces of that masterly power which held\\nmultitudes fast bound, as by an almost supernat-\\nural spell. The free and hearty appeal, which\\nstirs and enchants the multitude, if ever so cor-\\nrectly transcribed, will leave on the mind, of the\\nreader a feeling of disappointment. Such were\\nthe sermons of Whitefiekl. They were made up\\nprincipally of those extempore effusions and bursts\\nof passion, caught from the transient impulse of\\npresent feeling, or inspired by the presence of a\\nvast assembly, which lose much of their force\\nwhen the man and the occasion disappear. He\\nwas indifferent to worldly gain, and sought to\\nMemoirs of Whiteficld, p. 11.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "]Q0 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nCHAP, build an orphan asylum, as the best legacy he\\ncould leave to the world.\\nGifted with a daring fancy, full of pathos and\\nenthusiasm, he dealt familiarly with all the pas-\\nsions of the human heart, and moved his hearers,\\nat vvill, with every emotion of which human nature\\nis susceptible. If he melted them to tears, it was\\nonly tliat he might pour upon them a flash of joy,\\nand make it still brighter by the contrast, when he\\nunveiled the face of a merciful Savior, and pointed\\nthem to the mansions of eternal purity and bliss.\\nWhitciield preached many times in New Hamp-\\nshire and in Massachusetts. So charmed were\\nthe people by his eloquence, that they shut up\\ntheir shops,* forgot their secular pursuits, and laid\\naside their schemes for the world. Crowds fol-\\nlowed him from place to place, and the oftener he\\npreached, the more eager were they to hear him\\nagain. Nor is it at all to the disparagement of\\nthis eloquent and truly wonderful man, that he\\nwas opposed and vilified by the professors of\\nHarvard College. While they are forgotten, and\\nwhile the names even of the brightest of his cotem-\\nporaries have passed away, like the transitory\\nmeteors of a lower sky, the fame of Whitefield\\nshines from the upper heavens with a fixed and\\nunalterable glory.\\nMemoirs of Whitefield, p. 252.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nExpedition to Cape Breton William Pepperell Siege and fall of Louis-\\nburg Vaughan War with the Indians Settlement with the Masonian\\nproprietors Defence of Number-Four by Capt. Stevens Contest con-\\ncerning the Vermont lands Stark France resolves to connect Can-\\nada with Louisiana Union of the colonies for defence Congress of\\ndelegates meet at Albanj Campaign of 1755 Defeat of Braddock\\nWashington The Rangers Expedition to Crown Point Massacre at\\nFort AVilIiam Henry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Montcalm Pitt Attack upon the fortress of Ti-\\nconderoga The English repulsed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Quebec Expedition against the St.\\nFrancis Imhans\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Destruction of their village\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Disasters of the Rangers\\nConquest of Canada completed The Rangers Unsuccessful attempt of\\nthe Indians to exterminate the English\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N. H. Gazette\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Progress of set-\\ntlement Contest betAveen New York and New Hampshire for the lands\\nof Vermont The Revolution dawning.\\nFifteen leagues from Cape Ray, the south- chap.\\nwestern extremity of Newfoundland, lies the cold\\nand rocky island of Cape Breton. Wrapped in a\\nperpetual fog, which is impervious to the sun s\\nrays, summer brings no vegetation to perfection\\non its sterile shores. It is visited by the long and\\nfierce winters which reign between the forty-fifth\\nand forty-seventh degrees of north latitude. The\\nface of the isle is either rough and mountain\\nous or sinks into wet bogs. On the north and\\nwest sides it is steep and inaccessible, sometimes\\nrising into mountains. On the south-eastern side\\nit is level, and indented with fine bays and noble\\nharbors. It invites no tiller to the soil. Its only\\nproductions are pitcoal and plaster. Fields of\\nfloating ice environ its shores long after spring\\n21", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "162 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, reigns triumphant over all the neighboring lands.\\nJ^ It acquired its name from the hardy mariners of\\nBrittany, and Normandy, from their remembrance\\nof home. It has no good fishing stations, and\\nderives all its importance from its central position\\nand the convenience of its ports.\\nBy the treaty of Utrecht, England had ceded\\nthis barren isle to France and received from the\\nFrench crown the neighboring possessions of Nova\\nScotia and Newfoundland. On a neck of land,\\nsouth of one of the finest harbors on the island,\\nthe French had built the city of Louisburg, two\\nmiles and a quarter in circumference, surrounded\\nby a wall of stone thirty-six feet high, and a ditch\\neighty feet wide. The entrance to the town by\\nland was at the west gate, over a draw-bridge,\\ndefended by a circular battery mounting sixteen\\nguns.\\nWithin this strong; enclosure the tov.n w^as\\nregularly laid out in squares the streets were\\nbroad, the houses of wood or stone. On a high\\ncliff, opposite the battery, stood the lighthouse\\na spacious citadel arose on the west side and\\nunder the ramparts were casements to receive\\nthe women and children in case of a siege. A\\nspace of about two hundred yards on the side next\\nthe sea was enclosed by a simple dike and a line\\nof pickets. The side fire from the bastions swept\\nthis space, and secured it from attack. There\\nwere six bastions, and three batteries, containing\\nembrasures for one hundred and forty-eight can-\\nnon.\\nBy the labors of twenty-five years, these mag-\\nBancroft, Vol. I., p. 15.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 163\\nnificent works had been constructed and they chap\\nhad cost the crown not less than thirty miUions of L\\nlivres. In peace, the fine harbors on the south-\\neastern side formed a safe retreat for the ships of\\nFrance, on their homeward course from the West\\nIndies in war, they could harbor a swarm of\\nprivateers, to ruin the English fisheries and inter-\\nrupt her coasting trade.\\nFrance was at this time warmly attached to the\\ninterests of Spain, by the tie of relationship\\nbetAveen the royal families. Ever since the flame\\nof war had been kindled between Britain and\\nSpain, it had been expected that France would be\\ninvolved in the quarrel, and it was foreseen by all,\\nthat when war should break out between France\\nand England, their American colonies would be\\nthe scene of hostilities. These anticipations were\\nrealized by a declaration of war on the part of 1744.\\nEngland against France, in 1744. Duquesnel,\\nthe French governor of Louisburg, who had\\nreceived intelligence of this before it reached New\\nEngland, immediately led a body of French and\\nsurprised the little English garrison at Canseau.\\nHe destroyed the fishery, the fort, and the other 1744.\\nbuildings and after menacing the English posts\\nin Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, returned with\\nsixty prisoners of war to liOuisburg. croft,\\nThis early disaster drew the attention of the 457.\\ncolonists to the importance of Louisburg, and\\ninspired a strong wish for its reduction. The\\nprisoners of Canseau, after passing the summer in\\ncaptivity, were sent to Boston on parole. From\\nthem Governor Shirley obtained an accurate ac-\\ncount of that fortress, and, with his characteristic", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "164 HISTORY OF\\nenergy and decision, resolved at once upon an\\nenterprise against it. The fishermen of Marble-\\nhead, interrupted in their pursuits, disdained an\\nidle summer, and entered readily into the design.\\nMassachusetts, by a majority of one vote in her\\nlegislature, resolved upon the expedition, and\\npoured forth a force of three thousand volunteers.\\nNew Hampshire raised a detachment of five hun-\\ndred,* bearing upon their banners the pious motto\\nof Whitefield, Nil desperandum Christo\\nDUCE. t Connecticut sent five hundred and\\n^ec. sixteen men, and three hundred sailed from Rhode\\nHoule, Island too late to share the glory of the enterprise.\\n^mrT Nor did the generous supply of provisions sent by\\nCouri. Pennsylvania arrive till after the surrender of the\\nAssem. city. The cannon contributed by New York,\\n1750? more fortunate in their destination, came safely\\nand seasonably to their hands.\\nThe merit of originating this expedition is sup-\\nDmi- posed by many to belong to Wilham Vaughan, of\\nufsl Portsmouth. He had learned from fishermen the\\nYork, strenajth and situation of the place, and conceived\\nV 1 T\\nP\u00c2\u00b03ji. the design of taking the city by surprise. He was\\nin Boston when the final vote was taken in the\\nlegislature of Massachusetts. On the passage of\\nthe resolution, circular letters were immediately\\ndespatched to all the colonies. With one of these\\nBancroft estimates the number at three hundred and four; but it is not\\nto be forgotten that one Imndred and fifty from New Hampshire had previ-\\nously joined one of the Blassachusetts regiments, and forty-six more manned\\none of the armed sloops wliich served as a cruiser. This accession of New\\nHampshire men swelled the Massachusetts force to upwards of three thou-\\nsand one hundred; but I have chosen to put down the number actually\\nraised in each state, giving to Massachusetts about three thousand, and to\\nNew Hampshire the number actually raised, which was five hundred, one\\neighth of the land forces.\\nf Nothing is to be despaired of, Christ being the leader.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 165\\nVaughan rode express to Portsmouth. The as-\\nsembly was in session when his errand was an-\\nnounced. The house of representatives caught\\nthe enthusiasm of Vaughan, and desired an imme-\\ndiate conference of the two houses. It was im-\\nmediately held, and the proposition of Governor\\nShirley instantly agreed to and almost in a day a\\ncommittee was raised their report made, favora-\\nble to the expedition a proclamation issued for\\nenlisting men, and for providing military stores\\nand transports. Such, at that day, was the en-\\nthusiasm of New England men. Nothing checked\\nthe rush of legislators and people but the emission\\nof bills of credit a measure made indispensable\\nby the poverty of the exchequer. This was con-\\ntrary to the letter of royal instructions. But, by\\nthe united ingenuity of Shirley and Wentworth, a\\nway was devised to surmount this obstacle, and\\nthe governor consented to a bill for the emission\\nof ten thousand pounds. Feb.i3.\\nThe most important arrangements being thus\\nmade by the united colonies, it now remained to\\nappoint a commander-in-chief There was not a\\nman in New England qualified, by professional\\nskill and experience, to take the command. But\\nthere were many possessing fidelity, courage, and\\npopularity, the best substitute for military talents,\\nand even ivith them, a necessary requisite to the\\ncommander of a volunteer army. Of these indi-\\nviduals, William Pcppercll, of Kittery, was one\\na militia colonel a merchant of unblemished rep-\\nutation well known to the men, beloved and\\nadmired by them all. On him the appointment\\nfell. It was in the midst of Whitefield s revival", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "166 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, that the expedition was resolved upon; and the\\nvni I\\nfamous preacher was consulted. He favored the\\nexpedition his newly converted followers enlisted\\nand in some parts of the camp it assumed some-\\nwhat the air of a crusade. The officers shrewdly\\nexcited the ardor of the men with the hope of\\ndestroying the images which, they had been told,\\nadorned the French churches of the island. One\\nBel- of the chaplains even carried on his shoulder a\\np. 277. hatchet, to cut them down. Enthusiastic ardor\\nand religious zeal threw aside the cooler maxims\\nof prudence, toleration and justice and confidence\\nand fortitude raised the minds of all above the\\ndread of danger.\\nIn the beginning of January, orders from Eng-\\nland had been despatched to Commodore Warren,\\nto come from the Leeward Islands, with such ships\\nas he could spare from his fleet, and co-operate\\nwith the land forces of the colonists. All fortu-\\nnate circumstances concurred to favor, and Heaven\\nseemed to smile upon the enterprise. Fierce Win-\\nter, tyrant of the north, relaxed his severity in\\nthe year in which this expedition was planned; and\\nthe montli of February resembled the mildness of\\nNovember. The harbors and rivers were open.\\nThe abundant products of the preceding fruitful\\nseason made it easy to provide plentiful stores; and\\nno intelligence of these preparations had reached\\nNova Scotia. The Indians, indeed, had carried\\nthe news of the Cape Breton Expedition to Can-\\nada, but the guardian angel of the colonies seemed\\nto interpose, for the French gave no credit to the\\nreport. A wonderful good fortune brought to-\\ngether, at this time, every ship of war from the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "N E W HAMPSHIRE. 167\\nAmerican ports and islands, until Commodore chap.\\nWarren, an experienced and judicious officer, had _-\u00e2\u0080\u009e^\\nat his disposal, for the assistance of the colonies, Bei-\\na formidable squadron, consisting of four ships of p. 273.\\nthe line and six frigates.\\nAn equally remarkable concurrence of unfortu-\\nnate incidents, at this time, attended the French.\\nDiscontent and mutiny prevailed within the walls\\nof Louisburg. The troops of the garrison were\\nstarving and unpaid. The ships that brought sup-\\nplies for them from France, when they came upon\\nthe coast, and while vainly struggling to cut their\\nway through the fields of ice which environed\\nthe shore, were taken by our cruisers. Yet all\\nthis was unknown to the garrison. In fancied\\nsecurity, but with murmurs and complaints, the\\nFrench passed their days of privation, unconscious\\nof the design formed against them. No know-\\nledge of the expedition to Louisburg had reached\\ntheir ears.\\nIn the small vessels of New England, the March\\ntroops of Massachusetts embarked at Boston, and\\narrived at Canscau. Ardent for action, and impa-\\ntient of delay, the New Hampshire forces, at their\\nown request, were permitted to sail in advance of\\nthe others, and had arrived two days before them.\\nMet by the ice drifting in heaps, they were obliged\\nto stop. While thus delaying at Canseau, they\\nwere gladdened by the welcome arrival of Com- 23\\nmodore Warren s squadron, and the next day, by ill\\nthe arrival of the Connecticut forces, in a fleet of\\nnine vessels. Three weeks they waited for the\\nice of Cape Breton to dissolve, and during all this\\ntime remained undiscovered within sijjfht of the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "168 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, enemy. An ample supply of provisions was ob-\\ntained from the prizes which fell a prey to their\\nvigilant cruisers. The armed sloop of New\\nHampshire took one ship from Martinico, and re-\\ntook a transport which had been taken the day\\nbefore, and had made its escape. By the com-\\nmand of Pepperell the same warlike sloop covered\\na detachment which destroyed the little secluded\\nvillage of St. Peters. When the town had been\\nlaid waste and the inhabitants scattered, the whole\\nfleet set sail.\\nMany were the schemes which the inventive\\ngenius of New England suggested, at this early\\nday, to supply the place of warlike art. One man\\nproduced the model of a flying bridge to scale the\\nwalls. It was to be so light that twenty men could\\ncarry it on their shoulders to the wall and raise it\\nBel- in a minute. Four blocks and two hundred fath-\\nknap,\\np. 274. oms of rope were the apparatus for raising it, and\\nit was to be floored with boards wide enough for\\neight men to march on it abreast. A covering of\\nraw hides was to guard it from the enemy s fire.\\nThis bridge, it was said, might be erected against\\nany part of the wall, even before a breach had\\nbeen effected, and it was calculated by the\\ninventor that a thousand men could pass over it in\\nfour minutes. An ingenious clergyman, burning\\nperhaps with honest hatred of the Catholics, pre-\\nsented to the general a plan for encamping the\\narmy, opening trenches and placing batteries. He\\nalso proposed a caution against subterranean\\nmines. This was, that two confidential persons,\\nBe], attended by a guard, should, during the night,\\nP- approach the walls that one should, with a beetle,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIIIE. 169\\nstrike tlw) around, wliile the other should lay his ear chap.\\nVIII\\nto it, and observe whether the sound was hollow, ^_- l.\\nand that a mark should be set on all places sus-\\npected. Vaughan, when he first conceived the 1745.\\ndesign of taking Louisburg, had proposed to go\\nover the walls on the drifted snow.* Shirley s plan\\nwas, that the whole fleet should make Chapeau-\\nrouge point just at the shutting in of day from\\nthence to push into the bay undiscovered the men\\nto be landed in the dark and before midnight to\\ncut their way through the surf to the shore, then\\nthrough thicket and bog, three miles, to the city,\\nand some of them a mile beyond it, to the royal\\nbattery to pull down the pickets with grappling-\\nirons, and scale the fortification with ladders all\\nthis in the space of twelve hours from their first\\nmaking the land, and nine hours from their de-\\nbarkation. Such a scheme could occur only to\\none unskilled in navigation, unmindful of the tem-\\npestuous season, and unacquainted with the dan-\\ngerous and inhospitable coast. It was concealed\\nfrom the troops and never attempted.\\nThe forces proceeded from Canseau with pleas-\\nant weather and favoring winds. Finally, on the Apni\\nlast day of April, at the dawn of morning, the\\narmament of New England, in a hundred vessels,\\nbearing only eighteen cannon and three mortars,\\nentered the bay of Chapcau-rouge, and came in\\nsight of Louisburg. They beheld the walls armed\\nwith an hundred and one cannon, seventy-six\\nswivels, and six mortars. Upwards of sixteen\\nliimdred men composed the garrison. But so\\nin that wintry reg^ion the depth of snow is immense, and llic winds\\nsometimes raise it in drifts to the height of fifty or sixty feet.\\n22\\n30.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "170 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, complete were the fortifications, and so decided\\nwere the advantages of locaHty, that three hun-\\ndred men were considered sufficient to defend it\\nagainst five thousand besiegers. The New Eng-\\nland troops were composed of mechanics, husband-\\nmen and lumberers. But though unskilled in\\nwar, tliey were inured to danger. The mechanics\\nhad been bred with arms in their hands. The\\nhusbandmen had gone armed to their work in the\\nfield and the lumberer knew the hardships of a\\nwinter encampment. Many of them were skilful\\nmarksmen, and had trailed the Indians.\\nThey had now come to the reduction of a regu-\\nlarly constructed fortress, which none of them, not\\neven their commander, had ever seei^. But they\\nwere resolute, and animated by an ardent patriot-\\nism, though they knew better how to confront,\\nthan to measure the dilTiculties and dangers before\\nthem. At the sight of Louisburg, they lowered\\ntheir boats and flew to the shore.\\nAlthough the plan of a surprisal had failed, by\\nthe fleet failing to reach Chapeau-rouge point in the\\nevening, and the French had seen their white sails\\non the bay, yet they could hardly believe the ex-\\ntent of the design formed against the place. The\\nfirst detachments, who came down to oppose the\\nbesiegers on the shore, were panic-struck, and fled\\nto the woods. The troops being landed, it was\\nnow resolved to invest the city and Vaughan,\\never ready for the most daring adventure, volun-\\nteered to conduct the first column through the\\nwoods and lead on the attack. At the head of\\nfour hundred men, chiefly from New Hampshire,\\nMi^y at the dead of night, he marched by the city,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "NEW HA3IP SHIRE. 171\\nsalutinff it with three cheers, and took post near chap\\nVHI\\nthe northeast harbor. There he set fire to the L\\nwarehouses containing the naval stores. The 1745.\\nflames and smoke, which were driven by the wind\\nupon the French who had charge of the royal bat-\\ntery, annoyed them to such a degree that they\\nabandoned it, and, having spiked their guns and\\ncut the halliards off the flag-staff*, retired to the city.\\nThe next morning Vaughan observed from the hill May 2.\\nwhich overlooked the battery, that the fires of the\\nbarracks were out, and the staff without a flag.\\nFor a trifling reward he induced an Indian to\\nenter at an embrasure and open the gate. Then\\nhe wrote to the general these words May it\\nplease your honor to be informed, that by the grace\\nof God and the courage of thirteen men I entered\\nthe royal battery, about nine o clock, and am\\nwaiting for a reinforcement and a flag.\\nThe city had now become alarmed, and a hun-\\ndred men were despatched in boats to retake the\\nbattery. But Vaughan, with his thirteen men,\\nresolutely confronted them on the beach, and, in\\nthe face of a galling fire from the city and the\\nboats, kept them from landing till a reinforcement\\narrived. The siege was now prosecuted with en-\\nthusiastic ardor. For fourteen nights successively\\nthe New Hampshire troops were employed in\\ndragging the cannon over boggy morasses and\\nwhen the wheels sunk in the mire, Meserve, a New\\nHampshire colonel and a ship carpenter, construc-\\nted sledges, on which the cannon w ere placed, and\\nthe men, with straps on their shoulders, and sink-\\ning to their knees in mud, drew them safely over\\nfrom the landing place to the camp, within cannon-\\nshot of the enemy s walls.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. In the reduction of Louisburg, although courage\\n___!, and fortitude were often displayed, yet the move-\\n1745. ments of the assailants resembled the irregular and\\ncrazy ardor of a mob, rather than the systematic\\noperations of an army. The whole siege was a\\nscene of confusion and tumult. The men laughed\\nat discipline and such were the irregularities\\nand want of system, that the soldiers themselves,\\nwhen they looked back upon the dangers they had\\npassed, regarded their preservation as scarcely\\nless than miraculous. Though the consultations\\nof the officers preserved all the formalities of a\\ncouncil of war, though the orders of the general\\nwere formally issued, and returns made at the\\nseveral posts, yet the camp was wholly without\\ndiscipline. While the front of the army presented a\\nformidable array to the enemy, the rear was a scene\\nof confusion and frolic. The men, when not on\\nduty in the trenches, were fishing, racing, wrest-\\nling, and running after shot from the enemy s guns.\\nFor these they received a bounty, and then sent them\\nback to the enemy. Had the mutinous spirit of\\nthe garrison been so far subdued that the officers\\ncould have trusted the men to make a sortie, the\\ncamp of the besiegers might have been surprised\\nand the whole army destroyed.\\nThe garrison numbered at least six hundred\\nregular troops and a thousand Breton militia.\\nBut this force was too feeble to admit of making\\nsallies. Hunting parties of the assailants were\\never on the watch to prevent surprise by land, and\\nthe fleet of Admiral Warren, ever vigilant, guarded\\nthe approaches by sea. Still, however, the siege\\nproceeded slowly. Four or five unsuccessful at-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "NEW HA3IP SHIRE. 173\\ntempts had been made to take the island battery, chap\\nwhich commanded the entrance to the harbor. .___\\nThe troops were chagrined by the failure, and 1745.\\nthe more it was talked of amongst them, the more\\ntheir pride and obstinacy revolted against aban-\\ndoning the undertaking. At length a party of\\nfour hundred men volunteered, from the different\\nregiments, to go, under a chief of their own selec-\\ntion, and attack the battery by night. But this May2c.\\nattempt, like the others, was signally defeated.\\nTheir approach was discovered a murderous croft,\\nfire struck the boats before they could effect a J^^\\nF. Bel-\\nlanding only a part of the forces reached the\\nshore and these, after a severe contest of nearly\\nan hour, were glad to escape to the boats, leaving\\nbehind sixty killed and one hundred and sixteen\\ntaken prisoners.\\nAfter this failure, it was evident that the expe-\\ndition must be abandoned or the walls of the city\\nscaled for, notwithstanding the incificicncy of\\nthe garrison, the French were daily making the\\nfortifications stronger, and no breach had as yet\\nbeen effected. It was now resolved in council of\\nwar to make preparations for a general assault.\\nThe naval officers agreed to sail into the harbor\\nand bombard the city, while the land forces were\\nto attempt to enter the fortress by storm. To\\nannoy the island battery, the Americans, under\\ncommand of Gridley, of Boston, erected a battery\\non the Lighthouse Cliff; while, within two hun-\\ndred yards of the city, trenches were thrown up,\\nand the guns of the royal battery began to play\\nupon the northwest gate of the city. Yet no breach\\nhad been effected. The works were of immense", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "174 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, strength, and able to resist a much greater force,\\nhad Duchambon been acquainted with his duties.\\nBut in the midst of these hostile demonstrations,\\nthe garrison received intelligence that the Vigilant,\\na French ship of sixty-four guns, laden with mili-\\ntary stores for the garrison, had been decoyed into\\nthe midst of the English fleet, and, after an en-\\nJunei5. gagement of some hours, had been taken, within\\nsight of Louisburg. When they heard of the loss\\n16. of their supplies, the garrison became discouraged\\nthe desponding and irresolute Duchambon sent\\nout a flag of truce terms of capitulation were\\n17. agreed upon; and, on the seventeenth of June, the\\ncity, with the fort and all the batteries, were sur-\\nrendered to the English. When they entered,\\nand beheld the extent and variety of the means of\\ndefence, the stoutest hearts were appalled at the\\nvast strength of the place, and the utter impracti-\\ncability of carrying it by assault. They shud-\\ndered at the dangers they had passed, and thought\\nthe taking of the city to be a special providence\\nof God.\\nNo sooner was the city taken, and the victorious\\nF.Bel- besiegers sheltered within its walls, than the\\nS weather, which had been remarkably dry, changed,\\nand an incessant rain often days succeeded. Had\\nthis happened during the siege, it would have been\\nfatal to many of the troops. They had no tents\\nthick enough to keep off* the fogs, and slept upon\\nthe earth in turf and brush houses. But the\\nweather was only in accordance with the general\\nDoug- good fortune. The whole siege was a succession\\n330. of lucky accidents on the part of the English, and\\nof equally unlucky ones on the part of the French.\\nI", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 175\\nIf any one circumstance, says Douglass, had chap.\\ntaken a wrong turn on our side, and if any one L\\n.circumstance had not taken a wrong turn on the\\nFrench side, the expedition must have miscarried.\\nSoon after the surrender, the triumphant army\\nheld a council of war within the walls, and it was\\ndetermined to maintain the place, and repair the\\nbreaches. The French flag was still kept flying\\nupon the ramparts, and served to decoy many a\\nrich prize into the harbor. With the exception of\\nCluebec, Louisburg was the strongest fortress on\\nthe continent. The fall of it, at such a time, could\\nnot but fill America with joy, and Europe with\\nastonishment. It was the greatest achievement of\\nthe war. Pepperell and Warren each of them\\nreceived the title of a baronet the latter was pro-\\nmoted to the rank of admiral, and the former was\\ncommissioned as a colonel in the British service.\\nVaughan sailed for England, and urged his claims\\nto similar distinctions, which, after a year of delay,\\nv/ere coldly rejected, shortly before his death.\\nThus, while the successful commanders of the\\nexpedition were distinguished by the honors of\\nknighthood, Vaughan, the originator of the enter-\\nprise, and the most gallant spirit of the crusade,\\nremained more than a year in England, in the vain\\nexpectation of receiving some token of recognition\\nfrom the sovereign, whom he had so signally Dim-\\nserved, and finally died in an obscure street in the m^x^ot\\nmetropolis, a disappointed man. Warren claimed voi. i.,\\nthe victory to himself, and the English govern- \\\\!.o\\nment awarded it to him. The ministry suppressed Ll:s\\nthe facts which were urged upon them in support land\\nof Vaughan s claims. Warren entered the high mcrica.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "176 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, court of Admiralty in England, and deposed on\\noath that, with the assistance of his majesty s ships,\\n^L^J deponent, did subdue the whole island of\\n2^ Cape Breton. But it is time to declare that not\\nAdmiral Warren, nor yet Sir William Pepperell,\\nwas the real hero of Louisburg but that what was\\nwanting in the good fortune of the besiegers and\\nthe inefficiency of the garrison, was supplied by the\\nfiery valor of Vaughan, the cool intrepidity of Wol-\\ncot, and the hardy courage of Gridley, Meserve\\nand Fernald.\\nThe active mind of Shirley had contemplated, not\\nmerely the capture of Cape Breton, but the con-\\nquest of all the French dominions on the western\\nhemisphere. Immediately after the fall of Lou-\\nisburg, he repaired thither, and consulted with\\nWarren and Pepperell on the practicability of such\\na design. From the captured city he wrote to the\\nBritish ministry, enforcing his solicitations by the\\n1746. brilliant success at Louisburg. In the follow-\\nApniG. jj^^ spring the Duke of Newcastle wrote to all the\\nAmerican governors, as far south as Virginia, call-\\ning upon them to form companies of one hundred\\nmen each, and hold themselves in readiness to\\nmarch. The plan was, that a squadron of ships of\\nwar, and land forces from England, should be\\njoined by the New England forces, at Louisburg,\\nand proceed together up the river St. Lawrence.\\nThe troops of New York, and the other provinces\\nat the southward, were to rendezvous at Albany,\\nand march against Crown Point and Montreal.\\nBesides the conquest of Canada, there were\\nother reasons for this expedition. The Indians, as\\nI shall hereafter relate, were at this time ravaging\\nI", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMTSIIIKE. 177\\nthe fields, and carrying the torch and the scalping- chap.\\nknife along the whole extent of the frontiers. Was .^.^1,\\nit not an inefficient, as well as a disgraceful mode\\nof warfare, to act entirely on the defensive, espe-\\ncially after the success which had attended the arms\\nof the colonists at Louisburg Were scouts and j,j,^^\\ngarrisons sufficient to dispirit the enemy and secure\\nthe frontiers from depredations Little argument\\nwas needed. The design was popular, and the\\ncolonies readily furnished their quotas.\\nThe assembly of New Hampshire was immedi-r june.\\nately convened, and voted* to enlist a thousand mem\\nThey w^cre also to keep in pay two armed vessels.\\nThe same difficulty occurred about the emission\\nof bills of credit, as on occasion of the Louisburg\\nexpedition and was as easily remedied.! The\\ncommand of the troops was given to Colonel At-\\nkinson and so promptly did the men enlist, that\\nat the beginning of July eight hundred were ready\\nfor embarkation. Transports and provisions were\\nalso prepared but neither orders, nor general,\\nnor fleet arrived from England. Seven times did\\nthey leave Spithead, and seven times returned\\nagain. Only two regiments ever reached Louis-\\nburg. All summer long, the men of the colonies\\nlingered in suspense, waiting for employment.\\nBut the whole country is now thrown into con-\\nsternation. France has planned the recovery of\\nLouisburg and the desolation of all the English\\ncolonies. Report flies, that a large French fleet\\nand army have arrived at Nova Scotia, under com-\\nmand of the Duke D Anville. The troops des-\\nProv. Rec, Jour. Council and Assembly, 1742\u00e2\u0080\u00941750. Jour. House,\\n1742\u00e2\u0080\u0094174 t P- R-, J- C. and A., 1742\u00e2\u0080\u009450. J. H., 1742\u00e2\u0080\u009447.\\n23", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "178 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, tinecl for Canada are detained at home. The\\n_.,..-^ mihtia are collected to join them. Old forts on\\nthe sea-coast are repaired new ones are erected.\\nAnother battery of sixteen guns, throwing thirty-\\ntwo and twenty-four pounds shot, is added to fort\\nWilliam and Mary, at the entrance of Piscataqua\\nharbor another, of nine thirty-two pounders, is\\nplaced at the point of Little Harbor, Military\\nguards are appointed, and for six weeks the people\\nare kept in a state of fear and anxiety. At length\\nsome released prisoners bring the most affecting\\naccounts of distress on board the French fleet.\\nA pestilence has broken out amongst the men.\\nEleven hundred were buried at Halifax, and hun-\\ndreds more of the dead were buried in the deep\\nsea.\\n1746. The officers were divided in their councils, and\\nthis, added to the disasters of continued storms and\\nshipwrecks, so dejected the commander-in-chief\\nthat he put an end to his life by poison. The\\nsecond in command, in a fit of delirium, rushed\\nF Bel- P^^T sword and ended his life. By these mel-\\nknap, ancholy events the first plan was disconcerted.\\nThey were next to attack Annapolis. But in\\nsailing from Chebuctoo, they were overtaken by a\\nviolent storm, off Cape Sable, and the ships which\\nescaped destruction returned singly to France.\\nThus the French armada had been vanquished\\nwithout even the sight of an enemy.\\nWhen the alarm of the French fleet had passed,\\nAtkinson marched with his res^iment to cover the\\nlower part of the frontiers, and encamped on the\\nshores of Lake Winnipiseogee. Here they passed\\nan idle winter, with plenty of provisions, without", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 179\\nexercise, discipline, courts martial, or the punish- chap.\\nvni\\nment of offences. The men grew tired of the ser-\\nvice but not being permitted to engage in other\\nbusiness, they were employed in scouting, hunting\\nand fishing. Some deserted. The ensuing sum-\\nmer was passed in listless indolence. They re-\\nposed in the expectation of peace, until autumn of\\nthe next year, when, by direction of the Duke of\\nNewcastle, the provincial army was disbanded. It\\nappeared to many that England had not desired to\\ndrive the French from Canada. It was even sus-\\npected that England, from motives of policy,\\ndeemed it necessary to stimulate the love of the\\ncolonies for the mother country, by keeping this\\ndangerous enemy on the frontier. It was sup-\\nposed that the presence of the French was the only\\nforce that could urge the colonics to submission.\\nThey were forbidden to estaljlish manufactures.\\nThey were obliged to ship to England all the sil-\\nver and gold which they took from the earth.\\nThey were not allowed any commerce of their\\nown* with foreign countries, except those under\\nthe dominion of England. These, and similar\\nrestrictions, cooled their ardor towards the father-\\nland. Old England counted on long years of\\ncolonial dependence but a Swedish traveller,!\\neven then, discovered in the rising colonies the\\ngerm of freedom.\\nDuring the progress of the Cape Breton expe- 1746.\\ndition and the meditated attack upon Canada, the\\nfrontiers were infested by tiie Indians. While the\\ncolonial troops wore away the summer in idly\\nwaiting for the armament from England, the In-\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., I., 323. t r cr Kalm. Bancroft, HI., 461", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "180 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, dians were at leisure to infest the frontiers. This\\ninactivity was fatal to many a settler. No longer\\nawed, but rather invited by the repose of an army\\n1745. able to fight, and prepared for the field, yet doing\\nnothing, the Indians took courage and commenced\\na series of depredations. They first appeared at\\nJulys. Great-Meadow,* and next at the Upper Ashuelot,t\\nJuly 10. killing William Philips at the former place and\\nJosiah Fisher at the latter. They approached the\\nfort at Great-Meadow and carried captive the fa-\\nther! of a family. As they were leading him along\\nthe river-side, they met his son, before whose eyes\\nthe father was hurried away, and died in one of the\\nprisons of Q,ucbec. Many were the heart-rending\\nincidents like this, which marked the war chil-\\ndren carried captive before the eyes of their pa-\\nrents husbands slain while defending their wives\\nand brothers and sisters falling, while fighting\\nat each others side.\\n1746. The next spring the enemy appeared at Number\\nFour,\u00c2\u00a7 carried away three captives, cut out the\\ntongues of their cattle, and in April laid a plan to\\nsurprise the fort at Upper Ashuelot. On the\\nApril twenty-third of April, when night came on, a par-\\nty of fifty silently approached and hid themselves\\nin a swamp. Here they lay concealed till morn-\\ning, intending to rush into the fort. But they\\nwere discovered as day dawned, and the alarm was\\ngiven. One man, who bravely defended himself\\nagainst two Indians in close combat, one of whom\\nhe stripped of his blanket and gun, was over-\\n1746. powered at last and fell. Another man and one\\nNow Westmoreland. f Now Keene.\\nX Penhallow. N. H. Hist. Coll., I. j Now Charlestown.\\nI", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. l8l\\nwoman were slain, and one man carried captive to chap.\\nvni.\\nCanada. At New Hopkinton* eight persons, five\\nof them children, and one a woman, were carried 27\\ncaptive one of the men and three of the children\\nwere all that ever returned from captivity, and\\nthese were sent with a flag of truce to Boston.\\nAs usual, the enemy scattered themselves in small\\nparties. At Number Four, and Contoocook, and May 2.\\nthe Lower and Upper Ashuelot, they fell upon the May e.\\ninhabitants, and killed or carried them captive to\\nCanada. As the danger increased, Massachusetts\\ndetermined to send reinforcements of troops to\\nrelieve the distressed towns and accordingly Cap- jjayj^\\ntain Paine, with a troop, came to Number Four.\\nTwenty of them fell into an ambush at the spot\\nwhere Mr. Putnam had been killed, and a skir-\\nmish ensued, in which five men were killed on each\\nside, and one Englishman taken prisoner. This\\nengagement was succeeded, in less than a month,\\nby another at the same place. The Indians were\\ndiscovered in ambush by dogs, which gave the\\nalarm to the men, and enabled them to give the\\nfirst fire. After a sharp encounter the Indians\\nretreated to a swamp, carrying with them the dead,\\nand leaving on the ground a considerable booty of 1746.\\nblankets, hatchets, spears and guns. All business\\nwas suspended, even the tillage of the fields.\\nEvery place was full of danger. If the people j^^^^\\nwanted bread, they were obliged to go to the mills J^fyJ;\\nwith a guard. At Bridgrnan s fort, near fort J ne\\nDummer, at Number Four, and at Winchester,\\nthe inhabitants were fired upon, the houses burned,\\nand the roads ambushed.\\nNow Hopkinton.\\nAug. 3.\\nAug. 6.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "\\\\S2 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Such were the sufferings of the upper settle-\\nI ments. Nor did the lower towns escape. At Ro-\\nJune27. Chester the enemy fired upon five men, who were at\\nwork in a field, expecting an attack, with their arms\\nnear them. Afi.er the first fire they rushed upon the\\nmen, befiare they could reload their guns. They\\nretreated to a small deserted house. The Indians\\ntore off the roof, and with their guns and toma-\\nhawks despatched four of the men, and wounded\\nand took captive the other. Both Penacook and\\nContoocook they attacked, killing some of the peo-\\nple, and carrying others into captivity. In the midst\\nof alarm and apprehension, slaughter and dread of\\nattack, the summer was passed, until August,\\nAug.20. when a body of French and Indians attacked fort\\nMassachusetts, at Hoosuck. For want of ammu-\\nnition it could not be defended, and fell into their\\nhands. This success seemed to satisfy the enemy,\\nand during that summer they made no other attack.\\n1746. Amid the ravages of this war, early in 1746, a\\nsale, by Mason s heir, of his whole claim on the\\nsoil of New Hampshire, to a company of gentle-\\nmen in Portsmouth, terminated the tedious con-\\ntroversy between the people and the proprietor.\\nThey prudently quit-claimed alf the towns granted\\npreviously by New Hampshire and Massachu-\\nsetts. This concession quieted the inhabitants,\\nand prevented any opposition to the titles to un-\\ngranted lands which the purchase gave. They\\nwere judicious in making grants, and took care\\nto promote the settlement of their lands. The\\npublic mind gradually became reconciled to them,\\nand the public interests were identified with the\\ninterest of the Masonian proprietors.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "Bel-\\nknap,\\n292.\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE. 183\\nIn 3Iarch of the next year, Capt. Phineas Ste- chap.\\nvni\\nvens came with a company of thirty rangers and\\ntook possession of the fort at Number Four.\\nScarcely had he entered, when he was attacked\\nby a party of French and Indians. They had\\ncome undiscovered, and lay in wait, watching a\\nfavorable moment to begin the attack. But the\\nfaithful dogs of the garrison gave notice of their\\nconcealment. Finding that they were discovered,\\nthe Indians rose and commenced a fire from all\\nsides at the fort. They now determined to set\\nfire to the fences and log houses. The wind rose,\\nand the fort was surrounded with the flames.\\nStevens immediately ordered trenches to be dug\\nunder the walls. Through these the men crept,\\nand extinguished the fires that caught outside the\\nwalls. The flaming arrows, which the Indians\\nshot incessantly at the fort, took no effect and at\\nlength, after two days of firing, accompanied with\\nhideous shouts and yells, finding no effect had\\nbeen produced, they prepared a wheel carriage\\nloaded with combustibles. This was to be pushed\\nbefore them against the walls, and then to be set\\non fire. Before putting it in motion, they de-\\nmanded a cessation of arms, till the rising of the\\nsun. This was granted.\\nIn the morning, Debeline, their commander,\\ncame forward with fifty men and a flag of truce.\\nA French ofliicer, with a soldier and an Indian, then 1747\\nadvanced and proposed terms of capitulation ^P\\nwhich were, that the garrison should lay down\\ntheir arms and be conducted prisoners to Montreal.\\nIt was agreed that the two commanders should\\nmeet, and Stevens answer should then be given.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "I84i HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. When they met, the Frenchman, without waiting\\n._ for an answer, began to enforce his first proposal,\\nby threatening to storm the fort and put every man\\nto the sword. Stevens reph ed that he had been\\nentrusted with the defence of the fort, and should\\nmaintain it to the last. Go then, replied the\\nFrenchman, and see if your men dare to fight\\nany longer. Stevens returned and put to his men\\nthe question, Will you fight or surrender?\\nWith one voice they replied, We will fight!\\nThis response was immediately made known to the\\nenemy, and both parties resumed their arms. On\\nthe morning of the third day they requested another\\ncessation of two hours. Two Indians came up\\nwith a flag, and proposed new conditions of sur-\\nrender. These were promptly refused. The\\nIndians again resumed their arms, fired a few\\nguns, and then sullenly retired.\\nSuch was the defence of the rangers. No lives\\nwere lost in the fort, and only two were wounded.\\nBut the cool intrepidity of the rangers entitled\\nthem, in the estimation of their countrymen, to all\\nthe applause of victory. The news of their success\\nwas received in Boston with public demonstrations\\nof joy. Commodore Sir Charles Knowlcs, struck\\nwith/ the gallantry of Stevens, presented him with\\na sword and from this Number Four took the\\nname of Charlestown.\\nThrough the summer and autumn, the Indians\\ncontinued their ravages, hovering about the settle-\\nments, and lying in ambush for the men at work\\nin the fields. At Rochester, at Penacook and\\nWinchester, at Hinsdale, Suncook and Netting-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 185\\nham, they appeared, and again at Number Four chap.\\nin the winter. L\\nThe next year, depredations were committed at 1748.\\nRochester, on West River, and between fort junJie!\\nJulv 14\\nHinsdale and fort Dummer. The year 1749 was 1749.\\nnot entirely exempt from Indian hostilities. But\\nthroughout this whole scene of devastation, the\\nIndians had forborne to exercise those arts of tor-\\nture and cruelty which in former years had re-\\ndoubled the horrors of captivity. Roasting their\\nprisoners by a slow fire, cutting out their tongues,\\nand maiming and disfiguring them, had all been\\ndiscontinued. Even the custom of makingf them\\nrun the gauntlet had been omitted. The returning\\ncaptives exhibited in their appearance the good\\ntreatment they had received, and bore unusual\\ntestimony in favor of the humanity of their captors.\\nWhen feeble, they had been assisted to travel.\\nWhen sick, they had been allowed to halt. When 1749.\\nfamine overtook them on the slow steps of their\\ndreary marches, the Indians had shared their pro-\\nvisions with them in equal proportion, even to the\\nlast morsel which remained to the captors them-\\nselves, in the most pinching scarcity.\\nBy the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, peace had 1748.\\nbeen re-established between Ensfland and France.\\nThis was quickly followed by a treaty with the\\nIndians, concluded at Portland. Cape Breton,\\nwon by Americans, was given up by England.\\nPrisoners were restored without ransom. Con-\\nquests made during the war were given up, and all\\nthe warriors of the eastern tribes solemnly prom-\\nised to be at peace. Though not susceptible of\\nDunlap s Hist. New York, vol. I., p. 361.\\n24", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "18G HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, the finer feelings of humanity, and averse to the\\nVHI\\nL. more humane maxims of civiHzed warfare, yet,\\nwhile in the service of France, the blood-thirsty\\nsavage had been forbidden to flay his prisoner\\nalive, and was often compelled to surrender the\\nvictim whom he was preparing to bind for torture.\\nThus ended, in 1749, another Indian war. The\\npromise of the natives not to resume the hatchet,\\nso often renewed and so frequently disregarded,\\nwas kept but five years. But even that interval\\nseemed long to the class of military men, who had\\ngrown up to a considerable number, by the neces-\\nsities of the colony. The industry of peace was\\nburdensome, and to them this short interval seemed\\nlong.\\n1749. The population of New Hampshire had doubled\\nwithin eighteen years, and now amounted to thirty\\nthousand. The tide of emigration rolled rapidly\\nnorthward and among those who were projecting\\nnew settlements, many turned their eyes to the\\nrich lands on the west bank of the Connecticut, in\\nthe present state of Vermont. It was not then\\nforeseen that on these lands there would rise, at\\nno distant day, a vigorous and powerful state.\\nThese lands were claimed by New York and\\nshe contended that her eastern boundary extended\\nto the Connecticut. It was true that she had\\npermitted the provinces of Massachusetts and Con-\\nnecticut to extend to a line drawn twenty miles\\neastward of the Hudson. But this she viewed in\\nthe light of a voluntary concession to those pro-\\nvinces, which they had no right to claim and if\\nthey had no right, neither had New Hampshire\\nso that nothing but a voluntary concession could", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 187\\ngive New Hampshire a right to the lands west- chap.\\nward, beyond the Connecticut; and that, as no such ,__^\\nconcession had been made, there was no reason\\nwhy the territory of New York should not extend\\nto the limit prescribed by the charter. On the other\\nhand, New Hampshire contended that the king p. 94\\nallowed her southern line to extend to the west, till\\nit met his majesty s other provinces and that\\nthere was no reason for permitting Massachusetts\\nand Connecticut to pass westward to within twenty\\nmiles of the Hudson, which did not apply with\\nequal force to the claims of New Hampshire.\\nThe profits of granting lands were grateful to\\nthe unbounded appetite of Wentworth for wealth\\nand splendor, and he accordingly made a practical\\nassertion of the claim of New Hampshire to the\\nVermont lands by granting the township of Ben-\\nnington. Other grants followed, at short intervals,\\nfor three years until the French war, breaking\\nout, interrupted the progress of new settlements,\\nand drew the attention and resources of the colo-\\nnies to the conquest of Canada and the expulsion\\nof the French.\\nThe war, which closed in 1749, had absorbed all\\nother contests and internal dissensions had either\\nbeen checked or wholly silenced during its con-\\ntinuance. There were, however, existing contro-\\nversies between the governor and the people, which\\nonly awaited the return of peace to break out with\\nnew virulence and accumulated fury. The gov-\\nernor had resolved upon the maintenance of fort\\nDummer and to ensure a majority in the house in\\nfavor of the measure, he had issued writs to towns\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., I., 143\u00e2\u0080\u0094145.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "188 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, known to be friendly to the project, leaving other\\nZ^ towns of equal or greater population unrepre-\\nsented. When the new members appeared, the\\nhouse refused them their seats and, though\\nWentworth had once yielded the point to the\\nhouse, when pressed by the exigencies of the\\nwar, and the new members were excluded, yet\\nnow, being supported by fresh instructions from\\nthe king, and finding that a yielding policy did\\nnot meet royal approbation, he resolved to con-\\ntest it with the house. This led to an open\\nrupture the house refused to recede, and the\\ngovernor was equally obstinate. Each side was\\nstrongly supported by precedent. It appeared that\\nall additions to the house had been made by au-\\nthority of their own. On the other hand, the right\\nof sending representatives was founded on the royal\\ncommission and instructions. But the people were\\nalready, at this early day, jealous of strengthening\\nthe prerogatives of the crown. On the other\\nhand, the governor represented the king, and in-\\nclined to abridge rather than enlarge the privileges\\nof the people. The governor and house contented\\nthemselves for three years with writing violent mes-\\nsages to each other, and meanwhile wholly neglect-\\n1749. ed the public business. The treasurer s accounts\\nwere unsettled the soldiers unpaid the recorder s\\noffice closed. Confusion and clamor were the con-\\nsequence, and the voice of complaint came loudly\\nfrom the people. The neglected soldiers gained\\nsympathy everywhere when they told their tale of\\nservice unrequited and hardships endured.\\nThe opponents of the governor, eager to com-\\nTrov. Rec, Jour. Council and Assembly, 1742\u00e2\u0080\u00941750. J. H., 17-17\u00e2\u0080\u00941755", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 189\\npass his removal and raise William Pepperell to chap.\\nhis place, seeing his popularity severely shaken, at .^,^.,1,\\nonce transmitted a complaint against him to Eng-\\nland. But so decided was the opposition which it\\nmet from the English ministry, that it was not\\npresented to the king, and was never renewed.\\nA new assembly* was called in 1752. Mode- 1752.\\nration prevailed the new members were admitted\\nto their seats, by mutual concession. Meshack\\nWeare, whose rising popularity commended him\\nequally to the governor and the house, was elected\\nspeaker. A liberal distribution of offices and\\nmilitary commissions softened the resentment of\\nthe governor s opponents, and the public business\\nonce more claimed the attention of the assembly.\\nIn the course of this controversy, the governor had\\nnegatived the choice of Richard Waldron as\\nspeaker of the house nor could the peremptory\\nand severe messages of Wcntv.orth compel them to\\nchoose a new speaker. These altercations between\\ntwo co-ordinate branches of a colonial govern-\\nment, aside from the disastrous consequences to\\npublic business,! would be of little consequence\\nto the history of the state, were it not that the\\ngovernor represented the king and therefore the\\ndetermined resistance of the house was in fact but\\nthe manifestation of a growing jealousy of the\\nroyal prerogative a growing desire for self-rule\\nthe germ of a republic the dawning hope of\\nLiberty and Independence.\\nThe war being over, the scattered settlers\\nreturned to their homes. Some came bringing\\nProv. Rec, Jour. Council and Assembly, 1750\u00e2\u0080\u00941765. J. H., 1747\u00e2\u0080\u00941755.\\nt P. R., J. H., 17.17\u00e2\u0080\u00941755. C. and A., 1750\u00e2\u0080\u00941765.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "190 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, accessions to their numbers others with increased\\nVHI.\\nfamiHes and so the wilderness began to bloom\\nonce more. It was feared that the French were\\nabout to encroach upon the rich meadows of\\nHaverhill and Newbury, and a few persons re-\\nsolved to plant a settlement as a barrier against\\n1752. them. In pursuance of this resolution, a party\\npassed northward in the spring, to view the inter-\\nvals and lay out the proposed townships. The\\ntribes of the St. Francis observed them with jeal-\\nousy, and suspected their design. An embassy,\\ncomposed of warriors, soon appeared at Number\\nFour, with a flag of truce, and complained of the\\nencroachment. They averred that they had not\\nheard of the late treaty, reproached the English\\nfor craving more land than they could cultivate,\\nand threatened hostilities. The warlike remains\\nof the tribes once planted in New Hampshire were\\nunited to the Aresaguntacooks,* and the fugitives\\nfrom western Maine had planted revenge and re-\\nsentment in the bosoms of the Canada warriors.\\nBesides, they knew the value of their lands, they\\nfelt themselves the rightful lords of the soil, and\\nthey still clung, with the pride of Indians, to the\\nhunting-grounds of their fathers. Captain Stevens\\ngave them little satisfaction. With their jealousy\\naroused, and the remembrance of ancient injuries\\nrankling in their breasts, they crossed the moun-\\ntains and pursued their way eastward into the\\npresent township of Rumney. Four hunters, in\\nquest of game, had wandered northward along the\\ncourse of Baker s river, and were met by the war-\\nriors of the St. Francis. Immediately, on per-\\nAnother name for the St. Francis Indians.\\nI", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 191\\nceiviiifi^ the hunters, they rushed upon them with chap.\\nvni.\\ntheir tomahawks. One escaped* by flight one\\nwas killed and the remaining two taken prisoners.\\nThe Indians, returning, proceeded up the Con-\\nnecticut, and down Lake Memphremagog, to the\\nhead-quarters of their tribe. When they arrived at\\nSt. Francis, the captives perceived, from the signs\\nand motions, of the captors, that they were to run\\nthe gauntlet, according to savage custom. This\\nconsists in passing through two parallel files of\\nwarriors, each of whom is privileged to give the\\nprisoners a blow. The elder of the prisoners\\npassed through first, and suflfcred little less than\\ndeath. The younger and remaining one was a lad\\nof sixteen years. When his turn came, he marched\\nforward with a bold air, snatched a club from the Me.\\nnearest Indian, and attacked the warriors as he of^Gen.\\nadvanced along the lines, dealing the blows right p^^rs\\nand left with a merciless and almost deadly force.\\nNothing in the conduct of a prisoner so charms\\nthe savage mind as a haughty demeanor and con-\\ntempt of death. The old men were amused and\\ndelighted, the young warriors were struck with\\nadmiration, at the gallant bearing of the youthful\\ncaptive. They next ordered him to hoe corn.\\nHe cut it up by the roots, declaring that such\\nwork was fit for squaws, but unworthy of warriors.\\nFrom that moment he became their favorite. They\\nadopted him as a son, and gave him the title of\\nYoung Chief They dressed him in the highest\\nstyle of Indian splendor, and decorated him with\\nwampum and silver. It was not long after, that\\nCaptain Stevens was despatched on an embassy to\\nA brother of the youngest of the prisoners.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "note.\\n192 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Canada, to redeem the English captives. The\\nVIII\\n..^^L first one offered him was their favorite Young\\nChief. Captain Stevens received him at their\\nhands with dehght. But no one of the rude\\nwarriors recognised, in the young chief of their\\nadoption, the future American general, John\\nStark.\\nAnother event soon occurred, which furnished\\naliment to the already sliarpened resentment of this\\nhostile tribe. Two of their warriors, Sabatis and\\n1753. piausawa, came to Contoocook, and lodged at the\\nhouse of a man who killed them the next day. By\\nthe road-side, on the bank of the Merrimac river,\\nBowen, the murderer, on the morning after these\\ntwo Indians had lodged at his house, plunged a\\ntomahawk into the head of Sabatis, and, drawing\\nit out, went back to meet Piausawa, who, seeing\\n^kn? of his companion, pointed his gun at Bow-\\nP^307, en s breast; but it flashed. Piausawa now fell\\non his knees and begged for his life. He pleaded\\nhis innocence, and his t ormer friendship for the\\nEnglish but in vain. Bowen buried in his skull\\nthe tomahawk still reeking with the blood of\\nSabatis, and hid them both under a bridge. Their\\nbodies were dragged forth by the wild beasts of\\nthe woods, and the bones scattered on the ground.\\nBy the treaty of peace it had been stipulated\\nthat each party should punish its own offenders.\\nThe murderer of Sabatis and Piausawa was appre-\\nhended and brought to Portsmouth. But on the\\nnight preceding the day for his trial, an armed\\nmob, with axes and crow-bars, entered the pri-\\nson and bore him off in triumph. Rewards for\\nhis discovery were of no avail. Public opinion", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 193\\npronounced the rescue meritorious. The murders chap.\\ncommitted by the Indians were remembered the\\ntreaty was forgotten. Thus the pHghted faith of\\nthe treaty was broken. But what could the feeble\\ntribes of the St. Francis do? They received a\\nhandsome present, and made answer, that the\\nblood was wiped away then ratified the treaty\\nof 1749. But the desire for revenge grew from\\nreflection and afterwards, when a conference was\\nheld with several tribes at Portland, the St. Fran-\\ncis refused to be present, and sent a message pur-\\nporting that the blood was not wiped away.\\nBy the treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, the island of\\nCape Breton was restored to France, and all\\nthings were placed on the footing they were\\nbefore the war. But the limits of the French\\nand English territories on the continent were still\\nundetermined. The avarice and ambition of two\\nmighty nations were still left to make the colonial\\nterritories the theatre of a war for conquest the\\ngame of kings. Both parties agreed to submit theii\\npretensions to a board of commissioners, mutually\\nchosen. The commissioners met at Paris, but\\ndetermined nothing. France resolved to connect\\nher distant settlements of Canada and Louisiana.\\nThese colonies, so widely separated, could be\\njoined by a chain of forts stretchhig from the St.\\nLawrence to the Mississippi. To command navi-\\ngation in the winter, it was also necessary to\\nextend the limits of Canada eastward, far south of\\nthe great river St. Lawrence. These claims of\\nterritory encroached upon the English colonies of\\nNova Scotia, New York, and Virginia. When it\\nwas foreseen that no arbiter but the sword could\\n25", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "194) HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, decide the controversy, the Earl of Holderiiess.\\n^,_ secretary of state, recommended to the colonies\\na union. The first object was their mutual pro-\\ntection and defence the second, extending the\\nBritish settlements in North America. Dele-\\ngates* of the several colonies accordingly met in\\n1754. general congress, at Albany and on the fourth\\nday of July, twenty-two years before the decla-\\nration of American independence, a plan of union\\nwas agreed to. It provided for a general govern-\\nment, consisting of a grand council of delegates\\nfrom the several colonial legislatures, subject to\\nkinip, the control of a president-general, to be appointed\\nby the crown, with a negative voice. The dele-\\ngates of Connecticut immediately entered their\\ndissent to the plan, on account of the negative\\nvoice of the president-general. It was viewed in\\nAmerica with disapprobation, and rejected, be-\\ncause it gave too much power to the king and\\nwith distrust in England, because it left too much\\npower with the colonies.\\nAt the first alarm of expected hostilities, the\\nIndian tribes in the French interest resumed the\\nhatchet, and fell upon the frontier settlements of\\nNew Hampshire. Though careful to preserve the\\nlives of their prisoners, now made valuable on\\n1754. account of the high price paid for them in Mont-\\nreal, yet, in the heat of actual contest, they still\\nslaughtered women f without pity.\\n1755. The campaign of 1755 opened, on the part of\\nthe English, by three expeditions destined to attack\\nProvince Records, Journal House, 1747 1755. Council and Assembly,\\n1750\u00e2\u0080\u00941765.\\nt Penhallow\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N. H. Hist. Coll., 1., 13\u00e2\u0080\u0094132.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "NEW HA Mr SHI RE. 195\\nthe French forts one asrainst fort Da Q,uesne, chap.\\nVHI.\\non the Ohio, led by General Brarldock another\\nagainst Niagara, by Governor Shirley and a third\\nagainst Crown Point, by General Johnson. For\\nthis expedition New Hampshire raised five hun-\\ndred men; and Colonel Blanchard, of Dunstable,\\ndistinguished as a land surveyor, was appointed to\\nthe command. Johnson reached the shores of lake\\nGeorge, and encamped, posting the New Hamp-\\nshire regiment at fort Edward. Early in Septem-\\nber, on the eighth, Johnson was attacked in his Sept.s.\\ncamp, by the Baron Dieskau, at the head of a\\nformidable body of French Canadians and Indians.\\nOn the morning of that day a scouting party from\\nfort Edward discovered some wagons burning in j^^|\\nthe road. Col. Blanchard immediately detached p- 313-\\nCaptain Nathaniel Folsom with eighty of the New\\nHampshire regiment, and forty of the New York,\\nunder Captain M Gennis. They came to the\\nplace, and found the wagoners dead, but no enemy\\nwas there. Hearing the report of guns in the\\ndirection of the lake, they directed their march\\ntliither, and when within two miles of the shore,\\nthey came upon the baggage of the French army,\\nunder a guard. They attacked and dispersed the\\nguard, but had scarcely seized the booty, when\\nthe army of Dieskau came in sight, retreating.\\nFolsom posted his men behind trees, and com-\\nmenced a galling fire. The enemy retired with\\ngreat loss, and Folsom returned to his camp. In\\nthis well-timed engagement, but six men were lost\\non the side of the English, and all the ammunition\\nand baggage of the French fell into their hands.\\nAfter this, the New Hampshire regiment joined the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "196 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, army, and were employed as scouts. After this\\nbattle, when it became necessary to reinforce the\\narmy, another regiment was raised in New Hamp-\\nshire, commanded by Colonel Peter Gilman and\\nthey also acted as scouts. Alert, indefatigable,\\naccustomed to savage warfare, inured to danger\\nand fatigue, acquainted with the enemy s hiding-\\nplaces, they continued to render essential services\\ntill the army was disbanded and returned home,\\nlate in autumn.\\nThese three expeditions against the French all\\nsignally failed. Braddock was overwhelmed with\\ndefeat, and slain on the banks of the Monongahela.\\nWashington, calm and collected amidst the con-\\nsternation and uproar of this dreadful rout, rallied\\nthe faithful Virginia Blues, when the English\\ngave way, led them on to the charge, killed num-\\nbers of the enemy, who were rushing on with tom-\\nahawks, checked their pursuit, and brought off the\\nDavies shattcrcd remains of the British army. Provi-\\nscrmon ^j^^^^^^g j^ ^yj^g gaid, cvcu at that early day,\\ndodc s Providence has preserved that heroic youth for\\nsome great service to his country.\\nShirley accomplished nothing and the expedi-\\ntion of Johnson against Crown Point served only\\nto provoke the fury of the Indians against the fron-\\ntiers of New Hampshire, now wholly exposed and\\nunprotected. The tribes of the St. Francis, not\\nyet revenged, having established an easy commu-\\nnication between the Connecticut valley and the\\nhead-quarters of their nation, made frequent incur-\\nsions eastward, up the Ashuelot, and into Walpole,\\n1756. Hinsdale, and Number Four. The next year,\\nTrumbuH s Indian Wars, p. 120.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 197\\nShirley, who rose to the post of commander-in-\\nchief, on the death of Braddock, planned another\\nexpedition against Crown Point. New Hampshire,\\nthat never failed in her quota of men, sent a regi-\\nment into the field, led by Colonel Meserve. But,\\nin the midst of the campaign, Shirley was super-\\nseded by the Earl of Loudon. From that moment\\nthe war languished. The summer passed in fruit-\\nless marches and labor. The French besieged\\nand took the English fort at Oswego, and sent the\\nregiments of Shirley and Pepperell prisoners to\\nFrance.\\nThen were formed from the New Hampshire\\ntroops, by the express desire of Lord Loudon,\\nthose famous companies of Rangers, who proved to\\nbe the most terrible band of partisan warriors in\\nAmerica. They were commanded by Rogers, and\\nby the two brothers, John and William Stark.\\nThey were accustomed to the signs of the forest,\\nand could read the slightest indications of ap-\\nproaching danger. To scour the woods to pro-\\ncure intelligence; to skirmish with detached parties\\nof the enemy to hang on the wings of a retiring\\narmy and harass them to issue suddenly from\\ntheir lurking-places, fall upon foraging parties, and\\nretreat into inaccessible places these were some\\nof the duties of the rangers. On the most diffi-\\ncult, hazardous and dangerous enterprises they\\nwere sent. When it became necessary for Gen-\\neral Amherst to send orders from Albany to Gen-\\neral Murray, at Ciuebec, Rogers was commanded\\nto select four of his rangers, who could be re-\\nlied upon, and were used to scouting in an enemy s\\nwilderness, to carry the orders. They were all,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "198 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, to a man, fit for the crisis, and there was no difFi-\\nJJ^ culty in finding the four men. Shute, and three\\nothers, were commissioned, and undertook the per-\\nilous enterprise. They were landed at Missisqui\\nBay, and directed their course to the river St.\\nFrancis, by a route previously known to them.\\nThis river, after some days and nights of suffering,\\nthey crossed on rafts but not without losing two\\n}Jp4 of the party, who were carried over the rapids.\\n^oi.i.; The remaining two pursued their route, procured\\n^note* supplies by robbing the French planters on the\\nway, until they reached an English encampment\\non the banks of the St. Lawrence. Here they\\nwere received as friends, and forwarded to (Quebec,\\nwhere they arrived in a few days, and delivered\\ntheir despatches to General Amherst.\\n1757. For the reduction of the strong fortress of\\nCrown Point another expedition was planned by\\nLord Loudon, the next year. Another regiment\\nwas raised in New Hampshire, commanded by\\nColonel Meserve who, with three companies of\\nrangers and a body of one hundred carpenters,\\nmarched to Halifax, while the remainder of his\\nregiment, under Lieutenant Colonel Goffe, was\\nposted at fort William Henry, under the command\\nof Colonel Munroe, of the thirty-fifth British regi-\\nAi g. 3. ment. On the third of August, the Marquis de\\nMontcalm, at the head of a strong force of Cana-\\ndians and Indians, invested that fort. For five\\ndays the garrison withstood the siege but on the\\nsixth, finding their ammunition exhausted, they\\ncapitulated. They were allowed the honors of\\nwar, and were to be escorted by the French troops\\nto fort Edward, on the shores of lake George.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 199\\nAccordingly, on the morning aflcr the surrender, chap\\nthe signal of departure was given, and the garrison,\\nto the number of three thousand, marched out of\\nthe fort. The New Hampshire regiment, happen-\\ning to be in the rear, was the last to depart. Tlie\\nIndians of the French army were enraged at the\\nterms of surrender, as they afforded to them no\\nopportunity for plunder. As the English issued\\nfrom the fort they were observed to hover near,\\nwith evident signs of discontent, a few of them\\nmingling from time to time among the conquered\\ncolumns. The French soldiers, placed at a re-\\nspectful distance to the right, offered no insult to\\nthe vanquished. As the English army proceeded\\nslowly across the plain, accumulated numbers of\\nthe Indians pressed into their lines and began to\\nplunder. While no opposition was made, they\\nproceeded quietly in the work. But as soon as\\nresistance was offered, the fatal war-whoop was\\nsounded, and the Indians rushed with fiendlike\\nfury upon the defenceless troops. They butchered\\nand scalped their victims, mingling their triumph-\\nant yells with the groans of the dying, whom\\nthey were permitted to murder without restraint.\\nAlthough it had been expressly stipulated that the\\nprisoners should be protected from the savages by\\na guard, and the sick and wounded treated with\\nhumanity, yet no guard was provided. Monroe\\nrushed through the French ranks to Montcalm, at\\nthe risk of his life, and implored him to fulfil this\\nstipulation for a guard. All his entreaties were\\nineffectual. The French were passive spectators\\nof the work of death, and no movement was made\\nfor protection, although they were near enough to", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "200 HISTORY OF\\nhear tlie shrieks of the wounded and to see the\\nsick shrinking from the upHfted tomahawk. The\\n1757. blood-thirsty savages seemed to be heated and\\nmaddened beyond their usual ferocity. Out of the\\nNew Hampshire regiment alone eighty were killed\\nor taken and hundreds more were left dead upon\\nthe shores of The Holy Lake their bodies\\nunburied and mangled with all the wantonness of\\nIndian barbarity. History may well be in some\\ndoubt what station to assign to Montcalm wheth-\\ner to rank him with those at once brave and hu-\\nmane, or with those whose deeds of cruelty and\\nblood tarnish the lustre of victory.\\nThus closed the third campaign in America. It\\nhad been a series of disasters, originating in mis-\\nmanagement and folly. The people of England\\nwere indignant, and demanded a new ministry, at\\nthe head of whom was placed the celebrated Wil-\\nliam Pitt, who rose from the post of ensign in the\\nguards to control the destinies of England. In\\nnothing was his genius more conspicuous than in\\nhis selection of men to fill important stations. He\\nimmediately presented to his majesty a long and\\nmelancholy list of lieutenant-generals and major-\\ngenerals to be removed; and he promoted to im-\\nportant posts of command a crowd of meritorious\\nyoung officers, among whom were Amherst, Wolfe,\\nMonckton,* Murray and Townsend. A new vigor\\nwas immediately apparent, and the English fleets\\nand armies seemed once more inspired with their\\nancient love of glory. A powerful force took\\n1758. Louisburg from the French, with its garrison of\\nfive thousand men, and one hundred and twenty\\nHoratio Gates, afterwards the conqueror of Burgoyne, was aid to ^loncktorT.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 201\\npieces of cannon. But among the slain was chap.\\nCol. Meserve, of Portsmouth, a gallant officer, and\\nlamented throughout the province. Gen. Forbes\\ngained possession of fort Du Cluesne, and General\\nAbcrcrombie advanced at the head of a third army,\\nwhich included eight hundred New Hampshire\\nmen, to attack the strong fortress of Ticonderoga.\\nHe passed down the lake in a jfleet of a thousand\\nboats. After landing, Rogers rangers were not ^|j\\nlong in engaging the enemy in a skirmish. The P\\nnext day the whole army moved to attack the\\nFrench lines. But a murderous fire of artillery\\nand small arms compelled them to retreat, after\\nfour hours of desperate fighting, with the loss of\\ntwo thousand killed and wounded. The English\\nlamented the loss of Lord Howe among the killed;\\nand the whole country was clad in mourning for\\nso many sons slain. Notwithstanding the bloody\\ndefeat at Ticonderoga, the British government\\ndetermined to act with decision and the minister,\\nPitt, marked out a plan for the next campaign. Hales\\nindicative of the energy and boldness of his genius, u. s.,\\nThree armies were to be led simultaneously p-2i3.\\nagainst the three strongest posts of the French in\\nAmerica Niagara, Ticonderoga, and Cluebec.\\nWolfe, though young, yet already considered a\\nhero, with a fleet and eight thousand soldiers, was\\nto ascend the St. Lawrence and attack duebec.\\nAmherst, with twelve thousand men, was to take\\nTiconderoga and Crown Point, and having sub-\\ndued the fortresses of lake Champluin, he was to pun-\\nenler the St. Lawrence by the Sorel and form a n iX%\\njunction with the army below, under Wolfe. A vorky\\nthird force, principally provincials, under General oi. i.\\n26", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "202 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Prideaux, accompanied by the warlike Iroquois,\\n1 was to take fort Niagara, descend the St. Law-\\nrence, and make themselves masters of Montreal.\\nWhether this plan was well designed to distract\\nthe enemy and accomplish the great object of con-\\nquest, or depended for success upon the fortune of\\nWolfe, against probabilities, it is difficult to con-\\njecture.\\nAfter a short siege, Niagara surrendered to\\nGeneral Prideaux. In the army of General Am-\\nherst were a thousand men of New Hampshire,\\nled by a brother of the lamented Captain Love-\\nwell. On the approach of Amherst, late in July,\\nTiconderoga was immediately abandoned by the\\nFrench. Amherst pressed forward to take Crown\\nPoint, which he found deserted, and immediately\\npursued the retiring French to Isle aux Noix.\\nAfter a series of efforts against the storms of lake\\nChamplain, he became convinced that it was im-\\npossible to take this place, and led back his army\\nto Crown Point. The expedition against Quebec\\nwas more daring than the others, and its success\\n1759. more splendid. The danger of the enterprise\\nseemed to elevate the British soldiers to a level\\nwith the difficulties to be encountered and the\\nbattle w hich sealed the fate of the two gallant com-\\nmanders, Wolfe and Montcalm, gave success to\\nEngland, but equal glory to the French arms.\\nThe city of Cluebec, the strong capital of Canada,\\nthe Gibraltar of America, and hitherto deemed an\\nimpregnable fortress, fell before the daring young\\ngenerals whom Pitt promoted over their imbecile\\npredecessors but both of the contending armies\\nhad much to regret, since the one mourned for\\nWolfe, the other for Montcalm.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 203\\nThe French being conquered, leisure was given chap.\\nto chastise the Indians of the St. Francis. During\\nthe war, while the fighting men had been absent\\nagainst the French, these Indians seized the op-\\nportunity for devastation, and murdered without\\nrestraint. But the dreaded rangers were now at\\nliberty. Two hundred of these trained warriors,\\narmed with tomahawks and knives, besides their\\nusual equipments, led by Major Rogers, left\\nCrown Point in September, and directed their Sept.\\ncourse to St. Francis. After a fatiguing march\\nof twenty-one days through the wilderness, they\\ncame within sight of the village of St. Francis, and\\nviewed it at the distance of three miles. Major\\nRogers halted with his men, and in the evening\\nentered the village in disguise, accompanied by\\ntwo officers. He found the Indians engaged in\\na grand dance. Late in the night, as they all\\nfell asleep, Rogers returned to his men, formed\\nthem into parties, which he posted to advantage,\\nand, just before day, marched to a general assault.\\nThe Indians were completely surprised. They\\nwere wakened from sleep to meet the same wea-\\npons which they had so often plunged into the\\nbosoms of unoffending women and children of the\\nfrontiers. Some were killed in their houses, and\\nthose who attempted to flee were tomahawked by\\nparties who had been stationed to guard all the\\npaths that led to the village.\\nThe dawn of day disclosed to the victorious as- 1759.\\nsailants the sight of several hundred scalps of their\\ncountrymen, which the Indians had brought home\\nand elevated upon poles. They found the village\\nfilled with the plunder of the frontiers, and enriched", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "204 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, by the sale of captives. The houses of the French,\\nVlil\\n1 who had mingled with the Indians, were well fur-\\ni^ap, nished the church adorned with plate. The\\nrangers loaded themselves with pillage, and, hav-\\ning set fire to the village, directed their retreat\\nup the river St. Francis, intending to rendezvous\\nat the upper Coos. Only one had been killed and\\nsix wounded in the attack but their retreat was\\nwhiton, attended with distressinnr reverses. They directed\\np. 105. O J\\ntheir march, passing on the eastern side of Lake\\nMemphremagog, towards the mouth of the Am-\\nmonoosuck. They had not proceeded far, before\\ntheir provisions were entirely exhausted. Their\\nsituation was such as might daunt the stoutest\\nhearts. They were in the midst of a trackless\\nwilderness, many miles from any human habita-\\ntion, with a blood-thirsty, savage foe pressing upon\\ntheir rear. That they might procure subsistence\\nwith less difficulty, by hunting, they separated into\\nsmall parties. Two of these parties were soon\\novertaken by the Indians and slain, or made pris-\\noners. The commander, with the main body,\\nfamished and march-worn, finally arrived at the\\nmouth of the Ammonoosuck, where they expected\\nto find an abundant supply of provisions. But\\nWhiton, they were cruelly disappointed. The party en-\\ntrusted with the provisions had departed but a few\\nhours before they arrived, leaving their fires still\\nburning. Guns were fired to recall them, which\\n1759. they distinctly heard but supposing them to be\\nfired by an enemy, they kept on their march down\\nthe river. The rangers were now reduced to the\\nlast extreme of suflfering. They were entirely\\ndestitute of provisions, and seventy miles from", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 206\\nNumber Four,* the nearest place of relief.\\nGround-nuts and beech-nuts were the only provi-\\nsions of the forest. To such extremities were they p. 0*5\\nreduced, that they boiled their powder-horns and\\nall their leathern accoutrements, that they might\\ntaste something ever so slightly tinctured with ani-\\nmal matter. As a last expedient, Rogers, with\\ntwo others, by the slow process of burning down whkon,\\ntrees, constructed a raft, with which they floated\\ndown Connecticut river to Charlestown, and de-\\nspatched canoes up the river, laden with provisions.\\nBut ere they could reach the starving rangers, fifty\\nhad fallen by the hands of the enemy, or perished in\\nthe w^oods, of hunger, exhaustion and despair. One\\nmanf left the main body to seek out his father s\\nhouse on the banks of the Merrimac, by a nearer\\nroute. The hunters afterwards found his skeleton\\nin the wilderness of the White Mountains.\\nEarly in the ensuing spring, the French, having 1760.\\nconcentrated their remaining forces at Montreal, i.^p.\\nmade attempts to regain possession of Quebec.\\nUnsuccessful in these, they retired to Montreal. But\\nthis year witnessed the completion of the conquest\\nof Canada. Three British armies, penetrating\\nthe wilderness by different routes, arrived almost\\nsimultaneously at Montreal. Eight hundred troops,\\nunder Colonel Goffe, marched from New Hamp-\\nshire, and formed part of the forces concentrated\\nround Montreal. The French found it impossible\\nto resist the newly-awakened energy of the British\\nministry and their armies. Montreal surrendered,\\nand the other French posts, in rapid succession, fell\\ninto the power of the English. The tragic scenes\\nCharlestown. f Benj. Bradley, of Concord.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "206 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, of Indian warfare ended with the reduction of\\nJ^ Canada, and the terrific war-whoop of the savage,\\nwhich had been heard for so many years, ceased\\nto resound through the forests and the settlements.\\nThe Indians passed under the dominion of Britain.\\nHer brave armies had encircled her name with\\nglory, and added extensive territories to her domin-\\nions. But, in doing this, three hundred and twenty\\nL^p. millions of dollars had been added to the national\\n1763. debt, already overwlielming. A definitive treaty of\\npeace, signed at Paris in 1763, closed this long and\\ntremendous struggle. France had lost all her\\nNorth American colonies. For this splendid suc-\\ncess, England was indebted to the energy of the\\ngovernment, the blood and treasure of her own\\npeople, and the powerful aid of the American\\ncolonists. Some of her bravest officers had fallen.\\nFrom the time of the conquest of Canada may\\nbe dated the more rapid progress of New Hamp-\\nshire in wealth, and a greater increase of population.\\nWhile exposed to continual danger from the savage\\ntribes of the St. Francis, the growth of the settle-\\nments had been stinted and circumscribed.\\nDuring the war, other affairs of the colony had\\nbeen overlooked in the absorbing pursuit of arms.\\nYet the colony had advanced in morals and intelli-\\ngence. A printing-press, the first in New Eng-\\nland, had been established in Portsmouth, and the\\nNew Hampshire Gazette* had been issued in the\\nOctober following. The conquest of Canada was\\nthe signal for the speedy downfall of the Indians.\\nThe Portsmouth Journal, at Portsmouth, was established in 1789 the\\nKeene Sentinel in March, 1799, and the Farmer s Cabinet, at Amherst, Nov.\\n11, 1802.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 207\\nNeither the degenerate Iroquois, who had fought chap.\\nas allies of Britain in the conquest of Canada, nor _1\\nthe western savages, who had followed the fortunes\\nof France, saw that peace would be fatal to them.\\nYet this was inevitable. When the white men\\nceased from the work of destroying each other,\\nthey would naturally turn to exterminating the red\\nrace, who now sought, fortunately too late, for the\\nmeans of staying the irresistible progress of a\\nsuperior people. Scarcely had the red warriors\\nraised a shout of barbarous triumph, when they\\nwere called upon to resist the aggression of those 1760.\\nfor whom they had bled in the recent wars. It\\nwould have been the same in the event of French\\nconquest. Contention between two rival nations,\\nclaiming the soil of Canada, put a stop to that colo-\\nnization which drove the red men away but the\\nstrife being ended, the victorious party, who had\\ndispossessed its rival, would turn to the only re-\\nmaining obstacle, and pursue with a double zeal\\nthe work of exterminating the native inhabitants of\\nthe wilderness. The Indians awoke suddenly to a\\nperception of the danger impending, and formed,\\nwith astonishing rapidity, a combination for exter-\\nminating the whites. There was a simultaneous\\nrush of the Indians from all quarters upon the out-\\nposts, which in some instances were carried; but\\nhostilities were finally terminated by compelling\\nthe Indian to submit to the power of the white\\nman.\\nWhile the wars continued with the French and\\nIndians, numerous bodies of troops passed and\\nrepassed through the green and fertile country\\nnow own as the state of Vermont. The soldiers", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": ":li)0 HISTORY OF\\nHAP. perceived the fertility of the soil, and immediately\\nupon the cessation of hostilities a great crowd of\\nadventurers and speculators made application for\\nthese lands. Applications increased, and the sur-\\nveys were extended so rapidly, that, during the\\n1761. year 1761, not less than sixty townships were\\ngranted on the west, and eighteen on the east side\\nof the river. The governor s coffers were filled by\\n1763. the fees and scarcely had two years more elapsed\\nbefore the number of townships on the west side\\nof the river amounted to one hundred and thirty-\\neight. A stream of emigration poured northward\\nfrom Charlestown to Lancaster and Northumber-\\nland and settlements were soon extended to Clare-\\nwhi- mont and Piainficld, Lebanon, Hanover, Lyme,\\n109. Orford, Newport, Lempster, Alstead, and Mar-\\nlow. At the same time new settlements stretched\\nalong the Merrimac, and up the Pemigewasset,\\nover the western parts of Hillsborough and Mer-\\nrimac counties, the eastern sections of Cheshire\\nand Sullivan, and the northern part of Strafford.\\nThe passion for occupying new lands seemed\\nhardly exceeded by the passion for granting them.\\nThe soldiers, to whom they had been promised as\\na reward for their meritorious services in conquer-\\ning the country from France, were forgotten in\\nthe hasty covetousness of an avaricious governor.\\nWentworth retained five hundred acres of land in\\neach town to himself The grants on the western\\nside of the Connecticut alarmed the government\\nof New York, who claimed the soil, under the grant\\nof King Charles to the Duke of York, as far east-\\nward as Connecticut river. The emoluments of\\ngranting lands were coveted by the governor of", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 209\\nNew York. The grasping selfishness of these chap.\\ntwo royal governors produced a disaffection, which .,_^\\nportended civil war, and would soon have led to it, voLI^\\nif the stamp act had not absorbed every other con- .Bei\\nsideration, and called the Sons of Liberty to S\\nconsider the general defence and welfare, rather\\nthan conflicting rights founded upon royal grants.\\nOn the application of New York, an order was\\npassed by the king in council, declaring the\\nwestern banks of Connecticut river, from where it j^g^\\nenters the province of Massachusetts Bay, as far July 20,\\nnorth as the forty-fifth degree of latitude, to be the\\nboundary line between the two provinces of New\\nHampshire and New York. The settlers now\\nfound themselves involved in a controversy with\\nthe government of New York. The grantees of\\nthe lands understood the words to be in the future\\ntense, (their obvious meaning,) and consequently\\nbelieved that their grants, derived from the crown\\nthrough one of its governors, were valid. The\\ngovernment of New York referred these words\\nto the time past, and construed them as a declara-\\ntion that the banks of the Connecticut always\\nhad been the eastern limit of New York con-\\nsequently, that .the grants made by New Hampshire tnapV-\\nwere invalid, and might be granted again. These\\nopposite opinions proved a cause of Htigation,\\nenmity, and frequently of open fight, which lasted\\nfor ten years. It was but natural that the settlers,\\nthreatened by New York with having their lands\\nwrested from them, should think of independence\\nand self-protection. Such the sequel will prove.\\nThey were at this time a hardy and intrepid, but\\nuncultivated race of men. Without the advan-\\n27", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "210 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nCHAP, tastes of education, destitute of the conveniences\\nVTTT o\\nand elegancies of life, with nothing to soften their\\nmanners, and strongly provoked by injustice, rash-\\nness, excess and violence naturally marked their\\nproceedings. An equal extreme of ferocity, though\\ngraced with the name of law, marked the doings of\\nthe New York government, when they proceeded to\\nbrand the Vermontcrs as felons, traitors, and rebels,\\nand offered rewards for their discovery and appre-\\nhension. Posterity will easily decide which was\\nmost blamable, the greedy governor of New York,\\nwho gave a forced construction to plain words, in\\norder to make laws to dispossess honest settlers,\\nor the settlers, who, when pursued and hunted as\\ncriminals for acting in open and avowed opposition\\nto the wrong with which they were threatened.\\nHist. of declared, We will kill and destroy any person\\n^v^^ or persons whomsoever that shall presume to be\\n^^e accessory, aiding or assisting in taking any of us.\\nBoth parties remained in this state of exasperation\\nuntil the drama of the Revolution opened at Lex-\\nington, and the attention of all orders of men was\\nimmediately engaged, and all local and provincial\\ncontests absorbed, by the novelty, the grandeur and\\nimportance of the contest between Britain and\\nAmerica.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nTHE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.\\nAdministration of Pitt Taxation Stamp act Duties Debates in Parlia-\\nment Excitement occasioned by the stamp act Stamp distributor at\\nPortsmouth compelled to resign Riots in other colonies Threatened\\ndestruction of tea at Portsmouth Removal of Gov. Wentworthj and ap-\\npointment of John Wentworth Assault upon fort William and Mary,\\nled by Langdon and Sullivan Ammunition and cannon removed by the\\nprovincials Battle of Concord and Lexington A convention called at\\nExeter Governor Wentworth recommends reconciliation Royal gov-\\nernment dissolved in New Hampshire Boston besieged b) the provin-\\ncials Battle of Bunker s Hill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Death of Warren and McClary Whigs\\nand tories Formation of a state government in New Hampshire\\nAdoption of a constitution Meshech Ware, president New Hampshire\\nfits out a ship of war Land forces Expedition to Canada Sullivan\\nmeets the army retreating New Hampshire resolves on a declaration of\\nindependence Public sentiment Burgoyne advances into Vermont\\nBattles of Bennington and Stillwater General Sullivan s expedition to\\nRhode Island Surrender of Cornwallis Great Britain acknowledges\\nthe independence of the United Colonies Washington retires to IMount\\nVernon.\\nThe administration of William Pitt shed an chap.\\nundying glory upon the name of England. In ,^,1.^\\nevery quarter of the world the British flag was\\ntriumphant. Nor was it the least of those splen-\\ndid events, which gave eclat to the administration\\nof Pitt, that the French had been defeated and\\ndriven from their possessions in America. All the\\ncolonies had passed under the dominion of Great\\nBritain. Such was the success and the glory of\\nEngland, under the guidance of Pitt. Rising\\nfrom an island in the midst of the sea, she bad", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "212 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, grown to a nation able to threaten the repose and\\nliberty of Europe. Space seemed to set no limits\\nto her ambition. Resting upon her American\\ncolonies in the West, and her East India posses-\\nsions in the East, she seemed to touch the extremi-\\nties of the globe, and to grasp at universal domin-\\nion. By the treaty of Paris, of 1763, she became\\nmistress of the vast continent of North America,\\nfrom the banks of the Mississippi to the shores of\\nGreenland. She also gained many islands in the\\nWest Indies. In the East her empire was greatly\\nextended and so vast was her power, and so solid\\nthe foundations on which it rested, that her com-\\nmerce and her arms reigned without a rival and\\nwithout control. Aspiring to rule the sea, she\\nbecame to all the powers of Europe, and espe-\\ncially to the maritime states, the object of universal\\numbrage and distrust. All nations desired to see\\nher humbled. Holland, and the other maritime\\nstates, whose commerce she had harassed, ardent-\\nly wished to see lier power reduced. Above all,\\nFrance, martial France, stung with her recent\\ndiscomfiture burning to avenge her defeated le-\\ngions ardently desired to humble her great adver-\\nsary, and waited, with impatient longing, for an\\nopportunity to repair her losses and reconquer her\\nlost glory.\\nThe powers of Europe could not injure England\\nmore effectually than by separating from her the\\nAmerican colonies. The Americans could there-\\nfore hope, in case of a rupture, for at least an al-\\nliance with France. It is not strange that they\\nbegan to reflect upon what they were capable of\\nachieving, and to consider themselves no longer in", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 213\\na state of infancy, but a nation strong and formi- chap.\\ndable of itself, and to ask by what right a distant 1^\\nisland should assume to rule an immense and pop-\\nulous continent. To the most sagacious minds it\\nwas already apparent that America must, in the\\nnatural order of events, be free and that it de-\\npended on the policy of the British ministry to\\nhasten or stay the progress of freedom. Although\\na conciliatory policy on the part of the British\\nministry might retard the march of independence,\\nyet, in any event, the Americans could not fail to\\naccomplish their destiny. But though the col-\\nonies felt their importance and their power, there\\nwas,, as yet, no appearance of discontent or dis-\\nloyalty. By avoiding all irritating measures,* the\\nmother country might still have hoped to keep\\nthe Americans attached to the same government\\nunder which they had been conducted to their\\npresent prosperous and flourishing condition.\\nThey had submitted to a system of commercial\\nmonopoly, directly calculated to benefit England,\\never since the year 1660.| They had been pro-\\nhibited from purchasing the manufactures of any\\nother part of the world. They had been obliged\\nto carry to England all the products of their lands\\neven the fleeces of their flocks. They were for-\\nbidden to buy the productions or manufactures of\\nany European nation, until these commodities had\\nfirst been carried into an English port. At all this\\nthe colonies discovered no resentment. They were\\nwilling to contribute to the prosperity of the moth-\\ner country, in return for her protection and the\\nNew Hampshire Gazelle of Nov. 10, ]7f)9.\\nt Bolta s History of the War of Independence, I., p. 21.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "214 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, succors of troops and ships she had sent them to\\nJ5_ defend against the attacks of savage tribes, and\\nagainst the encroachments of foreign powers. Yet\\nit was not without a silent dissatisfaction that\\nthey submitted to laws,* which, though not im-\\nposing taxes, yet in a thousand ways restricted\\ntheir commerce, impeded their manufactures,! and\\nwounded their self-love. Some of the acts of\\nparliament seemed to point directly towards vas-\\nsalage and degradation. Hatters were forbidden\\nto have, at one time, more than two apprentices.\\nAn act of parliament had prohibited the felling of\\npitch and white pine trees. Hats and woollens of\\ndomestic manufacture could not be exported from\\nthe colonies, nor introduced from one colony to\\nanother. At the instance of the English sugar\\ncolonies, sugar, rum, and molasses could not be\\nimported from the French and Dutch settlements\\nin North America, without paying a duty so\\nexorbitant that it amounted almost to a prohibi-\\ntion. Finally, by an act of parliament of 1750,\\nthe manufacture of steel and of certain iron works\\nwas forbidden to be executed in the American col-\\nonies. From these laws arose the first murmurs\\nof discontent! on the part of the colonists. But\\nto these they submitted, yet, not without repug-\\nnance. They were regarded as regulations of\\ncommerce. They passed under the name of regu-\\nlations of commerce, and excited no open opposi-\\ntion. But during all this time, and until the year\\n1764, the subject of taxing the colonies by author-\\nBotta, I., p. 25. f Portsmouth Town Records, vol. II.\\n:j: N. H. Gazette, Nov. 27, 1767\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dec. 11 and 2\\\\, 17*57\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jan. 15, 22, 29\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFeb. 12, 19, 26\u00e2\u0080\u0094 March 11, IS, 176S.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 215\\nity of parliament, slept in silence. But England chap\\nwas now in want of a revenue. Under the splen- .^J^\\ndid administration of Pitt, she had gained, by a\\nseries of brilliant successes, both by land and sea,\\nan enormous increase of territory and strength.\\nIt is here to be observed, that, in gaining this\\ngreatness, in which England exulted, and which\\nmade her the envy and fear of Europe, she had\\ncontracted a vast national debt and it was to dis-\\ncharge the debt incurred by her aggrandizement,\\nthat gave rise to the project of taxing the colonies.\\nIn this debt the expense incurred by the conquest\\nof Canada was an important item. The expenses\\nof this war had added more than three hundred\\nmillions to the national debt. The colonists\\nwere mainly benefited by this, although it was\\nmainly the work of their own hands and it seem-\\ned but reasonable to England, that the colonists\\nshould share some portion of the burden of indebt-\\nedness which bore so heavily upon the mother\\ncountry.\\nIt was asked in England, Are they not a rich,\\nhappy and enterprising people? Is not their pros\\nperity known and envied by the whole world?\\nAssuredly, if there is any part of the globe where\\nman enjoys a sweet and pleasant life, it is espe-\\ncially in English America. Is not this a striking\\nproof of the indulgence of England towards her\\ncolonies? Let the Americans compare their con-\\ndition with that of foreign colonists, and they\\nwould soon confess, not without gratitude to the\\nmother country, both their real felicity and the\\nfutility of their complaints.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Botta, I., p.2S,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "216 HISTORY OF\\nEngland, at this time, became jealous of the col-\\nonies, and began to suspect, by degrees, that they\\nwere shaking off the authority of the crown. It\\nis not improbable, too, that some far-seeing men\\namong the Americans, aspiring to loftier things,\\nhad formed in the secret of their hearts the idea\\nof independence, and as they watched the storm\\ngathering at a distance, were preparing for the\\nemergency. Such was the state of England and\\nAmerica the one claiming that she was justly\\npossessed of a power which the other considered\\nmere tyrannical usurpation, and to which they\\ncould not submit without degrading themselves to\\na state of slavery. Such being the condition of\\nthings, it was not difficult to predict that, without\\na change of opinion on the one side or the other,\\na contest must arise and if the power of the one\\nparty could not force submission from the other,\\na separation must ensue.\\nMeanwhile, the enormous duties on molasses*\\nand sugar introduced an almost universal contra-\\nband in these articles. The increase of smuggling\\nwas in proportion to that of commerce. To put a\\nstop to this, the courts in the colonies were au-\\nthorized to grant writs of assistance. These were\\na general search-warrant given by the courts to\\nthe custom-house officers, empowering them to\\nsearch for and seize these articles, wherever they\\nsupposed them to be concealed. In Boston,\\nopposition to these became violent and it was\\nmaintaining this opposition which called out the\\nimpetuous eloquence of James Otis. His genius\\nN. H. Gazette, May 6, 1778. Also through jMarch, April, IMay and June\\nof the same year.\\n1", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 217\\nhad manifestod itself before, and its li ^ht afforded chap.\\nTV\\na hope on which America dwelt in silence, till the .____\\nmoment of action should arrive. On this occasion\\nhis eloquence burst out like a flame of fire.\\nCrowded audiences thronged to hear him, and\\nevery itnan, says John Adams, went away\\nready to take arms. Then and there was the first\\nscene of opposition to the arbitrary claims of Great\\nBritain. Then and there American Independence\\nw^as born.\\nExasperated at the enormous duties imposed,*\\nthe inhabitants, with one accord, resolved to\\nrenounce the use of every article produced frorti\\nthe manufactories or from the soil of England.\\nEnglish cloths were supplanted by those of domes-\\ntic manufacture.! English gloves ceased to be\\nworn and even funerals began to be celebrated\\nEotta,\\nwithout the habiliments of mourning. The richest p- 34.\\ninhabitants promptly abstained from every article\\nof luxury, and returned to the simplicity of early\\ntimes. Indeed, so generally did the inhabitants\\nconcur in this,| that in the town of Boston alone,\\nin the year 1764, the consumption of British mer-\\nchandise was diminished upwards of ten thousand\\npounds sterling. The resolutions taken against\\nBritish manufactures were now becoming general.\\nCombinations to this effect were entered into in all\\nthe principal cities in America, and were observed\\nwith astonishing fidelity. Such an interruption to\\ncommerce was extremely prejudicial to England\\nN. H. Gazette, 1768, April 8, 15, 22, 29\u00e2\u0080\u0094 May 6. Ibid. Nov. 27, 17C7,\\nt Botta, I., p. 31.\\nX Tlie N. H. Gazette urges the people to dispense vith superfluities, and\\npractise econoni} for the sake of liberty and their country. See N. II. Gaz.\\nDec. 29, 1769, article signed Consideration.\\n28", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "218\\nHISTORY OF\\nCHAP, for the colonies had annually purchased to the\\n^,1^ value of three millions sterling. This trade was\\nlost, and the public revenues suffered materially.\\nThis result greatly annoyed and irritated the\\nBritish ministry. They now revolved in their\\nminds a design far more lucrative to England and\\nmore prejudicial to the colonies. This was to im-\\npose taxes or excises by acts of parliament. The\\npower of England was so vast at this time, that\\nit was thought impossible for America or the\\nworld to resist her will and there were some\\nplausible arguments in favor of taxation. The\\npublic debt at this time amounted to the prodi-\\ngious sum of one hundred and forty-eight millions\\nsterling. It was, therefore, necessary to draw as\\nmuch as possible from every possible source of\\nrevenue. The people of England were grievously\\nburdened with taxes And shall our colonies,\\nsaid they, enjoy the magnificence of princes,\\nwhile we must drudge and consume ourselves with\\nefforts to procure a scanty subsistence? Ameri-\\ncan affluence had been painted in vivid colors,\\nand the ministry no longer doubted that it was\\n1764 t^xpedient and necessary to tax the colonies. Ac-\\nBotta, cordingly, on the 10th of March, 1764,* the cele-\\nbrated Stamp Act was introduced into parliament\\nin the form of a resolution. The effect of this\\nact was to require all notes, bonds, marriage con-\\ntracts, and all legal instruments in the colonies, to\\nbe executed upon stamped paper, on which a duty\\nwas to be paid. For more than a year this reso-\\nlution remained a mere proposition, unaccompanied\\nby any act to carry it into effect. No sooner did\\nParliamentary Debates of 1765. Commons, p. 21.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 219\\nthe news of this intended tax reach America, than chap.\\nIX.\\nit spread everywhere through the country and _.l-\\noccasioned the most violent fermentation. All\\nwere of one mind in asserting that parliament had\\nno right to tax the colonies. On what ground did\\nthis asserted right rest Was it because England\\nhad expended money in the French war Why\\nshould the colonies pay the expenses of that war\\nIt was not brought on by America. It was a\\nquarrel between England and France, in which\\nthe colonies had no share. Their country fur-\\nnished a theatre for it their blood and treasure\\nflowed freely to assist the mother country. Was\\nit because England had sent men and ships to\\nprotect the Americans against savage tribes\\nShe had been more than repaid for that by the\\nprofits of American commerce. Was it because\\nparliament possessed authority to raise money for\\nthe crown The Americans were not represented\\nin parliament. Taxation and representation,\\nsaid they adopting the language of Pitt are\\ninseparable. The more they reasoned, the more\\nthey became exasperated. Attachment and loy-\\nalty rapidly turned to hatred and distrust. Every\\nday widened the breach between the two coun-\\ntries. Every hour diminished the affection of the\\nAmericans, and rendered more apparent the incon-\\nsistency that they should be governed by a nation\\nmore than three thousand miles off, from whom\\nthey were separated by a wide ocean, and in\\nwhose legislative enactments they had neither a\\nvote nor a voice.\\nBut the ministry were not to be intimidated.\\nIn defiance of the most solemn warnings, and the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "220 HISTORYOF\\nCHAP, visible signs of an approaching retribution, they\\nobstinately persisted, and accordingly the question\\nof the stamp act came up on its final passage in\\n1765. parliament, early in the session of 1765.* It was\\nbut natural that a period of delusive splendor, like\\nthat which England had just passed through, should\\nbe followed by one of corresponding disaster and\\ngloom. It will be readily anticipated that the dis-\\ncussion of this subject caused a violent shock of\\nBona, opinions in parliament. Indeed, the eyes of all\\n1-42-3. Europe were turned to watch the progress and\\ndecision of this question and it would be difficult\\nto find, either in the history of times past or present,\\nthat there has been displayed more vigor of intel-\\nlect, more love of country, more violence of party\\nspirit, or more splendor of eloquence, than in these\\ndebates. The cause of America was not without\\nadvocates in parliament. The first men of the\\nage were ready to espouse the American side.\\n163-3 ^hJ^c the cause of the government was ably vin-\\ndicated by the skilful eloquence of Weddeburne,\\nthe majestic sense of Thurlow, and the masterly\\ndexterity of Lord North, the cause of the Ameri-\\ncans employed the lively declamation of Barre,\\nand the philosophic fancy of Burke. Dunning,\\nfamous for legal acuteness, and Fox, for argumen-\\ntative vehemence, were on the American side.\\nAbove all these rose the venerable form of Pitt,t\\nhis tones solemn and sincere, as was befitting a\\ngreat man about to leave the world.\\nThese Americans our own children, ex-\\nclaimed the minister Grenville, planted by our\\ncares, nourished by our indulgence, protected by\\nPari. Debates, 1765. t Earl of Chatham.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMrSIIIRE. 221\\nour arms, until they are grown to a good degree ciiAr.\\nof skill and opulence will they now turn their !_,\\nbacks upon us, and grudge to contribute their\\nmite to relieve us from the heavy load which\\noverwhelms us\\nCol. Barre caught the words, and boldly re-\\njoined Planted by your cares! No! your\\noppression planted them in America they fied\\nfrom your tyranny, into a then uncultivated land,\\nwhere they were exposed to almost all the hard-\\nships to which human nature is liable, and, among\\nothers, to the savage cruelty of the enemy of the\\ncountry a people the most subtle, and I take upon\\nme to say, the most truly terrible, of any people\\nthat ever inhabited any part of God s earth and\\nyet, actuated by principles of true English liberty,\\nthey met all these hardships with pleasure, com-\\npared with those they suffered in their own coun-\\ntry from the hands of those that should have been\\ntheir friends.\\nThey nourished by your indulgence They\\ngrew by your neglect as soon as you began to\\ncare about them, that care was exercised in send-\\ning persons to rule over them in one department\\nand another, who were, perhaps, the deputies of\\nsome members of this house, sent to spy out their\\nliberty, to misrepresent their actions, and to prey\\nupon them men, whose behavior, on many occa-\\nsions, had caused the blood of those sons of liberty\\nto recoil within them men, })romoted to the high-\\nest seats of justice, some of whom, to my knowl-\\nedge, were glad, by going to foreign countries, to\\nescape the vengeance of the laws in their own.\\nThey protected by your arms They have", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "222 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, nobly taken up arms in your defence, have exerted\\n1_ their valor, amidst their constant and laborious in-\\ndustry, for the defence of a country, whose fron-\\ntiers while drenched in blood, its interior parts\\nhave yielded for your enlargement the little sav-\\nings of their frugality and the fruits of their toils.\\nAnd believe me, remeiinher, I this day told you so,\\nthat the same spirit which actuated that people at\\nfirst, will continue with them still but prudence\\nforbids me to explain myself any further. God\\nknows, I do not, at this time, speak from motives\\nof party heat what I assert proceeds from the\\nsentiments of my heart. However superior to me,\\nin general knowledge and experience, any one\\nhere may be, yet I claim to know more of Amer-\\nica, having seen, and been more conversant in that\\ncountry. The people there are as truly loyal as\\nany subjects the king has, but a people jealous of\\ntheir liberties, and who will vindicate them if they\\nshould be violated.\\nThis bold speech left the house petrified with\\nastonishment. A dead silence ensued, in which\\nall continued to gaze on the speaker, without utter-\\ning a word. The right of parliament to tax the\\ncolonies called in question This was sufficient\\nto make them act from jealousy of their contested\\nauthority, and the bill passed on the 7th of Feb-\\n1765. ruary.* There were two hundred and fifty yeas,\\nwhile the nays did not exceed fifty. fThe house of\\nlords approved the bill on the 8th of March fol-\\nlowing, and on the 22d of the same month, it was\\nsanctioned by the king. The night on which the\\nbill passed. Dr. Franklin, then in London, wrote\\nto Charles Thompson: The sun of liberty is\\nPari. DebateS; 17G5--0. t Pari- DebateSj 17Go--6. Lords.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "x\\\\EW HAMPSHIRE. 223\\nset the Americans must light the lamps of indus- chap.\\ntry and economy. To which Mr. Thompson. _!_\\nanswered, Be assured we shall light torches of\\nquite another sort.\\nIt^is impossible to describe the ferment in the\\ncolonies* on the first report that the stamp act\\nhad become a law. On its arrival in America\\nthere was a general burst of indignation tlu^ough-\\nout the colonies. f The house of burgesses of\\nVirginia was then in session, and there tlie first\\nopposition was made. The young and eloquent\\nPatrick Henry was there. He pronounced it 1765.\\ntyranny in the king to have sanctioned such an\\nact; and, alluding to the fate of other tyrants,\\nhe exclaimed, Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I.\\nhis Cromwell, and George III. here he was\\ninterrupted by the cry of treason pausing for\\na moment, he added may profit by the exam-\\nple. If that be treason, make the most of it.\\nThese were bold words such as had not then\\nbeen heard even from the boldest. The irresist-\\nible eloquence of Henry prevailed. Resolutions\\ncondemning the act were passed by a major-\\nity of a single voice. Simultaneously with these\\nproceedings, and before they were known in Mas-\\nsachusetts, the General Court of that colony had\\nadopted measures of opposition, and proposed a\\nCongress of States. This proposition was gene-\\nrally agreed to, though it met with so much oppo-\\nsition, that no delegates were elected from New\\nHampshire and Virginia, nor from North Carolina\\nNew Hampshire Gazette, 1765\u00e2\u0080\u00941766.\\nt Prov. Rec, Jour. C. and A., 1765\u00e2\u0080\u00941774. H., 1759\u00e2\u0080\u0094171)5. Portsmouth\\nTown Records, vol. H. New Hampshire Gazette, 17135.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "224 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, and Gcori^ia; and on the first Tuesday of October\\n_^__ delegates assembled at New York, from the States\\nof Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,\\nNew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,\\nMaryland and South Carolina. They drew up an\\naddress to the king and petitions to parliament,\\nasking for redress of grievances. Meanwhile the\\nday ai)proached when the stamp act was to take\\neffect and it was to be seen whether America\\nwould resist, or whether she would submit to a\\nlaw by which no debt could be collected, no ship\\nput to sea, no apprentice indented, no marriage\\nsolemnizedj without payment of stamp duty. The\\npopular feeling against it had greatly increased,\\nand had spread everywhere. Indeed, the opposi-\\ntion to it had become strong and systematic. The\\n1765, women, animated by a zeal for liberty, united their\\nexertions with the men. They cheerfully gave up\\nthe use of British goods, and even relinquished\\nevery species of ornament manufactured in Eng-\\nland.* Everywhere tlie stamp act was treated\\nwith derision by the people. In New York it was\\ncarried about, attached to a death s-head, labelled,\\nThe Folly of England and the Ruin of America.\\nAt Providence, in Rhode Island, the effigies of\\nstamp officers were dragged, with halters about\\ntheir necks, through the streets, hung to gibbets,\\nand afterwards burnt. In Connecticut, also, effi-\\ngies were carried through the ceremony of a mock\\ntrial and condemned in due form to be burnt.\\nThe stamp officers in Connecticut and in New\\nYork promptly resigned their offices. In Boston,\\nthe mob demolished the houses intended for stamp\\nEmma Wiliard s American Efpnblic, p. 119.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 225\\nofficers, and hung up the effigies of government chap.\\nofficers on the branches of an old chii on the com- ___!_\\nmon, which took the name of the Tree of Lib-\\nerty. In Maryland the principal stamp distrib-\\nutor was menaced, and fled for refuge to New\\nYork.\\nIn New Hampshire George Meserve had been\\nappointed stamp distributor. He received his\\nappointment when in England, and soon after\\narrived in Boston. The people requested him to Sept. 9.\\nresion his office before he landed. This he readily Bei-\\nT knap,\\ndid.* They then welcomed him on shore. The p-ssi.\\nnews of his coming had preceded him to Ports- Sep. 12,\\nmouth, and an exhibition of effigies had prepared\\nthe minds of the people to receive him. At his\\ncoming they assembled, and he was compelled to 1765.\\nmake a more formal resignation, on the parade,\\nbefore gothg to his house. f The stamp act was Nov. i.\\nto commence its operation on the first day of No-\\nvember. On the last day of October the New oct.31.\\nHampshire Gazette appeared with a mourning\\nborder, and the next day was ushered in by the\\ntolling of bells, and a mock funeral was made for\\nthe Goddess of Liberty. She is carried to the\\ngrave but on depositing her there, some signs of\\nlife are discovered, and she is borne off* in tri-\\numph, amid the acclamations of the multitude.\\nThus did the populace propagate the spirit of\\nindependence, while the more moderate and even\\nthe most eminent citizens testified their resistance\\nby more discreet but not less decided demonstra-\\ntions. Governor Went worth alone remained silent.\\nWith failing health and an ample fortune, and now\\nNew Hampshire Gazette, Sept., 1765. f Ibid.\\n29", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "226 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, far in the decline of life, he felt equally averse to\\n,__ putting liimself forward in the support of popular\\nmeasures, or of contradicting openly the voice of\\nthe people. During these commotions, and while\\nit was considered doubtful whether courts of law\\ncould enforce their decrees without the use of\\nstamped paper, a few licentious persons endea-\\nvored to excite a general opposition to the payment\\nof debts. No sooner did this disorderly spirit\\nmanifest itself, than associations were formed at\\n1765. Portsmouth, Exeter, and all the principal towns, to\\nsupport the magistrates in compelling obedience\\nto the courts and enforcing the obligations of con-\\ntracts. This spirit of disorder was soon quelled.\\nThus did the people show that, though resisting\\noppression, they had within themselves the ele-\\nments of virtue and order.\\nIt was soon suspected, notwithstanding the\\nresignation of Meserve, that he intended to distri-\\nbute stamped paper. Instantly the drums beat,\\n1766 and the Sons of Liberty were assembled. They\\nJan. 9. ^[^gj^ compelled him to deliver up his commission,\\nwhich was put on board a ship, then ready to sail,\\nand sent to England. It happened to arrive just\\nat the time when the parliament had heard of the\\ncommotions in America, and when a strong effort\\nwas making by the friends of America to repeal\\nthe stamp act. A change had taken place in the\\nBritish ministry, and the new ministers, among\\nwhom were the Marquis of Rockingham, the\\nDuke of Grafton, and General Conway, were more\\nfavorable to the Americans. The petition of\\ncongress and other papers were before them. Dr.\\nFranklin had been examined before the house of", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 221\\nCommons, and had i^iven it as his opinion that chap.\\nAmerica would never submit to the stamp duty\\nunless compelled by force of arms. My posi-\\ntion, said William Pitt, is this I repeat it:\\nI will maintain it to my last hour Taxation and\\nrepresentation are inseparable. This j^osition is\\nfounded on the laws of nature it is more it is\\nin itself an eternal laiv of nature for lohatever\\nis a man s own, is absolutely his oicn no man\\nhas a right to take itf om him, without his con-\\nsent tvhoever attemjjts to do it, attempts an\\ninjury ivhoever does it, commits a robbery. I lygg\\nam of opinion that the stamp act ought to be\\nrepealed, totally, absolutely, and immediately.\\nThe repeal passed the Commons, and the cause\\nof America having found an advocate in the person\\nof Lord Camden, it prevailed in the house of\\nLords, and was finally repealed.*\\nBut the law requiring the colonies to maintain,\\nat their own expense, the troops quartered amongst\\nthem, still remained and as this was considered\\nan indirect mode of taxation, the same opposition\\nwas made to it. In July, another change of min- juiy,\\nistry took place, and a cabinet was formed under\\nthe direction of Pitt. In May, 1767, a second\\nplan was devised for taxation, by imposing duties\\non all tea, glass, paper, and painters colors, im-\\nported into the colonies. All the bitter feelings\\nengendered by the stamp act, now revived. Pe-\\ntitions and remonstrances poured into parliament.\\nMeanwhile, an affray had taken place with the\\nBritish troops in the streets of Boston, in which\\nThere were great rejoicings at the repeal of the stamp act. See N. H.\\nGazette, January 2, 1767.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "228 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, four of the inhabitants were killed. This served\\nIX\\nto fan the flame of war, now rapidly rising. Not-\\nwithstanding the duties on importations were all\\nsoon repealed, with the exception of the duty on\\ntea, still, while that remained, the right of parlia-\\nment to tax the colonies was not relinquished.\\nCommittees of correspondence, those nurseries\\nof liberty, were now organized in all the principal\\ntowns throughout the colonies, and produced a\\ncomplete concert of action. The ships of the\\nEast India Company, laden with tea, were now\\narriving in the American ports. If it landed, the\\nduties must be paid and it was determined not to\\npermit it to land. Accordingly, in Boston, reso-\\nlutions were adopted that it should be sent back\\nto England in the same vessels in which it came.\\nSimilar resolves were passed in Philadelphia and\\nNew York. But the merchants, to whom the tea\\nhad been consigned in Boston, refused to grant\\nthe necessary discharges, and the ships tarried in\\nthe harbor. Apprehensive that the obnoxious\\narticle would be landed, the people resolved to\\ndestroy it, and in the night a band of citizens, dis-\\nguised as Indians, boarded the ships, broke open\\ntheir chests, and emptied their contents into the\\nsea.\\nJ767 In New Hampshire, Governor Wentworth had\\nbeen removed by the British ministry, on charges\\nof neglect of duty, and his nephew, John Went-\\nAug. worth, appointed governor. He was a favorite of\\nthe people, had been active in procuring a repeal\\nof the stamp act, and was appointed by the minis-\\ntry through whom it was repealed. Through the\\ninfluence of his principal friends, he prevented the\\nn.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 229\\nadoption of a non-importation agreement in Ports- chap.\\nmouth. We cannot depend on the countenance -i^\\nof many persons of the first rank here, said the\\nSons of Liberty; for royal commissions and\\nfamily connexions influence the principal gentle-\\nmen among us at least to keep silence in these evil\\ntimes. But the support which the cause of\\nEngland gained in New Hampshire fell far short\\nof the sanguine hopes of the governor and his\\nfriends. It was evident that he was fast losing his\\npopularity. The majority were on the side of\\nliberty. As the crisis approached, the union\\nbecame more general. Those who felt disposed\\nto advocate the cause of England, from fear of the\\npopular hatred and derision, either became silent,\\nor were forced by the strong current of public\\nopinion to espouse the popular cause so that j^^^\\nwhen the first cargo of tea arrived in Portsmouth,\\nit required all the prudence of Governor Went-\\nworth, all the vigilance of the magistrates, all\\nthe firmness of the friends of order, to send\\naway the hateful commodity without a tumult.* jnne25.\\nA town meeting was called, and it was pro-\\nposed to Mr. Parry, the consignee, to reship it.\\nTo this he consented, and it was peaceably sent\\nto Halifax.\\nNot long afterwards, a second cargof came, sept.\\nconsigned to the same person. The popular fer-\\nment could not be allayed. His house was\\nattacked and the windows broken. He applied to\\nthe governor for protection. The governor sum-\\nmoned the council and magistrates. But, in the\\nmeantime, the town committee prevailed on Mr.\\nPortsmouth Town Records, H., i p. 295, 297, 299, 300, 303. f Ibid. 305.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "230 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Parry to send the tea to Halifax, and quiet was\\nrestored.\\nNearly all the towns had by this time passed\\nresolves condemning the use of tea. Committees\\nof vigilance and inspection, composed of the most\\nvigilant of the Sons of Liberty, aided by the senti-\\nment of the people, carried those resolves into\\neffect. Public sentiment banished tea from the\\ntable entirely. The women, with praiseworthy\\n1774. spirit, gave it up and tradition says that the\\nmore inveterate devotees of the herb descended\\ninto their cellars, and, having barred the doors,\\nsecretly and with trembling gave way to their love\\nof the proscribed and obnoxious beverage.\\nEverything indicated that the people of New\\nHampshire were fast uniting with the views of\\nMassachusetts and the other colonies. In vain\\ndid the governor labor to prevent the free action\\nof the people. In vain did he dissolve and adjourn\\ntheir meetings. In vain did he declare them ille-\\ngal. They rose when he entered among them to\\ndeclare their proceedings void but no sooner had\\nhe retired than they resumed their seats and pro-\\nceeded, unrestricted by forms. An authority was\\nrising in the province above the authority of the\\ngovernor an authority founded on the broad basis\\nof the people s will an authority before which the\\nshadow of royal government was destined to pass\\naway. The people appointed committees of cor-\\nJuiyH. respondence, and chose delegates* to the provin-\\nsept.4. cial congress at Philadelphia and nowhere were\\nthe proceedings of the congress more universally\\napproved. Our atmosphere threatens a hurri-\\nNathaniel Folsom and John Sullivan.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "N E W II A 31 P S H I R E 231\\ncane, wrote the governor to a confidential friend, chap.\\nI have strove in vain, ahnost to death, to prevent .SJ-^\\nit. If I can, at last, bring out of it safety to my\\ncountry, and honor to our sovereign, my labors\\nwill be joyful.\\nThe people of New Hampshire soon gave an\\nexample of the spirit by which the whole country\\nwas animated equally with themselves. An order\\nhad been pjissed by the king in council prohibiting\\nthe exportation of gunpowder to America. A Bei-\\ncopy of it was brought by express to Portsmouth,\\nat a time when a ship of war was daily expected\\nfrom Boston to take possession of fort William\\nand Mary. The committee of the town, with 1774.\\nsecrecy and despatch, collected a company from\\nPortsmouth and some of the neighboring towns, Dec.n.\\nand, before the governor had any suspicion of their\\nintentions, they proceeded to Newcastle and as-\\nsaulted the fort before the troops had arrived.\\nThe captain and five men, who were the whole\\nof the garrison, were taken into custody, and one\\nhundred barrels of powder were carried off. The\\nnext day another company removed fifteen of the\\nlighter cannon, together with all the small arms\\nand other warlike stores. These were carefully\\nsecreted in the several towns, under the care of\\nthe committees, and afterwards did effectual ser-\\nvice at Bunker s Hill. Major John Sullivan and\\nJohn Langdon were the leaders in this expedition.\\nNo sooner was it accomplished, than the Scar-\\nborough frigate and sloop of war Canseau arrived,\\nwith several companies of soldiers. They took\\npossession of the fort, but found only the heavy j^^Jf:\\ncannon. Sullivan and Langdon were afterwards", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "232 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, chosen delegates to the next general congress, to\\n..^...J^ be holden on the tenth of May.\\nThe whiter of 1774 passed away in gloomy\\napprehension and anxiety. It was evident that\\nthe breach between the two countries was too\\nwide to be healed. No mediator could be found,\\nand there was too much reason to fear that this\\ncontroversy must be decided on the field of battle.*\\nThe port of Boston was shut and guarded by ships\\nof war. Its commerce was ruined, its poor with-\\nout bread, its merchants without business. A\\nmilitary governor presided over them, and was\\nconcentrating troops, as if in apprehension of an\\napproaching crisis. Parliament had voted the\\nexistence of rebellion in Massachusetts, and the\\nking had demanded an augmentation of his forces\\nby sea and land.\\nOn the night of the 18th of April, Gen. Gage,\\ngovernor of Massachusetts, despatched a body of\\nhis troops privately, to destroy a magazine of pro-\\nAprii visions and ammunition which the provincials had\\ncollected at Concord. He hoped also to secure\\nthe persons of John Hancock and Samuel Adams,\\ntwo of the most active and ardent of the Sons of\\nLiberty. At eleven in the evening the troops\\nwere embarked at Boston, under the command of\\nLieut. Col. Smith and Maj. Pitcairn. The pro-\\nvincials had notice of their approach, and at five\\no clock, on the morning of the nineteenth, they\\nhad assembled at Lexington, to the number of\\nThe spirit which was displayed by the people may be seen by reference\\nto tKe New Hampshire Gazette for the period of 1760 to 1775. The follow-\\ning papers are of especial interest, viz. 1767, Jan. 2 Nov. 27; Dec. 11,\\n24; 1768, Jan. 15, 22, 29; Feb. 12, 19, 26; March 11, 18; April 8, 15, 22,\\n29 May 6 June 17, 24 1769, Nov. lU Dec. 29.\\n19", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 233\\nseventy. The royal troops appeared in sight, and\\nMajor Pitcairn, riding forward, brandished his\\nsword at the head of his column, and cried out to\\nthe Americans, Disperse, ye rebels lay down\\nyour arms and retire! Not being instantly\\nobeyed, he ordered his men to fire. Eight of the\\nprovincials fell, and the remainder retreated, pur-\\nsued by the British.\\nThus was spilled the first blood of the Revolu-\\ntion. Thus was opened the grand drama, which\\nclosed in the dismemberment of a great empire\\nand the birth of the first American republic. The\\nAmerican Revolution that revolution which was\\nto make the names of its actors celebrated with\\nimmortal praises, and their memoiy dear to pos-\\nterity that revolution which was to be the dread\\nof tyrants, and the example and the hope of free-\\nmen, to the latest ages.\\nA simple monument, raised a few yards from\\nthe church, now marks the spot where fell these\\nfirst martyrs to the cause of liberty. The detach-\\nment proceeded to Concord, and, after a hot skir-\\nmish, destroyed or removed the stores, and then\\nretreated precipitately towards Lexington, assailed\\nwith fury by the provincials. The minute-men,\\nhastily assembling from all quarters, followed in\\nclose pursuit. Posted behind fences, trees, and\\nstumps, they kept up a galling and destructive\\nfire along the whole line of the march, which it\\nwas impossible for the British to return. They at\\nlength reached Lexington, where they were met\\nby Lord Percy, with a reinforcement of nine hun-\\ndred men. At sunset they reached Charlestown\\nneck, overcome with fatigue, and having lost two\\n30", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "234) HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, hundred and seventy-three in killed, wounded and\\n^JJ^ missing. The provincials lost eighty-eight.\\nThe news of the battle of Lexington spread\\neverywhere with electric speed. From all parts\\nthe cry rung, to arms. The militia poured in from\\nall quarters, and soon there was collected in the\\nneighborhood of Boston an army of twenty thou-\\nMay. sand men. In May, the Americans, under Ethan\\nAllen and Benedict Arnold, surprised and took the\\nstrong fortress of Ticonderoga and soon after, a\\ndetachment, under Colonel Warner, took pos-\\nsession of Crown Point. During all these hostile\\nmovements. Governor Wentworth, who, like most\\nof the British governors, entirely mistook the\\nweems g^uius of tlic pcoplc of Ncw England, continued\\nw\u00c2\u00a3h^ to be sanguine in his hopes to plant the root of\\nington. pejiee in New Hampshire. He summoned a new\\nassembly, and in his speech* exhorted them to di-\\nrect their councils to peace. He earnestly con-\\njured them to an affectionate reconciliation with\\nthe mother country. But the spell of royal influ-\\nence was broken. The assembly desired a short\\nrecess, and he adjourned them to the twelfth of\\nJune. Meanwhile, the crew of the Scarborough\\nproceeded to dismantle fort William and Mary.\\nThey also seized two vessels, coming into the\\nharbor, laden with provisions. The inhabitants\\ndemanded their release but the governor refused\\nto give them up. Immediately a body of men\\narmed themselves and proceeded to a battery at\\nMay Jerry s point, at Great Island, and seized eight\\npieces of cannon and brought them to Portsmouth.\\nBut while they were engaged in this, the Canseau\\n1 Prov. Rec, Jour. House, 1770\u00e2\u0080\u00941775.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 235\\nsloop convoyed the two provision-vessels to Bos-\\nton, for the supply of the British fleet and army.\\nA convention of the people had been called, and\\nwas at this time sitting at Exeter. They passed\\na vote of thanks to those who had removed the\\ncannon from the battery, and to those who had\\ntaken the powder and guns from the fort, under\\nSullivan and Langdon. Recognising the doctrine\\nthat the representative is the mere organ, servant,\\nor agent of the people, and bound to obey their\\nknown will, the people had instructed the repre-\\nsentatives how to proceed in several important par-\\nticulars at the next assembly. They had come\\nfreshly from the people. In this body the province knlp.\\nwas fully and equally represented, and the voice of\\nthe convention was therefore regarded as the voice\\nof the people. Pursuant to adjournment, the house\\nmet on the twelfth of June, and the governor again 12\\nrecommended the conciliatory proposition.\\nThe house gave him no heed, as appears by the\\nfirst step they took. Recognising the duty of the\\nrepresentative to obey the voice of his constituents,\\nthey proceeded, in obedience to the instructions\\nof the convention, to expel three members whom\\nthe governor had called by the king s writ from\\nthree new townships. This they did because these\\nmembers were elected from their known partiality\\nto the royal cause,! while other towns, much older\\nand more populous, were not represented. One\\nof the expelled members, having censured this\\nproceeding, was assaulted by the populace, and\\nfled for shelter to the governor s house. The peo-\\nThe proposition of Lord North. Pari. Deb.\\nt Prov. Rec, Jour. House, 1770\u00e2\u0080\u00941775.\\nJune", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "236 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, pie demanded him, and, being refused, they pomted\\nL a gun at the governor s door whereupon the\\noffender was surrendered and carried to Exeter.\\nThe governor retired to the fort, and his house\\nwas pillaged. He afterwards went on board the\\nScarborough and sailed for Boston. He had\\nadjourned the assembly to the 28th of September.\\nBut they met no more. In September, he issued\\na proclamation from the Isles of Shoals, adjourn-\\ning them to April next. This was the closing act\\nof his administration. It was the last receding\\nstep of royalty. It had subsisted in the province\\nninety-five years. The government of New Hamp-\\nshire was henceforth to be a government of the\\npeople.\\nThe news of the battle of Lexington aroused\\nall America. Men of all classes the mechanic\\nfrom his shop, the farmer from the field all has-\\ntened towards Boston and a volunteer army of\\nthirty thousand men were found assembled in a\\nshort time, and closely pressing the siege upon the\\nBritish within the city. Twenty thousand of these\\nwere sent home by the American generals.* But\\nof those who remained, twelve hundred were from\\nNew Hampshire, under command of the colonels\\nStark and Reid the former of whom, while at\\nwork in his saw-mill, heard of the battle of Lex-\\nington, and instantly dropped the implements of\\nlabor, seized his musket, and hastened to the post\\nof danger. So closely were the British troops\\nbesieged, and so completely was their communi-\\ncation with the adjacent country cut off, that it\\nwas impossible to obtain supplies. They dared\\nBotta, I., 186.\\n1", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "NEW HA3IPSHIRE. 237\\nnot to sally forth even to procure food yet they chap.\\nlooked upon the insurgent people with disdain. J^\\nAll eyes were now fixed on the two armies at 1775.\\nBoston the one composed of the regular troops of\\nthe king within the city, the other a body of raw\\nmilitia, collected from the workshop and the plough,\\nclosely pressing a siege upon their disciplined and\\nconfident foe. The Americans had elected Gen.\\nWard commander-in-chief, with Col. Putnam for\\nthe second in command. The British, already\\nreinforced, were under the command of Gage,\\nHowe, Clinton, and Burgoyne all skilful and ex-\\nperienced commanders. They had come from the\\nbattle-fields of Europe freshly decked with lau-\\nrels. They had combatted successfully against\\nthe most warlike nations in the world. Were\\nthey to be seriously opposed by a flock of\\nYankees? as they contemptuously named the\\nAmericans. Elated with the recollection of their\\npast achievements, they panted to wipe off the dis-\\ngrace of Lexington. They could not bear to rest\\nunder the thought that they had turned their backs\\nat Concord, and retreated before a foe whom they\\ndespised and persisted in calling cowards.\\nThey were now suffering extremely from scar-\\ncity of food. This, as well as a desire to execute\\nsomething, determined the British to attempt some\\nmode to extricate themselves from their diflicult\\nposition, and gain an entrance into the open coun-\\ntry. The American generals were apprized of\\ntheir intention, and, in order to prevent this move-\\nment they resolved to fortify the heights of Bun-\\nker s hill. Orders were therefore given to Col. 1,202.\\nWilliam Prescott to occupy them with a detach-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "238 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, ment of one thousand men, and to fortify himself\\ni_ there. But, from some mistake, instead of repair-\\ning to the heights of Bunker s hill, he advanced\\nfarther on, and commenced his entrenchments on\\nthe heights of Breed s hill, another eminence which\\noverlooks Charlestown, and is situated towards\\nthe extremity of the peninsula, nearer to Boston.\\nThe labor had been conducted with such silence\\nas to be unperceived by the English and, by the\\nfollowing morning at daybreak, the Americans had\\nalready constructed a square redoubt, capable of\\naffording them shelter from the enemy. The Eng-\\nlish had no suspicion of what was passing. It\\nwas about four o clock the next morning when the\\nL.^ iS. captain of a ship of war first perceived it, and\\nbegan to play his artillery. It now became impor-\\ntant to dislodge the provincials from this formi-\\ndable position, or at least to stop the progress\\n1775. of their entrenchments. The English, therefore,\\nopened a general fire of artillery, which hailed\\na tempest of bombs and balls upon the works of\\nthe Americans. But, notwithstanding the fury of\\ni^^aos enemy s artillery, the Americans continued to\\nwork the whole day with unshaken constancy and\\ntowards night they had already much advanced\\na trench, which descended from the redoubt to the\\nfoot of the hill and almost to the banks of Mystic\\nriver. The small passage between they obstructed\\nwith two parallel palisades, which were made by\\npulling up some adjoining post and rail fence, and\\nsetting it down in two parallel lines near each\\nother, filling the space between with grass.* The\\nright wing was flanked by the houses of Charles-\\nMorse s Revolution, p. 231.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE,\\n239\\ntown, which they occupied the centre and left\\nwing formed themselves behind the trench, which,\\nfollowing the declivity of the hill, extended towards\\nMystic river. The troops of Massachusetts oc-\\ncupied Charlestown, the redoubt, and a part of\\nthe trench those of Connecticut, commanded by\\nCapt. Nolten, and those of New Hampshire, under\\nCols. Stark and Reed, the rest of the trench.*\\nBefore the battle commenced. Dr. Warren,\\nwho had volunteered his services, arrived, and\\njoined the troops of Massachusetts. Gen. Pomeroy\\nmade his appearance at the same time, and took\\ncommand of those from Connecticut. Gen. Put-\\nnam directed in chief, and held himself ready to\\nrepair to any point where his presence should be\\nmost needed. About midday, the heat being in-\\ntense, all was in motion in the British camp. A\\nmultitude of sloops and boats, filled with British\\nsoldiers, the whole under the command of General\\nHowe and Brigadier General Pigot, crossed over\\nto Charlestown, and landed without meeting resist-\\nance. Their debarkation was protected by the\\nfire of the artillery from the ships of war, which\\nforced the Americans to keep within their entrench-\\nments. The troops, on landing, began to display,\\nthe light infantry on the right, the grenadiers on\\nthe left but having observed the strength of the\\nposition and the good countenance of the Ameri-\\ncans, Gen. Howe made a halt, and sent to call a\\nreinforcement. The English now formed them-\\nselves in two columns. Their plan was that the\\nleft wing, under General Pigot, should attack the\\nBotta,\\nI., 204.\\nBotta,\\nI., 20-1.\\n1775.\\nJune 17\\nBotta,\\nI., 204.\\nIn describing the battle of Bunker s Hill, I have adopted the statements,\\nand, in some instances, the language, of Botta, the Italian historian.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "240 HISTORY OF\\ncHAr. rebels in Charlestown, while the centre assaulted\\nIX\\n._..__, the redoubt and the right wing, consisting of light\\ninfantry, should force the passage near the river\\nMystic, and thus assail the Americans in flank and\\nrear. It appears, also, that Gen. Gage had formed\\nthe design of setting fire to Charlestown, in order\\nthat the corps destined to assail the redoubt, thus\\nprotected by the flames and smoke, might be\\nless exposed to the fire of the provincials. The\\ndispositions having all been completed, the Eng-\\nlish put themselves in motion. The provincials\\nthat were stationed to defend Charlestown, fearing\\nlest the assailants should penetrate between the\\ntown and the redoubt, and thus to find themselves\\ncut off* from the rest of the army, retreated. The\\nEnglish immediately entered the town and fired\\nthe buildings, which being of wood, the com-\\nbustion soon became general. They continued a\\nslow march against the redoubt and trench, halting\\nfrom time to time for the artillery to come up and\\nact vrith some eflfect previous to the assault. The\\nflames and smoke of Charlestown were of little use\\nto them, as the wind turned them in a contrary di-\\nrection. The scene presented by the hostile armies\\nwas sublime beyond the power of language. The\\nveil of smoke rising from Charlestown, the flames,\\nthe crash of fiilling houses, the uproar of the artil-\\nlery, and the sanguinary nature of the conflict, all\\nconspired to render the spectacle one of surpassing\\nsublimity and interest. On the part of the Eng-\\nlish, honor was at stake fame might be won. On\\nthe side of the Americans, the defence of their\\ncountry, the liberty and rights of themselves and\\ntheir posterity, now depended upon their arms and", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMrSHIRE. 241\\ntheir valor. The spires and roofs of Boston, the chap.\\nT Y*\\nhills and circumjacent fields, were covered with .\u00e2\u0080\u009e.-__\\nswarms of spectators, all intently viewing the men,\\nwho, unaccustomed to the glare of military show,\\nclad in the rude vestments of husbandry, with\\nscarcely a badge or a banner to deck their ranks,\\nwere to show, by this day s conduct, whether they\\nwere worthy to transmit freedom to their children.\\nThe English advanced, exulting in anticipation of\\nan easy triumph. Their standards waved proudly\\nabove them, and the wild music of their martial\\nbands rose on the air and mingled with the roar\\nof the artillery. With muskets levelled, but re-\\nserving their fire, the Americans awaited the result\\nin profound tranquillity. The weather was clear,\\nand permitted them to take good aim. Not a shot\\nwas fired until the English had advanced within a\\nfew yards of tKe works, when a terrible flash came\\nfrom the redoubt, and a deluge of balls poured\\namidst the enemy s ranks. Volley after volley\\nsucceeded, with such fatal aim, that not even the\\npractised courage of royal troops could withstand\\nits effect. They reeled as before a whirlwind, and\\nfled in wild disorder to the place of landing. Some\\nthrew themselves precipitately into the boats.\\nThe English officers were now seen running 1775.\\nhither and thither amongst the disordered battal-\\nions, with promises, with exhortations and with\\nmenaces, attempting to rally the soldiers for a\\nsecond attack. At length, after the most painful\\nefforts, they resumed their ranks and turned their\\nfaces again towards the deadly redoubt. The\\nAmericans reserved their fire, as before, until they\\nhad advanced within a few yards, and then poured\\n31", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "242 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, upon them the same deluge of balls. Overwhelmed\\nand routed, they again fled to the shore. For\\n^s^do a moment General Howe remained alone upon\\nthe field of battle all the officers who surrounded\\nhim were killed or w^ounded. At this critical con-\\njuncture, upon which depended the issue of the\\nday, General Clinton, who from Copp s Hill had\\nwatched all the movements, seeing the destruction\\nof his best troops, immediately resolved to fly to\\ntheir succor and entering a boat he was rowed\\nrapidly to Charlestown. By an able movement,\\nthis experienced commander re-established order,\\nand being promptly seconded by the officers, who\\nfelt all the importance of success to English honor,\\nled the troops to the third attack. It was directed\\nagainst the redoubt at the several points. The\\nrimmunition of the Americans being exhausted, and\\nbeing without bayonets, they defended themselves\\nvahantly for a w^hile with the butt-ends of their mus-\\nkets but, seeing the redoubt and the upper part\\nof the trench filled with enemies, they slowly retired.\\nDuring the action the ships of war raked the isth-\\nmus of Charlestown to prevent any reinforcements\\nfrom passing to the Americans from Cambridge.\\nGeneral Putnam, seeing this, rode several times to\\nand fro along the isthmus, to convince the Cam-\\nbridge division that they could pass over with\\nsafety. But being apprehensive of an attack in\\ntheir own position, they declined engaging in the\\nbattle. The Americans had not yet reached the\\nBotta, period of their greatest peril. The only way of\\nretreat was by the isthmus of Charlestown, which\\nwas raked by the guns of the Glasgow ship of war\\nand two floating batteries. The Americans, how-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 243\\never, issued from the peninsula without losing any chap.\\nconsiderable number of men. Yet their loss was ^J^\\ngreat, for it was here that the brave Warren was\\nkilled. A British officer singled him out and shot\\nhim with a gun which he borrowed from a soldier.\\nHe fell and died upon the spot. In him America\\nlost a man of the purest patriotism and the most\\nundaunted bravery an able statesman, an ac-\\ncomplished orator. New Hampshire here lost a\\ngallant son, Major Andrew M Clary, who was\\nkilled by a cannon shot after he had passed the\\nisthmus. Thus ended the battle of Bunker s* hill,\\nand with it the confidence which the British had Records,\\nreposed in the cowardice of the Americans. The\\nAmericans reaped the fruits of a victory. The\\nBritish remained masters of the field. Their loss\\nknap,p.\\nwas ten hundred and fifty-four. The Americans\\nWhi-\\nlost, in killed, wounded and missing, four hundred ton,\\nand fifty three.f\\nIn this battle the New Hampshire troops, posted\\nbeliind the breast-work, on the left of the main\\nbody, behaved with distinguished bravery. They\\nhelped to sustain that galling fire which swept\\ndown whole regiments of the British as they\\nadvanced to the attack. They made good the\\ndefence of their position, until the loss of the\\nredoubt compelled the American commander to\\nsound the signal of retreat. The number lost from\\nStark s regiment was fifteen killed and missing,\\nand sixty wounded the number from Colonel\\nIn compliance with the popular language, I call the scene of the battle\\nEunher s hill, which is a quarter of a mile north of Breed s or Russell s hill,\\nwhere the battle was fought.\\nt Hale s Hist. U. S., vol. I., p. 269. Morse sets it down at 355. Revo-\\nlution, p. 232. Neither of these authors gives any authorities.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "244 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Reed s regiment was three killed, one missing,\\nJ^ twenty-nine womided.*^ After the battle, the\\nthird New Hampshire regiment, under the com-\\nmand of Colonel Poor, assembled and marched to\\nthe camp and, with the other New Hampshire\\nregiments, was stationed on Winter Hill, under the\\nimmediate command of Brigadier General Sulli-\\nvan. Besides these troops, a company of artillery\\nwas raised to garrison the forts. A company of\\nrangers was posted on Connecticut river, and two\\ncompanies more were organized to be ready to\\nmarch wherever the committee of safety should\\ndirect. The whole militia was divided into twelve\\nregiments. t Out of these were enlisted four regi-\\nments of minute-men, J who were to hold themselves\\nin readiness to march to any point, and were con-\\nstantly trained to military duty. In the succeed-\\ning winter, the Connecticut forces, whose term of\\nservice had expired, withdrew from the camp, and\\nsixteen companies of the New Hampshire militia\\n1776. supplied their place until the British troops evacu-\\n17. ated Boston.\\nMeanwhile the American congress had assem-\\n1776. bled at Philadelphia. George Washington had\\nJune been appointed commander of the American\\n1775. army, and had entered Boston in triumph, amidst\\nthe rejoicings of the people. In the forty-fourth\\nyear of his age, a period of life which placed\\nhim beyond the illusions of youth, and possessed of\\nan ample fortune, renowned for his fidelity and\\nvirtue, the congress found united in him all the\\nSee Stark s letter, Coll. N. H. Hist. Soc, H., 145. Sweet s Hist. Bunker\\nHill Battle.\\nt N. H. Hist. Coll., I., 336.\\nbecause they were to march at a minute s warning.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 245\\nqualities necessary to secure success in the chief chap.\\nIX.\\nof the union. To him they resolved to adhere ^JJ^\\nin every extremity with their lives and fortunes.\\nStill further to ensure success, they resolved\\nto place at the head of the army other able\\nand experienced officers. Accordingly, Artemas\\nWard, Charles Lee, and Philip Schuyler were\\nappointed major generals. Horatio Gates, an\\nofficer known to be profoundly versed in all the\\ndetails of military science, was made adjutant Bona,\\n1., 217.\\ngeneral. They also created eight brigadier gene-\\nrals, viz., Seth Ponieroy, William Heath and John\\nThomas, of Massachusetts Richard Montgomery,\\nof New York David Wooster and John Spencer,\\nof Connecticut John Sullivan, of New Hamp-\\nshire and Nathaniel Green, of Rhode Island.\\nAfter these appointments had been made, the\\ncongress applied themselves, with the greatest\\nactivity, to obtain the means to carry on a war.\\nThe people promptly seconded their efforts, and\\nproceeded, in the several colonies, to raise men,\\nto arm and equip them, and to provide themselves\\nwith arms and munitions of war. An exact scru- i., 219.\\ntiny was commenced in the cellars and stables for\\nsaltpetre and sulphur. In every part of the coun-\\ntry manufactories of gunpowder and foundries of\\ncannon were seen rising every place resounded\\nwith the preparations of war. All men fit to bear\\narms were ordered to form themselves into battal-\\nions. Those who could not bear arms, came forth\\nto aid the cause by every other means in their power.\\nThe most rigorous religious opinions easily found\\nevasions. Even the (Quakers, kindling in the great\\nconvulsion, allowed themselves to be transported", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "246 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, by a zeal for liberty, and joined the companies of\\nJ5_ the Philadelphians. The aged Germans resumed\\nthe profession of arms, so long relinquished, and\\nresolved to bear a part in the common defence.\\nWith crape upon their hats, to denote their regret\\nat the unfortunate causes which compelled them\\nto take up arms, they formed themselves into a\\nbody, called the Old Men s Company, and\\nresumed their arms to defend the liberty of that\\ncountry which had offered them an asylum, when\\noppression forced them to abandon their own.\\nThe women were forward to signalize their zeal\\nfor liberty. They chose to work the soldier s\\nrough garb, rather than the embroidery of fashion.\\nWith their own hands they embroidered the colors\\nand adorned them with appropriate mottos then\\npresented them to the regiments, with eloquent\\ndiscourses on liberty, and earnest entreaties to the\\nsoldiers never to desert their banners. In the\\ncounty of Bristol, Pennsylvania, they resolved to\\nequip a regiment of men at their own cost.\\nWhile such was the enthusiasm for liberty, it\\nwas but natural that a violent resentment should\\nbe kindled against those who still adhered to the\\nroyal cause. These took the name of tories\\ntheir opponents, the name of whigs,*or sons of lib-\\nerty. The tories were persecuted with relentless\\nfury. Some of them were arrested and imprison-\\nBei- ed. Some fled to Nova Scotia, or to England,\\np ^s?! some joined the British army in Boston. Others\\nwere restricted to certain limits, and their motions\\ncontinually watched. The passions of jealousy,\\nhatred and revenge were under no restraint.\\nAlthough many lamented these excesses, there", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "N E W 11 A 31 P S H I R E 247\\nseemed to be no effectual remedy. All the bands chap.\\nIX\\nof ancient authority wer^ broken. The courts ..JJ^\\nwere shut the sword of magistracy was sheathed.\\nBut amidst the general laxity in the forms of gov-\\nernment, order prevailed reputation, life and\\nproperty were still secure thus proving that it is\\nnot in outward forms of austerity, or sanguinary\\npunishments, or nicely written codes, or veneration\\nfor what is old, that our rights find protection\\nbut in the potent, though unseen, influence of fam-\\nily ties, virtuous habits and lofty example. These\\ncontributed more, at this time, to maintain order\\nthan any other authority thus illustrating how\\nmuch stronger are the secret than the apparent\\nbonds of society. But^ the people of New Hamp-\\nshire proceeded to perfect, as far as possible, their ^Jj^^\\nprovisional government. The convention which\\nhad assembled at Exeter, was elected but for\\nsix months. Previous to their dissolution in h.*\\nNovember, they made provisions, pursuant to the\\nrecommendations of congress, for calling a new\\nconvention, which should be a more full represen-\\ntation of the people. They sent copies of these\\nprovisions to the several towns, and dissolved. 1775.\\nDec.\\nThe elections were forthwith held. The new con- 21.^\\nvention promptly assembled, and drew up a tempo-\\nrary form of government.\\nHaving assumed the name of House of Repre- 1776.\\nSENTATivES, they adopted a constitution,* and pro-\\ncceded to choose twelve persons to constitute a dis- Bei-\\ntinct and a co-ordinate branch of the legislature, p.^364.\\nby the name of a council. These twelve were\\nempowered to elect their own president and any\\nA copy of this is in N. H. Hist. Coll., IV., p. 150.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "248 HISTORY OF\\nseven of them were to be a quorum. It was or-\\ndained that no act or resolve should be valid,\\n1776. unless passed by both branches of the legislature\\nthat all money bills should originate in the house\\nof representatives that neither house should ad-\\njourn for more than two days, without the consent\\nof the other that a secretary and all other public\\nofficers of the colony and of each county for the\\ncurrent year, all general and field officers of militia,\\nand all officers of the marching regiments, should\\nbe appointed by the two houses all subordinate\\nmilitia officers by their respective companies that\\nthe present assembly should subsist one year, and,\\nif the dispute with Britain should continue longer,\\n^Bei- jj^jjd ([^Q general congress should give no directions\\n2^^- to the contrary, that precepts should be issued\\nannually, to the several towns, on or before the\\nfirst day of November, for the choice of council-\\nlors and representatives.\\nThus did the convention establish annual elec-\\ntions and co-ordinate branches of government, each\\nhaving a negative upon the other. But in this\\nsystem there was still a material defect. It pro-\\nvided for no executive. To remedy this, the two\\nhouses assumed to themselves the executive duty\\nduring the session, and they appointed a committee\\nof safety to sit in the recess, varying in number\\nfrom six to sixteen, vested with executive powers.\\nThe president of the council was president of the\\nBd- executive committee. To this responsible and\\np^ sm honorable station they called that old and tried\\nservant of the public, Meshech Weare a man of\\nno brilliant parts, but of a sound understanding,\\na calm temper, and a benevolent heart a ripe", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 249\\nscholar, accurate in his judafment, of modest de- chap.\\nIX\\nportment, prudent and dihgent. So great was L_\\nthe confidence reposed in Weare, that he was also\\nmade judge of the superior court.* Thus the\\npeople did not scruple to invest him, at the same\\ntime, with the highest offices, legislative, executive\\nand judicial. To the offices of president of the\\nstate and judge he continued to he chosen, by\\nannual elections, through the stormy period of the\\nrevolution, discharging his various duties with\\nunsurpassed fidelity and wisdom. He died in the 17S6.\\nseventy-third year of his age. As he had not\\nenriched himself by public employments, he died\\npoor in worldly goods, but rich in the gratitude of\\nthe people, and honored ])y their unaffected sorrow.\\nCongress now resolved to contest the power of\\nEngland, on her chosen clement, the seas. Having j-,^g\\nobserved the skill and success of a few privateers,\\nin protecting the coasts of the continent, and in-\\ntercepting English navigation, they decreed that\\nfive ships of war should be constructed and armed.\\nOf tliesc, one was to be built in New Hampshire.\\nAfter long delays, the Raleigh was completed in\\nPortsmouth, and joined the other ships, all under\\ncommand of Commodore Hopkins. With incred-\\nible despatch this little fleet was equipped. A\\nmultitude of privateers sprang into existence at\\nthe same time, and swarmed out into the sea, with a\\nsuccess fatal to English navigation. An immense\\nquantity of provisions, cattle, arms and munitions\\nof war, which the English were transporting across\\nthe ocean, at a vast expense, became the prey of\\nthe American ships.\\nN. H. Hist. Coll., v., p. 2.15.\\n32", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "250 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. While New Hampshire thus contributed her full\\nIX\\n._ share to this humble squadron, she also furnished\\n1776 her quota of troops. Two thousand men were\\nraised for the service of this year, and constituted\\nfour regiments. One moved from Boston to New\\nYork, in the army of Washington, and was placed\\nunder command of General Sullivan. One, raised\\nin the western part of the province, under com-\\nmand of Colonel Bedell, was destined to join the\\nexpedition against Canada one of the most sin-\\ngularly bold, and romantic enterprises recorded in\\nmilitary annals. The names of Montgomery,\\nMorgan, Allen,* Warner, Livingston, Brown and\\nArnold, appear as leaders all bold spirits, distin-\\nguished for deeds of daring and all, with the\\nexception of the last, true to the American cause.\\nThis expedition contemplated the bold plan of\\nloading two forces, one of which, by the way of\\nthe Kennebec, was to emerge from the wilderness\\nnear Quebec, and join another force marching by\\nthe w^ay of lake Champlain. With incredible for-\\ntitude, and after incredible hardships, they had\\nreached their destination, and, in the face of fear-\\nful odds, had taken Montreal. Hastening to\\nQuebec, amidst the snows of that fierce climate,\\ni-,-,^ in the month of December, Montgomery hurried\\nDec. on to the assault of that strong fortress. Pro-\\n31.\\ndigies of valor were performed by the American\\ntroops, but they were overpowered by numbers.\\nMontgomery, the brave and generous Montgomery,\\nfell there, wept and honored Arnold was carried\\noft the field wounded, and Morgan succeeded to\\nthe command. Impetuous as the thunderbolt, he\\nOf Vermont, who led the Green Mountain Boj s.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 251\\nrushed forward, and fought like a lion at the chap.\\nIX\\nhead of his forlorn hope but was forced to sur-\\nrender. While the American troops were com-\\npelled to retreat from Quebec, calamity followed\\nthem in another quarter. The important post of\\nthe Cedars, about forty miles above Montreal, gar-\\nrisoned by four hundred men, under Col. Bedell,\\nwas surrendered, in the most cowardly manner, by\\na subordinate officer* of Colonel Bedell, to five\\nhundred British and Indians. Finally, after linger-\\ning in the vicinity of Quebec until the augment- 1776.\\ned numbers of the British army rendered every\\nhope vain, the Americans determined on evacuating\\nCanada, and commenced their retreat. It was to\\nmeet the broken remnants of the army of Canada,\\nthat General Sullivan was detached by Washing-\\nton, from New York, at the head of the New\\nHampshire troops.\\nAt the mouth of the Sorel he met them, in the June i.\\nlast extremity of suffering. They had been com-\\npelled to subsist sometimes upon the meat of dogs,\\nand had even boiled their shoes in the last extrem-\\nity of hunger. The small-pox had broken out\\namongst them, to which the commander-in-chief,\\nGeneral Thomas, had fallen a victim. Followed\\nby an army of thirteen thousand men, they retreat-\\ned to St. Johns, where pursuit ceased, and on the\\nfirst of July, they arrived at Ticonderoga. Near- J y\\nly one third of them had perished by sickness.\\nThose that remained, marched under Washington,\\nand took part in the brilliant actions of Trenton\\nand Princeton.\\nThe American congress were now about to take\\nColonel Bedell was, at the time, absent at IMontreal to obtain assistance.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "252 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, an important step. Independence had become the\\n.^,-J^ general voice of the people. On the eleventh of\\nelmV June? 1776, a committee was chosen by the assem-\\n^r^ bly and another by the council of New Hampshire,\\n^InV to make a draught of a declaration of the inde-\\naibif of pendence of the united colonies. On the fifteenth,\\npen- the committees of both houses reported a Decla-\\nration OF Independence, which was adopted\\n15. unanimously, and a copy sent forthwith to their\\ndelegates in congress. It was in these words\\nWhereas it now appears an undoubted fact, that,\\nnotwithstanding all the dutiful petitions and decent\\nremonstrances from the American colonies, and\\nthe utmost exertions of their best friends in Eng-\\nland on their behalf, the British ministry, arbitrary\\nand vindictive, are yet determined to reduce, by\\nfire and sword, our bleeding country to their abso-\\nlute obedience and for this purpose, in addition\\nto their own forces, they have engaged great num-\\nbers of foreign mercenaries, who may now be on\\ntheir passage here, accompanied by a formidable\\nfleet to ravish and plunder the sea-coast from all\\nwhich we may reasonably expect the most dismal\\nscenes of distress the ensuing year, unless we\\nexert ourselves by every means and precaution\\npossible and whereas we, of this colony of New\\nHampshire, have the example of several of the\\nmost respectable of our sister colonies before us,\\nfor entering upon that most important step of dis-\\nunion from Great Britain, and declaring ourselves\\nFREE AND INDEPENDENT of the crown\\nthereof, being impelled thereto, by the most violent\\nand injurious treatment and it appearing abso-\\nlutely necessary, in this most critical juncture of", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 253\\nour public affairs, that the houorable, the conli- chap.\\nnental congress, who have this important object 1-!_.\\nunder immediate consideration, shouhl be also\\ninformed of our resolutions thereon, without loss\\nof time we do hereby declare that it is the opin-\\nion of this assembly, that our delegates at the\\ncontinental congress should be instructed, and\\nth are hereby instructed, to join with the other\\ncolonies, in declaring the thirteen united colonies\\na free and independent state solemnly pledging\\nour faith and honor, that we will, on our parts,\\nsupport the measure with our lives and fortunes\\nand that, in consequence thereof, they, the conti-\\nnental congress, on whose wisdom, fidelity and\\nintegrity we rely, may enter into and form such\\nalliances as they may judge most conducive to the\\npresent safety and future advantage of these\\nAmerican colonies Provided, the regulation of\\nour own internal police be under the direction of\\nour own assembly.\\nN. H.\\nThis declaration was not in advance of the pop- Gazette\\nJune 8,\\nular sentiment. The New Hampshire Gazette, as i\\nearly as October, 1775, had hinted at indepen-\\ndence, and now advocated it. AVherein, says\\na writer in the Gazette of June 8th, 177G, is\\nAmerica lawfully subject to the crown of Great\\nBritain, or to any other power in that island?\\nThe answer, at the present time, is very obvious\\nthat Great Britain, by the free consent and con-\\ncurrence of the king with the other two branches\\nof the legislature, having, by acts of the greatest\\ninjustice and inhumanity, and with unparalleled\\ncruelty and violence, broke faith with America, the\\nlatter stands wholly disengaged from, and indepen-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "p. 3G3.\\n254 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, dent of, and unconnected with, the former, and is\\nIX\\nat hberty to form any new plan of union or dis-\\nunion, as she thinks fit and best. All charters and\\nagreements betw^een the two countries are entirely\\ncancelled and vacated and a state of nature in\\nAmerica, so far as relates to the laws of Great\\nBritain, has revolved upon the former, wholly\\nowing to the misconduct of the latter all laws\\nnaturally returning back into the hands of the\\npeople, or at least, ought so to do, as often as\\ntyranny and oppression extend their lawless\\nsway.\\nThis writer only gave expression to the popular\\nfeeling and to the sentiments of the declaration.\\n1776. Otlier states passed similar resolves and on the\\nfourth of July, a day ever memorable, that im-\\nmortal body, the American Congress, in which\\njy, 4 New Hampshire was represented by Josiah Bart-\\nlett, William Whipple and Matthew Thornton,\\ni)ul)lished their high resolve to the world. It was\\nframed by the philoso})hic mind of Jefferson, and\\nproclaimed the complete independence of the col-\\nonies. It dissolved all connexion with Great Brit-\\nain. It was received with joy by the army and\\nthe people. Within fourteen days, it was pub-\\nkaap. lished by beat of drum in all the shire towns in\\nNew Hampshire. At Exeter it was read, by the\\ni)atriotic Gilman, to the assembled multitude, with\\na rapturous emotion which for a few moments\\nchoked his utterance.\\nAnd now America presented a spectacle inviting\\nthe admiration of the world. With defeat on her\\narms, yet with a resolution soaring above the\\nreverses of fortune with AVashington in the field", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 255\\nFranklin and Jefferson in her councils Adams chap.\\nIX\\nand Henry in the popular assemblies, with hun- __J_\\ndreds like them in feeling, she stood before the\\nworld, confronting the giant power of England.\\nThe patriotism of New Hampshire, at this epoch,*\\ndid not evaporate in momentary feeling. For the\\nservice of 1777, three regiments, under the com-\\nmand of Colonels Joseph Cilley, Nathan Hale and\\nAlexander Scammcll, were raised for long enlist- 1777^\\nments, and rendezvoused at Ticonderoga, under the\\nimmediate command of Brigadier General Poor.\\nHere they remained until the approach of the\\nBritish army, under General Burgoyne, rendered\\nit advisable to abandon that post. On the retreat, Bei-\\nColonel Hale s battalion was ordered to cover p. 3^4\\nthe rear of the invalids, which brought him seven y^-\\nmiles behind the main body. The next morning\\nhe was attacked by an advanced party of the\\nenemy at Hubbardton. A sharp skirmish ensued,\\nin which Major Titcomb was wounded, and Colonel\\nHale, Captains Robertson, Carr and Norris, Ad-\\njutant Elliot and two other officers, with about\\none hundred men, were taken prisoners. The\\nmain body of the army fell back upon Saratoga.\\nBut, before their arrival, a skirmish took place at\\nfort Anne, in which Captain Weare, a son of the\\npresident, was mortally wounded, and died after-\\nwards at Albany. When the news of Burgoyne s\\nadvance reached New Hampshire, the asseml)ly\\nwas quickly summoned together, and, in a session\\nof three days, adopted an effectual plan of defence.\\nThey formed the militia of the state into two\\nSee Returns of the Association Test, for 177G, in the office of the\\nSecretary of State, at Concord.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "256 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, brigades, under command of William Whipple\\n_^_ and Jolin Stark. A portion of each were drafted,\\nand were ordered to march immediately to stop\\nthe progress of the enemy. Stark pushed forward\\nand joined the Vermont forces, under Colonel\\nWarner, twenty miles above Bennington. Gen.\\nBurgoyne, with the main body of the British army,\\nhad arrived at fort Edward. Burgoyne had\\n1777. vaunted that his course should lead through Ver-\\nmont, and should be but a triumphal march, which\\nwas to complete the conquest of New England.\\nFinding his army in want of provisions, and learn-\\ning that the provincials had a large depot of pork,\\nbeef and flour, at Bennington, he despatched\\nColonel Baum, with fifteen hundred men, to pene-\\ntrate to Connecticut river, to collect horses to\\nmount the dragoons, and cattle for provisions.\\nHe was to persuade the people among whom he\\nshould pass that his detachment was the advanced\\nguard of the army, which was in victorious march\\nto Boston. Lejrrning that the provincials had a\\nlarge depot of beef, pork and flour at Bennington,\\nColonel Baum went, with five hundred men, to\\nseize them. Some of the Indians who preceded\\nthis detachment, being discovered about twelve\\nmiles from Bennington, Stark detached Colonel\\nGregg, with two hundred men, to stop their pro-\\ngress. In the evening of the same day, informa-\\ntion was given that a body of regular troops were\\n1777. marching upon Bennington with a train of artillery.\\nThe next morning he marched with his whole\\nbrigade to the support of Gregg, who, having found\\nhimself outnumbered, was retreating, the enemy\\npursuing within one mile of his rear. When they\\nAn\\n14.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1957\\nperceived Stark advancing, they halted, erected chap.\\nbreastworks, and sent back to call a reinforce- ..Jj^\\nment. Stark drew up his men on an eminence in\\nopen view, but could not bring the enemy to an\\nengagement. He then marched back a mile, and\\nencamped, leaving a few men to skirmish with the\\nenemy. The next day being rainy, Stark kept his\\nposition; but, to try the spirit of his troops, he sent\\nout skirmishing parties to harass the enemy. The\\nmilitia being brave, in the several skirmishes\\nbetween small detachments were uniformly suc-\\ncessful. This sharpened their courage, and on Hales\\nthe sixteenth of August, Stark, who now had ^^f fi\\nhis forces augmented by the Berkshire men from p-\\nMassachusetts, resolved to attack the main\\nbody. His force now amounted to sixteen hun-\\ndred men. Colonel Nichols, v/ith two hundred\\nmen, was ordered to the rear of the enemy s left\\nwing; and Colonel Hendrick, with three hundred,\\nto the rear of their right. Three hundred men were\\nordered to attack them in front, and draw their\\nattention. Then, sending Colonels Hubbard and\\nStickney, with two hundred, to attack the right\\nwing, and one hundred more to reinforce Nichols\\nin the rear of their left, the battle commenced\\nby an attack on the rear of the left wing, at pre-\\ncisely three o clock in the afternoon. It was\\nimmediately seconded by tJie other detachments,\\nand, at the same time, Stark himself advanced\\nwith the main body. For two hours the Hessians*\\nfought bravely but, overwhelmed by numbers,\\nand their entrenchments assaulted by yet braver\\ntroops, they were overpowered. The Americans\\nGerman troops in the English service.\\n33", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "258 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, forced their entrenchments, and they fled in dis-\\nTX\\n_-^ order. But carelessness had now well nigh lost\\nwhat valor had won. The Americans, apprehend-\\ning no danger, dispersed in search of plunder and\\nfugitives. Suddenly the reinforcements sent to\\nBaum arrived, and fell furiously upon the scat-\\ntered Americans. Fortunately, at this critical\\njuncture, the Green Mountain Boys came up,\\nunder Colonel Warner, and threw themselves\\nimpetuously upon the enemy. The scattered\\nmilitia rallied fast to his support. The battle\\nlasted till night, when the enemy, retreating under\\ncover of the darkness, made good their escape.\\nFour pieces of cannon, with all the baggage wag-\\ngons and horses of the enemy, were the trophies\\nof this victory. Two hundred and twenty-six men\\nwere found dead on the field of battle. Colonel\\nBaum, mortally wounded, was taken besides\\nwhom thirty-three officers and seven hundred pri-\\nvates were made prisoners. Of Stark s brigade,\\nfour officers and ten privates were killed, and forty-\\ntwo were wounded.\\nLong before the battle. General Poor, a junior\\nofficer, had been promoted over Stark who, being\\noffisnded, had resigned his commission, and, in dis-\\ngust, retired to his farm. At the news of Bur-\\ngoync s approach, he had taken the field, and was\\nacting under the authority of the assembly of New\\nHampshire. When congress heard of this, a few\\ndays before the battle, they passed a resolve, that\\nthe movements of General Stark were destruc-\\ntive of military subordination, and prejudicial to\\nthe common cause. But by accident the same\\ncongress heard of his victory. They immediately", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "NEW HA3IPSHIRE. 259\\npassed a vote of thanks to him, and promoted him chap.\\nto the rank of a brigadier general.\\nThe colonies had long been depressed by dis-\\naster and defeat but the decisive victory of Ben-\\nnington turned the tide of success, and diffused\\nconfidence and joy. The prospect of a more glo-\\nrious victory burst upon the Americans, and\\ncrowds of militia flocked to the republican camp.\\nIt happened, at this time, that there was a change 1777.\\nof officers, and General Gates had been appointed\\nto the army of the north. Arnold, the thunder-\\nbolt of war, whose path was always marked with\\ncarnage, was also there, and Morgan, already dis-\\ntinguished for his brilliant achievements, with the\\npatriot of Poland, the brave Kosciusko, were there.\\nThese several causes combined, produced a gen-\\neral rising of the people at the north, and it\\nseemed that every man, who could bear arms, was\\nrushing to the camp of Gates.\\nThus General Gates found himself at the head\\nof an army of five thousand men. On the 8th of sept.s.\\nSeptember he left his encampment at the islands,\\nproceeded to Stillwater, and occupied Bemus\\nheights. On the twelfth, Burgoyne crossed the tf.\\nHudson, and on the seventeenth, moved forward to sept.\\nSaratoga, and encamped within three miles of the\\nAmerican army. The next day occurred the first Sept.\\nbattle of Stillwater. It began by skirmishes be-\\ntween the scouting parties. Each side sent rein-\\nforcements to their combatants, respectively, until\\nnearly the whole of both armies were engaged.\\nThe Americans took advantage of a dense wood,\\nfrom which they poured a deadly fire. Unable to\\nwithstand it, the British lines broke, and the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "260 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Americans, rushing from their coverts, pursued\\nthem to an eminence, where, their flanks being\\nsupported, they ralhed, and, charging in their turn,\\n1777. drove the Americans into the woods, from which\\nthey again poured a fire too deadly to be with-\\nstood. Again the British fell back. At every\\ncharge their artillery fell into the hands of the\\nAmericans. Night put an end to the conflict.\\nThe Americans retired to their camp, having lost\\nbetween three and four hundred. The British loss\\nwas five hundred. Both sides claimed the victory.\\nThe former gained the advantages of a victory,\\nthe latter reaped the worst consequences of defeat.\\nFrom this time to the seventh of October, fre-\\nquent skirmishes occurred between the two armies.\\nOn that day a general battle was fought at Sara-\\nOct. 7. toga. It began by an attack of the Americans,\\nunder General Poor, on the left flank and front\\nof the British. At the same time, Morgan made\\nan onset upon their right. The action now be-\\ncame general. The eftbrts of the combatants on\\nboth sides were desperate, and both displayed\\nequal valor. Burgoyne and his officers fought as if\\ntheir all of reputation depended on the issue of the\\nday while the Americans contested the field like\\nmen resolved to die rather than surrender their\\nnative soil to invaders. In fifty-two minutes the\\nwii. invading army gave way. The defenders of the\\nB^pub- soil pursued them to their entrenchments, and\\nic,206. fQj-ced the guard. Arnold was seen amongst the\\nmost furious, and seemed to court danger.\\nThroughout the whole action, he fought like a\\nlion, overturning with fierce slaughter all that\\nonnosed his progress. Putting himself at the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "Oct. 17.\\nNEW H A 31 P SHI RE. 261\\nhead of a small band, he rushed into the thickest chap.\\nIX\\nof the enemy, and carried a portion of the works .^.,J^\\nby storm. His horse was shot under him, and he\\nhimself wounded. Mounting another, he plunged\\nagain into the thickest of the fight, but night com-\\ning on. Gates retired and the ruin of the British\\narmy was reserved to another day.\\nThe Americans, that night, rested on their arms\\nupon the field which they had so nobly won. Gates Haie,\\nnow perceived that a bloodless victory was in his\\npower. Burgoyne was completely surrounded and\\nhemmed in on every side. His supplies were cut\\noff*, and all hope of succor from General Clinton 1777.\\nhad failed. In this distressed condition, he sum-\\nmoned a council of war. Their advice was unan-\\nimous, and on the seventeenth, the whole army,\\namounting to five thousand seven hundred and fifty-\\ntwo, surrendered, prisoners of war. Their arms,\\nthirty-five brass field-pieces and five thousand mus-\\nkets, fell into the hands of the Americans. They\\nmarched out of their camp with the honors of war,\\nand thus terminated the vaunted expedition of\\nBurgoyne, from which so much was expected, and\\nso much was feared. The news of this great vic-\\ntory diffiised everywhere the wildest joy. At the\\nnews of Burgoyne s downfall, Clinton dismantled\\nthe forts he had taken, and retreated, bearing with\\nhim the execrations of a people whom he had\\nplundered, and a fame for having revived, in an age\\ndistinguished for civilization, atrocities which be-\\nlong to the most barbarous times.*\\nThere no longer remained an army at the north,\\nand the theatre of war changed to the south. Tn 177S,\\nWillarJ s Republic, p. 207.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "262 HISTORY OF\\nCHAr the battle of Monmouth, a part of the New Hamp-\\n^JJ^ shire troops, under Colonel Cilley and Lieutenant\\nColonel Dearborn, behaved with such distinguish-\\ned bravery as to receive the notice and approba-\\ntion of the illustrious Washington. At the close\\nof that campaign, they retired to huts at Reading.\\nFrance had now become our ally in the struggle,\\nand in July, congress received, with inexpressible\\nHak, joy, a letter from Count D Estaing, announcing\\nthe approach of a French fleet. On his arrival,\\nin concert with General Sullivan, who had com-\\nmand of the troops in that quarter, he planned a\\ncombined attack by land and sea, on the British\\nforces at Newport in Rhode Island. A- call upon\\nthe militia of New England, brought to the standard\\nof Sullivan an army of ten thousand men. He\\ntook a position on the north end of Rhode Island,\\nand then moved towards Newport. Admiral\\nHowe, having received a reinforcement, appeared\\nbefore the harbor but while preparing for battle,\\na storm dispersed both fleets. The ships being\\ndamaged, Count D Estaing proceeded to Boston,\\nand Sullivan, deserted by the fleet, and finding it\\nunsafe to remain longer on the island, retreated to\\nhis first position. He was pursued and attacked.\\nHe gallantly resisted, and tlie British were repuls-\\ned with loss. Through the rest of the day he kept\\na bold face towards the foe and having deceived\\nthem into a belief that he was preparing to attack\\nthem, efiected, in the ensuing night, his retreat\\nacross the narrow sheet of water which divides\\nthe island from the main. With great secrecy and\\n^p. rlT. without loss, this retreat was effected.\\nThe next morning the British discovered, from", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "NEW HA3IPSHIRE. 263\\nan eminence, several American officers at break- chap.\\nIX.\\nfast, in the general s quarters. Immediately a cap- .^^.J^\\ntain of artillery was directed to point a cannon at\\nthe spot. It shattered the leg of John S. Sher-\\nburne, at that time aid-de-camp to Gen. Sullivan.\\nThe massacre at the beautiful settlement of\\nWyoming, now attracted the notice of congress\\nand General Sullivan was appointed to the com-\\nmand of an army of four thousand men,* destined\\nto carry terror to the savages. His route lay up\\nthe river Susquehannah, into the country of the\\nSenecas. Into this unexplored region, no troops\\nhad ever penetrated before. General Sullivan had\\nall the difficulties to encounter, which had so often\\nproved fatal to the whites in the preceding Indian\\nwars. With great judgment and sagacity his expe-\\ndition was planned and conducted. The army, pro-\\nceeding in two divisions, one from the Mohawk, the\\nother from Wyomhig, formed a junction on the Sus-\\nquehannah, and proceeded, on the twenty-second\\nof August, towards the lower lake. The Indians,\\nin connection with two hundred tories, were drawn\\nup in an advantageous position, and had erected for-\\ntifications to oppose their progress. These were\\nvigorously assaulted by General Sullivan, and\\nafter a slight resistance, the enemy gave way, and\\ndisappeared in the woods. The army advanced\\ninto the western part of New York. The Indians\\ndeserted their towns, which had begun to assume\\nan appearance of civilization, never before found\\nin the wilds of North America.f The houses were\\ncommodious, the apple and peach trees numerous,\\nthe crops of corn abundant. These were all de-\\nHale, II. t Hale, II., p. 5-5.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "264 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nCHAP, stroyed. Not a vestige was left of all that gave\\nV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 .-iw, beauty to the wilderness, and distinguished the\\nSenecas from the ruder tribes around them. Hav-\\nv ing accomplished this work of vengeance, Sullivan\\nOct. returned to Easton, in Pennsylvania. Capt. Cloyes\\nand Lieutenant McAulay had fallen, and with them\\nhe had lost forty men, by sickness and in battle.\\nIn the following year the New Hampshire regi-\\nments were stationed at West Point. Afterwards\\n1780. they marched into New Jersey, where Gen. Poor\\nknap, died. He had accompanied the expedition of Sul-\\nSept. 8. livan as far as the Genesee, and had defeated the\\nsavage enemy. Afterwards he commanded a brig-\\nade under Major General La Fayette. The win-\\nter of this year was passed by the New Hampshire\\ntroops in a hutted cantonment near the Hudson\\nriver, at a place called Soldier s Fortune. At the\\nclose of this year, the three regiments were reduc-\\ned to two, commanded by the colonels Scammell\\nand George Reid. The next year a part of them\\nwent to Virginia, and were present at the capture\\nof the second British army, under Earl Cornwallis.\\nHere the brave and active Colonel Scammell fell.\\nThey were quartered at Saratoga and on the IMo-\\nhawk river, until the decisive battle of Yorktown\\ndrew from the king of England an acknowledg-\\nment that his revolted colonies in North America\\nwere free and independent states.\\nIn the moment of victory, and while possessing\\na boundless influence over the army, the incorrupt-\\nible Washington returned his sword to his country\\nand retired to his plantation at Mount Vernon,\\nwhere his ashes now repose. Ambition will for-\\never be awed and admonished by such an example.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nDepreciation of continental money Elforts of Congress to present the\\ndepreciation Proscription of persons and confiscation of estates Con-\\nstitution proposed rejected by the people Another proposed Revolt of\\nsixteen towns Blonetary distress Insurrection the insurgents made\\nprisoners Union of the states Convention of delegates at Philadel-\\nphia The Federal Constitution submitted to the people Convention\\nassembles at Exeter to ratify the Federal Constitution Conflicting opin-\\nions Joshua Atherton s speech against the adoption of the Constitution\\nIt is finally ratified Washington chosen President of the United States\\nJohn Langdon elected President of New Hampshire Washington visits\\nNew Hampshire Progress of settlements Increase of population Sup-\\nport of common schools Education Establishment of post offices State\\ndebts Revision of the State Constitution Josiah Bartlett Formation\\nof parties Republicans Federalists Depreciation of paper money The\\nprivateer ship M Clary Case of the prize ship Susanna Remonstrances\\nagiynst the acts of the general government Jay s treaty Progress\\nof settlements Lake Winnipiseogee A medical school established\\nTroubles with France Laws for the observance of the Sabbath\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Death of\\nAVashington Administration of John Adams Organization of parties\\nManufactures Coos county Scenery around the mountains.\\nTo provide the sinews of M^ar, congress chap.\\nwas compelled, after finding itself wholly cut off _^__\\nfrom every other resource, to issue continental 1^^^-\\nbills of credit, based, not on specie, but on distant\\nand problematical taxation. The patriotism of\\nthe people the same self-sacrificing spirit that\\ncaused them to shed their blood for the sacred\\ncause of liberty for a short period sustained the\\ncredit of these worthless emissions. The colonies\\nwere soon flooded with them they were the only\\ncurrency in circulation. Those who had specie\\ncarefully hoarded it up. As the government, how-\\n34", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "266 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP ever, became more settled and stable, and the\\n_!__ people withdrew their attention from public affairs\\nto their own private interests, these bills fell into\\ngradual but fatal discredit. The authorities of\\nthe several states attempted to revive public con-\\nfidence. Laws were enacted in New Hampshire\\nmaking them legal tender, and if they were refused\\nby a creditor, that refusal discharged the debt.\\nSuch an enactment, it may be readily supposed,\\nincreased rather than alleviated the general dis-\\ntress. Creditors, by fraud or legal subterfuge,\\navoided it. In the meantime increasing effort\\nwas made by congress to stop the depreciation.\\n1777, Among other things, they issued a circular, which\\nthey ordered to be read to the congregations,\\nthroughout the states, assembled for religious\\nworship. The circular was an ingenious and elab-\\norate argument in favor of a paper currency, which\\nit called the only kind of money which coultl not\\nmake to itself wings and fly away.\\nThe distress became so alarming that a conven-\\ntion was held at Springfield, composed of delegates\\nfrom tlie New England states and New York.\\nThe convention memorialized congress, praying\\nthat body, for the relief of the public difficulties,\\nto establish a system of taxation, and open loan\\noffices in the several states. Congress, in answer,\\nrecommended a plan of confiscation, which by seve-\\nral states was followed.\\n177S. New Hampshire proscribed seventy-six persons,\\nwho had for various causes left the state, and for-\\nbade their return. The property of twenty-eight\\nof them was confiscated, and all previous attach-\\nments thereby dissolved. This measure, doubtfully", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "NEW H A lyi P S H I R E 267\\njustified by extreme necessity, did not result so chap.\\nbeneficially as was anticipated to the treasury of ..^^J^\\nthe state, as the net profit was comparatively un-\\nimportant.\\nWhile these estates were in process of settle-\\nment, the continental bills continued to fluctuate,\\noccasionally rising slightly in nominal value, but\\nalways followed by a rapid depreciation, until,\\nas by common consent, they disappeared, and spe-\\ncie, from the public mint, took their place.\\nA large convention of delegates assembled for 1779.\\nthe purpose of framing and recommending to the\\npeople a state constitution but it was deficient\\nin so many respects that it was rejected by the\\npopular vote almost unanimously. Another con- 17S1.\\nvention was afterwards called, which occupied two\\nyears. The first plan proposed by that body was\\nrejected, but the second was generally approved\\nand adopted. The present constitution partakes\\nof all the general features of that, but has received\\nsuch modifications as the growing importance of\\nthe state and increase of population have demanded.\\nTo this convention sixteen towns, on the east- 17S2.\\nern side of the Connecticut river, refused to send\\ndelegates, on the ground that the war had dis-\\nsevered all colonial ties and responsibilities, that\\nthe inhabitants reverted to a state of nature,\\nand that each town had the entire right to govern\\nitself as an independent municipal community.\\nThe people on the western side of the river, having\\nadopted the same doctrine, had cut themselves\\nloose from New York, and formed an independent\\nstate, which was called Vermont. These sixteen\\nrecusant towns immediately desired to be admitted", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "268 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, into the confederacy, which was granted by the\\n.^_1_ legislative body of the new state. New Hamp-\\nshire refused to resign its claim, or to acknowl-\\nedge the novel doctrines upon which the secession\\nwas based and the consequence was a long and\\nbitter controversy, which soon involved so many\\ncollateral questions that New York and Mas-\\nsachusetts were brought into the contest. After\\nmuch discussion, the controversy was closed by\\nthe decision of congress. Vermont demanded\\nadmission into the Union, and threatened to make\\nterms with the British government if that admis-\\nsion was withheld. Congress required, as an indis-\\npensable preliminary, that the revolted towns should\\nbe restored to New Hampshire to which Vermont\\nconsented. The assembly of that state, during\\nthe absence of a portion of its members, passed an\\nact drawing its eastern boundary by the western\\nbank of the Connecticut, and relinquishing all\\nclaim to jurisdiction without that limit. After\\nsome slight opposition, and a manifestation of dis-\\ncontent, the people returned to their allegiance to\\nNew Hampshire. Thus happily was settled a\\ncontroversy which, at one period, threatened to\\nrenew the bloody scenes of the revolution.\\nAt the close of the war congress found itself\\nburthened with a heavy debt, and with no imme-\\ndiate means of discharging it. But the creditors\\nof the government were suffering and clamorous,\\nand must be relieved. The debt might have been\\nspeedily cancelled by the adoption of a system of\\nimposts but the powers of that body were confined\\nwithin the narrowest limits, and they had no au-\\nthority to adopt that course. They were, therefore.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "NEW HA Mr SHIRE. 269\\ncompelled to put a tax on polls and estates. The chap.\\nresult was most disastrous to the people, and to S-^.^\\nnone more than to those of New Hampshire. The\\ncourts of law were thronged with unhappy dehtors\\nand importunate creditors business stagnated\\nand distress was general.\\nTo meet the evil, conventions, composed of the 1785.\\ndiscontented, were held, and the assembly urged\\nto emit large issues of paper money, based on real\\nestate, and drawing interest. The assembly did\\nall in their power to relieve the public suffering.\\nThey passed an act to call in all treasury notes\\nissued by the states, and give certificates for\\nthe interest and fifteen per cent, of the principal\\nannually; which certificates were to be received\\nby the treasurer for taxes, in lieu of, and equal to\\nsilver and gold. But farther than this they re-\\nfused to proceed. They exhorted the people to\\nindustry and economy, as the only sure remedy for\\nthe public evils. They assured them that their\\ntrue wealth was m the soil that attention to agri-\\nculture would soon alleviate the monetary troubles\\nof the state and that the granting of their petition\\nwould aggravate rather than cure their embar-\\nrassments.\\nMassachusetts, about this period, passed an\\nact providing that cattle, and other articles enu-\\nmerated, should be a legal tender on executions,\\nand be received at an appraisement of impartial\\nmen under oath. In compliance with a petition\\nfrom certain parts of the state, the assembly of\\nNew Hampshire enacted a law somewhat similar.\\nThe import of it was that the debtor might tender\\nto his creditor, on an execution, real or personal", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "270 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, estate sufficient, at a fair valuation, made by three\\nX\\n._^J^ sworn appraisers, to cancel the debt, and if it were\\nrefused, the body of the debtor was to be ever after\\nexempted from arrest. The tender, however, if re-\\nfused, did not discharge the debt. The creditor\\ncould keep it alive by taking out an alias within one\\nyear after the return of any former execution, and\\nmight levy on any estate that he could find, the debt\\nin the meanwhile drawing six per cent, interest.\\nThis act continued in force five years, although it\\nwas justly complained of as unconstitutional and as\\na direct violation of the obligation of contracts. Its\\nindirect effect was to secure the insolvent debtor\\nin the actual, though not always nominal, posses-\\nsion of property which, by right, belonged to his\\ncreditors. But there was another and still more\\ngeneral result produced by it those who had\\nspecie refused to give it circulation while the\\n17S6. tender-act was in force. And though the legisla-\\nture, to encourage its importation into the coun-\\ntry, exempted from port duties those vessels that\\nshould bring only gold and silver, and one half the\\nduties where one half the value of the whole cargo\\nwas gold and silver, yet it tended in no manner\\nto relieve the monetary distress.\\nThe demand for paper money still continued,\\nand became increasingly clamorous. A large por-\\ntion of the press united with political demagogues\\nto keep the public excitement upon this subject to\\nits highest tension. The most extravagant argu-\\nments were urged by the zealots of that period.\\nIt was said that the people had a right to require\\ntheir representatives to stamp value upon any-\\nthing that was impressible, and that by passing", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 271\\nan act of outlawry upon any person who should chaf\\nrefuse to receive it, depreciation would be forever _,-!_\\nprevented. As the confidence of this party in its\\nnumerical strength increased, a portion of them\\nextended their demands. They required the abo-\\nlition of the inferior courts, an equal distribution\\nof property, and a release from all debts.\\nTo test the real sentiments of the people, the\\nassembly proposed, for the public consideration, a\\nplan for the emission of paper currency to the\\namount of fifty thousand pounds, to be loaned at\\nfour per cent., on real estate, and to be a tender\\nin payment of taxes and desired a return of the\\nvotes of each town at the ensuing session.\\nThe leaders of the excitement were not satisfied\\nwith this proposition. They considered it, or pro-\\nfessed to consider it, merely a manoeuvre to calm\\nthe public ferment. Stirred by the wild and vague\\nrumors of Shay s rebellion in the sister state of\\nMassachusetts, which was then at its height,\\nabout two hundred persons, principally from the\\nwestern part of Rockingham county, assembled at\\nKingston, about six miles from Exeter, the seat of\\ngovernment. Armed with swords, clubs, scythes,\\nand muskets, they marched, to the beat of a drum,\\ninto the meeting-house where the assembly were\\nin session. The president, Gen. John Sullivan,\\nwith great moderation stated the reasons why\\ntheir petitions could not be granted, and that the\\nassembly could accede to nothing while threatened\\nby an armed body. After some unimportant de-\\nmonstrations on the part of the insurgents, they\\nwere struck with panic at the cry, Bring out the\\nartillery! and retired for the night. In the morn-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "272 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP ing, a numerous body of militia and a company of\\n_JJ^ horse entered Exeter, and, when the insurgents\\nappeared, rushed upon them, took about forty\\nprisoners, without bloodshed, and dispersed the\\nothers.\\nThe assembly deemed mildness the wiser policy,\\nand therefore dismissed all but six. These were\\nrequired to recognise for their appearance at the\\nnext superior court, and their bonds were dis-\\ncharged.\\nThe firm and prudent course of the government\\nthus crushed a political movement which in time\\nmight have swept away all law, and introduced a\\npopular despotism far worse than that which had\\nbeen fastened upon the state by a foreign power.\\n1787. The plan for a paper emission, proposed by the\\nassembly, was rejected by the popular vote, and\\nthus the whole question put at rest.\\n17SS. The commencement of the year 1788 presented\\none of the most important periods in our history.\\nHaving passed through the flames of a revolution,\\nand obtained from Great Britain, at vast expense\\nof blood and treasure, a recognition of their rights\\nas an independent people, the next care of our\\nforefathers was the establishment of a constitu-\\ntion for the common government. Bound together\\nduring the war by a consciousness of the common\\ndanger and the necessity of mutual aid, the states\\nwere enabled, even under the imperfect govern-\\nment they had formed at the commencement of the\\nrevolution, to act harmoniously together in the\\ngreat contest which led to its consummation. But\\nno sooner had the common enemy relinquished his\\nfoothold on our soil, a treaty of peace been con-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 273\\neluded with the power of which we had so recently chap.\\nbeen unprivileged subjects, and the necessities of\\nwar ceased to operate upon our national councils,\\nthan the people began to discover the necessity of\\na more perfect system of government. The con-\\nfederacy of 1778 was calculated only for a tem-\\nporary existence. It neither defined with sufficient\\nclearness the rights of the citizen, nor traced with\\nthe necessary precision the dividing line which\\nseparated the powers of the individual states and\\nthe confederacy itself. The necessity of a gov-\\nernment based upon more fixed and enduring\\nprinciples, was admitted by general consent and\\nthere was scarcely a dissenting opinion in relation\\nto the propriety of establishing a permanent union\\nof the states, secured and protected by a general\\ngovernment, strong enough to protect our rights\\nand our territories from the encroachments of for-\\neign powers, and liberal enough in its provisions\\nto compensate the people for the hardships and\\ndangers they had endured in their struggle for\\nindependence.\\nThe credit of making the first movement towards\\nthe accomplishment of this object, belongs to Vir-\\nginia. As early as 1786 that state formally\\nproposed a convention of commissioners from the\\nseveral states, Mo take into consideration the\\ntrade and commerce of the United States; to con-\\nsider how far a uniform system, in their com-\\nmercial intercourse and regulations, might be\\nnecessary to their common interest and permanent\\nharmony and report to the several states such an\\nact relative to this great object, as, when unani-\\nmously ratified by them, should enable the United\\n35", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "274 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. States, in congress assembled, effectually to pro-\\n_!__ vide for the same. By subsequent agreement,\\nthis convention was liolden at Annapolis, in Mary-\\nland, in September of the same year. Delegates\\nattended from five states only Virginia, Pennsyl-\\nvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York\\nand in consequence of the small number of states\\nrepresented, deemed it improper to proceed with\\nthe important business with which they had been\\nintrusted. Sensible, however, of the necessity of a\\nre-organization of the government, they drafted an\\naddress to the people, expressing their views on\\nthat subject, detailing the defects of the arti-\\ncles of confederation, and recommending a general\\nconvention of the states, to be holden at Phila-\\ndelphia, on the second Monday of May, 1787.\\nCongress, having seconded this recommendation,\\ndelegates from all the states, except Rhode Island,\\nassembled at the appointed time in Philadelphia,\\nand on the seventeenth day of the following Sep-\\ntember, agreed upon a Federal Constitution. This\\ninstrument was soon after, by the votes of eleven\\nstates, in congress assembled, submitted to the\\nseveral states for their ratification.\\nHowever unanimous the people might have been\\nin the sentiment, that a national government, rest-\\ning upon some more substantial basis than the old\\narticles of confederation, was essential to the pub-\\nlic welfare, the convention of the states was\\ndivided by many conflicting opinions in relation\\nto the principles upon which that government\\nshould be founded. A small portion of its mem-\\nbers, permitting their partiality for a strong gov-\\nernment to lead them beyond those restraints", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIEE. 275\\nwhich a regard for the great principle of equal chap.\\nrights would seem to have dictated, favored as a .^-J^\\nmatter of sound policy the establishment of a\\npresident and senate, to hold office during life, as\\nthe only means of protecting the government from\\nthose ruinous fluctuations of sentiment, which\\nthey contended would be the effect of a more re-\\npublican form. On the other hand, a portion of\\nits members were unwilling to invest the govern-\\nment which was to be the result of their delibera-\\ntions, with the powers which are now universally\\nconceded to be indispensably necessary to the\\ncommon welfare in peace and the common de-\\nfence in war. A vast variety of questions, all of\\nthem important, and some of them involving the\\npeculiar interests of large sections of the country,\\nsuccessively claimed the attention of the conven-\\ntion. At times almost despairing of being able to\\neffect the purposes for which they were assembled,\\nit was only by mutual concessions that its mem-\\nbers were able to agree upon a constitution, which\\nwith slight amendments, now forms the connect-\\ning bond of twenty-six independent and^prosperous\\nstates a constitution which is at once venerated\\nby our citizens and regarded with admiration by\\nthe world.\\nWhen the question of ratification was submitted\\nto the states, the same objections which had\\nembarrassed the deliberations of the convention\\nwhich framed the constitution, were urged to pre-\\nvent its adoption. The result was doubtful, and\\nthe whole community watched the deliberations of\\nthe state conventions with intense anxiety. The\\nconvention for the state of New Hampshire,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "276 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, assembled at Exeter, on the second Wednesday\\n_1__ of February, 1788. Eight states, some of them\\nby small majorities, had given their assent to the\\nconstitution. The ninth only was necessary to\\nits ratification. At this crisis, therefore, all eyes\\nwere directed to New Hampshire, as the state\\nupon whose decision the fate of the constitution\\nseemed in a great measure to depend. Its assent,\\non the one hand, would settle the question in its\\nfavor and its dissent, on the other, in the then\\ndivided state of public opinion, might create a\\npopular impulse against it, fatal to its final success.\\nThe convention was composed, to a great extent,\\nof men of the first talents and respectability men\\nwhose services, during the trying times of the rev-\\nolution, had aflTorded them the advantages of expe-\\nrience, and gained them the respect and confidence\\nof the people. General John Sullivan was chosen\\nits President, and such men as John Langdon,\\nJosiah Bartlett, John Taylor Giiman, John Pick-\\nering, Samuel Livermore, Joshua Atherton and\\nJoseph Badger were numbered among its members.\\nIn the disputes which followed the organization of\\nthe convention, Sullivan, Langdon, Pickering and\\nLivermore took the lead in favor of the ratifica-\\ntion, and Joshua Atherton, of Amherst, was the\\nprincipal speaker against it. Among other objec-\\ntions raised against the constitution, and urged\\nwith great earnestness, was that clause permitting\\nthe abolition of the slave trade after 1808,* and\\nprohibiting any action on the subject, beyond a\\ntrifling tax on their importation, before that time.\\nJournal of the Convention which adopted the federal constitution, 1788,\\nand which revised the constitution of New Hampshire, 1799.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 277\\nMr. Atherton opposed this clause with great chap.\\nwarmth; and the following extracts from his re- J^\\nmarks are believed to be the only relic of the\\ndebates of the convention, which has descended\\nto the present time.\\nThe idea that strikes those who oppose this\\nclause, so disagreeably and forcibly, is that if we\\nratify the constitution, we become conseniers to\\nand partakers in the sin and guilt of this abom-\\ninable traffic in slaves, at least for a certain period,\\nwithout any positive stipulation that it shall even\\nthen be brought to an end. We do not behold in\\nit any assurance that an end is then to be put to\\nslavery. Congress may be as much puzzled to\\nput a stop to it then as we are now. This clause\\nhas not secured its abolition.\\nWe do not think we are under any obligation\\nto perform works of supererogation in the refor-\\nmation of mankind we do not esteem ourselves\\nunder any necessity to go to Spain or Italy to\\nsuppress the Inquisition of those countries or\\nof making a journey to the Carolinas to abolish\\nthe detestable custom of enslaving the Africans\\nbut, sir, we will not lend the aid of our ratifica-\\ntion to this cruel and inhuman merchandise, not\\neven for a day. There is a great distinction\\nbetween refusing to take any part in a barbarous\\nviolation of the laws of God and humanity, and\\nguarantying its existence for a term of years.\\nYes, sir, it is our full purpose to wash our hands\\nclear of it and however unconcernedly we may\\nremain spectators of such predatory infractions of\\nthe laws of our nation however unfeelingly we\\nmay subscribe to the ratification of man-stealing,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "278 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, with all its baneful consequences yet I cannot but\\n1_ believe, in justice to human nature, that if we\\nreverse the consideration, and bring the effects of\\nthis claimed power somewhat nearer to our own\\ndoors, we shall form a more equitable opinion of\\nits claim to ratification.\\nLet us figure to ourselves a company of these\\nman-stealers, well equipped for the enterprise,\\narriving on our coast. They seize and carry oflT\\nthe whole or a part of the town of Exeter parents\\nare taken and children left or, possibly, they\\nmay be so fortunate as to have a whole family\\ntaken and carried oflT together by these relentless\\nrobbers. What must be their feelings in the\\nhands of their new and arbitrary masters Drag-\\nged at once from everything dear to them stripped\\nof every comfort of life, like beasts of prey, they\\nare hurried on a loathsome and distressing voyage\\nto the coast of Africa, or some other quarter of\\nthe globe, where the greatest price may waft them;\\nand here, if anything can be added to tbeir mis-\\neries, comes on the heart-breaking scene a\\nparent is sold to one a son to another, and a\\ndaughter to a third. Brother is cleft from brother\\nsister from sister and parents from their dar-\\nling offspring. Broken down with every distress\\nthat human nature can feel, and bedewed with\\ntears of anguisl), they are dragged into the last\\nstage of depression and slavery, never, never to\\nbehold the faces of one another again.\\nAs the discussion of the provisions of the con-\\nstitution progressed in the convention, the result\\nbecame so doubtful that its friends were unwilling\\nto hazard an immediate decision. At their request.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "N E W H A M r S II I R E 279\\nthe convention adjourned, to re-assemble at Con- chap.\\ncord in the month of June following.* In the ^1_\\nmeantime the subject was fully discussed among\\nthe people. Objections which had existed to a\\nfew features of the constitution, were, in many\\ninstances, gradually overcome by a candid con-\\nsideration of the benefits which would result from\\nits adoption in many cases, instructions adverse\\nto the constitution were withdrawn; and when the\\nconvention again assembled, it was with a brighter\\nprospect, and a greater harmony of sentiment\\namong its members. A session of four days was\\nfound sufficient to complete the deliberations of\\nthat body. On the last day of its session, the\\nopponents of the constitution having in turn\\nbecome anxious for the result, and made an unsuc-\\ncessful attempt to procure a second adjournment,\\nthe main question was taken. The result was the\\nratification of the constitution, fifty-seven mem-\\nbers voting in its favor and forty-six against it.f\\nThe convention, however, proposed a series of\\namendments to the constitution, providing, among\\nother things, that no standing army should be kept\\nup in time of peace without the consent of three\\nfourths of the members of both houses that the\\ngeneral government should make no laws touching\\nreligion, or infringing the rights of conscience\\nnor disarm any citizen, on any otlier ground than\\nactual rebellion.\\nThe convention excited an interest, with which\\nthe proceedings of no other deliberative body in\\nthis state have ever been re^iarded. The galleries\\nof the church, where it assembled, were thronged\\nJournal of the Convention. f Ibid.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "280 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, with spectators, and its members were surrounded,\\n.^.J^ not only by large numbers of their own constitu-\\nents, but by individuals from distant states\\nengaged, some of them, in watching their deliber-\\nations, and some of them, no doubt, in efforts to\\ninfluence the result. Even at this early period,\\npurified as the moral atmosphere of the country\\nhad been by the storms of a revolution, the most\\nopposite motives might very probably have influ-\\nenced our citizens to labor for the same result.\\nOf the multitudes who thronged around the meet-\\nings of the convention, many, doubtless, supported\\nthe constitution from a selfish regard to private\\ninterests of their own while many opposed it\\nfrom sentiments of the purest patriotism. Specu-\\nlators, who had bought, at a ruinous discount,\\nfrom the ofiicers and soldiers of the revolution, a\\nlarge amount of continental certificates, natu-\\nrally looked to the establishment of an energetic\\ngeneral government as the only chance for their\\nredemption. This class of men, therefore, regarded\\nthe constitution with favor, rather as the sun which\\nwas to bring their own golden harvests to matu-\\nrity, than the means of dispensing the blessings\\nof equal rights and free institutions upon a great\\nnation. So true it is, that the best and wisest\\nmeasures are sometimes sustained from venal and\\nunworthy motives, while the most discreet and vir-\\ntuous men in the community, from mistaken views,\\nmay be found teuipornrily arrayed in the support\\nof erroneous principles.\\nThe result of the convention was received with\\ngeneral satisfaction by our citizens. Even where\\nthe constitution had met with the strongest oppo-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMrSIIIRE. 281\\nsition, public opinion seemed gradually to have chap.\\ninclined in its favor, and, in many sections of the .^_J_\\nstate, the news of its adoption was received with\\ndemonstrations of joy, second only to those with\\nwhich the people received the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence itself.\\nIn 1788, John Langdon succeeded General\\nSullivan in- the presidency of the state. During\\nthe same year, in anticipation of the organization\\nof the general government, John Langdon and\\nPaine Wingate were elected members of the\\nUnited States senate by the legislature, and\\nSamuel Livermore, Abiel Foster and Nicholas\\nGilman were elected representatives to congress,\\nby the people.\\nGeor^-e Washinsiton liavlaor been called to the\\no o o\\npresidency by the unanimous vote of the electoral\\ncolleges throughout the Union, the first congress,\\non the fourth of March, 1789, assembled at the\\ncity of New York. The wheels of the general\\ngovernment having now been put in motion, the\\ncredit of the country revived commerce received\\na new impulse from its legislation, and a perma-\\nnent revenue v.as provided, sufficient not only to\\ndefray the expenses of the government itself, but\\nalso gradually to extinguish the national debt\\nwhich the war had imposed upon the country.\\nSuch, indeed, was the favorable change, produced\\nby the early action of the government, in the\\naffairs of the country and the people, as gradually\\nto reconcile most of those persons to the constitu-\\ntion who had been the most honest and zealous in\\nopposing it. The excitement which had at one\\ntime prevailed in relation to it, subsided almost\\n36", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "X\\n2S2 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, immediately upon its adoption, and a difference of\\nopinion as to the construction of the constitution\\ntook the place of that which had prevailed upon\\nthe question of its ratification. Those persons\\nwho had opposed the constitution, on the ground\\nof its impairing in too great a degree the power of\\nthe states, naturally favored a rigid construction\\nof the powers conferred upon the general govern-\\nment. Those, on the other hand, who desired a\\nsti ong government, favored a liberal construction\\nof the constitution, and sought to gain from it, by\\nimplication, powers for the general government\\nwhich had not been conferred by its letter. To\\nthese causes may be traced, to a great extent, the\\nparty divisions which have so long existed in this\\ncountry.\\nIn 1789 John Sullivan was again elected to the\\npresidency of the state. During the year he had\\nthe pleasure of welcoming to the state the illustri-\\nous Washington, who, having visited New Eng-\\nland on a tour of observation, extended his visit to\\nNew Hampshire. His approach was hailed with\\ndemonstrations of joy, both from the state authori-\\nties and the people. He arrived at Portsmouth\\non the thirtieth of October, having been met at the\\nstate line by the principal state officers, a regi-\\nment of cavalry, and a large number of citizens.\\nHis entrance into town was announced by the\\nringing of bells and the roar of cannon, and during\\nhis stay he received all those tokens of respect\\nwhich are due from a free and grateful people\\nto a distinguished public benefactor. His visit\\ngathered new interest from the fact, that scarcely\\nseven years had then elapsed since the closing", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "NEW H A BI P S H I K E 283\\nscenes of the revolution. His companions in arms chap.\\nwere, most of them, still in active life. Hundreds .J-J.^\\nof patriots, who with him had relinquished the\\ncomforts of their quiet firesides, and hazarded their\\nlives to secure, by a long and arduous contest, the\\nblessings of an independent government and a free\\nconstitution, gathered eagerly around the man,\\nwhose paternal affection for his troops, and inesti-\\nmable services to the public, had entitled him to\\nbe deemed at once the father of the country he\\nhad saved and the armies he hnd commanded.\\nFrom the close of the revolution, an increased\\nregard for schools and institutions of learning\\nbegan to be cherished among our citizens. During\\nthe present year, an academy was incorporated at\\nNew Ipswich, being the second institution of the\\nkind in the state. The burthens occasioned by\\nthe war having been in some measure removed\\nfrom the people, their attention was more generally\\ndirected to the importance of common schools, and\\nmore liberal provision was made for their support.\\nTowards the closfi of the year, printing was first\\nintroduced, on rather a limited scale, at Concord.\\nGeorge Hough, who was during his life engaged\\nmore than fifty years in the typographic art, came to\\nConcord from Windsor, Vermont, where he had\\nbeen engaged, in company with Alden Spooner, in\\nthe publication of the Vermont Journal. His\\nprinting-press, the first established in this state\\nnorth of Exeter, was set up in a small building in\\nfront of the ground now occupied by the state-\\nhouse and the first work issued from it was\\nDoddsley s Christian Economy, which was pub-\\nlished in October. On the 5th of Januarv, of the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "284 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, following year, he commenced the publication of\\n..^_]_ a weekly paper, called the Concord Herald,\\nwhich, with several changes in its title, was con-\\ntinued till 1805. Such was the first small begin-\\nning of printing in Concord, where it has since\\nincreased to such an extent, as to entitle that place\\nto a high rank among the principal publishing\\ntowns in the country.\\n1790. The election of president, in 1790, was warmly\\ncontested, though upon personal and local grounds,\\nrather than the prevalence of any divisions of polit-\\nical sentiment among the people. No choice\\nhaving been made by the people, the duty of elect-\\ning a chief magistrate devolved upon the legisla-\\nture; and Josiah Bartlett was elected, though two\\nof his competitors, John Pickering and Joshua\\nWentworth, had each received a larger number of\\npopular votes than himself The election, how-\\never, was approved by the people, and President\\nBartlett was, for nearly four years, the chief mag-\\nistrate of the state. Having been honored, a short\\ntime previous, by an nppoiatmont to tho office of\\nchief justice of the superior court, an appoint-\\nment doubly complimentary to hun, as the only\\ninstance in ovir history in which a member of the\\nmedical profession had been elevated to a station\\nrequiring such high legal attainments, that office\\nbecame vacant upon his election to the presidency\\nof the state. At the commencement of his admin-\\nistration, John Pickering, who had been his com-\\npetitor for the chief magistracy, received, at his\\nhands, an appointment to that important station,\\nwhich he filled, with honor to himself and advan-\\ntage to the state, for several years.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "NEW HA Mrs III RE. 285\\nFrom the census which was taken this year, it chap.\\nX\\nappeared that the population of the United States .^1,^\\nhad increased, since tlie commencement of the rev-\\nolution, from less than three to nearly four mil-\\nlions. New Hampshire had more than kept pace,\\nin the growth of her population, with the country\\nat large. At this period she had one hundred and\\nforty-two thousand inhabitants having increased,\\nnotwithstanding the dangers and discouragements\\nincident to a seven years war, nearly sixty thou-\\nsand in the fifteen preceding years. Not only\\nwere her towns on the seaboard and in the inte-\\nrior strengthened by the natural growth of their\\npopulation, but multitudes of adventurers from the\\nnorthern section of Massachusetts, invited by tlie\\ncheapness of her lands and the extent and fertility\\nof her unoccupied domains, had found their way\\nalong the valley of the Connecticut, nearly to its\\nsources, and, after occupying its intervales, grad-\\nually extended their settlements among the hills\\nand valleys of the back country. Points, at an\\nearlier period apparently inaccessible, were reach-\\ned by the advancing tide of emigration; and neither\\nthe want of roads, the absence of schools and reli-\\ngious privileges, or the other innumerable priva-\\ntions incident to a settlement in the wilderness,\\nv/ere sufficient obstacles to stay its progress.\\nEven the recesses of the White Mountains, whose\\nsnow-clad summits the Indians looked upon, during\\ntheir early conflicts with the white men, as an\\neternal barrier against their intrusion, were reach-\\ned at this early period.\\nDuring the session of the legislature in 1791, a 1791.\\nlaw was passed, requiring the assessment of a tax", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "286 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, of seven thousand five hundred pounds sterHng\\n,_j.J^ upon the several towns in the state, in proportion\\nto their taxahle property, for the support of com-\\nmon schools. Hitherto the measures taken hy the\\nstate, for the establishment of schools and institu-\\ntions of learning, while they proved that its citi-\\nzens were not unmindful of the advantages of\\neducation, had possessed too little energy for the\\ngeneral diffusion of those advantages through\\nthe community. A law had passed, as early as\\n1693, requiring each town to provide a school-\\nmaster. In this act Dover was expressly ex-\\ncepted, being at that time too much impoverished,\\nby the frequent incursions of Indian enemies, to\\nsustain any considerable burthen for any other\\npurpose than its own defence. In 1719, towns\\nwith fifty or more freeholders were required to be\\nconstantly provided with a schoolmaster to teach\\nreading and writing; and towns containing one\\nhundred or more freeholders were also enjoined\\nto maintain a grammar-school, under the instruc-\\ntion of some discrete person, of good conversa-\\ntion, well instructed in the tongues. Considerable\\nadvantage resulted from these laws, though the\\npoverty and scanty population of some of the\\ntowns rendered them entirely inoperative, and the\\nwant of proper books and competent instructors\\neverywhere united with the insecurity of the times\\nin retarding the progress of popular education.\\nReading and writing wQi e, in those early days,\\nthe only branches of instruction in our common\\nschools. The Bible and Psalter, and the New\\nEngland Primer, were the only reading books; and\\nthose who aspired to the more liberal art of chirog-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 287\\nraphy, instead of white paper, very generally made chap.\\nuse of white birch bark. The first spelling-book __^\\ngenerally used was not introduced till 1770, and\\nthough very humble in its merits, when compared\\nwith those of the present day, it was considered,\\neven then, a perfect epitome of all that was essen-\\ntial to a common education.\\nSome idea of the scientific attainments of our\\nancient rulers may be formed from the circum-\\nstance, that, in a proclamation for a fast in 16S1,\\nthey assign as a reason for it, that aivfid porten-\\ntous blazing star, usually foreboding sore calam-\\nity to the beholders thereof. And some idea of\\nthe acquirements of the people, at about the same\\nperiod, may be gathered from the fact, that, on a\\npetition for protection against the Indians, ad-\\ndressed to the general court of Massachusetts in\\n1690, signed by three hundred and seventy-four\\ninhabitants of New Hampshire, about one fourth\\npart of the whole number made their marks. The\\nsignatures of a large portion of the remainder, to\\nuse a favorite expression of Governor Andros,\\nresembled the scratch of a bear s paw, rather\\nthan the neat chirography of the present age.\\nVery few of our leading men wrote a tolerable\\nhand, and scarcely a schoolboy in the country, at\\nthe present day, would suffer by a comparison of\\nthe performances of his pen with those of our early\\nsecretaries of state.\\nThe schools which had grown up in our princi-\\npal towns prior to the revolution, under the influ-\\nence of the early laws for their encouragement, to\\nwhich I have referred, and which had been attend-\\ned with considerable advantages, had been almost", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "288 HISTORY OF\\nCHAF. universally prostrated by the turmoils and dangers\\n_^_ of the war. The act of this year was the begin-\\nning of a series of decided measures, which have\\nestablished the common school system, in New\\nHampshire, upon a firm and imperishable basis,\\nand extended its advantages to the rich and the\\npoor the citizens of its most populous and flour-\\nishing towns, and the scattered dwellers among its\\nmountains. Under the influences of a reviving\\ninterest in the cause of education, academies and\\npublic schools, generously endowed and liberally\\nsupported, sprung up at short intervals, and within\\na brief period of time, in the principal towns and\\nvillages of the state. During the year 1791,\\nacademies were incorporated at Atkinson and\\nAmherst. The establishment of these invaluable\\ninstitutions in different sections of the state, and\\nin sufficient numbers to extend the advantages of\\nan excellent elementary education in all direc-\\ntions, and furnish an ample supply of well qualified\\ninstructors for our common schools, produced at\\nonce a decided and favorable change in the schools\\nand the literary characteristics of the people. A\\ntaste for learning was suddenly diffused through\\nevery part of the community; habits of reading and\\ninvestigation became general; schools revived; the\\npatronage of the higher institutions of learning\\nswelled with the rising tide of intellectual improve-\\nment, and the means of at least a tolerable edu-\\ncation were gradually extended, not only to every\\ntown, but nearly to every family in the state.\\nWhile the legislature of 1791 was attending to\\nthe interests of education, it was not unmindful of\\nthe importance of facilitating the means of com-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMTSHIRE. 289\\nmimication. At this time, nothinsj like an efficient chap.\\npost-otlice establishment existed in the country. _IJ^.\\nTwo or three weeks were generally necessary for\\nthe transmission of letters from Philadelphia to\\nihe borders of this state and all organised means\\nof spreading intelligence stopped within a few\\nmiles of the sea-coast, leaving the inhabitants\\ncf the interior almost entirely dependent upon\\nchance for those facilities for communication,\\nwhich the present well organised post-office estab-\\nlishment has since extended to every corner of our\\nbroad country. Even an ordinary stage-coach\\nwas an accommodation, which, at that time, was\\nscarcely to be seen in our principal cities and a\\nhumble post-rider, journeying leisurely along the\\nseaboard, and occasionally divel ging a few miles\\ninto the country, for a considerable time performed\\nthe whole mail service of this state. To remedy\\nthese evils, the legislature of 1791 passed a law,\\nestablishing four routes for posts, to be there-\\nafter appointed to ride in and through the interior\\nof the state.\\nBy the provisions of this salutary law, each post-\\nrider was to perform his route once in two weeks,\\nreversing his course of travel once a fortnight.\\nFor the encouraQ;ement of this humble mail es-\\ntablishment, and in consideration of an express\\nprovision that all public letters, and other matters\\nbelonging to the state, should be carried free of\\npostage, the legislature granted twelve pounds per\\nannum to the post-riders on the first, second and\\nfourth routes, and nine pounds to the post-rider\\non the third. The postage, which on single letters\\nwas fixed at sixpence for every forty miles, and\\n37", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "290 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, foiirpeiice for any number of miles under forty,\\nwas granted exclusively to the post-riders. Post-\\noffices were established at Portsmouth, Exeter,\\nConcord, Amherst, Dover, Keene, Charlestown,\\nHanover, Haverhill and Plymouth; and the several\\npostmasters were allowed to charge a compensation\\nof two pence on every letter and package which\\nshould pass through their respective offices.\\nWhile the legislature was discharging the duties\\nof the post-office department for its own constit-\\nuency, the business of the patent-office as yet\\nremained in its hands. The same legislature,\\naccordingly, passed an act, giving to John\\nYoung the exclusive right to build chimneys,\\nagreeably to an invention of said Young accord-\\ning to a description of said invention lodged with\\nthe secretary of state.\\nThe legislation of this, as well as a few pre-\\nceding and subsequent years, evinces at once\\ngreat economy in the legislature and great finan-\\ncial distress among the people. In 1791, the\\nsalary of the governor was fixed at two hundred\\npounds, of the chief justice at one hundred and\\nseventy pounds, and the secretary of state at fifty\\npounds per annum. Laws, granting relief to\\ntowns directing the treasurer not to issue extents\\nfor outstanding taxes providing for the receipt of\\nspecie in payment of public dues, at the rate of one\\npound for two in state notes granting reviews\\nand staying, for a limited time, all proceedings\\nagainst bondsmen, were of frequent occurrence,\\nand indicated, in characters not to be mistaken,\\nthe severity of those financial embarrassments,\\nwhich the expenses of the war had imposed upon", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 20l\\nthe people of New Hampshire, and which neither chap.\\nthe unrivalled industry nor the reviving enterprise _,!J^\\nof its citizens had yet been able to remove.\\nIn the financial struggle which these embarrass-\\nments forced upon them, our legislature frequently\\nassumed powers, which no similar bodies have\\nrecently exercised; while the general government\\nhaving been but recently, and as yet but partially\\norganised, the exercise of many of its functions\\ndevolved upon the states. The legislation of\\n1791 was, in many respects, a matter of curious\\ninterest to those who have regarded the legisla-\\ntion of our states in those narrower channels only\\nwithin which it is at present confined. The legis-\\nlature of this state, at that time, exercised not only\\nthe proper powers of the legislature, and to some\\nextent those of the judiciary also, but also, as we\\nhave seen, discharged on a humble scale, suited to\\nthe depression of its financial aflfairs, the important\\nduties now confided to the patent-office and post-\\noffice department of the general government. Its\\nexercised powers were more extensive than those\\nwhich any legislative body in the country has\\nassumed for the last forty years and if the una-\\nnimity of the people, in the elections of that period,\\nis to be taken as an indication of the public feel-\\ning, it exercised them in such a manner as to pro-\\nmote the public welfare and gain the general\\nconfidence of the community.\\nDuring this year, with a view to elevate the\\ncharacter of the medical profession, to discourage\\nquackery, and prevent unqualified pretenders to\\nmedical skill from imposing themselves upon the\\ncommunity, the legislature incorporated the New", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "292 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Hampshire Medical Society. Josiah Bartlett, the\\n.J-.!^ worthy cliief magistrate of the state, was elected\\nits first president.\\nSome proceedings of the Icgislatm e of this year,\\nin relation to the assumption of the state debts,\\nrender it necessary briefly to refer to the measures\\nof the general government upon that subject. On\\nthe 19l,h of January, 1790, soon after the meet-\\nhm of the first congress, Alexander Hamilton\\nintroduced his celebrated scheme for the assump-\\ntion of the state debts. In compliance with his\\nrecommendation, and after a spirited opposition in\\nboth branches of congress, a bill, assuming the\\ndebts of the several states, to the amount of\\n$21,500,000, became a law on the 4th of August,\\n1790. By the provisions of this law, the debts of\\nNew Hampshire, which had contributed $375,055\\nmore than her equitable share to the means of\\nconducting the war, were assumed only to the\\namount of $399,009; v/liilc, on the other hand, the\\ndebis of New Yoriv, wliicii liad expended $874,846\\nless than her proportion of the expenses of the\\nsame war, were included to four times that\\namount. This law met with a serious opposition\\nfrom all parts of the Union in some instances\\nfounded upon the injustice of its details, and, in\\nothers, upon the broad ground of its unconstitu-\\ntionality.\\nIn November, 1790, the house of delegates, in\\nVirginia, passed a series of resolutions, declaring\\nthe assumption of the state debts to be a violation\\nof the constitution, and a flagrant invasion of the\\nplainest principles of justice. In June, 1791, the\\nle2:islature of New Hampsliire, surpassed by no", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 293\\nbody of men in the country in their general CHAr.\\nattacliment to the administration, adopted, by a .^-J^\\nunanimous vote, a spirited memorial to congress\\non the same subject. In tliis memorial they set\\nfortli, that this state had contributed, to its utmost\\nabihty, both men and money for the successful\\nprosecution of the late war, and thereby accumu-\\nlated a heavy debt and that, considering this state\\nalone responsible for that debt, by burthensome\\ntaxes upon themselves, its citizens had suc-\\nceeded in paying not only the interest of its debt,\\nbut likewise a great part of its principal, that\\nhaving, by these means and by the most rigor-\\nous economy, extinguished a large part of their\\ndebt, they had received, with general disappro-\\nbation and uneasiness, that part of the late act of\\ncongress, in which it is proposed to assume\\n$21,500,000 of the debts of the several states, and\\nmake provisions for ftinding the same. They\\ncomplained that, by this measure, an increased\\ndebt was brought upon the general government,\\ninvolving the necessity of an increased revenue;\\nand that, what was still more objectionable and\\ndisgusting to the citizens of ISiew Hampshire,\\nwhile that state had contributed one twenty-eighth\\npart of the expenses of the war, the sum proposed\\nto be assumed of the debts of the state was less\\nthan one seventieth part of the whole; thereby\\nthrowing $000,000 of the debts of other states\\nupon the state of New Hampshire. In conclusion,\\nthey solemnly remonstrated against the said act,\\nso far as it relates to the assumption of the state\\ndebts, and requested that, if the assumption\\nmust be carried into effect, New Hampshire might", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "294 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, be placed on an equal footing with other states.\\n_i._ Opposed as they then were in their political\\nattachments, it is a singular circumstance, that, at\\nthis early period, Virginia and New Hampshire\\noccupied the same ground upon this important\\nquestion. Though generally belonging in name\\nto that federal party, which was by many deemed\\nto favor a concentration of all political power in\\nthe general government, the people of New Hamp-\\nshire showed, on more occasions than one, a fii m\\nattachment to democratic principles, and a patri-\\notic zeal for their rights as citizens of a sovereign\\nstate.\\nIn consequence of the demands of a rapidly\\nincreasing commerce, a bank was, in 1792, estab-\\nhshed at Portsmouth, with a capital of $160,000,\\nto continue fifty years.\\nA period of seven years having expired from\\nthe first adoption of the sttite constitution, a con-\\nvention of delegates assembled, near the close of\\nthe year 1791, for the purpose of undertaking .its\\nrevision. The Hon. Samuel Livermore, who had\\nbeen a distinguished member of the previous con-\\nvention, was elected its president. A variety of\\namendments, many of them important, were\\nattempted at this time. Among them were, the\\nerasure of the sixth article of the bill of rights,\\nthe total abolition of religious tests, and the exclu-\\nsion of attorneys at law from seats in the legis-\\nlature. None of these amendments were adopted.\\nThe fact that they were proposed, however, indi-\\ncates, at once, something of the spirit of the\\ntimes and the condition of the people. Embar-\\nrassed with those debts, which the total depre-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 295\\nciation of the currency of the revokition had im- chap.\\nposed upon them, their jealousy of lawyers may ^Ij^\\nbe considered a fearful indication of the pecuniary\\ndistresses with which they were afflicted while the\\nproposition to expunge all religious tests from the\\nconstitution, shows that the spirit of religious\\ntoleration had already begun to shed its ennobling\\ninfluences upon a people, who, in after times, have\\nbecome so distinguished for its exercise.\\nIt was not till its third session, holden in May, 1792.\\n1792, that the business of the convention was\\ncompleted. The constitution, as revised, was\\nmarked by very few important changes. The title\\nof the chief magistrate was changed from jwesi-\\ndent to governor, the more readily to distinguish\\nthat officer from the head of the general govern-\\nment. The senate, under the old constitution, had\\nconsisted of twelve members, elected by the several\\ncounties five for the county of Rockingham, two\\nfor Strafford, two for Hillsborough, two for\\nCheshire, and one for Grafton. Under the new\\nconstitution the number of senators remained the\\nsame, but a provision was made for the division\\nof the state into twelve equal districts, upon the\\nbasis of taxation, for their election. The basis of\\nrepresentation in the house of representatives and\\nall the main features of the constitution remained\\nunchanged.\\nAs the constitution of 1784, thus modified, has\\nremained unchanged for a period of nearly fifty\\nyears, and is now the basis of our legislation and\\nthe corner-stone of our government, a brief synop-\\nsis of its most striking features can neither be\\nunprofitable nor misplaced.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "296 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. The executive power of the state is vested in a\\n-\u00e2\u0080\u00941-^ governor and five coimcillors, elected annually by\\nthe people. All judicial officers are appointed by\\nthe governor and council, and removable upon\\nimpeachment, originating in the house of repre-\\nsentatives, and heard and determined by the sen-\\nate. Both branches of the legislature are judges\\nof the elections, returns and qualification of their\\nown members. The power of pardoning offences\\nagainst the criminal laws of the state is vested in\\nthe governor who is to exercise it only with the\\nconsent of the council. Every bill or resolve\\nmust, before it becomes a law, be presented to the\\ngovernor; who, if he approves, is to sign it, and if\\nhe disapproves, is to return it to the house where\\nit originated, with bis objections. Two thirds of\\nboth branches of the legislature, however, concur-\\nring in the passage of any bill or resolve returned\\nand objected to by the governor, it becomes a law\\nwithout his assent. All money bills must, by the\\nconstitution, originate in the house of representa-\\ntives, though the senate may propose amendments.\\nNo member of the legislature can be arrested or\\nheld to bail, on any mesne process, during his\\nattendance upon its business, or on his way to or\\nfrom its sessions. Every male citizen of the state,\\nexcepting persons convicted of infamous crimes\\nor supported at the public expense, was allowed\\nthe privileges of a freeman.\\nThe convention which assembled soon after the\\nclose of the revolution, proposed to limit the num-\\nber of representatives to fifty, to be duly appor-\\ntioned among the several counties. This pro-\\nposition was rejected by a large majority of the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 297\\npopular vote. With a large share of the population chap.\\nthinly scattered over a wide expanse of territory .^^J-^\\nwith a large number of new settlements springing\\nup in the midst of the wilderness, sprinkling the\\nvalley of the Connecticut, from the southern line\\nof the state to its source, and gradually finding\\ntheir way among the hills and mountains of the\\nnorthern counties the people w isely judged that\\na representation so limited, would be altogether\\ninadequate to the purposes for which it was de-\\nsigned. It would have placed the legislature at\\ntoo great a distance from a large portion of the\\npeople, to understand their wishes, to judge with\\naccuracy of their interests, or act with any degree\\nof certainty in accordance with their will. These\\nconsiderations doubtless suggested the excellent\\nsystem established by the present constitution,\\nunder which every town, having one hundred and\\nfifty rateable polls, has its representative, while\\nthe larger towns are allowed an additional repre-\\nsentative for every three hundred polls in addition\\nto the above number, and the smaller towns are\\nclassed in such a manner as to extend the privi-\\nlege of direct annual representation to every citizen\\nin the state.\\nDuring the year I7D3, Elder Jesse Lee came\\nfrom A^irsinia to the New Eimland states, and,\\nafter remaining some time in Massachusetts, vis-\\nited New Hampshire, and prepared the foundation\\nfor the establishment of the first Methodist socie-\\nties which existed within its limits.\\nThe legislation of this period partook of the\\nsimple and economical spirit which characterized\\nthe citizens. Our revenue tlicn, as it has been\\n38", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "298 HISTORY OF\\nat all times, was small when compared with our\\nresources and the expenditures of the state were\\nregarded with a watchful eye and managed with a\\nprudent hand. By the rules of the house for this\\nsession, it was provided that no member should be\\nabsent, without leave, niore than a quarter of an\\nhour at a time, on pain of forfeiting his travel and\\nincurring the censure of the house. Every day s\\nabsence of a member, even upon leave, was scru-\\npulously noted by the clerk, in a roll kept for that\\npurpose, and made the foundation for a corre-\\nsponding reduction in his pay. In a legislature\\ngoverned by such primitive views of economy, it\\nmay be safely inferred that few laws were enacted,\\nand those plain in their provisions and suggested\\nby the wants of the people.\\n1793. In June, 1793, the legislature assembled at\\nConcord. Josiah Bartlett had been re-elected\\ngovernor, with great unanimity being the first\\nperson who had discharged the duties of chief mag-\\nistrate under the new constitution. The smallness\\nof the popular vote at this and the preceding elec-\\ntion, as well as its unanimity, affords us some clue\\nto the political characteristics of the time. The\\npeople, at this period, seem hardly to have enter-\\ntained any strongly marked diversity of political\\nopinions. Their elections turned rather upon the\\nmerits of the candidates for public favor, than the\\nimportance of particular and conflicting senti-\\nments in relation to public affairs. The high\\nplaces of the government were generally filled by\\nmen who had, in one way or another, evinced an\\nhonest devotion to the cause of liberty in the days\\nof the revolution and the opinions of these men,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 299\\neven when on some points they differed from those chap.\\nof their fellow-citizens, were lost sight of in a SJ^\\nuniversal attachment, which existed in the minds\\nof all classes of the people, for the soldiers and\\nstatesmen, who had proved faithful to their coun-\\ntry in the most eventful crisis of its history. Of\\nthis class of men, Josiah Bartlett was among the\\nmost distinguished. With an imperfect education,\\nhe had commenced the practice of medicine, at\\nKingston, as early as 1750. During the preva-\\nlence of a malignant distemper, in 1754, he pur-\\nsued a course of practice so universally successful\\nas to give him at once a high rank in his pro-\\nfession. Promoted to several offices, at different\\ntimes, by Governor Wentworth, he was, in Febru-\\nary, 1775, deprived of all his commissions, as a\\nzealous whig, whom the frowns of the royal gov-\\nernor could not intimidate, or his favor secure.\\nIn 1776 he was a delegate to congress, and was\\namong the first to give his vote and his signature\\nto the Declaration of Independence. For several\\nyears he was a judge of one or the other of the\\nstate courts, and, in 1790, was raised to the chief\\nmagistracy of the state. Honest and unimpeach-\\nable in his private character, simple and yet dig-\\nnified in his manners, deservedly popular in the\\ncommunity in which he lived, and firm and inflex-\\nible in support of the principles of that Declaration\\nof Independence to which he gave the sanction of\\nhis name, he passed the noonday of his existence\\namid the storms and clouds of a revolution and\\nthe unclouded light of popular favor, shining upon\\nhim in the evening of his life, was his just and\\nappropriate reward.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "300 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Towards the close of the year, Governor Bart-\\n_11_ lett was iiiducedj by declining health, to resign the\\nhigh and responsible station in which the people\\nhad placed him; and his retirement to private life\\nwas followed not long afterwards by his death.\\nThe ocean of political discussion, which has\\nsince been agitated by so many successive and\\nalmost perpetual storms, had hitherto rested in\\nunruffled repose. The popularity of Washington,\\nand the mildness and impartiality with which he\\nhad administered the government, had united those\\nparties, which circumstances had already created,\\nin support of his measures and of his re-election.\\nThe eftects of the revolution, however, which had\\nrecently occurred in France, soon reached our\\nown sliores, and disturbed the harmony of our\\ncitizens. The sympathies of a portion of the peo-\\nple were naturally enlisted in favor of the people\\nof France, whose struggles for liberty reminded\\nthem of their own. Another portion, influenced\\nby the exaggerated accounts of the excesses of\\ntheir former allies, which continually reached them,\\nregarded them witli horror, and sympathized with\\nGreat Britain in her hostile operations against\\nthem. The former class, embracing most of the\\nmore ardent friends of state sovereignty and demo-\\ncratic principles, assumed the name of republi-\\ncans. The latter class, including most of those\\nwho had favored an imilalion of the aristocratic\\nqualities of the British government in the estab-\\nlishment of our own, were called federalists. The\\nfirst clnss, many of them, maintained that we were\\nbound by the generous aid which France had af-\\nforded us in our contest with Great Britain, to", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "NEW HA^IPSIIIRE, 301\\nmake common cause with lier, in defending her chaf.\\nrights against the aggressions of the same arbi-\\ntrary power. Many of the people, of both parties,\\nwere in favor of the strict neutrahty of position\\nwhich was maintained by General Washington\\nand his administration. On the other hand, a\\nportion of the federal party, more violent than the\\nrest, seemed ready at any moment to form an open\\nalliance with Great Britain, and aid her in her\\nattacks upon a people, whc^ had been so recently\\nthe benefactors and faithful alhes of this country.\\nThe excitement generated by this state of things\\nextended to New Hampshire, in common with other\\nstates and opposing parties sprmig into existence,\\nas the immediate and necessary consequence. The\\nfederalists, however, for a long time maintained an\\nindisputable majority. John Taylor Gilman, a\\ngentleman of great personal inilaence and un-\\nspotted private character, who vras for a long time\\nthe acknowledged lioad cf t!ie federal party in\\ni H cw liampsinre, was, iii kio^ eieoiea governor.\\nHe retained this position for a period of no less\\nthan eleven years, and for tlie same period his\\nparty remained in the ascendency.\\nThe history of tliis state, under the adminis-\\ntration of Governor Gilman, was marked by few\\npublic events of importance. Our legislation re-\\nlated principally to the ordinary municipal regula-\\ntion of the little communities into which we were\\ndivided and our political conflicts, though such\\noccasionally existed among us, sprung rather from\\na diversity of opinion in relation to national affairs,\\nthan any general dissatisfaction with the manner\\nin which the concerns of the state itself were con-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "302 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, ducted. To the popular manners of Mr. Oilman,\\n,JJ.^ and the general fairness with which he managed\\nour affairs, rather than any deep-rooted attach-\\nment to federal views of government, must be\\nattributed the repeated re-elections of that gen-\\ntleman, and the long ascendency of his party in\\nthis state.\\nThe legislature of 1794 held its June session\\nin the meeting-house at Amherst. During that\\nsession, a law was enacted, providing for the\\nredemption of certain evidences of debts due\\nfrom the state, and making compensation for the\\nsame. This law provided for the redemption of\\nthe state notes and state orders, at the rate of fif-\\nteen shillings to the pound of the bills of the new\\nemission, so called, at five shillings to the pound\\nand of the copper-plate notes, and every other\\nspecies of bills not before enumerated, at the\\nrate of Jive shillings for every hundred dollars\\nAll outstanding taxes, and the stock of the state\\nin the United States funds, were pledged for that\\npurpose, and the treasurer was authorized to bor-\\nrow twenty-five thousand pounds for two years, at\\nsix per cent, interest, for the same object. All\\nnotes, of a less denomination than three dollars,\\nwere to be redeemed at the above rates in specie,\\nand one half of the residue to be paid in specie,\\nand the other half in state notes, payable in\\neighteen months, and bearing interest at the rate\\nof six per cent.\\nThe entire prostration of the credit of the states,\\nduring the revolution, and the almost incalculable\\nlosses it imposed upon the community, were never\\nbetter illustrated, than by the passage of this law.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 303\\nImmediately after the commencement of hos- chap.\\ntilities in 1775, this state issued paper bills for the -SJ^\\npayment of the troops it furnished for the common\\ndefence, and for the support of the government,\\npromising to redeem them in gold and silver.\\nThese bills, based upon nothing but the faith of\\nthe state, were, for the purpose of giving them\\ngreater currency, made a legal tender for the pay-\\nment of debts. In spite, however, of all the\\nefforts of the legislature, their value constantly\\ndepreciated. In 1780, the general government\\nissued a new paper currency, called the new\\nemission, declaring one dollar of that emission to\\nbe worth forty dollars of the old and sent to each\\nstate its proportion, guarantying its redemption.\\nThat proportion of this first national paper cur-\\nrency which fell to this state, was finally redeemed,\\nas I have before related, while large sums of its\\nother bills and evidences of indebtedness were\\nbought up by the treasurer, at the rate of one\\nhundred dollars for one.\\nThe notes and bills of this state were greatly\\nincreased in their nominal amount, by the large\\nsums issued to its officers and soldiers, to com-\\npensate them, from time to time, for the rapid\\ndepreciation of its paper already in their hands.\\nThus, by a fruitless attempt to remedy the evils\\nof a depreciated currency of this state, its debts\\nwere immensely increased, and its securities\\nplunged still lower in the scale of worthlessness\\nand depreciation.\\nWhen these facts arc known, the law of 1794,\\nfor the payment of the state debt, may be more\\nreadily reconciled with the principles of justice. If", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "304 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, a mere fraction only of the nominal amount of\\nJ^l^ the currency of which that debt consisted, was ten-\\ndered for its redemption, it should be remembered\\nthat it was issued from necessity, passed dis-\\ncredited and depreciated from the treasury, and\\ncirculated among the people only for an incon-\\nsiderable percentage on its apparent value. One\\nlesson, however, stands out in bold relief from the\\nhistory of these transactions. It is that neither a\\nnoble excuse for issuing a currency which consists\\nin the mere evidence of debt, nor arbitrary laws to\\nsustain its credit with the people, can give it either\\nstability or value, v.ithout the existence of a proper\\nand certain fund for its redemption.\\nThe second session of the legislature was this\\nyear convened at a period somewhat earher than\\nusual, in consequence of a controversy arising\\nbetween this state and the general government, in\\nrelation to a seizure made by an armed privateer\\nship, belonr ;in T to citizens of this state, dnrin?^ the\\nearlier period of the rcvoluticnary contest.\\nSoon after the commencement of the war,\\nseveral patriotic citizens of Portsmouth had fitted\\nout a privateer ship, called the McClary, under the\\nsanction of the legislature of the state. The\\nMcClary having captured an American merchant\\nship, called the Susanna, bound to an enemy s\\nport, and laden with supplies, the vessel and cargo\\nv,ere regularly condemned in the courts of this\\nstate, and adjudged to the captors as their lawful\\nprize. From this decision, the laws of this then\\nsovereign state permitted no appeal. Elisha\\nDoane and others, the owners of the vessel, sub-\\nsequently entered a complaint before a committee", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 305\\nof conorress, and the wliole matter was referred to chap.\\nthe court of appeals who reversed the judgment of\\nthe state court. After the adoption of the federal\\nconstitution, the district court of the United States\\nconfirmed the decision of the court of appeals, and\\nordered the value of the Susanna and cargo, with\\ninterest, amounting to $32,121 36 in the whole,\\nto be refunded to the original owners of that ves-\\nsel. The legislature having already remonstrated\\nagainst any interference of the general government\\nin this case, as a violation of the dignity, sove-\\nreignty and independence of the state, and the\\nlate owners of the McClary having petitioned for\\nthe aid and advisement of the legislature in the\\npremises, the governor declared that the council\\nhad concurred with him in requesting a meeting\\nof the IcEfislature before the time to which it stood\\nadjourned.\\nThe legislature, having taken the whole contro-\\nversy into consideration, again prepared a spirited\\nremonstrance against the interference of the courts\\nof the general government in this affair, as a\\nviolation of state independence, and an unwar-\\nrantable encroachment in courts of the United\\nStates. After stating, at considerable length, the\\nfacts above recapitulated, the remonstrance pro-\\nceeds in the following spirited language\\nThis state had a right to oppose the British\\nusurpations in the way it thought best could make\\nlaws as it chose with respect to every transaction,\\nwhere it had not explicitly granted the power to\\ncongress that the formation of courts for carry-\\ning these laws into execution, belonged only to the\\nseveral states that congress might advise and\\n39", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "306 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, recommend, but the states only could enact and\\ncarry into execution and that the attempts, repeat-\\nedly made, to render the laws of this state in this\\nrespect null and void, is a flagrant insult to the\\nprinciples of the revolution.\\nCan the rage for annihilating all the power of\\nthe states, and reducing this extensive and flour-\\nishing country to one domination, make the admin-\\nistrators blind to the danger of violating all the\\nprinciples of our former governments, to the hazard\\nof convulsions in endeavoring to eradicate every\\ntrace of state power, except in the resentment of\\nthe people Can the constitutional power of\\ncongress, in future, be no other Way established,\\nthan by the belief that the former congress always\\npossessed the same Can the remembrance of the\\nmanner of our opposition to tyranny and the grad-\\nual adoption of federal ideas be so painful as to\\nexclude, (unless forced into view,) the knowledge\\nthat congress in its origin was merely an advisory\\nbody that it entirely depended upon the several\\nlegislatures to enforce any measures it might\\nrecommend\\nThis remonstrance, strong and spirited as it was\\nin language, and founded, as it was believed to\\nbe, upon an invasion of the rights of this state,\\nseems to have produced no effect. But it demon-\\nstrated that this state, however federal it might\\nhave been in name, and however faithful it may at\\nall times have shown itself to the constitution, was,\\nfrom the beginning, jealous of the exercise of doubt-\\nful powers by the general government, and among\\nthe first to protest against every invasion of the\\nreserved rights of the states.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 307\\nIn 1794, an extensive bridge was constructed chap.\\nover the Piscataqua river, in the vicinity of Ports-\\nmouth, which, in its cost and difficulty of construc-\\ntion, exceeded every enterprise of the kind which\\nhad been attempted in the country. It consisted\\nof three sections, two of them horizontal and the\\nthird arched, extending from Newington to Dur-\\nham, and presenting a surface of planking nearly\\nhalf a mile in length. Its construction required\\nfive thousand tons of timber, eighty thousand feet\\nof plank, twenty tons of iron, and eight thousand\\ntons of stone, and cost the large sum of sixty-two\\nthousand dollars. The work excited general ad-\\nmiration at the time, and had a favorable influence\\nupon the commerce of Portsmouth, by diverting\\nto it a portion of the country trade which had long\\nbeen engrossed by the larger commercial towns of\\nMassachusetts.\\nDuring the following year, (1795,) an academy\\nwas incorporated in Gilmanton, endowed with a\\nfund consisting of six thousand dollars in money\\nand seven thousand acres of land. A similar in-\\nstitution had been, the preceding year, established\\nat Haverhill. Both institutions have remained in\\nexistence to the present time both have received\\na steady and liberal support and both have been\\neminently useful in the great work of disseminat-\\ning useful knowledge in the community. Among\\nthe earliest literary establishments 4n the state,\\ntheir patronage has since been divided with numer-\\nous seminaries of a similar character But yet,\\nas the landmarks of the early origin of a general\\ninterest in the cause of education in this state,\\nthese institutions, and the few of the same charac- 1795.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "308 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, ter which preceded them, deserve a particular\\n_^:^. notice in our history. They were not only honor-\\nable indications of that rising taste for education\\nto which they owed their establishment, but active\\nagents in its cultivation. Our early academies,\\nby calling the public attention to the great benefits\\nof a general system of instruction, and preparing\\na multitude of competent instructors, gave new\\nlife to our common school system, and diffused its\\nadvantages through every part of the state.\\nDuring the year 1795, the question of the rati-\\nfication of Jay s treaty agitated this state, in com-\\nmon with the rest of the Union. Great Britain,\\nwhile a controversy w ith France was pending, had\\nadopted a series of arbitrary restrictions, almost\\nentirely destructive of the American commerce\\nwith the French republic. At the same time, she\\nhad retained possession of several military posts\\nin the western portions of our country, under color\\nof a variety of unfounded pretences, and in open\\nviolation of the treaty entered into at the close of\\nthe revolution. For the purpose of arranging\\nthese difficulties, which had at one time threatened\\nto result in open war, John Jay had been appointed\\nan envoy extraordinary to the court of St. James.\\nMr. Jay having succeeded in negotiating a treaty,\\nthe senate was called upon, in 1795, to enter into\\na consideration of its merits. A long and angry\\ndiscussion ensued. A senator from Virginia vio-\\nlated the injunction of secrecy which rested upon\\nthe senate during the debate, and procured its\\ngeneral publication in the newspapers of the day.\\nIt was at once denounced by many for its sup-\\nposed partiality to Great Britain and injustice to\\n1", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "N E AV II A 31 P S H I R E 309\\nFrance. Some of its provisions were assailed in chap.\\nthe most intemperate manner, and a general ex- L_\\ncitement prevailed throughout the country. At\\nPortsmouth, in this state, a town meeting was\\nholden, and voted an address to the president\\nagainst the adoption of the treaty. A counter\\naddress having been prepared and signed by a\\nlarge number of respectable citizens, a mob\\nassembled in the streets, insulted many of the\\nsigners, broke their fences and windows, injured\\ntheir ornamental trees, and attempted, by threats\\nand violence, to gain possession of the counter\\naddress, and prevent its transmission to the presi-\\ndent. The disturbance was, however, of short\\nduration, and was succeeded by a more candid\\nconsideration of the merits of the treaty in ques-\\ntion. The senate at length ratified it, by a vote\\nof twenty to ten the Honorable Jolni Langdon,\\none of the senators from this state, voting against\\nit. The president, after duly examining its merits,\\ngave it his assent, and the result proved that,\\nwhatever objectionable features it might have con-\\ntained, it was calculated to be highly beneficial in\\nits influence upon the commerce and general inter-\\nests of the country.\\nConsidering the excitement which this subject\\ncreated, it is a singular fact that the legislature of\\nthis state, at its session in November, 1795, passed,\\nby an unanimous vote, an answer to the address\\nof Governor Gilman, approving, in the strongest\\nterms, of the treaty. In that document, they ex-\\npressed an undiminished confidence in the virtue\\nand ability of the minister who negotiated the\\ntreaty the senate who advised its ratification, and", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "310 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, in the president, the distinguished friend and father\\n.Jj^ of his country, who compUed with this advice.\\nTuftonborough, lying in that portion of the\\nancient county of Strafford, which is now known\\nas Carrol* county, and Danbury, in the county\\nof Grafton, were this year incorporated. The\\nformer town stretches along the northeast shore of\\nthe Winnipiseogee lake, whose arms, extending far\\ninto the town, present, from the neighboring hills,\\nsome of the most delightful landscapes to be\\nfound in the country. It is diversified with an\\nagreeable interchange of rough and pleasant\\ngrounds, and presents a great variety of soil. It\\nis washed on one side by a broad expanse of water,\\nand divided between level grounds and abrupt ele-\\nvations on the other. The scenery on the shores\\nof lake Winnipiseogee has been delineated both\\nwith pen and pencil, and is destined hereafter to\\nbecome celebrated in song, and to afford the rich-\\nest subjects to the painter. The lake itself more\\nthan realises the impassioned description of Loch\\nKatrine. f True, it has no barren wastes, of heath\\nand rock, environing its shores but it has a broad\\nexpanse of blue and limpid waters, sprinkled with\\ncultivated islands, and surrounded with a belt of\\nas luxuriant and productive soil as New England\\ncan boast. Its broad arms, extending in every\\ndirection, diversifying with mimic promontory,\\ncreek and bay the country upon its borders,\\nand, ever and anon, flowing in a broad and unruf-\\nfled current far into the interior, present, in a fine\\nsummer s day, some of the most agreeable pros-\\nLaws of New Hampshire, November session, 18 10, p. 455.\\nt As described by Sir Walter Scott, in the Lady of the Lake.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMrSIlIKE. 311\\npects that ever delighted the eyes of the traveller, chap.\\nNow here, now there, tiie beautiful congrega- .^^J^\\ntion of waters breaks upon his view one moment\\npartially lost sight of, as the road deviates from\\nits banks the next, bursting upon him in all\\nits splendor. Something of the romantic charac-\\nter of this lake and the surrounding region has,\\ndoubtless, been sacrificed to the progress of agri-\\ncultural improvement. When the verdant fields\\naround it were the forest home of savage tribes\\nwhen the Indian s canoe sprung unmolested over\\nits bosom, and the smoke of his camping fires\\ncurled above its beautiful islands, it was a scene\\nwhich his untutored imagination might readily\\nhave looked upon as the chosen residence of the\\nGreat Spirit. Not less agreeable must the pros-\\npect it presents at the present day appear to the\\neye of civilized man, who at once delights in the\\ncharms of nature, and rejoices in the progress of\\ncivilization and improvement in the neighborhood\\nof her loveliest works.\\nOn one side of the water rises Red Hill, which\\naffords a prospect of the lake and all the surround-\\ning country. Scarcely a stone s throw from the\\nsummit is the little lake Squam, its waters clear as\\ncrystal and sprinkletl witii green islands some\\nof them no wider than a small grass-plot some\\nspreading out into fields and pastures, with hills\\nthat send forth many a rivulet into the bosom of\\nthe lake. Ascending towards the summit of the\\nmountain, the trees, unlike those on the White\\nMountains, which arc gnarled and stinted, appear\\nslender and graceful, and seem to stand for orna-\\nment amidst the blucberrv and sweet-fern, which", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "X.\\n312 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, bear their fruit and fragrance almost to the moun-\\ntain s top. For weeks the traveller may daily and\\nhourly discover some new attraction in these sweet\\nabodes of nature. To-day, a clear atmosphere\\npresents everything in the brightest hues, and\\ncharms the mind with the distinctness of every\\nobject. To-morrow, a change of atmosphere lends\\nto everything a change of hue, and flings over all\\na new enchantment. Nothing can exceed the\\nsplendor of sunrise on this mountain, in a calm\\nsummer s merning. The stillness of the place\\nthe placid serenity of the waters the varying\\npositions of objects, as the morning mists rise, and\\nchange, and pass aw^ay before the sun, now brood-\\ning low on the waters, now sailing slowly over the\\nislands, and wreathed in ever- varied forms around\\ntheir green promontories these and other features\\npresent to the mind a landscape abounding in that\\nwild beauty which exists where art has not usurp-\\ned dominion over nature. Here some bright basin\\nis seen to gleam and anon, the eye catches some\\nislet, half veiled in mist and reddening with the first\\nblush of morning. Sometimes, by a pleasing delu-\\nsion, the clouds become stationary, and the island\\nitself appears to move, and to be slowly receding\\nfrom the veil of mist. The eye dwells with delight\\non the villages of the wide country, and the hun-\\ndreds of farms and orchards which adorn the whole\\nextent of the landscape. The fertile islands of\\nthe lake are scattered, as if to delight the eye\\nand when clothed in the deep green of summer, or\\nwaving with luxuriant harvests, they seem like\\nfloating gardens mirrored in the waters. The hills\\nand woods, the shores and eddies, the coves and", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 313\\ngreen recesses the farms and houses sometimes\\nretiring from the waters sometimes approaching\\nto the margin of the lake ail form a picture\\nfitted for the lover of nature to linger and dwell\\nupon with varied and ever new delight. The\\ncourse of the lake winds at last and is lost among\\nthe distant mountains.\\nOne solitary family arc the tenants of Red Hill\\nthe lone sentinels of these romantic scenes. It is\\ncomposed of a mother, a son and daughter. They\\ngain a scanty subsistence by cultivating a few\\nacres of land near the summit, whicli seem aliens\\namong the rugged features of the mountain. The\\nmother and daughter have descended from the\\nmountain but a few times during their whole lives,\\nand are unconscious of most of the important events\\nof the world.\\nSuch is a faint sketch of the scenery around lake\\nWinnipiseogee, where are exhibited, in fine con-\\ntrast and bright association, the wild and rude with\\nthe beautiful the austere with the lovely widely\\nextended fields, hills and mountains, embosoming\\na placid lake and islands. It may be doubted\\nW hether anything in Italian, Alpine, or Highland\\nscenery exceeds the magnificence of the landscape\\nwhich is here spread out. Yet the lake reposes,\\nthe mountain stands against the sky, the woods\\nand fields bloom, and exhale and breathe their fra-\\ngrance through year after year of the silent lapse\\nof time, scarcely tempting a traveller s fo-ot, or\\nwooing an admiring eye, of the thousands that seek\\nnovelty and repose amidst the beauties of nature.\\nThe political discussions of the preceding year,\\nwere not entirely without their influence upon the\\n40", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "314 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP election of 1796. Though there was no regularly\\n_I^_ organized opposition to the re-election of Gov-\\n1798. ernor Gilman, a considerable strength was arrayed\\nagainst him at the polls, and his majority was re-\\nduced to less than five thousand votes.\\nIn 1796, the charter of the first New Hampshire\\nturnpike, extending from Concord to the Piscat-\\naqua bridge, in the immediate vicinity of Ports-\\nmouth, was granted by the legislature. It was\\npromptly commenced and completed, and was but\\nthe first of a long series of thoroughfares, of the\\nsame character, established by the enterprise of a\\nfew public spirited individuals, and branching into\\nevery section of the state. Sometimes lucrative,\\nsometimes a heavy charge upon their proprietors,\\nthese early enterprises were conducted with a de-\\ngree of vigor and economy seldom witnessed in\\nsuch undertakings, when prosecuted at the public\\ncharge.\\n179?. During the year 1798, chiefly through the exer-\\ntions of Dr. Nathan Smith, of Cornish, a medical\\ndepartment was connected with Dartmouth col-\\nlege. Without the benefits of early education, and\\nyet possessed of distinguished skill, his talents and\\nindustry had given him a rank in his profession,\\nwhich others, possessed of much greater advan-\\ntages, have striven for in vain. For some years\\nhe was the only medical professor connected with\\nthe institution and yet, difiicult as the task must\\nhave been, unaided and with very limited pecu-\\nniary resources, he gave it a highly respectable\\ncharacter. The medical college, thus established\\nand recommended to the public favor, has since\\nmaintained a permanent and useful existence. In", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 315\\n1810, by the aid of the legislature of the state, a chap.\\nneat medical college building was erected and\\nthe medical school, furnished with an extensive\\ncabinet, and a valuable chemical laboratory, and\\nplaced under the guidance of medical skill of the\\nhighest order, soon took rank with the most respec-\\ntable institutions for medical instruction in the\\ncountry.\\nThe act passed at the December session of the\\nlegislature for 179S, regulating the apportionment\\nof public taxes, taken in connection with similar\\nacts of a more recent period, shows some singular\\nchanges in the relative wealth of our towns. Ports-\\nmouth, our only commercial town of any impor-\\ntance, stood then, as now, at the head of the list,\\npaying $26,33 in the thousand, of all public assess-\\nments. Next, and in the following order, stood\\nthe fine agricultural towns of Gilmanton, London-\\nderry, Weare, and Carrington the first paying\\n$19,58, and the last $13,35, in the thousand. By\\nthe apportionment act passed in 1840, twelve\\ntowns pay more than ten dollars each, in every\\nthousand of the state taxes. Weare, Barrington,\\nand Londonderry are excluded from this list alto-\\ngether, and eight towns now pay a larger pro-\\nportion of the public expenses than Gilmanton.\\nDover now ranks second on the list, and Nashua,\\nConcord and Claremont follow in their order.\\nThese changes, however, are far from indicating\\nany reduction in the property of our agricultural\\ntowns. Towns, which in 1798 were either thinly\\nsettled or not settled at all, have advanced with 1798.\\nrapid strides in wealth and population, and now\\nsustain a large share in the burthen of taxation,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "316 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, which formerly rested on the agricultural sec-\\ni_ tions of our southern counties. Our trade has in-\\ncreased, and large manufacturing establishments\\nhave sprung up among us; doubling, and, in some\\ninstances, more than quadrupling the wealth and\\npopulation of our principal towns, and bringing\\nupon them, with their increasing prosperity, an\\nincreased participation in the public burthens.\\nThe insolent bearing of the French government\\ntowards our own, encouraging as it did constant\\naggressions upon our commerce, and manifesting\\nthe most hostile views, by peremptorily ordering\\nits minister to demand his despatches and leave our\\ncountry, had at this time produced a general ex-\\ncitement throughout the Union. Three American\\nenvoys having reached Paris, charged with the\\nmanagement of a pacific negotiation, had been met\\nwith a demand for money, as a prerequisite to its\\ncommencement. This insult roused the whole\\ncountry. With scarcely a distinction of party,\\nMillions for defence, but not one cent for trib-\\nute, was the prevailing sentiment of the day.\\n1799. In this state of things, the legislature of 1799\\nadopted an address to President Adams, express-\\ning the warmest resentment at the arbitrary course\\npursued by the French government. In the sen-\\nate it passed unanimously. In the house, four\\nindividuals voted against it not because they saw\\nany palliation for the conduct of France, but be-\\ncause the prevailing party in the legislature had\\nintroduced into the address laudatory expressions,\\nextendinij to all the acts of an administration, whose\\npolicy in many respects they could not approve.\\nIn December, 1799, an act passed^, providing for", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 317\\nthe better observance of the Sabbath. It provided chap.\\nfor the appointment of tything-men, and armed S^^\\nthem with power to stop all persons travelling on\\nthe Sabbath, and interrogate them in relation to\\ntheir business, names, and place of residence.\\nPersons giving false answers were subjected to\\nsevere penalties. This law, exceptionable in itself,\\nwas rendered still more so by the oflicious inso-\\nlence of many of the officers entrusted with its\\nexecution. Proud of a little brief authority, they\\nseized upon the reins of the traveller s horse with\\nan air of authority v.hich sometimes approached\\nnearer to the ungracious rudeness of highwaymen,\\nthan the mild deportment of conservators of reli-\\ngious observances and civil order. Scenes of\\narbitrary violence on the one hand, and of boister-\\nous resistance or criminal evasion on the other,\\nwere of constant occurrence and it soon became a\\nmatter of doubt, whether the law tended more to the\\nproper observance of the Sabbath, or its shameless\\nviolation. Like many other laws, passed by pious\\nand well-meaning men, whose zeal in the cause of\\nvirtue has for a moment blinded their judgment in\\nrelation to the proper means for its advancement\\nthe law in question, though unquestionably es-\\ntablished from pure motives, produced most unfor-\\ntunate results. It became at first unpopular, then\\na nullity, and was soon stricken from the pages of\\nthe statute book by the general consent of the com-\\nmunity. Such has been the general fate of laws,\\nwhich have attempted, by fines and punishments\\nand vexatious prosecutions, the correction of evils\\nwhich are more properly left for correction to the\\nuntrammelled force of public opinion.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "318 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. So closed the eighteenth century a period full\\n,^^S^ of interesting events an era which must take\\nprecedence over all others in the future history of\\nour country. At its commencement, New Hamp-\\nshire was a humble settlement, with a population\\nthinly scattered along a narrow extent of seaboard,\\nharassed by the attacks of a savage enemy, and\\ndependent upon the will of a foreign government.\\nAt its termination, it had become a wealthy and\\npopulous state, extending from the ocean to the\\nCanadian frontier, favored with peace and pros-\\nperity, and governed by the free suffrages of its\\nown citizens. At its commencement, it was hardly\\nable to defend itself against a few wretched Indian\\ntribes though every fourth man fit to march, in\\nthe province, was at times in the field and\\njudges of the courts were often exposed as com-\\nmon sentinels, and sent out upon the scout, in\\nsmall numbers, after the enemy. At its close,\\nits citizens, in common with their brethren in other\\nstates, were ready to wage war with one of the\\nmost powerful nations on the globe, for the pro-\\ntection of their national rights and the vindication\\nof their national honor.\\nThe death of George Washin2;ton had occurred\\non the 14th of December, 1799 and in this state,\\nas Well as every part of the Union, the twenty-\\nsecond day of the succeeding February, the anni-\\nversary of his birth, was devoted to expressions of\\npublic sorrow for the decease of a man, who was\\nemphatically first in war, first in peace, and first\\nin the hearts of his countrymen.\\nISOO. The commencement of a new century brought\\nIMS. Minuitts of Governor and Councillj for 1703.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 319\\nwith it the commencement of a, new era in the chap\\npohtical history of the state. Hitherto its poHtical i^\\nconflicts had been few, and far from severe. The\\nfederal party had maintained its ascendency by a\\nmajority which had discouraged opposition, and\\nadministered our affairs with a moderation Httle\\ncalculated to excite it. Indeed, the position\\nassumed by our legislature, on many occasions,\\nhad been in strict accordance v.ith the views and\\nsympathies of the democratic party itseh The\\npeople, as a mass, had been zealous in the defence\\nof their rights, hostile to every new asumption of\\npower by the general government, and unyiehling\\nin their attachment to an economical administra-\\ntion of public affairs.\\nBut the measures of the administration of John\\nAdams had been of a character too little popular\\nto enable liim, revered as he was for his revolu-\\ntionary services, to secure in any part of the Union\\nthat united support wliich had been accorded to\\nhis predecessor. Jealous and sensitive in the\\nextreme, his distrust of foreigners and his nervous-\\nness under the criticisms of the press, led to the\\nmost fatal errors of his pohtical career. These\\nerrors the passage of the ahen and sedition laws,\\nand the outrages perpetrated under the sanction\\nof their provisions brought the democratic party,\\nwith a distinct and general organization, into the\\nfield in every state in the Union. The discussions\\nthus excited, extended to New Hampshire, and for\\nthe first time the whole mass of its citizens were\\ndivided into those permanent political parties,\\nwhose frequent and exciting contests for the\\nsupremacy, scattered through the broad range of", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "320 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, more than forty years, constitute so important a\\npart of its history.\\nThe contest of 1800 was conducted with great\\nwarmth and acrimony. Charges were promul-\\ngated, against both of the rival candidates for the\\npresidency, which have been condemned, by the\\nmore candid judgment of later times, as the mere\\noffspring of party violence. Charges of cow-\\nISOO. ardice, immorahty and infidehty, were everywhere\\ncirculated against the illustrious Jefferson. All\\nthe powers of eloquence, all the influence of the\\npress, and all the blandishments of melody, were\\nresorted to, to blacken his character and tarnish\\nthe unsullied brightness of his fame. Even a\\nparty badge was resorted to, to distinguish his\\nenemies from those of their fellow-citizens who\\ngave him their support. In some instances, and\\nin some sections of this state, the black cock-\\nade was generally worn, as a mark of devotion\\nto Mr. Adams, or a security against the violence\\nof his friends.\\nOn the other hand, allegations, of the same\\nunjustifiable nature, were doubtless promulgated\\nagainst ^Ir. Adams a man, who, whatever might\\nhave been tlie errors of his administration, was\\nentitled, by his patriotism through the whole\\ncourse of our difficulties with Great Britain, to be\\nranked among the noblest benefactors of the land.\\nImportant questions of principle, however, were\\nat issue in the contest, involving the future pros-\\nperity of the country, and the success of its repub-\\nlican institutions. The dominant party had con-\\nfided to the national executive full power to banish,\\nat pleasure and on mere suspicion, every alien who", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 321\\nshould land on our shores. It had empowered him chap.\\nto drag American citizens before partisan courts, ^\u00e2\u0080\u009e-J^\\nand punish them with ruinous fines and ignomin-\\nious imprisonments, for exercising the sacred rights\\nof speech and the press in a manner personally\\nobnoxious to himself or offensive to his supporters.\\nThe friends of a strict construction of the consti-\\ntution, uniting themselves under the name of\\nrepublicans, protested against these extensions of\\nthe executive power, as an infringement upon the\\nprinciples of the constitution, dangerous alike\\nto the rights of the states and the liberties of the\\npeople.\\nThe result of the exciting discussions of the\\ntime soon appeared in the annual elections in New\\nHampshire. The opposition, hitherto so power-\\nless, rallied under the influence of the prevailing\\nexcitement, and presented Timothy Walker, of\\nConcord, as their candidate for governor. That\\ngentleman, having been distinguished for his devo-\\ntion to the cause of liberty, and his able services\\nas a member of the revolutionary committee of\\nsafety, had been called by the people to a variety\\nof important stations, and, among others, to that of\\nchief justice of the court of common pleas. With\\na private character equally unimpcached with that\\nof Governor Gilman himself, and a life, like his,\\nendeared to the people, the contest was removed\\nfrom the beaten ground of personal preferences by\\nhis nomination, and became almost purely a ques-\\ntion between the principles acted upon by the\\nadministration of Mr. Adams, and those avowed\\nby the friends of Mr. Jefferson. Willi all their\\noriginal partialities and sectional feelings in favor\\n41", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "S22 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, of the former individual, it was not to have been\\n__J^ expected that a revolution would take place among\\nthe citizens, sufficiently sudden, to transfer the\\nvote of the state to the latter. At the March elec-\\ntion, however, Judge Walker had six thousand\\nand thirty-nine out of the sixteen thousand seven\\nhundred and sixty-two cast, and Governor Gil-\\nman s majority was reduced to less than four\\nthousand.\\nThe legislature of 1800, not caring to submit\\nthe presidential election to the people at a time\\nwhen so much excitement prevailed against the\\ncandidate it favored, passed a law by which the\\nchoice of electors devolved upon itself The result\\n1800, was the election of Oliver Peabody, John Pren-\\n1801. tice, Ebenezer Thompson, Timothy Farrar, Ben-\\njamin Bellows and Arthur Livermore, who cast\\ntheir votes for John Adams, for president, and\\nCharles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carohna,\\nfor vice president.\\n1801. At the election of governor, in 1801, the same\\ncandidates were in the field. The republicans\\nhaving relaxed their exertions, however, the result\\nwas the re-election of Governor Gilman, by an\\nincreased majority. But as soon, however, as the\\nadministration of Jefferson had been established,\\nand begun to develop its policy, it gradually and\\ncontinually gained favor with our citizens, till,\\nwithin the short space of four years, an entire\\npolitical revolution had taken place.\\nThe New Hampshire Missionary Society, the\\nearliest charitable society of a religious character\\n1801, in the state, was incorporated in 1801. Its object\\n1802. yyjjg ^Q extend the advantages of religious instruc-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "NEW H A 31 P SHI RE. 323\\ntion to the scattered inhabitants of the new settle- chat.\\nments, and to churches whose limited means were .SJ-^\\ninadequate to its regular support.\\nJohn Langdon, a man whose benevolence and\\npatriotism, no less than his unspotted reputation,\\nhave endeared him to the citizens of this state, was\\nthe present year elected one of the representatives\\nfrom Portsmouth, and was supported, unsuccess-\\nfully however, as the republican candidate for\\nspeaker.\\nIn the spring of 1802, he was, for the first time,\\npresented by the same party as a candidate for\\nthe office of governor. He received eight thou-\\nsand seven hundred and fifty-three votes for that\\noffice but Governor Gilman was re-elected, and\\nit required a three years struggle, during which\\nthe same gentlemen were candidates, to revolu-\\ntionize the state.\\nOn the 26th day of December, a destructive fire 1S02.\\noccurred at Portsmouth. It commenced, early\\nin the morning, in the building occupied by the\\nNew Hampshire Bank, and before the alarm was\\ncommunicated to any considerable number of citi-\\nzens, it had burst through its sides, and already\\nextended to some of the adjoining buildings. The\\nflames spread with great rapidity, and, before their\\nprogress could be arrested, a large part of the\\ntown, including more than one hundred buildings,\\nwas reduced to ashes. Property to the amount of\\nmore than two hundred thousand dollars was\\ndestroyed by this unfortunate conflagration. And\\nit is a circumstance which does no little honor to\\nthe liberal feelings of the time, that more than\\nforty-five thousand dollars were raised by volun-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "324 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, tary contributions, mainly by citizens of this state,\\nL_ as a partial reparation of the loss.\\nThe manufactures of this country were at this\\nperiod in their infancy. Rhode Island had led the\\nway, by the introduction of Arkwright s machinery\\nfor spinning cotton, as early as 1790. In 1803,\\nthe first cotton factory in New Hampshire was\\nerected at New Ipswich. It was in a few years fol-\\nlowed by similar establishments in Peterborough,\\nPembroke, Hillsborough and Jeffrey. The early\\nadventures, however, in this branch of industry,\\nwere not destined to be attended with very bril-\\nliant success. The constant introduction of useful\\nbut expensive improvements in machinery, im-\\nposed a tax upon those who engaged in them, to\\nwhich their capital, in many instances, proved\\nwholly inadequate. Manufacturing enterprise,\\nhowever, having once been excited in the country,\\ngradually overcame all obstacles, and brought to\\nits aid, in this state as well as elsewhere, an\\namount of capital equal to every emergency. In\\nDover, Somersworth, Nashua, Amoskeag, New-\\nmarket, Claremont and Manchester, it has more\\nrecently planted itself with a foothold too firm to\\nadmit of its being shaken by any ordinary causes\\nof embarrassment.\\nThe increasing population of the state had long\\nsince reached to its extreme line on the north.\\nFrom the southern extremity of its fertile inter-\\nvales on the Connecticut, the tide of emigration\\nhad already reached the head waters of that beau-\\ntiful and fertilizing stream. The gradual exten-\\nsion of the new settlements in the northern part of\\nthe state, and their great distance from the shire", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "NEW HA3IPSH1RE. 325\\ntowns of Grafton, led to the organization of Coos chap.\\ncounty, in December, 1803. Bounded on the ,^J^\\nnorth by Canada, and stretching laterally from\\nMaine to Vermont, it possesses an extent of ter-\\nritory superior to that of any other county in the\\nstate. Its soil, however, is broken and divided\\nbetween fertile valleys, productive swells of excel-\\nlent soil, abrupt iiills and gigantic mountains.\\nThis region has been appropriately styled the\\nSwitzerland of America. From the summits of\\nthe White Mountains, which, standing in the south-\\nern part of Coos county, present at a glance a\\nview of the whole county, to the highlands of Can-\\nada on the north and the Green Mountains on\\nthe west, the prospect is one of the grandest in na-\\nture. Far as the eye can reach, it is met by a con-\\nstant succession of hills and mountains sometimes\\nswelling gently in the distance and sprinkled with\\nsettlements to their summits sometimes breaking\\ninto wild peaks, in summer crowned with bald\\nledges of granite and striped by the pathway of\\nthe avalanche, and in winter covered with an un-\\nbroken mantle of snow, and rising, like mounds of\\nwhite and spotless marble, above the surrounding\\nwoods.\\nA scattered population had begun at an early\\nperiod to diffuse itself among these mountains, upon\\nthe banks of the Connecticut, and along the bor-\\nders of its tributary streams. Twelve years before\\nthe commencement of the revolution, a little settle-\\nment was commenced at Lancaster, and soon fol-\\nlowed by others, of the same humble character, at\\nNorthumberland, Stratford and Dalton. In 1775,\\nthe population of the present county of Coos had", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "326 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nCHAP, increased to the moderate number of two hundred\\n_i_ and twenty-seven persons, divided among six town-\\nships, of which Lancaster, with its sixty-one inhab-\\nitants, was the most populous. In 1803, the whole\\npopulation was a little more than three thousand,\\ndivided among ten incorporated towns.\\nAt the same session of the Legislature, which\\ngranted the people in the northern part of the state\\na separate county organization, a turnpike road\\nwas established for their accommodation, begin-\\nning at the west line of Bartlett, and traversing\\nthe well known White Mountain Notch. It ex-\\ntended twenty miles in length, and was constructed\\nat an expense of about $40,000.\\nThis road, winding as it does through one of\\nthe most sublime and romantic mountain passes in\\nthe universe, presents to the eye of the traveller\\nscenes of natural majesty and beauty, unrivalled\\nby any other mountain region in America.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nSamuel Livermoee Matthew Thornton Amendment of the federal con-\\nstitution Ascendency of the republican party Laws District schools\\nIron mines Franconia mountain scenery The notch Mount Lafay-\\nette The basin The flume\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Old JIan of the mountain, or Profile\\nrock Ascent of mount Lafayette Execution of Burnham at Haver-\\nhill Removal of the seat of government to Concord Commerce of\\nPortsmouth The effect of tlie embargo, the war of 1812, and other causes-\\nRight of search Orders in council French decrees The embargo it\\nis unpopular The federal party again in the ascendenc} George Sul-\\nliv^an Aggressions of Great Britain War becomes a probable event\\nMessage of Governor Langdon Debates in the senate and house Speech\\nof Gilman Speech of Parrott Lotteries Banks Election of William\\nFlummer his war message Preparations for war JMadison calls an\\nextra session of congress Increase of the army and navy The militia\\ncalled out Campaign of 1812 Daniel Webster Progress of the war\\nCampaign of IS 13 Change in the judiciary Great fire at Portsmouth\\nCampaign of 1811 Battle of Chippewa Battle of Bridgwater Miller\\nM Niel Weeks Machinations of the federal party Battle of New Or-\\nleans Peace Debates in the legislature Speech of Mr. Handerson\\nSpeech of Mr. Parrott Gov. Plummer s message Change in the judi-\\nciary Richardson Bell Woodbury Pierce Release of the poor pris-\\noners Project of a canal Western emigration.\\nIn May, 1803, the Hon. Samuel Livermore, chap.\\nXI\\nlong a distinguished actor in the political affairs _^J_\\nof the state, died at his residence in Holderness, ^Q^^^-\\nat the advanced age of seventy-one years. He\\nwas born at AValtham, Massachusetts, about the\\nthe year 1732, and, twenty years afterwards, grad-\\nuated at Princeton col!c rc. Ilavin^r studied law,\\nand risen at an early period to a respectable rank\\nin his profession, he was for some time before the\\nrevolution, judge advocate of the court of admi-\\nralty in tin s state. In 1782, he was appointed", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "328 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, judge of the superior court, which office he held\\nJ,.^^ for a period of eight years. For the same length\\nof time, commencing in 1793, he was a member\\nof the United States senate, and was associated\\nin that body with many of the most distinguished\\npatriots of the revolution.\\nMatthew Thornton, another of the most distin-\\nguished citizens of this state, also died during the\\nsame year. He was a native of Ireland, where he\\nwas born about the year 1714, and consequently\\nwas sixty-one years old at the commencement of\\nthat great and successful struggle for indepen-\\ndence, in which he was a distinguished actor. Mr.\\nThornton first settled in New Hampshire, as a\\nphysician, at Londonderry. He accompanied Sir\\nWilliam Pepperell in his expedition against Lou-\\nisburg, in 1745, and was president of the first\\nprovincial convention in this state, thirty years\\nafterwards. He first took liis seat in the conti-\\nnental congress in November, 1776, and, though\\ntoo late to vote for the Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence, he had the imperishable honor of subscrib-\\ning that important document, together with Dr.\\nBenjamin Rush, and several others, similarly cir-\\ncumstanced with himself. He was afterwards ap-\\npointed a judge of the superior court, which office\\nhe retained till 1782. It was his fortune, in com-\\nmon with many of his compatriots of 1776, who,\\nlike him, staked their lives and property in the\\ncause of independence, to go down to the grave\\ncovered with honors and full of years, leaving\\nbehind him an unspotted reputation, and the mem-\\nory of a long line of services to his country, des-\\ntined to be as enduring as its history.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "Jour-\\nnals.\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE. 329\\nThe history of 1804 opens with an animated chap.\\ncontest between the two rival parties for the J.^J^\\nascendency in the state. Governor Gihnan was\\nagain, and for the eleventh time, elected, by a ma-\\njority however of only one hundred and fifty votes,\\nover John Langdon. It is a fact, which speaks ^pg^i\\nvolumes in favor of the personal popularity of both /gYa.\\ncandidates, that all the votes, of more than twenty-\\nfour thousand cast at this election, were divided\\nbetween them. There was not a scattering ballot\\nthrown in the state. But while the federal party\\nbarely succeeded in the election of governor, the\\nrepublicans secured a decided majority in both\\nbranches of the legislature. Governor Langdon, YF^\\nhaving been returned as a representative from\\nPortsmouth, was elected speaker of the house,\\nand Nicholas Gilman, afterwards a senator in con-\\ngress, was chosen president of the senate.\\nThe legislature of this year passed, by a major-\\nity of forty-seven in the house and two in the\\nsenate, a bill ratifying an amendment to the federal\\nconstitution, providing that the candidates for pres-\\nident and vice president, should be separately and\\nspecifically voted for. Under the original provi-\\nsions of the constitution, each elector balloted for\\ntwo persons; and that person who received the\\nlargest number of votes was to be president, and\\nthe person who received the next largest number\\nwas to be vice president. Under this provision,\\nJohn Adams had been elected vice president in ur-\\n17S9, and Thomas Jefferson in 1707, neither hav-\\ning received a majority of tlie electoral votes.\\nUnder this provision, also, in 1801, Thom.as Jeffer-\\nson and Aaron Burr having each received seven ty-\\n42\\nCon-\\ngres-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "330 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, three votes and a majority of the whole number\\n_,^_ though the former had everywhere been deemed\\nthe candidate of his party for the presidency and\\nthe latter for the vice presidency alone the fed-\\neral party, uniting with a few personal friends of\\nBurr, supported him for the presidency through\\nthirty-five successive ballotings, occupying no\\nless than six days. On the thirty-sixth ballot,\\nThomas Jefferson was elected, by a revulsion of\\nfeeling in a portion of his opponents, against an\\nattempt of so glaring a character to defeat the\\nwell-known wishes of the people.\\nTo prevent the recurrence of such contests in\\nfuture, the amendment above referred to was pro-\\nposed and ratified by a sufficient number of states\\nto secure its adoption. In New Hampshire, Gov-\\nernor Gilman interposed his veto and prevented its\\nratification acting in accordance with the views\\nof the federal party generally, who, having once\\navailed themselves of the former state of things, in\\na strenuous effort to defeat the election of Jeffer-\\nson, were naturally opposed to the change. The\\ngovernor objected to the adoption of the amend-\\n\\\\a^ive nient, mainly on the ground that, if the altera-\\nnais! tions proposed should take place, the office of the\\nvice president, who in certain events is to be\\nplaced at the head of the nation, may be deemed\\nless respectable than heretofore.\\nCon- Thouffh, at the congressional election in August\\ngres- C o o\\nfo^^- year, the federal ticket was elected by a\\nsmall majority, the republicans gained a complete\\ntriumph, a few weeks afterwards, in the choice of\\nseven electors, who gave their votes for Thomas\\nJefferson for president, and George Clinton for\\nnais.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 331\\nvice-president. This was the first choice of chap.\\npresidential electors, by the people of this state ..,-..-1^\\nevery former election having been made by the\\nlegislature. The republicans of 1804, having the\\ncontrol of the legislative power, passed, with sin-\\ngular magnanimity, a general law referring the\\npresidential election directly to the people. They\\nrisked, upon the issue of an uncertain contest, a\\npolitical triumph, which, in strict accordance with\\nformer precedent, they might have secured at once,\\nto give a permanent privilege to the people, which\\nhad already been denied them too long. The\\nresult, which they could not with any certainty\\nhave foreseen, happily illustrated the maxim, that\\nhonesty is the best policy, as well in the ope-\\nrations of governments as in the management of\\nprivate affairs.\\nIn 1805, after an excitins; contest, the republi- J805.\\nO 1 Legis-\\ncan party, for the first time, gained an entire i?|j^^^\u00c2\u00ab=\\nascendency in the state. More votes were thrown\\nthan at any former election, and John Langdon jy|j\\nwas elected governor by nearly four thousand w^\\\\-\\nmajority. The prevailing party at the same time\\ncarried every branch of the government, elect-\\ning Levi Bartlett, Joseph Badger and Benjamin\\nPierce to the council, and securing decided ma-\\njorities in the house and senate. When the legis-\\nlature assembled in June, Robert Alcock, one of\\nthe most inflexible patriots and ardent republicans\\nin the state, was elected president of the senate.\\nHe declined accepting the oflice, however, and the\\nHonorable Clement Storer was chosen in his place.\\nAt the same time, Samuel Bell was chosen speak-\\ner of the house, and changes were made in all the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "332 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, executive departments of the government. Phillip\\n,J_J_ Carrigain was elected secretary of state, in place\\nof Joseph Pearson, who had enjoyed that office\\nfor nineteen years in succession and Nathaniel\\nOilman succeeded Oliver Peabody in the office\\nof treasurer. Another change, yet more impor-\\ntant, resulted from this political revolution in the\\nstate. The death of the Honorable Simeon Olcott,\\none of its senators in congress, created a vacancy,\\nwhich was filled by the election of the Honorable\\nNicholas Gihuan. Mr. Gilman was the first rep-\\nresentative chosen to either branch of congress by\\nthe republican party, after its first distinct organ-\\nization in the state. Indeed, the whole represen-\\ntation in congress from New England, w^ith\\nscarcely an exception, v/as composed of members\\nof the federal party. Tlie election, therefore, of\\na republican to the highest legislative body in\\n1805. the nation, was deemed a political triumph of\\nLegis- no ordinary magnitude. The leo-islature, in the\\nlative O\\nJour- meantime, in their reply to Governor Langdon s\\naddress, adopted by a large majority in both\\nbranches, expressed their utmost confidence in\\nthe virtuous and magnanimous administration\\nof President Jefferson, and condemned, in strong\\nterms, that spirit of malignant abuse with\\nwhich he had been assailed.\\nStat- Amonu; the laws passed by the lejjislature of this\\nutesof\\nN. H. year, which have stood the test of time, and still\\nremain among the statutes of the land, are the acts\\nprohibiting the issue of private notes as a circula-\\ntion, and limiting all actions for the recovery of\\nreal estate, to twenty years. The last law pro-\\nvides, that when any action shall be brought", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 333\\nagainst any person, for the recovery of any lands chap.\\nor tenements which such person holds by a sup- J^J^\\nposed legal title under a boQici Jide purchase,\\nand has peaceably occupied more than six years\\nbelbre the commencement of the action, a jury\\nshall appraise the value of the improvements,\\nwhich must be paid by the plaintiff before he re-\\ncovers possession. Laws were also passed, regu-\\nlating the manufacture and sale of bread, the\\ninspection of beef, the taxation of costs before\\njustices, the collection of damages done by the\\nfloating of lumber, and the appointment of guar-\\ndians over persons who, by excessive drinking,\\ngaming, idleness, or vicious habits of any kind,\\nshould so squander their time and estates as to\\nbecome exposed to suffering ancl want. Another\\nlaw of this year provided for the division of towns\\ninto fechool-districts, and thereby established our\\ncommon schools upon such a basis, as to extend\\ntheir advantages to every citizen. No law of the\\nstate has done more for i\\\\\\\\e diffusion of useful\\nknowledge or the advancement of the general wel-\\nfare. Under its provisions, scliool-houses have\\nsprung up in every neighljorhood in our most\\nthinly settled towns, affording at once, in many\\ninstances, houses of worship for the scattered\\ndwellers around them, and comfortable places of\\ninstruction for their children.\\nIn such humble seats of learning as these, thou-\\nsands of the young men of New Hampshire have\\nlaid the foundation for that business knowledge,\\nor those extended acquirements, by which they\\nhave made themselves the leaders in honest enter-\\nprise, the authors of useful inventions, the masters", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "334 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, of difficult arts, and the ornaments of the pulpit,\\nJ^J^^ the bar, the judicial seats and legislative halls of the\\ncountry. There have been sown the seeds of pru-\\ndent industry. There have been planted the germs\\nof honorable enterprise. There has been first ex-\\ncited that noble thirst for distinction, which has\\ntaken the sons of our poorest citizens from the farm\\nand the workshop, and sent them into the wide\\nworld, with no other capital than untiring energy\\nand unspotted reputation, to carve out their own\\nway to distinguished fortunes and exalted honors.\\nThe New Hampshire Iron Factory Company,\\nLcjis incorporated at Franconia by the legislature of\\nJour 1805, soon after established the extensive works at\\nfials.\\nJaek- that place, to which it has been so greatly indebt-\\nGeoio- ed for its prosperity. At first, these w orks con\\nReport, sisted only of a forge, where bar-iron was made.\\nIn 1811 a blast furnace was erected, which has\\nbeen kept in operation ever since. It produces\\nfrom two hundred and fifty to five hundred tons of\\nexcellent iron per annum, of which from one hun-\\ndred to one hundred and fifty per year is manufac-\\ntured into bar-iron, while the remainder is sold in\\nthe form of castings. So lately as 1838, iron was\\nproduced to the amount of twenty-one thousand\\ndollars per annum, of which sum at least twelve\\nthousand dollars were paid for the labor of men\\nengaged in mining, burning and drawing coal, and\\nconducting the various operations at the furnace.\\nThe ore, which is obtained from a mountain in\\nLisbon, at a distance of three miles only from the\\nfurnace, yields from fifty-six to sixty-three per\\ncent, of pure iron, and was long considered the\\nrichest in the United States. The mine is appa-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 335\\nrently inexhaustible. A sinojle vein, of from three chap.\\nand a half to four feet in width, has been wrought\\nforty rods in length and one hundred and forty- jadc-\\nfour feet in depth, and this vein has been found to Report.\\nextend along the hill-side into the valley below.\\nThe labors of the miners, often fruitlessly expend-\\ned in unskilful searchings after additional veins of\\nore, have formed many curious caverns in the\\nrocky sides of the hill. In one instance, a gallery\\nof this character, one hundred and twenty feet in\\nlength, has been cut through the solid granite.\\nThese labors, however useless they may have\\nbeen to the proprietors of the mines, have brought\\nto light an abundance of interesting minerals, and\\nthe neighborhood has long been known as the\\nrichest mineral region in New Hampshire.\\nNor are the attractions of this region confined\\nto the searcher after curious* mineral specimens\\nalone. The sublimity of its mountain scenery\\nhas been admired by travellers from every part\\nof the country. It is approached from the south\\nthrough a mountain pass, second only to the White\\nMountain Notch in grandeur, and thronged with\\nobjects of curiosity and interest. As the traveller\\nthreads his way through the entrance of this soli-\\ntary defile, his vision is limited by a long range of\\ndark hills on one side, and a huge and almost per-\\npendicular cliff of bare and shelving granite\\nextends a long distance on the other. Suddenly,\\nafter a series of devious windings, in which the\\nprospect is ever and anon obscured by the forest\\ntrees that skirt the way, he finds himself in the\\nmidst of a vast amphitheatre of mountains, their\\nsides clothed with dark evergreen, broken here", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "336 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, and there by rough ledges and shattered piles of\\n____ granite, that rise above the surrounding woods\\nand threaten the valley below. On the right, and\\nconsiderably in advance, stands mount Lafayette,\\nits gloomy sides retreating in the distance, and its\\nhigh cone-shaped and rocky summit rising above\\nthe region of clouds and storms, and looking down,\\nlike a presiding genius, upon the convocation of\\ngiant hills beneath. On the left sleeps a little\\nlake, from Vvhose surface the white mist curls\\ngracefully to the mountain-tops around it. Be-\\nhind him, upon the frowning termination of the\\ngiant wall of granite he has gazed upon so long,\\nthe traveller sees the Profile Rock,* an abrupt\\ncrag, hung from the mountain s brow, and pre-\\nsenting, in a mass of granite, the perfect lineaments\\nof a human face.\\nAnd full and fair those features are displayed,\\nThus profiled forth against the clear blue sky,\\nAs though some sculptor s chisel here had made\\ni o^jn This fragment of colossal imagery,\\njy jjjfj The compass of his plastic art to try\\nbard. From Adam s Apple to the shaggy hair\\nThat shoots in pine trees from the head on high\\nAll, all is perfect no illusion s there\\nTo cheat the expecting eye with fancied forms of air.\\nThe Old Man is seen casting a bold look upward\\ntowards the east, with his head partially inclined\\ntowards the little lake which lies below him em-\\nbosomed in the surrounding mountains, and sweeps\\nwith its limpid waters the base of the throne on\\nwhich the Old Man seems to repose. To the north\\nof the notch road, lies another crystal lake, its\\nFrom its exact resemblance to the human face, it is called The Old\\nJIan of the Mountain.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 337\\nmargin tracked bv the wild deer, from the middle chap.\\nof which, in a boat, the voyager may catch a\\nglimpse of the summit of mount Lafayette,\\nstanding aloft between two contiguous mountains,\\nresting against the clear blue sky, or sublime\\namidst the storm, with clouds piled upon its top\\nand hanging in black and heavy masses down its\\nsides. Passing below the Old Man, the eye no\\nlonger distinguishes a profile and mount Jackson,\\nwith its bold front of bare rock, frowns over the\\nsilent lake, and affords a picture of ruggedness\\nand sublimity. In the ascent up mount Lafay-\\nette, the traveller enters a dense forest opposite the\\nOld Man; and passing upward in a winding path,\\nis afforded a glimpse of mount Jackson. As he\\nadvances, his ears are saluted with the noise of\\nLafayette brook, which rolls through the woods\\nbelow with a solemn roar. After proceeding three\\nmiles, over clifl and crag, he emerges suddenly\\nupon mount Pleasant, which is a small plain, cut\\nas it were in the mountain side, from which is\\nafforded a view of the surrounding heights, the\\nvillages far below, and the valley of the wild Am-\\nmonoosuck. At his feet, southward, lies Pleasant\\npond, the hillocks around it partly covered with\\nstinted firs, partly bare and partly clothed with a\\nthick moss of the brightest green. Full before\\nhim, to the east, is the summit of Lafayette; the\\nclouds slowly sweeping along it sides, or curling\\naround the top, as they sail majestically upon the\\nair, or rush upon the wings of the blast. From\\nPleasant pond, whose waters are sweet, and spot-\\nted by the yellow lily, the path upward leads first\\nthrough a grove of dwarf firs, which have been\\n43", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "338 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, blasted by fire, and, baving bleached white, they\\nstand with craggy arms, like a group of skeletons\\nbut when seen from the summit of the mountain,\\npresent the appearance of a field covered with\\nbones. Upward, the traveller proceeds over a\\nstairway of stone, stepping from rock to rock, as\\nthey lay scattered over the mountain. Even on\\nthe summit he has not passed beyond the hum of\\nthe bee, the only insect of this vast height. Veg-\\netation has long since disappeared, save the small\\nwhite blossom springing up amongst the moss\\nthe solitary flower of the mountain. Below, to\\nthe east, stretch interminable ranges of mountains.\\nTo the north, the White Hills bound his view.\\nSouth, is the valley of the Pemigewasset south-\\nw^estward, mount Jackson, Black pond and Fi-\\nfield s pond and northwest, the valley of the\\nAmmonoosuck. The rocks, which at mount\\nPleasant were white, have now changed to dark\\ngray, spotted with black and dull yellow, inter-\\nmingled with specs of green moss, which adheres\\nto them in scales. Descending from the moun-\\ntain, not the least interesting object to the weary\\ntraveller is the Franconia Notch Hotel, which\\nstands completely wedged in between the heights.\\nThere is hardly room around it for a garden and\\nnarrow fields, which are bordered and environed\\nby mountains. The cold breezes preserve here,\\nthrough the summer months, a refreshing coolness,\\nlike the atmosphere of May, or September and\\nthe fierce heat of summer is unknown. To the\\nnorth, immediately in the rear of the hotel, rises a\\nhigh peak, in the form of a sugar loaf, and it takes\\nthat name. A ride of four miles southward.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 339\\nthrough a, shaded road running along the Pemige- chap.\\nwasset, brings the traveller to the Basin; and three\\nmiles farther, to the Flume. Yet in this space of\\nseven miles there is not a house or a human habi-\\ntation. Northward, the nearest dwelling stands at\\nthe distance of three miles and thus, in the space\\nof ten miles, the cheerful mansion where the trav-\\neller rests, stands alone, embosomed amidst the\\nlofty mountains which are the object of his pil-\\ngrimage.\\nThe Basin and Flume are among the objects in\\nthis vicinity, which invite the attention of the trav-\\neller. The first is a broad, round, deep cavity,\\nscooped out in the solid rock by the road-side, by\\nthe revolving waves of the mountain stream, which\\nsupplies the head waters of the Pemigewasset.\\nThe second lies at some distance to the right of\\nthe road, through the mountains, as it enters the\\ndefile from the south. It is a long, deep and\\nyawning fissure in the rock, presenting a general\\nappearance sufficiently indicated by its name.\\nDuring the freshets of spring, the little rill, which\\nripples through it in summer, swells to a mountain\\ntorrent, which, tumbling over loose rocks and\\nbroken crags, grows white with foam, and dashes\\nthrough the giant channel, flinging its spray upon\\nits massive walls, and thundering in the hollow\\ncaverns it has worn below.\\nOn the 25th of December, 1805, the Honorable P?pers\\not the\\nRussell Freeman, once speaker of the house, and ^^^y\\nfive years a member of the state council, having\\nbeen imprisoned in the jail at Haverhill, was mur-\\ndered, with a companion in misfortune, by Josiah\\nBurnham. Burnham was their fellow-prisoner, an", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "34\u00c2\u00ab0 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, occupant of the same cell. Debt was the com-\\nXI\\n.^,_;_ mon offence, both of the murderer and the men\\nhe slaughtered; and the complaints of his victims,\\nwho had suffered great inconvenience from his\\ngross manners and ravenous appetite, were the sole\\nincentives to his crime. Near the close of the\\nfollowing year the murderer expiated his crime\\non the gallows, at Haverhill and the law, under\\nthe rigorous provisions of which this tragedy\\noccurred, was afterwards unfortunately long af-\\nterwards expunged from the statute books of the\\nstate.\\nThe decisive result of the election of 1805,\\nestablished the political character of the state for\\nseveral years. In the meantime, Governor Lang-\\ndon, favored with legislatures whose views were\\nin accordance with his own, discharged his execu-\\ntive duties with firmness and moderation, respected\\neven by his opponents, and escaping much of that\\nviolence of attack, with which so many of his suc-\\ncessors have been assailed.\\nAt the spring election of 1806, there was scarce-\\nLegis- ly the appearance of a contest and in August of\\nJour- the same year, five republican representatives to\\ncongress were elected, while, a few months after-\\nwards, the Honorable Nahum Parker, a republi-\\ncan also, was chosen to fill the remaining seat in\\nthe senate.\\n1S06. On the IGth of June, in the same year, the sub-\\nlime spectacle of a total eclipse of the sun was\\nwitnessed by the citizens of New Hampshire, in\\ncommon with millions of others. For a time the\\nobscuration was complete, the stars were visible,\\nand the darkness of night shadowed the earth at\\nWhiton.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 341\\nmid-day. The return of light was instantaneous\\none side of the sun suddenly presenting a lumin-\\nous thread, of incomparable brilliancy. A scene\\nso sublime and unusual, which, a century before,\\nwould have been regarded as the sure presage of\\nwars and calamities, even at this time excited an\\ninterest which has made it an era in the lives of\\nmany who witnessed it, and who, if still living,\\nrefer to the great eclipse as the date from\\nwhich all their recollections of that period are\\nreckoned.\\nFor a period of nearly ninety-five years, extend- 1807.\\ning from 1680 to 1775, and from the administra-\\ntion of John Cutts to that of Meshech Weare, the\\nseat of government had been permanently fixed at whi-\\nPortsmouth. From the beginning of the revolu-\\ntion to the year 1807, the legislature had adjourned\\nfrom town to town, holding several sessions in\\nPortsmouth, Exeter, Concord and Hopkinton,\\nand one each in the towns of Dover, Amherst,\\nCharlestown and Hanover. As a compliment to\\nGovernor Langdon, the December session of the\\nlegislature for 1805 was holden at Portsmouth,\\nIn 1806 and 1807 the June sessions were holden at\\nHopkinton. At tlic close of the first session for\\n1807 the legislature adjourned to Concord, in\\nwhich town, though it has never been established\\nby law as the scat of government, its sessions have\\never since been uniformly holden.\\nThe year 1807 may be regarded as the close 1807.\\nof the brightest season of commercial prosperity\\nwhich Portsmouth, the only considerable maritime \u00c2\u00b0l^^lf\\ntown in New Hampshire, has ever enjoyed. Its\\nexports during that year amounted to $680,022", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "342 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, and, during the five preceding years, sometimes\\n_,_ rising above and sometimes sinking below that\\n^nThe^ sum, had maintained an average not far from it.\\n^cX. Its imports, during the same period, had probably\\nexceeded $800,000 per annum. On the 31st of\\nDecember, 1806, its tonnage amounted to twenty-\\ntwo thousand seven hundred and ninety-eight tons,\\nwhile, during the same year, one hundred and\\nthree vessels cleared from its harbor for the West\\nIndies alone, and its total exports were valued at\\n.$795,263.\\nIn this connection, a somewhat extended view\\nof the commercial operations of this ancient town,\\nmay not be entirely out of place. Before the com-\\nmencement of the revolution, the commerce of\\nPortsmouth consisted principally in the trade to\\nGreat Britain and the West Indies, and a small\\ncoasting trade to the southern states. The same\\nabundance of lumber in our forests and offish on\\nour coasts, which invited the first settlement of the\\nstate, together with live stock, still constituted the\\ngreat staples of its trade. Ship-building was\\nextensively carried on upon the banks of the Pis-\\ncataqua, and the large number of vessels annually\\nfitted out at Portsmouth were laden with these\\nsimple, but exceedingly useful staples of the coun-\\ntry, and despatched to the British West Indies.\\nThere an excliange was eflfected for sugars and\\nother articles suited to the markets of the mother\\ncountry, where both vessels and cargoes were very\\ncommonly sold, and the returns made in British\\nmanufactured goods and such productions of other\\nforeign countries as we were forbidden to import\\n1807. by a direct trade. The smaller vessels, after sell-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 343\\ning their cargoes in the West Indies, usually chap.\\nreturned with the produce of those islands to\\nPortsmouth,\\nAt that period, the commerce of Portsmouth,\\ncompared with that of other commercial towns,\\nwas of much greater relative importance than at\\nthe present time. But, whatever its extent, it was\\nannihilated by the revolution, and at its close, in\\n17S3, it had not a single square-rigged vessel in\\na seaworthy condition.\\nThe recovery of its commerce from the general\\nruin was gradual. It was impeded at first by the\\nloss of a foreign market for ships built on the Pis-\\ncataqua, and the imposition of restrictions by Great\\nBritain on its West India trade. In a short time,\\nhowever, its commercial enterprise, partially exclu-\\nded from its accustomed channels, sought out new\\nones for its employment. Its fisheries were prose-\\ncuted with greater vigor, its tonnage increased, and\\nits foreign trade rose to a more respectable stan-\\ndard. The breaking out of a general war in Eu-\\nrope gave to American trade the advantages of\\nneutrality. Business again quickened into life, and\\nPortsmouth shared largely in the general pros-\\nperity. Her exports, as entered upon the books\\nof her custom-house, swelled to the respectable\\namount already stated and a large portion of her\\nbusiness, conducted througli other ports, added\\ngreatly to the real, though nothing to the nominal\\namount of her trade. The experiment of the\\nemployment of a regular packet -ship in the trade\\nwitii Liverpool, was commenced in 180G, with\\nevery prospect of success, but, in December, 1807, 1807.\\nthe embargo set the seal of death upon this, in\\ncommon with every other commercial enterprise.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "XI\\n344 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. The repeal of the embargo, in 1809, was followed\\nby a brief season of prosperity. In spite of Brit-\\nish orders and French decrees, our ships once\\nmore unfurled their sails in every sea, and bore the\\nAmerican flag to every quarter of the globe.\\nThis momentary sunshine was but the prelude\\nof the storm. The war of 1812 again swept our\\ncommerce from the ocean.\\nThe return of peace brought with it the general\\npacification of Europe. We enjoyed the advan-\\ntages of neutrality no longer. The direct foreign\\ntrade of Portsmouth has never again recovered\\nits former vigor. The forests in its vicinity no\\nlonger yield those stores of lumber, once deemed\\ninexhaustible. Its commerce with the British\\nWest Indies has given way, under the active\\ncompetition of the government of which they are\\ndependencies, and the restrictions which that gov-\\nernment has imposed.\\nReduced as the foreign trade of Portsmouth has\\nbeen, its coasting trade has increased in nearly the\\nsame proportion. A large number of manufac-\\nturing establishments liave sprung up around the\\ntide waters of the Piscataqua. The consequent\\ndemand for flour, grain, coal and cotton, has fur-\\nnished a profitable employment for a very con-\\nsiderable tonnage. At a port where, thirty years\\nago, two hundred bales of cotton would have been\\nan ample supply for a year, there is now an aver-\\nage demand for eleven thousand bales per annum.\\nIts trade, from this and other favoring impulses, is\\nregularly increasing, and its business streets are\\nagain beginning to exhibit tokens of reviving\\nprosperity.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 345\\nThe year 1808, as we have ah cady seen, com- chap\\nmeiiced a period of severe commercial restrictions ._-!_\\nand great national excitements. The conflicting\\npowers of Europe had long regarded the advan-\\ntages of our neutral position with jealousy. Sail-\\ning under the only flag which was not arrayed\\namong belligerant powers, our ships gathered a\\ngolden harvest in every sea. Carrymg the pro-\\nducts of England and her dependencies to the\\nports of France on one hand, they returned,\\nfreighted with French goods, to the marts of\\nGreat Britain on the other.\\nThe British cruisers, however, had long claimed\\nthe right to board our ships and impress our sea-\\nmen. The arbitrary enforcement of this claim\\nwas soon followed by other aggressions. By a\\nseries of orders in council. Great Britain inter-\\ndicted our trade with France. France, in retali-\\nation, prohibited our trade with Great Britain.\\nOur commerce was subjected to the common\\nplunder of both nations, and hundreds of our ves-\\nsels, engaged in a lawful trade, were captured by\\ntheir cruisers and condemned by their courts. At\\nlength, our harbors were blockaded by British\\nfleets, and one of our national vessels, reposing on\\nour own waters, was fired upon by a British ship\\nof war, of superior force. From these causes\\nresulted the embargo. Its object was, by detain-\\ning our ships in our own ports, to protect them\\nfrom the piratical aggressions of Great Britain\\nand France, and, at the same time, to compel\\nthose nations to respect our rights, by depriving\\nthem of the advantages of our trade.\\nHowever patriotic were the motives which ISOS.\\n44", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "346 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, induced the adoption of this measure, it was\\nXI\\n__-!_ unsparingly assailed. It added to the feeling of\\ndiscontent by which the federal party had long\\nbeen pervaded, that excitement which is so easily\\nand sometimes so unjustly created by the loss of\\ntrade, the derangement of business, and the tem-\\nporary decline of the internal prosperity of the\\ncountry. Motives of patriotism alone sustained\\nthe embargo. The clamors of interest were every-\\nwhere raised against it.\\nNor were these clamors without effect. Though\\nin the spring election in New Hampshire there\\nwas scarcely a contest though a legislature was\\nelected which concurred with President Jefferson\\nin sentiment, and adopted an address, approving\\nhis measures and sustaining the embargo the\\nfederalists rallied at the subsequent elections,\\nmade use of all the means of agitation which for-\\ntune had placed in their hands, and again recov-\\nered, by a small majority, and after a hard contest,\\ntheir ascendency in the state. A federal delega-\\ntion in congress was once more elected from New\\nHampshire, and its electoral votes were secured\\nto Charles Cotes worth Pinckney, the unsuccessful\\nrival of James Madison in the presidential contest.\\n1809. These triumphs gave new courage to the federal\\nparty. In the spring of 1809 it again entered the\\nfield in full force. It was opposed with a vigor\\ncorresponding to the attack. The republicans of\\nthat time, ever ready to sustain any measure, how-\\never burdensome, which they deemed necessary for\\nIS09. the vindication of American rights and American\\nhonor, never sunk desponding and discouraged\\nunder the pressure of defeat. Nearly thirty-one", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 34^7\\nthousand votes were cast for governor, and Jere- chap.\\nXI\\nniiah Smith, the federal candidate, was chosen by _^\\nhttle more than two hundred majority. The coun-\\ncil still remained in the hands of the republican\\nparty. The federalists carried both branches of\\nthe legislature. Upon its meeting, in June, the\\nwork of political revolution was prosecuted still\\nfurther. Moses P. Payson was elected president\\nof the senate, and George B. Upham, speaker of\\nthe house. Nathaniel Parker, of Exeter, was\\nchosen secretary of state, in place of Philip Carri-\\ngain, and Thomas W. Thompson, afterwards\\nsenator in congress, succeeded Mr. Gihnan in\\nthe office of treasurer. The federal party was\\nonce more in full power in New Hampshire.\\nBut while that party was enjoying the rewards\\nof victory, there were causes already in operation\\nwhich were destined to secure its defeat. The\\ncontinued aggressions of England, the perlidy with\\nwhich she had repudiated an amicable arrange-\\nment concluded with one minister, and the insults\\noffered to our government by another, had roused\\na feeling of patriotism in the country, like that\\nwhich preceded the revolution. A modification of\\nthe non-intercourse policy of the administration\\nhad removed, to a great extent, the foundation for\\nthe clamors which had been raised against it; and\\na feeling of indignation against the movements of\\nthe British government rallied thousands of its\\nformer opponents around our own. If it was\\nassailed with unbridled license on the one hand, it\\nwas supported with warm enthusiasm on the other.\\nIf an appeal to selfish interests was sometimes,\\nfor a moment, successfully used against it, the time", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "348 HISTORY OF\\nXI.\\n1809\\nCHAP, was never far distant, when the people, inspired\\nwith patriotism and burning to avenge the insults\\noffered to our national honor, rallied again to its\\nsupport.\\nISIO. The revolution of a single year found the repub-\\nlican party of New Hampshire again in power.\\nIn March, 1810, John Langdon was again chosen\\ngovernor, by more than one thousand majority in\\nan increased vote. The republicans, at the same\\ntime, carried every branch of the government.\\nWilliam Plummer, once a member of the federal\\nparty, but then become distinguished for his ser-\\nvices in the republican cause, was elected presi-\\ndent of the senate, and Charles Cutts, of Ports-\\nmouth, was chosen speaker of the house, and after-\\nwards elected, during the same year, a member of\\nthe United States senate.\\nThe same party triumphed in the congressional\\nelection, in August. Four of the candidates of the\\nrepublican party were elected. The remaining\\nseat was filled by the election of George Sullivan\\na federalist it is true, but still a pure-hearted and\\npatriotic man, whose opposition to the administra-\\ntion in power, never led him to participate in\\nfactious attempts to embarrass its measures. He\\nopposed the declaration of war but when the war\\nwas begun, when a foreign enemy threatened our\\ncoast and invaded our frontiers, he uniformly gave\\nhis vote in support of every measure essential to\\nthe public defence. It was his distinguished\\nhonor so to conduct at that important crisis, as to\\nexcite the approbation of his political opponents,\\nwithout forfeiting the respect of his political\\nfriends.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "NEW HABIPSIIIRE. S49\\nThese elections exerted an important influence chap.\\nXI.\\nupon the country. Had the federal party retained\\nits ascendency in the state, the election of a sena-\\ntor and members of congress opposed to the\\nadministration, would have embarrassed many of\\nits measures, and defeated, very probably, the\\ndeclaration of war itself.\\nUpon the result, therefore, of the elections of\\n1810, among the hardy and independent yeomanry\\nof New Hampshire, the success of that great mea-\\nsure in a good degree depended a measure which\\nvindicated our honor, and asserted our rights, by\\nthe thunders of our cannon upon the sea and the\\nvalor of our soldiers upon the land a measure\\nwhich has given to so many of our military and\\nnaval commanders a deathless name in history, and\\nsecured to our national flag the respect of every\\nnation on the globe.\\nParty excitement now glowed too fiercely to\\nsubside under the influence either of victory or\\ndefeat. No sooner had one political campaign\\nbeen concluded in this state, than another was\\ncommenced. Governor Jjangdon, a man whose\\nspotless character had hitherto })reserved him,\\namid the furnace of party rage, unscathed by its\\nflames, became, in these exciting times, the object\\nof unfounded calunmy and unsparing abuse.\\nBenevolent, irreproachable in his morals, and tlms\\nfar universally respected for his services in the\\nrevolution, he was now publicly burned in efllgy\\nand loaded with execrations. It was from a par-\\ntisan feeling, of a kindred character, that a leading\\njournal in New Hampshire, at the same period,\\ndeclared that if Thomas Jeflerson had a thou-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "1811\\n350 HISTORY OF\\nsand lives, he deserved to be hung a thousand\\ndifferent times, as high as Haman.\\nThe contest between the rival parties had now\\nbecome a question of peace and war. On one side\\nit was said that the administration was hostile to\\ncommerce, unjust to Great Britain, and criminally\\nsubservient to France. On the other, it was\\nasserted that the opponents of war, in their zeal\\nagainst France, s-eemed to have entirely overlooked\\nBru- the outrages of Great Britain. They could see,\\nn. h. said an able republican writer of the day, the\\nCaius\\nB\\ntus\\nPat-\\nriot, detention of a few seamen in France, engaged in\\n1811. OS\\nillicit commerce; but they could not discern the\\ndetention of thousands by England. They could\\nsee the millions of property seized by France but\\nto the seizures and captures of England, their eyes\\nwere shut. They could see the disavowal, by the\\nEnglish government, of the murderous attack on\\nthe Chesapeake but they could not see the pro-\\nmotion of the admiral who ordered the attack.\\nThey could see the treachery of France, in not\\nabiding by her contract to rescind her decrees\\nbut they were blind to the perfidy of England in\\nthe arrangement with Erskine.\\nWhile the federal party imputed the most honor-\\nable intentions to Great Britain, and declared that\\nshe had done us no essential injury, the repub-\\nlicans pointed to the impressment of our seamen,\\nthe plunder of our commerce, and the insult to our\\nflag, by which the career of that haughty power\\nhad long been distinguished. By one party she\\nwas pointed to with reverence, as the bulwark of\\nour holy religion by the other, denounced as the\\nruthless invader of our rights. As war became a", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 351\\nprobable event, its opponents arrayed all its fright- chap.\\nful consequences before the people our armies J,.J^\\nslaughtered our people famishing the ashes of\\nour cities stained with blood, and trampled be-\\nneath the feet of victorious invaders. On the\\nother hand, it was urged, that, with a righteous\\ncause summoning us to arms, and stout hearts to\\ndefend it, we dishonored the fair fame our fathers\\nhad won in the conflicts of one war, by shrinking\\nwith these craven forebodings from another.\\nUpon such issues as these, the election of 1811 ISll.\\ndepended. A spirit of jealous resistance to British\\naggression still burned among the hardy agricul-\\nturists of New Hampshire. The glorious scenes\\nof Bunker s hill and Bennington still dwelt in\\ntheir remembrance. They dreaded not the foe\\nthey once had conquered. The republican party\\ntriumphed once more, and triumphed as the party\\nof resistance resistance unto blood, if necessary\\nto the arbitrary assumptions of Great Britain.\\nGovernor Langdon, re-elected by a majority of\\nnearly three thousand votes, was aijain favored by V*\\no J laiive\\nthe election of majorities of his political associates ^^^l\\nto every branch of the government. His message\\nupon the meeting of the legislature, though writ-\\nten in plain style and moderate language, exhibited\\nsomething of that warmth of feeling which was\\nthen universal. He complained that at that\\neventful moment, when the difiicultics and\\nperplexities the general government had to con-\\ntend with would seem to demand the assistance\\nand support of every patriotic citizen, there were\\nso many who seemed ready to oppose and indulge\\na spirit of resistance against it.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "Hiimp-\\nshiie\\nPatriot\\n352 HISTORY OF\\n:hap. The legislature adopted a reply, still more spir-\\nited in its tone, denouncing that defiance to our\\nlaws and government, that call to resistance,\\nwhich it declared to be the more alarming, as it\\nwas manifested at a time when the nation ought\\nunitedly to afford sanction to its laws and energy\\nto its government.\\nThis expression of opinion did not pass without\\no/^ie^ opposition. An exciting debate preceded its adop-\\nNew tion in the house. Governor Gilman, then a\\nmember of that body, threw the weight of his\\ninfluence against it. There are men, said that\\ngentleman, who do not believe that this govern-\\nment if by government is meant the present and\\npast administrations is the best that ever existed.\\nLook at the nation. What is its character? It\\nis not respected abroad. It does not stand on that\\nhigh ground that it did in the time of Washington\\nfederalism. We have no navy, except a few gun-\\nboats, in dry docks, covered with boards, which\\nare of no use. We are despised by foreign\\nnations.\\nMr. John F. Parrott, of Portsmouth, afterwards\\nsenator in congress, replied. In respect to the\\nvarious administrations, he did not mark the differ-\\nence in the same light with the gentleman from\\nExeter. Our nation and flag had never been re-\\nspected by the British. Great Britain had agreed,\\nby a solemn treaty, to deliver up to the American\\ngovernment the western posts, and had retained\\nthose posts for eleven years. She had insulted\\nour flag, robbed us of our property, and impressed\\nour seamen. These things she did during the\\nadministration of Washington; and all would agree", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 353\\nthat no blame attached to him. In one instance, chap.\\nforty men had been impressed from one ship, dur- .^.J^\\ning the administration of Adams. He respected\\nWashington, he respected Adams, and he might\\nbe allowed to respect Jefferson and Madison.\\nThere was one point in which he presumed the\\nhouse would agree. All would condemn the con-\\nduct of France all would detest her outrages on\\nour rights. But when we come to the injustice of\\nGreat Britain, the sensibilities of a party were\\ntouched. Do we not find men, who, if they do\\nnot always justify, at least palliate all the wrongs\\nof Great Britain? Do we not find men who say\\nshe has done us no injury? And is not this a dis-\\ngrace to our country, whose authors merit the\\nfrowns of its every friend? Is it not an encour-\\nagement to that nation to persevere in its injus-\\ntice?\\nGeorge B. Upham, David L. Morrill, and Eze-\\nkiel Webster, participated in the discussion, and\\nthe address was carried in the house by a majority\\nof twenty-six, and passed by a decided vote in the\\nsenate.\\nIt appears by a report spread upon the legisla-\\ntive journals of this year, that the drawing of a\\nlottery, formerly granted for the construction of a\\nroad in Dixville, in the extreme northern part of\\nthe state, had at length been completed. Tickets\\nhad been issued to the amount of more than two\\nhundred and forty thousand dollars, exceeding the\\namount of prizes paid by the large sum of thirty-\\ntwo thousand one hundred and four dollars.\\nNearly six thousand dollars of this sum were lost\\nby the failure of venders in Boston; and adding to\\n45", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "354 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, this the expenses and the loss on tickets retained\\n_ii_ by the lottery, less than fifteen hundred dollars\\nremained, as a net profit, to be applied to the\\nroad. From this time, the system of defraying\\npublic burthens by lotteries Mas abandoned by\\nthe state, as alike injurious to the people and per-\\nplexing to the government. The road was nearly\\ncompleted, however, by the aid of such funds as\\nhad been realized from this unprofitable enterprise.\\nThe failure of three of our banks had at this\\ntime created a general excitement and a consid-\\nerable portion of our legislative sessions was\\noccupied in an investigation of their affairs. The\\nHillsborough, Cheshire, and Coos Banks, having\\nissued a much larger amount of bills than their\\ncharters warranted, had become embarrassed, and\\nstopped payment very nearly at the same time.\\nThe former bank had refused to submit its books\\nfor examination. The two latter, having, as was\\ngenerally supposed, redeemed a large share of\\ntheir circulation, through the intervention of bro-\\nkers and at a heavy discount, had still an outstand-\\ning circulation of about one hundred and twenty\\nthousand dollars. The great public loss upon the\\ndepreciated paper of these banks, severely as it\\nwas felt at the time, has induced a more cautious\\nlegislation in relation to this class of institutions.\\n1811. During this year a law passed changing the\\ncompensation of judges of the court of common\\npleas from an uncertain amount, depending upon\\nfees, to a stated salary; a change which was after-\\nwards so extended as to embrace nearly every\\nimportant office in the state. By this means it\\nwas wisely judged that the temptation to unrea-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "NEW H A I\\\\I P S H I R E 355\\nsonable exactions would be entirely removed and chap.\\nXI.\\nthat, while the compensation of public officers .^J^\\nwould be fixed upon a just and permanent basis,\\nthe cost of the government would be greatly di-\\nminished to the people.\\nWith the commencement of 1812, terminated a 1812.\\nperiod of peace, which had existed, with little\\nintermission, for nearly twenty-nine 3^ears. That\\nperiod, though marked with frequent fluctuations\\nin our commerce and depressions in our currency,\\nthough it found a heavy burthen of debt resting\\nupon the people at its commencement, had wit-\\nnessed a gradual but constant increase, in this\\nstate, in wealth, business, and institutions of learn-\\ning in its means of communication, and the num-\\nber of its inhabitants. Flourishing manufacturing\\nestablishments had arisen upon the banks of our\\nprincipal streams. Academies had been establish-\\ned in places which, at the close of the revolution,\\nhad scarcely the means to maintain a respectable\\ncommon school. More than five hundred miles of\\nturnpike roads had been constructed, at an expense\\nof six hundred thousand dollars. Upon these\\ngreat thoroughfares, uniting upon the centre of\\nthe state, and thence spreading in /3very direction,\\nand extending to its extremities, the people found\\na direct communication with every market. A\\ncode of laws, simple in their form, and generally\\nadapted to the wants of the people, had grown up\\nwith the exigencies of the times. Justice was\\npromptly administered in the courts. The civil\\nand political rights of man were carefully guarded.\\nWrong sometimes won its way to the attainment\\nof its ends, it is true; but yet crime seldom stalked", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "356 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, among us unpunished, and honest worth h^d Httle\\nto fear from oppression in the laws or corruption in\\nthe courts. Such was the general condition of New\\nHampshire, when, in common with the country at\\nlarge, it was suhjected to the hurthens and uncer-\\ntain chances of war.\\nThe same political discussions were agitated\\nbefore the election of March, 1812, which had\\ndecided that of the previous year. John Langdon\\nhaving declined a re-election to the office of gov-\\nernor, the republican party presented a new candi-\\ndate, in the person of William Plummer. He was\\na member of the bar; and, intimately connected as\\nhe then was with the republican party, had, at a\\nperiod not very remote, been a supporter of the\\nadministration of John Adams, and a champion of\\nfederal principles. A knowledge of his former\\nsentiments alienated some members of the repub-\\nlican party from his support and the unpopular\\npoints of his profession were eagerly seized upon\\nby his political enemies to excite a popular preju-\\ndice against him. A close contest was the result.\\nThe federalists once more brought John Taylor\\nGilman, the most popuhar man of their party, into\\nthe field as a candidate, and he received a small\\nplurality of the votes, though not a majority of the\\nwhole number. The republicans, however, car-\\nried every other branch of the government, and\\nelected William Plummer in the legislative conven-\\njour. tion. Strong as the opposition to his election had\\n^une^ been, his opinions seem to have had great weight\\np.^90. ^ith the legislature. In no less than three in-\\niVo\u00c2\u00b0v. stances, during the current year, he deemed it\\n^145. necessary to veto measures which had passed tri-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 357\\numphantly through both houses. In each instance, chap.\\nupon a consideration of the reasons which induced J^\\nthis course, it was sanctioned by a unanimous\\nvote.\\nIn his message to the Icgishiture, the governor\\ncommunicated his views upon the subject of cor-\\nporations\\nActs of incorporation of various kinds, said he,\\nhave within a few years greatly increased in this\\nstate and many of them, being in the nature of\\ngrants, cannot with propriety be revoked without the\\nprevious consent of the grantees. Such laws ought,\\ntherefore, to be passed with great caution many\\nof them should be limited to a certain period, and\\ncontain a reservation authorizing: the legislature to\\nrepeal them, whenever they cease to answer the\\nend for which they were made, or prove injurious\\nto the public interest.\\nThe message of the governor recapitulated, with\\nmuch spirit, the wrongs our country had sustained\\nfrom the aggressions of Great Britain, and urged\\nupon the consideration of the state the importance\\nof a firm and united support of the policy of the\\ngeneral government. In a reply, adopted by a\\nvery decided majority, t!ie legislature used the\\ntbllowing spirited language Is our indepen- jour-\\ndence now assailed? they asked. Are our\\nmaritime rights denied, our national privileges in-\\nfringed, our commerce obstructed, and our citizens\\nimpressed? And are we called upon to decide the\\npainful alternative, submission or manly defence\\nPermit us, sir, to aver for ourselves and the good\\ncitizens of New Hampshire, that we are all Amer-\\nicans that we v/ill cordially unite in maintaining\\niials.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "358 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, our rights, in supporting the constitutional meas-\\n_L_ ures of our government, and in repelhng the ag-\\ngressions of every invading foe.\\nThe State Prison at Concord, a large granite\\nbuilding, was this year constructed, at an expense\\nwhi- of thirty-seven thousand dollars. It was placed\\nion. _\\nunder the immediate supervision of the governor\\nand council, and ranked, at an early period, among\\nthe best regulated prisons in the country. An\\nentire revision of the criminal code of the state\\nfollowed its erection. Those laws which imposed\\nwhipping and the pillory upon persons guilty of\\nminor offences laws always revolting to every\\nsentiment of humanity were abolished and of\\neight capital offences, six were made punishable\\nby imprisonment only. Henceforth, murder and\\ntreason alone were deemed crimes of sufficient\\nturpitude to be visited with the severest retribu-\\ntion which human laws can inflict.\\nMeanwhile, events tending to hasten the decla-\\nu. sf ration of war were in constant progress. The\\nAmerican frigate President, while cruising off the\\ncoast of Virginia, had been wantonly fired upon\\nby the Little Belt, a British sloop of eighteen\\nguns. This outrage, which gives no unfair idea\\nof the general insolence of the British cruisers at\\nthat time, met with that prompt and severe retri-\\nbution it merited. Every effort of our government\\nto obtain a satisfactory arrangement upon the sub-\\nject of impressments had been unavailing. The\\nBritish orders in council were still wantonly en-\\nforced; and upon the restoration of our commerce\\nwith France, large numbers of our vessels, bound\\nwith rich cargoes, were seized by Great Britain.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 359\\nDuring a period of nine years only, nine hun- chap.\\ndred American vessels had been captured by her J^\\ncruisers and condemned in her courts.\\nAt an extra session of congress, summoned by\\nPresident Madison in November, 1811, laws were\\npassed, authorizing an augmentation of the navy\\nand an increase of the regular army to thirty-five\\nthousand men, and otherwise providing for the pub-\\nlic defence.\\nCongress was employed in preparations for war,\\nuntil late in the month of May, 1812. Informa-\\ntion having been obtained from London, which\\nconvinced the American government that they\\ncould no longer entertain any reasonable hopes\\nof redress, on the 18th day of June, an act passed\\ndeclaring war against Great Britain.\\nWhen the legislature of New Hampshire as-\\nsembled, in November, active hostilities had already\\nbeen commenced. In the meantime, hundreds of\\nher sons had already ralhcd round the standard of\\ntheir country, and five companies of her militia,\\nhad been detached for service within her own lim-\\nits. Of these, four were stationed at Portsmouth\\nunder the command of Major Bassctt, to aid in ^^y\\nJ nor s\\nthe defence of that harbor; while the fifth, under\\nsage,\\nthe command of Cai)tain Maluirin, was posted at f^^^-\\nStewartstown, to protect the frontier from preda-\\ntory excursions from Canada, and check a con-\\ntraband trade, there too common, which at once\\ndefrauded the revenue of the country and furnished\\nits enemies with supplies.\\nThe operations of the American army, during\\nthe campaign of 1S12, were attended with little\\nsuccess. The disgraceful surrender of Hull, and", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "360 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, the failure of our operations upon the Cana-\\n_^.J_ dian frontier, were sources of mortification to\\nthe friends of the war and new objects of attack\\nto its enemies. Tlie exploits of the iVmerican\\nnavy, however, even at the commencement of the\\nwar, softened the disappointment occasioned by\\nour reverses upon land, and taught the vaunted\\nmistress of the ocean, tliat she was no longer\\ninvincible on that element, where her naval heroes\\nhad gained her so many laurels.\\nPapers Udou the cvc of tlic autumu elections of this\\nof the\\n^^y- year, the Hon. John Goddard, one of the candi-\\ndates of the republican party, suddenly renounced\\nits principles, declared himself to be strongly op-\\nposed to the war, and suffered his name to be\\ninstantly placed upon the federal electoral ticket.\\nSuch an event could not fail to paralyze, to some\\nextent, the movements of that party which he had\\nso suddenly abandoned, and, at the same time, to\\ngive new courage to its enemies. After a warm\\ncontest, the federal tickets for electors of president\\nand members of congress v, ere elected, by an aver-\\nage majority of not far from fifteen hundred votes.\\nDaniel Vv^ebster was one of the congressional dele-\\ngation at this time chosen a man who, though then\\nyoung, soon ranked among the ablest opponents\\nof the administration and tlic war, and gained that\\nhigh reputation as a cool, powerful and eloquent\\ndebater, which he has maintained, during a service\\nof twenty-five years, in one branch or other of the\\nAmerican congress. Thirty years before this time,\\nhe was born by the side of tlie Merrimac the\\nson of a farmer. At school and in college he\\nsometimes composed poetry, and displayed in his", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "NEAV HAMPSHIRE. 361\\nprosG compositions a gorgeous fancy but his chap\\nfirst efforts at the bar were marked by a close,\\nvigorous and mature style, which indicated a pre-\\nponderance of the reasoning powers over the\\nimagination, and determined his character as a\\npowerful logician, kindling but occasionally with\\nthe fires of imagination. He rose with a rapid\\nflight dazzling and astonishing convincing and\\nconquering. The bar acknowledged him as its\\nhead the rival leaders of his own party made way\\nfor him in the race for distinction, and he was\\nushered forward at once to the first stations of\\nresponsibility and honor v\u00c2\u00bbhich they had in their\\npower to bestow. Most of his mature years have\\nbeen passed in the halls of legislation. He has\\ndiscussed, either for the purpose of opposition or\\nsupport, most of the important measures of gov-\\nernment and though his views have often failed\\nto gain the popular support, and the correctness of\\nthem has been questioned by the ablest minds in\\nthe nation, yet he has left impressed on the mem-\\nory of man, and stamped upon the records of public\\naffairs, so many of those touches of genius, which,\\nin an age of intelligence, will be preserved from\\noblivion, that the name of Webster, though he be\\nconsigned to the grave, cannot fall into forgetful-\\nness. Amidst all the vicissitudes of human afiairs,\\nthe traces which genius leaves behind it will sur-\\nvive, and will rise above the conflict of interests\\nand the shock of opinions, to be admired, when\\ntime shall have corrected the errors of human\\nbelief, and the transitory prejudices of tlic day\\nshall be forgotten.\\nThe federal party, after a strenuous contest,\\n46", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "362 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, maintained in the spring of 1813 the ascendency\\nwhich they had gained at the election of the pre-\\nceding autumn. John Taylor Gilman, after a\\nretirement of eight years, was again elected gover-\\nnor of New Hampshire by a majority something\\nless than five hundred votes. The federal party\\ngained the control of both branches of the legisla-\\nture, and upon its meeting in June, elected Thomas\\nW. Thompson speaker of the house and Oliver\\nPeabody president of the senate. The ascendency\\nthus gained, they succeeded in preserving through\\nthe sharp and doubtful contests of the two suc-\\nceeding years.\\nStill, these facts show no instability of opinion\\nin the freemen of New Hampshire. True, it fa-\\nvored the declaration of war, and, after it com-\\nmenced, elected a delegation to congress and a\\nstate government opposed to that war. But were\\nits elections, during this period, a fair indication\\nof the views of a majority of its freemen It\\nshould be remembered, that at the very commence-\\nment of the conflict, hundreds of the people aban-\\ndoned their peaceful pursuits, and gave up their\\nright of influencing the result of our elections by\\ntheir votes, to sustain the cause of their country,\\nin many a hard-fought battle both by land and sea.\\nThe people of New Hampshire contributed no\\nless to the success of the war than they did to its\\ncommencement. Its hardy citizens were to be\\nfound in every hard-fought field. Its seaboard\\ncontributed its weather-beaten seamen to man our\\nnavy, and sent whole companies to mingle in the\\nconflict which raged on our frontiers. Recruits\\nswarmed to the seat of war from every part of the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 363\\nState. Every village furnished its squad. Every chap.\\nscattered settlement among the mountains contrib-\\nuted its man. In some instances whole families\\ncame forward at the call of their country and\\nfather and son left their little homestead in the\\nwilderness and marched to the post of danger to-\\ngether. Had these brave men remained quietly\\nby their own firesides, and left to others the noble\\ntask of defending their country, far different would\\nhave been the result of the elections at home and\\nfar different, too, there is reason to believe, the\\nresult of some of those fierce conflicts on tlie fron-\\ntier, in which the American flag floated in triumph\\nover bloody fields and vanquished enemies.\\nIn 1814, Oilman s actual majority was less\\nthan six hundred votes, and, in 1815, it sunk\\nto five hundred and fourteen.* Had the brave\\nNew Hampshire men, who battled under Perry\\nin the glorious conflict on lake Erie, and with\\nthe equally brave Macdonough on lake Cham-\\nplain who marched, fearless, up to the can-\\nnon s mouth under the command of Miller and\\nMcNeil the crews of our gallant privateer ships,\\nand our hardy seamen serving in nearly every\\nvessel in the American navy, mustering as they\\ndid more than two thousand brave men and stout\\nhearts been present at these elections, the re-\\npublican party would have controlled the desti-\\nnies of the state from the beginning to the end of\\nthe war.\\nAt the June session of the legislature of 1813, a\\nnominal change was made in the judiciary system\\nof the state, which resulted in an annihilation of\\nThis statement includes a few votes rejected for in: oriria!ity in the returns.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "364 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, the offices of the existing judges, and gave to the\\n.^.^J^ dominant party an opportunity to appoint their\\nsuccessors upon the bench. The name of the\\nhighest court in the state, which had been styled\\nthe superior court of judicature, was by the\\nnew law changed to the supreme judicial court.\\nArthur Livermore, chief justice of the former\\ncourt, was retained as an associate justice in the\\nnew one. Jeremiah Smith, of Exeter, who had\\nresigned his seat on the bench to accept the office\\nof governor, was again appointed chief justice.\\nThe remaining seat was filled by Caleb Ellis of\\nClaremont, a young but distinguished member of\\nthe bar.\\nThe republican party strenuously denied the\\nconstitutionality of this measure, contending that\\njudges commissioned to hold office during good\\nbehavior, could be removed only by impeach-\\nment, or upon an address to the governor by both\\nbranches of the legislature. The federalists, on\\nthe other hand, insisted, that the legislature had an\\nundoubted riglit to abolish any office which it had\\ncreated. The controversy upon this subject pro-\\nduced a very general excitement. Upon the first\\nmeeting of the court in Rockingham county, the\\nsheriff* took his seat as usual, but refused to obey\\nthe orders of the new court while Richard Evans\\nand Clifton Clagget, the two judges whom the\\nGo^- new system had displaced, appeared, and di-\\nman s rectcd tlic pcrsou whom they called their clerk,\\nOctober administer the oath to the grand jurors they,\\nsession, ^hc jurors, uo othcrwisc regarding than with aston-\\nishment. In Hillsborough county, the sheriff\\nsent some of his deputies to attend upon the new", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "N E W II A M r S H IRE. 365\\ncourt, and escorted, in person, the two former chap.\\nXI\\njudges to the court-house; so that, deprived of\\nthe use of that building, tlie new court per- jour?\\nformed the business of the session in a school- p 45.\\nhouse. Upon this court, however, the members\\nof the bar, as well as parties, jurors and witnesses\\ngenerally attended.\\nIn consequence of the confusion resulting from 1813.\\nthis unsettled state of things, Governor Gilman\\nconvened the legislature on the twenty-seventh\\nday of October, several weeks earlier than the day\\nto which it had adjourned. At an early period of\\nthis session, Josiah Butler, sheriff of the county of\\nRockingham, and Benjamin Pierce, sheriff of\\nHillsborough, were removed by address the meas-\\nure having been adopted by a strictly party vote.\\nThe legislature of this year incorporated the\\nKimball Union Academy, at Plainfield. It had\\nbeen endowed with a permanent fund of forty\\nthousand dollars, by the munificent bequest of the\\nHonorable Daniel Kimball, and has ever since its\\nestablishment remained in a flourishing condition,\\nfully accomplishing the benevolent designs of its\\nfounder.\\nAn extensive fire, near the close of the year A.iams\\n1813, added to the eml)arrassjnents under which ot\\nPorts-\\nPortsmouth already labored from the destruction mouth,\\nof its fisheries and foreign trade. It broke out on\\nthe evening of the twenty-second of December,\\nand spreading rapidly in every direction, raged\\nwith great violence till three o clock in the niorn-\\ning. One hundred and eighty dwelling-houses,\\nand sixty-four other buildings, occupying a space\\nof fifteen acres, were entirely destroyed. Prop-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "366 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, erty to the amount of nearly three hundred thou-\\n.^__L_ sand dollars was lost by pillage and the flames.\\nThe public, on this occasion, as it had done on a\\nformer one, came forward with generous contribu-\\ntions in aid of the sufferers, amounting to more\\nthan seventy-seven thousand dollars.\\nIn the meantime, the war had been conducted\\nwith various fortune. During the campaign of\\n1813, Gen. Winchester had been taken, with five\\nhundred American troops, at Frenchtown, and\\nGen. Wilkinson defeated in an unsuccessful at-\\ntempt to penetrate to Montreal. On the other\\nhand, York, in Upper Canada, had been captured\\nby General Brown; the British repulsed with\\ngreat loss in their attempts on Sackett s Harbor\\nand Craney Island Proctor routed, and Tecum-\\nseh killed on the Thames, and the American stan-\\ndard once more planted upon the ramparts of\\nDetroit. During this year, also, on the 10th of\\nSeptember, the illustrious Perry achieved his vic-\\ntory over the British squadron on lake Erie, and\\ngained an undisputed possession of its waters.\\nISU. l-^he events of 1814 shed still greater lustre\\nupon the American arms. On the 5th of July, the\\nAmerican troops, under the command of Gen.\\nBrown, attacked a strong British force, com-\\nmanded by General Riall and stationed at Chip-\\npewa. The two armies met in the open field, and\\nafter a long and bloody conflict, in which at some\\nperiods the troops fought man to man, contesting\\nevery foot of ground with the bayonet, the Ameri-\\ncans were victorious, and the enemy were driven\\nbehind their intrenchments, with a loss of five\\nhundred men. In the battle of Chippewa the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 367\\nBritish and Indians foujjht with the courage of chap,\\ndesperation. They were formed in order of battle _!.-_\\non the banks of the Niagara, their left resting on\\nthe river, their right on a wood. The American\\nposition was the reverse of this. Their right\\nrested on the river, their left on the wood. Early\\nin the morning the light horse of the enemy were\\nseen hovering round, and scouting parties appeared\\nin the distance. The battle commenced by the\\nfiring of small arms. This increased, and the\\nartillery began to play with effect, until at length\\nthe forces on both sides were closely engaged. A\\ndense cloud of smoke now hung between the two\\narmies. Suddenly the British fire slackened, and\\nthe Americans immediately ceased their fire. As\\nthe veil of smoke slowly rose from before them, a\\ntrampling was heard, and as the Americans bent\\nforward to look under the smoke, the feet of the\\nBritish soldiers could be distinctly seen advancing.\\nIt was apparent that they were charging. But\\nas their left was closing to charge the American\\nright, the terrible fire which the Americans were\\nenabled to pour upon their flank threw them into\\ndisorder and drove them from the field. They\\nretreated, and were closely pursued to Chippewa\\ncreek, which they crossed, taking up the bridge\\nafter them.\\nIn this battle. General John McNeil, then a ma-\\njor, was second officer of the eleventh regiment\\nbut before it had taken its place in tl.e line he had\\nsucceeded to the command by the fall of Colonel\\nCampbell. He was attached to the forlorn hope,*\\nScott s brigade, composed of Leavensworth s, Jessup s, and Campbell s\\nregiments, the 9th, lllh, and 25th.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "368 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, a single brigade, which was obliged to pass the\\nbridge over Street s creek under the fire of a\\nje British battery. General McNeil was observed\\nie ier, to wicld his force at this point with the greatest\\nwa- coolness and self-possession. Under the galling\\nson s fire which poured death amidst his ranks, his line\\nmofrs. was fomicd with the accuracy of parade and the\\nloud word of command which he gave, rising\\nabove tiie din of battle, and going forth so dis-\\ntinctly as to be heard by those far beyond his com-\\nmand, inspired resolution in all, and seemed to\\ndeclare, in its deep tones, that the field of deadly\\ncombat arouses the energies of mind and body to\\na level with the dangers and appalling difficul-\\nties of the occasion. For his distinguished and\\ngallant conduct in this battle he was breveted a\\nlieutenant-colonel.*\\nFrom the field of Chippewa the American army\\npassed down the Niagara, and took a position\\nopposite the cataract.\\nSoon after this event, General Riall abandoned\\nhis defences and retired to the heights of Burlington.\\nHere General Drummond joined him with a large\\nreinforcement, and assuming the command, the\\ncombined troops again advanced towards the\\nAmerican camp. On the twenty-fifth, was fought\\nthe battle of Niagara,! wliich, commencing a little\\nbefore sunset, continued till midnight. This bat-\\ntle was fought hard by the cataract of Niagara,\\nwhose thunders were heard at intervals amid the\\nroar of cannon and the clash of arms the moon\\nReport of a committee of the senate, made Jan. 20, 18-11. See Con-\\ngressional Journals for ISll.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0j- Sometimes called the battle of Bridgwater or Lundy s Lane.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 369\\never and anon shining briglitly upon the combat- chap.\\nants, and then, obscured by clouds and smoke, _L-1^\\nleaving them to pursue the work of death in dark-\\nness.\\nIt was in the dusk of the evening, while the gal-\\nlant brigade of Scott was sustaining nearly the\\nwhole force of the enemy s attack, and waiting\\nw^hile General Ripley marched three miles to their\\nassistance, that they were cut to pieces, and nearly\\nall the officers killed or wounded. At this critical\\njuncture McNeil rode forward to reconnoitre the\\nenemy s position. lie had but just returned, and\\nwas cheering his men on to the fight, when he\\nreceived a shot* in his knee from a carronade.\\nHe, however, clung to his horse and his com-\\nmand, urging his men on to the conflict. He\\nremained on the field until he became weak from\\nthe loss of blood, which some of the men ob-\\nserving, offered to assist him to withdraw which\\nhe rejected, and remained clinging to the mane of\\nhis horse, until ho several times fainted, and finally\\nwas reluctantly compelled to be led from the field.\\nThe British artillcr}^ posted on a commanding\\nheight, had annoyed our troops during the earlier\\npart of the battle. Can you storm that battery?\\nsaid General Ripley to Miller. I ll try, sir,\\nrephed the warrior then turned to his men, and,\\nin a deep tone, issued a few brief words of com-\\nmand. Tivcnty- first, attention! Form into\\ncolumn. You will advance up the hill to the\\nstorm of the battery. At the word, Halt, you\\nwill deliver your fire at the port-light of the artil-\\nReport of a committee of the senate, Jan. 20, 1911. Congressional\\nJournals, 1841. Wilkinson s Memoirs. Jessup s letter, Ms.\\n47", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "370 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, lerymen, and immediately carry their guns at the\\n__J_ point of the bayonet. Support arms forward\\nmarch! Machinery could not have moved with\\nmore compactness than that gallant regiment.\\nFollowed by the twenty-third, the dark mass\\nmoved up the hill like one body the lurid light\\nDe- flickerincf on their bayonets, as the combined fire\\nscrip-\\ntionin of the enemy s artillery and infantry opened mur-\\nAmeri- dcrously upou them. They flinched not falter-\\ni84i ed not. The stern, deep voice of the oflicers,\\nas the deadly cannon-shot cut yawning chasms\\nthrough them, alone was heard Close up\\nsteady, men steady. Within a hundred yards\\nof* the summit, the loud Ilalt was followed by\\na volley, sharp and instantaneous as a clap of\\nthunder. Another moment, rushing under the\\nwhite smoke, a short, furious struggle with the\\nbayonet, and the battle was won. The enemy s\\nline was driven down the hill, and their own can-\\nnon mowed them down by platoons. This bril-\\nliant success decided the fate of the conflict, and\\nthe American flag waved in triumph on that hill,\\nscorched and blackened as it was by the flame of\\nartillery, purpled with human gore and encum-\\nbered by the bodies of the slain.\\nThe contest now shifted to fort Erie, where,\\nin an unsuccessful assault and a brave sortie of\\nthe American troops, the British commander lost\\nnearly two thousand men. In these fierce conflicts\\nthe New Hampshire troops were present in large\\nnumbers and gained imperishable honor. While\\nMcNeil and Miller gained, as they deserved, un-\\nfading laurels in these battles, scarcely less honor", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 371\\nwas due to Weeks,* who, like them, was a son of chap.\\nXI.\\nNew Hampshire. The services of these three !_\\nmen present a bright page in the history of the\\nwar, and give them sohd claims to the lasting\\ngratitude of their country.\\nDuring this season the British gained posses-\\nsion of Washington city, burning the capital and\\ndestroying public property to an immense amount.\\nThe mortification occasioned by this calamitous\\nevent, however, was more than removed by the\\ngallant reception which our brave troops gave the\\nenemy at Baltimore and Plattsburg, by the victory\\nof Macdonough on lake Champlain, and the chiv-\\nalrous exploits of Porter on the ocean.\\nLate in the summer, a powerful British naval\\nforce entered Penobscot Bay, and gained posses-\\nsion, with scarcely a show of opposition, of several\\ntowns upon its borders. The dangerous proximity\\nof this force created no little apprehension for the\\nfate of our own seaboard. The governor of this\\nstate, therefore, partly on his own authority, and\\npartly in obedience to directions received from the\\ngeneral government, detached large bodies of mili-\\ntia from the several divisions in this state to Ports-\\nmouth, to assist in the pidilic defence. So great\\nwas the number of volunteers, that compulsory\\nservice was rendered almost entirely unneces-\\nsary. Whole companies, from various parts of\\nthe state, volunteered their services and marched\\nto the seat of danger together. The enemy, how- ^^f^\\never, finding our harbor too well defended, pru-\\ndently declined venturing upon an attack.\\nThe embarrassments and privations naturally\\nMajor John W. Week?, of Lancaster.\\nGover-\\nnor s\\nMes-\\n1815", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "372 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, attendant upon the war, had stimulated its oppo-\\n.^.J^ ilents to an opposition, of a character so violent\\nas hardly to admit of palliation, and much less\\nof defence. They urged that the administration\\nhad employed all its resources upon idle schemes\\nof conquest, and left the New England seaboard\\nalmost entirely destitute of the means of defence,\\nthereby forfeiting all claim to the confidence of its\\ncitizens. Many even went to the bold length of\\nmaintaining that the militia of the eastern states\\nand the revenue accruing in their ports, should be\\nretained, in defiance of the general government, to\\nprovide for their separate defence. A separate\\npeace with the enemy and a separate union of the\\n1814. northern states, were general and public subjects\\nof discussion and this, too, in the midst of the\\nwar, when the ashes of our frontier towns, the\\nruins of our capitol, and the butchery of our\\nsoldiers under Winchester, after tJieir surrender,\\ndemanded an exertion of the united resources of\\nthe whole country to visit a proper retribution\\nupon the enemy. At this time, in the midst of\\nsuch exciting discussions as I have mentioned,\\na convention of delegates, chosen by (he federal\\nlegislatures of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and\\nConnecticut, assembled in secret conclave at\\n^5- Hartford. Mills Olcott and Benjamin West ap-\\npeared in that body from New Hampshire, not\\nlike their associates, as the accredited agents of a\\nstate, but in the less imposing capacity of dele-\\ngates, chosen by informal meetings of their party\\nin the counties of Grafton and Cheshire. Gover-\\nnor Gilman was desirous of summoning a special\\nsession of the legislature, for the purpose of secur-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 373\\ning a more formal representation but a majority chap.\\nof the council, belonging to the republican party,\\ndisapproved of and defeated the design. The\\norigin of this convention the fierce declamations\\nof those who favored it, against the government\\nthe seditious tone of many of the federal presses\\nat the time of its meeting, and the secrecy which\\nattended its deliberations, have thrown a sus-\\npicion upon its character, which time seems un-\\nlikely to remove.\\nFor years after the convention, annually, on its\\nreturn, the public journals continued to notice its\\nanniversary, and to describe it as a day of dark\\ndesign and conspiracy against republican institu-\\ntions, and to proclaim that, on Thursday, Dec. 15,\\n1814, a convention was holden at Hartford to\\norganize resistance to the government to dis-\\nsolve the Union to array different sections of the\\nUnion in hostile arms against each other and to\\nplace the New England states finally under the\\nprotection of the kingdom with which we were\\nthen at war. The names of all the membei s were\\nprinted in staring capitals, and held up to public ex-\\necration so that whoever should dare to meditate\\ndisunion and the destruction of the constitution\\nwhoever should act publicly and openly w^ith a\\nforeign enemy against his own native land who-\\never should meditate treason against the govern-\\nment, against the people, and against liberty,\\nmight be constantly reminded of the Hartford\\nconvention, and the fate of the politicians by\\nwhom the convention was advocated and coun-\\ntenanced. The voice of a large majority of the\\npeople soon condemned its motives, and a general", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "374 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, unpopularity and odium have, in most parts of the\\nJ^ country, rested upon the names and memory of the\\nmembers.\\nOn the other hand, in some parts of the country,\\nparticularly in Massachusetts, the state which\\nSs originated and recommended the convention, it\\nMass. lias been defended warmly, and its advocates and\\neven its members continued in public favor, and\\nraised to hi ah offices. They have contended that\\nthe design of the convention was not fully under-\\nstood, or not candidly and fairly represented\\nthat it was composed of men who deemed the war\\nnot a war for defence, but for the conquest of\\nCanada that the people of Massachusetts and\\nother states on the coast had suffered extremely\\nfrom the war, and that the Hartford convention\\nassembled to devise means of protection and re-\\nlief that it never plotted treason, nor conspired\\nagainst liberty, nor contrived a dissolution of the\\nUnion. Such are the apologies for the Hartford\\nconvention. They have been repeated and urged\\nby the ablest advocates. But the people seldom\\nfail to render a righteous verdict, when the means\\nof judging are fully before tliem. The Hartford\\nfonf convention has been condemned by a large portion\\np. 408. Qf j^ijg people throughout the United States. It\\nwas composed, without exception, of members\\nof that party who took their name originally as\\ndefenders of the constitution, but were violent\\nopponents of the war.\\nThey maintained that it was in vain to contend\\nagainst so powerful a nation as Great Britain", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 375\\nthat she never would yield what we foufifht for chap.\\nXI\\nthat the Americans were weak destitute of re- __J_\\nsources that they could not raise an army and,\\nif one were raised, that it could not suhsist. They\\nappeared at the recruiting stations and about the\\nmilitary encampments of volunteers, and endea-\\nvored to dissuade the men from enlisting. When\\nother means failed, they purchased demands against\\nsoldiers, and brought suits and thrust them into\\njail. This was done at Concord and Haverhill,\\nand many other places. They denounced the war\\nas unjust, unnatural, abominable, and\\nwicked. They were, in some cases, detected\\nin a treacherous intercourse with the enemy as\\nalso were some professed advocates for the war.\\nThey addressed the people in public meetings, and\\ntold them that Britain was clement and merciful\\nthe protector of the Protestant religion the\\nbulwark of the faith we profess. In some in-\\nstances they openly rejoiced in the defeat of Amer-\\nican arms, and justified or palliated the brutalities\\nof the British soldiery. To deter the people from\\nthe contest, they arrayed before them the vast\\nexpenses of the war, and brought it home to each\\nlocality and every citizen, by an exact compu-\\ntation of the cost to each town and to every\\nindividual.\\nTheir policy seemed to be to oppose everything\\ncalculated to give energy to the war, or to lead\\nto the negotiation of an honorable peace. By\\nan organized opposition they dissuaded capital-\\nists from loaning money to the government, and\\nsowed distrust everywhere.\\nIf the war with England was unnatural,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "376 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, the conduct of the federalists was still more so.\\n^^..J^ American patriots were filled with sorrow, and\\nforeign nations were struck with astonishment, to\\nsee the Yankee states, covered with the glo-\\nries of revolutionary valor, yet now seemingly\\nready to kneel to a nc\\\\,tion whom they had once\\nvanquished, and sacrifice on the altar of avarice\\nthe honors of Bunker hill and Lexington, and all\\nthe fame of that revolution which had rendered\\nthem illustrious throughout the world.\\nThe momentary shock which the war gave to\\nthe people at its commencement the burdens of\\ntaxation and the terrors it occasioned, had given\\nthe federal party in many states a sudden ascen-\\ndency. But deep reflection awoke the people to\\nsee the necessity and duty of sustaining the gov-\\nernment, and so rapid was the republican gain\\neverywhere that it promised to consign the oppo-\\nnents of the war, in every state, to inevitable defeat.\\nThe tillers and owners of the soil rallied fast to\\nits defence. Many of the federalists began to\\nlook back and to see with regret the folly and\\nmadness of their course. They saw that they had\\naided the enemy for a mere refusal to carry on the\\nwar, after it is begun, tends inevitably to that\\nresult. When the question of war is pending, and\\nthe contest is not yet resolved upon, an honest\\nopposition to it is but freedom of opinion and\\naction, and it is the right of every freeman. But\\nwhen the war is actually begun, every act of oppo-\\nsition to it is an act of treachery to the govern-\\nment and the country for it aids indirectly the\\ncountry s invaders.\\nSuch was the view which the federalists had be-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 377\\ngun to take of the subject, when, on the 8th of Jan- ^^f^-\\nuary, 1815, occurred the battle of New Orleans,\\nresuhing in a victory to American arms, which\\nwill be remembered so long as the Mississippi\\nbears the tribute of its waters to the ocean. Gen-\\neral Packenham led the attack, at the head of an\\narmy of veteran troops, inspiring them with the\\npromise of beauty and booty. General Jack-\\nson, the American commander, with a force in-\\nferior in numbers and composed in part of militia,\\ncalmly awaited the event. No sooner had the\\nenemy, marching in solid columns, approached\\nwithin a few rods, and attempted to deploy into\\nline, than one continuous sheet of fire, pouring\\nfrom every part of the American works, arrested\\ntheir movements, and drove their shattered ranks,\\nconfused and panic-stricken, from the field. Again\\nthe bold attempt was made, in the face of the same\\ndestructive fire, and with the same fatal results to\\nthe enemy. Packenham, with two distinguished L^rrof\\nofficers, fell. When, at length, the invaders hurried s^o n.\\ndefeated to their ships, from a conflict in which the\\nAmericans had lost scarcely a dozen men, they left\\ntwo thousand of their best troops, either killed or\\ndesperately wounded, on that field, which they\\nhad entered with so many bright visions of un-\\nbounded triumphs, unrestrained riot, and profitable\\nplunder.\\nThe news of this brilliant victory was soon suc-\\nMcAfee s History of the Late War, p. 52 1 Waldo s Life of Jackson, p.\\n231; Claiborne s Notes on the War in the South, p. 73; Life of General\\nJacivson, by a Freeman, p. 82; Ru.sseirs History of the War, p. 310, Note;\\nAllison s History of Europe, vol. I, p. W5, (Harper s edition Cobbett s Life\\nof Jackson, (London edition of 1834 Letter of General Jackson, dated Feb-\\nruary 19, 1844, MSS. Armstrong s History of the War.\\n48", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "378 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, ceeded by the intelligence of an honorable peace,\\n^..J^ concluded between this country and Great Brit-\\nain. It was everywhere received with joy, and\\nspread through the country with the speed of the\\nwind. The great body of our troops, disbanded\\nat once, returned to their quiet homes, to ex-\\nchange the fatigues and dangers of the war, for\\nthe peaceful employments they had abandoned at\\nits commencement. Our merchant ships, spread-\\ning their white sails to the breeze, again rode\\nsecurely upon the ocean, and bore unmolested, to\\nevery port on the globe, our flag, now rendered\\nrespectable in the eyes of all nations by the splen-\\ndor of those naval conflicts over which it had so\\noften floated in triumph.\\nThus the war closed leaving to the republican\\nparty the cheering conviction that they had fought\\nwell, and to the federalists the mortifying reflec-\\ntion that their ill-timed opposition to the govern-\\nment had materially assisted the enemies of their\\ncountry. In some parts of the country the war\\nhad received the most enthusiastic support. Many\\na father, fired with more than Spartan patriotism,\\nviewed the fall of a son as scarcely a calamity\\nand, forgetting his grief in his patriotism, deemed\\nit no sacrifice, so that he fell for his country.\\nof When we connect our naval deeds, said an\\ndon orator in congress, with the other events of the\\n1-11 1\\nves. war, who will say this has been an inglorious\\nwar? An inglorious war! Insult not the gal-\\nlant men who have fought and bled in your bat-\\ntles, and yet live with high claims to your applause.\\nTread not so rudely on the ashes of the heroic\\ndead. Could the soul of Lawrence speak from", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "I\\nNEW HAMPSHIKE. 379\\nthe cerements which confine his mouldering hody, chap.\\nin what appalhng language would he rebuke the ..^^J^\\nman who should assert that the contest in which\\nhe so nobly died was an inglorious w^ar Will\\nyou tell that worthy manf who fills, with so much\\nfidelity and usefulness, a station in your service on\\nthis floor, that this is an inglorious war He has\\nbeheld one son triumph J over his country s foe,\\nand live to hear and receive the applause and\\ngratitude of his country. He has seen another\\nfall in the arms of victory, heroically aiding in an\\nachievement which, if it be not unparalleled, is\\ncertainly not exceeded in the annals of history.\\nHappy father! yet I would call him a miserable\\nand hopeless man, were this an inglorious war.\\nBut I must call him a happy father, for God and\\nnature have implanted in our bosom a principle\\nwhich elevates us above the love of life and friends,\\nand makes us think their loss a blessing, when\\nthey are yielded up in the cause of a beloved\\ncountry, on the altar and in the spirit of patriot-\\nism. It is this principle which makes that excel-\\nlent father reflect, not merely with composure, but\\nwith pleasure, on the child of his love giving up\\nhis life in battle his blood mingling with the\\nwave, and his body entombed in the bosom of Erie.\\nYes, he would rather feci the consciousness that\\nhis gallant boy fought with Perry, and died in the\\nglorious battle of the tenth of September, than\\nCapt. Lawrence, commander of the Chesapeake, who fell in action with\\nthe Shannon, near Boston harbor.\\nf Mr. Claxton one of the olFicers of the house.\\nX Lieutenant Claxton, who was on board the Wasp when she captured the\\nFrolic.\\nMidshipman Claxton, killed in the battle on lake Erie.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "380 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, now embrace him in his arms again animated\\nXI\\n^___ with the strong pulse of Hfe again pouring into\\nthe parental bosom his filial duty, and lighting up\\na father s pride and joy.\\nUpon the meeting of the legislature in June,\\nGovernor Oilman, still hostile to that policy which\\noriginated the war, after congratulating the people\\nupon the return of peace, introduced the following\\nlanguage in his message: The calamities of\\nwar, he said, have been severely felt the loss\\nof the lives of multitudes of our countrymen;\\nthe expense of treasure depreciation of national\\ncredit, a large debt and multiplied taxes. What\\nhave we gained\\nOn the other hand, at an early period of the\\nsession, Mr. John F. Parrott, of Portsmouth, in-\\ntroduced a series of spirited resolutions in the\\nhouse, eulogizing the various military and naval\\ncommanders who had distinguished themselves\\nduring the war.\\nMr. Phinehas Handerson warmly opposed the\\nadoption of the resolutions, and moved their com-\\nmitment. He should never approve, he said,\\nof the preamble and resolutions as they were.\\nThey carried on their face approbation of the late\\nunnecessary and foolish war. They would say to\\nthe world, what a majority of the house would\\nnever concede, that the war was a politic and just\\nmeasure, and that it was wisely and prudently\\nmanaged. What have we acquired by the war\\nWhat have we gained by the treaty of peace?\\nWe have gained nothing. He was willing\\nto compliment the men who had fought, but he\\nwas unwilling to acknowledge that the country\\nhad gained anything by their fighting.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 381\\nMr. Parrott opposed the commitment. Gen- chap.\\ntlemen, he said, who Avish for commitment, J,-.-^\\nsay the language is too strong; admitting, how-\\never, at the same time, that the officers and men\\nin the army and navy have deserved the highest\\ncommendations of their countrymen What do\\ngentlemen wish? Will (hey damn with fiiint\\npraise, in the fear of committing themselves in\\nfavor of the war Will they deny that these men\\nhave done much nay, everything for their coun-\\ntry Will they deny that the victories of 1814,\\non lake Champlain, at Plattsburg, at Bridgewater\\nand Chippewa, hav^ been the salvation of the\\nnation Will they deny that veteran skill has\\nyielded to the rugged powers of intrepid free-\\nmen Will they deny that these brave men\\nhave given to the Americans a name and a praise\\namong the nations\\nAfter an extended debate, the resolutions were\\ncommitted by a majority of six votes only. They\\nwere, however, reported and adopted in a new\\nform, so modified as better to suit the taste of the\\nmajority, and yet convey a high com})liment to the\\nbrave men who had participated in the hardships,\\ndangers and triumphs of the war. They declared isio.\\nthat the legislature, in common with their fel-\\nlow-citizens, duly appreciated the important ser-\\nvices rendered to their country, upon the ocean,\\nupon the lakes, and upon the land, by officers,\\nseamen and soldiers of the United States, in many\\nbrilliant achievements and decisive victories, which ^v\\nnal ot\\nwill go down to posterity as an indubitable memo- *^\u00e2\u0080\u009en^^\\nrial that the sons of those fathers who fought the\\nbattles of the revolution, have imbibed from the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "382 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, same fountain that exalted and unconquerable\\nXI\\n;_ spirit which insures victory, while it stimulates\\nthe exercise of humanity and courtesy to the\\nvanquished.\\n1S16. Governor Oilman having declined the support\\nof his friends for a re-election, and taken a final\\nleave of public life, the federal party, upon the\\napproach of the spring election of 1816, presented\\nJames Shcafe, of Portsmouth, as a candidate for\\nthe office of governor. He was a man of exten-\\nsive property and respectable abilities, and had\\nalready been elevated, by the favor of his party, to\\na seat in the United States ^nate. The republi-\\ncans still adhered to William Plummer, who had\\nreceived their zealous but unsuccessful support\\nthroughout the whole period of the war. The\\ncontest was waged with great violence, and re-\\nsulted in the election of the republican candidate\\nfor governor, by a very decisive majority. The\\nrepublicans at the same time gained an entire\\nascendency in the state an ascendency which the\\nfederalists, in that name, were destined never to\\nregain.\\nUpon the meeting of the legislature, William\\nBadger was elected president of the senate, and\\nDavid L. Morrill speaker of the house. In his\\nmessage. Governor Plummer recommended legis-\\nlative action in the affairs of Dartmouth college, a\\nrepeal of the jvidiciary law of 1813, and a general\\nreduction in the expenses of the state.\\n1816. Our public offices were made, said the gov-\\nernor, not for the emolument of the officer, but\\nto promote the public interest and by the con-\\nstitution frugality is considered as indispensably", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 383\\nnecessary, and economy an essential vh^tne to the chap.\\nstate. The great mass of our citizens are agricul-\\nturalists and mechanics, and live on the products\\nof manual labor and from this class of people is\\ncollected the principal portion of taxes paid into\\nthe public treasury. Under such a government\\nand from such a people, justice and sound policy\\nequally require that the salaries of their public\\nofficers should be moderate, not exceeding an\\nadequate compensation for the actual services they\\nperform. Whenever the salaries in a repub-\\nlic are raised so high as to excite the spirit of\\navarice, and induce men to seek office from sordid\\nmotives, it has a direct tendency to extinguish\\npublic spirit, and to destroy the laudable ambition\\nof holding office for the noble purpose of promot-\\ning the public good. It tends to multiply the\\nnumber of office-seekers, increase intrigue and\\ncorruption, produce extravagance and luxury in\\nthe officers and their influence insensibly leads\\nothers to imitate their pernicious example. It was\\nthe observation of a man, not less eminent for his\\ntalents as a statesman than his knowledge as a\\nhistorian, that high salaries are evidences of the\\ndecline of repuhlicanism in a state.\\nThe law of the federal legislature of 1813, estab-\\nlishing the supreme judicial court, was promptly\\nrepealed, and the former superior court of judica-\\nture was again revived. The judges who owed\\ntheir places to the party innovations of the period\\nreferred to, were sent into retirement. William\\nMerchant Richardson, of Chester, was appointed\\nchief justice, and Samuel Bell and Levi Wood-\\nbury were associated with him on the bench\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "384 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP three gentlemen of talents and high legal attain-\\n__, ments, of whom the former retained his respon-\\nsible station till his death, a period of twenty-two\\nyears, while the others resigned only to accept\\nof still higher honors.\\nMr. Woodbury was at this time but twenty-six\\nyears of age but he had distinguished himself in\\ncollege as a scholar, and was already a leading\\nmember of the bar. He was also still more dis-\\ntinguished as an ardent and powerful advocate for\\nthe war of 1812, and a firm supporter of the gov-\\nernment. So responsible an office conferred upon\\none so young, drew general attention to the man-\\nner in which his duties were discharged. But his\\nreach of thought, his research, and ready appre-\\nhension, seemed to supply the place of experience,\\nand rendered his services on the bench of the\\nhighest value, and his legal opinions of undoubted\\nauthority. Seven years from this time he was\\nelected governor of the state, and afterwards\\npassed into the senate of the United States, and\\nfinally he became successively secretary of the\\nnavy and of the treasury. But whether on the\\nbench or at the bar in the senate or the cab-\\ninet he has displayed that integrity, diligence,\\nand weight of talent, by which not a few of the\\nyoung men of America have risen from obscurity\\nto distinction, and won immortal honors for them-\\nselves and their country. Untiring effort and judi-\\ncious method the great secret of success both in\\nhis private studies and official duties, have enabled\\nhim to rise step by step to all the high stations of\\nhonor and public trust which he has been called\\nupon to fill. During the intervals between the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 385\\nsessions of congress he has continued to practise chap.\\nat the bar, and has moved, not without honor to .^...i^\\nhimself, amidst that bright constellation of lawyers\\nfor which New Hampshire was at this period cele-\\nbrated throughout the United States. Webster,\\nunanswerable in argument Mason, Smith, Bell\\nand Fletcher, all famous for legal acuteness\\nSullivan, unequalled in the music of his voice and\\nthe charms of his persuasive address Bartlett,\\nmaster of all the graces of action, speech and\\nthought, yet strong in argument these were the\\nassociates and competitors of Mr. Woodbury.\\nDisciplined in such a school, he became strong\\namongst the strong men by whom he was sur-\\nrounded and by his characteristic industry, zeal\\nand habits of systematic arrangement, made him-\\nself felt as a man of distinguished ability at the\\nbar, and in all the various and high public stations\\nwhich he occupied.\\nBenjamin Peirce, who had been removed from\\noffice, for his sturdy refusal to recognise the new\\ncourt, only to be elected four years in succession\\nto the council, was ultimately again appointed\\nsheriff of Hillsborough county.\\nThe enormous abuses of the power of creditor\\nover debtor were exciting the attention of the peo-\\nple, and calling forth execrations from the phi-\\nlanthropic and liberal everywhere. In some in-\\nstances, the father of a poor family was for years\\nimmured in a dungeon for the amount of the\\nprison charges, and his family, meanwhile, were\\nreduced to pauperism and beggary. No age, no\\ncondition, was exempt. The poor and decayed\\nveteran, whose best years had been spent in the\\n49", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "386 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, service of his country, was often confined with\\n.^5^ felons, and year rolled on after year, leaving him in\\nhopeless confinement. In Amherst jail were three\\naged prisoners, one of whom had groaned in con-\\nfinement almost four years. A way was now open\\nfor their deliverance. General Benjamin Peirce had\\nbeen appointed sheriff of the county by Governor\\nPlummer. In his character were united the gen-\\nerosity of the soldier with the Uberal sentiments of\\nenlightened philanthropy. He had fought for lib-\\nerty and had enjoyed it. He was a man who lived\\nnot for himself alone; and he could not endure\\nthat three old men, for no crime but honest pov-\\nerty, (which, though not a crime, was punished as\\nsuch,) should be shut out from the air, and close\\ntheir days in a dungeon. When he found every\\nother means for their release ineffectual, he at\\nonce resolved to pay their debts himself. He\\ngave them notice to this effect, and appointed the\\nday for their deliverance. The inhabitants thought\\nthe occasion worthy of public demonstrations, and\\nassembled to witness the release. On liberating\\nthe prisoners the veteran general thus addressed\\nthem\\nMoses Brewer, Isaac Lawrence, and George\\nLancy. By the return made me by Israel W.\\nKelly, Esq., my predecessor in the office of sheriff*\\nfor the county of Hillsborough, it appears that you,\\nMoses Brewer, was committed Dec. 13, 1814; and\\nyou, Isaac Lawrence, was committed Dec. 27,\\n1815; and you, George Lancy, July 2, 1817.\\nMy unfortunate fellow-citizens the feelings\\nexcited by a view of your situation, are inexpressi-\\nble. That those heads, silvered by age and hard-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 387\\nship, and those hearts, throbhing with kindly emo- chap\\ntions, should be held for this long period of time,\\nby their fellow-citizens, without the imputation of 1808.\\na crime, in a captivity unparalleled even in the\\nannals of the French Bastile, or Algerine slavery,\\nalways viewed by us with sentiments of inexpress-\\nible horror, is more than my nature is able to\\nendure. To be immerged in a dungeon, standing\\non the very soil of liberty and in the midst of men\\nboasting its high privileges, is in my mind, with\\nwhich the ideas and the value of freedom are\\nclosely interwoven, infinitely worse than to be en-\\nslaved in a foreign land, by enemies and barbarians,\\nfrom whom nothing better could be expected. But,\\nas an officer of the county, I have a duty to per-\\nform. I must either be governed by the law, and\\nsuffer you still to remain, the devoted victims of\\nunavoidable misfortune and honest poverty, shut\\nout from the genial light of heaven and the vital\\nair, God s equal gift to all to endure, perhaps\\nperish under, the privations incident to your situa-\\ntion and the stern ravages of approaching winter\\nforlorn and destitute, with no friend to comfort, no\\nsociety to cheer, no companion to console you\\nor, I must be directed by the powerful impulse of\\nhumanity pay the debt myself, and bid you leave\\nthis dreary and gloomy abode.\\nMy unfortunate fellow-citizens; my duty to\\nmyself will not suffer longer to remain here an old\\ncompanion in arms, who fought for the liberty\\nof which he is deprived, for no crime but that\\nof being poor. My duty to my country, whose\\nhonor is deeply implicated by your sufferings and\\nit is one of my first wishes it should be untar-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "388 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, nished and my duty to my God, who has put it\\n;_ into my power to relieve, irresistibly urge me to\\nthe latter course. This, I am sensible, takes from\\nme a large sum of money, however the liberal and\\ngenerous peoj)le, among whom it is my happy lot\\nto reside, may participate; if not, none but my\\nchildren will have any right to reproach me and I\\nam confident they will do no more than say their\\nfather was generous to a fault. In this view, go\\nreceive the uncontaminated air, which is diffused\\nabroad for the comfort of man go to your fami-\\nlies and friends, if you have any. Be correct in\\nyour habits. Be industrious and if your totter-\\ning and emaciated frames are so far exhausted as to\\nprevent your getting a comfortable support, apply\\nto the good people for relief and may the best of\\nheaven s blessings accompany you the remainder\\nof your days.\\nThis liberation took place on the 20th of No-\\nvember, the more grateful to the prisoners that it\\nhappened at the coming on of winter.\\nSixty-one years before this time General Peirce\\nwas born at Chelmsford in Massachusetts, and\\nwas the son of a farmer. On the memorable nine-\\nteenth of April, 1775, while he was ploughing in\\nthe field, a horseman rode up to the door, and\\nhaving delivered a brief message, hastened onward\\nto alarm the country. It was the news of the\\nbattle of Lexington which the stranger was com-\\nmissioned to proclaim. Leaving the plough, Peirce\\nimmediately set out on foot for Lexington. He\\nfound, on his arrival, that the British troops had\\nfallen back upon Boston, and he proceeded to\\nCambridge. It was here that young Peirce, then", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 389\\nbut eighteen years of age, enlisted as a private in chap.\\nXI.\\nthe army of the revolution, and attached himself to\\nthe regiment of Colonel Brooks. He was in the\\nmidst of the battle of Bunker s hill; and from that ^oores\\ntime to the close of the revolution, he followed l^^\\nthe fortune of his regiment, fought whenever it\\nwas called into action, and was invariably distin- ^gf;\\nguished and commended, by his superior officers,\\nfor his gallantry and good conduct. He rose from\\nthe ranks to the command of a company, which\\nhe held at the disbanding of the army, in 1794.\\nHe returned to his native village and found that\\nhis eight years pay, in continental money, had so\\nmuch depreciated that it would not suffice for the\\npurchase of a farm. He was, therefore, obliged to\\ngo into the wilderness, where lands were cheap,\\nand begin the cnltivation of wild land. Here he\\nmade a clearing and erected a rude habitation,\\nfelling the trees with his axe, and procuring food\\nfor sustenance with his gun. In the autumn of\\n1786, President Sullivan, having resolved to form\\nthe militia of the county of Hillsborough into a\\nbrigade, sought out the veteran soldier, then far\\nin the woods, and commissioned him as a brigade\\nmajor. He immediately took the necessary steps\\nfor the perfect organization and discipline of the\\nseveral. regiments. He had already served more Moore s\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21 -1 1 11 Lifeof\\nthan ei2;ht years m the rci^jular army, and lie con- Peirce,\\nin the\\ntinued to serve in Massachusetts and New Hamp- Biogra-\\nphical\\nshire for twenty-one years ni the militia leaving Annual,\\nit finally in the capacity of brigadier general.\\nThe reofiment which furnished a Miller and a\\nMcNeil was for many years commanded by him\\nand many other valuable officers, who have distin-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "390 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, guished themselves in the puhHc service, have\\n_i^ been proud to say that they received the first les-\\nsons of military discipline from the veteran Gene-\\nral Peirce, in the militia of Hillsborough.\\nIt was from principle that General Peirce was\\nattached to the institution of a citizen soldiery.\\nHe distrusted standing armies, and regarded the\\nmilitia as the right arm of the nation s defence,\\nand not liable to become an instrument in the\\nhands of executive power to overawe the people\\nand destroy liberty.\\nFrom 1789 to 1802, he was a representative to\\nthe general court, and in 1803 was first elected to\\nthe council, where he continued six years five\\nof which were passed in the council of Governor\\nLangdon. It was not till 1827, that he was\\nelected governor of the state; and was re-elected\\nin 1829, having been omitted one yenr on account\\nof his opposition to John Ciuincy Adams. At the\\ncommencement of the last war with Great Britain,\\nhis spirit entered into the contest but the infirm-\\nities of age admonished him that he could hasten\\nno more to the battle-field. Two of his sons, with\\nhis consent and advice, entered the public service.\\nEndowed by nature with a strong mind, Governor\\nPeirce had overcome the obstacles springing from\\na want of education, and by practice and perseve-\\nrance had acquired a knowledge of business and a\\nskill in the conduct of public affairs. It was not\\nfrom his high public station that he obtained a\\ncommanding influence, but from his integrity of\\ncharacter, his benevolence, hospitality, and love\\nof justice. Cheerful in his disposition, and de-\\nlighting to contribute to the happiness of all", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "i\\nI NEW HAMPSHIRE. 391\\naround him, youthful vivacity found in liim a con- chaf.\\nXI\\ngenial spirit, while sedate manhood and sober age _J_\\ndiscovered in his conduct nothing to reproach. ph\u00c2\u00b0cat\\nWhen he was removed by death, the public felt /s\\nthe loss of a man who had sincerely loved and\\nfaithfully served his fellow-men and his country.\\nClifton Claggett, one of the proscribed judges,\\nand Josiah Butler, one of the refractory sheriffs Nov.ae.\\nof 1813, were nominated by the republican party\\nfor seats in the ensuing congress. If Evans, the 1S18.\\nfourth and not the least deserving of those individ-\\nuals, whom, in an evil hour, party violence had\\nattempted to degrade in the public estimation,\\nreceived in this new state of things, no distin-\\nguished marks of public favor, it was because, un-\\nder the influence of a hopeless disease, engendered\\nby the laborious application of a studious life, he\\nwas fast going down to an untimely grave.\\nThe feasibility of a canal, connecting the waters\\nof the Merrimac and Connecticut rivers, had long\\nbeen a matter of discussion. It had been sup-\\nj oscd that such a work, starting at the Merrimac,\\nat the junction of the Contoocook, might be ex-\\ntended to the waters of lake Sunnapee, and thence\\nalong the valley of Sugar river, to the Connecti-\\ncut. During the year 181G, a conmiittec of the\\nMassachusetts legislature, with which the Honor-\\nable Henry B. Chase, of Warner, was associated by\\nour own, made a thorough survey of the contem-\\nplated route. The lake was found to be eleva-\\nted more than eight hundred feet above the level\\nof the two rivers whose waters it had been pro-\\nposed to connect, and the enterprise was aban-\\ndoned as wholly impracticable, excepting by such", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "392 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nCHAP, an expenditure as its advantages could never re-\\nJL pay.\\nDuring the year, David L. Morrill and Clement\\nStorer were elected to the United States senate,\\nin place of Jeremiah Mason and Thomas W.\\nThompson six republicans were elected to the\\nlower branch of congress, and the electoral vote of\\nthe state was given to James Monroe.\\nThis year was marked by an unusual prevalence\\nof cold weather during the summer and autumn,\\nand has ever since continued to be referred to as\\nthe cold season. Snow fell in the southern part\\nof the state on the 9th of June. August was the\\nonly month of the year entirely exempt from frost.\\nA scanty harvest and a general scarcity of bread,\\nthe natural results of a season of such unusual\\nrigors, gave a new impulse to western emigra-\\ntion. Hundreds of farmers, discouraged by the\\nscanty reward of their toil at this unfortunate pe-\\nriod, gave up their farms, and sought, in the fertile\\nwilds of a distant land, for that bright sunshine of\\nprosperity, which, in most cases, would have smiled\\nfar more surely upon them on their own native\\nhills.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nContro\\\\t:rsy with Dartmouth College Message of Governor Plummer\\nThe state assumes jurisdiction The trustees refuse to submit to the\\nlaw they are summoned to meet at Hanover A quorum do not obey\\nthe summons they declare the law unconstitutional Second message of\\nGovernor Plummer Wheelock reappointed president Charges against\\nthe professors their address to the public Death of President Wheel-\\nock Trial of the Dartmouth college case Arguments of counsel\\nOpinion of Chief Justice Richardson overruled by the supreme court of\\nthe U. S. President Monroe The toleration act Toleration in Connec-\\nticut Bill of rights Act of 1791 Vexatious lawsuits brought against\\ndissenters Toleration in Blaryland and Vermont, Pennsylvania and\\nMaine Speech of Dr. Whipple Bill of rights Speech of Dr. Whipple\\nSpeech of Henry Hubbard Dr. Whipple in reply to Mr. Parker Speech\\nof Ichabod Bartlett The toleration act is assailed it passes is again as-\\nsailed violently finally becomes popular The Methodists The Bap-\\ntists TheUniversalists Scenery of New Hampshire Ascent up Moose-\\nhillock mountain Owl s Head\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Scenes in the valley of the Connecti-\\ncut View from IMoosehillock from Catamount hill from Haverhill\\ncorner from mount Pulaski Appearance of an American forest in Au-\\ntumn Route to the White Hills from Haverhill through Bethlehem and\\nFranconia from Lancaster The Notch Valley of the Saeo Scenery\\nabout Indian Stream and the country near the Magalioway Dixville\\nNotch.\\nThe trustees of Dartmouth collesre, (so called chap.\\nXII.\\nfrom the name of its founder and patron, the Earl\\nof Dartmouth,) had for a considerable time pur-\\nsued a course calculated to render them unpopular\\nwith a majority of the people. Possessing, under\\ntheir charter from George III., the power of re-\\nmoving members of their board and appointing\\ntheir own successors, they had confided tlic exclu-\\nsive control of an institution, designed for the com-\\nmon benefit, to members of a single religious sect\\nand a single political party. Funds, bequeathed to\\nthe college for the establishment of a professorship,\\nhad been applied to purj)oses partaking of a secta-\\nrian character. John Wiieelock, himself a liberal\\n50", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "394 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, benefactor of the college, and the son of its illustri-\\nJ^. ous patron, had been removed by a summary exer-\\ncise of the power of the trustees, and a man more\\nsubservient to their views appointed in his place.\\nEntrusted with the care of a great public semina-\\nry, designed to promote the general good, the trus-\\ntees were accused of using the influence it gave\\nthem for ambitious and selfish purposes. Con-\\ntrolling an institution established by the bounty\\nof all sects and all parties, they were believed by\\nmany to have perverted it from its true purposes,\\nand made it a powerful instrument, in the hands of\\na particular class, for the diffusion of its own pecu-\\nliar opinions. Patronised by people of every shade\\nof opinion, and favored at times with liberal grants\\nfrom the legislature of New Hampshire, the people\\ncould see no reason to justify the sectarian posi-\\ntion which it had assumed.\\nIt was from such views as these, that the legis-\\nlature of 1S16, believing that the trustees had\\nadopted a policy in direct conflict with the charter\\nfrom which they derived their powers, determined\\nto claim jurisdiction over this institution, in behalf\\nof the state, for whose benefit only it had been\\ncreated. They accordingly passed two laws upon\\nthis subject, increasing the number of trustees\\nfrom twelve to twenty-one empowering the gov-\\nernor and council to appoint the nine additional\\ntrustees, and fill all vacancies which should occur\\nin the board, previous to its next annual meeting,\\nand changing? the name of the institution from\\nDartmouth college to Dartmouth university.\\nIn executing the duties devolving upon him\\nunder this law, the governor conducted with great\\nmoderation, appointing several of his political op-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 395\\nponents among the new members of the board of chap\\ntrustees. It had been neither his design, nor that\\nof his party, to make the college subservient to\\nany particular interest. On the contrary, it was\\nthe wish of the legislature of 1816, by introducing\\nmen of different religious and political opinions in-\\nto its government, to secure an impartial extension\\nof its advantages to every sect and party. They\\nbelieved it to be no part of the proper business\\nof such an institution to inculcate the favorite dog-\\nmas of any one class m that community for whose\\ncommon benefit it had been established. They\\nwished, rather, to place the only college in the\\nstate in such a position a position that it should\\nbe regarded not as an engine to stamp a peculiar\\ncreed upon the minds of its citizens, but as the\\nfountain of that correct knowledge which enables\\nmen to reason for themselves in such a position,\\nin short, that it should deserve the equal favor and\\nequal patronage of the whole community.\\nAt the opening of the June session of the legis- is 16.\\nlature, June 6, 1816, Governor William Plummer\\nthus called the attention of the legislature to the\\nsubject of Dartmouth college\\nThere is no system of government where tlie jour-\\ngeneral diffusion of knowledge is so necessary as uie\\nin a republic. It is, therefore, not less the duty fsie,\\nthan the interest of the state to patronise and sup-\\nport the cause of literature and the sciences. So\\nsensible were our ancestors of this, that they early\\nmade provision for schools, academies, and a col- naUf\\nlege, the good effects of which we daily experi- senate,\\nence. But all literary establishments, like every- session,\\nthing human, if not duly attended to, are subject p d.\\nto decay.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "396 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Permit me, therefore, to invite your consider-\\n_,.J_ ation to the state and condition of Dartmouth\\ncollege, the head of our learned institutions. As\\nthe state has contributed liberally to the establish-\\nment of its funds, and as our constituents have a\\ndeep interest in its prosperity, it has a strong claim\\nto our attention. The charter of that college was\\ngranted Dec. 30th, 1769, by John Wentworth,\\nwho was then governor of New Hampshire, under\\nthe authority of the British king. As it ema-\\nnated from royalty, it contained, as was natural it\\nshould, principles congenial to monarchy. Among\\nothers, it established trustees, made seven a quo-\\nrum, and authorized a majority of those present\\nto remove any of its members, which they might\\nconsider unfit or incapnble and tlm survivors\\nto perpetuate the board, by themselves electing\\nothers to supply vacancies. This last principle is\\nhostile to the spirit and genius of a free govern-\\nment. Sound policy, therefore, requires that the\\nmode of election should be changed, and (hat trus-\\ntees, in future, should be elected by some other\\nbody of men. To increase the number of trus-\\ntees, would not only increase the security of the\\ncollege, but be a means of interesting more men in\\nits prosperity. If it should be made, in future, the\\nduty of the president, annually in May, to report\\nto the governor a full and particular account of\\nthe state of the funds; their receipts and expendi-\\ntures; the number of students and their progress;\\nand generally the state and condition of the col-\\nlege and the governor to communicate this state-\\nment to the legislature, in their June session\\nthis would form a check upon the. proceedings of", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 397\\nthe trustees, excite a spirit of attention in tlie ofii- ciiAP\\nXI[\\ncers and students of the college, and give to the J__\\nlegislature such information as would enable them\\nto act with greater propriety upon whatever may\\nrelate to that institution.\\nThe college was formed for the public good\\nnot for the emolument of its trustees and the\\nright to amend and improve acts of incorporation\\nof this nature has been exercised by all gov-\\nernments, both monarchial and republican. Sir\\nThomas Gresham established a fund to support\\nlecturers in Gresham college, in London, upon the\\nexpress condition that the lecturers should be\\nunmarried men, and upon their being married,\\ntheir interest in the fund should absolutely cease;\\nbut the British parliament, in (he year 1708, passed\\na law removing the college to another place, and\\nexplicitly enacted that if the lecturers were mar-\\nried, or should marry, they should receive their\\nfees and stipend out of the fund, any restriction or\\nlimitation in the will of the said Gresham to the\\ncontrary notwithstanding. In this country, a\\nnumber of the states have passed laws that made\\nmaterial changes in the charters of their colleges\\nand in this state, acts of incorporation, of a similar\\nnature, have frequently been amended and changed\\nby the legislature. By the several acts incorpo-\\nrating towns their limits were established but\\nwhenever the legislature judged that the public\\ngood required a town to be made into two, they\\nhave made the division, and in some instances\\nagainst the remonstrance of a majority of its in-\\nhabitants. In the charter of Dartmouth college\\nit is expressly provided that the president, trus-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "398 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, tees, professors, tutors, and other officers, shall\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J^,^ take the oath of allegiance to the British king\\nbut if the laws of the United States, as well as\\nthose of New Hampshire, abolished by implica-\\ntion that part of the charter, much more might\\nthey have done it directly and by express words.\\nThese facts show the authority of the legislature\\nto interfere upon the subject and I trust you will\\nmake such further provisions as will render this\\nimportant institution more useful to mankind.\\nThese views of Governor Plummer met the ap-\\nprobation of a majority of both senate and house.\\nAccordingly, on the twenty-seventh of June, 1816,\\na law was passed assuming to the state of New\\nHampshire complete jurisdiction over the college,\\nand changing its name to Dartmouth university.\\nTo this law the trustees refused to submit.\\nIn obedience to the law the governor summoned\\nthe trustees and overseers of Dartmouth university\\nto meet at Hanover on the twenty-sixth of Au-\\ngust, 1816. But a quorum did not obey, nor did\\nthey answer the governor s request. Two days\\nafter, they declared that the law of the state, to\\namend the charter and enlarge the corporation of\\nnaUf I^tii tiiiouth college, was, in point of precedent\\nSeSate principle, dangerous to the best interests of\\nN\u00c2\u00b07- society; that it subjected the collese to the arbi-\\nsession, J J o\\ntrary will and pleasure of the legislature that it\\ncontained palpable violations of their rights was\\nunconstitutional and that they would not recog-\\nnai of iiise or act under its authority.\\nSenate, tlic Opening of the November session their\\nproceedings were laid before the legislature, and\\nNov\\nsession\\nJ^is. upon- them Governor Plummer thus remarked", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 399\\nIt is an important question, and merits your chap\\nserious consideration, whether a law, passed and J^.^\\napproved by all the constituted authorities of the\\nstate, shall be carried into effect or whether a\\nfew individuals, not vested with any judicial au-\\nthority, shall be permitted to declare your statutes\\ndangerous and arbitrary, unconstitutional and void.\\nWhether a minority of the trustees of a literary\\ninstitution, formed for the education of your chil-\\ndren, shall be encouraged to inculcate the doctrine\\nof resistance to the law, and their example toler-\\nated in disseminating principles of insubordination\\nand rebellion against government.\\nBelieving you cannot doubt the course proper\\nto be adopted on this occasion, permit me to re-\\ncommend the passage of a bill to amend the law\\nrespecting Dartmouth university. Give authority\\nto some person to call a new meeting of the trus-\\ntees and overseers reduce the number necessary\\nto form a quorum in each board authorize those\\nwho may hereafter meet to adjourn from time to\\ntime till a quorum shall assemble give each of\\nthe boards the same authority to transact busi-\\nness at their first, as they have at their annual meet-\\nings and, to remove all doubts, give power to the\\nexecutive to fill up vacancies that have or hereafter\\nmay happen in the board of trustees and such\\nother provisions as will enable the boards to carry\\nthe law into effect and render the institution use-\\nful to the public.\\nDuring the year, two of the original board of\\ntrustees, together with the nine who had received\\ntheir appointments from the executive of the state,\\nconstituting a majority of the whole number, as-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "400 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, sembled at Hanover. They reappointed John\\n_!_. Wheelock to the presidency, and elected William\\nH. Woodward, Esq., treasurer of the university.\\nThus Dr. Wheelock was finally restored to the\\npresidency of the Dartmouth university, to the\\ngreat joy of the friends of science and liberal\\nprinciples. Thus did the veteran president, after\\nyears of persecution, springing from the intoler-\\nance of a religious sect, return again to his post\\nin the field of literature. His friends hailed his\\nreturn as a triumph of liberty and justice over\\nintolerance and oppression. To the use of the\\nuniversity the trustees committed the use of all the\\ncollege buildings and entrusted the records, books\\nof account, and other property of the institution to\\nthe treasurer they had appointed. In the mean-\\ntime, three fourtlis of the old board of trustees,\\nclaiming the exclusive and absolute control of the\\ncollege property under their charter, and declaring\\nthe law to be an invasion of their constitutional\\nrights, refused to accept of its provisions. Under\\ntheir direction, the officers of the old college, re-\\ntaining a large majority of the students, continued\\ntheir usual course of instruction, in apartments\\nprocured for the purpose.\\nThus we had two conflicting institutions in the\\nsame town, a university and a college, each claim-\\ning the control of the same property and each\\ncoming in active competition with the other.\\nThe old trustees and professors busied them-\\nselves in writing volumes of abuse against the\\nstate government and Governor Plummer. Pre-\\nvious to the March election of 1817, they pub-\\nlished the most inflammatory and treasonable", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 401\\nappeals to the people, with the hope of inflii- chap\\nencing the popular vote. The natural effect of\\nthis was to give the repuhlicans a great gain,\\nespecially in the vicinity of Hanover.\\nWhen tlie committee, appointed by the legisla-\\nture to take possession of the buildings and appa-\\nratus of the university, applied to President Brown,\\nhe refused to surrender the keys, and the commit-\\ntee were obliged to break open the buildings.\\nBrown and the professors then withdrew to other\\nbuildings, taking with thom such of the students\\nas chose to follow them, and then organized\\nclasses and continued to instruct them during the\\nexistence of the university.\\nThe trustees of the university, early in Febru-\\nary, 1817, assembled at Concord and preferred\\ncharges ajrainst Presidont Brown and Professors\\nShurtleff and Adams the substance of which was,\\na refusal to yield obedience to the late act of the\\nlegislature and cited them to appear before them\\non the twenty-second of February, to show cause Feb\\nwhy they should not be removed. On the twenti\\neth of February, they sent to the board an answer,\\nrefusing to comply with the citation, but couched\\nin courteous terms, and setting forth their resolve\\nto appeal to the highest judicial tribunals. On\\nthe twenty-eighth of February, they published an\\naddress to the public, in the same tone, declaring\\nthe votes of the university trustees, removing them\\nfrom office, as wholly unauthorized and destitute\\nof any legal effect and affirming that they were\\nstill, as they had uniformly claimed to be, officers\\nof Dartmouth college, under the charter of 1769\\n51", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "m\\nHISTORY OF\\nCHAP, and that they liad resolved to assert their corpp-\\n___ rate rights. They frankly stated that they had\\ntaken into consideration the act of June, and had\\nvoted not to accept its provisions. They re-\\nfused to take the oath of allegiance to the United\\nStates and to the state of New Hampshire. Their\\ncharter required them to take an oath of allegianpe\\nto the British crown but this they had omitted\\nto do since the American revolution.\\nThey disclaimed any intention to ofier forcible\\nresistance to the laws, but intimated plainly in\\ntheir address that their rights of conscience had\\nbeen invaded, and oppression practised upon them\\nto such an extreme degree as to greatly endanger\\nor defeat the great ends of civil government that\\nill the act of June the legislative branch of govern-\\nment had transcended its legitimate power, and\\nhad assumed to perform certain acts which the\\nconstitution had assigned to the province of the\\njudicial branch. This address and answer was\\nsigned by Francis Brown, Ebenezer Adams, and\\nRoswell Shiu tleft The people read it and were\\ngreatly exasperated. It seemed to them that the\\nprofessors entrenched behind a British charter,\\nand actuated by a preference for monarchy\\nwere impudently defying the constituted author-\\nities of the state, and trampling upon the consti-\\ntution and the laws. Denunciation was showered\\nupon the professors from all quarters. The pa-\\npers of the day attacked them with violence, and\\ndenounced them as an Orthodox junto.\\nThe professors in return poured forth volleys of\\nepithets upon the state government and upon Gov-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE 4^)3\\nernor Plummer stigmatizing them as agrari- chap.\\nans, infidels, democrats, French jaco- ,_\\nbins, villains, and sans-cuUotes.\\nThe papers in the interest of the college de-\\nscribed the committee sent by the legislature to\\ntake possession of the college, as a gang of unprin-\\ncipled villains, who had risen up in defiance of law\\nand had wantonly broken open and taken posses-\\nsion of the college buildings.\\nThe papers of the people promptly returned the\\nattack and compared the charter professors to\\nthe infuriated bigots of popery in the dark ages\\nas a set of abominable intolerants, aspiring\\nnot only to the sole direction of our literature,\\nbut to the management of our government as\\nthe gangrened persecutors of President Wheel-\\nock, like the Jews who had sworn not to eat\\nuntil they had killed Paul as hunting up evi-\\ndence against Wheelock, and having the expense\\nclubbed against them, and when they had\\nfailed of procuring evidence, hurling him from\\nhis station, without the sanction of the usual cere-\\nmony. Such was the tone of public discussion.\\nThe popular voice was loud against the profes-\\nsors and they, in their turn, poured forth, if pos-\\nsible, louder execrations and more bitter vials of\\nwrath upon the people.\\nIn the heat of the contest, in April 1817, Presi-\\ndent Wheelock died, at the age of sixty-three, la-\\nmented even by his persecutors a ripe scholar\\na liberal Christian an ornament to literature an\\nunrivalled instructer a good man vigorous in\\nintellect assiduous in toil. The most industrious\\nof his pupils, in the vigor of youth and inspired by", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "404 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, emulation, vainly strove to outwatch the midnight\\nlamp of their instructer. All admitted that his\\nvirtues demanded a durable monument.\\nMeanwhile the contest continued. The leading\\nmembers of the legislature, who advocated the\\nstate authority and approved of the course pur-\\nsued by the legislature, were denounced by the\\ncollege papers as vipers, slanderers, and\\nexecutioners. The professors having failed to\\naffect the people, next sought to intimidate the\\nsuperior court by proclaiming that the act of the\\nlegislature could be regarded in no other light\\nthan as a war against religion and if the judges\\nshould sustain it, the execrations of this age and\\nposterity awaited them. In this movement the\\nprofessors were equally unsuccessful.\\nThe old board of trustees brought an action of\\ntrover against the treasurer of the university, for\\nthe recovery of books of record, charter, com\\nmon seal and books of account, which they\\nalleged to be their property. The defendant sel\\nup as a defence, the laws of 1816, and his appoint-\\nment by virtue of which laws and appointment he\\nclaimed a legal right to hold the property in con-\\ntroversy in his possession. The general question\\nwas, whether the acts referred to were binding on\\nthe plaintiffs without their assent.\\nWhen the case came on for final adjudication\\nin the superior court of New Hampshire, the Hon-\\norable Jeremiah Mason, as counsel for the plain-\\ntiffs, maintained that these acts were not binding.\\n1. Because they were not within the scope of the\\nlegislative power. 2. Because they violated cer\\ntain provisions of the constitution of New Hamp", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 405\\nshire. 3. Because they violated the constitution chap.\\nxn.\\nof the United States.\\nIn June, the case was argued in Grafton coun- jgi?.\\nty, by Smith and Mason for the college, and by\\nSullivan and Bartlett for the people but was\\ncontinued for a further hearing in Rockingham\\ncounty in the following September. It was finally sept\\ndecided in the superior court of the state, at Ply-\\nmouth, in Grafton county, on the sixth of No-\\nvember. Chief Justice Richardson gave the opin- no^. e\\nion of the court, drawn up in that lucid and cogent\\nstyle for which he was distinguished, and which\\nmade the opinion celebrated for its elegance as\\nwell as for its learning, and for its harmony with\\nthe popular opinion.\\nIn delivering his opinion, Chief Justice Rich-\\nardson commenced by adverting to the distinction\\nbetween public and private corporations the lat-\\nter constituted for the immediate benefit of indi-\\nviduals the former for the advantage of the whole\\ncommunity. Dartmouth college, in the language\\nof its charter, was established to encourage the\\nlaudable and charitable design of spreading Chris-\\ntian knowledge among the savages of our Ameri-\\ncan wilderness, and also that the best means of\\neducation be established in the province of New\\nHampshire /o? the benefit of said province. The\\ntrustees had no greater interests in these objects\\nthan any other individuals in the community.\\nThey had no interest in the institution which they\\ncould sell or transfer. Should all its property be\\nlost, there would be no private loss to them. The\\nfranchises of the college were exercised for the\\npublic benefit and for the public benefit its char-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "406 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, ter was granted. It must be regarded, tnerefore,\\n.^..^1- as a public corporation.\\nIn order to determine the question submitted\\nto us, said he, it seems necessary, in the first\\nplace, to ascertain the nature of corporations.\\nA corporation aggregate is a collection of many\\nindividuals united into one body under a special\\nname, having perpetual succession under an arti-\\nficial form, and vested by the policy of the law\\nwith the capacity of acting in several respects as\\nan individual, and having collectively certain fac-\\nulties, which the individuals have not. A cor-\\nporation considered as a faculty, is an artificial,\\ninvisible body, existing only in contemplation of\\nlaw and can neither employ its franchises nor\\nhold its property, for its own benefit. In another\\nview, a corporation may be considered as a body\\nof individuals having collectively particular facul-\\nties and capacities, which they can employ for their\\nown benefit, or for the benefit of others, according\\nto the purposes for which their particular faculties\\nand capacities were bestowed. In either view it\\nis apparent that all beneficial interests both in the\\nfranchises and the property of corporations, must\\nbe considered as vested in natural persons, either\\nin the people at large, or in individuals and that\\nwith respect to this interest, corporations may be\\ndivided into public and private.\\nPrivate corporations are those which are cre-\\nated for the immediate benefit and advantage of\\nindividuals, and their franchises may be consid-\\nered as privileges conferred on a number of indi-\\nviduals, to be exercised and enjoyed by them in\\nthe form of a corporation. These privileges may", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE 407\\nbe given to the corporators for their own benefit, chap.\\nor for the benefit of other individuals. In either\\ncase the corporation must be viewed in relation to\\nthe franchises as a trustee, and each of those, who\\nare beneficially interested in them, as a cestui que\\ntrust. The property of this kind of corporations,\\nand the profits arising from the employment of\\ntheir property and the exercise of their franchises,\\nin fact belongs to individuals. To this class be-\\nlong all the companies incorporated in this state,\\nfor the purpose of making canals, turnpike roads\\nand bridges also banking, insurance and manu-\\nfacturing companies, and many others. Both the\\nfranchises and the property of these corporations\\nexist collectively in all the individuals of whom\\nthey are composed not however as natural per-\\nsons, but as a body politic, while the beneficial in-\\nterest in both is vested severally in the several mem-\\nbers, according to their respective shares. This\\ninterest of each individual is a part of his property.\\nIt may be sold and transferred, may, in many cases,\\nbe seized and sold upon a fieri facias, and is assets\\nin the hands of his administrator. This is by no\\nmeans a new view of this subject. The supreme\\ncourt of Massachusetts, in the case of Gray vs.\\nthe Portland Bank,* most evidently viewed corpo-\\nrations of this kind in the same light. In the\\ncase of the Bank of the United States vs. Devaux,t\\nthe supreme court of the United States decided,\\nthat in determining a question of jurisdiction de-\\npending upon the citizenship of the parties, and a\\ncorporation being a party, they could look to the\\ncitizenship of the individual corporators as of the\\n3 Mass. Rep. 9.~9 f 5 Cranch, til.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "408 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, real litigants. The rejection of a corporator as a\\nL witness, in cases where the corporation is a party,\\non the ground of private interest, is a matter of\\nfamiliar practice in all our courts.\\nPublic corporations are those which are cre-\\nated for public purposes, and whose property is\\ndevoted to the objects for which they are created.\\nThe corporators have no private beneficial inter-\\nest, either in their franchises or their property.\\nThe only private right which individuals can have\\nin them, is the rigiit of being, and of acting as\\nmembers. Every other right and interest attached\\nto them can only be enjoyed by individuals like\\nthe common privileges of free citizens, and the\\ncommon interest, which all have in the property\\nbelonging to the state. Counties, towns, parishes,\\n/C., considered as corporations, clearly fall within\\nthis description. A corporation, all of whose fran-\\nchises are exercised for public purposes, is a pub-\\nlic corporation. Thus if the legislature should\\nincorporate a number of individuals, for the pur\\npose of making a canal, and should reserve all the\\nprofits arising from it to the state, though all the\\nfunds might be given to the corporation by indi-\\nviduals, it would in fact be a public corporation.\\nSo if the state should purchase all the shares m\\none of our banking companies, it would immedi-\\nately become a public corporation. Because in\\nboth cases all the property and franchises of the\\ncorporation would in fact be public property. A\\ngift to a corporation created for public purposes\\nis in reality a gift to the public. On the other\\nhand, if the legislature should incorporate a bank-\\ning company for the benefit of the corporators.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "N E W HAMPSHIRE. 4)09\\nand should give the corporation idl the necessary chap.\\nfunds, it would he a private corporation. Because J_^^\\na gift to such a corporation would be only a gift\\nto the corporators. So, should the state purchase\\na part of the shares in one of our banks, it would\\nstill remain a private corporation so far as individ-\\nuals retained a private interest in it. Thus it\\nseems, that whether a corporation is to be con-\\nsidered as public or j)rivate, depends upon the\\nobjects for which its franciiises are to be exer-\\ncised and that as a corj)oration possesses fran-\\nchises and property only to enable it to answer the\\npurposes of its creation a gift to a corporation is\\nin truth a gift to those who are interested in those\\npurposes.\\nWhether an incorporated college, founded and\\nendowed by an individiial, who had reserved to\\nhimself a control over its afi airs as a private visi-\\ntor, must be viewed ;is a {lublic or as a private\\ncorporation, it is not noces.sary now to decide, be-\\ncause it does not appear tliat Dartmouth college\\nwas subject to nny privjite visitation whatever.\\nUpon looking into the charter of ])artmouth\\ncollege we find that iho king being willing to\\nencourage the laudable and charitable design of\\nspreading Christian knowl ;dge among the savages\\nof our American wilderness, and also that the\\nbest means of education be established in the prov-\\nince of New Hampshire, for the benefit of said\\nprovince, ordained tliat there !-:hould be a col-\\nlege created in said province by the name of Dart-\\nmouth college, for the education and instruction\\nof youth of the Indian tribes, in this land, in read\\ning, writing and all parts of learning, which should\\n52", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "410 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP appear necessary and expedient for civilizing and\\nJ^^il christianizing children of Pagans, as well as in all\\nliberal arts and sciences, and also of English\\nyouth and any others and that there should be\\nin the said Dartmouth college, from thenceforth\\nand forever, a body politic, consisting of trustees\\nof Dartmouth college. He then made, ordained,\\nconstituted and appointed twelve individuals to\\nbe trustees of the college, and declared that they\\nand their successors, should forever thereafter be\\na body corporate, by the name of the trustees of\\nDartmoutli college and that said corporation\\nshould be able, and in law capable for the use\\nof said college, to have, get, acquire, purchase,\\nreceive, hold, possess and enjoy tenements, here-\\nditaments, jurisdictions and franchises, for them-\\nselves and their successors, in fee simple or other-\\nwise and to receive and dispose of any lands,\\ngoods, chattels and other things, of what nature\\nsoever, for the use aforesaid and also to have,\\naccept and receive any rents, profits, annuities,\\ngifts, legacies, donations or bequests of any kind\\nwhatsoever, /or the use aforesaid. Such are the\\nobjects, and such the nature of this corporation,\\nappearing upon the face of the charter. It was\\ncreated for the purpose of holding and managing\\nproperty for the use of the college and the col-\\nlege was founded for the purpose of spreading\\nthe knowledge of the great Redeemer among the\\nsavages, and of furnishing the best means of\\neducation to the province of New Hampshire.\\nThese great purposes are surely, if anything can\\nbe, matters of public concern. Who has any pri-\\nvate interest either in the objects or the property", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 4ll\\nof this institution The trustees themselves have chap\\nxn\\nno greater interest in the spreading of Christian 1 L,\\nknowledge among the Indians, and in providing\\nthe best means of education, than any other indi-\\nviduals in the community. Nor have they any\\nprivate interest in the property of this institution,\\nnothing that can be sold or transferred, that can\\ndescend to their heirs, or can be assets in the\\nhands of their administrators. If all the property\\nof the institution were destroyed, ihc loss would\\nbe exclusively public, and no private loss to them.\\nSo entirely free are they from any private inter-\\nest in this respect, that they are competent wit-\\nnesses in causes where the corporation is a party,\\nand the property of the corporation in contest.\\nThere is in Peake s cases at Nisi Prius, 154, an\\nauthority direct to this point. It is the case of\\nWelier against the governors of the Foundling\\nHospital, and was assumpsit for work and labor.\\nMost of the witnesses called on behalf of the de-\\nfendants, were governors and members of the cor-\\nporation. Lord Kenyon was of opinion that they\\nwere nevertheless good witnesses, because they\\nwere mere trustees of a public charity, and had\\nnot the least personal interest. The office of trustee\\nof Dartmouth college is, in fact, a i)ublic trust, as\\nmuch so as the office of governor, or of judge of this\\ncourt and for any breach of trust, the state has\\nan unquestionable right, through its courts of jus-\\ntice to call them to an account. The trustees\\nhave the same interest in the corporate property,\\nwhich the governor has in the property of the\\nstate, and which we have in the fines we impose\\nupon the criminals convicted before this court.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "41j2 history of\\nCHAP Nor is it any private concern of theirs, whethei\\nXH\\n___. their powers, as corporators, shall be extended or\\nlessened, any more than it is our private concern\\nwhether the jurisdiction of this court shall be\\nenlarged or diminished. They have no private\\nright in the institution, except the right of office\\nthe right of being trustees, and of acting as such.\\nIt therefore seems to us, that if such a corporation\\nis not to be considered as a public corporation, it\\nwould be difficult to find one that could be so\\nconsidered.\\nThe acts in question could affect only i^uhlic\\nand private rights. No clause, in the constitu-\\ntion either of the state or United States, pro-\\ntected the public interest in the institution from\\nlegislative interference. All private rights con-\\nnected with it, belonged to those who founded or\\nendowed it to the officers and students or to the\\ntrustees. The trustees were the only parties to\\nthe action, and upon their rights alone, the court\\nwere called to decide.\\nDid then these acts unconstitutionally impair\\nany private rights of the trustees The addition\\nof new members to a corporation did not destroy\\nit. It still retained the title to the common prop-\\nerty. The old members in this instance had no\\npersonal title to be infringed upon. The new\\nmembers acquired none. If new members could\\nnot be added to a corporation, no new duties\\ncould be imposed upon it, and the people must\\nbe denied the right of legislating for these institu-\\ntions at all without their consent.\\nThe plaintiff contended that the acts of 1816\\nhad impaired their right to manage the affairs of", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMFSHIRK. 413\\nthis institution, in violation of that chiuse of the chap\\nbill of rights which declares that no subject J_l^\\nshall be despoiled or deprived of his immunities or\\nprivileges, but hy the judgment of his peers or the\\nlaw of the land. That the right to manage the\\naffairs of the college, was a privilege within the\\nmeaning of this clause was certain. But how a\\nprivilege could be protected from the operation of\\na law of the land, by a clause in the constitu-\\ntion declaring that it should not be taken away but\\nby the law of the land, was not very easily\\nunderstood.\\nIt had been urged that the charter of 1769 was\\na contract, the validity of which was impaired by\\nthese acts, in violation of a clause in the constitu-\\ntion of the United States, which declares that\\nno state shall pass any law impaiririji the obli-\\ngations of contracts. This clause was obviously\\nintended to protect private rights of property only.\\nIt could not be construed to embrace contracts in\\nthe mere nature of civil institutions nor grants of\\na state to individual.s for public purposes. The\\ncharter of Dartmouth college was not such a con-\\ntract as this language of the constitution referred to.\\nBut admitting the charter to have been such a\\ncontract what was that contiijct Could the\\nking have intended, when he chartered this insti-\\ntution, to bind himself to the corporators and their\\nsuccessors forever, that they alone should control\\nit, free from all legislative restraints, however\\nstrongly such restraints might be required by the\\npublic interest Such a contract would have\\nbeen repugnant to all the principles of just govern-\\nment. Neither the king nor the legislature pos-\\nsessed the power to make it.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "4 14 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Having thus glanced at the points of the case,\\n_^ in an argument of which the above is but an imper-\\nfect outhne, in concluding, Judge Richardson used\\nthe following language\\nI have looked into this case with all the atten-\\ntion of which I am capable, and with a most pain-\\nful anxiety to discover the true principles upon\\nwhich it ought to be decided. No man prizes\\nmore highly than I do, the literary institutions of\\nour country, or would go farther to maintain their\\njust rights and privileges. But I cannot bring\\nmyself to believe, that it would be consistent with\\nsound policy, or ultimately with the true interests\\nof literature itself, to place the great public insti-\\ntutions, in which all the young men, destined for\\nthe liberal professions, are to be educated, within\\nthe absolute control of a few individuals, and out\\nof the control of the sovereign power not con-\\nsistent with sound policy, because it is a matter\\nof loo great moment, too intimately connected\\nwith the public welfare and prosperity, to be thus\\nintrusted in the hands of a few. The education\\nof the rising generation is a matter of the highest\\n[)ubhc concern, and is worthy of the best atten-\\ntion of every legislature. The immediate care of\\nthese institutions must be committed to individu-\\nals, and the trust will be faithfully executed so\\nlong as it is recollected to be a mere public trust,\\nand that there is a superintending power, that can\\nand will correct every abuse of it. But make the\\ntrustees independent, and they will ultimately for-\\nget that their office is a public trust will at\\nlength consider these institutions as their own\\nwill overlook the great purposes for which their", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 415\\npowers were originally given, and will exercise chap\\nthem only to gratify their own private views and .^L.\\nwishes, or to promote the narrow purposes of a\\nsect or party. It is idle to suppose that courts\\nof law can correct every abuse of such a trust.\\nCourts of law cannot legislate. There may be\\nmany abuses, which can be corrected by the sov-\\nereign power alone. Nor would such exemption\\nfrom legislative control be consistent with the true\\ninterests of literature itself, because these institu-\\ntions must stand in constant need of the aid and\\npatronage of the legislature and the public and\\nwithout such aid and patronage, they can never\\nflourish. Their prosperity depends entirely upon\\nthe public estimation in which they are held. It is\\nof the highest importance that they should be fond-\\nly cherished by the best affections of the people;\\nthat every citizen should feel that he has an inter-\\nest in them, and tliat they constitute a part of that\\ninestimable inheritance which he is to transmit to\\nhis posterity in tlie institutions of his country.\\nBut these institutions, if placed in a situation to\\ndispute the public will, would eventually fall into\\nthe hands of men, who would be disposed to dis-\\npute it and contests would inevitably arise, in\\nwhich the great interests of literature would be\\nforgotten. Those who resisted that will would\\nbecome at once the object of popular jealousy\\nand distrust; their motives, however pure, would\\nbe called in question, and their resistance would\\nbe believed to have originated in private and in-\\nterested views, and not in regard to the public\\nwelfare. It would avail these institutions nothing\\nthat the public will was wrong, and that their right", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "416 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, could be maintained in opposition to it, in a court\\n^__1, of law. A triumph there might be infinitely more\\nruinous than defeat. Whoever knows the nature\\nof a popular government, knows that such a con-\\ntest could not be thus settled by one engagement.\\nSuch a triumph would only protract the destruc-\\ntive contest. The last misfortune which can befal\\none of these institutions, is to become the subject\\nof popular contention.\\nI am aware that this power, in the hands\\nof the legislature, may, like every other, at times\\nbe unwisely exercised but where can it be more\\nsecurely lodged If those, wliom the people an-\\nnually elect to manage their public affairs, cannot\\nbe trusted, who can The people have most\\nemphatically enjoined it in the constitution, as a\\nduty upon the legislators and magistrates, in all\\nfuture periods of the sfovernment, to cherish the\\ninterests of literature and the sciences, and all\\nseminaries and public schools. And those inter-\\nests will bo cherished, botli by the legislature and\\nthe people, so long as there is virtue enough left to\\nmaintain the rest of our institutions. Whenever\\nthe people and their rulers sliall become corrupt\\nenough to Mage war with the sciences and liberal\\narts, we miiy ho assured that the time will have\\narrived, when all our institutions, our laws, our\\nliberties must pass away when all that can be\\ndear to freemen, or that can make their country\\ndear to them, must be lost, and when a govern-\\nment and institutions must be established, of a\\nvery different character from those under which it\\nis our pride and happiness to live.\\nIn forming my opinion in this case, however, I", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 417\\nhave given no weight to any considerations of expe- chap.\\ndiency. I think the legislature had a clear con- ___\\nstitutional right to pass the laws in question. My\\nopinion may be incorrect, and our judgment erro-\\nneous, but it is the best opinion, which, upon the\\nmost mature consideration, I have been able to\\nform. It is certainly, to me, a subject of much\\nconsolation, to know that if we have erred, our\\nmistakes can be corrected, and be prevented from\\nworking any ultimate injustice. If the plaintiffs\\nthink themselves aggrieved by our decision, they\\ncan carry the cause to another tribunal, where it\\ncan be re-examined, and our judgment be reversed,\\nor affirmed, as the law of the case may seem to\\nthat tribunal to require.\\nJudgment was rendered for the defendant. The\\ncase was then carried up to the supreme court of\\nthe United States, where, in 1819, judgment was\\npronounced in favor of the trustees, reversing the\\ndecisions of the courts below. This judgment was\\nbased upon the opinion that the college charter\\nwas a contract within the meaning of the con-\\nstitution; an opinion, which, had it remained un-\\nquestioned, would have given to our chartered\\ncorporations a supremacy over the laws of the\\nland, which nothing short of revolution could ex-\\ntinguish. Such, however, was not the result.\\nOur federal courts have gradually adopted dif-\\nferent rules of construction, under which char-\\ntered rights have sometimes yielded to the public\\nwelfare.\\nThe decision of Chief Justice Richardson was\\nsustained generally by public opinion in New\\nHampshire and throughout the United States.\\n53", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "4,18 HISTORY OF\\nThe farmers, merchants, and mechanics, adopt-\\ning common sense views without much reflection\\nor research, could not perceive that when their\\nfathers threw off the British yoke and established\\na republican government, there yet remained within\\ntheir territory a vestige of that other government\\nwhich they had rejected the offspring of royalty\\nwith power to perpetuate itself forever yet pro-\\ntected from all responsibility and control that\\nwhile every town and every citizen in his individ-\\nual capacity, and every other corporation, was\\nobliged to submit to the state laws, yet that a col-\\nlege might set those laws at defiance and stand\\naloof from accountability; and that the revolu-\\ntion, which changed the relations and rights of the\\ncitizen, yet wrought no change in the rights of\\na college chartered before the revolution that\\nwhile the revolution swept every vestige of royalty\\naway, yet that a college remained as a fortress of\\nroyal rights and, while deriving its authority from\\nthe crown, might be seeking to destroy liberty,\\nor might, in any other respect, pursue a course\\nof ever so great wickedness and unlawfulness,\\nwithout being subjected to either punishment or\\nrestraint. They thought there was a manifest\\ndifference between a corporation granted for the\\nprivate advantage of its members and one in-\\nstituted and continued in existence solely for the\\npublic good that though, in the former case, the\\ncorporators may have vested rights, because they\\nhave an interest in the income of the corporation,\\nyet, in the latter, as there is no such interest, so no\\nsuch rights exist that, in the one case, the mem-\\nbers may justly seek their own emolument in the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 419\\nOther, the public welfare should be their sole chap.\\nXII\\nobject; that the trustees of Dartmouth college, ^.J^\\ntherefore, could justly have no private interest in\\ntheir offices, but were the mere servants of the\\npublic, to carry into effect the objects of the legis-\\nlature and the people, in patronising that institu-\\ntion; that public sentiment is greatly influenced,\\nif not entirely regulated, by the liberally educat-\\ned that the liberally educated imbibe their sen-\\ntiments from their instructors and the books stud-\\nied in the course of their education that it is,\\ntherefore, a matter of the highest public concern\\nthat these instructors and books should teach sen-\\ntiments congenial with republican institutions\\nand that the certain attainment of this object re-\\nquires that colleges and public seminaries should\\nbe directly or indirectly within the control of the\\nlegislature.\\nWhoever should consult the newspapers of the\\ncollege, the Dartmouth Gazette and the Ports-\\nmouth Oracle, and adopt their opinions, would\\ndeem the legislators and the people the most abso-\\nlute agrarians and assassins. Whoever should\\nconsult the New Hampshire Patriot and other\\npapers of the people, would infer that the charter\\nprofessors and their abettors were little better than\\nSpanish inquisitors. Both sides were partially\\nwrong. The people were not assassins, nor were\\nthe charter professors with strict justice compared\\nto Spanish inquisitors but a question had arisen,\\nof great public concern on the one side, and of\\nprivate interest and ambition on the other. It\\nwas but natural that the people should be irritated\\nby what they deemed a factious opposition to con-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "420 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, stitutional laws, and that the college should cling\\ntenaciously to its long enjoyed interests and pow-\\ners. It was but natural that bitter animosity\\nshould be engendered by dispute, and that passion\\n1816. and prejudice should rule the hour.\\nThe decision of the superior court of New\\nHampshire was finally overruled and reversed by\\nthe supreme court of the United States and thus\\nthe laws of the state were crushed under the\\nwheels of the general government. When it was\\nknown at Hanover that the decision of the state\\ncourt had been reversed at Washington, the stu-\\ndents of the old college riotously entered the uni-\\nversity and seized the books by force. The pro-\\nfessors of the university were assailed with clubs\\nand threatened with death and when they at-\\ntempted to defend themselves, they were com-\\nplained of as criminals. The students of the old\\ncollege found a magistrate of the village subser-\\nvient to their purpose; and the university profes-\\nsors, for attempting a feeble defence against over-\\nwhelming numbers, were arrested and carried\\nbefore him for trial and punishment. They were\\nthen burnt in effigy.\\nWhile such were the proceedings of the stu-\\ndents, the people received the decision of the\\nUnited States court, although they believed it to\\nbe wrong, with the utmost dignity and moderation\\nof conduct. Indeed, it afforded a new and con-\\nvincing proof of their patriotism and love of or-\\n1816. der that they submitted to a decision which they\\ndeemed to be manifestly at variance with the con-\\nstitution and the laws, and an arbitrary encroach-\\nment of the general government upon the rights", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "NEWHAMrSHIRE. 4,21\\nof the state. The doctrines of the court in this chap.\\ncase have met with a growing disapprobation in all 1.\\nparts of the country, and are now regarded as of\\nvery doubtful authority. But it is not to be de-\\nnied that the people acted wisely in yielding to the\\nestablished tribunals of the country, and awaiting\\nthe slow operation of time to correct the errors of\\nhuman judgment. It is believed by many that the\\nday is not far distant when the Dartmouth col-\\nlege case will be subjected to an entire revision,\\nand the institution be placed under the control of\\nthe legislature.\\nDuring the summer of 1817, James Monroe,\\nhaving been elected to the presidency by a large\\nmajority, made a tour to the northern states. He\\nvisited Portsmouth, Dover, Concord, and Han-\\nover in this state, and here, as everywhere else,\\nwas received with distinguished tokens of respect.\\nBoth parties united, with equal zeal, in the gen-\\nerous preparations which were everywhere made\\nfor his reception. And, indeed, a suspension of\\nthat political warfare which had so long agitated\\nthe country, commencing amid the festivities which\\neverywhere attended the progress of the chief mag-\\nistrate of the Union, and favored by the pacific\\npolicy of his administration, continued with little\\ninterruption to its close.\\nThe state-house at Concord was this year\\nerected a neat, spacious and beautiful building\\nof hammered granite, from the extensive quarries\\nof the same town. Its expense was more than\\neighty thousand dollars, a considerable portion\\nof which was sustained by the citizens of Con-\\ncord. During the same year the Athenceum was 1817.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "422 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, established at Portsmouth; an institution which\\nXII\\nnow possesses a valuable cabinet of minerals,\\nan extensive collection of antiquities, and one of\\nthe largest and most valuable libraries in the\\nsf^te.\\n1819. Governor Plummer having declined a re-elec-\\ntion, the Hon. Samuel Bell was, in March, 1819,\\nelected his successor in the chief magistracy.\\nThe Hon. William Hale, of Dover, received the\\nvotes of the federal party, which, on this occasion,\\nmade only a very feeble opposition. The seat on\\nthe bench of the superior court, which Mr. Bell\\nhad resigned to enter upon his duties of governor,\\nwas filled by the appointment of Samuel Green,\\nEsq., of Concord.\\nThe passage of the toleration law, in 1819, was\\nby far the most important measure of this admin-\\nistration. It for the first time placed all religious\\nsects in the state upon equal ground, and made\\nthem dependent upon the free contributions of the\\npeople for their support.\\nFrom the first establishment of a few infant set-\\ntlements in this state, the people had been dis-\\nposed to resist the imposition of all restraints upon\\ntheir religious opinions, and all unnecessary bur-\\nthens upon their property. The first settlers were\\nmen who sought to better their condition by the\\nuse of such humble resources as our woods and\\nwaters aftbrded. These were soon followed by\\nreligious non-conformists, flying from the persecu-\\ntions of the puritans. The former class thought\\nmore of their fisheries, their searchings after mines,\\nand their trade, and the latter of secluded homes\\nand reUgious liberty, than of the doubtful advan-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 423\\ntages to be derived from the exclusive establish-\\nment of a particular sect. Here Quakers and\\nnon-conformists were safe. Religious distinctions\\nwere unknown in public affairs. And as a natural\\nconsequence, when our little settlements were an-\\nnexed to Massachusetts, the religious tests which\\nthe rigid rulers of that colony had established,\\nwere entirely dispensed with, so far as related to\\ncitizens of New Hampshire. They were author-\\nized to vote, and their deputies were allowed to\\nsit in the general court, even when they did not\\nclaim to be members of that church, to which, in\\nMassachusetts, all such privileges were confined.\\nDescending from such a stock, and representing\\nancestors of every possible creed, there was never\\nany general feeling among the people averse to the\\nreligious rights of any portion of the community.\\nFrom a regard, however, for religion in the aggre-\\ngate, rather than the interests of any particular\\nsect, the early legislators of this state had enact-\\ned a law, empowering the several towns to raise\\nmoney, by taxation, to build churches and support\\na Christian ministry.\\nThe progress of new sects, gradually springing\\nup in the state, soon produced a great diversity of\\nreligious sentiment among its people. Over these\\nnew and feeble divisions of the religious commu-\\nnity, a single denomination held the supremacy in\\nnearly every town. The dissenters from this pre-\\nvailing sect, divided among themselves, were sel-\\ndom strong enough to support a ministry of their\\nown. In this event, they were liable to be pur-\\nsued with all the rigors of the law, if they failed\\nto pay the established clergy a full share of the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "424 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, expenses incurred in their support. Thus many\\n,_^.^ of the people were compelled to pay for the erec-\\ntion of churches they never entered, for teachings\\nthey never heard, and clerical labors which they\\nconscientiously regarded as tending only to perpet-\\nuate the dominion of religious errors over the pub-\\nlic mind. A law, undoubtedly established in the\\nfirst instance from pure motives and for the public\\nbenefit, had thus become converted into an engine\\nof oppression.\\nIts repeal, however, met with a very decided\\nopposition. It was declared that it would at once\\nbe destructive of religion and the public morals.\\nSuch objections have ever been raised against\\nmeasures designed to extend the liberties of man-\\nkind. But when the toleration bill had once gone\\ninto operation, equalising the privileges of the dif-\\nferent sects, and promoting harmony of feeling\\namong their members, it gained additional respect\\nfor the sentiments of all religious denominations,\\nand operated injuriously upon the interests of none.\\nChurches have grown up under its provisions in\\nevery neighborhood, and a numerous ministry, de-\\npendent upon the voluntary contributions of the\\npeople, have been sustained with the most honor-\\nable liberality. The people have given twice as\\nmuch, of their own free will, as could be wrung\\nfrom them under the old law, and it seems long\\nsince to have been conceded tliat the true inter-\\nests of every sect have been promoted by its\\nrepeal.\\nBefore the passage of the toleration act, the\\npeople had borne, with astonishing patience, the\\nsupport of the congregational order by law. Year", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 425\\nafter year had the honest Quaker, the Baptist, chap.\\nthe UniversaUst, been taxed for the support of a\\nrehgion in which he did not beheve and when he\\nrefused payment, was sent to a dungeon, or ru-\\nined by a never-ending lawsuit. The courts were\\ntinctured with orthodoxy, and corruption ap-\\npeared upon the bench. The jury were secretly\\nculled dissenters were taken off, and their\\nplaces supplied with those whose well known or-\\nthodoxy afforded a guaranty that the law, right\\nor wrong, would be enforced.\\nWhile such was the state of things at home, the\\npeople of New Hampshire had seen a revolution\\nprogressing in Connecticut, similar to that which\\nwas now beginning among themselves. Ever since\\nthe first settlement of Connecticut, the people had\\ngroaned under an oppressive system of religious\\nintolerance. It was a complete and most odious\\nunion of church and state. None but the standing\\norder of clergy could there obtain a legal support;\\nand the laws for the support of that order were\\nsuch a direct violation of the right of every man to\\nworship God according to the dictates of his own\\nconscience, that by many they were deemed dis-\\ngraceful to humanity. Often was the parish col-\\nlector seen robbing the humble dwelling of honest\\npoverty of its table, chairs and andirons, or selling\\nat vendue the cow of the poor laborer, on which\\nthe subsistence of his family depended, in order to\\nload with luxuries the ta])lc of an indolent [)riest,\\nor clothe in purple those who partook with him of\\nthe spoils of the poor. All ministers not of the\\nstanding: order were viewed as thieves and rob-\\nbers as wolves in sheep s clothing who had\\n54", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "4,26 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, gained a dishonest entrance into the fold, and\\nXII\\n._,^^_ whom it was the duty of the standing order to\\ndrive out. In 1818, a bill was reported to the\\nconvention of that state, confirming freedom of\\nconscience to all. Every man possessed of real\\nindependence and enlightened views, rejoiced at a\\nrevolution which sundered so monstrous a union of\\nthe church and the state in Connecticut. The cler-\\ngy of the standing order deprecated mourned\\nthreatened, and exclaimed, Alas! for that great\\ncity! But the vast concourse of the people\\njoined in thanksgiving for its destruction. Such\\nwas the change which the people of New Hamp-\\nshire had witnessed in a neighboring state. They\\nthemselves were bound by a system less odious in\\nthe degree of practical evil which it inflicted, but\\nin principle essentially the same. The act of the\\n13th of Anne, empowered towns to hire and settle\\nministers, and to pay them a stipulated salary\\nfrom the town taxes. This was not directly a\\nunion of church and state but it operated most\\noppressively. Each town could select a minister\\nof a particular persuasion, and every citizen was\\ncompelled to contribute toward the support of the\\nclergyman and to build the church, unless he\\ncould prove that he belonged to a different persua-\\nsion and regularly attended public worship else-\\nwhere on the Lord s day.\\nBill of The bill of rights declares, that no person of\\nRights, 1\\nArt.o. any one particular religious sect, or denomination,\\nshall ever be compelled to pay towards the sup-\\nport of the teacher or teachers of another persua-\\nsion, sect, or denomination, and that no subordi-\\nnation of any one sect or denomination, to another.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 427\\nshall ever be established by law. Notwithstand- chae\\ning these clear provisions, the statute of Anne L\\ncontinued substantially to prevail. The act of\\n1791 changed the form but not the nature of the\\noppression. It vested in the selectmen of the\\ntovv^ns the powers (essentially) which had before\\nbeen vested in the body of the citizens. The\\nselectmen could still settle a minister and tax the\\npeople for his support. They could build a church,\\nand search the pockets of dissenters for the funds.\\nThey could prefer whatever persuasion they\\npleased, and thus compel the people to bow to\\nwhatever image man might set up. How could\\na dissenter avoid paying the tax Only by prov-\\ning that he belonged to another sect. The proof\\nwas often difficult to obtain, sometimes impossible.\\nWhen a suit was instituted against him for the\\ntax, and he was brought into court, he was met\\nby able counsel, employed by the selectmen, well\\nversed in law, and ready to quibble at the slight-\\nest lack of proof, and vex him by nice legal distinc-\\ntions. Mr. Smith and Mr. Mason, in one case,\\ncontended that the defendant, whose defence was\\nthat he was a Baptist, could not avoid the pay-\\nment, because he had not proved that he had been\\ndipped. Neither is he a Congregationalist, re-\\nplied Mr. Sullivan and Mr. Bartlett, because he\\nhas not proved that he has been sprinkled.\\nSuch was the vexatious nature of the suits to\\ndissenters themselves. But if they could not avoid\\nthe tax, how must it be with those who belonged\\nto no religious sect For them there was no\\nescape. They were compelled to pay, notwith-\\nstanding the plain declaration of the constitution\\nof the United States.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "428 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP. Were it not for the general intolerance of that\\nXII\\nday, it might be a subject of wonder that the peo-\\nple should submit to a law thus unconstitutional\\nand void, as well as oppressive, for the space of\\ntwenty-eight years. Yet such was the period of\\ntheir submission and such the provisions of the\\nlaw. But they manifested an increasing dissatis-\\nfaction. They had seen the poor man cast into\\nprison, and the obstinate man after spending his\\nfortune in a fruitless resistance to the claims of the\\nselectmen, overpowered at last, when perhaps the\\ndestitute wife and children needed the little for-\\ntune he had thus squandered in an unsuccessful\\ncontest. The New Hampshire Patriot,* a popular\\npaper at the seat of government, had spoken\\nwarmly against the oppressive exactions of the old\\nlaw. 31 any of the most enlightened minds in the\\nstate were known to be its opponents.\\nBesides the revolution in Connecticut, they had\\nseen the representatives of France vote down a\\nproposition to enforce respect to the established\\nreligion of the French empire and to punish out-\\nrage against it. They had read of those move-\\nments in Maryland, in which the name of Breck-\\nenridge had become famous for a speech which\\nhe had made on the Jew bill, and in which he\\nbrought out, and set in lucid and beautiful order,\\nthe great doctrines of civil and religious liberty.\\nThe state of Vermont had commenced, in 1791,\\nthe same system established in New Hampshire.\\nIn 180.3, it was relaxed, and any person declaring to\\nor writing to the selectmen, that he was not of the\\nsame religious sect with the majority of the town,\\nThen conducted by Isaac Hill.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 429\\nwas exempt from taxation. In 1807, the compul- chap.\\nsory law was wholly abolished. Yet the state of J__\\nVermont was not ruined by the change, as had\\nbeen predicted by the advocates for compulsion.\\nIn Connecticut the laws had been abolished which\\ncompelled uniformity of religion, by obliging every\\ntown to support a clergyman, and allowed to no\\nman the right of suffrage, unless he was in full\\ncommunion with the church. All this was swept\\naway, to give place to complete toleration and\\nequahty yet neither vice nor crime increased.\\nThe state of Pennsylvania never compelled the\\nsupport of religion yet the people were not want-\\ning in piety, and they had little of the clamor of\\nreligious faction.\\nThe constitution of Maine, formed about this 1819.\\ntime, seemed to embody the liberal sentiments tmioil\\nwhich began everywhere to prevail. Her bill of Midne.\\nrights, modelled after that of New Hampshire,\\ndeclared that there should ])e no religious test\\nas a qualification for any oHice that no person Bin of\\nshould be hurt, molested or restrained in his per-\\nson, liberty or estate for worshipping God in the\\nmanner and season most agreeable to the dictates\\nof his own conscience. Such was the progress of\\nopinions abroad, when the toleration act of New\\nHampshire came up on its final passage in the esof\\nHull.\\nhouse of representatives. It was a favorite maxim bard\\nwith the anti-tolerationists, that every man ought and\\nto be compelled to pay for the support of religion\\nsomewhere; and they contended that this was es^ oi\\nimplied by the constitution. The tolerationists pief*\\ndenied both the constitutionality and the expedi- lett,\\nency of the doctrine, and contended for absolute Butters\\nHubbard s Speech,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "430 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, freedom and voluntary contribution. The oppo-\\nnents of toleration maintained that it was the design\\nof the framers of the constitution that every citi-\\nbard s zen should be compelled to contribute his just and\\nXne, equal proportion for the maintenance and support\\nof the ministry. They also gravely contended, and\\nwith much sincerity argued, that the passage of\\nthis law would produce the dire etTect to make\\nyoung people walk in the fields and associate and\\nvisit much together on the Sabbath that it\\nwould introduce confusion that it would dis-\\ncourage preachers of the gospel, by making them\\ntoo dependent.\\nOn the other hand, the advocates for toleration\\nmaintained that the law of 1791 was an attempt\\nto compel uniformity of religious faith, and that\\nsuch attempts were destructive to liberty and dis-\\nastrous to religion. They endeavored to prove\\nthat by the constitution neither the selectmen nor\\nthe courts had any right to require evidence of a\\nman s religious faith, beyond his own declaration\\nthat his own deliberate avowal of his belief should\\nbe the highest evidence required, and should ex-\\nspeech cusc him from paying the tax. Have we, said\\nWhip- Whipple, any tribunal to which, as a standard\\nof faith, men s consciences can be referred for de-\\ncision and regulation Has our constitution pro-\\nvided any such? How then, sir, is this question\\nto be settled, but by the individual s declaration,\\nconcerning his own religious belief? And, sir,\\ndo not your existing laws in effect establish such\\nan inquisitorial tribunal They authorize the\\nselectmen to assess monies voted by towns for\\nthe support of ministers, and for building and re-\\npairing meeting-houses. In this assessment they", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 431\\nnecessarily exercise their judgments, and assess chap.\\nthose whom they deem liable; your collectors\\nare armed with strong powers; no barrier is in-\\nterposed between the delinquent s property and\\ntheir grasp; property is taken, exposed to pub-\\nlic sale and the tax satisfied. The only remedy ^le l\\nleft the oppressed citizen is an appeal to his ^^Tnc,\\npeers under the direction of judicial officers,\\nwhere his conscience is submitted to the arbit-\\nrament of jurors, and of jurors too, perhaps,\\nunder the influence of strong religious preju-\\ndices! After struggling for years against the\\ncombined influence of the town, the prejudices\\nof the jurors, the corruption of witnesses, the\\ningenuity of counsel, disposed to perpetuate the\\noppression, and the glorious uncertainty of the\\nlaw; after spending the means on which his family\\ndepend for support, ruining his fortune and re-\\nducing himself to beggary he may recover the\\namount of tax and cost. For, sir, let it be\\nremembered that unless he shows corruption in\\nthe selectmen, or assessors, or a design to tax\\nwrongfully, he can recover no exemplary damages.\\nBut even this pitiful redress is not certain. In-\\nstances have frequently occurred when jurors could\\nnot agree, and the man wrongfully assessed has\\nbeen dismissed from the tribunal, where drowsy\\njustice still nodded upon her rotten seat, intoxica-\\nted by the poisonous draught of bigotry prepared\\nfor her cup.\\nIt was not enough for a man to declare to the\\nselectmen that he was not of the established reli-\\ngion. This denial, far from pacifying, rather\\nserved to inflame the agents of the dominant creed,", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "432 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, who were never satisfied until the dissenter was\\nXH\\n_,,.^ arrested and committed to prison.\\nBill of The fifth article of the bill of rights declares,\\nRights,,\\nArt. V. that every individual has a natural right to wor-\\nship God according to the dictates of his own con-\\nscience and reason; and no subject shall be hurt,\\nmolested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or\\nestate, for worshipping God in the manner and\\nseason most agreeable to the dictates of his own\\nconscience, or for his religious profession, senti-\\nments or persuasion provided he doth not dis-\\nturb the public peace, or disturb others in their\\nreligious worship.\\nNotwithstanding this plain declaration of the\\nbill of rights, no Christians but Congregationalists\\nwere recognised as a religious sect. There was\\nbut one sect known to the law of 1791. Univer-\\nsalists, Methodists, Baptists, were indiscrimingtely\\nclassed with the Orthodox, and when they plead-\\ned their difference of sentiment as a reason why\\nthey should not be taxed, they were told that they\\nwere not acknowledged by the laws as religious\\ndenominations, and that the assessors therefore\\nmight assess them with Congregationalists. The\\ncourts even sanctioned this doctrine and, for the\\nfirst time, perhaps, the confidence of the people in\\nthe judiciary was shaken. After having been\\nmolested by the most oppressive taxes, con-\\ntrary to the express language and plain meaning\\ncor*ds of the bill of rights for thirteen years, the Freewill\\n%ec.^j\\\\ Baptists procured an act of the legislature to be\\njinM3, passed in 1801, recognising them as a rehgious\\naSV denomination The Universalists did the same in\\n^1^07. 1805, and the Methodists in 1807.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 433\\nIn the course of the discussions which arose chap:\\nupon this vitally important question, the opponents\\nof toleration strenuously contended that it was the\\nduty of the state government to establish and en-\\nforce uniformity of religion. This position was as-\\nsailed in a most powerful manner by Dr. Whipple.\\nThis attempt at uniformity, said he, has Speech\\nof Dr.\\nin all governments and countries produced that whip-\\npie.\\nvery state of public depravity and moral desola-\\ntion so much deprecated by the opponents of this\\namendment. The requirement in a foreign gov-\\nernment,* that any individual shall have partaken\\nof the sacrament, before the exercise of any civil\\ntrust, is directly calculated to produce hypocrisy\\nand irreligion. For this reason you see men aris-\\ning from the the sacred emblems of the blood and\\nbody of our Lord, to drunkenness, lewdness and\\nprofanity. It was this spirit which kindled the\\nfires of the Inquisition collected the fagots, and\\nemboldened the horrid inquisitor to chant ex-\\npiTTgat Deus, aroimd the consuming corse of the\\nhuman victim. This was the spirit, sir, which,\\nunder the mask of Christianity,\\nWith Heaven s own thunders shook the world below,\\nAnd played the God an engine on his foe.\\nIt was the indulgence of this spirit which fixed\\na stain on the character of Calvin, which not all\\nhis excellent virtues, nor time, nor oblivion can\\nwash out. To this idol, Servetus was sacrificed as\\na burnt offering. To glut this monster, the blood\\nof Balzec flowed and to slake his thirst for re-\\nvenge, the amiable, learned and industrious Cas-\\nConnecticut.\\n55", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "434 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, talio was slandered, traduced and exposed to\\nL suffering. It was this, sir, which caused the\\nbloody Mary to sacrifice her hecatombs of human\\nvictims in the sight of Heaven, in the sight of that\\nGod who has declared himself the common Father\\nof us all.\\nThis spirit, sir, caused our forefathers, who\\nthemselves fled from persecution, to banish Qua-\\nkers, whip dissenting females, persecute Baptists,\\nand to do other enormities which have stained the\\npages of our history. And is none of this spirit\\nleft among us Is it extinct No, sir this\\nspirit now operates. It is this which causes those\\nwho advocate the cause of religious freedom to be\\nstigmatized with the opprobrious epithets of deist,\\natheist, and men of no religion.\\nAfter this speech was delivered, the antagonists\\nof Dr. Whipple sharpened their weapons anew,\\nand prepared to make another and stronger ap-\\npeal to the prejudices and fears of the legislature.\\nbard s Pass the bill now on the table, said Mr.\\n1819. Hubbard, and the temples now consecrated to\\nJuly.\\nthe worship of the Saviour of the world will soon\\nbe deserted and forsaken.\\nke s The opponents of the bill carried the minds of\\n*5^iJ, their hearers back to the epoch of the French rev-\\nolution, and informed the house that the bloody\\nscenes of that drama commenced by treating with\\ncontempt the institutions of religion.\\nYet so rapid was the change of public sentiment\\nin favor of the bill, and so poorly did the objec-\\ntions raised against it bear the test of examination,\\nthat even some of the ablest opponents* of the bill,\\nAmonff these was Mr. Hubbard.\\n1817.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 435\\nwhile it was under discussion, voted in the affirm- chap.\\nXTT\\native on the question of its final passage.\\nThe remaining opponents of the law, however,\\nendeavored to convince the house that some of the\\nmost bloody scenes in history had been caused by\\na want of respect for the clergy. It was for Dr.\\nWhipple to reply to arguments like these, by illus-\\ntrations drawn from the same sources. Has\\nthe gentleman, (Mr. Parker,) said he, forgot-\\nten the day of St. Bartholomew, at Paris, when, ^j^|p-\\nin one fatal night, sixty thousand dissenters were ^v^^\\nmurdered in cold blood, under the direction of the\\nofficers of the established church Has he forgot-\\nten the revocation of the edict of Nantz, in the\\nreign of Louis XIV., by which measure fifty thou-\\nsand dissenting families went into exile and num-\\nbers perished Or can it be said, that those\\nscenes, so shocking to humanity, so repugnant to\\nthe pure principles of the Christian religion, hap-\\npened from any want of respect for the clergy of\\nthat day? No, sir; the church was then abun-\\ndant in her revenues, splendid and imposing in her\\nworship, and the clergy dictated the government\\nitself. These outrages originated, sir, not in a\\nwant of respect for the clergy, nor in sectarian\\ninfluence; but in that desire for uniformity, that\\nitch for splendid external worship, which in all\\nages and in every country has produced domina-\\ntion and cruelty in the clergy and stupidity and\\nslavery in the people. We neither ridicule nor\\noppress the clergy. We commend their virtues\\nand value their labors, while directed to the great\\nand important purposes of teaching that religion\\nwhich is pure, peaceable, gentle, easy to be en-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "43^ HISTORY OF\\n.ih-,\\nCHAP, treated, full of good works, without partiality and\\n,3!L, witliout hypocrisy. But, sir, when we see them\\nanxious to amass power, wealth, worldly honor,\\nrather than that which cometh from above when\\nwe see them endeavoring to establish the splen-\\ndor of the church upon the misery of the citi-\\nzen heady, high minded, lovers of pleasure\\nmore than lovers of truth, justice, mercy and\\ncharity; when, like Thomas A. Becket, they are\\naiming at the civil authority then shall we have\\nreason to exclaim, in the language of the litany,\\nfrom such men good Lord deliver us!\\nThis speech was replied to at great length, and\\nably, by the advocates for intolerance, who lost no\\nopportunity to show that the law was unconstitu-\\ntional and subversive of religion. Their argu-\\nments were met by Ichabod Bartlett, a young but\\ndistinguished advocate, of Portsmouth.\\nofTcha- It is objected, said he, that the bill before\\nB^rt- the house permits every person to settle the ques-\\nJuiy, tion for himself, what denomination he is of that\\nhis consent is necessary, to be subjected to any\\ndenomination, and his dissent frees him. Praised\\nbe God, that the wisdom of our fathers has so\\nConsti- ordained for thus I undertake to say it is decreed\\ntution y_,, 1 r*\\nof New m our constitution. Ihis is apparent, in the nrst\\nshire, place, fi om the nature of the evils intended to be\\nguarded against by the provisions of that consti-\\nRilVts tution. Their object was not only to secure the\\nArt. v. perfectly free exercise of religious opinions, but to\\nremove all pretence for disturbing or annoying\\nany in the enjoyment of it. The intention was not\\nmerely to authorize a defence against oppressors,\\nbut to disarm bigotry and fanaticism not only to", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 437\\ninterpose the shield of charity and toleration, but chap.\\nto wrest from the hand of persecution the sword\\nthat would be used to perforate it. The framers\\nof that instrument had learned, by fatal expe-\\nrience, the truth of Lord Mansfield s declaration\\nbefore the house of peers, that conscience is not\\ncontrollable by human laws nor amenable to\\nhuman tribunals. Persecution or attempts to force\\nconscience can never produce conviction, and are\\nonly calculated to make hypocrites or martyrs.\\nThey had learned the outrages of religious infatu-\\nation when countenanced by law. History had\\ntold them of the horrors of the civil power, under\\nthe pretence of pious purposes, which v^cre prac-\\ntised upon the followers of our Saviour. They\\nhad seen, with the cruelty, the inefficacy too of\\nthe civil government upon this subject. They had\\nseen an army of seven hundred thousand men, for\\nreligious purposes, making prisoners and victims,\\nbut never converts or Christians. They had seen\\nits absurdity in solemn convocations upon the\\nmost frivolous pretences. They had not only seen\\nthe effect of the stake and fagot in the reign of\\nMary they had not only looked upon the con-\\ndition of the sufferer, but had themselves passed\\nthrough the fires of persecution. They had en-\\ncountered the savage beasts and savage men of\\nthe wilderness, to escape the more savage fury of\\nrelisfious intolerance. And, such is the effect of\\nfanaticism, they had seen those yet bleeding with\\nthe stripes and wounds of persecution, themselves\\nbecome persecutors and even the legislative re-\\ncords of a neighboring colony stained with an act\\nauthorizing the putting to death, without even the", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "438 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, form of a trial, any Quaker, Adamite, or here-\\nXII\\nJ__ tic Disgusted with the follies and absurdities,\\nshocked at the horrors, and bleeding with the\\nwounds, which religious bigotry, armed with civil\\npower, had inflicted, the framers of our constitu-\\ntion determined to guard against the repetition of\\nsuch scenes. They had become convinced, too,\\nthat the pure religion of the gospel would ever\\nflourish best unencumbered with legal pains and\\npenalties; that every eflbrt of compulsion and\\nforce reacted upon the movers and that even\\nshould an external observance of any particular\\ncreed be enforced by the civil authority, it could\\nat best command but a hypocritical service that\\ntenets, enforced by an oflicer of the law, or the\\npoint of the bayonet, could produce no salutary\\ninfluence upon the mind. And while experience\\nhad taught them the ineflicacy of such attempts,\\nrevelation proclaimed that the principles of the\\ngospel were their own best support and that the\\nwork, if it were of God, would prevail. With\\nsuch convictions, they determined to remove every\\npretence for violence and that the arm of civil\\npower should in no case interfere where the peace\\nof civil society was undisturbed.\\nThose evils, sir, are not guarded against the\\nviews of those who framed our constitution are\\nnot accomplished upon any other construction of\\nthat instrument than the one adopted by this bill.\\nSay to the majority of any town that they may tax,\\nnot only their own sect, but all, who, they may\\nplease to say, do not belong to some other sect\\nand deprive the person so assessed from deciding\\nthat question and what is the consequence Do", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 439\\nwe want new evidence of the propensity of any chap.\\ndominant sect to assume to itself all claim to cor-\\nrectness to dispense indiscriminately the title of\\ninfidel and heretic to all who differ Do we not\\nknow that the privileges and powers of the consti-\\ntution, thus interpreted\\nLike saving faith, by each would be applied\\nTo one small sect, and all are damned beside\\nDid those who sought the blood of our fore-\\nfathers believe they were sending to the scaffold\\nand stake persons of any religion? Never. Take\\nfrom the dissenter the power of determining his\\nfaith for himself, and the sect in power, while\\nthey levy their contributions upon him, will claim\\nthe merit of seizing the goods of infidels for the\\nsupport of religion as the executioners of our\\nancestors did the praise of destroying their bodies\\nto save their souls from heresy.\\nIt may perhaps be thought that in the present\\nage there can be no danger in putting a construc-\\ntion upon this provision of the constitution, which\\nshall give the majority a right to decide upon and\\ncontrol the religious opinions of the minority.\\nHas human nature changed Has it ceased to be\\ntrue that like causes produce like effects Give\\nto religious bigotry the power, and you shall again\\nhear the thunders of the Vatican denouncing all\\ndissenters. You shall soon see a second edition\\nof the famous unam sanctam, declaring a univer-\\nsal assent to the exercise of omnipotence by some\\nparticular sect, in matters of faith, essential to sal-\\nvation. They may not perhaps again clothe those\\nthey condemn as heretics in garments of pitch for", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "410 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, a conflagration, or in the skins of wild beasts to\\n1, be devoured by dogs but they will enrol them in\\ntheir tax lists, to support doctrines which may be\\nthought of a pernicious tendency, and set upon\\nthem a no less ravenous race of blood-hounds.\\nFanaticism, said Sir James M Intosh, is the\\nmost incurable of all mental diseases, because, in\\nall its forms, it is distinguished by a mad contempt\\nfor experience. Not the enemies, but the friends\\nof religion have too much reason, with regard to\\nthe leaders of different denominations, without dis-\\ntinction, to describe each in the language of an\\neloquent divine of the present day, as arrogating\\nall excellence to his own sect, and all saving\\npower to his own creed sheltering, under the name\\nof pious zeal, the love of domination, the conceit\\nof infallibility, and the spirit of intolerance; and\\ntrampling on men s rights under pretence of sav-\\ning their souls.\\nThese and similar speeches went forth to the\\npeople were eagerly read and loudly applauded\\nby all but the Congregational order. The sound-\\nness of their arguments produced great effect.\\nIndeed, so evident are most of their positions, and\\nso apparent, tliat at the present day the only won-\\nder is that they should ever have been doubted,\\nor should ever have found opponents. These\\nopponents constantly sought for historical proofs\\nof the danger of multiplying sects. But had they\\nsought to find illustrations of the danger of swal-\\nlowing up all minor sects in one predominant order,\\nthey would have been much more successful in\\ntheir researches.\\nAgainst the toleration act fanaticism fought", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 44)1\\nwith its usual ferocity. By the eiiHghtened por- crat.\\nlion of the people it was hailed with joy. By the ,-l_\\northodox it was loaded with anathemas. The\\nclergy feared that their tithes would be diminished\\nwhen the people were no longer compelled to pay\\nthem. The ignorant and bigoted mourned over\\nthe change with well-meant sorrows. Alack!\\nAlack! said they, religion! we have none\\nof it. Our general court at Concord have put\\naway our religion. The godly folk there fought\\nhard and long for religion, but the wicked ones\\noutnumbered them, and religion is clean gone.\\nThe clergy had instilled into the minds of the igno-\\nrant that the wicked ones (who composed a major-\\nity of the legislature) had destroyed a law with-\\nout which religion could not exist.\\nAfter the passage of the toleration act, a clamor\\nwas raised throughout the state, with the hope of\\nproducing a reaction against the bill and thus in-\\nfluencing the elections. Some declared it to be\\na repeal of the Christian religion; others said\\nthat the Bible is abolished others that the\\nwicked bear rule. The truth perhaps was that\\nthe dominant sect could no longer support their\\nsystem by extortion and oppression, that all sects\\nwere placed upon a level so that it was not reli-\\ngion which was abolished, but the power of the\\nCongregational order.\\nIn the passage of this law the friends of reli-\\ngious liberty found cause for rejoicing. They\\nregarded it as an auspicious era in the history\\nof New Hampshire, and believed that it would\\nbv^ viewed with peculiar interest throughout the\\ncountry, and with pride and pleasure by their\\n56", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "442 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, posterity. They rejoiced that a law, which they\\nJ L regarded as a stain upon the statute book, had at\\nlength been wiped away and that every citizen\\nmight now worship in the manner and season most\\nagreeable to him, without being driven to a con-\\nfession of faith before a jury, or to the necessity of\\nexpending hundreds of dollars in a court of law\\nto recover back an illegal assessment of a few\\nshillings.\\nNotwithstanding all the clamors raised against\\nthe toleration act, no sooner had it gone into oper-\\nation than religion began to be supported more\\nliberally by voluntary contribution than it had be-\\nfore been by compulsion. When this fact was\\napparent, and stood clearly revealed by the light\\nof experience, the bitter censures which had been\\npassed upon the friends of the law, began to be\\nwithdrawn, and the severest strictures were dealt\\nout freely to its opponents. Thus it happened\\nthat the men, who, at the outset, while the law was\\nunpopular, put their political character and suc-\\ncess at stake by their fearless and decided con-\\nduct, gained finally their reward, while the honest\\ndupes of fanaticism, and the timid and time-serv-\\ning politicians who stooped to gain popularity by\\ncompromising principle, met with the odium which\\nwas their due, and with the distrust which their\\nconduct inspired thus illustrating the wise say-\\nM*^^-\u00e2\u0080\u009e ino- of Governor Bell, that the statesman who\\nsage 01 O\\ng^^Y takes the constitution for his guide, and faithfully\\nadheres to its spirit, may confidently indulge the\\nassurance that he cannot materially err; and\\nthough prejudice or self-interest may misrep-\\nresent and censure his official acts, time, with", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 443\\nthat candid and dispassionate consideration which ciiap\\nit never fails to bring, will eventually do justice to\\nhis motives and his conduct.\\nDuring the toleration contest, the Congrega-\\ntional order levelled their sharpest weapons against\\nthe Methodists a sect then comparatively feeble\\nand possessed of but limited means to make their\\nreal doctrines known. The Orthodox denounced\\nthem as antichrist and immoral; and affirmed\\nthat their church government was a monarchy.\\nTime has shown that whatever may be the faults\\nof their system of church government, no denomi-\\nnation of Christians has done more to improve the\\nmorals of society. Their distinguishing charac-\\nteristic is humility the substance without the\\nshow of godliness. They seem to take no pride in\\ncollecting large funds, erecting costly churches,\\nand pasTsing in splendid pageantry before the world.\\nTheir preachers receive but a scanty livelihood,\\nand expect no more. Is a Methodist clergyman\\nrich? it is in the treasures of another world. In-\\ncessant in labor, plain in his garb, and meek in his\\ndeportment, he moves through the humble sphere\\nof his labors, visiting the abodes of the poor as\\nwell as the mansions of the rich, imparting com-\\nfort to the dying and the destitute, encouraging\\nthe disconsolate, rebuking the proud, and holding\\nout a free salvation, without partiality and vvith-\\nout hypocrisy, to the whole family of man. When\\nthese humble Christians first appeared with their\\ndoctrines, they were described as disturbers of\\nthe peace brawlers disorderly persons,\\nand enemies to learning; and their arduous\\nand honest labors were treated by the Congrega-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "444 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, tional order with proud contumely and vaunting\\nJ\u00e2\u0080\u009e_^ reproach.\\nNothing intimidated by this undeserved censure,\\nthey continued their labors, which at first began\\nwith the poor, but gradually spread through the\\nwealthier portions of society. If they have not\\ndisarmed the hostility of opposing sects, they have\\ncommanded respect by their increasing numbers\\nintelligence, and power. They have commended\\nthemselves to all men by their ardent love for\\nhumanity, by the genuine simplicity of their faith,\\nand by their attachment to liberty and the rights of\\nman. The coldest skeptic can hardly deny that\\nthey have been successful imitators of Christ and\\nit would be difficult for the most jealous republican\\nto discover that their system of church government\\nhas thus far had any practical tendency to monarchy.\\nThe hostility which had been displayed towards\\nthe Methodists, was directed with equal severity\\nagainst the Baptists, and was equally undeserved.\\nThe Universalists, a sect then much weaker\\nthan either of the others, and distinguished by\\nessential differences of opinion from both, did not\\nescape the general attack.\\nThe doctrine of Universalism was first preached\\nin New Hampshire, in 1773, by Mr. Murray.\\nIn 1802, Christopher Erskine, of Claremont, hav-\\ning been sued for parish taxes, by the Congrega-\\ntionalist society in that town, asked advice of the\\ngeneral convention of Universalists. The judges\\nof the supreme court had decided that Congrega-\\ntionalists and Universalists were the same sect in\\nthe eve of the law and thus Erskine was called\\nupon to comply with the demand of the parish, in", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIKE. 445\\nwhich he Hved. If this decision was to abide, chap.\\nsuits without number might be brought against J-,.^\\nUniversalists. The convention appointed Rev.\\nGeorge Richards to present a memorial to the\\njudges on the subject. In 1803, the profession\\nof beHef and plan of the convention was declared.\\nA special address was also sent out fi-om the con-\\nvention to the Universalists of New Hampshire,\\noccasioned by the decision of the judges of the\\nsupreme court of said state, adjudging the pay-\\nment of ministerial taxes to Congregationalist min-\\nisters. They complain that by this decision a\\nwhole body of professing Christians in that state,\\nare blotted from the volume of legal existence.\\nThe points of faith in which Universalists and\\nCongregationalists differ are pointed out, by which\\nit is shown that they cannot be one and the same\\ndenomination. The sufferers are persuaded to\\nsubmit peaceably as good citizens, until redress\\nshould be had of the legislature. The profession\\nof belief was drawn up to show that Universalists\\ndiffered from all others, and were necessarily a\\ndistinct sect.*\\nThe profession of belief declared by the con-\\nvention in 1803, is as follows. It has never been\\naltered, and is satisfactory to the denomination.\\nArt. I. We believe that the Holy Scriptures\\nof the Old and New Testaments contain a revela-\\ntion of the character of God, and of the duty,\\ninterest and final destination of mankind.\\nArt. II. We believe that there is one God,\\nwhose nature is love; revealed in one Lord Jesus\\nChrist, by one Holy Spirit of grace; who will\\nWhilteinore s Modern Ilistorj of Universalism.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "446 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, finally restore the whole family of mankind to holi-\\nness and happiness.\\nArt. III. We believe that holiness and true\\nhappiness are inseparably connected; and that\\nbelievers ought to be careful to maintain order,\\nand practise good works for these things are\\ngood and profitable unto men.\\nThe Universalists were recognised as a distinct\\nsect, June 13, 1S05.\\nRev. Hosea Ballou, a leading and distinguished\\nminister of this denomination, was born in Rich-\\nmond, in this state. He has in his day acquired\\ngreat distinction as a minister and theological con-\\ntroversialist.\\nThe denomination of Universalists has gradu-\\nally increased in New Hampshire, as in other\\nstates of the Union. There are now in the state\\none convention, six associations, eighty-two soci-\\neties, besides churches, sixty-six meeting-houses,\\nowned wholly or in part by Universalists, and\\nthirty-five ministers.\\nThe doctrine which they preach is sometimes\\ncalled universal restoration, but more\\ncommonly Universalism and places in a most\\nattractive light the paternal character of the Deity.\\nIt is a doctrine of extended charity, infinite benev-\\nolence and boundless love. It teaches that the\\nsorrows of man cease with his mortal career\\nthat pain may die and every wo may find an ob-\\nlivion but that joy and hope (in which fear is not\\nmingled,) that life and love are immortal; that\\ninfinite goodness watches over the life and the des-\\nSome of the Universalists, called Kestoratiouists, believe in a limited\\npunishment after death.", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 447\\ntiny of man and that when the trials of a brief chap.\\nXH\\nexistence are past, the Deity will finally bring all _..^\\nmen to a state of felicity, sublime in its nature,\\ninfinite in duration.\\nSuch is the doctrine of Universalism. When\\nfirst taught, it was violently assailed by many of\\nthe best men of every faith. By some it was not\\nunderstood, and by others it was deemed hostile to\\nmorality and dangerous to the good order of so-\\nciety. Yet, in its progress and development, it\\ndoes not appear to be distinguished by any of\\nthose practical evils which were apprehended from\\nthe efforts of the few followers by whom it was\\nfirst propagated.\\nIt was at this period that the scenery of New\\nHampshire began to attract increased attention,\\nand travellers came in greater numbers to view\\nthose features which arc peculiar to the mountains\\nand lakes of this state.\\nProceeding northward from Orford, where the\\nintervals are narrow, the traveller enters a broad\\nand fertile valley at Haverhill, which is spotted by\\nvillages, watered by abundant streams, and sur-\\nrounded by picturesque hills, swelling into moun-\\ntains along the eastern horizon, and rising to\\nlofty heights at the south and west. The route\\nto Moosehillock from Haverhill leads by Owl s\\nHead, an abrupt mountain, which presents its bald\\nand rugged face at the road side which winds\\nalong the Oliverian. The sombre green foliage\\nof the black alder fringes this wild stream, min-\\ngled with the sprightlier leaves of the birch, maple\\nand white ash, with here and there a willow or a\\nslender mountain ash. From this stream a rude", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "44(8 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP, foot path has been cleared, which winds up the\\nmountain s side. Your approach to the summit\\nbecomes visible by the diminished size of the trees,\\nand by their naked, dead and gnarled aspect.\\nThey are pine, spruce and fir the only one that\\nretains its greenness is the mountain ash, which\\nseems to flourish at an elevation where all others\\ndie. The mountain sorrel, which adorns the path\\nwith its delicate white bell, striped with red, ap-\\npears to be the attendant of the trees, and ceases\\nwhere they disappear. At last they sink to craggy\\ndwarfs, and are destitute of foliage. Approach-\\ning the summit, the moss becomes thicker and\\nthicker, until near where the trees disappear it\\ncovers the ground with a carpet of the brightest\\ngreen. Emerging at last from a forest of small\\nfirs, the summit of the mountain rises before you,\\nbearing no forest tree, but bare and seemingly\\ncomposed of ledges and loose blocks of granite.\\nThe blueberry and harebell lie hid amid the cran-\\nnies of the rocks, and the low and knotted vines\\nof the mountain cranberry run over them, even\\nupon the extreme summit where also the same\\nsmall and solitary white flower, which flourishes\\non mount Lafayette, springs up amidst the thick\\nbeds of moss. From the summit of this mountain,\\nwhich is elevated four thousand six hundred and\\nthirty-six feet above the level of the sea, far to the\\neastward a vast expanse of forest stretches away\\nover hills thickly covered with hemlock and spruce,\\nto the purple islands of lake Winnipiseogee,\\nwhich is distinctly visible. Westward, the pros-\\npect is bounded by the rolling ranges of the Green\\nmountains. Southward hills rise o er hills, far as", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE 449\\nthe eye can see; and to the north, the Franconia chap.\\nmountains and the more majestic peaks of the\\nWhite Hills rise and lose themselves in the clouds.\\nThe broad valley of the Connecticut is the charm\\nof this landscape. Its numerous villages, its hun-\\ndreds of farms and orchards, and all the tributary\\nstreams that swell the river, may be traced in their\\ndevious windings by the naked eye.\\nAnother and more charming view of this valley\\nmay be seen from Catamount Hill, which is a more\\nmoderate elevation one mile from Haverhill Cor-\\nner. This view commands twenty miles of the\\nvalley, bounded by the green hills of Vermont and\\nthe parallel range of New Hampshire mountains,\\nwhich seem to form the outer walls of this fine\\namphitheatre of nature.\\nA nearer view of the valley, and by many\\ndeemed more delightful, is afforded from the tops\\nand the upper windows of tlie hotels at Haverhill\\nCorner. This village is built on a noble swell or\\nbroad table of land, in the midst of the valley.\\nThe houses are neatly arranged on the four sides\\nof the public square, which is a fine level green,\\nornamented with trees. The houses on the west-\\nern side are built on the ridge of a declivity which\\nleads quite down to the meadows which border\\nthe river. The height of this declivity, together\\nwith the height of the houses, raises the traveller\\nto an elevation which tnables him to overlook\\ntwelve miles of the valley, which lies immediately\\nbelow him, and to view the meanders of the river\\nthroughout its whole extent. Nowhere else are\\nthe intervals so broad, nor is there any other\\nspot where the river sweeps from side to side of\\n57", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "450 HISTORY OF\\nCHAP the valley with such varied aiul graceful curves.\\nTowards the north it is divided into two streams,\\nwhich having encircled the Oxbow peninsula unite\\nagain below it. Passing southward with a gently\\ndeviating course, now eastward, then westward,\\nit receives the waters of the Oliverian and AVait s\\nriver, and having almost encircled the Piermont\\nmeadows, at the south point of which it turns\\nand seems to run back upon its course, it returns\\nand passes southward through Orford and Hano-\\nver. When the freshets of spring have swelled\\nthe river to a tlood, it overflows the banks, and\\nwhat was a valley now seems a lake but when\\nmantled in summer green or covered with a golden\\nharvest, everything growing with rank luxuriance,\\nthe meadows present the appearance of a vast\\nplantation shaded here and there by majestic trees\\nand waving with the richest crops. When the\\nfrosts of autumn have given to the woods those\\nvaried Inics which constilut(^ the peculiar charm\\nof American forest scenery, this valley [)resents\\na picture, of many miles in extent, where, in the\\nmany-colored woods, the red, yellow and russet\\nbrown are interspersed and blended in those rich\\nand diverse shades, which, as they are never seen\\nin Europe, are the \\\\vonder of European trav-\\nellers. Another and dirter nt view is atlbrded\\nfrom the sunnnit of mount Pulaski, which rises\\non the Vermont side of tho river, immediately be-\\nhind the village of Newbury, and not far from the\\nSulphur springs, which make that town the frequent\\nand delightful resort of travellers. The ascent up\\nthis little mountain is by a winding path of half a", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. 451\\nmile, leading througli rough pastures, which, in chap\\nAugust, are fragrant with the sweet fern and\\nadorned by the flowers of the beauteous harebell.\\nPursuing it upward, you enter the woods, from\\nwhich you emerge suddenly upon the edge of a\\nprecipice, rising almost perpendicularly from the\\nplain, on which stands the village of Newbury.\\nThe Oxbow,a green peninsula, lies immediately be-\\nfore you, and in the distance Moosehillock, sur-\\nrounded by a group of smaller mountains. A\\nnumber of villages of the valley appear at intervals,\\nand the course of the Connecticut is seen for seve-\\nral miles pursuing its devious channel, and occa-\\nsionally washing the bases of the hills on either\\nside.\\nLeaving the Connecticut at Haverhill, the trav-\\neller passes the wild rapids of the Ammonoosuck,\\nand begins to leave behind him the abrupt cliffs on\\nits banks. It is not, however, till lie has ascended\\nfar up the eminences which divide the two rivers\\nthat the roar of that impetuous torrent ceases to\\nbe heard. But he has now arrived where the\\nlands recede towards Lancaster, when, turning his\\nface towards the south, he is presented with one\\nof the most magnificent views of mountain scenery\\nin the world. Westward stands Moosehillock, its\\ndark brown rocks wound in a sheet of snow, which\\nshrouds it from the base upward, and seems to\\nblend with the clouds which float along or hang\\nlodged upon the summit. Farther eastward are\\nthe Franconia mountains. Except their tops, they\\npresent, from their iron foundations upward, only\\nthe dark outline of an impenetrable evergreen for-\\nest. Further south extends a long range of moun-", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "4^ HISTORY OF\\nCHAP tains in Lincoln, but growing loftier in their pro-\\nJ^ gress, their dazzling heights at last overtop the\\nlower Franconia mountains, and exhibit their bald\\npeaks, brown witJi the hues of the rocks, and slop-\\ning dow^nwards into a deep wilderness. Eastward\\nis the great Haystack mountain, and still farther\\nis the grand feature of these regions, the White\\nHills, which seem to prop the heavens, and strike\\nthe beholder with emotions of awe. In winter\\nthey appear like vast mounds of snow, drifted on\\nhigh, peak over peak, to the skies. Westward a\\ndense forest spreads itself, and lends the charm of\\nits various coloring to the picture of grandeur\\nwhich springs from the sublime structure of the\\nmountains around. In winter these cold summits\\nafford no variety, except in the shadows of the\\nclouds, which throw fantastic figures moving in\\ngroups over the snows of the mountains. Some-\\ntimes, at night, the outline of tliese towering cliffs\\nis dimly discernible by the light of the moon and\\nstars but they never present a more magnificent\\nview than when tlie first rays of morning flash\\nupon them, or the rays of the sun gild them at\\nits setting. Descending from the heights of Beth-\\nlehem, a short ride, which completes the distance\\nof forty-five miles from Haverhill, brings him to\\nthe hotel at the Notch.\\nAnother route to tlie mountains is from Lancas-\\nter. Leaving Dalton, intervening hills hide them\\nfrom the traveller, until he emerges upon the mead-\\nows around the village of Lancaster, at the mouth\\nof Israel s river. This stream is fed r)y springs\\nwhich ooze from beneath the White Hills. He\\napproaches the mountains by ascending the river", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "N E W HAMPSHIRE. 453\\nthrough an avenue fenced in by hills of the wild- CHAr.\\nest structure. Boughs of the tamarac and spruce\\noverhang the road. Pondicherry mountain stands\\non the right, and Pliny mountain walls up the left\\nboth clad in deep green foliage to their utmost\\nheights. Sometimes the heat of the sun in this\\nregion causes an evaporation, which gives them the\\nappearance of being veiled in soft azure. This\\nroute from Lancaster is twenty-five miles, in a\\nsoutheastern direction, and ends at the Gothic\\nbattlements of the White Hills. Before arriving\\nthere, the traveller comes again upon the meadows\\nof the wild Ammonoosuck, which winds westward.\\nOver these level lands he passes to the Notch, and\\ncomes upon the source of the Saco, which first\\nappears a gentle rill, that sends its current east-\\nward down through that immense gap which seems\\nto have been rent in the mountains by some dread\\nconvulsion of nature. At the entrance of this ter-\\nrific chasm, a huge fragment, which has started\\nfrom the precipice, impends towards the road, and\\nseems ready to fall. Descending the river, the\\nmountains in some places seem to close before\\nyou, and meet together. In other places their bare\\nsides, scarred with avalanches, rise perpendicularly\\nat first, then, receding, swell into rugged pinnacles,\\nwith projecting crags on either side, which nod\\nover the bleak ridges beneath, threatening to burst\\nfrom their gigantic mounds and crush the lower\\nwalls that surround them. The Saco has now\\nswelled to a maddening torrent, and thunders\\ndown the chasm with a fierce roar and a wild\\necho. Over a cliff on one of the highest points of\\nelevation, distinctly seen, bursts a cataract. In", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "454 HibTORy OF\\nCHAP, summer it is a beautiful cascade. But in spring\\nit comes, apparently gushing from the rocks, leaps\\ndown, foaming, whiter than the snow which swells\\nit into fury, and, crossing the road under a light\\nbridge, tumbles headlong into the Saco. After\\nstruggling through the mountains, the river issues,\\nwith a calm flow, upon the plain below and\\nscarcely can the country furnish a more pleasant\\nvale than that which borders the slow-winding\\n(current of llie Saco in the towns of Conway and\\nFryeburg. Brilliant crystals of quartz, of fine\\nprismatic forms and a pure transparency, some-\\ntimes slightly tinged with purple, are washed into\\nthe tributary torrents, and are found amongst the\\nrocks that border their banks.\\nPrevious to the survey of Dr. Jackson, the\\nscenery at the extreme north of the state was little\\nknown. Its striking features were observed by\\nhim, and are known, to a few persons who have\\nsince visited them, to be among the grandest ex-\\nhibitions of nature in North America. Indian\\nStream is a small settlement near the falls at the\\noutlet of Connecticut lake. It is the most north-\\nerly inhabited place in New Hampshire, and com-\\nprises, in the whole, a colony of three hundred and\\nfifteen persons, scattered on the undulating shores\\nof the lake. They are far removed from any other\\nsettlement, and for many years refused obedience\\nto the laws of the state. Desiring none of the\\nbenefits of civil government, they claimed exemp-\\ntion from its burdens and under a simple govern-\\nment of their own, they resisted the officers of\\nthe law, until they were visited by a military force\\nand reduced to subjection. Their country borders", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "NEW HAMPSHIRE. ^55\\non the table-lands of Canada, and exhibits striking chap.\\nXH.\\nand peculiar features. In 1841, Dr. Jackson ex- L,\\nplored Camers Rump mountain, at some distance\\nfrom the village. It is supposed that none but the\\nIndians had ever ascended it before. It was in the\\nmidst of a violent storm, and having pitched his\\ntent, he remained there two days. The last being\\nclear, and the barometer having risen apparently to\\nits usual height, he found the proximate height of\\nthe mountain to be three thousand six hundred and\\nfifteen feet above the level of the sea which deter-\\nmined it to be one of the highest mountains in the\\nstate, next to the AVhite mountain range. Its geo-\\nlogical character he describes as peculiar. The \u00e2\u0080\u00a2J.^ f;\\nspecimens of rock which he found consisted of JjJ^^,.j\\namorphous masses of hornstone, of various hues of Hj^\\ncolor, from a liglit apple green to almost black.\\nHe found it covered with a low and tangled un-\\ndergrowth, with stunted fir-balsams and spruce.\\nThe view from its summit is one of surpassing in-\\nterest and grandeur. Northward stretches the\\nlofty range of hills which divide the watel s flow-\\ning into the St. Lawrence from those of the Ma-\\ngalloway and Connecticut and beyond these the\\nbroad prairies or table-lands of Canada. South-\\nward are seen Umbagog lake and the Diamond\\nliills, with the numerous waters in their vicinity,\\nand far beyond them the lofty heights of the White\\nmountains. Westward are the lakes and tribu-\\ntary streams of the Connecticut, and along the\\nhorizon s verge, the Green mountains. Eastward\\nthe view is bounded by the granite peaks of\\nMaine, mount Bigelow and mount Abraham.\\nThrough the mountains in the town of Dixville", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "456 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nCHAP, there is a narrow defile, which may be regarded as\\nJ L. one of the most remarkable exhibitions of nature\\nin the state, and is described by Dr. Jackson, as\\nJack-\\nson s perhaps surpassing even the famous Notch of\\nReport.\\np. 87. the White mountams m picturesque grandeur.\\nAngular and precipitous rocks, rising hundreds of\\nfeet almost perpendicularly on either side, present\\nin their rugged appearance a stronger resemblance\\nto the rocks of the Alps than is found elsewhere\\nin New England. Such are the natural features\\nof this remote and but partially explored section\\nof the state. A region so interesting cannot long\\nremain unnoticed by those who visit the state to\\nview its peculiar and sublime features and it is\\nnot improbable that the time will soon come when\\nthe traveller, from the shores of Lake Winnipiseo-\\ngee and the peaks of the White mountains, not\\ncontent with the wonders of nature already seen,\\nv ill pass Dixville Notch, and view the magnificent\\nscenery of the Magalloway.\\nw", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nII II II II III! II I III\\n014 042 804 8", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3277", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "historyofnewhamp00lcbars_0477.jp2"}}