{"1": {"fulltext": "/\\\\S MASTER S\\nPRIMARY\\nHIST O\\nOF THE\\nUN ITE D\\nE 178\\n.1\\n.11175\\n1901\\nCopy 1\\nNEW VO-Mv\\ni can: book go/\\n\\\\rv", "height": "2873", "width": "2101", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class JH II?\\nBook\\nGop 7ightN\u00c2\u00b0 Ax\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.", "height": "2726", "width": "2030", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2726", "width": "1975", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2726", "width": "2030", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2726", "width": "1975", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2726", "width": "2030", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2726", "width": "1975", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2726", "width": "2030", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "A PRIMARY HISTORY\\nOF\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nBY\\nJOHN BACH McMASTER\\nPROFESSOR OF AMERICAN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY\\nOF PENNSYLVANIA\\n\u00c2\u00b0X* c\\nNEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO\\nAMERICAN BOOK COMPANY", "height": "2726", "width": "1975", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "E l\\nTHE LIBRARY OF\\nCONGRESS,\\nTwo Copies Received\\nMAY. 9 1901\\nCOPYRWHT ENTRV\\nCLASS OsXXo. N*.\\n6 5-Z3\\ncopy b.\\n7 5\\nCOPYRIGHT, 1901, BY\\nJOHN BACH McMASTER.\\nEntered at Stationers Hall, London\\nMoM. Pr. H.", "height": "2726", "width": "2030", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nThis book has been written in the belief that a primary\\nhistory of the United States should be short, as interesting\\nas possible, and well illustrated that it should be a narrative\\nof events, not a series of biographical sketches that it should\\ntouch on all matters of real importance in the founding and\\nbuilding of our country; and that it should leave unnoticed\\nsuch questions as are beyond the understanding of the pupils\\nfor whose use it is intended. Those who leave school after\\nbut one year s work in history will thus obtain a fair general\\nknowledge of so much of our history as every American ought\\nto be ashamed not to know, while those who pursue the study\\nfurther will have made a good beginning.\\nThe illustrations are historically authentic. Such pictures\\nare far more valuable than imaginary ones, and it is believed\\nthat in this book, as in the School History, they will be found\\nto be more interesting.\\nThe pronunciation of difficult names is shown in the Index.\\nJOHN BACH McMASTER.\\nPhiladelphia.", "height": "2726", "width": "1975", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nCHAPTER PAGE\\nI. How Europeans found America 7\\nII. The Indians and their Way of Life 10\\nIII. The Spaniards in the South 24\\nIV. The French in the Valleys of the St. Lawrence and the\\nMississippi 31\\nV. The English in Virginia 44\\nVI. The English in New England .56\\nVII. Pioneer Life in New England 04\\nVIII. The Middle Colonies 72\\nIX. The Southern Colonies 83\\nX. Shall France or England rule in America 89\\nXI. Shall France or England rule in America? {Continued) 100\\nXII. The Colonies quarrel with the Mother Country .110\\nXIII. The Long Fight for Independence 120\\nXIV. The Long Fight for Independence (Contin u rf) 134\\nXV. A Better Government needed 144\\nXVI. Trouble with France and Great Britain 150\\nXVII. Building the West 101\\nXVIII. The Question of Slavery begins to make Trouble 174\\nXIX. The Discovery of Gold and the Consequences 182\\nXX. The Slavery Question brings on Civil War 190\\nXXI. The War for the Union on the Land 195\\nXXII. The War for the Union on the Water 200\\nXXIII. llebuilding the Southern States 213\\nXXIV. The Rise of the New West 220\\nXXV. The Close of the Century 228\\nXXVI. The Events of Recent Years 237\\nIndex 24\\n6", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PRIMARY HISTORY\\nCHAPTER I\\nHOW EUROPEANS FOUND AMERICA\\nFOUR hundred and fifty years ago the people of western a new route\\nto the Ii\\nneeded\\nEurope were getting silks, perfumes, shawls, ivory, spices, and\\njewels from southeastern Asia, then called the Indies. But the\\nTurks were conquering the countries across which these goods\\nwere carried, and it seemed so likely that the trade would be\\nstopped, that the merchants began to ask if somebody could\\nnot find a new way to the Indies.\\nThe King of Portugal thought he could, and began sending\\nhis sailors in search of a way around Africa, which extended\\nsouthward, nobody knew how far. Year after year his ships\\nsailed down the west coast, the last captain going further\\nsouth than the one before him, till one of them at last reached\\nthe southern end of the continent and entered the Indian )cean.\\nBut long before this man found the Cape of Good Hope, the\\nmerchants said the new route to the Indies would be too long,\\n7", "height": "2726", "width": "2015", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "HOW EUROPEANS FOUND AMERICA\\nChristopher\\nColumbus\\nThe Queen\\nof Spain\\nhelps him\\nB3!\\nBirthplace of Columbus\\nand asked the question, Can not\\nsomebody find a shorter way\\nThis question Christopher Colum-\\nbus tried to answer.\\nColumbus was born at Genoa,\\nin Italy, and from boyhood was\\nfond of the sea, fond of study, and\\nespecially fond of geography. When\\nhe was fourteen years old, he went\\nto sea. Now, the more he traveled,\\nand talked with sailors, and studied\\ngeography, the surer he became\\nthat the men who said the world is\\nround were right. Very few people\\nthen believed this but Columbus\\ndid, and, believing it, he thought\\nthat he could reach the Indies by\\nsailing westward over the ocean as\\nwell as by traveling eastward over\\nthe land.\\nAll this was clear enough to him\\nbut it was hard to make others\\nthink as he did, and years passed\\nbefore he succeeded. He went to\\nPortugal; he sent his brother to\\nEngland and he talked and argued\\nfor eight years in Spain before Queen\\nIsabella agreed to help him. Grit,\\nself-reliance, and perseverance won\\nat last, and he set out for the little\\ntown of Palos, in Spain, with orders\\nfor ships and sailors.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "HOW EUROPEANS FOUND AMERICA\\n9\\nWhen it was known at Palos what the Queen s orders were, coiumbus\\nthere was almost a riot. The Atlantic Ocean, on which Colum- ^weltward\\nbus was to sail an ocean which is now crossed every year\\nby thousands of men, women, and children, was then almost\\nunknown. Men called it the Sea of Darkness. Little won-\\nder, then, that the people of Palos were dis-\\nmayed when they heard that they must\\nfurnish ships and sailors to explore\\nthis dreaded ocean. But the royal\\norder must be obeyed, and so the\\nofficers of Palos set about the\\nmatter. Prisoners were set\\nfree from jail if they would\\nagree to go with Columbus.\\nther men had debts for-\\ngiven them, or suits at law\\nstopped, if they too would go.\\nThree small ships or car-\\navels were seized without\\nthe owners consent. In the\\nlargest, called the Santa Maria,\\nColumbus went. Another Mas\\nthe Pinta. The smallest was called\\nthe Nina, which means Baby. On board the\\nthree were exactly ninety men.\\nJust before sunrise one summer morning, the little fleet set The voyage\\nsail on the greatest voyage of discovery made by man. All\\nsorts of terrors rilled the minds of the sailors. When they were\\nat the Canary Islands, off the coast of Africa, a volcano burst\\ninto eruption, and they were sure this was a sign of bad luck.\\nWhen the last of the Canaries disappeared behind them, they\\nwept and wailed as if their hearts would break. Then the\\njw\\nSanta Maria", "height": "2726", "width": "2015", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10\\nHOW EUROPEANS FOUND AMERICA\\ncompass needle began to act queerly, and they were sure it was\\nbewitched. Next the wind for days blew from the east, and\\nthey were sure they would never be able to sail home against\\nDeparture of Columbus\\nit. But Columbus calmed their fears, explained the sights they\\ndid not understand, hid from them the true distance they had\\nsailed, and went calmly on.\\nAt last signs of land began to appear. Now a tuft of grass\\nnow some seeds; now a branch with some berries on it now a\\npiece of wood cut and carved by a human hand, floated by.\\nThen land birds flew over the ship. Finally, one night in\\nOctober, Columbus saw a light moving, as if somebody were\\nrunning along shore with a torch. Next a sailor saw land dis-\\ntinctly, and then all saw a long, low beach a few miles distant.\\nHe thought it Columbus thought he had reached one of the islands of the\\npart of the m\\nindies Indies, and early the next morning went on shore, and m the", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "HOW EUROPEANS FOUND AMERICA\\n11\\npresence of his men took possession of the island in the name claims the\\nof the King and Queen of Spain, and called it San Salvador, S p*, n ,f for\\nwhich means Holy Savior.\\nAt the sight of the Spaniards in their glittering steel\\narmor and bright-colored clothes, the natives fled to the woods;\\nbut finding no harm was done them, they soon gathered about\\nthe strangers, gazed at them in wonder, and at last grew bold\\nenough to touch the whiskers, hands, and faces of the new-\\ncomers. The natives seemed nearly as strange to the Span- The natives\\nLards. Their straight\\nblack hair, naked copper-\\ncolored bodies painted,\\nsome black, some white,\\nsome red, told Colum-\\nbus at once that he had\\nfound a people quite\\nunlike the curly-headed,\\nblack negroes of Africa,\\nand made him feel sure\\nthat he was near the\\nisland of Cipango, a\\npart of the long-sought\\nIndies.\\nThe day of this dis-\\ncovery was October 12,\\n1192, and the island\\nwas one of a group we\\nknow as the Bahamas.\\nAfter giving the people red caps, glass beads, hawk s bells, and\\nother trinkets, and receiving in return parrots, and balls of\\ncotton yarn, Columbus set sail to explore, and reached the gn d u s \u00e2\u0084\u00a2n s thei\\ncoast of the island we call Cuba. A month and more was now island\\nColumbus Point\\n(First land seen by Columbus, W)8)", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12\\nHOW EUROPEANS FOUND AMERICA\\nArmor of Columbus\\nColumbus\\nfinds a\\nthird island\\nspent sailing along its shores. The Spaniards\\nlanded here and there to seek for gold, and on\\none occasion Columbus sent a party of men into\\nthe interior to search for a great city and a\\nking who ate from dishes of gold. But the\\nexplorers found instead little villages of palm\\nhuts, from which the people fled as they ap-\\nproached.\\nAt this stage of the voyage, Pinzon, the\\ncaptain of the JPinta, deserted Columbus and\\nsailed away to seek for gold on his own account.\\nColumbus, however, went on along the coast of Cuba to the\\neastern end and soon beheld another island, whose beauty so\\nreminded him of Spain that he named it Hispaniola, or Little\\nSpain.\\nAnd now another disaster befell him, for while off Hispan-\\niola, or Haiti, the Santa Maria, with Columbus on board, was\\nwrecked, and the crew were forced to go\\non shore. The natives were so kind,\\nuid the life of idleness so enjoy-\\n^st able, that when the time came for\\nColumbus to go back to Spain\\nthe sailors begged to be left\\nbehind. Some were left in\\ncharge of a rude fort, and so\\nbecame the first colony of Span-\\niards in the New World, though\\nthey were soon killed.\\nThe voyage home in the\\nReturns to Nina was a stormy one again and again the little ship seemed\\nabmit to sink, but in time it reached Palos in safety, and\\nColumbus became the hero of the hour. Crowds followed\\nKind of huts Columbus saw\\nSpain", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "HOW EUROPEANS FOUND AMERICA\\n13\\nColumbus thought he had reached the Indies\\nhim wherever he went the King and Queen received him\\nwith great honor at court, listened eagerly to all he said, and\\ngave him great power over the lands he had discovered or\\nmight discover and he was promptly sent on a second voyage\\nto the west.\\nIn all, Columbus made four voyages, discovered Jamaica,\\nBut a continent blocked the way to the Indies", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14\\nHOW EUROPEANS FOUND AMERICA\\nPorto Rico, the islands of the Caribbean\\nSea, and even readied the coast of South\\nAmerica, and sailed along the shores of\\nHonduras and the Isthmus of Panama.\\nBut the fact that he had discovered a\\nnew world, that a great continent\\nblocked his way to India, never en-\\ntered his mind. He thought he had\\nreached Asia and some islands off the\\ncoast of Asia, and so the lands were\\ncalled the Indies, and the inhabitants\\nIndians. Long afterwards, when his\\nmistake was found out, these islands were\\nnamed West Indies, and those near Asia\\nEast Indies.\\nAs soon as Columbus had shown the\\nway, others were quick to follow, and the\\nExplorers new coasts were visited by Spaniards, Portuguese, Frenchmen,\\nand Englishmen. Notice what then happened\\n1. These explorations proved that not the coast of Asia, but\\na new world, had been found. This was called America,\\nafter Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian who explored the\\ncoast of South America for the King of Portugal.\\n2. When it was shown that a continent blocked the way to\\nAsia, a search was begun for a passage through or\\naround it.\\n3. In the course of this search, first for a southwest passage,\\nand then for a northwest passage, the coast of America\\nwas still further explored.\\n4. These explorations gave Spain, France, England, and Hol-\\nland claims to parts of what is now our country.\\nStatue of Columbus,\\nBarcelona\\nColumbus\\nResults of\\nexploration", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "HOW EUROPEANS FOUND AMERICA\\n15\\nPainting by R. BaUxca\\nReception of Columbus at Barcelona\\nSUMMARY\\n1. Four hundred and fifty years ago the people of western Europe were\\ntrailing with the East Indies.\\n2. The Turks began to cut off this trade, and the merchants of Europe\\nneeded a new route to the East.\\n3. Columbus (149:2 set off from Spain to find this route by sailing west-\\nward across the Atlantic.\\n4. He landed on one of the Bahama islands, discovered Cuba and Haiti, and\\nclaimed them for Spain.\\n5. Columbus having shown the way, other explorers followed him.\\nfi. After many years they proved that not India, but a great continent\\nblocking the way to India, had been discovered\\n7. Then came attempts to find a way around it. which resulted in the explo-\\nration of the Atlantic coast of Xorth and South America.", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16\\nTHE INDIANS AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE\\nThe\\nIndians\\nArms and\\nimplements\\nCHAPTER II\\nTHE INDIANS AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE\\nWhen the first white men came to our shores,\\nthey found the country thinly inhabited by the\\npeople Columbus had named Indians. They had\\ncopper-colored skin, coarse, jet-black hair, high\\ncheek bones, thick lips, small eyes, and no\\nwhiskers. For a long time it was believed\\nthat in their wars with the whites they had\\nbecome greatly reduced in number. But this is\\nnot the case. There are quite as many liv-\\nIndian warrior\\ning in the United States\\nlived in the same terri-\\ndred and fifty years ago, the In-\\nall over the country, from the\\nNow few dwell east of the\\ngreat mass are far to\\ngreatly changed their\\nlearned to live like\\nThe Indians\\nnear the east coast\\nnor a metal knife,\\nmals and one stone\\nto-day as then\\ntory. Two hun-\\ndians were scattered\\nAtlantic to the Pacific.\\nMississippi River the\\nthe west of it. All have\\nmode of life, and many have\\nwhite men.\\nwhom the early settlers met\\nhad never seen a gun, nor a sword,\\nnor an ax. They killed ani-\\nanother with stone tomahawks\\nor hatchets, arrowhead ant l_ stone- or bone-tipped\\narrows which they shot from wooden bows. As\\nthey knew nothing of iron or steel or brass, all\\ntheir tools were made from wood or stone or\\nthe bones of animals. Thus, out of fish bones,\\nthey made fishhooks and needles, and out of flint,\\nknives and hatchets.\\nBone fishhook", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE INDIANS AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE\\n17\\nMaking a birch-bark canoe\\nIn the northern part of our country, where birch trees\\nwere abundant, they made canoes of birch bark, sewing it\\ntogether with strips of deerskin, and covering the seams with\\nspruce tree gum to make them watertight. In the South they\\nused trunks of great trees hollowed out by fire.\\nAlong the Atlantic seaboard the country was heavily Food\\nw ided, and in the woods\\nthere were plenty of\\ndeer, elk, bears, foxes,\\nwolves, and small ani-\\nmals, which the Indians A dugout\\nhunted and killed for food. West of the Appalachian Moun-\\ntains was the region of the great treeless prairies, over which\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0OH. PR. II. 2", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18\\nTHE INDIANS AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE\\nSnowshce\\nThe\\nbark house\\nThe\\nwigwam\\nroamed immense herds of bison or buffalo, whose meat,\\nshaggy hair, and hides served the redskins for many\\npurposes. The meat was dried and kept for food,\\nthe hair was woven into cloth or twisted into\\nropes, and the hide was tanned and cut into ropes\\nor worn as a blanket. The sea or the rivers sup-\\nplied fish, beavers, and otters, and in the woods\\nwere found wild turkeys, and berries and other fruits.\\nBesides food obtained by hunting and fishing, many\\ntribes raised Indian corn, beans, pumpkins, and\\nsquashes. They also raised tobacco. Their only\\ndomestic animal was the dog.\\nA tribe was a number of Indians speaking the\\nsame language, and generally spread over a wide\\nregion. Each tribe was divided into smaller groups\\nliving in villages, which were often surrounded by\\nhigh stockades or fences for purposes of defense. Within such\\nwalls there were either long houses of bark, in each of which\\na dozen or more families lived together;\\nor wigwams, in which single families\\ndwelt.\\nA wigwam was usually made by thrust-\\ning thin poles into the ground in a circle\\nand bending the tops together and tying\\nthem. Over the poles were then placed\\nbark or the skins of animals, especially\\nbuffalo hide. On the ground in the\\nmiddle of the wigwam was the fire,\\nthe smoke of which went out\\nthrough a hole in the top\\nwhich served as a chimney.\\nMatches being unknown* Buffalo-skin wigwam", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE INDIANS AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE\\n19\\nClay bowl\\nthe Indian lighted his lire by pressing a pointed stick against Fire and\\na piece of wood and making it turn around rapidly. To give cooking\\nit this motion he would take a little bow, wrap the string once\\naround the stick, and move the bow quickly back and forth till\\nthe heat produced by the revolving stick set fire to the wood.\\nOver the fire\\nthus made, the In-\\ndian women would\\nbroil fish laid across\\nsticks raised above\\nthe flame, and in the Wooden dish\\nashes would roast corn, squashes, or sweet potatoes. Such as\\nknew how to make clay pots would put them on the fire and\\nboil meat and vegetables in them. Such as used wooden vessels\\nfilled them with water and threw in hot stones till the water\\nwas hot enough to cook whatever they wished. Indian corn\\nwhen dried was pounded into meal, mixed with water, and\\nbaked in the ashes.\\nNeither men nor women wore much clothing. Deerskin clothing\\nmoccasins or shoes embroidered with shell\\nbeads and quills of the porcupine, deerskin\\nleggings (in winter), a strip of deerskin\\nabout the waist, and a deerskin cloak\\nover the shoulders completed the dress\\nof the men in northern parts. The\\nwomen wore deerskin aprons and beaver-\\nskin mantles. In the South mantles were woven from a plant\\ncalled silk grass. About the neck ;is ornaments were claws of\\nbears, eagles, or hawks, and strings of beads made from sea-\\nshells and called wampum. This wampum was highly prized\\nand was used not only for ornament, but also as money, and\\nwas woven into belts to be given as presents when treaties\\nMoccasins", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20\\nTHE INDIANS AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE\\nWhat the\\nmen did\\nwere made. Indeed, for many years after the colonies\\nwere founded, the white settlers used wampum as money.\\nThe duty of the Indian man, or brave, was to\\nhunt, fish, and fight. He would make arrows, bows,\\ncanoes, and stone tools, but he thought any other kind\\nof work Avas beneath him. No young Indian was of\\nany importance till he had killed an enemy and brought\\nhome the scalp and the more scalps he brought\\nhome, the greater brave he was thought to be.\\nAs the scalp was the proof of victory, each warrior\\nwore a scalp lock as a challenge to\\nhis enemies, and defended it with\\nhis life. The lock was made\\nby shaving the hair close except\\non the crown of the head, where\\nit was allowed to grow long, and\\nwas ornamented with feathers.\\nThe Indian s way of fighting was\\nto the white man dishonorable. The\\nfair and open fight had no charm for the\\nredskins. To their minds it was the height\\nof folly to kill an enemy at the risk of\\ntheir own lives, when they- might shoot the\\nfoe from behind a tree, or waylay him in r\\nJ J Wampum\\nManner of ambush as he hurried along a forest trail, or at the\\nfighting t j eac f n ight rouse their sleeping victims with the hideous\\nwar whoop and kill them in cold blood. The Indians were\\nvery skillful in laying an ambush, that is, in hiding themselves\\nso that they could attack the enemy when he did not expect\\nit. Digging up the hatchet meant preparing for war. Going\\non the warpath meant waging war. Burying the hatchet\\nmeant making peace.\\nA warrior s\\nscalp lock", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE INDIANS AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE\\n21\\nSquaw carrying\\npapoose\\nLabor of all sorts was done by the women, or what the\\nsquaws. They planted and pounded the corn, 7\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 n a \u00c2\u00b0f d\\nbrought the water, dressed the skins, made\\nthe clothing-, and, when the band traveled from\\none place to another, carried the household\\ngoods and belongings.\\nTaking care of the children, or papooses,\\nwas a simple matter. Till a child was old\\nenough to run about, it was carefully\\nwrapped up in skins and tied to a wicker\\nframework, and hung up on the branch\\nof a tree, or leaned against the trunk, or car-\\nried on the mother s back. Once able to go\\nalone, the boys were taught to shoot with\\narrows at a mark, to fish, and to make stone\\narrowheads and tools and the girls, to weave,\\nmake pottery and baskets, and do all the things they would be\\nexpected to do as squaws or wives of the braves.\\nIn the eastern part of our country, all along the seaboard, Indians in the\\nthe Indians lived in villages and wandered\\nabout very little. Hunting parties and war\\nparties traveled great distances, but each tribe\\nhad its home. Thus the Massachusetts dwelt\\nalong the east coast of our state of\\nMassachusetts; the Pequots, in east-\\nern Connecticut and the Iroquois,\\nin central New York. So it was in\\nthe Ohio valley. But on the great\\nplains of the Northwest the Indians were\\nwanderers, having no fixed homes, but\\nroving the plains with their women, chil-\\ndren, and all their belongings.", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22\\nTHE INDIANS AND THEIR WAY OF FIFE\\nindians in\\nSouthwest\\nIn the far Southwest, where are now Arizona and New\\nMexico, dwelt still another sort of Indians. They did not\\nlive in wigwams of skin, or lints of hark, but in great fort-\\nlike houses of adobe, or sun-baked clay. These houses the\\nSpaniards called pueblo*, a word meaning villages or towns,\\nfor they were really huge hotels in each of which lived the\\npeople of a whole village. Some were two, some were four,\\nand one seven stories high. The second story was set back\\nfrom the first, the third from the second, and the fourth from\\nthe third, thus leaving in front of each story a broad space like\\na street. There were no doors. The Indians climbed by\\nladders from story to story, and\\nentered the pueblo through holes\\nthe roofs of the different\\nstories.\\nMan} of the pueblos which\\nwere standing when the\\nwhite man first saw these\\nIndians, more than three\\nhundred years ago, have\\nsince then crumbled away.\\nBut the Indians of to-day\\nstill live in the same sort of\\nhouses, little changed in appear-\\nance. Several such pueblos may be\\nseen in the southwestern part of our\\nNow, these houses have doors but\\nthe Indians still go from story to story by lad-\\nZuni woman making r, i\\npottery ders. Now, the Indians have flocks and herds.\\nobtained of course from the Spaniards, who first\\nbrought horses, hogs, and cows to our country. They raise\\ncorn, wheat, barley, and fruit, make pottery, spin and weave\\ncountry", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE INDIANS AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE\\n23\\nA pueblo\\ncloth, and make baskets. Yet they are the same kind of\\nIndians that the Spaniards met when they first entered the\\nland that is now the United States.\\nSUMMARY\\n1. When Columbus discovered America he thought he was on the coasl of\\nthe Indies, and called the inhabitants Indians.\\nL*. At that time they lived all over our country; now most of them live in\\nthe West.\\n3. They knew nothing of iron and steel, and made their hatchets, knives,\\nfishhooks, etc., out of stone or bones, and their canoes of bark or tree\\ntrunks.\\n4. They lived by hunting, fishing, and growing Indian corn, beans, pumpkins,\\nand squashes. West of the Appalachian Mountains were many buf-\\nfaloes, which the Indians hunted.", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24\\nTHE SPANIARDS IN THE SOUTH\\nHorses, cows, sheep, and pigs were unknown to the Indians. They had\\ndogs, and wild turkeys from w 7 hich our tame turkeys are descended.\\nMost of the labor was done by the squaws. The braves did little else\\nthan hunt, fish, and fight.\\nThe Indians in the eastern part of our country did not wander much\\nbut the Indians of the plains were rovers.\\nIn the Southwest were the Pueblo Indians.\\nCHAPTER III\\nPonce de\\nLeon s\\nsearch\\nTHE SPANIARDS IN THE SOUTH\\nThe Spaniards following in the track of Columbus took\\npossession of Cuba and Haiti, Porto Rico, and the other West\\nIndies, and sent explorers from these islands (map, p. 43).\\nOne of these Spaniards, Ponce de Leon, got it into his head,\\nfrom something the Indians told him, that on an island to the\\nnorthward was a fountain of\\nyouth, and that whoever drank of\\nits waters would never grow old.\\nNothing would do but he must\\nfind it, and with his king s\\nleave he accordingly set\\nout from Porto Rico. On\\nEaster Sunday, which in\\nSpanish is Pascua Florida,\\nhe came in sight of a coast\\nwhich, in memory of that\\nday, has ever since been\\nDiscovers called Florida. He landed near the present town of St.\\nFlorida Augustine, and, not finding his fountain of youth, turned\\nback. Later he tried again, but the Indians drove him off.\\nSpanish treasure ships", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "THE SPANIARDS IN THE SOUTH\\n25\\nAnother Spaniard, while sailing along the coast of the Gulf Narvaez\\nit th\\nseeks for\\ngold\\nSpanish soldier\\nof Mexico, entered the Mississippi River. He called\\nRiver of the Holy Spirit, and brought back such\\nwondrous stories of the Indians and their gold orna-\\nments that a third Spanish soldier, named Narvaez,\\nsailed from Spain to occupy the country which\\nseemed so rich in gold. With several hundred\\nreckless followers at his back, he landed on\\nthe west coast of Florida, and, leaving his\\nships, marched inland.\\nBut as he pushed on through the woods\\nand swamps, food grew scarce and some of\\nhis men died of hunger. Hostile Indians\\nshot others from behind trees and bushes.\\nSwamps, lakes, and many streams made prog-\\nress slow, and more soldiers died of fevers.\\nAt last the army, with ranks thinned by hunger, sickness, and\\nfights with the red men, turned back and reached the coast\\nfar to the west of their ships.\\nBy dint of great labor live rude boats were made and launched. Meets\\nand in these what was left of the band put to sea and went\\nwestward. But their sufferings at sea were as great as on\\nland. Storms scattered and\\nwrecked the boats. Two\\nof them with all on board\\nwent down. The others\\ncrossed the mouth of the\\nMississippi where it rushes\\ninto the Gulf, and were\\ndriven on what the explor-\\ners called, truly enough, Misfortune Island.\\nThere they passed the winter, and in the spring those who\\ndisaster\\nMm\\nSpanish cannon", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26\\nTHE SPANIARDS IN THE SOUTH\\nwere still alive, sixteen in number, determined to escape. But\\nwhen the time came to go, several were too sick to move and\\nwere left behind. The rest reached the mainland somewhere\\nin Texas, and all save three were slain by the Indians. Of\\nthe men left on the island one died, another disappeared, and\\nvaca another, named Vaca, lived six horrible years among the\\nin Texas n di ans He was passed about from tribe to tribe. He was\\nsometimes a slave, sometimes an outcast, always a nuisance\\nto the poor savages. He could not be a warrior because he\\nwas too weak. He could not gather wood or draw water be-\\ncause none but women did such things. He could not hunt\\nbecause he did not know how to track animals, lie could\\nwalk, however, and would wander off and trade with the\\nnorthern Indians. He would take shells and shell beads from\\nthe seashore tribes and exchange them for skins, red clay, and\\nflint with the northern\\ninland tribes.\\nIn the course of\\nthese trading trips\\nVaca saw hunchback\\ncows. They were the\\nSees\\nhunch-\\nback\\ncows\\nbison or buffalo then roaming\\nby millions over the plains, and\\nhe was the first European to\\nsee them. But he also heard of his\\nthree companions, and at last found\\nthem. These four wretched beings,\\nall tl\u00c2\u00abd were left of the many whom\\nNarvaez had led in search of gold\\nand conquest, then tried to escape\\nfrom the Indians. After several months, led by Vaca, they\\nsucceeded, and set out toward the west. Their way was across\\nBuffalo", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE SPANIARDS IN THE SOUTH\\n27\\nTexas, and as they went on from tribe to tribe, they wanders\\nnoticed that the Indians they met were westward\\nmore and more civilized. The tribes on\\nthe coast Were wanderers, living on roots,\\nberries, and fish, and had little clothing.\\nFar back from the coast, the Indians\\ndwelt in sod houses, raised beans and\\npumpkins, and wore cotton clothes\\nwhich they washed with a soapy\\nroot-\\nOnce the four Spaniards met\\na native with the buckle of a\\nsword belt hung around his neck,\\nwho told them of white men like\\nthemselves. Then they met a\\nband of Spaniards, and aided by\\nthem pushed on till they came to\\nthe west coast of Mexico, and wandering down the shores of\\nthe Gulf of California, reached a Spanish town. They had\\nwalked across our continent from the Gulf of Mexico to the\\nGulf of California.\\nWhen the Spanish ruler\\nof Mexico heard the wonder-\\nful story of Vaca, he sent\\nanother explorer, Brother\\nMaici is, to find out more\\nabout the country of which\\nVaca had so much to tell.\\nAs Marcos trudged along\\nhe came to an Indian village\\nwhere he was told of seven The bufialo as the Spaniards drew him\\nAvonderful cities with houses {From m print)\\nSpanish armor\\nMarcos finds\\nZufii", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28\\nTHE SPANIARDS IN THE SOUTH\\nCoronado\\nin the\\nSouthwest\\nof stone. Following the directions given, lie started off, and\\non the western edge of New Mexico came upon the seven\\npueblos of Zufii.\\nA pueblo, as we have said, was a very large house of adobe\\nor sun-baked clay, several stories high, and holding a great\\nmany people. Some pueblos were high forts big enough to hold\\nan entire tribe. Some were built on the plains others were\\nperched on cliffs that rose high above the plain.\\nBut Marcos had no more than a glimpse of one of them\\nfor the Zufii killed one of his party there, and he hurried\\nback home. What he saw was enough to make others want\\nto see more. All the reckless and adventure-loving spirits\\nwere eager to conquer this wonderful country with its seven\\ncities. So the governor of Mexico sent them off under !oro-\\nnado with orders to stay\\nthey had found the seven\\nwent along as guide.\\nand never come back until\\nwonderful towns. Marcos\\nWorking their way on foot\\nacross the great dry\\nplains, the party came\\nto the Zufii pueblus\\nand captured them,\\nand then sent out men\\nto visit the towns near\\nby-\\nOne of these parties\\ncame to a sky city\\ncalled Acoma, perched on the summit of a lofty mass of rock\\nwhose sides rise like the walls of a room for three hundred and\\nfifty feet above the level plain. There was only one entrance.\\nby a kind of stairway, and at the top of this was a great pile\\nof huge stones ready to be rolled down on the heads of any\\nenemy who might attempt to climb up. Not very far away on\\nZuni woman weaving a belt", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE SPANIARDS IN THE SOUTH\\n29\\nthe plain was a town, or fort, which had seven stories, and\\nnear this another, of four stories, now in ruins.\\nWinter coming on, the Spaniards marched to what was then\\na pueblo, but is now a pretty village on the Rio Grande\\nin New Mexico, and there passed the winter.\\nWhen spring came, Coronado set off north-\\neastward in search of a land which the Indians\\ntold him was rich in gold. In his search he\\nwandered across the dry plains into what\\nis now Kansas. He crossed miles and miles\\nof sun-baked plains with scarcely a tree on\\nthem he saw thousands and thousands of\\nbuffalo he met bands of fierce roaming Indi-\\nans but he found no city and no gold, and\\nwent back disheartened to Mexico, where the\\ngovernor, angry at his return, punished him.\\nIn the West the Spaniards had thus explored\\nTexas, New Mexico, and Arizona, and had reached Kansas.\\nWhile Coronado and his men were searching for a golden De Soto\\ncity on the plains of the Southwest, De Soto was making a like goy t east\\nsearch in the swamps and forests of the South. Landing in\\nFlorida, he led his men across Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and\\nMississippi to the Mississippi River, crossed it, and somewhere\\non the western bank died of fever. His followers buried him\\nat night in the great river, and, having built boats as quickly\\nas possible, floated downstream to the Gulf of Mexico, and\\ncoasted westward along Texas to Mexico.\\nThe death of De Soto on the Mississippi and the return of claims of\\nCoronado to Mexico took place just fifty years after the dis- Spam\\ncovery of the New World by Columbus. What had the\\nSpaniards done in our country during this half century?\\nPonce de Leon, De Soto, and others had explored the country\\nA Mexican Indian", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30\\nTHE SPANIARDS IN THE SOUTH\\nfrom Florida to the Mississippi and Coronado and other\\nSpaniards had marched over much of the land in the South-\\nwest. By right of discovery and exploration, Spain thus\\nsecured a claim to all the southern part of our country. But\\nas yet the Spaniards\\nhad not founded a\\ncity nor a town nor\\nso much as a village\\nanywhere within the\\nlimits of what is now\\nour country and\\nmany years went by\\nbefore they began to\\nbuild the first towns,\\nSt. Augustine in\\nFlorida and Santa Fe\\nThe oldest house in Santa Fe in New Mexico.\\nSUMMARY\\n1. The Spaniards, having taken possession of Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico,\\nbegan to explore the mainland.\\n2. Ponce de Leon discovered and named Florida, but was driven out by the\\nIndians. A little later Narvaez led an army into Florida, bui was\\ndriven out, and sailing westward, was wrecked; soon only four of his\\nmen were left alive.\\n3. These four made a wonderful march across the continent from the Gulf\\nof Mexico to the Gulf of California.\\nAfter hearing their story, the. governor of Mexico sent out an explorer\\nwho discovered the Zufii pueblos. This expedition was followed by\\nthe more remarkable one of Coronado.\\n5. De Soto and his men wandered from Florida northwestward and dis-\\ncovered the Mississippi River.\\n0. All this gave Spain a claim to what is now the southern part oi the\\nUnited States.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH IN THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY\\n31\\nCHAPTER IV\\nTHE FRENCH IN THE VALLEYS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE AND\\nTHE MISSISSIPPI\\nThe time was now at hand when,\\nin addition to Spain, another European\\nnation was to lay claim to parts of our\\ncountry.\\nVery soon after Columbus made his\\nfamous voyage, the fishermen of the west\\ncoast of France crossed the Atlantic in\\nsearch of new fishing grounds. Sailing\\nwestward, they came to the shores of\\nNewfoundland and the Gulf of St. Law-\\nrence (map, p. 43), and found that the\\nsea there was full of codfish.\\nA great fishing industry grew up, and\\nyear after year little fleets of fishing boats\\nwent back and forth between Erance and\\nAmerica. While the Spaniards were hunt-\\ning for gold mines and a fountain of youth, the French were French\\ncatching codfish, which readily sold for gold in the Old World s enes\\nmarkets. They had found a real gold mine in the sea.\\nCostume of a French\\ngentleman\\ns\\nFor a time France Early French gun\\nmade no attempt to\\nexplore America she could not, however, long remain\\ninactive while every year added to the possessions and\\nglory of Spain, so at last a great French sailor, named (artier,\\nwas sent to find a northwest passage to the Indies.", "height": "2726", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "Cartier\\ndiscovers the\\nSt. Lawrence\\nTHE FRENCH IN THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY\\nThe Indian\\nvillage\\nFollowing the way taken by the French fisher-\\nmen, he sailed north of the island of Newfound-\\nland, crossed the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and entered\\nthe river of the same name. Going up this\\nriver, he came to the cliffs now crowned by the\\ncity of Quebec, and found them occupied by a few\\nbark cabins. The Indians who lived there were\\ndelighted to see the French, and told them of a\\ngreater town far up the river but urged them\\nnot to go on.\\nCartier, however, with a few sailors in small\\nboats, went on till he came near the spot where now\\nstands the city of Montreal. There he beheld\\ncrowds of Indians, who danced, and sang, and\\nIndian bow, arrows, paddled out to greet him in canoes loaded with\\nand quiver com md figh\\nLed by the delighted red men, Cartier and his band landed\\nand marched through the dense forest to a clearing, where, in\\nthe midst of cornfields, stood the Indian village. Around it\\nwas a high fence or stockade of tree trunks.\\nPassing through the narrow entrance, the French found\\nthemselves in an open\\nspace surrounded by\\nlong houses of bark,\\nfrom which women\\nand children came in\\ncrowds. They touched\\nthe whiskers of the\\nmen, and felt their\\nfaces and their strange\\narmor.\\nThen the women Indian long house of bark", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH IN THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY\\n33\\nand children were pushed aside, and the lame, the old, and the\\nblind were brought to be touched and healed by the white\\nstrangers, whom the Indians thought to be gods.\\nAfter an exchange of presents, Cartier\\nsailed back to the site of Quebec, and in\\nthe early summer of the. next year\\nwent home to France. Because of\\nthis voyage up the St. Lawrence, the\\nFrench King now claimed the country\\nround about that river, and made some\\nattempts to settle it. But one after Quebec\\nanother they failed, until, alter many\\nyears, Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River and founded champlain\\nQuebec (1608). He made friends with the neighboring Indi-\\nans, who, when they saw the wonderful things the French could\\ndo with their guns, begged him to go with them to fight the\\n[roquois Indians, who lived in what is now central New York.\\nSo with them Champlain went to the lake which now bears\\nhis name, and there one night beheld in the distance a mass\\nof dark moving objects which he knew to be canoes filled\\nwith the foe.\\nThe Iroquois at Champlain\\nonce\\nfounds\\nQuebec\\nDefeat of the Iroquois at Lake Champlain\\n(From an old print)\\nMcM. PR. H. 3\\nmade for the ndthe\\nIroquois\\nshore and passed\\nthe night in putting\\nup such rude de-\\nfenses as the} r could.\\nIn the morning the\\nCanadian Indians\\nlanded and marched\\ninto the forest till\\nthey came near their", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34\\nTHE FRENCH IX THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY\\nEarly French pistol\\nHatred of\\nIroquois\\nenemy. Champlain then advanced, and fired his musket. The\\nwoods rang with the report. One chief fell dead, and another\\nrolled on the ground wounded.\\nThen arose, says Champlain, a\\nyell like a thunderclap, and the\\nair was full of whizzing arrows.\\nBut when another and another\\ngunshot came from the bushes, the Iroquois fled like dec]\\nThey had never seen nor heard a musket before, and did not\\nunderstand what it was. They only knew that it suddenly\\nmade a terrible noise and smoke and that at the same time one\\nor more of their men fell down dead or wounded.\\nThe musket of the white man had done its work. The\\nvictory was Avon, but it made\\nM\\nr\\nthe Iroquois hate the\\nFrench for many years\\nafterward. These Indi-\\nans lived in the region\\nsouth of Lake Ontario\\nand were the fiercest and\\nmost powerful tribes in America.\\nBecause of the hatred of the Iroquois,\\nthe French never made settlements\\nsouth of Lake Ontario; but pushed\\nIff\\nWw*^ their explorations westward across Canada\\niff\\nto Lake Huron and beyond.\\nFirst of French explorers went brave\\nCatholic priests and missionaries. With cru-\\nFrench priests journeying c iiix, Bible, and altars on their backs, they\\nthrough the wilderness xl i r i i n i\\nb walked through forests and paddled up\\nFrench rivers where no white man had been before, building bark\\nchapels in the woods, and trying to teach and convert the", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH IN THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY\\n35\\nFrench soldier\\nnatives. The Indians were often hostile and some-\\ntimes treated the missionaries with great cruelty,\\neven burning them to death; but neither these\\nsavage foes nor the cold of winter, neither\\nhunger nor the hardships of the wilderness,\\ncould stop the brave and devoted priests.\\nFor half a century after the founding of\\nQuebec, French settlers came to Canada but\\nslowly. Then the King of France, deepty in-\\nterested in the welfare of Canada, began to send\\nover at least three hundred men a year. By\\nand by shiploads of young women came, that\\nevery unmarried man might have a wife.\\nThe life of an early colonist was a hard one.\\nHis home was a log hut. His food and that of\\nhis family was such vegetables as he could Early French\\nraise on the little piece of land he had settlers\\ncleared of trees, such game as he could kill,\\nand eels, fresh in the summer, but smoked\\nand dried in winter. During the long, cold\\nseason of ice and snow he cut timber and\\nmade planks and shingles which he ex-\\nchanged at Quebec for clothing and other\\narticles he must have, as powder, bullets,\\ntools.\\nBesides encouraging farming, the gov- The fur trade\\neminent tried to get more people engaged\\nin fishing for cod and in catching whales.\\nBut the only sort of trade that really flour-\\nished in Canada was the trade with the\\nIndians for furs. Everybody wanted to\\nbuy and sell beaver skins. Each year a\\nCostume of French\\nwoman", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36\\nTHE FRENCH IN THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY\\nFlintlock pistol and powder horn\\nCoureurs de\\nbois\\ngreat fair was held at Montreal to which the Indians came\\nby the hundred from the western lakes in their bark canoes.\\nMerchants from Quebec and Mont-\\nreal would arrange their goods\\nalong the outside of the palisades,\\nand their bright-colored cloth,\\nbeads, blankets, kettles, and knives\\nwere exchanged for beaver skins.\\nAll these merchants had to\\nobey the orders of the King s officers and the officers used\\ntheir power unfairly, and so got nearly all the profits of the\\nfur trade. Numbers of hardy young men, therefore, took to\\nthe woods and traded with the Indians far beyond the reach\\nof the officers. In hope of stopping this, the\\ngovernor forbade any one to trade with the\\nsavages in the forest unless he had permission,\\nwhich he must buy from the governor. Some\\nmerchants obeyed, and paid the price. But\\nthe young men went on trading as before. By\\nso doing they became outlaws, and if caught,\\nmight be whipped and marked with a red-hot\\niron. But they were not often caught, for\\nthey lived with the Indians, and seldom went\\nnear the white settlements. They were called\\nwood rangers, or coureurs de bois. They built\\nforts at many places in the West and North-\\nwest. One of these early forts was at Detroit.\\nBut their great meeting place, and the center\\nof the beaver trade, was a mission station on\\nthe Strait of Mackinac, where Lake Michigan\\nMissions joins Lake Huron. From there, in twos and threes, they would\\nand forts get f ortn an j roam the forests, trapping beaver.\\nWood ranger", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\n37\\nGreat Lakes\\nThe wood rangers often married Indian women, and this\\nwent a long way to make the Indians of the Northwest friendly\\ntoward the French. The English, on the other hand, fought the\\nIndians and did not marry into their tribes.\\nAs the priests and traders went further and further westward, French on the\\nthey planted trading posts, stockaded forts, and mission\\nstations along the shores of Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, JL\\nand Lake Superior, and explored all the country\\nround about. Our Central States are covered with\\nFrench names, which con- stantlv remind\\nthat France once owned a\\ngreat part of our country. 1\\nWhen, in the course\\nof their wander- .r\\nings, the priests\\ntrad-\\ners reached\\nthe country about\\nLake Superior\\nand Lake Michi-\\ngan, they began\\nto hear of a river so great and\\nlong that the Indians called it Mississippi or the Father of\\nWaters. Might not this be the long-sought passageway to\\nthe Indies the French asked themselves. In hopes that it\\nwas, two men whose names ought to be remembered, Father Father\\nMarquette, a priest who had founded the Mackinac mission, Mar i uette\\nand Joliet, a soldier. were sent to find the Father of Waters\\nand follow it to the sea.\\nShooting the rapids\\n1 Anions names of French origin are Joliet, Duluth, Terre Haute, Carondelet,\\nLa Salle, Sault Ste. Marie, Prairie lu Chien, Detroit, Vincennes, St; Louis, and\\nXi\\\\v Orleans.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38 THE FRENCH IX THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\nThey set out one spring day from Mackinac\\nfgg i Str:ut Wlth five companions in two birch canoes,\\nwj. P-- l i Patltlled along the shore of Lake Michi-\\ngao to the head of Green Bay, and\\nmade their way, with\\nthe help of friendly In-\\ndians, to a large river\\nflowing to the west.\\nAll along their route\\nthe Indians would have\\nstopped them, and told\\nthem stories of fierce tribes\\nthat lived on the great\\nriver, of a devil that would\\ndrown them in a deep hole\\nwhere he dwelt, of monsters that\\nwould destroy their ca-\\nnoes, and of heat that could\\nnot be endured. But Mar-\\nquette was not to be frightened,\\nand pushed boldly out on this\\nwestward-flowing river, which he named the Wis-\\nconsin. After seven days they came to its mouth\\nMarquette and saw, rushing across their way, the rapid cur-\\nrent of the Mississippi.\\nTurning southward, the explorers paddled and\\nfloated down the great river till they reached an\\nIndian village opposite the mouth of the Arkan-\\nsas. There, suddenly, they beheld a fleet of war\\ncanoes dart out from the shore to cut them off.\\nMarquette now waved the peace pipe given him by\\nsome friendly Indians as a sab-guard/ Butat first Peace pipe\\nVoyage of Marquette\\nand Joliet\\non the\\nMississippi\\n\u00c2\u00ab^v", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\n39\\nno heed was paid to it, and the young warriors would have killed\\nhim had not the old men shouted to them from the shore.\\nMarquette and his party were then allowed to land, were well Marquette\\ntreated, and the next day went on down\\nthe river to another town, where the\\nIndians warned them to go no further.\\nThere the travelers stopped, and, turn-\\ning back, made their way slowly north-\\nward to Green Bay.\\nThe discovery of the Mississippi River\\nby Marquette and Joliet was of great im-\\nportance to the French. Yet many years\\nwent by before La Salle finished their\\nwork by following the river to its mouth.\\nThe report brought back by Joliet\\nand Marquette convinced La Salle that\\nthe great river they had discovered and\\nexplored flowed into the Gulf of Mexico,\\nand filled him with an intense desire to\\nhave his countrymen own the splendid\\nvalley down which it went. He would\\nlead them away from cold and barren\\nCanada, into the rich and pleasant region\\nof the Mississippi. He would secure its\\ntrade, its wealth, for France alone, and would see it dotted LaSaiie s\\nwith cities and villages planted by Frenchmen. pans\\nBut did the river enter the Gulf That was for him to dis-\\ncover, and after five years of getting ready he set out to make\\nthe attempt. But another four years passed, and three heroic His failures\\nattempts were made and two failures nobly overcome before La\\nSalle, with his little fleet of canoes, floated out of the Illinois\\nRiver upon the broad current of the Mississippi.\\nStatue of Marquette\\nthe Capitol /t Washington)", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40 THE FRENCH IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\nLa Saiie at It was in the month of February, and the river was a rush-\\nMiss^ssi* i ni S torrent full of ice and floating trees. But La Salle pushed\\non till the canoes reached that point where the Mississippi\\ndivides and enters the Gulf of Mexico through three broad\\nchannels. La Salle sent one band of his followers down the\\neastern channel, and another down the middle, while he fol-\\nlowed the western channel, to the waters of the Gulf. Then\\nhe coasted along the marshes to the mouth of the middle chan-\\nnel, where the parties met and landed. A huge cross was now\\nmade ready, the arms of France were fastened to it, and with\\nsongs of praise to (rod, and shouts of Long live the King,\\nit was planted in the ground. Standing beside it, La Salle, in\\na loud voice, took possession of all the land drained by the\\nClaims Ohio, the Mississippi, and their 1 (ranches, claimed it in the\\nname of France, and named it Louisiana, after Louis XIV..\\nwho was King of France at that time.\\nBut his work was far from ended. The valley he had ex-\\nplored, the country lie had added to France, must be occupied,\\nand to occupy it two things were necessary. There must be\\na colony planted at the mouth of the river to keep out the\\nSpaniards; there must be a strong fort and colony somewhere\\non the Illinois to control the Indians.\\nLa Salle, therefore, hurried back to the lakes, gathered as\\nmany men as possible, and in December was again on the\\nIllinois Liver, where he chose, as the place for his fort, the\\nlofty summit of a great cliff, now called Starved Lock.\\nThis famous rock stands on the south bank of the Illinois\\nFort River, near the present town of Ottawa. On three sides the\\nst. Louis ro( c s s0 s teep that it can not be climbed. The fourth side\\nma} l\u00c2\u00bbe mounted with difficulty. The summit is about an acre\\nin extent, and on it La Salle built a stockade which he named\\nFort St. Louis.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\n41\\nIn order to secure the mouth of the Mississippi, La Salle La saiiein\\nnow set off for Paris, where his plans so pleased the King that Texas\\nhe was soon sent with four ships to plant a colony at the mouth\\nof the Father of Waters. But the little fleet missed the mouth\\nof the river and brought up\\non the coast of Texas, where\\nthe men landed and built\\nFort St. Louis of Texas.\\nBut evil fortune still pur-\\nsued their great commander.\\nThe colonists quarreled,\\ndeath reduced their numbers\\nrapidly, and in their distress\\nthe few who were left divided\\nthemselves into two parties.\\nSome remained at the fort and were never heard of again.\\nOthers, led by La Salle, started for the Illinois and reached it\\nafter a long time, but on the way they had murdered La Salle,\\none of the greatest explorers of our country.\\nEleven years now passed without any effort being made by French settle\\nFrance to take possession of Louisiana. But by and by (1690) New\\na stockade called Biloxi was built on the shore of the Gulf of\\nMexico, east of the mouth of the Mississippi, and then after a\\nfew years Mobile Bay was occupied and the cities of Mobile\\nand New Orleans were started.\\nStarved Rock\\nSUMMARY\\nThe French were attracted to North America by the good fishing off\\nNewfoundland, but sent out Cartier to find a northwest passage to the\\nIndies. Instead he discovered and sailed up the St. Lawrence River.\\nFor many years no attempt to plant a colony on the river was successful,\\nbut at last Champlain led out a colony and founded Quebec (1608).", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2736", "width": "1939", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2726", "width": "1914", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44 THE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA\\n3. Champlain aided the Canadian Indians in war against the fierce Iroquois\\nof New York. As a result, the French were prevented from making-\\nsettlements in New York, but pushed westward north of Lake Ontario,\\ndiscovered the Great Lakes, and heard of a river called Mississippi,\\nor the Father of Waters.\\n4. Marquette and Joliet were sent to explore this river. A few years\\nlater another Frenchman, named La Salle, floated down the river\\nto its mouth, claimed all the country drained by it for France, and\\ncalled it Louisiana.\\n5. All this gave the French a claim to Canada, the region of the Great\\nLakes, and the Mississippi valley.\\n6. Toward the end of the seventeenth century and in the beginning of the\\neighteenth, France began to occupy the lower Mississippi valley and\\nbuilt Mobile and New Orleans.\\nCHAPTER V\\nTHE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA\\nThe cabots Now we must learn how there happened to be any English\\nin our country. A few years after Columbus discovered the\\nWest Indies, a sailor named Cabot sailed from England in\\ncommand of an English ship to see if he could find a way\\nto Asia.\\nLike Columbus, he failed in the attempt but during a\\nsecond voyage, Cabot (or his son) sailed along our coast from\\nNewfoundland southward, and the English accordingly claimed\\nthis part of America as their own. Nearly a hundred years\\nwent by before they were read} to make settlements in it and\\nwhen at last they tried to do so, they too, like the French, made\\nGilbert a number of failures. Humphrey Gilbert, who went to New-\\nfoundland in search of a good place to plant a colony, was\\nlost at sea. Sir Walter Ralegh twice sent bands of settlers to", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA\\nSCALE OP MILES\\n1L 0\\nRoanoke Island on the coast of North Carolina. The first Ralegh s\\nband soon went back to England the second disappeared, and se emen s\\nwhat befell it is not known to this day.\\nThough Ralegh s attempts were failures, the time for the\\nplanting of the first successful\\ncolony was near at hand, and\\nin 1607 (one year before Cham-\\nplain founded Quebec) three\\nships full of men crossed the\\nAtlantic from England.\\nThey were sent by the Lon-\\ndon Company, and sailed for\\nthe coast of Virginia, as the\\nEnglish called the whole coun-\\ntry from what is now South\\nCarolina to Maine. Entering\\nthe mouth of Chesapeake Bay,\\nthe colonists one beautiful May\\nday sailed up a broad river\\nwhich they called the James\\nin honor of their king, and,\\nlanding on its bank, began a\\n,t i i ,i t Virginia and Maryland\\nsettlement which they named\\nJamestown. For shelter some had tents made of sails others\\nhad cabins with grass or bark roofs; others had holes in the\\nground.\\nPresently their food gave out. and many fell sick and died, captain John\\nThey did not know how to live in a wilderness. Had it not mi\\nbeen for Captain John Smith, every one of them would have\\nperished. Smith took command: he set the men to building\\ngood huts; persuaded the Indians to bring food and for two\\nyears kept the colonists together.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "4\\nTHE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA\\nStory of\\nPocahontas\\nGrave of Powhatan, James River\\n{Present state)\\nSometimes with a boat fuli of companions he would go off\\nto explore the country. On one of these trips most of his men\\nwere left to guard the boat, while he with four others paddled\\nup a river in a canoe. Suddenly a band of Indians attacked\\nthe little party, captured Smith, and killed the others.\\nSure that his life was in danger, lie at once began to amuse\\nthe Indians. Taking out his pocket compass, he showed them\\nthe needle trembling and quivering and always pointing one\\nway. Amazed at what they saw, they spared his life and took\\nhim to the village of the great war chief called the Powhatan,\\nand into a long wigwam. Before the lire sat the Powhatan,\\ndressed in a robe of raccoon skins. Beside him were his\\nsquaws, and along the walls the other women and the warriors.\\nAfter a very long debate it was decided to kill the prisoner.\\nTwo stones were placed in front of the chief, and Smith s\\nhead was laid upon them. Near by stood the warriors, clubs\\nin hand, and just about to dash out his brains, when Poca-\\nhontas, a little daughter of the chief, rushed up and laid her\\nhead upon Smith s and saved him. This is the story as it was", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA\\n47\\ntold by Smith; it may be true, but some say that Smith made\\nit up. Pocahontas, at all events, was a real Indian girl, and\\nwas a good friend to the Jamestown people, and finally married\\nJohn Rolfe, one of the settlers.\\nWhile Smith was in command the colony grew and did fairly The starving\\nwell. But when he returned to England, evil days came upon time\\nthe people. Food grew scarce the Indians became hostile\\nfamine set in, and the sufferings of the starving people were\\nso terrible that in a few months their number was reduced\\nfrom five hundred to sixty. These, too, would have perished\\nhad not two little ships with more settlers arrived just at that\\ntime.\\nBut when the newcomers saw the starving people, all that\\nwere left of the once thriving colony, their hearts failed them,\\nvting bii lien\\nMarriage of Pocahontas", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48\\nTHE ENGLISH IX VIRGINIA\\ni\\nand they decided to leave Jamestown forever. Then the huts\\nwere stripped of everything worth taking away, and the set-\\ntlers, boarding the ships, sailed down the river. Such, how-\\never, was not to be the end of Jamestown. As the settlers\\nneared the sea they met three well-stocked vessels from Eng-\\nland, and turning back reoccupied the huts just abandoned,\\nand began a new struggle for a living.\\nTobacco And a struggle it was. The newcomers were quite unfit for\\nraising y^ Q j n w ilderness, and the colony can not be said to have\\nbecome prosperous till the colonists began to raise tobacco,\\nwhich greatly changed the whole course of events in Virginia.\\nIn the first place, when the people found what\\ngood prices tobacco brought in England, they\\nraised it rather than corn or wheat, and it became\\nthe chief crop.\\nIn the second place, when men in England saw\\nthat money was to be made by tobacco growing in\\nVirginia, they came over to engage in planting, and\\nthe colony drew to itself a better class of settlers.\\nIn the third place, tobacco became a sort of\\nmoney, and the price of food, of clothes, of articles\\nof all sorts, and even wages, were paid in pounds\\nof tobacco.\\nIn the fourth place, as the colony grew- in num-\\nbers, and tobacco planting became more and more\\nthe chief business of the colony, people lived on\\nplantations rather than in towns and cities.\\nAbout the time the Virginians may be said to\\nhave fairly started on their career of prosperity (when the\\ncolony was twelve years old), an odd thing happened, a\\nwives for shipload of young women arrived in search of husbands. Of\\nsettlers ^e men who had heretofore come over very few had wives\\nTobacco plant", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA\\n49\\nWestover, a Virginia colonial house\\nand children. The\\ncompany which man-\\naged affairs in Vir-\\nginia knew very well\\nthat without homes\\nand children and\\nfamily ties, their\\ncolony could never\\nbecome prosperous.\\nThe company there-\\nfore decided to pro-\\nvide wives, and find-\\ninn ninety young\\nwomen willing to go,\\nsent them out to Jamestown. Each one was free to choose her\\nhusband. But the girls were so much sought for, that the\\ncompany sent out shipload after shipload, and then each man\\nhad to pay the passage of his wife, which was one hundred\\nand twenty pounds of tobacco.\\nDuring the same year in which these young women arrived, Negro slaves\\nanother ship, bearing a very different sort of people, touched at\\nJamestown. It was a Dutch man-of-war, and from it twenty\\nnegroes were sold to the colonists. These were the first negro\\nslaves in our country, and from their introduction dates the\\nbeginning of slavery, which in time brought about much trouble.\\nMany years went by, however, before slaves became numer- indented\\nous, and in the meantime much of the labor was performed servants\\nby white persons called indented servants or redemptioncrs.\\nThese were men, women, and children who had been sold for a\\ncertain number of }*ears, and who would not be free till they\\nhad worked that length of time for their masters. Some of\\nthem were persons who had sold themselves in this way, in", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50\\nTI1K ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA\\nI\\nI\\nugra\\nf R\\nGreat\\ntobacco\\nplantations\\nonlcr to pay their passage to America; some of them were\\ncriminals, or persons guilty of some little offense, who had\\nbeen sold for a time instead of being punished in any other\\nway some of them were boys or girls who had been stolen\\nfrom their homes and carried off\\nby force, something like the\\nnegro slaves.\\nThese indented servants could\\nbe bought and sold like slaves or\\ncattle, but only for the time dur-\\ning which they were bound to\\nserve. When that time was up,\\nthey no longer had to work with-\\nout pay, but might work for\\nwages, or might get small plan-\\ntations of their own. Some, how-\\never, were lazy and became beg-\\ngars and thieves.\\nWith the cultivation of tobacco, the arrival of the maids, and\\nthe coming of more emigrants from England, the settled part\\nof Virginia was greatly increased. By the time the colony was\\ntwenty years old, large plantations were scattered along the\\nbanks of the York and James rivers, and Virginia had begun\\nto be a new kind of country. There were no roads, scarcely\\nany villages, and tobacco planting had become the chief\\nindustry.\\nThere were no roads because the plantations generally lay\\nalong some river or stream, and it was easier to pass from one\\nto another by water than by land. There were no towns save a\\nfew very small ones, such as Ilenricus and Bermuda), because\\nalmost everybody lived on plantations, and because all trade\\nand commerce were carried on at the planter s own door.\\n^Sf...!..^.\\nMain gateway at Westover", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IX VIRGINIA\\n51\\nThe ships that came from England for the tobacco would sail\\nup the rivers to the planters wharves, take on board what\\ntobacco was for sale, and pay for it with articles brought from\\nthe mother country. Tables, chairs, knives, saws, axes, nails,\\nhammers, clothing, shoes, almost everything the planter\\nneeded for his family, his house, his plantation, and his serv-\\nants, came from abroad.\\nThe Virginians bought all these things from England, not Little\\nbecause they were too lazy to make them for themselves, but be- n ufac\\ncause they were so\\nbusy planting and\\ncuring tobacco, and\\nbecause they had\\nvery few good work-\\nmen. So general\\nwas tobacco plant-\\ning, so completely\\ndid it take men\\naway from other\\npursuits, that when\\nVirginia was about\\ntwenty-five years\\nold, a law was made\\nforbidding brick-\\nmakers, carpenters,\\nturners, sawyers,\\nand joiners to plant\\nor farm.\\nAnother effect of\\nthe Virginian way\\nof living on plantations was, as we have said, the small number Few towns\\nof towns. This, too, the Virginia lawmakers tried to remedy.\\nRuins of the church at Jamestown", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52\\nTHE ENGLISH IX VIRGINIA\\nThey ordered each county to build one brick house in James-\\ntown, and required all the tobacco raised within a certain\\nregion to be sent there. But the law was not obeyed, and\\nJamestown never contained more than a church, a courthouse\\nand a few houses. To-day its site is a farm, and, save the\\nruined tower of the church, and some tombs and graves, little\\nremains to show where\\nit once stood.\\nYet another law\\nrequired towns to be\\nbuilt at certain places,\\nand offered all kinds\\nof favors to persuade\\npeople to live in them.\\nBut this, too, was a\\nfailure, and it was a\\nlong time before the\\npresent cities of Vir-\\nginia struggled into\\nthe shape of villages.\\nThere were other\\ntowns established by\\nlaw in each countv as\\nShirley\\nEarly houses\\nplaces in which to try lawsuits and punish criminals, but they\\nrarely consisted of more than the courthouse, the jail (near\\nwhich stood the stocks, the pillory, and the whipping post), a\\nwretched inn for the use of the judges and lawyers, and some-\\ntimes a church. Such a place was called a Court House\\nand was named from the county in which it was situated, as\\nHanover Court House, Culpeper Court House, and the like.\\nIn early times the houses of the Virginia settlers were of\\nlogs and built without iron. Wooden pegs were used in place", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA\\n53\\nof nails leather was used for hinges and a wooden latch with\\na leather string to lift it answered all the purposes of our door\\nknob and lock. So valuable were nails that a common practice\\nof settlers in later times when leaving their farms was to burn\\ndown the house and pick the nails out of the ashes and in\\nthe hope of stopping this custom Virginia offered to give the\\nmover as many nails as were believed to be in the house, pro-\\nvided he left it standing.\\nAs the people became more prosperous, log houses gave way\\nto long, narrow board\\nhouses with huge stone\\nor log chimneys at each\\nend, and partitions plas-\\ntered with mud and\\nwhitewashed. Some-\\ntimes the windows were\\nfurnished with glass\\nbut more often only\\nshutters were used to\\nkeep out the wind and\\nrain.\\nThe great planters\\nhad fine houses, a few of which, built two hundred years ago, Great\\nare still standing. They are of brick or wood, have names, P lanters\\no J houses\\nas Shirley, or Lower Brandon, or Sabin Hall, or Westover, and\\nare fine examples of their kind. Around the Hall, and separate\\nfrom it, were the kitchen, with its huge fireplace and curious\\ncooking utensils the offices, the vegetable garden, the ware-\\nhouses fur tobacco and grain, the stables, the cattle pens, the\\ndairy, and the cluster of little log cabins where the slaves lived,\\nknown as the negro quarters.\\nThe slaves and white redemptioners, of which n the greal\\nMl M. PR. H. 4\\nNegro quarters", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54\\nTHE ENGLISH IX VIRGINIA\\nLord\\nBaltimore\\nMaryland\\nsettled\\nplantations there were generally several hundred, did all the\\nwork. Some were coopers and made barrels in which the\\ntobacco was packed and rolled to the wharf or warehouse\\nothers were blacksmiths, carpenters, sawyers, spinners some\\nwere weavers and knitters who made\\ncoarse cloth and stockings for the\\nnegroes. But this was\\nat a time when Virginia\\nwas a hundred years or\\nmore old.\\nLong before that time\\nthe London Company\\nWhich at first controlled\\nVirginia had been broken\\nup, so that the colony came\\nunder the control of the\\nEnglish King. Then,\\nabout twenty-five years\\nafter the founding of Jamestown, King Charles I. cut off a\\npiece of Virginia and gave it to Lord Baltimore.\\nThis nobleman had attempted to plant a colony in New-\\nfoundland, but the French attacked him, and the climate was\\nso cold and the winters so long and the soil so pom that he\\napplied to the King for a piece of Virginia. The great tract\\ngiven him he called Maryland after the Queen. For it he\\nwas to pay the King two Indian arrows every year, which meant\\nthat the King did not give up all authority over the colony.\\nAbout this time the first Lord Baltimore died but his son\\nwent on with the work, and sent out a body of colonists, who\\nlanded on a little island not far from the mouth of the\\nPotomac River. Later they moved to the banks of the river\\nand started the town of St. Marys.\\nHallway at Shirley", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA 55\\nThough Maryland was a Catholic colony, Lord Baltimore\\nopened it to all Christians and soon members of several\\nProtestant churches made their homes on its soil.\\nWhat has been said of life in Virginia is just as true of life Life in\\nin Maryland. There too people raised tobacco, lived on large Mar y land\\nplantations rather than in towns, traveled about by water\\nrather than by land, and cultivated their plantations by in-\\ndented white servants and negro slaves. There were no large\\ncities to which the planters could send their crops to be sold\\nand shipped abroad. Each plantation had, if possible, frontage\\non some river or the bay, and to its wharf or landing would\\ncome the English merchant ships to exchange the knives, saws,\\nsilks, and muslins of the Old World for the tobacco of the\\nNew. When the plantation was not on a stream deep enough\\nto float a great ship, the tobacco or grain would be loaded\\nmi a raft and pushed down to the ship. When\\nthere was no stream, an axle would\\nbe made fast to each cask of\\ntobacco, which was then aL/f 4^/l^\\nrolled along to market. /^^Bm^Tlfi.\\nThe first town in\\nMaryland was St. Marys. RoIlin S tobacco to market\\nThe second, Annapolis, rose to be the most important in the\\ncolony, and remained so till Baltimore was founded when\\nMaryland was nearly a hundred years old.\\nSUMMARY\\nA few years after the voyage of Columbus, Cabot sailed along the coast\\nof North America and gave the English a claim based on discovery.\\nAbout a hundred years later attempts were made by Ralegh to found\\nan English colony on Roanoke Island, but failed.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56 THE ENGLISH IN NEW ENGLAND\\n:i. At last the London Company planted Jamestown, in Virginia (1607),\\nthe first successful settlement by the English in our country.\\n4 The company sent out shiploads of young women to marry the men;\\nand numbers of laborers, called redemptioners while a Dutch ship\\nbrought the first negro slaves introduced into our country.\\n5. In Virginia in early times there were a great number of tobacco planta-\\ntions, and hardly any towns.\\n6. When Jamestown was about twenty-five years old, the King gave a large\\ntract of land to Lord Baltimore. This new colony was called Maryland.\\n7. Lord Baltimore made Maryland a Roman Catholic colony; but people\\nof any Christian sect were welcome to settle there and were not\\nmolested.\\nCHAPTER VI\\nTHE ENGLISH IN NEW ENGLAND\\nwhy the While the Virginia settlers were passing their first year in\\n^fv\u00e2\u0084\u00a2, the New World, a number of men and women in England who\\nleft England\\nhad begun to worship God in a manner not allowed by the\\nlaws of that time, and had been harshly treated, lied to Hol-\\nland, where they might worship as they pleased.\\nThey were glad enough to find such a place of refuge. But\\nif they and their children. after them were to remain in Holland,\\nthey would forget their native land, forget their native lan-\\nguage lay aside the manners and customs of Englishmen, and\\nat length become Dutchmen. As they were not willing to do\\nthis, they resolved to move to some part of the world where\\nthey might still be Englishmen, and yet be free to worship\\nGod in their own way. There was then only one such land,\\nand that was America.\\nTo America, therefore, they turned, formed a company, and\\nhaving 1 obtained leave to settle on the coast of what is now", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IN NEW ENGLAND\\n57\\nNew Jersey, a little band of Pilgrims .sailed from Holland to Piigrimssaii\\nEngland. There others joined them, and the company thus forAmenca\\nincreased in number started in two ships, the Speedwell and\\nthe Mai/flower, for the New World. But they had not gone\\nfar from land when the Speedivell sprung a leak, and both\\nreturned to port. Some repairs were made, after which the\\ntwo again set sail and had crossed three hundred miles of water,\\nwhen the Speedwell leaked so badly that they were once more\\nPilgrims leaving Holland\\nforced to put back. A few of the band now gave up all idea\\nof going, and remained in England. The rest, just one hun-\\ndred and two men, women, and children, crowded on board the\\nother vessel, the Mayfloiver, and once more started for America.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58\\nTHE ENGLISH IN NEW ENGLAND\\nThe weather was so bad and the wind so high that nine\\nweeks passed before they came in sight of land, which proved\\nto be the shore of Cape Cod, far from the Jersey coast for\\nwhich they had started. The Mayflower\\nwas therefore turned southward.\\nHut head winds drove her back,\\nand the Pilgrims were forced to\\nseek shelter in what is now Prov-\\nincetown harbor, behind\\nCape Cod.\\nThe country round\\nabout was so poor a place\\nfor a settlement that par-\\nties were sent to find a\\nbetter one, and five weeks\\nwere spent in exploring\\nthe shores. At last one\\nparty, under Captain Miles Standish, entered a harbor so at-\\ntractive that it was chosen for the settlement. To this harbor\\nPiignms the Mayflower was brought with all on board, and a few days\\nPlymouth De f\u00c2\u00b0 re Christmas, 1620, the Pilgrims went on shore to begin\\nthe building of a town, which was named Plymouth.\\nAs usual with settlers in a new country, the sufferings of\\nthe Pilgrims during the first winter were terrible. Before\\nspring half of them died. But the rest were steadfast, and,\\nguided by the wisdom of\\nWilliam Bradford and _~2^\\ndefended by the skill and\\ncourage of Miles Standish,\\nthe colony passed through\\nall the perils of the wil-\\nderness. Relics of Miles Standish\\nThe Mayflower", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IN NEW ENGLAND\\n59\\n)ne day in the early spring an Indian walked into Plymouth Pilgrims and\\nand astonished the people by saying Welcome in good e n ians\\nEnglish. He was Samoset, and had learned the word from\\nsome fishermen who visited the coast before the Pilgrims.\\nBy and by he paid another visit with four companions, one\\nof whom was called\\nSquanto.\\nSquanto had been\\ncarried away by one\\nof the early explorers,\\niiad been taken to\\nEngland, and had at\\nlast been brought\\nback to his old home\\nnear Plymouth Bay.\\nDuring his long stay\\nabroad Squanto had\\nlearned to speak Eng-\\nlish, and now he be-\\ncame a most important\\nman in Plymouth.\\nHe acted as interpre-\\nter between the Pilgrims and the Indians. He taught the what squanto\\nsettlers how to fish, how to catch eels, and how to plant and tau s ht\\ncultivate corn, and told them to put a fish in each hill of corn,\\nas manure.\\nOn his first visit Squanto said that Massasoit, chief of a\\nneighboring tribe, was coming to see the colonists. The\\nPilgrims received this chief with great ceremony, and a treaty\\nwas made, binding each to help the other and to t rade as friends.\\nNot every chief was as friendly as Massasoit. and presently\\nthe head of another near-by tribe sent a messenger to Plymouth\\nNew England", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "no\\nTHE ENGLISH IN NEW ENGLAND\\nRhode\\nIsland\\nsettled\\nwith ;i rattlesnake skin\\nwrapped about a bundle of\\narrows. Nobody knew what\\nthis meant. But the next\\ntime Squanto came to Plym-\\nouth he said it was a chal-\\nlenge to fig-lit. When Brad-\\nford heard this, he tilled the\\nsnake skin with powder and\\nbullets, and sent it back.\\nThen the hostile chief de-\\ncided not to fight, after all.\\nBut the Pilgrims were\\nnot the only people who could\\nnot live in England. Others,\\nknown as the Puritans, were\\nnow so harshly treated that\\nthey too turned to America.\\nComing over in great num-\\nbers, they founded Salem and\\nBoston, and other towns\\nnear by, and thus planted\\na new colony called .Massachusetts Hay.\\nIn a little while, however, disputes arose in the new colony\\nover church matters, and numbers of the settlers went off\\nunder different leaders and built other towns. One of them,\\na young minister named Roger Williams, was so disliked that\\nhe was ordered to go back to England.\\nInstead of going to England, Williams fled to the village\\nof Massasoit, passed a winter there, and in the spring built a\\nhouse near by at a place he called Providence. This was the\\nbeginning of the colony of Rhode Island.\\nfainting h\u00e2\u0080\u009e _. Boughtorl\\nPuritans going to church", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IN NEW ENGLAND\\n61\\nAbout the same time another very famous minister, Thomas Connecticut\\nHooker, left Massachusetts Bay with a great many of. Ids settled\\ncongregation. They started westward, walk-\\ning through the forests, driving their cattle\\nbefore them, till they came to the banks of\\nthe Connecticut, where they founded Hart-\\nford. Other bands soon followed the\\nexample of Hooker s party, and built\\ntwo more towns near Hartford.\\nThese were the beginnings of\\nConnecticut. Two years later\\nanother colony was started at\\nNew Haven.\\nThe arrival of settlers in the\\nConnecticut valley led the chief\\nof the Pequot Indians to attempt\\nto drive out the whites, and he\\nbegan by trying to persuade other tribes to join him on the\\nwarpath. Hearing of this, the settlers begged Roger Williams\\nto do Ins best to prevent such a union of powerful tribes.\\nWilliams had little reason to love the\\npeople who had driven him into exile;\\nbut he was too noble a man to seek\\nrevenge, and by his influence the union\\nof the tribes was prevented.\\nLeft to themselves, the Pequots now Pequotwai\\nattacked the settlers. Men were killed\\non their way to the fields, people were\\nscalped, and girls were carried off. Such\\nthings were not to be endured, and as\\nsoon as possible a little band of whites, with some friendly\\nIndians, set off to attack the Pequots.\\nMonument over Plymouth Rock\\nThe flag of New\\nEngland", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62\\nTHE ENGLISH IN NEW ENGLAND\\nTheir village, which stood not far from Stonington, was\\na collection of wigwams surrounded by a circular fence or\\nstockade of tree trunks set firmly\\non end in the ground. The\\nr iM- trunks touched each other, leav-\\nPequot village\\ning chinks through which the\\nDestruction\\nof the\\nPequots\\nIndians, when attacked, could\\nfire. It was a bright moonlight\\nnight in May when the army came in sight of the village, within\\nwhich were several hundred savages.\\nAt the sight of the stockade, the Indian allies of the English\\nwere filled with fear and slunk back. So the little band of\\nwhite men went on alone to attack the whole Indian vil-\\nlage. As they drew near, the barking of the dogs aroused\\nthe Pequots but some of the white men guarded the two\\nentrances, and shot down every one who\\nattempted to escape. Others guarded the\\nstockade and flung burning torches over\\nit, setting fire to the wigwams. Of the\\nmany Indians who were in the village,\\nonly five escaped death. The Pequot\\ntribe was destroyed, and for nearly forty\\nyears no other Indians dared lift a hand\\nagainst the whites.\\nKing During these years of peace the colo-\\nwaV S n ists increased rapidly in number, built\\nnew towns, and crowded the Indians more\\nand more. The loss of their land of\\ncourse angered the savages, and they\\nwould gladly have killed all the settlers.\\nBut they remembered the fate of the Pequots and kept quiet\\ntill a chief called King Philip dug up the hatchet, and began\\nChair of the first\\ngovernor of Plymouth", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH IN NEW ENGLAND\\n63\\n(1675) a three years war for the purpose of\\nwhite man from the country.\\nFor a time it seemed as if the people on the\\nfrontier would all be killed. Village after\\nvillage was attacked and fearful deeds were\\ndone. Out of ninety towns twelve were\\nburned to the ground, and forty were at-\\ntacked and many of their inhabitants slaugh-\\ntered. More than a thousand white men and\\nscores of women and children perished be-\\nfore Philip was killed and the war ended.\\nAnd what of the red man As a power the\\nIndian was destroyed, and, except when aiding\\nthe French in their border wars, disappears\\nfrom New England history. Dreadful as these\\nthings were, they ought to be remembered.\\ndriving the\\nAn early flax spinning\\nwheel\\nWe ouq-ht to\\nknow what sort of people founded our states, and at what a\\ncost in life and suffering.\\nKing Philip s War had scarcely ended when King Charles II. New\\nmade another New England colony. Much of the Ham P shire\\ncountry included in what is now Maine and New\\nHampshire once belonged to Ferdi-\\nnando Gorges and John Mason. In\\ntime the heir of Gorges sold Maine\\nto Massachusetts. But the heirs of\\nMason neglected New Hampshire,\\nand the few towns in it were gov-\\nCradle of the first Pilgrim baby t i -,i\\nerned by Massachusetts till alter\\nKing Philip s War, when the King made it a separate royal\\nprovince.\\nNot long after this Plymouth, or -the Old Colony, was FourNew\\nadded to Massachusetts.\\nEngland\\nAs the New Haven colony was colonies", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64 PIONEER EIEE IN NEW ENGLAND\\nalready joined with Connecticut, there were then but four\\nNew England colonies left Massachusetts Bay, New Hamp-\\nshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut.\\nSUMMARY\\n1. The first permanent English settlement in Xew England was made at\\nPlymouth (1620) by the Pilgrims, as they were called.\\n2. After suffering great hardships, the Plymouth colony began to prosper,\\nand its success led to a great Puritan immigration. The Puritans\\nfounded the colony of Massachusetts Bay, to which, after many years,\\nPlymouth and Maine were annexed.\\n3. Religious differences soon led to the founding of a new colony by Roger\\nWilliams, which we know as Rhode Island, and to the planting of\\nthree towns in the Connecticut River valley.\\n4. The arrival of these people in the Connecticut valley was the e;m e of the\\nPequot War and the almost utter destruction of the Pequot Indians.\\n5. Xew Haven was settled as a colony by itself, but afterwards became\\npart of Connecticut.\\nG. For many years there w r as peace with the Indians. But in time a Long\\nand bloody struggle, known as King Philip s War, occurred, during\\nwhich the Indian power in New England was broken.\\n7. Just at the end of this war Xew Hampshire was made a colony separate\\nfrom Massachusetts.\\nCHAPTER VII\\nPIONEER LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND\\nManytowns In our study of Virginia we noticed that plantations were\\nmany and large, and towns few and very small. Just the\\nopposite of this is true of New England, where there were no\\nplantations, but many towns. Almost everybody lived in or\\nnear a town. On the frontier and in remote places, it is true,\\nthere were detached farms but these were the exceptions.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "PIONEER LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND\\n65\\nA blockhouse\\nThe church, the blockhouse, and the town house stood near\\ntogether in the center of the village. Around them were the\\ndwelling of the minister, the inn, the store, the\\nshops of the blacksmith, the shoemaker, and\\nall the other tradesmen, and about these\\nin turn were the farmhouses, some near\\nand some far away.\\nWhen the town was on the frontier, or\\nso situated as to be open to Indian attack\\n(and few in early colonial days were not),\\nthey were sure to be guarded by block-\\nhouses surrounded by high stockades.\\nThere might be three or more blockhouses\\nto each village, and to these at night the\\nfamilies of the settlers whose homes were not thus protected Defenses\\ncame to sleep. When daylight returned, if all was found to\\nbe safe, the great gate was unbarred and the men and women\\nwent back to their daily work, and at sunset returned to the\\nblockhouse.\\nTo such little forts the name garrison houses was given.\\nTheir thick sides of logs were bullet proof. The upper story\\nprojected over the lower, and in place of windows were loop-\\nholes. The walls of some were\\nof stone. Most of these block-\\nhouses have long since disap-\\npeared, but a few, changed into\\ndwelling houses with windows,\\nstill remain. Small towns of\\ntwenty or thirty houses were\\noften entirely surrounded by a\\nstockade with wooden towers called flankers, in which the\\nsentinels kept watch from sunset to sunrise.\\nGarrisor\\nhouses\\nPattens worn over shoes in wet\\nweather", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66\\nPIONEER LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND\\nA log cabin\\nHouses of\\nfe e t7i*s ngland he wished them to be\\nTheir food\\nThe houses of the first-comers were of logs. The builder\\nwould begin by cutting down trees and chopping them into\\nlogs about fourteen feet long and\\nnotching the end halfway through.\\nWhen enough had been cut he\\nwould place four on the ground\\nin the shape of a square, taking\\ncare to leave an open space in\\none side for a doorway, and an-\\nother at one end for a huge tire-\\nplace. On top of these he would\\nput a second set of logs, and then\\na third and a fourth, and so on till the wails were as high as\\nFor the roof he used log rafters, placed\\nsaplings across them, and on the saplings laid marsh grass or\\nstraw, or bark of trees like shingles, or shingles themselves if\\nhe had time to make them. Between the Avail logs of course\\nwould be chinks or open spaces, because the tree trunks, being\\nof different shapes, would not everywhere touch each other.\\nThese chinks were filled with chips covered with mud or clay.\\nOutside the great fireplace was the chimney, made either of\\nstones, or of branches of trees covered with clay on the inside\\nto keep them from taking fire.\\nStoves and ranges were un-\\nknown.\\nAs the towns along the\\nseacoast grew in wealth and\\npopulation, better houses\\nwere built, and some of these, two hundred and fifty and more\\nyears old, are still standing in New England.\\nQuite as important to the first-comers as their houses, was\\ntheir food. We have seen the Jamestown colonists starving to\\nToaster", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "PIONEER LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND\\n67\\nlearned from\\nIron lantern\\ndeath in a land of plenty because they did not know how to get\\nthings to eat. In New England matters were better\\nmanaged, though the soil there was less fertile, and\\nthe winters were colder. The Pilgrims landed in\\nmidwinter, but when spring came, they took their\\nfirst lesson in New World farming from Squanto,\\nthat good friend of the white man.\\nThe lesson taught at Plymouth has never been Lessons\\nforgotten, and the New England boy or girl who L\\nto-day sees a cornfield with the same number of\\nstalks in each hill, with bean vines clinging to the\\nstalks, and pumpkin vines winding in and out\\nthrough the hills, beholds exactly the kind of corn\\npatch that Squanto showed the Pilgrims how to plant.\\nBut Squanto did more than this. He taught them how to\\ndry and pound and cook the corn, and to prepare dishes which\\nwe still call by the Indian names of succo\\ntash and supawn. Having no mills in\\nwhich to grind corn, the settlers used the\\nIndian method of pounding. A tree would\\nbe chosen and cut off three feet above the\\nground a hole would be chopped or\\nburned into the top of the stump and\\na heavy block of wood the pestle\\nshaped to fit the hole, would be\\nsuspended from a young tree near\\nby. After putting his corn into the\\nhole, the farmer, or more likely his\\nwife or daughter, would pull down\\ntlu pestle with a bang, and then relax the pull on it slightly,\\nwhen the tree would lift it up ready for another blow, and so\\non till the corn was pounded into meal.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "68\\nPIONEER LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND\\nFrom the Indians\\nalso came the pump-\\nkin, the squash, the\\npotato, and the sweet\\npotato. To them\\nwere of course added\\nsuch vegetables and\\nfruits as the settlers\\nknew in England.\\nFrom the Indians.\\nagain, came the snow-\\nOld house (1650)\\nHousehold\\nmanufactur-\\ning\\nshoe, the moccasin, and the canoe, each of which lias played an\\nimportant part in the history of our country.\\nFrom the very start household articles were made in New\\nEngland far more generally than in any of the other colonics.\\nWe have seen how dependent Virginia was on the mother\\ncountry for things to use, to wear, and to work with indoors\\nand out. New England was not so much so. Furniture,\\nutensils, tools of many sorts, such as\\nhay forks, rakes, oxbows, ox yokes, sleds.\\nflails, scythe handles, and ax handles, were\\nmade by the farmer and his sons. Not a\\nboy but put his jackknife to useful\\npurpose. He made brooms\\nafter the Indian fashion from\\nthe birch tree bowls and\\ndippers, skimmers and bot-\\ntles, from gourds; shoe pegs\\nfrom maple wood butter pad-\\nAYankee dies from red cherry. He platted flags for door mats, and\\nwhittled rake teeth, cheese hooks, and every toy he owned,\\nfrom a whistle to a water wheel. Such an education made\\nImplements for lighting\\n{Lard-ail lump, iron for pulling up the wick,\\nand combined tinder ami candlestick)", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "PIONEER LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND\\n69\\nWooden tankard\\na handy man, and a Yankee who was not\\nhandy was of no account.\\nAlmost everything was made of wood\\nin those days. Hinges for cupboard, closet,\\nand even shed doors latches, plows and\\nharrows, spoons, tankards, and a hundred\\nother things now made of metal, were of\\nwood. Many more which even in our time\\narc wooden but are purchased at the store\\nwere then made at home as pails, firkins,\\nbuckets, tubs, bread troughs, wagon wheels.\\nA wheelwright in those days was a man\\nwho made spinning wheels, not cart wheels.\\nOn the women of the household fell very many duties, women s\\nThey made the soap, molded or dipped work\\nthe candles, broke the flax and spun it,\\nwove and bleached the linen and made\\nit into clothes. They carded wool,\\npun the yarn, dyed the cloth,\\n:nit mittens and stockings, made\\nstraw hats and baskets, and found\\ntime to bring up families of\\nfifteen children.\\nLong after this period,\\nwhen the colonies were\\nwell-to-do, a bright Yan- a Yankee\\nkee girl who kept a diary e irl sdiar y\\nused to record her daily\\nwork. From these entries\\nit appears that she washed,\\ncooked, knitted, weeded the garden, picked the feathers from\\nlive geese for pillows and feather beds, and did a dozen things\\nSpinning flax", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70\\nPIONEER LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND\\nno girl of our time thinks of doing. As put down day by day,\\nher entries read Spun short thread. Fix d two gowns for\\nWelsh s girls. Carded tow. Spun linen. Worked on cheese\\nbasket. Hatchel d liax with Hannah, we did 51 lbs. apiece.\\nPleated and ironed. Read a sermon of Doddridge s. Spooled\\na piece. Milked the cows. Spun linen, did 50 knots. Made a\\nbroom of Guinea wheat straw. Spun thread to whiten. Set\\na red dye. Had two scholars from Mrs. Taylor s. I carded\\nTable ware\\ntwo pounds of whole\\nSpun harness\\nHad\\nlived\\nTable\\ncustoms\\nwool and felt nationly [tired].\\ntwine. Scoured the pewter. 1\\nthis industrious young woman\\nin the early colonial times instead\\nof just at their close, there would\\nprobably have been no pewter for\\nher to scour. There were of\\ncourse a few pewter dishes. Some\\nbelonging to Miles Standish, the Captain of Plymouth, are\\nnow to be seen at that town. But the mass of the early\\nsettlers used wooden table ware. Forks, it is said, were\\nunknown in England till the year after Jamestown was\\nfounded. The first in our country, we are told, came to Gov-\\nernor John Winthrop of Massachusetts, twelve years after the\\nfounding of Plymouth. People ate with their fingers or with\\nwooden spoons off wooden trenchers instead of plates. A\\ntrencher was a block of wood three inches or so in thickness,\\nhollowed or scooped out on one side like a saucer.\\nSpoons were of wood, or pewter, or, for such as could afford\\nit, of silver. Glass tumblers were not in use, nor was it cus-\\ntomary to have a drinking cup for each person at the table.\\n1 These extracts are given by Mrs. Alice. Morse Earle in a delightful hook\\ncalled Home Life in Colonial Days, to which the author is much indebted.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "PIONEER LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND\\n71\\nOne large cup or tankard was enough, and each drank from it\\nin turn or when he pleased and it might be of wood, or\\nleather, or pewter.\\nCould we have entered the house of a well-to-do settler a settler s\\nat dinner time, we should probably have seen a long, narrow dmnertable\\nboard laid across X supports. This was the table or board,\\nwhich was spread. The spreading consisted of the cloth;\\nColonial kitchen fireplace\\na large saltcellar in the middle of the board the wooden\\ntrenchers (not always one for each, but often one for two\\nmembers of the family) wooden or pewter spoons, and knives,\\nbut no forks, no china, no glass a huge pewter platter heaped\\nwith meat and vegetables mixed together, and a wooden or\\npewter tankard for water.\\nTo the board thus simply spread children were scarcely wel-\\ncome. In many families they were not allowed to sit during\\nChildren\\nat meals", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72\\nTHE MIDDLE COLONIES\\nmeals, but must stand either beside the table or at a sideboard\\nmust eat their meals as quickly as possible and leave the room.\\nchange in As prosperity came to the colonies, many of these customs\\nand much of this simplicity disappeared; but they were by no\\nmeans wholly gone when our country became the United States.\\nSUMMARY\\n1. In New England the people lived in towns, and not on large plantations.\\n2. Each New England frontier town was either surrounded by a stockade,\\nor was provided with garrison houses, for the Indians were more war-\\nlike than in Virginia.\\n3. Because the winters in New England were colder and the soil less fertile\\nthan in the South, the houses, the occupations, and the whole manner\\nof life were very different in the two sections.\\nCHAPTER VIII\\nTHE MIDDLE COLONIES\\nAt the very time that Champlain was getting\\nready to go with the Canadian Indians to fight\\nthe Iroquois of New York, and while the Eng-\\nlish at Jamestown were struggling with famine\\nand sickness in Virginia, an Englishman named\\nHenry Hudson appeared off the coast of Maine.\\nVV He came in a Dutch ship, the Half-Moon, from the\\nNetherlands or Holland, in search of a northwest\\npassage through or around America to the Indies.\\nNot finding one, Hudson sailed southward and\\ncame presently to the entrance to Delaware Bay\\nHudson s (map, page 77), up which he went a little way but soon turned\\nabout, and coasting along the New Jersey shore, went into\\nDutch merchant\\nvoyage", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE MIDDLE COLONIES\\n73\\nJp?S?f\\nThe Half-Moon on the Hudson\\nNew York Bay and sailed far up a great\\nriver that came down from\\nthe north (1609).\\nThe beauty of the scen-\\nery, the magnificence of the\\nPalisades, the mountains,\\nand the lofty hills impressed\\nHudson so strongly that he\\nnamed the stream River of\\nthe Mountains, though we\\nnow call it Hudson River.\\nBut the chance for a trade\\nin furs was likewise noticed,\\nand when Hudson made his report after returning to Hoi- The Dutch\\nland, merchants of Amsterdam sent ships to exchange beads,\\nknives, and red cotton cloth for skins of the beaver and\\nthe otter. A few years later, the Dutch West India Com-\\npany was formed, and then serious efforts were made to settle\\nthe country.\\nFort Nassau, which had been built south of Albany, Dutch forts\\nwas moved to the site of Albany and called\\nFort Orange. Another Fort Nassau was built\\non the Delaware River, where Gloucester,\\nN. J., is now, and a third fort, Good Hope,\\non the banks of the Connecticut where Hart-\\nford is. Manhattan Island (now a part of\\nNew York city) was next bought from the\\nIndians for a few dollars worth of goods,\\nand Fort Amsterdam, a bloekhouse with a\\nhigh stockade backed with earth, was erected\\non the south end of it. Outside the fort was\\nDutch soldier a row of log huts.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74\\nTHE MIDDLE COLONIES\\nDutch\\nsettlers\\nExtent of\\nNew Nether-\\nland\\nEarly view of New Amsterdam\\n{From tin old print)\\nAs yet but few people came to settle and farm almost all\\nthe inhabitants were traders who intended to go back to Hol-\\nland as soon as they had made some money in the fur trade.\\nThe West India Company therefore offered a great induce-\\nment to settlers. Any man who within four years established\\na colony of fifty persons was to receive an immense tract of\\nland.\\nThe owner of such a tract was called a patroon, and in a\\nlittle while a number of patroons were settled along the Hud-\\nson River and on the Delaware. The Delaware settlements\\nwere short-lived, for the Indians drove the Dutch away. But\\nthose on the Hudson throve, and soon others were made on\\nLong Island and on the banks of the Connecticut River.\\nThus it came about that New Netherland, as the Dutch\\ncalled their American possessions, extended from the Delaware\\nto the Connecticut River, and included most of Long Island\\nand the valley of the Hudson River.\\nAfter a time, some of the officers of the Dutch West India\\nCompany, disgusted at the way its affairs were managed,", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE MIDDLE COLONIES\\nTo\\nformed the South Company and went to Sweden for settlers. Swedish\\nThey sent out a colony of Swedes, founded a town on the settlers\\nDelaware, on the site of Wilmington, and called the country\\nNew Sweden.\\nThis alarmed the Dutch. They were afraid the Swedes\\nwere going to have the country, so they built a fort on the\\nDelaware River just above the Swedish fort. Thereupon the\\nSwedes went higher up the river and built another fort, near\\nthe present city of Philadelphia. Not content with this, they\\nnext attempted to make things so uncomfortable for the Dutch\\nthat they would leave.\\nBut the governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant,\\na fiery, energetic man, came over from New Amsterdam with\\na band of soldiers,\\ntook possession of all\\nthe Swedish land, that\\nis, a strip west of\\nDelaware River and\\nRay, and added it to\\nNew Netherland.\\nStuyvesant also\\nhad trouble with the\\nEnglish in New Eng-\\nland but here he\\nthought it best not\\nOld Swedes church, Wilmington\\nto use soldiers, and\\nat last the English settlers crowded the Dutch out of the\\nConnecticut valley.\\nThe presence of the Dutch on the Hudson, the Delaware,\\nand Long Island was dangerous to the English. It would\\nnever do to have New England cut off from Virginia and the\\ncountry south of it by the Dutch colony of New Netherland.\\nr\\nYf i\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0A\\np^\\nt-.ji-^M\\n11\\n{gg*\\nfi*\\nnSajBF^ Cvfi\\n4 t itiffWrk\\nEESH\\nt\\nTrouble with\\nthe English", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "TG\\nTIIK MIDDLK COLONIES\\nSo King Charles II. of England raised the old claim to the\\nwhole Atlantic coast, and gave New Netherland to his brother\\nthe Duke of York (who afterward became King James II.).\\nA fleet was next sent to en-\\nforce this claim, and one tine\\nday the English ships dropped\\nanchor off the little Dutch\\ntown of New Amsterdam.\\nThe Englishman in com-\\nmand of the fleet promptly\\nsent a letter to Governor\\nStuyvesant, asking him to\\nsurrender the town. Stuy-\\nvesant was for fighting. I\\nwould rather be carried out\\ndead, said he, than give up\\nthe fort. 1 But nobody would\\nhelp him. The people saw\\nthat it would be useless to\\nresist, the Dutch flag on Fort\\nAmsterdam came down, the\\nEnglish flag went up, and\\nNew Netherland became the\\nproperty of the Duke of\\nYork (1664).\\nBecause of this high-\\nhanded act, a war followed between Holland and England.\\nWhen it was over, England gave some islands in the East\\nIndian seas to Holland, and kept New Netherland. New\\nAmsterdam now became New York, and Fort Orange was\\nnamed Albany. A few years later England and Holland were\\nagain at war, and one August morning a fleet of Dutch ships\\nStuyvesant s pear tree, New York\\n{From iin print)", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE MIDDLE COLONIES\\n77\\nanchored off the city of New York, six hundred Dutch soldiers\\ncame ashore, and the province was once more under Dutch rule.\\nBefore a year had passed, however, peace was made, and the\\nprovince a second time became English.\\nThe province of New York, as it was called, at first New York\\nincluded Delaware, New Jersey, Long Island, Nantucket,\\nMarthas Vineyard, and all the country from the Connecticut\\nboundary to the sources of the Hudson, the Mohawk, and the\\nDelaware rivers.\\nThe same year in\\nwhich the Dutch made\\ntheir first surrender\\nto England, the Duke\\nof York gave a great\\npiece of his province\\nto two of his friends,\\nLord Berkeley and\\nSir George Carteret.\\nIt was called New\\nJersey because Car-\\nteret had been gov-\\nernor of the island of\\nJersey in the English\\nChannel. New Jer-\\nsey was next divided\\ninto two parts, called\\nLast Jersey and West\\nJersey, which were\\nbought by two com-\\npanies of Friends or\\nQuakers. Afterwards the Jerseys were united again, and\\nformed one royal province or colony controlled by the King.\\nATLANTIC\\nOCEAN\\nSCALE OF MILES\\nThe Middle Colonies", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78\\nTHE MIDDLE COLONIES\\nWilliam Penn\\nFriends or\\nQuakers\\nOne of the members of the company of Friends that pur-\\nchased East Jersey was William Penn, who became so deeply\\ninterested in America that he made up his mind to plant\\na colony of his own. Penn was the son of an English\\nadmiral who had served his coun-\\n^w try well and had been a true\\nfriend to the King in time of\\nWooden plow neecL Moreover, a great sum of\\nmoney, due by the King to Penn s\\nfather at the time of his death, was still unpaid. When, there-\\nfore, Penn proposed to take as payment of the debt a tract of\\nwilderness on the Delaware, King Charles II. very willingly\\nconsented, gave him the land, and named it Pennsylvania, or\\nPenn s Woodland, in honor of the admiral. For this, Penn\\nwas to pay to the King of England two beaver skins each }-ear.\\nThis tribute was duly paid by the Penn family for ninety-nine\\nyears, or until about the time that\\nthe colony of Pennsylvania became\\nan independent state, when the\\nUnited States became free from\\nGreat Britain.\\nThe Friends taught that all\\nmen should live peaceably that\\nthere should be no armies, no\\nwars, no lawsuits. Such a people,\\nit would seem, might have been\\nallowed to go about their business\\nunmolested. But they were not.\\nIn England they were imprisoned,\\nflogged, even put to death. One\\nof Penn s purposes, therefore, Avas to do for the Friends in\\nPennsylvania what the Puritans had done for themselves in\\nWilliam Penn", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE MIDDLE COLONIES\\n79\\nDela-\\nware\\nPerm s house\\n{Now standing in Fairmov/nt Park, Philadelphia)\\nNew England that is, found\\na colony where they could\\nlive and worship as they\\npleased. But he did more\\nhe opened his colony to\\nmen of every religion and\\nevery nation.\\nIf }*ou look on the\\nmap, you will notice that\\nPennsylvania has no sea-\\ncoast. Penn, therefore,\\nbought from the Duke of\\nYork what is now Dela-\\nware state, and added it\\nto Pennsylvania.\\nAs soon as Penn re-\\nceived his land, three ships with colonists set sail. One was\\ndriven by storms into the West Indies. The others reached\\nthe Delaware and anchored off the little Swedish town of\\nUpland, or Chester, as it is now called, and were there locked\\nin the ice. The Swedes did all they could for the comfort of\\nthe newcomers but many, unable to get other shelter, dug\\ncaves in the ground or built earth huts, and there Penn found\\nthem when he came over in the follow-\\ning autumn.\\nThough Penn was absolute owner of pennand\\nthe soil, he believed the Indians had some theIndians\\nrights, and soon after arriving in Penn-\\nsylvania lie sent for the neighboring\\nchiefs. They met him on the banks of\\nthe Delaware, under a huge elm, bargained for the sale of a\\ngreat tract of land, smoked the pipe of peace, and made a\\nStraw bee hive", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80\\nTHE MIDDLE COLONIES\\nPhiladelphia\\nWelsh\\nsettlers\\nPenn wampum belt\\ntreaty that was never broken. The two parties then exchanged\\npresents. That from the Indians was a wampum belt on which\\nare the figures of an Indian and a white man hand in hand.\\nThree agents sent with the colonists had meanwhile chosen\\nthe site for a great town which Penn called Philadelphia, and\\nto this spot twenty-three ships filled with settlers came during\\nthe following summer.\\nFor nearly twenty years most of the people who came to\\nPhiladelphia were Welsh. Penn gave these people a greal\\ntract of country west of the Schuylkill River. This was called\\nthe Welsh Barony, but is\\nnow known as the Welsh\\nTract. It may be found on\\na large map of Pennsylvania\\nby the Welsh names of the\\ntowns. 1 After 1700, very\\nfew Welsh people came to\\nPennsylvania but each\\nyear brought more and more\\nEnglish, German, and\\nScotch-Irish settlers.\\nEmigrants from Hol-\\nland and Germany came\\nover almost as soon as Penn himself and planted Germantown,\\nthen on the outskirts but now within the city of Philadelphia.\\n1 Such as Bryn Mawr, Radnor, Merion, Narberth, Gladwyne.\\nAn old Germantown house\\n(Chi yj lloil si)", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE MIDDLE COLONIES\\n81\\nThe great German immigration, however, did not begin till German\\nsome years later. Queen Anne was then on the British throne, settlers\\nand the rulers of Great Britain, thinking it was not wise to\\nallow so many Englishmen to go to the colonies, began to look\\nabroad for immigrants, hi a certain part of Germany known\\nas the Palatinate, the people, oppressed by Avar and poverty,\\nwere at that time most unhappy, and to them the British\\nrulers turned. Books were written telling all about\\nAmerica and distributed among them. On the covers\\nof each book were a picture of Queen Anne and some\\ngold letters, which gave it the name of the Golden Book.\\nThe effect of these books was so great that in two\\nyears thirty thousand Germans crossed to England.\\nThey were sheltered in tents on the fields near London\\nand taken as quickly as possible, some to Ireland, but\\nmost to Pennsylvania, New York, and the Carolinas.\\nThus started, a regular trade in emigrants grew up,\\nand became so profitable that the custom arose of\\nsending men to Germany to urge and persuade peo-\\nple to emigrate. All sorts of wicked lies were told\\nthe peasants, and if they could not afford to pay\\ntheir passage they were induced to go as redemp-\\ntion ers.\\nAbout seventy-five years before Penn founded his colony, The\\na great number of Scotchmen went from Scotland to Ireland. Scotch Irish\\nThey were encouraged to go and live on land taken from Irish-\\nmen who had rebelled against Queen Elizabeth and James I.\\nA little later, when England was ruled by Oliver Cromwell,\\nmore Irish land was seized and still other Scotchmen and some\\nEnglishmen were induced to go over to Ireland and live there.\\nThe descendants of these people were the Scotch-Irish, and about\\ntwenty years after Pennsylvania was founded they began to\\nWarming pan", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "82\\nTHE MIDDLE COLONIES\\nScotch-Irish\\nsettlers\\ncome to the colonies in America. Some went to Maryland,\\nothers to Virginia, others to New Hampshire. Indeed, they\\nwere to be found scattered along the\\nwhole frontier from New Hampshire to\\nGeorgia.\\nBut Pennsylvania was the favor-\\nite colony of the Scotch-Irish, and\\nto it they came in far greater num-\\nbers than to any other. Once there,\\nthey were brought in contact with\\nthe Germans, and the meeting was\\nanything but peaceful. So serious did\\ntheir quarrels become, that the agent\\nof Penn was told to keep the two races\\nseparate, and the Scotch-Irish were sent to live along the\\nMaryland border and on the western frontier.\\nA corn sheller\\nSUMMARY\\n1. Henry Hudson, \u00c2\u00aban Englishman in the service of the Dutch, entered New\\nYork Bay and sailed up the river that now hears his name (1609).\\n2. The Dutch sent traders to the Hudson valley, made large grants of land\\nto men who would bring out settlers, claimed the country from the\\nDelaware to the Connecticut River, and called it New Netherland.\\n3. Some Swedes settled on the Delaware River and called their country New\\nSweden, but New Sweden was soon taken by the Dutch.\\n4. Then the English took New Netherland from the Dutch. It was given\\nto the Duke of York, who named it New York.\\n5. The Duke gave a piece of it to two friends, who established the colony\\nof New Jersey.\\n6. William Penn obtained from the English King a grant of land and\\nfounded Pennsylvania. He also bought some land at the mouth of the\\nDelaware River, which is now the state of Delaware.\\n7. The liberal policy of Penn attracted many Welsh, German, and Scotch-\\nIrish settlers, as well as English, to Pennsylvania.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN COLONIES\\n8a\\nCHAPTER IX\\nTHE SOUTHERN COLONIES\\nFor a long time Maryland and Virginia were the onty\\nsouthern colonies. But some thirty years after the gift of\\nMaryland to Lord Baltimore, King Charles II. made a new\\ncolony south of Virginia, which he called Carolina and gave\\nto eight of his friends (1003).\\nEmigrants from Virginia had already settled on Albemarle Early\\nSound. Others, from Barbados Island in the West Indies,\\ncame to Cape Fear\\nRiver about the time\\nKing Charles made\\nthe grant and to\\nthese two settlements\\nthe proprietors soon\\nadded a third, at\\nCharleston. But as\\ntime passed Charles-\\nton grew and throve,\\nand the Cape Fear\\nsettlement dwindled\\ntill it completely dis-\\nappeared, and there\\nwere left but two set-\\ntlements the one on\\nAlbemarle Sound, and\\nthe other lying about Charleston. Besides the English settlers,\\nthere came also, in time, Huguenots from France, Swiss, Ger-\\nmans, and Scotch Highlanders.\\nBetween the Albemarle and Charleston settlements was a\\nsettlements\\nin Carolina\\nThe Carolinas and Georgia", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84\\nTHE SOUTHERN COLONIES\\nNorth vast stretch of wilderness; neither colony cared about the\\nh\\nCarolina\\nh other: they Intel been founded by two very different sorts of\\nThe\\nbuccaneers\\npeople, and soon began to be spoken of as North\\nCarolina and South Carolina. But it was many\\nyears before Carolina was actually so divided into\\ntwo distinct provinces.\\nThe two were very unlike. In North Caro-\\nlina the people lived on small plantations, where\\ncorn and tobacco were raised by a few slaves.\\nIn South Carolina the white population was not\\nso numerous as in North Carolina, but was much\\nricher, and owned immense plantations, where\\ngreat gangs of slaves raised indigo and rice\\nThen, too, the wealthy planters lived chiefly\\nin Charleston, carried on a brisk trade with\\nEurope, and sent their sons to England to be\\neducated. f\\nIn one other respect jh the Carolinas were\\nHuguenot gentleman imHke {]w[y sigter\\nward. During some years\\nfested by pirates. About the\\nEnglish were settling at James\\nMassachusetts, there appeared in the\\nislands of the West Indies a graceless\\nrovers called buccaneers, or Brethren of\\nthey called themselves. From their\\nholds they sallied forth to make atta\\nof the AV r est Indies and even of Sou\\ning and plundering towns and doing all manner\\nacts, and capturing the merchant ships of all nations\\nWhen these things had gone on for half a century\\nand more, England and Spain thought it was time to Ri ce", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN COLONIES\\n85\\nput a stop to buccaneering and about the time Charleston\\nwas founded a treaty was made for that purpose. It was called\\nthe Treaty of America. But to put down these desperate free- The pirates\\nhooters was not easy, and when settlements sprang up on the inCarolma\\nCarolina coast the pirates found it easy to\\nwin over the people to their side. They\\nbrought goods and articles of all sorts that\\nthe settlers could not get in any other\\nway were liberal with their gold, and\\npaid good prices for the rice, tobacco,\\nand other things they wanted. More-\\nover, the people and the rulers were\\nafraid of them. Men who thought\\nnothing of tossing the crew of a cap-\\ntured vessel into the sea, who were\\nknown to have cut off the heads of pris-\\noners for mere sport, and had taken and\\nplundered towns better defended and\\nmany times larger than Charleston, were\\nnot to be trifled with.\\nAs a result, Charleston became a\\nfavorite haunt of the pirates, and would\\nhave continued to be so had they not\\nbegun to plunder the ships that came to South Carolina for\\nrice. Then the planters realized that if this plundering went south\\non, the ships would keep away: that if vessels did not come, Caro ina\\nL x expels pirates\\ntheir rice could not be sent to Europe and that if it did not\\nget to Portugal and Holland, they might better not raise it at\\nall. Now, as rice was the chief crop of South Carolina, the\\npirates were thenceforth looked on as enemies, and every year\\nnumbers of them were to be seen swinging in chains from the\\ngallows in Charleston.\\nIndigo plant\\nMl M. PR. II.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "m;\\nTHE SOUTHERN COLONIES\\nThe pirate\\nBlackbeard\\nDriven from South Carolina, the buccaneers found refuge\\nin the island of New Providence, one of the Bahamas, and in\\nthe sounds and rivers of North Carolina, where the people\\nwere still glad to see them. But when a British fleet drove\\nthe pirates from New Providence, they returned to South\\nCarolina, not as friends, but as enemies. One of them was a\\nwretch whose name was\\nRobert Thatch, but who was\\ngenerally known as Black-\\nbeard. He was the very ideal\\nof a pirate chief. His brow\\nwas low, his eyes were small,\\nhis huge shaggy beard, black\\nas coal, came far down on his\\nbreast, and over his shoulder\\nhung three braces of pistols.\\nHe had been the terror of\\nthe coast for years before he\\nappeared one day off the port\\nof Charleston. with a line frig-\\nate of forty guns and three\\nsloops well armed and manned\\nby four hundred desperadoes.\\nDespite his presence in\\nthe neighborhood, a number\\nof ships set sail from Charles-\\nton in hopes that he might\\nnot catch them. But all were taken, and in one were several\\ncitizens of importance. These made a rich prize, and before\\nLevies tribute giving them up, Blackbeard forced the governor of South Caro-\\non Charleston j ma t() gen( j imi ;l f u jj supply of such medicines and provisions\\nas lie stood in need of. Then he went off to North Carolina.\\nBlackbeard", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN COLONIES\\n87\\nThe affair with Blackbeard seems to have made\\nthe governor vigilant, and later in the same summer,\\nhearing of another pirate on the coast, he sent tAvo\\narmed ships in pursuit. The newcomer was none\\nother than the famous Stede Bonnet. He was\\nfound at the mouth of Cape Fear River, where a\\nfight began, in the course of which all the ships went\\naground. The first to float was one of the govern-\\nor s ships, and just as her captain was preparing\\nfor a hand-to-hand fight, the pirate surrendered,\\nand with all his crew was hanged in chains.\\nJust about the time that piracy disappeared\\nfrom our southern coast, the last of the thirteen\\ncolonies was created by King\\nGeorge II. It was then the cus-\\ntom in Great Britain to imprison\\nmen and women for debt\\nand to keep them in jail\\ntill they died, even though\\nthe sum of money they owed\\nwas but a few pennies. Now\\nit so happened that James\\nOglethorpe, a gallant sol-\\ndier and officer of dis-\\ntinction, having lost a friend\\nin the debtor s prison at\\nLondon, gave his attention\\nto the jails and the suf-\\nfering of the prisoners.\\nglethorpe was so\\nhorrified at what he saw\\nColonial china closet that he made up his mind\\nAdjustable candlestick\\nEnglish\\ndebtors\\nprisons", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN COLONIES\\nThe thirteenth\\ncolony\\nplanned\\nCreek Indian\\nGeorgia\\nsettled\\nto help these unfortunate people, and persuaded\\nthe government to set them free provided they\\nsettled in America. He might have taken\\nthem to one of the thinly inhabited old colo-\\nnies, but he thought it best to make a new\\ncolony, and it so happened that just at that\\ntime a new one was much needed. Great\\nBritain claimed our coast as far south as the\\nSt. Johns River in Florida but the strip be-\\ntween the Savannah and the St. Johns Mas\\nwholly uninhabited by white men and was in dan-\\nger of being occupied by the Spaniards, who still\\nheld St. Augustine.\\nOglethorpe, as an old soldier, saw the need of\\nkeeping the Spaniards out,\\nand decided to plant his\\ncolony south of the Carolinas, and make\\nit serve three purposes. First, it would\\nbe a home for distressed debtors, and\\ngive them a chance to begin life anew.\\nSecond, it would be a shield or buffer\\nfor South Carolina against the Spaniards.\\nThird, it would open a fur trade with\\nthe Creek Indians.\\nSome rich men were next interested\\nin the plan, a company was formed, the\\nKing granted the country between the\\nSavannah and the Altamaha rivers, and\\nOglethorpe with a band of settlers sailed\\nacross the Atlantic to Georgia, as he\\ncalled the new colony, and founded the\\ncity of Savannah. People from New Colonial mirror", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND HULL IN AMERICA? 89\\nEngland, Germans, and Scotch Highlanders soon followed, and\\nto Savannah, in the course of a few years, were added three\\nother settlements, and Augusta, a little fortified post in the\\nheart of the Indian country. There the English came in con-\\ntact with French traders who had wandered all the way from\\nCanada in search of furs.\\nBoth in Georgia and the Carolinas the attempt of associ- change in\\nations of men to manage colonies did not succeed. The pro-\\nprietors of Carolina sold their province back to the King a few\\nyears before Georgia was founded, and finally Georgia also was\\nreturned to him. Thus all the colonies south of Maryland\\nwere royal provinces.\\nSUMMARY\\n1. For a long time there were no colonies south of Virginia, when King\\nCharles II. gave a tract of land called Carolina to eight of his friends.\\n2. These proprietors or owners founded Charleston.\\nAt first North Carolina (where some Virginians had settled) was not cut\\noff from South Carolina but in time the great province of Carolina\\nwas divided into two.\\n4. During their early years these colonies were infested by pirates.\\n5. About the time the pirates were driven off, James Oglethorpe obtained a\\ngrant of land from King George and founded a colony called Georgia.\\nCHAPTER X\\nSHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA\\nThirteen colonies had now been planted along the Atlantic The thirteen\\ncoast by the English or had come under English control.\\nThese were the four New England Colonies of New Hampshire,\\nMassachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; the four Mid-\\ndle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\nDelaware and the five Southern Colonies of Maryland, Vir-\\nginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. They\\nwere settled mostly by Englishmen, hut\\nalso hy Dutch, Swedes, Germans, Welsh,\\nScotch-Irish, and French Huguenots.\\nWe have seen that some of these colo-\\nMassachusetts\\nand the King\\nFlintlock pistol\\nA charter\\nnies were owned by the King, as the Carolinas others by pro-\\nprietors Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. We have\\nseen the reasons why people came to this country as, a desire\\nto worship God as they pleased, or a desire for trade, or a hope\\nof bettering their worldly condition. We have seen, also, some\\nof the hardships and dangers that the early settlers met.\\nWe must now notice a few of the famous events in colonial\\nhistory, and learn something about a few famous men. We shall\\nsee that Indian Avars and the dangers and hardships of frontier\\nlife were not the only things that troubled the New England\\npeople. Rulers who should have been their best friends were\\nlittle better than enemies, and one such ruler was King Charles\\nII. As we have seen (page 63), he took away New Hampshire\\nfrom Massachusetts and made it a separate royal colony. He\\nnext demanded that\\nMaine, which Massa-\\nchusetts bought from\\nthe heir of Gorges,\\nshould also be given up to him. He was willing to buy it, but\\nthe people of Massachusetts would not sell. Thereupon for\\nthis and other reasons lie took away their charter.\\nTo understand what this charter was, we must remember\\nBlunderbus\\n1. That all the land in America claimed by the English was\\nsupposed to belong at first to the King to do with as he\\npleased.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA? 91\\n2. That it had pleased the King to give the soil of Massachu-\\nsetts to the Massachusetts Bay Company, and also to give\\nthis company, or the settlers, the right to\\ngovern themselves.\\n3. That the boundaries of the h\\nand the rights the people sh\\nwere written down on a\\nparchment and signed by the\\nNow, this written and signed\\nparchment was the charter, and\\nwhen the King took away the\\ncharter, he claimed that the peo-\\nple had lost the right to govern\\nthemselves, and that he was free\\ni i ii i Cr**^ Indian tomahawks\\nto rule them as he pleased.\\nKing Charles II. was a tyrant, and was beginning to govern Governor\\nharshly when he died. His brother James (the owner of New\\nYork) then became king and demanded the charters of Rhode\\nIsland and Connecticut. Rhode Island gave up her charter\\nbut Connecticut did not, and when Sir Edmund Andros, the\\nroyal governor of New England, came to Hartford and de-\\nmanded the parchment, an amusing thing happened. The\\nrulers of Connecticut were determined that he should not have\\nit, and kept up the discussion with Andros till it was dark and\\nthe candles had been lighted. Then, upon a sudden, the\\ncandles were put out, and when they were lighted again, the\\ncharter, which had been lying on the table, was gone. Captain The charter\\nWadsworth had carried it off, and, it is said, hid it in the\\nhollow of an oak tree, known ever after as the Charter Oak.\\nThe tree blew down many years ago, and the spot is now\\nmarked by a monument.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92\\nSHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\n1 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2(DMrfleld -vJy--,i. !u\\nV B \u00c2\u00abcLton\\n^C.Corf V\\nSCALE OF MILES\\nNew England and Acadia\\nThough Andros did not get the charter, he ruled Connecti-\\ncut as he pleased, and the King soon placed the whole country\\nfrom New Jersey to Maine under his control,\\ncharters But James did not remain king long. The people of\\nrestored England drove him from the throne, and made his nephew\\nWilliam and his daughter Mary king and queen (1689).\\nThen Connecticut and Rhode Island again governed them-\\nselves under their old charters, and Massachusetts was given\\na new one.\\nJames went to France, and the French King made war\\non England. In our country this war was called King\\nWilliam s War, and was soon followed by other wars between\\nthe French and the English. Thus in this country there was\\nfighting for nearly forty years to decide whether the French,\\nwho owned Canada and the valley of the Mississippi, or the\\nEnglish, wdio held the Atlantic seacoast, should rule over\\nAmerica.\\nKing\\nWilliam s\\nWar begun", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "SHALL TRANCE OK ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\n\u00c2\u00bb3\\nEngland\\nfrontier\\nThe fighting began a year before William became king\\nwith some attacks by the English on the Indians in Maine.\\nThe Indians of course attacked the English settlements in\\nreturn, and even had William never been king there would\\nsurely have been a great war with them and their French\\nfriends. But just then France and England went to war over\\nthe exiled King James, and the conflict in America began in\\nearnest.\\nIf you will take a map of our country and draw a line from The New\\nPenobscot Bay, in Maine, to Albany, in New York, you will\\nhave the New England frontier at this time. Now, if you\\nnotice where the rivers of this region rise and in what direction\\nthey flow, you will see how easy it was for the French and\\nIndians to follow down these river valleys from Canada to\\nattack the English frontier towns and settlements. One of\\nthese was Dover in New Hampshire, then on the very edge\\nof the frontier. Like most such settlements, it was an open\\nvillage guarded by blockhouses, to which the people were to\\ncome in times of danger.\\nAt these blockhouses some squaws appeared\\none evening in January, 1689, asked leave to\\nstay all night, and were admitted. But in the\\ndead of night, when all was still, they rose\\nquietly, undid the bars, opened the doors, and\\ngave a loud whistle. Instantly a band of war-\\nriors that had crept into the village sprang up,\\nrushed into the houses, and began a horrible\\nmassacre. Then, after plundering and burning\\nthe houses, they marched twenty-nine captives off\\nto Canada and sold them to the French as\\nslaves. This was in return for the English\\ncustom of selling Indian prisoners into slavery. a squaw", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94 SHALL FRANCE K ENGLAND KILL IN AMERICA?\\nAmong the prisoners was a little girl named Sarah Gerrish,\\nseven years old. Once started on their homeward journey, the\\nIndians, as was their custom, first divided their prisoners, and\\nthen split up into separate bands. The band to which little\\nSarah belonged took her to their village, where her owner sold\\nher to another Indian, who went off with her to Canada. )n\\nthe way she suffered much from cold and hunger. At Quebec\\nthe wife of a French officer, moved by pity, bought her and\\nplaced her in a convent.\\nColonists What happened at Dover was repeated at several other\\nQuebec places by Indian Avar parties sent by the governor of Canada.\\nThe colonists then struck back by sending soldiers and a fleet\\nof ships from Boston to take Quebec. They failed, but the\\ncommander of the fleet rescued little Sarah Gerrish by giving\\na French prisoner in exchange.\\nIn this way the war went on for eight years. Town after\\ntown was laid waste men, women, and children were slain,\\ntortured, or carried into captivity. One day in the early spring\\nof 1097, as a farmer named Thomas Dust an was riding from his\\nHaverhm home in Haverhill to his farm, he saw Indians in the distance.\\nAt his home, a mile from the nearest garrison house, were his\\nAvife Hannah Dustan, a nurse Mary Neff, and eight children.\\nTurning about, he had just time to gallop home and bid the\\nchildren run for the blockhouse, when the Indians were upon\\nhim. Keeping the enemy at bay with his gun till the children\\nhad gone some distance, Mr. Dustan then rode after them,\\nturned about, and again kept back the pursuers while his little\\nfamily trotted bravely on, and repeated these tactics till all\\nAvere safe in the garrison house.\\nThe Indians burned the farmhouses, and, leaving many\\nmurdered settlers lying in the smoking ruins of their homes,\\nplunged into the Avoods with thirteen captives. Mrs. Dustan", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\n95\\nand Mary Neff were among them, and fell to the lot of an Hannah\\nIndian family of two braves, three women, seven children,\\nand an English lad, Samuel Leonardson, who for a year and\\na half had been a prisoner in their hands. The presence of\\nthis boy made escape seem possible, and Mrs. Dustan deter-\\nmined to make the attempt.\\nThe next night, accordingly, when the Indians were sleep-\\ning, the two white women and Leonardson rose, hatchet in hand,\\nand in a few minutes time killed all save one old squaw and\\none boy. Gathering up the guns and tomahawks, they next\\ndestroyed all the canoes except one, in which they paddled\\ndown the Merrimac River to Haverhill.\\nThe story of their adventures spread\\nthrough all the colonies and every\\nwhere the people praised them.\\nThe peace which ended King\\nWilliam s War lasted but a little\\nwhile. The French and the\\nEnglish were soon fighting\\nonce more, and, as Queen Anne\\nwas then on the throne, the\\ncolonists called the long strug-\\ngle of twelve years Queen\\nAnne s War.\\nAgain the French and Indi-\\nans swept along the New Eng-\\nland frontier year after year,\\nburning, torturing, massacring.\\nHaverhill was again laid waste\\nDeerlield in the Connecticut valley\\nwas burned, and many of its inhabitants were killed or car-\\nried into captivity.\\nMonument to Mrs. Dustan", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96\\nSHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND KILL IX AMERICA?\\n^-\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^^s:;.\\nOld Indian house, Deerfield\\nDeerfieid As Deerfield lay in the valley of a great river which rose\\nnear Canada and offered an easy highway for hostile bands of\\nFrench and Indians, most of the\\nforty houses of Deerfield had\\nbeen surrounded with a high\\nstockade: But long freedom\\nfrom attack had made the in-\\nhabitants careless. The stock-\\nade had fallen somewhat into\\ndecay, and, as the winter of\\n1704 was very severe, the\\nsettlers believed they were\\nquite safe. They had allowed\\nthe snow to pile up in great\\ndrifts against the stockade,\\nand kept no watch at night. But cold and bitter as the\\nwinter was, it did not prevent a band of Indians and Cana-\\ndians from marching down the valley to destroy Deerfield.\\nOn arriving at the town and finding no watch, a few Indians\\nin the dead of night climbed one of the snowdrifts, dropped\\ninside the stockade, undid the bars of the gate, and let in their\\ncompanions, who rushed in, screeching and whooping like so\\nmany fiends, and began the work of slaughter.\\nThe captives The horrors of that fearful night and the sufferings of the\\nlong march to Canada have been told by one of the captives,\\nJohn Williams, in a very famous book, The Redeemed Cap-\\ntive Returning to Zion and in a museum at Deerfield is still\\nkept a door, through which the Indians chopped a hole in order\\nto shoot the people in the house. Only two houses were left\\nstanding the rest were burned, and in or around them lay the\\nbodies of nine and forty settlers. A hundred others were car-\\nried off as prisoners. In time sixty were exchanged, and among", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE Oil ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\nthem Mr. Williams. But strangely enough, his ten-year-old\\ndaughter was adopted by one of the tribes, lived with it, married\\nan Indian, and refused to return to her own people.\\nSuccess, however, was not wholly with the French. The English take\\nEnglish attacked the eastern coast of Maine (then held by the Acadia\\nFrench), and before the war ended, captured the Acadian town\\nof Port Royal, which they named Annapolis, and still hold.\\nWhen peace came, the French gave up Acadia, or most of a period of\\nwhat is now Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Deserted by peace\\ntheir allies, the Indians made\\npeace and signed a treaty\\nbinding them never again to\\nharm the settlers.\\nA long peace of thirty\\nyears now followed for\\nFrance and Great Britain,\\nbut not for the New England\\nfrontier. The war over,\\ngreat numbers of settlers\\nmoved eastward to rebuild\\nthe desolated towns of Maine,\\nand to make new settlements\\nupon the rivers. The arrival\\nof these settlers, building\\nforts, blockhouses, and homes\\non land the Indians claimed\\nas their own, made new trou-\\nble, and again and again\\nbrought on border wars in\\nMaine. But for the country in general there was peace, and\\nFrance turned it to good use. It was clear she could not con-\\nquer the colonies. She must therefore confine them to the\\nDoor of old Indian house\\nWow in the Deerfield Mas, inn)", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98\\nSHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\nGrowth of\\nNew Orleans\\ncoast, else in time they would surely cross the mountains into\\nthe Mississippi valley.\\nAVe left the story of the French in our country, you will\\nremember, after learning that La Salle had explored the Mis-\\nsissippi to its mouth, and that the French had occupied Mobile\\nBay, and started New Orleans.\\nThe site of New Orleans was chosen by Bienville, one of\\nthose great French explorers, soldiers, and frontiersmen who\\ndid so much to spread French rule in America. The spot\\nwhen he first saw it was a piece of low land on the banks\\nof the Mississippi River, covered with cypress swamp and\\nliable every year to be flooded with the waters of the\\ngreat river. But Bienville felt that a city must be\\nbuilt on the river somewhere near its mouth, and as no\\nother site was more favorable he selected this, sur-\\nrounded it with a high, strong bank of earth to keep\\nout the waters, and with a strange band of French\\ncriminals and workmen and a few merchants from\\nCanada, made a clearing, put up a few cabins, and\\nnamed the place New Orleans.\\nUnpromising as was its start, the place grew, and\\nby the end of ten years some sixteen hundred people\\nwere within its mud walls. With a few exceptions\\nthey were men soldiers, trappers, galley slaves, or\\nredemptioners. Very few women as yet found a\\nhome in the town. The French King therefore determined\\nto do for New Orleans what the Virginia Company did a\\nhundred years before for Jamestown, and sent over a ship\\nloaded with sixty young women to become the wives of the\\nbetter sort of the population. They were in the charge of\\ncasket girls nuns and had each received from the King a little trunk full\\nof clothing. Later other shiploads of maidens came, and the\\nV", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\n99\\nSally port, old French fort, Annapolis\\ngirls with trunks were long known by the proud name of\\ncasket girls\\nWhile these things were happening at New Orleans, the The chain\\nFrench were equally busy up the val-\\nley of the Mississippi, planting\\ntowns, and building, on the\\nhigh bluffs and along the\\nshores of the Great Lakes, a\\nline of forts which in time ex-\\ntended from Mobile and New\\nOrleans to Montreal and Que-\\nbec. The purpose of this chain\\nof forts was to shut the British\\nout of the Mississippi valley and all approaches to it. But the\\nFrench were also determined to recapture Annapolis and Nova\\nScotia if they could, and as a step toward this they built the\\nfortress and town of Louisburg on a fine harbor on the south-\\neast coast of the island of Cape Breton. The fortress was very\\nlarge and was so strong that the French believed it could never\\nbe captured.\\nIt took twenty-five years to build the fortress Louisburg, King George\\nand soon after it was finished, France declared war on Great War\\nBritain (1744). There was fighting both in Europe and in\\nAmerica; but the war on this side of the ocean was called by\\nthe colonists King George s War, because George II. was then\\nKing of Great Britain. The struggle dragged on during four\\nyears, and in the course of it Louisburg, which the French Louisburg\\nboasted could be defended by women, was besieged and cap-\\ntured by New England militiamen. But their toil and blood-\\nshed was all wasted, for on the return of peace Great Britain\\ngave Louisburg back to France, and affairs in America were\\nleft much the same as before.\\nLofC.", "height": "2721", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "100 SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\nThe French\\nclaim the\\nOhio valley\\nCHAPTER XI\\nSHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA? (Continued)\\nWith their flag once more waving over Louisburg, and no\\nterritory in the New World lost, the French again made ready\\nto keep the British out of the Mississippi valley. As the Brit-\\nish were planning to settle\\nthe Ohio valley, the governor\\nof Canada sent a band of sol-\\ndiers to take formal posses-\\nsion of that region. Starting\\nfrom a place near Montreal,\\nthe party in twenty three\\nbirch canoes paddled up the\\nSt. Lawrence, crossed Lake\\nOntario to the Niagara River,\\ncarried their canoes on their\\nbacks around Niagara Falls,\\nand paddled some distance\\nalong the southeastern shore\\nof Lake Erie. At the mouth\\nof a small creek the party\\nleft Lake Erie, moved their\\nfood, canoes, and baggage across to Chautauqua Lake, and\\npaddled down the lake and its outlet to the Allegheny and so\\nto the Ohio.\\nOnce on the Allegheii} the work of taking possession began.\\nAs the party floated along it would stop at the mouths of big\\nstreams to nail a tin plate to a tree and bury a lead plate in\\nthe earth at its roots. On the plates fastened to trees were the\\narms of France on those hidden in the ground were inscrip-\\nThe upper Ohio valley", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\n101\\ntions stating that the King of The lead\\nFrance owned the Ohio River and plate\u00c2\u00a3\\nits branches, and all the land that\\nshed water into them.\\nThe French arms were probably\\nsoon pulled down from the trees\\nbut two of the buried plates have\\nsince been found. One day, about\\nfifty years afterward, while some\\nboys were swimming in the Ohio,\\nthey saw a great plate of lead stick-\\ning out from the bank of the river.\\nWhat it was they did not know\\nbut it was made of lead, and taking\\nit home they melted half of it to\\nmake bullets. The other half is\\nnow carefully preserved, and is\\nshown in this picture. Another of\\nHalf of one of the lead plates the lead plates, unearthed by a\\nfreshet, was likewise found by a boy who was playing on the\\nriver bank.\\nBut the French knew very well that something more than French forts\\nburying plates was needed to keep out the British, so they\\nbegan to build log forts. One was put up\\nwhere the city of Erie now stands, and two\\nothers on the upper waters of the\\nAllegheny River.\\nWhen the governor of Vir-\\nginia heard of this, he was\\ngreatly alarmed, because Vir-\\nginia claimed to own the Alle-\\ngheny valley. He decided to\\nFort Le Boeuf, in the Allegheny valley\\nMCM. PR. h. i", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102\\nSMALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\ncommand the French to leave, and finally chose as his messen-\\nger a young Virginian, George Washington.\\nGeorge This man, whom we know as the most honored of Americans,\\nas mgton wag orn on p eDruar y 22, 1732, in Virginia. He was a big,\\nstrong, active boy, fond of outdoor life, afraid of nothing, and\\nmuch given to doing whatever he had to do in the best way he\\nknew how. For a while he thought of going to sea, in the\\nhope that he might some day become the captain of a trading\\nvessel. But the idea was not carried out, and Washington\\nfitted himself to be a land surveyor.\\nNow there lived in Virginia at that time an English noble-\\nman named Lord\\nFairfax, who owned\\na vast estate on what\\nwas then the fron-\\ntier. Attracted by\\nthe manly qualities\\nof the young sur-\\nveyor, Lord Fairfax\\nemployed him to\\nsurvey his lands, and\\nworks as a at sixteen years of age Washington plunged into the wilderness\\nand began his work.\\nSo well did he do it that Lord Fairfax procured for him the\\nplace of public surveyor and the rank of major in the militia,\\nand started him on his career. But he was soon called to pub-\\nlic service of a greater sort. When it was known that the\\nFrench were in the Allegheny valley, Governor Dinwiddie of\\nVirginia sent a messenger to warn them to depart. But the\\nmessenger was not equal to the task. He was afraid, and, when\\none hundred and fifty miles away from the French forts, turned\\nback. Plainly a brave man was needed, and, on looking about\\nGreenaway Court, home of Lord Fairfax\\nsurveyor", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\n108\\nfor one, the governor was advised by Lord Fairfax to choose\\nWashington. The advice was taken, and Washington was\\nchosen.\\nHe set out at once with a few followers, made his way across Takes\\nswollen streams and through dense, unbroken forests, found the French\\nthe French, delivered the governor s letter, and started home\\nin the dead of winter. New difficulties now beset him. The\\nIndians tried to kill him and came near doing so. He was\\nalmost drowned while crossing a river and nearly frozen when\\nhe got out. But he escaped all dangers and brought back a\\nreport of what he saw at the French forts, which in-\\ncreased the alarm of the governor of Virginia.\\nIt was clear that if the British wanted the valley\\nof the Ohio they must do as the French were doing.\\nThey must build forts in it and hold it by force of\\narms. This the governor of Virginia determined to\\ndo, and a regiment of troops were hurried off to\\nestablish a fort just where the city of Pittsburg\\nstands to-day. Of this regiment Washington was\\nlieutenant colonel. But the colonel died on the\\nway, and Washington took command.\\nWhile the regiment was getting ready to march\\nthrough the wilderness, a small party went on in\\nadvance to build the fort and have it ready when the\\nsoldiers arrived. But one day in April, 1754, while\\nthey were hard at work, the French came down the\\nAllegheny River and drove them away.\\nThe messenger bearing this bad news met Washington and\\nhis troops making their way through the forest, cutting the\\nfirst road that ever led down the western slope of the Appa-\\nlachian Mountains. Some men would have gone back. But Be g ins\\nvwr i ii i i nit French and\\nashmgton pushed on, defeated a small party of the French, Indian war\\nFrench soldier", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104\\nSHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\nand then retired to a narrow glade in southwestern\\nPennsylvania, called the Great Meadows. There he\\n|J) built Fort Necessity, where the French attacked him\\nand forced him to surrender, on the 4th of July, 1754.\\nHe was allowed to go back to Virginia.\\nThus was started one of the most important\\nwars in our history. The colonists called it the\\nFrench and Indian War because they fought\\nFrenchmen and Indians. But it was really\\nthe last struggle between the French and the\\nBritish for the possession of America. We\\nhave seen how the Dutch conquered the\\nSwedes in the Delaware valley. We have\\nseen how the English conquered New Nether-\\nland. Now the British and the French were to\\nfight for the greater part of North America.\\nBoth sides knew this and made ready for the\\nThe French prepared to defend their land. The\\nBraddock s British made the attack, and sent over Braddock, one of their\\nexpedition )egt g enevii to command the British and American troops.\\nHe came to Virginia made Washington one of his aids and\\nstarted to capture Fort Duquesne, as the French called the post\\nthey had taken from the Virginians.\\nSouthwestern Pennsylvania was then a wilderness. No\\nroad led through the woods, so Braddock was forced to have\\none cut by the troops as they went along. This made the\\nmarch very slow. Nothing happened till the army was about\\neight miles from the fort, when suddenly the road choppers\\nsaw what looked like an Indian leaping and bounding through\\nthe bushes in front of them. He was not an Indian, but a\\nFrench officer in Indian dress, and was leading an army to\\nattack the British. Waving his hand in the air, he disappeared\\nBritish soldier\\nstruR Sfle.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\n105\\nvictories\\nand in a moment his French and Indians, hidden in bushes and Braddock-\\nbehind trees, fired on Braddock s men. The British fought e ea\\nbravely but Braddock would not let them hide behind trees\\nin Indian fashion, and their red coats were a fine mark for\\ntheir enemy. So many were shot that a retreat was ordered.\\nThen Braddock fell wounded, and the retreat became a flight\\nand had it not been for Washington and the Americans, who\\nchecked the enemy, all the British would probably have been\\nkilled. A few days later, Braddock died of his wound.\\nAnd now for three years the French and Indians had the\\nbest of the fighting. Then the tide turned, and the British British\\nbegan to win victory after victory. They took Fort Duquesne,\\nwhich was soon named\\nFort Pitt in honor of\\na great man then\\nprominent in the\\nBritish government.\\nThey took the for-\\ntress at Louisburg a\\nsecond time. Finally\\na young officer named\\nWolfe captured Que-\\nbec.\\nThe fortress of\\n~itajt\\nModern Quebec\\nQuebec stood on the top of a very high hill whose steep sides Quebec\\nrose from the edge of the river. To climb the heights in the\\nface of an enemy would have been impossible. But Wolfe sent\\nhis ships and troops up the river above Quebec, and one night\\nin September, 1759, he and his soldiers got into boats, floated\\ndownstream to the foot of the bluff, climbed up, and in the\\nmorning his army stood ready for battle on the Plains of Abra-\\nham, as the level laud behind the city was called. The French,", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "km;\\nSHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA\\nled by Montcalm, came out to attack the British, and one of the\\ngreat battles of the world was fought. The British won, and Que-\\nbec was taken but among the dead were Wolfe and Montcalm.\\nPainting by Benjamin West\\nDeath of General Wolfe\\nFrance loses\\nall in\\nAmerica\\nMontreal was next taken, and the struggle for America be-\\ntween France and Great Britain was ended. When the war\\nbegan, France owned Canada and claimed all the valley of \\\\he\\nMississippi River, from the Appalachian Mountains to the\\nRockies, and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.\\nWhen the war ended, France gave Great Britain all of Canada\\n(except two little islands near Newfoundland) and all of our\\ncountry which she claimed east of the Mississippi, except New-\\nOrleans and a small region about it (1763).", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA?\\n107\\nUp to this time\\nSpain owned Florida.\\nBut in the war she\\nhad taken sides with\\nFrance, and (Treat\\nBritain had captured\\nHavana. To get\\nback Havana, Spain\\nnow gave Great Brit-\\nain Florida in ex-\\nchange. But France\\nrepaid Spain for this\\nloss by giving her\\nOldest house in St. Augustine\\nNew Orleans and the country round about, and all the country\\nwest of the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. So North\\nAmerica was then divided between Spain and Great Britain,\\nwith the Mississippi as the boundary, down to New Orleans.\\nAnd now again peace between France and Great Britain was Trouble with\\nnot followed by peace for all the colonies. In the region given\\nup to Great Britain between the Appalachian Mountains and\\nthe Mississippi, dwelt many tribes of Indians, old friends of the\\nFrench and bitter haters of the English. The moment these\\nIndians heard that the French must leave their country, and the\\nEnglish were coming in, they were easily persuaded to join in\\na war to drive the English back.\\nThe leader in the new border war was Pontiac, one of the Pontiacs\\ngreatest Indians known to history, and nobody saw more clearly\\nthan he did the difference between the two white races in the\\nway they behaved in the Indian country. The French built\\nrude forts, made friends with the Indians, married Indian\\nwomen, and supplied the tribes with whatever was wanted in\\nreturn for furs. The English built villages, killed the game,", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108 SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA\\nThe back-\\nwoodsmen\\ncut down the forests, made roads, planted farms, and looked on\\nthe Indian as a wild beast. To Pontiac the coming of the\\nEnglish meant the ruin of his race, and with wonderful skill\\nhe quickly roused the tribes of the Northwest, took the warpath,\\nand swept the country from Lake Michigan to Pennsylvania.\\nAlong the frontier of Pennsylvania, Maryland,\\nand Virginia, were then scattered a hardy class\\nof men who were by turn farmers, hunters,\\nand fighters, as occasion required. Rough,\\nbrave, daring caring nothing for the refine-\\nments of city life dressed in moccasins,\\nleggings, and hunting shirt of deerskin,\\nthey made their clearings, built their log\\nhuts, and, rifle in hand, ranged the forest\\nat will. Here and there at lonsf intervals\\nsmall stockaded forts, with a few cabins\\nand houses, or thick-walled buildings like\\nthe garrison houses of New England, had\\nbeen built, to which, in times of danger,\\nthe settlers came for refuge but along\\nthe Pennsylvania frontier even these rude\\ndefenses were few.\\nNow that the French had been driven from America, these\\nbackwoodsmen supposed that a long period of peace was be-\\nfore them, and had gone back to their farms and clearings,\\nhad planted their crops, and were cutting their hay, when\\nIndian war parties burst upon them from every valley. It\\nwas the old story of surprise, treachery, massacre, burning,\\nand torture.\\nThe general commanding the British forces in the colonics.\\nAvith all the haste he could make, sent relief expeditions to\\nFort Niagara, to Detroit, and to Fort Pitt. That sent to Fort\\nA backwoodsman", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "SHALL FRANCE OR ENGLAND RULE IN AMERICA\\n109\\nBattle of\\nBushy Run\\nsubdued\\nPitt was in the charge of Colonel Henry Bouquet, a bold and\\ndaring soldier.\\nHearing of the coming army, the Indians who were attack-\\ning Fort Pitt instantly slipped away, and, hurrying eastward\\nsome twenty miles to Bushy Run, hid in the bushes to await\\nthe troops, who came upon them one scorching afternoon in\\nAugust, 1763. The battle which followed was most desper-\\nate but the Indians were put to flight, and the arm} went\\nslowly on to Fort Pitt.\\nThis cleared the frontier of Pennsylvania. Another army The Indians\\nsent the following year along the lake frontier to Detroit\\nquieted the Indians in that region. But to sweep back the\\nred men, recover the sites of the burned ^^v forts, and\\nrebuild and garrison the block- j r x houses\\nwas not enough. The strong-\\nhold of the enemy must be\\ninvaded. Bouquet accord- /j|\\ningly took up the task, and\\nin the autumn of 1764 led\\nan army from Fort Pitt into\\nwhat is now Ohio, forced\\nthe Indians to submit, made\\nthem give up two hundred\\nprisoners, and went back\\nin triumph to Fort Pitt.\\n1^\\nTH.^zC^-\\nRedoubt at Fort Pitt, still standing\\nSUMMARY\\n1. The King of England took away the charters of Massachusetts and\\nRhode Island and for a short time the whole country from New Jersey\\nto Maine was placed under one royal governor Andros.\\n2. When William and Mary came to the English throne, war hroke out be-\\ntween the French and the English colonies, and was known as King\\nWilliam s War.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY\\n3. This was soon followed by\\nQueen Anne s War, lim-\\ning which the English\\ncolonists captured Nova\\nScotia from the French.\\n4. During the peace which fol-\\nlowed, France made ready\\nto shut the British out of\\nthe Mississippi valley, and\\nwas building a chain of\\nforts from Xew Orleans\\nto Montreal, when King-\\nGeorge s War opened.\\n5. After peace France built a\\nchain of forts in the Alle-\\ngheny valley from Lake\\nErie to the Ohio River.\\n6. This alarmed the British\\nand brought on the French\\nand Indian War, in which\\nthe French were forced to abandon North America, giving to the\\nBritish Canada and the part of Louisiana east of the Mississippi.\\nSpain was forced to give Florida to Great Britain, but received from\\nFrance the Mississippi valley west of the river, with New Orleans.\\nThe departure of the French from the Mississippi valley and the Great\\nLakes was followed by an Indian uprising led by Pontiac.\\nOld tower, Fort Marion, Florida\\noSKc\\nCHAPTER XII\\nTHE COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY\\nNew The greater part of the country France surrendered to\\nprovinces rea t Britain in 17(33 was a wilderness in which very few\\nwhite men lived. But some parts of the new British posses-\\nsions were inhabited by white men, and the first thing Great", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY 111\\nBritain did was to make, out of these, the three provinces of\\nQuebec, East Florida, and West Florida. She next drew a line\\naround the sources of the rivers which flow into\\nthe Atlantic Ocean from New England to\\nFlorida, and forbade the Americans to settle\\nwest of that line. The country west of the The Indian\\nline was set apart for the Indians.\\nGreat Britain did these things in order that\\nher colonies and provinces might be more easily\\ng\u00c2\u00b0 veniecl She also wanted the people to stay\\nnear the seaboard and not wander into the\\nStamp used in 1705\\nregion beyond the mountains. If hemmed in\\nnear the coast, it was thought, the colonies would in time\\nbecome thickly settled and would buy great quantities of\\nBritish manufactures.\\nBut the colonies and provinces must not merely be governed, Plans for\\nthey must also be defended. The Indians must be kept in\\norder, and everything must be in a state of defense in case\\nFrance and Spain tried to get back their lost territory. Great\\nBritain proposed, therefore, to send over an army of regular\\nsoldiers to be scattered over the country. This would\\ncosl a great deal of money, and King George III. and !\u00c2\u00a3!j^#\\nParliament decided that part of the money should be y^C~**^V\\nraised in two ways by forcing the colonists to pay V- It C\\ntaxes on all the molasses, sugar, and coffee they im- I 1 CTJrTy J\\nported and by requiring them to print all newspa- N^gv^^y\\npers and write all legal documents on paper made in\\nEngland and stamped and sold by government offi-\\ncials. The law requiring this was the Stamp Act. rrL\\nThe colonies then had agents in London, and one\\nof tliem was Benjamin Franklin. He was born at Boston nearly\\nsixty years before this time, and was the son of a candle maker.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112 COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY\\nBenjamin\\nFranklin\\nAgent for\\nPennsylvania\\nWhen he was ten years old his school days were over, and for a\\nwhile he cut wicks, molded candles, tended shop, ran on errands.\\nand talked of going to sea. But the father opposed this, and\\nbound Benjamin as apprentice to an elder brother, under whom\\nhe learned mmi to set type and did his share in print-\\ning the second newspaper in America.\\nWhen seventeen he left his brother,\\nand made his way to New York,\\nin search of work. Finding none,\\nhe crossed to the Jersey shore and\\nwalked to the Delaware River,\\nwhere he boarded a boat and\\nrowed to Philadelphia. There in\\ntime he opened a printing house\\nof his own, published one of the\\nbest newspapers in all the colonies,\\nissued every year a very famous\\nlittle book known all over the colo-\\nnies as Poor Richard s Almanac, and took an active part in\\neverything that benefited his fellow-citizens. He founded a\\nlibrary, and an academy which has since grown to be a greal\\nuniversity. He proved that lightning in the clouds and the\\nelectricity by which we ring bells, are one and the same and\\ninvented the lightning rod and a stove still known by his\\nname. The King ai^pointed him deputy postmaster for the\\nnorthern colonies his fellow-citizens elected him to the legis-\\nlature, and when somebody was needed to plead the cause of\\nPennsylvania in London, the legislature sent Franklin to do it.\\nIn company with agents from other colonies Franklin now-\\nappeared before the minister and did all he could to prevent\\nthe passage of the Stamp Act, but in vain. k Depend upon it,\\nmy good neighbor, he wrote home, I took every step in my\\nPrinting press of Franklin s time", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY 113\\npower to prevent the passage of the Stamp Act. But Accepts the\\nthe tide was too strong against us. We might as well tam P Act\\nhave hindered the sun s setting. That we could not do. But\\nsince tis down, my friend,\\nand it may be long be-\\nfore it rises again, let us\\nmake as good a night of\\nit as we can. We may\\nstill light candles.\\nBut the people were\\nnot willing to accept dark-\\nness and light candles\\nas Franklin said. When\\nthe news came that the\\nStamp Act had passed\\nParliament, and would be\\na law in the colonies on\\nthe first day of November,\\n1765, there was great ex-\\ncitement everywhere. In\\nVirginia a famous scene\\noccurred. The legisla-\\nture was debating a set\\nof resolutions declarino-\\nBenjamin Franklin\\nthe stamp tax unjust. One of the speakers was Patrick Henry, Patrick\\nand a greater orator did not then live in the thirteen colonies. Henry\\nHenry was born in Virginia a few years after Washington,\\ngrew up on one of the smaller plantations, and seems never\\nto have given the slightest sign of being more than a very\\nordinary boy. He hated study and loved the woods and\\nstreams, and when he was ten had made so little progress at\\nschool that his father became his teacher till he was fifteen,", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114\\nCOLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY\\nwhen lie was apprenticed to a storekeeper, and then started\\nwith his brother in a store of his own. But he was quite\\nunfit for business. Instead of making money he lost it, and\\nwas next placed on a small farm. He proved to be a poor\\nfarmer, and went back to storekeeping and once more failed to\\nsucceed. Those who knew him might now have thought him\\ngood for nothing. But like many another man great in our\\nhistory, he had not yet found what he could do.\\nIn desperation Henry now turned to law, and after reading\\na few legal books went before the lawyers to be examined for\\npermission to practice law, and with great difficulty got it.\\nBut now at last he had found his true work. Business came\\nto him, and when one day a case was brought to him because\\nno other lawyer would argue it, he took it, and made so elo-\\nquent a speech that all who heard him knew that a great orator\\nhad arisen among them,\\nwhat Such was the fame of this case that Henry was elected to\\nVirginia did ie Virginia legislature just at the time of the Stamp Act\\ntroubles. The question before it was, Shall the\\nlaw be obeyed The wealthy\\nand important men thought\\nthey would say yes, and\\nwere much displeased\\nwhen Henry said no. His\\nspeech was not written\\ndown, so we know little of\\nit, but those who were present\\ndescribe it as wonderful, and have\\npreserved for us one sentence. Recall-\\ning to his hearers the fate of tyranni-\\ncal rulers who had been killed in old times, he said, Caesar had\\nhis Brutus Charles the First his Cromwell and George the\\nt-jmmiHMBiraU j I- |j|..\\nOld Capitol of Virginia\\n{Where Patrick Henry made his\\nfamous .speech)", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY 115\\nThird Treason treason! treason shouted the mem-\\nbers and George the Third, continued Henry, may profit\\nby their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.\\nThe legislature finally passed a resolution that the Virgini-\\nans were not bound to obey the law.\\nIn Massachusetts the people were so much in earnest that stamp Act\\nthe legislature asked the colonies to send delegates to a con- Con s ress\\ngress at New York. This body of men (known as the Stamp\\nAct Congress) adopted, signed, and issued a Declaration of\\nRights and Grievances, which stated\\n1. That the Americans were subjects of the British crown.\\n2. That it was the natural right of a British, subject to pay no\\ntaxes unless he had a voice in laying them.\\n3. That the Americans were not represented in Parliament.\\n4. That Parliament, therefore, could not tax them, and that\\nan attempt to do so was an attack on the rights of Eng-\\nlishmen and the liberty of self-government.\\nMeanwhile certain men had been appointed in the colonies The stamp\\nto sell the stamped paper. The people next called on these Act resis\\nmen to refuse to sell the paper, and, if they would not, used\\nforce to make them do so. The merchants in the great cities\\nnext signed an agreement not to import any goods from Great\\nBritain, and the people pledged themselves not to buy any\\nBritish goods for some months to come.\\nThis hurt the British manufacturers, and they raised such\\na clamor that Parliament repealed the stamp tax, that is,\\nstopped it. When the colonists heard of this, they were\\ngreatly pleased. All trouble, they thought, was now over.\\nBut they were much mistaken, for the very next year Parlia-\\nment laid taxes on glass, paint, oils, and tea imported into New taxes\\nthe colonies.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "11)3 COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY\\nTea at Boston\\nThus the right to tax the colonies was once more claimed,\\nand the people again made ready to resist. But how should\\nthey resist By refusing to buy British goods. Such action\\nhad led to the repeal of the stamp tax. Like action would\\nsurely lead to the repeal of the new taxes. The old agree-\\nment not to import and not to use British goods was there-\\nfore renewed all over the colonies. Parliament stood out for\\nthree years, but then it took off all the taxes except that on tea.\\nAt that time a company, called the East\\nIndia Company, had the sole right to bring tea\\nto Great Britain. But it could not send any\\nto America. It must sell the tea and let others\\ntake it to the colonies. But the Americans\\nhad stopped buying tea from the British mer-\\nchants, who for this reason bought less tea from\\nthe East India Company, and an immense quan-\\ntity was lying in its Avarehouses.\\nParliament, in order to help the company,\\nnow gave it leave to send tea to America. The company accord-\\ning^ sent over shiploads of tea to Boston, New York, Philadel-\\nphia, and Charleston. But it was required to pay a duty of\\nthree pence a pound the tea, therefore, was taxed, and the\\nAmericans would have none of it. If Parliament may tax\\none article, it may tax all, said they.\\nWhen the first tea ship arrived at Boston, she was made fast\\nto a dock and guarded by the people, who insisted that her\\ncaptain should take her back to London. This he was quite\\nready to do but the officers of the King would not give her a\\npaper called a clearance, and without a clearance the ship\\nwould not be permitted to pass the fort and the men-of-war in\\nthe harbor. Under the lead of Samuel Adams the people then\\nasked the governor to order the officers to let the ship go.\\nFlag of the East\\nIndia Company", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY\\n117\\nSamuel Adams was a native of Boston, was about fifty years samuei\\nold at this time, and had long been prominent in public affairs.\\nFor twenty years past he had been serving his native town in\\nall manner of ways as a tax collector, as a fire warden, as\\nmoderator of the town meeting, as one of a committee to visit\\nAdams\\nschools, and see that chimneys were prop-\\nand that due care was taken to prevent\\nsmall pox, and as member of the legislature\\nServices like these made him well known,\\nwhich he discharged his duties made people\\nand when the stormy times of the Revolu-\\nfellow-townsmen naturally turned to him\\nsought his counsel, and listened to his\\nwrote articles for the newspaper, ex-\\nacts and aims of Great Britain, defend-\\nple, and pointing out the kind of resist-\\nshould make and now when resistance\\nmade, it was Samuel Adams that led\\nThe governor, however, refused to\\ncustoms officers to let the ship go, and\\nwhile the people were meeting and\\ndiscussing what next to do, two\\nmore tea ships arrived. This made\\nthe people more excited than be-\\nfore, and at a great meeting at\\nthe Old South Meetinghouse one\\nmorning in December, 1773, it\\nwas resolved that the ships must\\ngo out of Boston harbor that very\\nafternoon. A committee was then sent to the customhouse to\\ndemand a clearance, and when the officers again refused, the owner\\nof one of the ships was sent to ask a pass from the governor.\\nerly inspected,\\nthe spread of\\nof the colony.\\nThe way in\\ntrust in him,\\ntion came, his\\nas to a leader,\\nadvice. He\\nplaining the\\ning the peo-\\nance they\\nwas to be\\nthe way.\\norder the\\nOld South Meetinghouse\\nMi M. PR. H. 1", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118 COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY\\nsaflrns usaar.\\nJ23;; SHE as sttt sTSBSSSBaflBVisaafc\\nI ati\u00c2\u00a3f j\u00c2\u00a3 sua ii.-d ,i!i ag;-;,.ii;i a t -,jSj5ilaftTa-im\\n3SB\\nThe Tea Party Tablet, on Long\\nWharf, Boston\\nBoston Night had fallen and the candles had been lighted when this\\nTea Party man returned, to find the people still waiting before the build-\\ning. They were not surprised to hear that the governor refused\\n_ to give a pass to take the\\nships out of the harbor un-\\nless a clearance was first\\nobtained. As nothing more\\ncould now be done, the\\nmeeting broke up, and the\\npeople were returning to\\ntheir homes, when a band\\nof men dressed like Indians\\nhurried through the streets\\nof the city to the wharf\\nwhere the three ships lay,\\nleaped on board, and with hatchets smashed in the side of every\\nbox and emptied the tea into the water.\\nAt New York, the tea ships were stopped and not allowed to\\ncome up the harbor. At Charleston, the tea was stored for\\nthree years and then sold by the state of South Carolina. At\\nPhiladelphia, the people met at the statehouse and passed reso-\\nlutions calling on the merchants to whom the East India Com-\\npany had sent tea not to receive it. The river pilots were next\\nasked not to pilot the tea ships up the Delaware River. This\\ndone, the people waited quietly for the arrival of the ships.\\nAt last, on the evening of Christmas Day, 1773, a horseman\\nrode into town with the news that a ship with tea on board was\\nreally coming up the river. The next day was Sunday, but the\\npeople were so excited that a party of citizens rode down the\\nriver bank to warn the captain not to come near the city. )n\\nMonday all business was stopped, the stores were shut, and a\\ngreat meeting was held at the statehouse yard. Then it was\\nTea at\\nother cities", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "COLONIES QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY 119\\nPort Bill\\nresolved that the tea should not be landed. The captain was\\nordered to go back to London, and in twenty-four hours was on\\nhis way to sea.\\nFor their acts of resistance, Parliament now resolved to The Boston\\npunish the colonies, and began with Massachusetts. The port\\nof Boston was closed that is, no ship was to be allowed to\\ngo into or come out of Boston harbor till if the people\\nasked pardon and paid for the tea that was de- Jm stroyed.\\nBut the colonists were not frightened.\\nThe whole country felt sorry for the\\npeople of Boston. Their cause be\\ncame the country s cause, and -\u00e2\u0080\u0094J^Jf\\nsoon men from twelve of the\\ncolonies met in Carpenter s\\nHall at Philadelphia to con-\\nsider what should be done.\\nThis body, known as the\\nFirst Continental Congress,\\nsent a petition to the King,\\nasking him to put an end to\\nthe grievances of the colonies.\\nIt then called for a second\\nContinental Congress to meet\\nPhiladelphia in May, 177f\\nat\\nCarpenter s Hall, Philadelphia\\nSUMMARY\\nIn order to defend the colonies Great Britain proposed to send over an\\narmy and have the colonists help to pay the cost.\\nMoney was to be raised by new duties and by a stamp tax on newspapers\\nand legal papers.\\nAs the colonists had no representatives in Parliament, they refused to\\npay the stamp duties, and agreed not to buy British manufactured\\ngoods. This forced Parliament to repeal the stamp tax.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nBut Parliament soon laid new taxes on glass, paint, oils, and tea. Again\\nthe colonists refused to buy British goods, and soon all the taxes were\\nrepealed except that on tea.\\nAs the people would not import tea, it was sent over. At some places\\nthe ships were forced to sail away. At Boston men disguised as\\nIndians threw the tea into the water.\\nFor this, Parliament punished Boston. But the colonies sided with\\nBoston, and the First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia in\\n1774.\\nCHAPTER XIII\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nGage in\\nMassachusetts\\nDuring the seven\\nmonths interval be-\\ntween the First and\\nthe Second Continen-\\ntal Congress, the colo-\\nnies and the mother\\ncountry came to bl ws.\\nThe people of\\nMassachusetts, fear-\\ning that trouble would\\ncome, had begun to\\ncollect and hide pow-\\nder, shot, guns, and cannon. General Gage, who commanded\\nthe British troops in Boston, and had been made governor of\\nMassachusetts by the King, was well aware of this, and several\\ntimes tried to seize the supplies and destroy them. But the\\npatriots were too quick for him. Thus, one day in February,\\n1775, Gage sent a band of soldiers from Boston to Salem with\\norders to seize some cannon. Not finding any, the troops\\nCountry around Boston", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\n121\\nstarted for a town near by but while marching along, they\\ncame to a bridge guarded by Americans under Colonel Picker-\\ning. The British attempted to pass. Colonel Pickering said\\nthe bridge was private property and refused to let them go on.\\nA fight seemed at hand, when a minister who was present\\nreminded the jDeople that the day was Sunday, and the British\\nwere allowed to proceed. They found no cannon.\\nSome time after this, officers were sent to find where the\\npatriots did hide their cannon. They reported that guns,\\ncannon, and powder had been collected at Concord, a town\\nabout twenty miles from Boston. Gage, therefore, ordered\\nsome British soldiers to go and destroy these stores, and\\non the evening of April 18, 1775, they set off as quietly\\nas possible. But the Boston patriots had suspected that\\nsoldiers would be sent, and had agreed on a signal to be\\nused when needed to notify the people in the country. If\\nthe British did go, lights were to be shown from the tower\\nof the Old North Church one lantern if they went by\\nland two lanterns if they went by water.\\nThe British went by water. Two lights were there-\\nfore hung out on the church steeple, and riders were\\nsent galloping off in the darkness to arouse the country.\\nIt was believed that the British not only intended to\\ndestroy the stores, but were going to capture two active\\npatriots, Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who were\\nthen at Lexington. Toward Lexington, therefore,\\none of the riders, Paul Revere, made all the haste\\nhe could. Galloping along from town to town,\\nhe would stop at the door of some patriot farmer,\\nwake him up with the cry The regulars are\\nout. and leaving him to arouse his neighbors, -w\\nwould ride 011. Old North Church\\nThe signal", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "122\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nLexington Thus it came about that when the regulars reached Lexing-\\nton, about dawn on the never-to-be-forgotten morning of April\\n19, 1775, they found a little company of patriots drawn up and\\nConcord\\n1-\\n^A^iLAi\\nfyj\\njtijT,\\n\u00c2\u00aby IJBBjHH\\n*e~\\nO^ P/ Px\\nVHP\\nF\\ni e\\nm\\ni%i*\\nEi\\nV\\ni\\nPainting hy A It. Bicknell\\nBattle of Lexington\\nready for them on the village green. Disperse, ye villains\\nye rebels, disperse, said the commander of the King s troops.\\nInstead of dispersing, one of the patriots pulled the trigger\\nof his musket. It failed to go off. i The next moment the\\nBritish fired, and sixteen men fell, killed and wounded. The\\nAmericans now fired, and one British soldier was killed. But,\\nseeing they were greatly outnumbered, the Americans made\\nno more resistance, and the British marched on to Concord.\\nBut there Paul Revere had aroused the people, who were gather-\\ning fast on the hillsides.\\nLeaving a guard at the bridge across the Concord River, the\\nBritish began to destroy the cannon and powder collected by", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\n123\\nthe patriots. While they were doing this, firing was heard at\\nthe bridge. The Americans had attacked the guard. Hurry-\\ning up to aid their companions, the British saw such a host\\nof angry and determined men that they began to retreat toward\\nLexington.\\nMeanwhile, news of the fight at Lexington at sunrise had The British\\nspread like wildfire. The whole country was in arms. The\\npeople were in waiting along the road the British must take,\\nand they poured a deadly fire on the retreating enemy.\\nThe Americans were stationed in buildings near the road,\\nand behind trees and stone fences, so that the British could not\\nshoot them. Indeed, the British soon began to run, and they\\nmight all have been killed or captured, had not a body of fresh\\ntroops met the regulars at Lexing-\\nton. With the help of these the\\nBritish reached Charlestown at\\nsundown. But the patriots came\\nin from every side, so that in a\\nfew days great crowds of them\\nwere gathered about Boston,\\nwhere they shut in Gage and the\\nBritish army.\\nWhen the Second Continental\\nCongress met at Philadelphia in\\nMay, 1775, Massachusetts asked\\nit to adopt the men gathered\\nabout Boston, as a Continental Army\\nshire men, Massachusetts men, Rhode Islanders, and men from\\nOnnecticut. Each band was a sort of little army with its own\\ncommander.\\nCongress, seeing that the war had really opened, did as it\\n\\\\v;ls asked and formed these bands into a Continental Army;\\nConcord Bridge and Monument\\nThere were New Hamp-\\nThe\\nContinental\\nArmy", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124\\nTHE LONG EIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nFlintlock mus-\\nket and car-\\ntridge box\\nBattle of\\nBunker Hill\\nand appointed George Washington as commander in chief.\\nHe started at once for Boston. But he had not ridden far\\nfrom Philadelphia when he heard that a great battle had\\nbeen fought near Bunker Hill.\\nA short distance north of Boston, and just behind\\nCharlestown, were two small hills. The nearer of the two\\nto the American army was Bunker Hill. Just beyond it\\nand nearer to Boston was Breeds Hill. The Americans,\\nhearing that the British intended to fortify the hills, sent\\na body of soldiers, under Colonel Prescott, one night in\\nJune, to take possession of Bunker Hill. But Prescott\\nwent on to Breeds Hill, and quickly built a large earth-\\nwork. At daylight the British fired on it from their ships,\\nbut the Americans worked on, making a long trench and\\nbank to protect themselves in the coming fight.\\nAbout three o clock in the afternoon the British, having\\ncome over from Boston, formed in line at the foot of\\nBreeds Hill and began to march up. The Americans\\nhad very little powder. Prescott and General Israel\\nPutnam, who were in command, urged them not to\\nwaste any. Save your powder, was the order.\\nMen, said Putnam, you are all marksmen. Don t one of\\nyou fire till you see the whites of their eyes. On came the\\nforms, their faces,\\nute. They were\\nBritish, nearer and nearer. Their uni-\\ngrew plainer and plainer every min-\\nwithin three hundred feet, two hun-\\ndred feet, one hundred feet, before the\\n.order Fire rang out.\\nThen the Americans fired, killing\\nso many British that the rest hurried Putnam s plow\\ndown the hill in disorder. But the British officers rallied their\\nmen, and led them back up the hill. They were again thrown", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\n125\\ninto disorder by\\nobliged to re-\\na third time\\nA third time\\npowder of the\\nbayonets, they\\nmuskets and\\ncould end in\\nforced to re-\\nAlthough\\nHill, as this\\nBunker Hill Monument\\nthe steady fire of the Americans, and\\ntire. Their courage was splendid, and\\ntheir officers led them to the attack.\\nthe Americans met them. But now the\\nAmericans was gone, and, having no\\nfought desperately with the butt ends of\\nwith stones. Such an unequal fight\\nbut one way. The Americans were\\ntreat.\\nthe British won the battle of Bunker Result of the\\nfight is called, their loss was dreadful.\\nTwo more such victories, and Great\\nBritain will have no army left\\nin America, said a great\\nFrench statesman. Did\\nthe militia fight? exclaimed\\nWashington, when on his\\nway to Boston he heard of\\nthat they\\nbattle\\nthe battle of Bunker Hill. When assured\\nfought splendidly, he said, Then the\\nliberties of the country are safe.*\\nAnd this was the great lesson of\\nBunker Hill that the American farmers\\nwould fight for their rights and would\\nfight against the regular troops of\\nGreat Britain.\\nDuring the next eight months the\\nContinental Army, with Washington\\nin command, surrounded Boston. It\\ntook a long time to drill the men and\\ncollect cannon and powder. But at\\nlast Washington was ready to drive\\nWashington Elm at Cambridge\\n(Where Washington tt ck- command of\\nthe army)", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nnew govern\\nments\\nu King might yie.\\niffi Mil called Comr\\nBritish leave the British out of the town, and was just about to do it, when,\\nunder General Howe, they boarded their ships and sailed away.\\ncolonies form All authority of the King and Parliament was now ended in\\nthe colonies. The royal governors had fled, or had been put\\ninto prison. The patriots in every colony, hoping that the\\nKing might yield, had established tem-\\nernments, which they\\nommittees of Safety, Pro-\\npS vincial Congresses, or Provincial\\nAssemblies. But now it was very\\ncertain that unless the colonies were\\nbeaten in the war they never again\\nwould be under the British Crown.\\nThe Continental Congress, there-\\nfore, advised the colonies to set up\\npermanent governments. One by one\\nthey did so, and thus turned them-\\nselves from British colonies into\\nAmerican states. Up to this time\\nthere had been thirteen colonics;\\nWhere the Declaration was signed now there were thirteen states.\\n(Independence Sail, Philadelphia) But t J iese gtate governments\\nindependence were to be made without consent of the King. What did that\\nmean It meant that the states were to be independent of the\\nKing. Then why not say so? Why not tell it to the whole\\nworld They decided to do so, and on July 2, 1776, Congress\\npassed this resolution, moved by II. H. Lee of Virginia\\nResolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right\\nought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved\\nfrom all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political\\nconnection between them and the State of Great Britain is,\\nand ought to be, totally dissolved.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE 11*7\\nThis settled the matter. The colonies were now independ- Declaration of\\nent. The next step was to tell or declare that fact to the ^dependence\\nworld, and so a declaration of independence, which had already\\nbeen drawn up, was next voted on. When, in the course of\\nhuman events, says the Declaration, it becomes necessary\\nfor one people to dissolve the political bands Avhich have con-\\nnected them with another a decent respect to the opinions\\nof mankind requires that they should declare the causes. It\\nwas this decent respect which had led Congress to select\\nThomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger\\nSherman, and Robert Livingston to prepare the Declaration of\\nIndependence, telling the world why the United States were\\nindependent of Great Britain.\\nJefferson wrote the Declaration, and on the 4th of Jul}*,\\n1770, Congress adopted it, and ordered copies\\nsent to the states.\\nTo declare independence was\\none thing to force Great Britain to\\nacknowledge it was another thing, and\\nmore than five vears passed before the last r er son f.\\nJ (On which Declaration ways written)\\nBritish army surrendered to Washington.\\nWhen General Howe and the British troops sailed away from British take\\nBoston, Washington did not know where they would go next. NewYork\\nBut he thought it might be to New York, so he hurried there\\nwith his army. Sure enough, after several weeks the British\\nfleet sailed up the bay. Howe found the Americans intrenched\\non Brooklyn Heights. His first attempt to drive them away\\nfailed, and before he could make a second, Washington crossed\\nthe river under cover of a fog, and retreated up the Hudson.\\nWhile the British were encamped near Brooklyn, Washing-\\nton wished to know how many soldiers there were in the\\nenemy s camp, and how they were arranged. To get this", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "128\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nNathan Hale information, somebody must go into the camp and look about\\nhim. Such a man would be a spy, and, if caught, would be\\nhanged. But a young officer named Nathan Hale volunteered\\nto go. Leaving the American headquarters near New York\\ncity, he went to Connecticut and from there crossed the Sound\\nto Long Island. Making his way to Brooklyn, he spent a few\\ndays in the British camp taking notes, and then returned to\\nthe north shore of Long Island to await a chance to cross the\\nSound to Connecticut. One day, seeing a boat coming toward\\nshore, he went down to meet it, thinking it was from Connecti-\\ncut, but he was recognized by a relative who sided with the\\nBritish, and was delivered to Howe.\\nHale was treated with great harshness. He was not allowed\\nto send a letter to his mother, nor to read his Bible, nor to\\nhave a minister visit him. He was a spy, and he was hanged\\nlike a criminal. When about to die he said, I regret\\nthat I have but one life to lose for my country.\\nThese words are now carved on the pedestal of a\\nstatue erected to his memory not far from the spot\\nin New York city where he died. Hale is known\\nas the Martyr Spy of the Revolution.\\nFrom New York Washington passed up the\\nHudson a few miles, crossed the river, and led his\\narmy through New Jersey. The British pressed\\nhim hotly. Discouraged by cold, hunger, and\\ndefeat, many of the soldiers deserted, and the\\nanks grew thinner every mile. But Washington\\nreached the Delaware River in safety, and crossed\\ninto Pennsylvania.\\nAffairs were now in a desperate state,\\nand Washington seemed almost disheartened.\\nstatue of Nathan Hale Americans who took the side of the King", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\n129\\nwere called Loyalists or Tories, and there were plenty of them The Tories\\nin New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The army got\\nso little help from the people that\\nthe patriot canse seemed likely to\\nremain for some time under a\\ncloud, as Washington wrote to\\nhis brother.\\nBut the cloud, dark as it was,\\nsoon lifted.\\nTo prevent the British from\\ncrossing the Delaware after him,\\nWashington collected all the\\nboats for miles along the river.\\nSo the British commander, when\\nhe reached the Delaware, finding\\nno means of crossing, resolved to\\nwait till the river was frozen and\\nthen march over on the ice.\\nBut while he waited Washington\\nacted, and on Christmas night,\\n1776, recrossed the Delaware to\\nmake an attack on some German\\niii i-ii Hudson and Delaware valleys\\nsoldiers who had been hired by\\nthe King to fight for him as many of these soldiers were victory at\\nfrom a part of Germany called Hesse, they are known as Hes- Trenton\\nsians. The night was bitterly cold, and the river was full of\\ngreat blocks of floating ice. But with splendid courage Wash-\\nington crossed with his little army, and at daylight fell on the\\nHessians at Trenton, beat them, and took one thousand prisoners.\\nA week later Washington won another victory, at Princeton, Princeton\\nten miles from Trenton, and then marched on to the hills at\\nMorristown, where his army passed the winter.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094i", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nBurgoyne s\\nsurrender\\nBritish take\\nPhiladelphia\\nDuring the following summer (June,\\n1777) the Continental Congress\\nadopted the stars and stripes as\\nour national flag. The first flag\\nof this kind was made by Betsy\\nRoss at her house on Arch Street,\\nPhiladelphia. The building still\\nstands and is carefully preserved\\nas the birthplace of Old Glory.\\nThe British now (1777) at-\\ntempted to get possession of the\\nHudson River, and so cut off\\nNew England from the rest of\\nthe states. But when an army,\\nunder Burgoyne, came down from\\nCanada by way of Lake Cham-\\nplain, the Americans, under General\\nGates, captured it near Saratoga.\\nNew York, and the attempt failed.\\nMeantime another British army sailed from New York to take\\nPhiladelphia. Washington hurried across New Jersey and met\\nthe enemy below the\\ncity but was de-\\nfeated on Brandy-\\nwine Creek, and later\\nat Germantown. The\\nBritish then passed\\nthe winter in the city,\\nwhile Washington\\nand his army were\\ncamped not far away.\\nat Valley Forge. Washington s headquarters at Morristown\\n3*r\u00c2\u00ab\\nBetsy Ross house", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\n181\\nThe suffering of the American army during the winter was The suffering\\nterrible but let those who were there tell of it The army J*^* lley\\nhas been in great distress since you left, General Greene wrote\\nto General Knox the troops are getting naked. They were\\nseven days without meat and several days without bread.\\nThe men, said Baron Steuben, a brave German who came\\nover to help us, were literally naked, some of them in the\\nfullest extent of the\\nword. For some\\ndays past there has\\nbeen little less than\\na famine in camp,\\nAlexander Hamilton\\nwrote to the gov-\\nernor of New York.\\nI am now con-\\nvinced beyond a\\ndoubt, said Wash-\\nington, that unless\\nsome great change takes place this army must starve, dissolve,\\nor disperse in order to obtain provisions.\\nBut these grand heroes would not disperse. They would Patience of\\nstarve rather than desert. Well did John Laurens say, I 50^3\u00c2\u00b0\\nwould cherish these dear ragged Continentals, whose patience\\nwill be the admiration of future ages. To see men, said\\nWashington, without clothes to cover their nakedness, with-\\nout blankets to lie upon, without shoes (for want of which their\\nmarches might be traced by the blood from their feet), and\\nalmost as often without provisions as with them, marching\\nthrough the frost and snow, and, at Christmas time, taking up\\ntheir winter quarters without a house or a hut to cover them\\ntill they could be built, and submitting without a murmur, is a\\nWashington s headquarters at Valley Forge", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOE INDEPENDENCE\\nFranklin in\\nFrance\\nForeigners\\nfight on\\nour side\\nproof of patience and obedience which in my opinion can scarce\\nbe paralleled.\\nThe winter at Valley Forge was the darkest period of the\\nwar. But the darkest hour, as the proverb says, is just before\\ndawn. And so it was in 1778 for, while the army was starv-\\ning and freezing at Valley Forge, France came to the aid of the\\nAmericans.\\nIn the year 1776, Franklin and two other men were sent\\nto France to ask for arms and money. Their arrival in France\\nMas followed by an outburst of welcome. Everywhere French-\\nmen were talking of the Stamp Act, Concord, Lexington,\\nBunker Hill. One young nobleman, Lafayette, left France\\nagainst his king s orders, came to the United States, and served\\nunder Washington till\\nthe end of the war.\\nLafayette was not\\nthe only foreigner who\\ntook up arms on our\\nside. Others of his\\ncountrymen did so, as\\nwell as the German\\nbaron, De Kalb, and\\nSteuben, the drill-\\nmaster of the revolu-\\ntionary arm}- and\\nthe Poles, Pulaski and\\nKosciusko. When\\nKosciusko was asked what he could do to help us, he answered\\nquickly, Try me, which greatly pleased Washington.\\nGreat as was the interest Frenchmen took in our struggle,\\nFranklin was unable to get much aid from France till the arri-\\nval of the news of the capture of Burgoyne. It was then cer-\\nIntrenchments at Valley Forge", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\n133\\nFranklin at the French court\\n{From an old engraving 1\\ntain that the Americans could fight, and early in 1778 the French France\\nKing acknowledged that the United States were no longer Brit- a^iaTus\\nish colonies, and made two treaties with the new country.\\nWar between France and Great Britain followed at once\\nand when General Clinton, who now commanded the British\\nin Philadelphia, heard that a French fleet was coming over,\\nhe started for New York. Washington hurried from Valley\\nForge and chased him across New Jersey to Monmouth, where Monmouth\\nanother battle was fought. Neither side won but during the\\nnight the British went on to New York.\\nWashington followed and stationed his soldiers at several\\nplaces about New York, in order to watch the British and be\\nread) for whatever they might do next. In this way these\\nMCM. PR. II. 9", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nwayne takes two generals and their armies spent many months without\\nstony Point figi^^g an y g re at battles. Once Clinton grew bold enough\\nto come out of New York and build a fort at Stony Point,\\non the Hudson River. It looked as if Clinton were about\\nto push up the river to the American camp at West Point.\\nWashington wished to prevent this, so he sent for Anthony\\nWayne, one of the most daring soldiers in the army, and asked\\nhim if he could storm Stony Point. Wayne said he could, and\\none dark night with a gallant band of men he did storm it, and\\ncarried off guns and prisoners, besides destroying the fort.\\nKentucky and\\nTennessee\\nsettled\\nCHAPTER XIV\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE (Continued)\\nDuring the year 1778, while great things were taking\\nplace in Paris and in New Jersey, events of perhaps even\\ngreater importance were happening among the Indians on\\nthe far western frontier.\\nGreat Britain no sooner acquired the eastern half of\\nthe Mississippi valley from France, than backwoodsmen\\nfrom Virginia and North Carolina began to cross the\\nmountains to hunt and trap and make settlements in\\nwhat are now Kentucky and Tennessee. Some, under\\nRevolutionary Dan iel Boone, formed Boonesboro, in Kentucky,\\nswords\\nOthers, under James Ilarrod, built Harrodsburg.\\nOthers, under William Bean and James Robertson and John\\nSevier, put up their cabins on a branch of the Tennessee\\nRiver called the Watauga, in Tennessee. These settlements\\nwere not farms or little village s, but frontier forts or sta-\\ntions.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOll INDEPENDENCE\\n135\\n\u00c2\u00a37 *c y^\u00c2\u00ab- j\u00c2\u00bb i- i -V-V-\\n[J E N N E SjMCSf-\\nThe Ohio valley\\nWhen a number of families went out under some leader to a frontier\\nsettle in the wilderness, they would select their ground, cut\\ndown the trees, and begin\\nto build a fort, in the form\\nof a square. One side of\\nthe square was formed by a\\nrow of log cabins. Around\\nthe other three sides, and\\nbetween the cabins, was a\\nstockade or high fence of\\nhuge logs placed side by\\nside with one end thrust\\ninto the ground. In\\neach of these sides were\\ncut loopholes, and in\\none of them was a great door or gate that could be strongly\\nbarred when necessary. At the four corners of the stockade\\nwere two-story blockhouses. Within the stockade were the\\ncabins whose backs formed one side of the fort, the sheds\\nwhere cattle and provisions could be kept, and in the center\\nof the square a strong blockhouse. This was the place of last\\nresort. If the gate was beaten down, or if the stockade was\\ndestroyed by fire, it was to the central blockhouse that the\\ninmates fled to defend themselves or die.\\nTo such stations the settlers came in time of war or when\\nan Indian rising was feared. In time of peace they dwelt\\nin log cabins on their farms or clearings, which were scat-\\ntered over the country for miles around the fort.\\nBut peaceful days were few. The pioneers lived in con-\\nstant war r dread of war with the Indians. Small bands\\nof savages were generally lurking around the forts, killing ti e r U\\nthe men as they limited in the woods or worked in the pikes", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nWooden canteen\\nwar with fields, and ready to carry off the women and children at the\\nIndians g^ c j iaDCe Xhe history of those days is full of thrilling-\\nadventures, narrow escapes, and deeds of heroism.\\nThus some Indians attacked Fort Henry, on the\\nOhio River, one day when there were only twelve\\nmen and boys in the fort, besides a number of\\nwomen and children. The white men fought\\nbravely, firing through the loopholes and driving\\nback the Indians at every attack. But after ;i\\nwhile their powder was nearly all used up.\\nThen the commander asked for a volunteer to go to a house\\noutside the fort, where a keg of powder was stored. To go\\nmeant almost certain death but four young men at once\\noffered. While they were disputing about it, a young girl\\nnamed Elizabeth Zane said Let me go for the powder. You\\ncan not spare even one man. There are too few in the fort\\nnow. But if I am killed, you will be as strong as ever.\\nAs she persisted, the gate of the stockade was opened just\\nwide enough to let her slip out. She ran to the house, filled\\nher apron with powder, and started to return, before the Indi-\\nans guessed what she was doing. Then they fired at her again\\nand again, till she got inside the gate.\\nShe was unhurt, and the fort was saved,\\nfor there was now powder enough to\\nlast till more white men came and drove\\nthe Indians away.\\nThe country north of the\\nOhio River was claimed by\\nMassachusetts, Connecticut,\\nand Virginia; but in reality\\nthe region was as much British as the province of Quebec, to\\nwhich it had been added by the King four years before. Over\\nCountry north\\nof the Ohio\\nRevolutionary cannon", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE 137\\nit roamed some of the strongest and fiercest of the Indian tribes.\\nIt contained a few old French towns, such as Detroit, Kas-\\nkaskia, Vincennes, and a few forts garrisoned by the British,\\nwhom the Indians looked upon as the successors of the French\\nand the rulers of the land. At these forts and towns the\\nIndians obtained their muskets and powder, and were aroused\\nto attack the backwoodsmen of Kentucky and Tennessee.\\nAnybody might see that these towns and forts ought to be George Rogers\\ntaken, that the country ought to be held by the United States, Clark\\nand that the Indians ought to be made to stop helping the\\nBritish. But it was left for a young Virginian, George\\nRogers Clark, to make the attempt to do this. j,\\nClark began by sending spies to find out sk\\\\\\nthe strength of the garrisons; then he A- i\\nformed a plan for a secret expedition to\\nattack them suddenly and unexpected])\\nand finally laid his plan before Patrick\\nHenry, governor of Virginia, and a _J|- -i^d^\u00c2\u00bb\\nfew others. They gave him what aid\\nthey could, which was little enough,\\n.,n t n u Powder house, Virginia\\nand Clark with a hundred and eighty\\nmen went down the )hio one thousand miles from Pittsburg,\\nhid his boats near the mouth of the river, marched across the\\nprairies, and took the town and fort of Kaskaskia without Takes French\\ni rrrrrfS tOWnS\\nresistance (1 1 8).\\nThe French settlers, hearing from Clark that France was\\naiding us in the war, made him welcome, and Cahokia and two\\nother towns likewise submitted. A Catholic priest then carried\\nthe news to Vincennes and persuaded the French in that town\\nto surrender.\\nThe British governor at Detroit, learning of these things,\\nset out with five hundred men, Indians and regulars, to conquer", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138 THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nthe country again. After a long march through the wilderness,\\nthe troops appeared before Vincennes and occupied the fort.\\nBut Clark was equal to the emergency, and marching overland,\\nin the dead of winter, he attacked the fort so vigorously that\\nthe British surrendered, and the governor and his soldiers\\nbecame prisoners of war.\\nimportance of Clark, acting for the state of Virginia, had now conquered\\nClark s ie country around the Wabash and Illinois rivers. The con-\\nconquest j\\nqnest was most timely, for, a few months later, a band of Span-\\niards marched from St. Louis to the head of the Illinois River,\\ncaptured the British post of St. Joseph, and claimed the whole\\nNorthwest in the name of the King of Spain.\\nNow let us see what, in the meantime, had happened in the\\nEast,\\nHaving failed to conquer the Middle States in 1776-1778,\\nthe British next sent armies against the Southern States.\\nBritish attack q Once before (in 177f a fleet had appeared off\\nCharleston, South Carolina, to attack it, But the\\nBritish found Colonel Moultrie and his men behind\\ntwo rows of palmetto logs with sand between, and\\nafter firing at this Fort Moultrie for a long\\ntime and doing no harm, the ships sailed\\n|j away. While the battle was hottest the flag-\\nstaff was struck by a cannon ball, and flag\\nand all fell outside the fort. Instantly a\\nsergeant named William .Jasper jumped\\ndown, picked up the flag, fastened it to a\\nramrod used to load one of the cannon,\\nclimbed back, and planted it firmlv on\\nJasper monument, Charleston x\\nthe fort.\\nBritish take The British were successful in their second attack on the\\nsavannah y ou thern States, however, and Savannah was easily captured", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\n139\\nSCALE OF MILES\\nPart of the South\\n(end of the year 1778). But before they could do more, a\\nFrench fleet and an American army came to retake the town.\\nWhile the ships bombarded from\\nthe water, the army, commanded by\\nGeneral Lincoln, tried to storm the\\nBritish works by land. They were\\ndriven back, and among the dead\\nwere the brave Polish officer Pulaski,\\nand Sergeant Jasper, who fell hold-\\ning in his hand the flag given him\\nat Fort Moultrie.\\nGeorgia was now overrun by the British take\\nBritish. Charleston was then taken Charleston\\nand South Carolina overcome. Thereupon Congress sent Gen-\\neral Gates against the British. But they beat him at Camden\\nin South Carolina, where the German officer, De Kalb, who was\\nfighting for us, received eleven wounds, of which he died.\\nIt is said that when the British minister heard of\\nthe capture of Charleston and Savannah, he said,\\nw We look on America as at our feet. But there\\nwere plenty of fighting men in the South who\\ndid not intend to be at his feet. Led by\\nMarion, Sumter, and Pickens, the men hid in\\nthe swamps and fought the enemy in every\\nway they could.\\nMarion s men were especially active. Their\\nguns were such as hunters used. Their swords\\nwere made of pieces of saws from the saw-\\nmills. They had no cannon, no forts, no place\\nof safety but the woods and swamps. Indeed,\\nthe British called Marion the Swamp Fox.\\nFrom such hiding places lie would come out One of Marion s men", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nArnold the\\ntraitor\\nsuddenly, attack a party of the enemy, and hurry back into\\nthe woods. When a strong force was sent to take him he\\ncould not be found. But in a little while he would appear\\nin another place.\\nWith the British in possession of Savannah and Charleston,\\nand all of South Carolina and Georgia in their hands, the out-\\nlook for the patriots\\nwas gloomy enough.\\nBut just at this\\nmoment an Ameri-\\ncan officer, Benedict\\nArnold, turned trai-\\ntor and made it\\ngloomier still. No\\nofficer had rendered\\ngreater services than\\nArnold. He had\\njoined the army when\\nit was before Boston\\nhad led a terrible\\nmarch through 1 1 1 1\\nMaine woods to attack Quebec in the first year of the war had\\ndistinguished himself for bravery in the attempt to capture that\\ncity and had fought desperately in a battle near Saratoga, thus\\ndoing much to capture Burgoyne. But in 1T7S Arnold was\\nput in command of Philadelphia, where he governed so un-\\njustly that he was condemned to be reprimanded by Washing-\\nton, lie was brave and daring in battle, but he lacked moral\\ncourage and, thirsting for revenge, he laid a deep scheme to\\ninjure the patriot cause.\\nAs part of this scheme he asked Washington for the com-\\nmand of West Point, the great stronghold on the Hudson\\nRuins of a fort at West Point", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\n141\\nM,\\nHouse at Tappan where Major Andre was\\nimprisoned\\nRiver. He received it, and at once formed a plan to give up\\nthe post to General Clinton, commanding the British at New Major Andre\\nYork. Clinton s agent, Major John\\nAndre, met Arnold near Stonv\\nPoint one day in September,\\n1780, to finish the plan. But\\nas Andre was going back to\\nNew York he was stopped,\\nsearched, and seized by\\npatriot soldiers. In his\\nstockings were found papers\\nin Arnold s handwriting which\\nrevealed the plot. News of\\nthe arrest of Andre was at once\\nsent to Arnold. It reached\\nhim as he sat at breakfast instantly rising from the table,\\nhe told his wife of his danger, and fled with all speed to a\\nBritish ship down the Hudson. West Point was saved to the\\nAmericans. Andre was tried, convicted, and hanged as a spy.\\nAnd now the dark hours of the war were over. Five days victory of\\nafter the hanging of Andre, a band of Tories, who were over- J\u00e2\u0084\u00a2,* 8\\nrunning South Carolina, were met at Kings Mountain by a\\nswarm of hardy Southern mountaineers, and every one of them\\nwas killed, wounded, or taken prisoner.\\nVictory then followed victory, and in a few months General General\\ny Greene, who had been sent to\\nsucceed (bites, drove the Brit-\\nish into Charleston and Savan-\\nnah and recovered most of South\\nCarolina and Georgia.\\nA large British army, under Corn-\\nPowder hom wallis, that had invaded Virginia, was\\nGreene", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "142\\nTHE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\nCornwallis\\nsurrenders\\nEnd of the\\nwar\\nnext forced to make\\na stand at York-\\ntown, which it began\\nto fortify. While it\\nwas so engaged,\\nWashington hurried\\nfrom the neighbor-\\nhood of New York,\\nand with American\\nand French troops\\nsurrounded the place\\nby land, while a\\nFrench fleet, under\\nCount de Grasse,\\nhemmed it in by sea, and forced Cornwallis to surrender,\\nOctober 19, 1781.\\nThis was the last battle of the war. The British gave up\\nthe struggle, and in 1783 a treaty of peace was signed at Paris\\nby agents of Great Britain and the United States. The men\\nwho represented us were Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and\\nJohn Jay. By this treaty certain things were secured\\nMoore house\\n{Whore th, Cornwallis surrender was\\nranged)\\nTerms of 1\\npeace\\nOur country was admitted by Great Britain to be sovereign,\\nfree, and independent.\\n2. The boundaries of our country were stated as fully as\\npossible.\\n3. Citizens of the United States might catch fish in the waters\\nof Nova Scotia and Canada just as the}* had done when\\nBritish subjects.\\n4. Great Britain was to take away her troops. In November\\nthe last of the British army sailed away from New York\\ncity.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "THE LONG FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE\\n143\\nSUMMARY\\nWar with Great Britain began in New England with the battles of\\nLexington and Concord and the shutting up of the British in Boston\\n(1775).\\nThe Continental Congress adopted the troops around Boston as the Con-\\ntinental Army, and made George Washington commander in chief.\\nOn his way to take command, Washington heard of a great battle at\\nBunker Hill, which showed that Americans could tight.\\nThe colonies now formed themselves into states, and these thirteen states\\nwere declared free and independent of Great Britain July 1, 177G.\\nThe British left Boston by water, and Washington hurried his army to\\nNew York. There he was attacked and driven up the Hudson, and\\nfinally across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania.\\nFrom Pennsylvania he crossed the Delaware on Christmas night, 1776,\\ncaptured a thousand prisoners at Trenton, fought a battle at Prince-\\nton, and passed the winter at Morristown.\\nPainting by Romiter and Mif/nat\\nWashington and Lafayette at Mount Vernon", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144 A BETTER GOVERNMENT NEEDED\\n7. When summer came, the British sent an army under Burgoyne from\\nCanada. The Americans captured it near Saratoga, Xew York. This\\nled France to aid us.\\n8. Meantime a British army sailed from New York to attack Philadelphia.\\nWashington hurried to meet it; was defeated in two battles: and\\nspent the winter at Valley Forge (1777-78).\\n9. As the British in the Northwest incited the Indians to repeated attacks\\non the American frontier settlements in Kentucky, George Rogers\\nClark led a band of Virginians into the wilderness north of the Ohio\\nRiver and captured most of the British posts in that region 1778-79).\\n10. The British finally turned their arms against the Southern States. In\\nGeorgia and the Carolinas they were successful at first, but afterwards\\nwere driven away by General Greene. At last a great army, under\\nCornwallis, was captured at Yorktown, Virginia, and the war ended in\\nthe fall of 1781.\\nCHAPTER XV\\nA BETTER GOVERNMENT NEEDED\\nThe treaty which ended our old troubles with Great Britain\\nbrought us neAV ones with Spain. You remember that during\\nthe French and Indian War, Spain fought against Great\\nBritain; that Great Britain captured Havana and that to get\\nit back, Spain gave her Florida in exchange,\\nwhat Spain Now when France joined us in our war with Great Britain,\\nSpain saw a chance to get Florida again, so she also declared\\nwar on Great Britain, in 1770, and sent two little armies to\\nconquer the Gulf coast and the Mississippi valley. One went\\nfrom New Orleans and took the British forts at Baton Rouge,\\nNatchez, Mobile, and Pensacola (see map, p. 43). The other\\nwent from St. Louis, in the dead of winter, marched across\\nwhat is now Illinois, captured the fort at St. Joseph, and took\\naway the flags as proof of conquest.\\nmi", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "A BETTER GOVERNMENT NEEDED\\n145\\nHaving done all these things, Spain claimed that she owned whatspam\\nthe country from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi, claimed\\nand from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. When,\\ntherefore, the time came to make a treaty of peace at Paris, she\\ninsisted that the western boundary of the United States should\\nbe very nearly what is now the west boundary of Pennsylvania,\\nVirginia, the two Carolinas, and Georgia.\\nWe were quite willing to let Spain have Florida, but notli- Our country s\\nlllg more; SO when first boundary\\nthe treaty was made,\\nGreat Britain gave\\nher Florida and a\\nstrip along the Gulf\\nof Mexico as shown\\nin white on the sec-\\nond map on page 232.\\nThe great region\\nfrom the Atlantic to\\nthe Mississippi, and\\nfrom Spanish Florida\\nto the Great Lakes and Canada, became the United States.\\nLut, as we shall see later on, Spain for a time still claimed part\\nof this territory.\\nThe immense wilderness won from Great Britain and Spain\\nwas claimed by seven of the thirteen states Massachusetts,\\nConnecticut, New York, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.\\nThe other six states had about their present limits.\\nAt the request of Congress, however, the states one by one western lands\\ngave what were called their back lands to Congress. These ^on^ss\\nwere to be sold, and the money used to pay the debts owed by\\nthe United States. The back lands were to be governed by the\\nCongress, or in some way that Congress should decide upon.\\nMonro Castle, Havana", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "14f\u00c2\u00bb\\nA BETTER GOVERNMENT NEEDED\\nStagecoach\\nNow it so happened that the lands given\\nby Massachusetts, Connecticut, New\\nYork, and Virginia lay between the\\nOhio River and the Great Lakes,\\nPennsylvania and the Mississippi.\\nCongress made this entire tract\\na territory, which it called the\\nTerritory of the United States\\nNorthwest of the River Ohio.\\nExcept at Detroit and Macki-\\nwherethe nac, and a few other places where the French had settled, the\\npeople hved territory was without white inhabitants, and was roamed over\\nby Indians and wild beasts. As a matter of fact no part of our\\ncountry was thickly settled. There are to-day more people in\\nthe city of New York than lived in the whole United States in\\n1783. Most of the people then dwelt in the cities, towns, and\\nvillages, and on the farms and plantations, of the states lying\\nalong the Atlantic coast, and the different states had very little\\ncommunication with one another. Travel, except by sea, was\\nvery slow and dangerous. There were no railroads, no steam-\\nboats, no good roads, and no bridges over the wide rivers.\\nNow, it takes five hours to go from Boston to New York.\\nThen, it took six or even nine days. Now, you may go from\\nNew York to Philadelphia in two hours; then, it required\\ntwo days,\\noccupations The chief occupations of the people were cod fishing, ship-\\ne people building, ;l nd commerce, in New England; lumbering, agricul-\\nture, and commerce, in the Middle States; and, in the Southern\\nStates, growing tobacco, rice, and indigo, and making tar, pitch,\\nand resin.\\nEach one of the thirteen states had its own government, as\\nit has to-day. But the control of the Indians, and some of our", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "A BETTER GOVERNMENT NEEDED\\n147\\ndealings with foreign nations, as making war and peace, were Powers of the\\nintrusted to the Continental Congress. congress** 1\\nThere was no President of the United States in those days.\\nThe Congress was composed of a few men sent by the legisla-\\ntures of the thirteen states. These men could do many things,\\nbut a little experience showed that they could not do nearly\\nenough for the good of the country.\\nCongress, for instance, could not tax the people for money\\nwith which to pay the country s debts. It could merely ask\\nthe states for what it wanted. But the states did not give all\\nthat was needed.\\nCongress, in the next place, could not regulate trade with\\nforeign nations; could not force them to treat us fairly.\\nNeither Spain nor Great Britain would make a treaty of com-\\nmerce with us.\\nCongress had no power to regulate trade between the states.\\nAs a consequence each state regulated its trade as it pleased.\\nNew York, for instance, treated Connecticut and New Jersey as\\nforeign countries and laid heavy taxes on firewood that came\\nfrom the one and on vegetables that came from\\nthe other. This angered New Jersey,\\nwho sent word to Congress that unless\\nit forced New York to take off the taxes,\\nshe would not pay her annual share of the\\ncost of the continental government.\\nEach state had its own paper money,\\nand this was not good in other states.\\nExcept gold and silver, of which very\\nlittle was to be seen, there was no money\\nthat people all over the country would take.\\nMore than one state had to pass a law to forci\\nits citizens to use the paper money it issued.\\nChaise", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148\\nA BETTER GOVERNMENT NEEDED\\nThe\\nConstitutional\\nConvention\\nThe\\nConstitution\\nCongress asked the states to give it power to remedy all\\nthese defects. For a while they would not hut matters he-\\ncame so bad that, in 1787, delegates from twelve states met in\\nIndependence Hall at Philadelphia to consider what newpowers\\nshould he given to Congress.\\nThese delegates were the most distinguished men in the\\ncountry, and the names of many of them are still familiar.\\nAmong them were Washington and Madison, who afterwards\\nbecame Presidents Elbridge Gerry, a future Vice President\\nEllsworth, who in time became Chief Justice of the United\\nStates Supreme Court Alexander Hamilton, a famous Secre-\\ntary of the Treasury\\nRobert Morris, who\\nhad helped to raise\\nthe money needed to\\ncarry on the Revolu-\\ntionary War Ben-\\njamin Franklin and\\nothers who had\\nsigned the Declara-\\ntion of Independ-\\nence; and many\\nothers who after-\\nwards held impor-\\ntant places under the\\nUnited States gov-\\nernment. Washington was made the president of the convention.\\nThese men drew up what is known as the Constitution of\\nthe United States. The Constitution is a written document\\nwhich describes the plan of the general government under\\nwhich we live. It fixes the powers of the President and tells\\nhow he shall be elected. It provides for a Congress composed\\nOld windmill, Massachusetts\\n(Still used)", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "A RETTER GOVERNMENT NEEDED\\n149\\nPennsylvania Statehoase, or Independence Hall, in Philadelphia\\nof two bodies of men a Senate and a House of Representa-\\ntives and it provides for United States courts.\\nCongress has now all the power the Continental Congress\\never asked for, and more too. It does not have to ask the\\nstates for money; it lays taxes and has the sole power of coin-\\ning money, and it may regulate commerce with foreign nations\\nand between the states.\\nAfter the Philadelphia convention had made the Constitu- The new\\ntion, copies were sent by Congress to the legislatures of the be^\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 16 1\\nstates. Each state government then called a convention to con-\\nsider the new plan and approve or disapprove of it, as seemed\\nbest. When nine states had in this manner approved it, the\\nMOM. PR. H.\\n[0", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "150\\nTROUBLE WITH FRANCE AM) GREAT BRITAIN\\nConstitution was to be supreme law as to the nine.\\nEleven approved within a year, and the two others a\\nlittle later and the Constitution took the place of\\nthe Articles of Confederation, which had described\\nthe powers of the Continental Congress. The\\nplace of meeting of the new Congress was New\\nYork city, and there, in 1789, Washington was\\nmade the first President of the United States.\\nSUMMARY\\nChair used by Wash-\\nington at his in-\\nauguration 1. By the treaty of peace we acquired the territory be-\\ntween the Atlantic and the Mississippi, the Great\\nLakes and Florida.\\n2. The population was small and scattered along the coast, travel was dif-\\nficult and slow, and trade between the states was of little value.\\n3. Each state had its own government as at present. But over all was a\\nweak general government carried on by the Continental Congress.\\n4. The plan of the general government was defective in many ways, and\\nwas finally replaced by the present Constitution of the United States.\\nCHAPTER XVI\\nTROUBLE WITH FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN\\nOur country s\\ncapital\\nWhen Washington was made President, Congress met in\\nNew York city. But it was decided that a square tract of\\nland, ten miles on a side, should be obtained somewhere, and\\non this tract a federal city should be built as a home for the\\ngovernment. In it were to be the President s house, the build-\\ning in which Congress should meet to make laws, and any other\\nbuildings that might be needed. Congress having decided that\\nthe federal city should be on the banks of the Potomac, the", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "r\\n151", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152\\nTROUBLE WITH FRANCE\\nTrouble with\\nFrance\\ntract was laid out partly in Maryland and partly in Virginia,\\nand was called the District of Columbia. The city was named\\nWashington.\\nBut it Mould take some years to erect the buildings and\\nform the city. Congress therefore decided that it would meet\\nin Philadelphia for ten years before it went to Washington,\\nwhere all sessions of Congress have been held since 1800.\\nNot long after Congress met in Philadelphia a war broke\\nout between France and Great Britain. Our country did not\\ntake sides with either. But France tried hard to force us to\\nside with her, and. when she found we would not, she treated us\\nso shamefully that when John Adams was President the whole\\ncountry cried out for war. An army was raised and General\\nWashington was called from his home at Mount Vernon and put\\nin command. The people in the large seaports gave money for\\nwar ships, and volunteered to build forts and earthworks.\\nIn the midst of the excitement our national song Hail\\nWashington s home at Mount Vernon, on the Potomac", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "TROUBLE WITH FRANCE 153\\nColumbia was written. Philadelphia, as the seat of govern- Hail\\nment, was a most intensely excited city. The citizens were um ia\\ndivided into two bodies, each distinguished by cock-\\nades worn on their hats. Such as hated the Presi-\\ndent and upheld France wore the- red, white, and\\nblue, or tricolor cockade. Those who sided with\\nthe President and resisted the French insolence\\nwore the black cockade of the Revolution. So\\nhisdi did feeling 1 run that if two excited men of\\nopposite parties met in the street, each was\\npretty sure to try to snatch the other s cockade. ^SIlfBSl?\\nIn the evenings at the theater one party would call\\nfor Yankee Doodle, and the other for a song that\\nhad been popular in France.\\nThis suggested to one of the actors the idea of French n f val\\n00 vessel\\nfinding some one to write a neAV patriotic song, and\\naccordingly he applied to Mr. Joseph Ilopkinson, who wrote\\nHail Columbia to suit a very popular piece of music called\\nThe President s March, to which we sing it to this day. It\\nwas sung for the first time at Philadelphia one night in 1798,\\nwas printed in the newspapers the next day, and at once\\nbecame a national song.\\nAmong other tilings, France demanded a tribute from us as if Naval war\\nwe were a conquered nation. The popular cry therefore became Wlth France\\nMillions for defense, not a cent for tribute, and when the\\nnavy began to beat the French in the West Indies, it was said\\nwe were giving them the only kind of tribute they deserved\\nshot and shell.\\nThe war was entirely on the sea, and after four of her\\nnaval vessels had been captured or destroyed, and great 11 um-\\nbers of merchantmen burned, France made peace with us in\\n1800.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154\\nTROUBLE WITH GREAT BRITAIN\\nImpressment\\nof American\\nsailors\\nChesapeake\\nand Leopard\\nOur troubles with Great Britain and France having been\\nthus settled, it seemed as if people might look forward to a\\nlong period of peace and quiet. But this was not to be. In ;i\\nfew years Great Britain and France were again at war, and the\\nold troubles returned in\\na worse form than ever.\\nBritish armed vessels\\ncame over to our coast.\\nstopped our ships as they\\nwent in and out of our\\nports, and searched them\\nfor British sailors.\\nAn American packet\\nor trader would sail from\\nBoston or New York or\\nBaltimore for Europe or\\nthe West Indies. But\\nlong before she reached her destination a British cruiser would\\nappear and tire a signal gun. If no attention was paid, a shot\\nwould soon come skipping over the water and across the pack-\\net s bow, forcing her to stop. A boat would then put off, and\\nan officer and a band of armed men would clamber upon the deck\\nand order the captain to muster his crew. When the sailors\\nwere all in line, the British officer would pick out such men as\\npleased him, claim them as subjects of the King, and drag them\\noff to his ship.\\nThis was called impressment, because the men were\\npressed or forced to serve against their will. The patience\\nwith which we submitted to this treatment made the British\\nbold, and one day as an American frigate called the Chesa-\\npeake was on her way to the Mediterranean Sea she was fol-\\nlowed by a British vessel, the Leopard, was fired on and\\nMonticello, Jefferson s home (in Virginia)", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "TROUBLE WITH GREAT BRITAIN\\n155\\nforced to surrender, after which four seamen were taken from\\nher deck.\\nBut impressment was not the only cause for complaint, interference\\nGreat Britain meddled with our trade and commerce. She W1 A ien\\ncan trade\\nordered our merchants not to deal in certain kinds of goods,\\nand stopped and searched their vessels to see that they obeyed.\\nShe forbade them to go to a great number of ports in Europe,\\nand tried to seize such slaps as continued to go to these ports.\\nNor did Napoleon, then Emperor of France and master of\\nhalf Europe, treat us any better. He commanded our mer-\\nchants not to send their ships\\nto any port that was under\\nthe British flag. He seized\\nnumbers of our vessels in his\\nown ports, and he declared\\nthat any vessel that submitted\\nto be searched by a British\\ncruiser should be captured\\nwherever found.\\nBy 1807 matters had come\\nto such a pass that our ships\\nand goods were liable to be\\ncaptured by somebod} wher-\\never they went. There was\\njust one of two things then\\nto do. We must fight for\\nour rights on the sea, or we\\nmust abandon the sea. Upon the advice of Jefferson, who was\\nthen President, Congress decided to abandon the sea, and for The long\\nmore than a year an embargo was placed upon all merchant embarg0\\nshipping; that is, no trading ships were allowed to go from an\\nAmerican port to any foreign country.\\nSchoolhouse where Jefferson went to school", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156\\nTROUBLE WITH GREAT BRITAIN\\nThe War of\\n1812\\nIt was supposed that this embargo, this O-grab-me, as the\\npeople called it, by spelling the name backwards, would force\\nNapoleon and Great Britain to treat us better. The British\\nand French could not buy our cotton, lumber, pork, flour, and\\nother products, which were of great value to them. They\\ncould not sell their cloth, china, glass, hardware, tools, silks,\\nwines, and a hundred other things in our cities. Yet the\\nembargo had no good effect. Matters grew worse instead of\\nbetter, and in 1812, when James Madison was President. Con-\\ngress declared war against Great Britain.\\nTo right Great Britain was a bold thing to do. For nearly\\ntwenty years she had been at war with France and with Napo-\\nleon. In her navy were more than a thousand armed vessels.\\nIn her army were hundreds of thousands of soldiers. We had\\nno army, and a navy of but sixteen ships. Yet the war dragged\\nalong for more than\\nOHIO\\ntwo years, and both\\non land and on sea\\nthe greatest triumphs\\nwere ours.\\nThe British cap-\\ntured Detroit and got\\ncontrol of the North-\\nwest. But Perry\\ncaptured the British\\nfleet on Lake Erie\\nMcDonough destroyed another fleet on Lake Champlain Gen-\\neral Macomb beat the British at Plattsburg in New York\\nand General W. H. Harrison beat them again on the Thames\\nRiver in Canada, and recovered Detroit and the Northwest.\\nAt sea during the war thirteen important captures were\\nmade and but four serious defeats were suffered. One of the\\nPart of the northern frontier", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "TROUBLE WITH GREAT BRITAIN\\n157\\nPerry s victory on Lake Erie\\nAmerican ships captured was the unlucky frigate Chesapeake\\nthat six years before had been attacked by the Leopard and\\nhad had four sailors taken from her deck. She was now\\ncaptured by the Shannon.\\nToward the end of the war, Great Britain sent over a fleet\\nand blockaded the whole coast, shut our vessels in port, and so\\nput an end to our sea victories. One part of this fleet captured\\neastern Maine another with an army on board sailed up the\\nChesapeake Bay, where the troops landed and marched to\\nWashington and burned the Capitol, the President s house, and\\nsome other public buildings.\\nReturning to their ships, the soldiers were carried to Balti-\\nmore, which was attacked by land and water. It was during\\nthe bombardment of a fort defending Baltimore that Francis\\nScott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner. Under a flag\\nof truce he had gone on board one of the British ships to secure\\nBritish\\nsuccesses\\nThe Star-\\nSpangled\\nBanner", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158\\nTROUBLE WITH GREAT BRITAIN\\nAndrew\\nJackson\\nthe release of some prisoners taken by the British, and was\\nhimself held prisoner dining the bombardment, which lasted\\nall one day and part of a night. The scene from the deck of\\nthe enemy s vessel must indeed have been inspiring, and\\naroused by it he wrote the poem which has since been a\\nnational song. The opening lines describe the scene:\\nO say, can you see, by the dawn s early light,\\nWhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight s last gleaming?\\nWhose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous right,\\nOn the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming\\nAnd the rocket s red glare, the bombs bursting in air,\\nGave proof through the night that our flag was still there.\\nO say, does the star-spangled banner yet wave\\nO er the land of the free and the home of the brave\\nFinding they could not take the fort and capture Baltimore,\\nthe British again went on board their ships, sailed away, and\\njoined another fleet and army that was to attack New Orleans.\\nBut the Americans, under General Andrew Jackson, were\\nmore than a match for them.\\nAndrew Jackson was born in North Carolina, and when a\\nboy of fourteen was taken prisoner by a band of British troops\\nand Tories who were\\nroving about t la-\\nstate during the\\nRevolutionary War.\\nOne of the officers,\\nwishing to have his\\nboots cleaned, ordered\\nyoung Jackson to do\\nit an order which\\nthe lad stoutly re-\\nThe Hermitage, Jackson s home (in Tennessee) fused to obey. In-", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "TROUBLE WITH GREAT BRITAIN\\n159\\nTable of Jackson s time\\nstead of admiring the pluck of the boy, the officer aimed a\\nblow at him with a sword. Jackson drew up his arm to ward\\noff the blow, and received a\\ngash, the scar of which he car-\\nried through life.\\nAfter the War for Inde-\\npendence Jackson removed to\\nNashville, then a little stock-\\naded fort far out on the\\nfrontier, and was soon known\\nas a man of courage and\\ndetermination. For a while after Tennessee became a state he\\nwas a member of Congress. Next he was a judge, and when\\nthe war with Great Britain opened, he raised a regiment of\\nvolunteers. But his services as a soldier began when the\\nCreek Indians took the warpath and attacked the whites.\\nThese Creeks lived in what is now Alabama, and had long The creek\\nbeen preparing for an attempt to drive out the\\nwhites and in 1813 they dug up the hatchet and\\ndrove the settlers from their farms to the little\\nfrontier forts. Into one of these, called Fort\\nMims, not far from Mobile, were gathered sev-\\neral hundred men, women, and children, when a\\nthousand Indians, painted, naked, well armed,\\nand led by their prophets carrying red sticks\\nand bags of magic, suddenly attacked it.\\nThe defense was desperate but the In\\ndians won, and massacred nearly all of\\nthe inmates. As soon as news of the\\nawful deed reached Tennessee, troops\\nwere called OUt, Jackson was put in calash, a woman s headdress\\nCommand, and ill a few months time worn in Jackson s time\\nWar", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "100\\nTROUBLE WITH GREAT BRITAIN\\nBattle of\\nNew Orleans\\nSEE\\n~5^\\nTreaty of\\npeace\\nlie destroyed the Indian power and made peace on his own\\nterms.\\nThis exploit made Jackson so famous that he was put in\\ncommand of the army along the Gulf of Mexico and he was in\\nNew Orleans when the British landed in the swamps below the\\ncity. Two little fights took place at once. But the famous\\nbattle, the anniversary of which is. celebrated even in our day.\\nwas fought on January 8, 1815.\\nThe Americans were behind a long line of intrenchments,\\nand were, v almost every one of them, frontiersmen and fine\\nshots with l\\\\ a rifle. The British were veteran troops, were\\nled by able generals, and came bravely\\non to the attack. But the Americans\\njO.;, delivered a dreadful fire, which drove\\nthe British back with terrible slaugh-\\nter. It was the old story of Bunker\\nHill, with a happier ending, for the\\nBritish were defeated and after a\\nwhile sailed away. One of the\\nresults of the victory of New\\nOrleans was to make General\\nJackson well known to the peo-\\nple, so that, fourteen years later,\\nhe was elected President of the United States.\\nWhen the battle was fought, a treaty of peace with Great\\nBritain had already been signed at Ghent in Holland. But\\nocean travel was slow in those days, and news of peace did not\\nreach the United States for a month after Jackson s victory at\\nNew Orleans. This treaty of Ghent said nothing at all about\\nthe impressment of sailors or about the rights of trading ships\\nbut since then our ships and sailors have not been illtreated as\\nthey were before the Avar.\\na 2\\nM?:\\nBattle of New Orleans monument", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "BUILDING THE WEST 161\\nSUMMARY\\n1. France and Great Britain were at war, and France illtreated us because\\nwe would not side with her. At last war with France began but\\nafter a few naval battles in the West Indies she made peace with us.\\n2. The United States had three complaints against Great Britain. She\\nimpressed our sailors searched our ships interrupted our com-\\nmerce. Failing to get satisfaction for these wrongs, we went to war.\\n3. The righting was along the Canadian border along the Atlantic coast\\non the ocean and at New Orleans.\\n4. Along the Canadian border the British were at first victorious. But the\\nAmerican victories of Perry on Lake Erie, of Harrison on the Thames\\nRiver in Canada, of McDonough on Lake Champlain, and of Macomb\\nat Plattsburg, more than made up for the defeats.\\n5. Along the seacoast the British blockaded the ports, burned the public\\nbuildings at Washington, attacked Baltimore, and seized part of Maine.\\n6. On the sea many British ships were defeated or captured.\\n7. At New Orleans General Andrew Jackson won a great battle.\\nCHAPTER XVII\\nBUILDING THE WEST\\nFrom a very early time in colonial days the people had Moving to\\nbeen moving slowly westward from the coast. Under the new Kentuckv\\ngovernment of the United States, this march of population\\nbecame rapid. One stream of emigrants went up the Mohawk\\nvalley, in New York. Another took possession of Tennessee.\\nBut the favorite land was Kentucky. Into it every year went\\nthousands of men and women from Virginia and Pennsylvania.\\nSome went over the mountains, with their goods on the backs\\nof horses, driving their flocks and herds before them. Others\\nwent by way of the Ohio. They would go to Pittsburg or\\nWheeling and there buy or build a boat of some kind, put", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162\\nBUILI)IN(i THE WEST\\n-J^i\\nOhio River keel boat\\nThree new\\nstates\\ntheir household goods and cattle on board, and float down the\\nriver to their settlement. The boat, generally a flatboat made\\nlike a square box, or a longer keel\\nboat, was broken up at the end of\\nthe voyage and used in build-\\ning a house.\\nIt must not be supposed\\nthat the Indians looked quietly\\non while this stream of settlers\\nspread over their hunting\\ngrounds. They did their best to drive the white men out, and\\nthe early history of Kentucky is an almost continuous story\\nof murder and massacre.\\nBut neither the hardships of frontier life nor the horrors of\\nIndian war kept out population. Year after year the settlers\\npoured in, and in 1792 Kentucky became a state in the Union,\\nand was followed four years later (179G) by Tennessee. With the\\nexception of Vermont, which was admitted to the Union in 1791,\\nthese were the first new states added to the original thirteen.\\nNorth of Kentucky, from the Ohio River to the Lakes, and\\nfrom Pennsylvania to the Mississippi, that is, in\\nthe Northwest Territory, most of the land\\nbelonged to the United States, and\\nwas offered for sale to the people\\nin order to pay the cost of the War\\nfor Independence. Though the\\nUnited States owned the land,\\nr the British and their Indian allies\\nreally occupied it. The British\\nheld the forts along the Great Lakes,\\ntraded with the savages, and sold them\\nConestoga wagon guns and powder.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "BUILDING THE WEST 163\\nWith guns and powder so obtained, the Indians tried to Ohio settled\\ndrive out the people who were settling north of the Ohio.\\nConcealed in the woods along the banks, the redskins attacked\\nthe boats as they floated by they even put out in canoes and\\nclimbed on board to massacre the immigrants. Sometimes\\nwhen a boat was seen coming down the Ohio, the Indians would\\nforce a white prisoner to stand at the water s edge and beg\\npiteously to be taken on board and when the immigrants\\nstopped to help him, the savages would kill every man, woman,\\nand child on the boat.\\nWhen the whites in return attacked the Indians and burned\\ntheir towns, a war broke out and raged during six years. One\\narmy was badly beaten another was almost de-\\nstroyed but a third, under General Anthony\\nWayne, broke the power of the Indians and\\ngave peace to the frontier. About the same\\ntime, Great Britain surrendered the fron-\\ntier forts she had so long been holding.\\nThen the settlers came in such numbers\\nthat after a few years a piece of this terri-\\nt Blockhouse at Erie, Pa.\\ntory was cut on: and made into the state {Built by Waym i\\nof Ohio (1803).\\nEver since the close of the Revolution the Spaniards had Trouble with\\nbeen doing on our southern boundary what the British did pai1\\nalong our northern. They occupied forts on the banks of the\\nMississippi in our territory, and refused to give them up made\\nallies of the Indians and so really held what is now the greater\\npart of the states of Alabama and Mississippi. More than tins,\\nSpain had refused to allow citizens of the United States to go\\ndown the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. She owned\\nthe country all around the mouth of the river. Therefore she\\nclaimed* the right to say who should use its waters, and many", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "164\\nBUILDING THE WEST\\nyears passed before she agreed to permit our people\\nto take their produce to New Orleans, and promised to\\nwithdraw her soldiers from our soil.\\nThe crowding of Spain out of Mississippi alarmed\\nFrance. As a great Frenchman said, Americans\\nseemed determined to rule America. By and by\\nthey would force Spain out of the country alto-\\ngether. That would never do. He proposed,\\ntherefore, that Spain should give back to France\\nthe Louisiana which France in 1763 had given to Spain.\\nIf so, France would promise never to let the United States\\nhave it.\\nAfter much persuasion Spain agreed to this, and in 1800\\nreturned Louisiana to France. But as soon as the Spanish\\nofficials at New Orleans heard of it, they again shut the Missis-\\nsippi to our western people and would not let them trade at\\nNew Orleans. The whole West of course cried out, and Con-\\ngress was asked to send an army to take possession of the\\nmouth of the river before France could occupy the country.\\nThe But President Jefferson preferred peace, and finally our gov-\\nLouisiana ernmen t bought Louisiana from France for #15,000,000. This\\npurchase\\nnearly doubled the size of our country, as shown by the\\nfirst map on page 233.\\nAs nobody knew anything about most of Louisi-\\nana, Congress asked the President for information,\\nand received a most curious description. Jeffer-\\nson of course did not write it, but had it writ-\\nten, and merely sent it to Congress. Among\\nother things the writer told of a great suit\\nmountain which existed, he said, one thou- I\\nsand miles up the Missouri. The length x\\nof the mountain was one hundred and Broadax", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "BUILDING THE WEST\\n165\\neighty miles; the width forty-\\nfive miles and there was not\\na tree nor so much as a bush\\non it but, all glittering\\nwhite, it rose from the prairie\\na solid mountain of salt, with\\nstreams of salt water flowing\\nfrom its base.\\nWhen such stories were\\nseriously told to Congress\\nthere was much need of real\\ninformation, and this was\\nsoon to be supplied by a\\nparty of explorers led by\\nMeriwether Lewis and Wil-\\nliam Clark. Starting from\\nSt. Louis, which was then a\\nfrontier town, these explorers\\nmade their way up the Mis-\\nsouri River to a place in the present state of North Dakota,\\nand there spent the winter with the Indians. Early the next\\nspring (1805), the explorers set out again, followed the Missouri\\nto its sou ices, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and went down the\\nlolumbia River to the Pacific Ocean. The next year they came\\nback to St. Louis.\\nLewis and Clark were the first of our countrymen to explore Discovery of\\nthe Columbia but the river had been discovered and named theCoum\\nseveral years before by Captain Gray, of Boston. While en-\\ngaged in trading for furs on the Pacific coast, he sailed into the\\nmouth of the river, and named it after his ship, the Columbia.\\nThe discovery of the Columbia gave the United States a\\nclaim to all the country it drained, and this country, when\\nA trail in Idaho\\n{Used by Lewis and Clark, and still in use)\\nMi M. I K. H.\\n11", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166\\nBUILDING THE WEST\\nWooden piggin\\nMoving to\\nthe West\\nFrontier\\nhouses\\nadded to that purchased from France, extended the\\nterritory of the United States from the Atlantic to\\nthe Pacific.\\nAlong the Gulf of Mexico we as yet owned only\\nthe region about the mouth of the Mississippi.\\nAll the rest of the Gulf coast belonged to .Spain\\ntill 1819, when she sold us Florida.\\nThe money paid for it was not given to her,\\nbut to citizens of the United States to whom she\\nwas indebted. At the same time, Spain and the\\nUnited States settled our southwestern boundary, as shown on\\nthe second map on page 233.\\nThe West was now fairly swarming with settlers. The\\nhard times in the East which followed the war with Great\\nBritain sent many thousands over the mountains every year.\\nNever before had such a migration taken place in our countiy.\\nMen of all sorts, farmers, mechanics, tradesmen, seemed crazy\\nto go west.\\nOnce there, the mover, the newcomer, would secure\\nhis land, cut down a few small trees, and make a half-faced\\ncamp. This was a shed with three sides of logs and the fourth\\nside open. When it rained, the open side was closed by hang-\\ning up deerskins.\\nIn a half-faced camp the settler lived\\ntill his log cabin was finished. If he\\nmade his home in a place where there\\nwere other settlers, they would all\\ncome and help build the cabin.\\nThese frontier homes rarely had more\\nthan one window and one door. As\\nglass was scarce and costly, the window\\nframe was often covered with greased Wooden pail", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "BUILDING THE WEST\\n167\\npaper, which let in the light but could not be seen\\nthrough. The tables and chairs were made by the\\nsettler. His brooms and brushes were of corn husks,\\nand many of his utensils were cut out of tree trunks.\\nIf the man was industrious, he would of course get\\na better house in time. But in pioneer days a\\nlarge part of the settlers lived and died in log\\ncabins, such as are described on page 66.\\nIn just such a house in Indiana there was Abraham\\ngrowing up at this time a boy named Abraham\\nLincoln. He was born in a little log hut in Ken-\\ntucky, February 12, 1809. His father was a restless, shiftless,\\nseeking the easiest way\\nthe course of his wan-\\nCornhusk broom\\nLincoln s\\nboyhood\\nLincoln s broadax\\nne er-do-well man, always\\nto make a living, who, in\\ndering from place to place,\\nwhen Abraham was seven\\nbut a child, Abraham\\nand set to work to help\\nthe half-faced camp\\nlived for a year. The cabin, when built, had a doorway, but\\nno door a window, but no oiled paper or glass and nothing\\nbut the bare earth for a floor. Little Abraham s bed was a\\nheap of dry leaves in the loft, to which he climbed by pegs\\ndriven into the cabin wall.\\nAs he grew older he learned\\nall the things a frontier settler s\\nmoved into Indiana\\nyears old. Though\\nwas given an ax\\nclear the ground for\\nin which the family\\nboy must know. He could\\nplow, cut grain with a sickle,\\nthrash it with a flail, and clean\\nit with a sheet he could chop\\nwood, split rails, drive teams, and\\nhandle carpenter s tools, and could\\nBirthplace of Lincoln", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "168\\nBUILDING THE WEST\\nCabinet made by\\nLincoln\\nThe settler s\\nfarm\\ndo all so well that when his father did not\\nneed his help he could hire him out to\\na neighbor for more than ordinary wages.\\nAbraham learned to read, write, and\\ncipher at a school taught by some of the\\nschoolmasters who in those days wan-\\nI dered about the country from town to\\ntown. He went to school, as he said,\\nby littles in all, his schooling did not\\namount to more than a year.\\nAs soon as he could read he began to\\nborrow every book he heard of, among them iEsop s k Fables,\\nBunyan s Pilgrim s Progress, Robinson Crusoe, a Short\\nHistory of the United States, and Weems s Life of Wash-\\nington. This last book got wet, and he bought it of the\\nowner by pulling fodder for three days. For a slate he\\nused the wooden fire shovel, or shingles, when they were to be\\nhad, scraping them clean when they were covered with sums.\\nHis pencil was a charred stick. From the borrowed books he\\ncopied long extracts, using brierwood\\nink and a quill pen made from a turkey\\nbuzzard s feather. When paper was\\nnot to be had, he wrote the extracts on\\nshingles or bits of board.\\nAfter Lincoln grew up, he moved to\\nIllinois and became a lawyer, and\\nbefore he died, the whole world had\\nheard of him.\\nWhen the land about a cabin was\\nwooded, the settler would clear it of\\nbushes and would cut down and burn\\nthe small trees. The larger trees were Lincoln s law-office chair", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "BUILDING THE WEST 1(39\\nkilled by cutting a deep girdle around them near the\\nground. In the fields thus laid open to the sun would be\\nplanted corn, potatoes, and wheat. At first the crops raised\\nwould be scarcely enough to feed the family, but by and by\\nthey would be much larger, and part of them could lie taken\\nto a river town and there sold for store goods.\\nThese river towns were often little shipping ports, from\\nwhich flour, pork, lumber, and provisions of all sorts would be\\nsent to New Orleans.\\nThe Ohio River was now a great highway of trade teeming Ohio River\\nwith life. Up and down it went odd craft of many sorts.\\nThere were Orleans boats, loaded with flour, hogs, and\\nproduce great fleets of timber rafts from the\\nAppalachian Mountain streams, manned\\nby fifty boatmen pirogues, dug\\nout of the trunks of huge trees\\nbroadhorns, guided by great oars\\ncalled sweeps arks carrying whole\\nfamilies of immigrants with their\\ncattle and household goods steamboats\\nthat stopped anvwhere and everywhere x\\n1 l J ii! 0hi River Aatboat\\nto get wood, or take on goods, or land\\npassengers and floating stores. These stores Avere little one-\\nstory houses built on the deck of a boat, and fitted up just as\\nif they were on land. As a boat of this sort floated along\\ndown the river, the captain would blow a horn the moment a\\nfarmhouse or a village came in sight. The people would then\\nhurry to the river bank, the boat would make fast to a tree,\\nand in a few moments the store would be crowded. Dry\\ngoods, hardware, iron pots, farm implements, and many other\\nthings were for sale. But they were not bought with money.\\nThe farmers gave grain, flour, pork, bacon, in exchange, and", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "trade\\nboatmen\\n170 BUILDING THE WEST\\nthese the storekeeper sold for money to somebody who would\\nship them to New Orleans.\\nMississippi The Mississippi was quite as crowded as the Ohio for into\\nit came boats of all sorts from the Ohio, the Cumberland, the\\nTennessee, the Missouri, loaded with goods going to New\\nOrleans. A traveler who saw one of the Mississippi towns\\nat this time tells us that often a hundred craft arrived and\\ndeparted in a day. There would be gathered lumber from the\\nforests of Pennsylvania, Yankee notions from New England,\\npork and flour, hemp and rope from Kentucky, corn, apples,\\nand potatoes from Ohio, cattle and horses from Illinois, lead\\nand poultry from Missouri, and barges carrying nothing but\\nturkeys.\\nThe river As the boats lay side by side, the crews would wander from\\none to another, seeking old friends and making new acquaint-\\nances. At dusk all would go ashore to have a good time. But\\nby midnight all would quiet down. At the first streaks of\\ndawn bugle after bugle would ring out, the boats would again\\nbe astir, and long before the sun was up the whole flotilla would\\nonce more be on its way down the river. Then they would no\\nlonger go singly, but, lashed together in little fleets of eight or\\nten, would float on toward New Orleans, while the boatmen\\nwhiled away the time with dancing, singing, music, and story-\\ntelling. At New Orleans the produce and lumber would find\\na ready sale, after which the boatmen would work their passage\\nup the Mississippi as deck hands on the steamboats.\\nNew western As people continued to come into the West by thousands\\nyear after year, the country began to be pretty well settled,\\nand between 1812 and 1821, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi.\\nIllinois, Alabama, and Missouri were made states.\\nTo trade with the people in these Western States was a\\nmatter of great importance to the merchants and manufac-\\nStates", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "BUILDING THE WEST\\n171\\nturers in the Atlantic seaboard states. But in order to send\\nthem clothing, hardware, farm implements, and other things,\\nthere must be some easy way of getting to the West. The\\npeople of New York state decided that their easy way should The Erie\\nbe a canal from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, and after eight Canal\\nCopyright, l .wu, by C. Klack\\nTravel by canal\\nyears of hard work they completed and opened (1825) the\\nErie Canal from end to end.\\nThis stirred up the people of Pennsylvania, who began to\\njoin Philadelphia and Pittsburg by a highway partly canal\\nand partly railroad.\\nIn many ways it was now much easier to go about the conn- Better means\\ntry than it was when the War for Independence ended. Many oftravel\\nof the large rivers were crossed by bridges. Between the chief\\ntowns better roads had been made. Over them the stage-\\ncoaches, drawn by good horses, passed more swiftly than of old.\\nA traveler could go just about twice as far in a day in 1825 as\\nlie could in Washington s time, and with about the same risk\\nfor now and then a stage would upset, as in earlier days.\\nThe greatest progress had been made in travel on the water, The\\nfor the steamboat was now in use on many bays and rivers. steamboat", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "172\\nBUILDING THE WEST\\nThe railroad\\nThe idea of driving a boat \u00c2\u00abn\u00c2\u00bb through the water by\\nmeans of a machine moved by steam was old. Sev-\\neral men had invented such ma-\\nchines and moved boats. But\\nthe successful use of such boats\\ndates from one August day\\nin 1807, when Robert Fulton\\nmade a trip up the Hudson\\nfrom New York to Albany in\\nthe Clermont.\\nThe next great improvement in the means of travel was the\\nbuilding of a railroad, that is, a roadway with rails, over which\\nEarly type of locomotive\\nheavily loaded cars could\\nbody thought very much\\nEarly type of locomotive\\nhe drawn by horses. But no-\\nabout railroads till an English-\\nman named George Stephenson\\ninvented the steam locomotive\\nand showed that it could\\nmove long trains of cars\\nmuch faster than horses\\ncould. There were soon\\nbuilt a few short railroads\\nin our country, on which horses were at first used to draw the\\ncars. But after 1831 the steam locomotive came into general\\nuse here, and many railroads were built.\\nSUMMARY\\nThe arrival of settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains was the cause\\nof a long and bloody warfare with the Indians. But the Indians could\\nnot drive back the whites. Settlers came in greater numbers than ever,\\nand three Western States soon entered the Union: Kentucky in 1792,\\nTennessee in 1796, and Ohio in 1803. Vermont in the East had entered\\nthe Union in 1791.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "BUILDING THE WEST\\n173\\n2. Until 1800 Spain owned Louisiana (New Orleans and the valley of the\\nMississippi west of the river) and all our Gulf of Mexico coast. In\\n1800 she gave Louisiana to France, from whom, in 1803, we bought it.\\n3. The Columbia River was discovered some years before this by an Ameri-\\ncan sea captain named Gray.\\n4. The new territory purchased from France and the Columbia River coun-\\ntry were explored by Lewis and Clark.\\n5. Florida was purchased from Spain in the year 1819, and at the same\\ntime Spain and the United States agreed on a definite boundary from\\nthe Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific.\\n6. After the second war with Great Britain more people went west from the\\nseaboard states. Life in the log cabins on the frontier was hard at\\nfirst, but the settlers came by thousands every year.\\nCopyright, 1894, hy E. L. Henry\\nEarly railroad travel\\n7. The Ohio and the Mississippi became great highways, crowded with craft\\nof every sort, from flatboats and rafts to steamboats.\\n8. The effect of this immigration was to build up six new Western States,\\nadmitted between 1812 and 1821: Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illi-\\nnois, Alabama, and Missouri.\\n9. Trade with the people in the Western States was very important to the\\npeople of the East, and led to the construction of the Erie Canal across\\nNew York and of canals and railroads across Pennsylvania.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174 SLAVERY QUESTION BEGINS TO MAKE TROUBLE\\nCHAPTER XVIII\\nTHE QUESTION OF SLAVERY BEGINS TO MAKE TROUBLE\\nslavery When our country was under the British Crown there were\\nthree great classes of laborers, freemen, reclemptioners, and\\nslaves. Free laborers were those who were paid for their work.\\nWhat redemptioners were was told in Chapter V., where men-\\ntion was also made of the negro slaves that were early brought\\nto America from Africa.\\nA slave belonged absolutely to the owner. He could be\\nsold, or given away, or hired out, exactly as a horse or an ox.\\nHe could not own anything, even if he found or made it, nor\\ncould he leave the plantation where he belonged without per-\\nmission. It was not lawful to teach a slave to read\\nor write, and to set him free was a very difficult\\nmatter. A slave woman s children were slaves.\\nDown to the opening of the War for Independ-\\nence Great Britain forced the colonies to allow\\nslaveiw. Several of them tried to abolish it, but\\nthis was always prevented. After the war\\nthe states were able to do as they pleased,\\nand in time those from Pennsylvania east-\\nward to New Hampshire abolished slavery.\\nThe people in the states south of Pennsylvania\\nwould probably in time have done the same had\\nthey not begun to grow cotton in great quantities.\\nBefore 1790 it did not pay to raise cotton because\\nof the difficulty of cleaning it. Raw cotton, or\\ncotton cotton wool, grows inside of a pod on a bush. When the pod\\nis ripe, it splits open and shows the cotton with a number of\\nseeds in it, which must be picked out before it can be spun\\nA negro slave", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "SLAVERY QUESTION BEGINS TO MAKE TROUBLE 175\\n*m\\ninto threads. To pick them out by hand was so slow\\nand costly that a machine to do the work was greatly\\nneeded, and this machine Eli Whitney invented. ty* j\\nWhitney was born in Massachusetts. When a Whitney s\\nyoung man he went to Georgia to teach, and while j-\\nat Savannah heard of the difficulty of cleaning\\ncotton and set about removing it. He was a\\nborn inventor and mechanic, had used tools\\nfrom boyhood, and soon made a machine which\\nhe called a cotton gin, the word gin being\\na short term for engine.\\nAfter the invention of Whitney s machine,\\ncotton raising became very profitable. But\\nthe greater the quantity grown, the greater\\nthe demand for negro slaves to plant the seed and\\ngather the cotton wool, and slavery became more\\nfirmly established than ever before in the Southern Cotton\\nStates where cotton was grown.\\nIn the Northern States, where cotton was not raised, the The dispute\\npeople Avere much opposed to slavery, and when at last Mis- overMlssoun\\nsouri asked for admission into the Union, Northern men insisted\\nthat she must be a free state, that is, one in which slavery\\nwas not allowed. The Southern people, on the other hand,\\ndemanded that she enter as a slave state. Of the new states\\nalready admitted to the Union, those north of the Ohio were\\nfree and those south of it slaveholding, so that in the whole\\nUnion of twenty -two states there were eleven of eacli kind.\\nDuring the discussion in Congress about admitting Missouri,\\nMassachusetts gave her consent that Maine should become a\\nstate. Up to this time Maine had been part of Massachusetts.\\nWhen the consent of this state to a separation was given, Maine\\napplied to Congress for leave to enter the Union.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176 SLAVERY QUESTION BEGINS TO MAKE TROUBLE\\nThe Missouri But there were no slaves in Maine. The South, therefore,\\ncompromise ma( j e use f this fact, and said to the North, if Maim- comes\\ninto the Union as a free state Mis-\\nsouri must come in as a slave\\nstate. And so it was finally\\narranged. Maine was ad-\\nmitted in 1820, and Missouri\\nin 1821. But at the same\\ntime it was agreed that in all\\nthe country purchased from\\nFrance in 1803, north of the\\nparallel of 30\u00c2\u00b0 30 except\\nMissouri, there should he no\\nHenry Clay s home (in Kentucky) slavery Thig wag called fche\\nMissouri Compromise, and was brought about through the\\ninfluence of Henry Clay, a very distinguished member of Con-\\ngress from Kentucky.\\nThis compromise, it was hoped, would put an end to all dis-\\nputes about slavery. If you start at the Delaware River and\\nfollow the south and then the west boundary of Pennsylvania\\nto the Ohio River, then go down that river to the Mississippi,\\nthen up the Mississippi and around the north and west bound-\\nary of Missouri to the parallel of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 and then along that\\nparallel to the meridian of .100\u00c2\u00b0, you will have the line which\\nin 1821 separated the slaveholding from the free part of the\\nUnited States. In all the region south of this line slavery\\nexisted. In all the country north of it slavery had been\\nabolished or was prohibited.\\nIn the opinion of Mr. Clay and many other people this\\nsettled the matter. But there were others who insisted that\\nit did not, and that slavery ought to be abolished by Congress\\nthat it ought not to exist anywhere in our country. These\\nBoundary of\\nslave territory\\nThe\\nAbolitionists", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "SLAVERY QUESTION BEGINS TO MAKE TROUBLE 177\\nwere the Abolitionists, and their most celebrated leader was\\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison.\\nOne of the ways used to arouse a feeling against slavery Antisiavery\\nwas to scatter antisiavery newspapers, pamphlets, pictures, aglta lon\\nbooks, and handbills all over the South. The South declared\\nthat such things were dangerous, as they were likely to make\\nthe slaves rebellious, and called on the North to stop their\\npublication, and- put down the antisiavery societies. There-\\nupon, in many Northern cities, mobs broke up the meetings\\nof the antisiavery people, and destroyed antisiavery news-\\npaper offices.\\nViolence made matters worse. The feeling against slavery\\ngrew stronger and\\nspread wider, and in\\n1840 a new politi-\\ncal party, afterwards\\ncalled the Liberty\\nParty, was organized,\\nand pledged to work\\nfor the freeing of the\\nslaves.\\nIn 1840 William\\nHenry Harrison was\\nelected President by\\nthe party called Whigs\\nhad been:\\nFree and slave territory in 1821\\nUp to that time our Presidents The first ten\\nPresidents\\nGeorge Washington\\nJohn Adams\\nThomas Jefferson\\nJames Madison\\n1789-17H7\\n1707-1801\\n1801-1809\\n1S09-1817\\nJames Monroe\\nJohn Qnincy Adams\\nAndrew Jackson\\nMartin Van Bnren\\n1817-1 *\u00e2\u0080\u00a2_\\n1825-1829\\n1829-1837\\n1 837-1 841\\nBut Harrison had been President only a month when he\\ndied, and the Vice President, John Tyler, succeeded him.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "178\\nSLAVERY QUESTION BEGINS TO MAKE TROUBLE\\nWith the stormy politics of Tyler s term we need not be\\nconcerned. But there is one event connected with the story\\nof slavery and the growth of country which must be\\nmentioned.\\nSome twenty years before this time, citizens of\\nthe United States went in large numbers to settle\\nin Texas, then a part of Mexico. Although Mex-\\nico had been made a republic patterned after the\\nUnited. States, its government was much less free\\nthan ours and in many respects was really very\\ncruel and tyrannical. For Mexicans and Ameri-\\ncans to live quietly together under such a govern-\\nment as that of Mexico was impossible. They\\nsoon disagreed, quarreled, went to war, and in 1836\\nthe Americans made a declaration of independence,\\nand Texas became a republic.\\nThe Texans then wished to bring their repub-\\nlic into our Union as a state. People who wanted\\nAnnexation more slave states approved of this because there was slavery in\\nTexas. Those who did not want more slave states opposed it,\\nand so the question of the annexation of Texas was a very\\nserious one for some years. At last, in 1844, when a new\\nPresident was to be elected, the Democratic Party declared for\\nthe annexation of Texas. This meant that if their candidate,\\nJames K. Polk of Tennessee, was elected, and if they had a\\nmajority in both houses of Congress, they would admit Texas\\nas a new state. When, therefore, Polk was chosen, President\\nTyler urged Congress without delay to take the steps necessary\\nto admission, and in the last days of his term Congress did so,\\nand in 1845 Texas became the twenty-eighth state in the Union.\\nSince the admission of Maine and Missouri, the states of Arkan-\\nsas. Michigan, and Florida had been admitted.\\nA fashionable man\\nabout 1840\\nof Texas", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "SLAVERY QUESTION BEGINS TO MAKE TROUBLE 179\\nAt the same time that the Democrats declared for the annex- The Oregon\\nation of Texas, they demanded a settlement of our dispute with coun\\nGreat Britain over the ownership of the Columbia River valley,\\nor the Oregon country, as it was called.\\nYou will recall that we claimed this country, first by rea-\\nson of Captain Gray s discovery of the Columbia River (1792),\\nand second by its exploration by Lewis and Clark some years\\nlater. A third claim was based on its settlement, for John\\nJacob Astor of New York had sent out settlers and founded\\nAstoria, at the mouth of the Columbia.\\nFor certain reasons Great Britain disputed our claims, and\\nin 1818 it was agreed that for ten years to come the country\\nshould be open to the people of both nations.\\nWhen the ten-year period was drawing to\\na close, the question of occupying the Ore-\\ngon country was discussed in Congress.\\nBut Oregon seemed so far away, so un-\\nlikely to be settled for many years, that\\nthe old agreement with Great Britain was\\nrenewed without a time limit, and this was\\nthe state of affairs in 1842.\\nNow, it happened that in 1842 another\\nboundary dispute with Great Britain, which\\nhad been going on for sixty years, was\\nfinally settled. Ever since the end of the War\\nfor Independence, Great Britain had claimed\\nthat the northern half of Maine belonged to\\nher. We claimed that it did not and insisted\\non a boundary north of the present line.\\nSeveral attempts were made to end the dis-\\npute, but it was not till 1842 that a treaty\\nwas agreed on and the line determined.\\nA fashionable woman\\nabout 1840", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "180\\nSLAVERY QUESTION BEGINS TO MAKE TROUBLE\\nWhen it was known that the dispute about Oregon had not\\nbeen settled at the same time, the people were much displeased,\\nand the Democrats thought it wise to demand a settlement.\\nNorthwestern Texas was slave soil Oregon would surely be free soil. It\\nwas good policy, therefore, when adding to our slaveholding\\narea, to add at the same time a piece of territory\\nto our free area. So they called for occupation\\nof Oregon up to 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 The whole of Oregon\\nor none was the cry Fifty-four forty or fight.\\nHappily, it was not necessary to fight, and the\\ntwo countries in 1846 agreed to make the 49th\\nparallel, from the Rocky Mountains to the\\ncoast, the boundary of Oregon.\\nMeantime the annexation of Texas was\\ncausing trouble for us with Mexico, for two\\nreasons. First, though Texas was really\\nan independent republic, Mexico refused\\nto admit the fact, and insisted that we had\\nno right to annex the country. Second,\\nTexas claimed the Rio Grande as a boundary, while Mexico\\ndenied this and would have placed the dividing line at the\\nNueces River, farther east.\\nNow, Congress having annexed Texas, which claimed the\\nRio Grande as its west boundary, President Polk sent troops\\nunder Zachary Taylor to take position on the banks of that\\nriver. There in 1846 the Mexicans attacked Taylor and were\\nbeaten. War with Mexico followed at once. Our armies\\nwere commanded by Generals Scott, Taylor, and Kearny, and\\nin the course of the war did some wonderful fighting and\\nmarching. Taylor beat the enemy in battle after battle near\\nthe Rio Grande. Scott marched from the seacoast across the\\nenemy s country to the city of Mexico and captured it, having\\nArmchair\\nWar with\\nMexico", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "SLAVERY QUESTION BEGINS TO MAKE TROUBLE\\n181\\nwon many victories on the\\nway. Kearny marched\\nfrom Fort Leavenworth\\non the Missouri River to\\nSanta Fe in New Mexico,\\na distance of eight hun-\\ndred miles, captured the\\ncity, and then went on\\nacross the continent to\\nCalifornia. There he\\nfound that Commodore\\nStockton and Captain\\nFremont had already con-\\nquered California.\\nWhen peace was made\\nin 1848, we held the territory thus acquired and paid Mexico Terms of\\n$15,000,000, besides paying claims of our citizens against peace\\nMexico to the amount of $3,500,000. Our country then had\\nthe shape shown in the first map on page 234.\\nThe hill castle of Chapultepec\\n{The Americana under Scott carried Chapultepec by\\nstorm, in order to capture Mexico city)\\nSUMMARY\\n1. Before the War for Independence slavery existed in all the colonies.\\nAfter it some of the states abolished slavery. Others would have done\\nso had it not been for the cotton gin invented by Whitney. This made\\nslaves more profitable in the cotton-growing states.\\n2. East of the Mississippi, slavery was allowed in the new states south of the\\nOhio, but was forbidden in the territory north of the Ohio. When\\nMissouri applied for admission into the Union, the question of slavery\\nwest of the Mississippi was discussed and finally settled by the Com-\\npromise of 1820.\\n3. About the time Maine and Missouri were admitted we bought Florida\\nfrom Spain and agreed with her as to the boundary between Mexico\\n(which then included Texas) and the United States.\\ntfl M. l U. n. 12", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "182\\nDISCOVERY OF GOLD AND THE CONSEQUENCES\\nti.\\n7.\\nMexico soon became free from Spain. Many American settlers went to\\nTexas with their slaves, but would not live under the Mexican govern-\\nment, and so made Texas an independent republic.\\nThe Texans wished to be annexed to the United States. This was\\nopposed for some time by those who were opposed to slavery, but in\\n1845 Texas was made a state in the Union.\\nThe northern boundaries of Maine and Oregon were fixed in 1842 and\\n1846, thus peaceably settling two long disputes with Great Britain.\\nA dispute as to the southeast boundary brought on a war with Mexico.\\nAs one result of the Mexican War we acquired an immense piece of ter-\\nritory stretching from the upper Rio Grande to the Pacific.\\n^c\\nCHAPTER XIX\\nTHE DISCOVERY OE GOLD AND THE CONSEQUENCES\\nCaptain\\nSutter\\nA PART of the vast region acquired from Mexico was called\\nCalifornia, and in this country, near the Sacramento River,\\nlived Captain J. A. Sutter, a Swiss settler. He had obtained\\nfrom the Mexican governor of California a great tract of land\\nand on it had built a fort.\\nSutter s Fort, as it was called, stood at the junction of the\\nAmerican and Sacramento rivers, on the site of the present\\nSutter s Fort about 1850", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERY OF GOLD AND THE CONSEQUENCES\\n183\\ncity of Sacramento. In it Sutter lived like a little king.\\nOver his domain roamed thousands of cattle, thousands of\\nsheep, and thousands of horses and\\nemploy were hundreds of laborers,\\nfort were settled a number of\\nAs Sutter used a great deal of\\nemployed a man named Marshall\\nmules. In his\\nand around his\\nAmericans,\\nlumber, he Sutter s\\nSutter s mill\\nsawmill for him at a place called Coloma, some fifty miles away.\\nThe saws were to be moved by a water wheel. But when the\\nwheel was finished and the water turned on, it was found that\\nthe ditch to carry off the water was too small. To make it\\nlarger, water was washed\\nthrough it, and as a conse-\\nquence a bed of mud and\\ngravel was formed at the end\\nof the ditch.\\nOne day in January, 1848,\\nas Marshall looked at this\\nbed of srravel he saw in it Part of California", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "184 DISCOVERY OF GOLD AND THE CONSEQUENCES\\nThe rush to\\nthe gold fields\\nDigging and\\nwashing gold\\nSutter s Fort as it is now\\nsome glitter- ing particles, which he picked up, examined,\\nand believed were gold. Gathering more, he carried them\\nto Sutter, who easily proved that gold\\nthey were.\\nTo keep the discovery secret\\nwas impossible. Sutter and\\nMarshall acted so strangely\\nthat a workman watched them and\\nfound some gold himself. Then\\nthe news spread fast. Everybody\\nthat could, dropped work and rushed to the gold fields.\\nLaborers left their fields, tradesmen their shops, and sail-\\nors their ships as fast as they arrived on the coast. One of the\\nSan Francisco newspapers ceased to appear because the editor,\\nthe typesetters, and the printer s devils had gone to the gold\\nfields. Another journal had the same experience a few weeks\\nlater, and California was without a newspaper. The\\npublisher of one of these papers stated that while\\ntraveling through the gold fields\\nto see the sights he gathered\\nwithout the aid of a shovel,\\npick, and pan, from forty-four\\nto one hundred and twenty-\\neight dollars a day in gold.\\nAt the diggings the hill-\\nsides were dotted with can-\\nvas tents and bush arbors\\nthat served as houses for the\\nminers. The gold was obtained\\nby washing. Some men worked\\nwith tin pans, some with close\\nwoven Indian baskets, but the greater Washing gold", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERY OF GOLD AND THE CONSEQUENCES\\n185\\npart had a rude machine known as a cradle. This was a box\\nsix or eight feet long, on rockers. It was open at the foot, and\\nat its head had a coarse grate. Four men were usually required\\nto work the machine one dug the ground, another carried it\\nto the cradle and emptied it on the grate, a third gave a violent\\nrocking motion to the cradle, while a fourth dashed on water\\nfrom a stream.\\nBy November, 1848, reports from California had reached the Gold seekers\\nEast and set people crazy. It was then too late to go overland fromtheEast\\nto the gold fields. But before February, 1840, more than a\\nPrairie schooner\\nhundred ships with thousands of Argonauts, as the gold\\nseekers were called, had started for California. Some went to\\nthe Isthmus of Panama, which the gold hunters crossed, and\\ntook ships on the Pacific coast. Others sailed around South\\nAmerica.\\nWhen spring came, thousands of men were hurrying to Mis- The overland\\nsouri to make the journey from there across the plains. Com- n\\ning from all parts of the country, these men would usually\\nassemble at Independence on the Missouri River, where they\\nwould fit out that is, they would buy fond, guns, ammuni-\\ntion, oxen, canvas-covered wagons (prairie schooners), and\\nCalifornia", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "186 DISCOVERY OF GOLD AND THE CONSEQUENCES\\nwhatever else was necessary, and would make up parties for\\ndefense against the Indians. The road was up the valley of\\nthe Platte and over the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada\\nin California. The suffering, both of man and beast, was ter-\\nrible for on the wide, dry, sun-baked plains there was neither\\nfood, water, nor trees. Hunger and thirst caused the death of\\nhundreds, and along the route for many years might be seen\\nthe skeletons of horses and oxen and the wrecks of wagons that\\nhad broken down on the way. Yet no danger, no suffering, no\\nfear of hostile Indians, could stop the emigrants. They went\\nby thousands, and California by 1849 had a population so great\\nthat the people formed a state government and applied for\\nadmission into the Union.\\nThe slavery In the newly made state constitution of California slavery\\ncahfornia 11 was f\u00c2\u00b0 rD idden and this was a serious matter, for just then the\\nwhole question of slavery was before Congress and the country.\\nThe annexation of the slave state of Texas and the purchase of\\nmore territory brought it up in a new form. Hitherto the\\nquestion was, Shall slavery be abolished Now it became,\\nShall slavery be extended Shall it be allowed in the country\\npurchased from Mexico As this land had been made free\\nsoil by Mexico, many people in the North insisted that it should\\nremain free, and formed a political party called the Free Soil\\nParty, pledged to prevent the spread of slavery. No more\\nslave states was their cry. The South insisted that the newly\\nacquired country was the common property of the states, that\\nany citizen might go there with his slaves, and that Congress\\nhad no right to prevent him. Besides this, the South insisted\\nthat there ought to be at least as many slave states as free\\nstates. Since the admission of Florida and Texas the two free\\nstates of Iowa and AVisconsin had been added, so that now the\\nnumbers were equal fifteen slave states and fifteen free.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERY OF GOLD AND THE CONSEQUENCES 187\\nSome threats were made that the slaveholding states would\\nleave the Union if Congress sought to shut out slavery in the\\nterritory gained from Mexico.\\nThat a state might secede, or withdraw from the Union, had The question\\nlong been claimed by a party led by John C. Calhoun of South\\nCarolina. Daniel Webster had always opposed this doctrine\\nand stood as the representative of\\nthose who held that our Union _ a g^gfl 1 flb\\ncan not be broken. Once (in\\n1832) South Carolina went so\\nfar as to nullify a certain tax f*=\\nlaw of the United States that\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i n i ,i i Webster s home (in Massachusetts)\\nis, she refused to allow this law\\nto be enforced on her soil, and she threatened to secede if the\\ngovernment used force against her. On that occasion a very\\nfamous debate took place in the Senate between Webster and\\nCalhoun on this very question of secession. The dispute was\\nfinally settled by a compromise, largely through the influence\\nof Henry Clay South Carolina gave up her attempt to nullify\\nthe law, but Congress made important changes in the law.\\nNow in 1850 Clay undertook to end this latest quarrel TneCompro-\\nbetween the states, as he had that over Missouri (in 1820), miseo 5C\\nand that with South Carolina (in 1833). Again a great debate\\noccurred, in which Webster, Calhoun, and Clay (the most dis-\\ntinguished senators then living) took part, and once more a\\ncompromise resulted. We need not learn all its details. It is\\nenough to know that, as part of it,\\n1. California was admitted as a free state.\\n2. Texas received her present boundary, giving up her claim\\nto the land now lying between the state of Texas and the\\nRio Grande.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "188\\nDISCOVERY OF GOLD AND THE CONSEQUENCES\\nMigrations of\\nthe Mormons\\n3. Out of part of the country bought from Mexico were made\\ntwo territories Utah and New Mexico, in which slavery\\nwas not prohibited.\\nIn New Mexico were some old Spanish settlements founded\\nlong before an English colony was planted in our country, and\\nthe curious Indian villages or pueblos of the Zuni.\\nThe Mormons In Utah were the Mormons. Twenty years before, a man\\nnamed Joseph Smith founded in New York state a new reli-\\ngious sect. The members of this sect were commonly called\\nMormons because of their new Book of Mormon, which they\\nbelieved to be as holy as the Bible.\\nFrom New York they went in time to Ohio, then to Missouri,\\nand then to a little town which they built in Illinois on the\\nbank of the Mississippi River. There they came to blows with\\nthe state officers, and in 18-1(3 the Mormon leaders decided to\\nmove their people out of the United States and into Mexico.\\nThe plan was not to go in one great body, but in a series of\\nparties, and T\\\\ as the first of these crossed the plains\\nto select the If site for a new city, it used curious met hods\\nto mark the L\\\\ K way for those that came after. The\\nplains /^0^\\\\s^~~^\\\\ m those days were dotted with buffalo\\nskulls bleached by long exposure to\\nthe sun and air. Taking one of these\\nfrom time to time, the leader\\nwould paint across the skull\\nthe date and the number of\\nmiles made, and set it up as\\na guidepost or marker of a\\ncamping place. Others would be hung on the branches of\\ntrees and filled with letters to the members of the party next\\nto follow.\\nGuidepost\\nMormon guidepost", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERY OF GOLD AND THE CONSEQUENCES\\n189\\nAfter three months of hard and wearisome travel, this band salt Lake city\\nof pioneers climbed over a big- mountain and beheld below settled\\nthem the broad valley of the Great Salt Lake. Going down\\nMormon houses in the desert\\ninto it, they took possession, and some ten miles from the shore\\nof the lake made the beginning of Salt Lake City. Later\\nin the year (1847), several thousand people arrived, and still\\nmore in 1848. When the Mormons entered Utah, the country\\nbelonged to Mexico, but finding themselves again within the\\nUnited States as a result of the Mexican War, they formed\\nthe state of Deseret, and (1849) asked for its admission into\\nthe Union. The request was not granted, and for many years\\nthis part of our country remained the territory of Utah.\\nSUMMARY\\n1. The Mexican War was scarcely ended when news reached the Easl that\\ngold had been discovered in California.\\n2. A great rush of gold hunters followed. Some sailed around South America,\\nor crossed the Isthmus of Panama. Many went overland.\\n3. In California sailors left their ships, laborers and tradesmen dropped\\nwork, and all hurried to the gold fields.\\ni. Men came in such numbers that in 1849 a state government was estab-\\nlished and Congress was asked to admit California as a state.\\n5. A dispute broke out as to whether it should be a free or a slave state.\\nIt was finally made as a free state under Clay s Compromise of 1850.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "190 THE SLAVERY QUESTION BRINGS ON CIVIL WAR\\nCHAPTER XX\\nTHE SLAVERY QUESTION BRINGS ON CIVIL WAR\\nThe Compromise of 1850, as it was called,\\nwas supposed by those who made it to be a\\nfinal settlement of all the troubles\\n:I J T-r~ [t i! iai growing out of slavery. But when\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^-^H-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kansas and Nebraska were made\\nterritories (1854), the old quarrel\\nCannon used in forts during the XT C1 1\\nCivil War between JNorth and South broke\\nout anew.\\nThe Missouri You will remember that by the Compromise of 1820 (page\\ncompromise ifQ\\\\ faeve was to be no slavery in all that part of the old\\nLouisiana territory north of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 except in Missouri. Kan-\\nsas and Nebraska were in this free part of the old Louisiana. But\\nCongress, under the lead of Senator Stephen A. Douglas of\\nIllinois, now repealed the Compromise of 1820 and opened these\\nterritories to slavery. The effects of this law (1854) were\\n1. That any man might emigrate to Kansas or Nebraska with\\nhis slaves and live there and not have them set free.\\n2. When the time came to admit Kansas or Nebraska into the\\nUnion as a state, the people were to decide whether it\\nshould be a free or a slaveholding state.\\n3. AV r hether Kansas and Nebraska should finally become slave-\\nholding or free states depended, therefore, on whether the\\nslaveholders or the settlers opposed to slavery were the\\nmore numerous.\\nThe struggle Both sides now made great efforts to settle and control\\nor Kansas ly linsas People pledged to make Kansas a free state hurried", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "THE SLAVERY QUESTION BRINGS ON CIVIL WAR\\n191\\nin from the North and settled at Lawrence, Topeka, and else-\\nwhere. Immi- grants pledged to make Kansas a slave state\\nMusket used during the Civil War\\ncame in from Missouri and the South and founded Atchison,\\nLecompton, Leavenworth, and other towns. The struggle that\\nfollowed was dreadful. Lawrence was plundered and burned,\\nmen were murdered, and during several years a civil war raged\\nin Kansas. Lawless hands of both parties, called Jayhawkers,\\nroamed about the country, and when they met, fought. One\\nwho lived in Kansas during this time tells us that farming was\\nalmost neglected that men went out to till the soil in bands\\nof ten or twelve fully armed, and that whenever two strangers\\nmet they came up pistol in hand that their first salutation\\nwas, Free-state or pro-slave and that often the next sound\\nwas the report of a pistol.\\nAs the people north and south watched this civil war in\\nKansas, the feeling of the two sections grew more and more\\nintense and bitter.\\nIn the midst of this excitement over Kansas the time came Lincoin-\\nto elect a senator for Illinois to re-\\nplace Stephen A. Douglas, and the\\nquestion arose, Shall he be re-\\nelected, or shall some other man\\nbe chosen in place of him? Mr.\\nDouglas, you remember, had secured\\nthe passage of the law creating the\\ntwo territories of Kansas and Ne-\\nbraska, which allowed anybody to\\ntake slaves into those territories.\\nThe Republicans, whose motto was\\nField cannon\\nin use during\\nthe Civil War", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "192 THE SLAVERY QUESTION BRINGS ON CIVIL WAR\\nAbraham Lincoln\\nCandidates\\nfor President\\nin i860\\nNo more slave states, no more slave territories, wanted\\nDouglas defeated, and nominated Abraham Lincoln for sena-\\ntor. The Democrats nominated Mr. Douglas, and during the\\nautumn of 1858 these two candidates traveled over the stair\\nof Illinois, discussing the question of slavery from the same\\nplatform night after night. This Lincoln-Douglas debate\\ncreated great interest. In the end Douglas was reelected, but\\nLincoln became so famous that in 1860 the Republicans nomi-\\nnated him for President of the United States. The Democrats", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "Millard Fillmore 1850-1853\\nFranklin Pierce 1853-1857\\nJames Buchanan 1857-1861\\nthe slavery question brings on civil war 193\\nwere divided one part nominated Douglas, and the other Mr.\\nJohn C. Breckinridge. A fourth party, whose motto was to\\nsave the Union at any cost, put forward John Bell.\\nThe Presidents since Van Buren had been\\nWilliam II. Harrison 1841\\nJohn Tyler 1841-1845\\nJames K. Polk 1845-1849\\nZachary Taylor 1849-1850\\nThe last two of these Presidents were Democrats and had secession of\\nnot opposed slavery. The Southern States now (1860) said states*\u00e2\u0084\u00a2\\nthat if Lincoln were elected, slavery would be destroyed, and\\nthat rather than have this happen they would leave the Union.\\nWhen, therefore, Lincoln was elected, they began one by one to\\nsecede, that is, declared that they were no longer members of\\nthe Union known as the United States of America.\\nFirst went South Carolina, and then Georgia, Florida, Ala-\\nbama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Delegates from these six\\nstates next met at Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a new\\nunion which they called the Confederate States of America.\\nJefferson Davis was elected\\nits President, and Alexander\\nH. Stephens its Vice Presi-\\ndent. And now Texas\\njoined the Confederacy.\\nWhen South Carolina\\nFort Sumter\\nseceded, there was within\\nher bounds much property belonging to the United States. Forts, etc.\\nThere were lighthouses, courthouses, post offices, customhouses n South\\nwhere duties on imported goods were collected, and two impor-\\ntant forts, Moultrie and Sumter, which guarded the entrance to\\nCharleston harbor, and were held by a small band of United\\nStates troops under the command of Major Robert Anderson.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194 THE SLAVERY QUESTION BRINGS ON CIVIL WAR\\nWhat\\nAnderson did\\nFort Sumter\\nattacked by\\nConfederates\\nCharleston Harbor\\nAs soon as the state seceded, a demand was made on the\\nUnited States for a surrender of this property. The partner-\\nship called the Union, it was said, having been dissolved by the\\nwithdrawal of South Carolina,\\nthe land on which these forts,\\narsenals, magazines, and build-\\nings stood belonged to the\\nstate but the buildings being\\nthe property of the United States\\nshould be paid for by the state.\\nAgents were accordingly sent to\\nWashington to arrange for the\\npurchase.\\nTroops, meantime, were being\\nenlisted and drilled, and Major Anderson, fearing that if the\\nagents sent to Washington did not succeed, the forts would be\\ntaken by force, cut down the flagstaff and spiked the guns in\\nFort Moultrie, and moved his men to Fort Sumter, which stood\\non an island in the harbor, and could be more easily defended\\nand so the matter stood when Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated,\\nMarch 4, 1861.\\nFort Sumter was now in a state\\nhis men could get no\\nfood from Charleston, s^V\\nwhile the troops of\\nthe Confederacy had\\nplanted cannon with\\nwhich they could at any\\ntime fire on the fort.\\nEither the troops must\\nvery soon go away or\\nfood must be sent to\\nof siesre. Anderson and\\n3? I ho\u00c2\u00bb4*\\nas W\\nmm\\nmm\\nPart of Fort Sumter after bombardment", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "WAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND 195\\nthem. Mr. Lincoln decided to send food. But when the ves-\\nsels with food, men, and supplies reached Charleston they found\\nthat the Confederates had already begun to fire on Sumter.\\nWhat then happened is best told by Major Anderson Hav-\\ning defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quar-\\nters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the\\ngorge walls seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by\\nflames, and its door closed from the effects of heat, four barrels\\nand three cartridges of powder only being available, and no\\nprovisions remaining but pork, I accepted terms of evacuation Fortsumter\\noffered by General Beauregard and marched out of the surrendered\\nfort Sunday afternoon, the 14th instant, with colors flying and\\ndrums beating.\\nSUMMARY\\n1. A law was passed (1854) establishing the two territories of Kansas and\\nNebraska, and repealing the Missouri Compromise.\\n2. The law provided that when these territories became states, their people\\nshould decide whether or not the new states should be free soil. The\\nresult was a bloody struggle for the possession of Kansas.\\n3. After Lincoln was elected President (1860), seven of the Southern States\\nseceded from the Union and formed a new Confederacy.\\n4. A dispute over the possession of the forts in Charleston Harbor led to a\\nsuccessful attack by the Confederates on Fort Sumter.\\nCHAPTER XXI\\nTHE WAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND\\nThe moment the news of the fall of Sumter reached the\\nNorth, the people knew that all hope of a peaceable settlement\\nof the dispute with the South was gone. Mr. Lincoln at once", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "196\\nWAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND\\njJnOalvetton Buy f n\\nK Galveston ^J^\\\\J -^t^f l,tlt P\\nG U L F f Jj\u00c2\u00bb c **0 F M E X\\nThe Confederate States\\nPresident calls called for 75,000 soldiers to serve for three months. Some of\\nor troops results of this were\\n1. The secession of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and\\nArkansas, making eleven states in the Confederacy.\\n2. The removal of the seat of government of the Confederacy\\nfrom Montgomery in Alabama to Richmond in Virginia.\\n3. The separation of the western part of Virginia from the\\neastern part. Out of this was afterwards formed the\\nstate of West Virginia.\\n4. The gathering of the Union army along Chesapeake Bay and\\nthe Potomac River, around Washington, along the Ohio\\nRiver, and in Missouri.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "WAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND\\n197\\nThe gathering of a Confederate army to oppose the Union\\narmy.\\nThere were thus two great armies drawn up in various places\\non opposite sides of a line stretching from Norfolk in Virginia\\nup the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River to Harpers Ferry,\\nthen along the mountains to the southwest corner of Virginia,\\nand then westward across Kentucky and Missouri. To break\\nthrough this line and drive the Confederate forces back was the\\naim of the Union commanders.\\nJust southwest of Washington, and between it and Rich- BuiiRun\\nmond, was a Confederate force, and with this, in July, 1861, a\\nUnion army fought the famous battle of Bull Run. The Union\\nsoldiers were defeated and put to flight.\\nGeneral McClellan was now placed in command of the Union Forts\\ntroops near Washington, and while he was drilling them an ^enryand\\nr Donelson\\nattempt was made to\\nbreak through the\\nConfederate line west\\nof Virginia. Where\\nthe line crossed the\\nCumberland and Ten-\\nnessee rivers, just\\nsouth of Kentucky,\\nwere two forts called\\nDonelson and Henr}\\\\\\nAgainst these two\\nforts General Ulysses\\nS. Grant was sent with\\na fleet.\\nGrant was born in a little town in Ohio, at a time when\\nthat part of our country was very near the frontier. While a\\nMCM. PR. H. 13\\nPart of the battlefield of Bull Run\\nan army, and Commodore Foote with", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "198\\nWAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND\\nUlysses S.\\nGrant\\nBattles in\\nTennessee\\nOpening the\\nMississippi\\nboy he did much hard work on his father s farm, besides going\\nto school a few weeks each winter. When he was seventeen\\nhe became a cadet in the Military Academy at West Point, and\\nduring the Mexican War he served under General Taylor and\\nthen under General Scott. A few years after the war he left\\nthe army and went to live on a farm near St. Louis and the\\nlog cabin in which he lived he built with his own hands. But\\nhe did not succeed very well as a farmer, so he went to St.\\nLouis and became a real estate agent. This venture also failed,\\nand he became a clerk in his father s leather and hardware stoic\\nin Illinois. There he was when Lincoln made the first call for\\ntroops to defend the Union.\\nGrant at once offered his services and showed himself so\\nable a soldier that early in 18(52 he was sent with Commodore\\nFoote to make the attack on the Confederate Forts Henry and\\nDonelson. The attempt\\nwas successful. Foote\\ntook Fort Henry, and\\nGrant took Fort Donel-\\nson and the Confederate\\nline was cut in two. The\\nSouthern troops retreated\\nsouthward to a place\\ncalled Corinth, in Missis-\\nsippi. Grant followed,\\nand in April, 1862, was\\nattacked at Shiloh. The\\ntight raged for two days.\\nwhen the Confederates fell back again to Corinth, and a few\\nweeks later they retreated still farther.\\nMemphis now surrendered, and the Mississippi River was\\nopened as far south as Vicksburg. It was also opened near\\nConfederate Capitol, Richmond", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "WAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND\\n199\\nthe Gulf for in April, 1862, a fleet under Admiral Farragut\\nforced its way up the Mississippi, passing the Confederate forts\\nnear its mouth, captured\\nNew Orleans, and landed\\nan army to hold the city.\\nNow let us see what\\nhad happened in the East\\nin 1862. As Richmond was\\nthe capital of the Confed-\\nerate States, the North\\ninsisted that it should be\\ncaptured, and early in\\n1862 preparations were\\nmade to attack it. One\\narmy was sent into the\\nShenandoah valley in\\nwestern Virginia to pre-\\nvent the Confederates\\nfrom coming down that\\nvalley to attack Washing-\\nton from the west. An-\\nother was stationed in front of Washington to prevent an attack\\nfrom the south. A third, under McClellan, was taken in ships Peninsular\\ndown Chesapeake Bay to a point near famous old Yorktown, am P ai 8 n\\nwhere General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington in 1781.\\nAfter capturing this place McClellan marched up the peninsula\\nbetween the York and James rivers, fighting as he went, till he\\ncame to a place called White House Landing, whence he moved\\nwestward toward Richmond.\\nBut McClellan was forced back by General R. E. Lee to\\na place on the James River, whence his army was taken by boat\\nto the Potomac River near Washington.\\nCountry around Washington", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "200\\nAVAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND\\nLee s home, at Arlington\\nRooertE.\\nLee\\nLee was a native of\\nVirginia, had been edu-\\ncated at West Point, and\\ndown to the time when\\nVirginia seceded had\\nbeen an officer in the\\narmy of the United\\nStates. He had served\\non the frontier and in\\nthe war with Mexico,\\nhad been for three years\\nat the head of the Mili-\\ntary Academy at West Point, and was a soldier of great ability.\\nJust before the outbreak of the war, Lee, who was then a colonel\\nserving in Texas, was called to Washington and after the\\nattack on Sumter he was offered the command of the Union\\ntroops. But Virginia at once seceded, and Lee resigned his\\nplace in the army of the United States and was put in com-\\nmand of the troops of Virginia. Soon afterwards he was made\\na Confederate general, but it was not till McClellan was mov-\\ning upon Richmond that Lee was given command of a large\\narmy. The Confederate general who at first was pitted against\\nMcClellan (General Joseph E. Johnston) was wounded in the\\nfighting near Richmond, and then Lee took command of the\\nConfederate army and forced McClellan back.\\nWhen McClellan sailed away, Lee attacked the Union army\\nthat had been stationed in front of Washington, beat it in a\\nsecond battle of Bull Run, and crossing the Potomac entered\\nMaryland. McClellan gave chase, overtook Lee, and fought a\\nAntietam desperate battle at Antietam Creek, after which Lee returned\\nto Virginia. McClellan was now removed from command and\\nGeneral Burnside was put in his place. But before the year", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "WAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND\\n201\\nended Burnside was badly beaten in an attack on Fredericks- Battles in\\nburg, and a few weeks later General Hooker was given ir s ima\\ncommand.\\nFighting Joe, as Hooker was called, took the field in the\\nspring of 1863, led his army against Lee, and was beaten at\\nChancellors ville. Lee now repeated his attempt of the pre-\\nvious summer he rushed around Hooker, crossed the Potomac,\\ncrossed Maryland, and marched into Pennsylvania as far as\\nGettysburg. As the Union army hurried along in pursuit, Gettysburg\\nGeneral Meade was put in command in place of Hooker. At\\nGettysburg, on July 1, 2, and 3, 1863, was fought the great\\nand decisive battle of the war. The fighting was desperate.\\nThe loss on each side was terrible. But Lee was beaten and\\nwent back to Virginia and in the East no more great battles\\nwere fought till the following spring.\\nThe field of Gettysburg is now dotted over with beautiful\\nmonuments marking the positions held by the Union regi-\\nments during this srreatesl battle of the war. On the hill", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "202\\nWAR FOR THE UNION UN THE LAND\\nThe\\nbehind the village, on a part of the field fought over, is a\\nnational cemetery where lie buried more than 3500 Union dead.\\nOn July 4, 1863, the day after the end of the battle of Get-\\nMississippi tysburgf, General Grant captured Vicksburg. Port Hudson\\nopened J L\\nnext fell the Mississippi was all in Union hands and the Con-\\nfederacy was cut in two.\\nIt was now the turn of the Confederates to win a victory.\\nAn army of them had been driven from Tennessee into the\\nextreme northwest corner of Georgia, where they were en-\\nchickamauga camped near a little creek called the Chickamauga. Having\\nreceived more troops, General Bragg, who com-\\nmanded them, attacked the Union\\narmy under General Rose-\\ncrans (September 19 and 20)\\nand beat it so badly that it\\nwould have been put to flight\\nhad it not been for the skill\\nof General George H. Thomas.\\nHis firmness on that disas-\\ntrous field won him the name of\\nthe Rock of Chickamauga. The\\nUnion army, however, was forced\\nto retreat to Chattanooga, in Tennessee and then General\\nBragg posted his troops on the hills and mountains about the\\ntown, and shut in General Rosecrans.\\nMore troops were now sent and General Grant was put in\\ncLttannntY command, and then the situation changed. The Confederates\\nwere attacked and driven from their positions, in three days\\nof fighting. As the second day, was cold and rainy, the clouds\\nhad settled down on the mountain sides so that fighting actually\\noccurred above them, and the battle of Lookout Mountain is\\noften called the Battle above the Clouds. After the great\\nLookout Mountain\\nThe\\nChattanooga", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "WAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND\\n203\\nSherman did\\nbattle of Missionary Ridge, on the third day, the Confeder-\\nates retreated to Georgia, and the command of their\\narmy was given to General Joseph E. Johnston.\\nThe Confederates had now but two great The union\\narmies in the held, the one under Lee in plan m l86\\nVirginia, and the other under Johnston in\\nnorthern Georgia. To meet these, two Union\\ngenerals were selected. General Grant was\\nput at the head of all the armies of the United\\nStates, with the rank of Lieutenant General,\\nand to him was assigned the duty of beating\\nLee. General W. T. Sherman was given a\\nlarge army in the West, and his duty was to\\ncrush the forces of General Johnston.\\nEach began his task on the same day, May what\\n4, 1804. Sherman attacked Johnston,\\nand drove him step by step through\\nthe mountains to Atlanta. President Davis therefore\\nremoved Johnston and put in command General\\nHood, who, after trying in vain to beat Sherman.\\nturned and started back toward Tennessee,\\nhoping to draw Sherman after him. But Sher-\\nman sent Thomas, the Rock of Chickamauga,\\nto deal with Hood, and Thomas destroyed\\nHood s army in a terrible battle at Nashville\\nin December, 1864. In the meantime Sher-\\nman started to march from Atlanta to the\\nsea. The army advanced in four columns, cover-\\ning a stretch of country sixty miles wide, and\\nliving on the country as they went. They\\ntore up the railroads, destroyed the bridges,\\nand in December, 1864, occupied Savannah, a Confederate soldier\\nA Union soldier", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "204\\nWAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND\\nPainting by F. O C. Darley\\nSherman s march to the sea\\nWhat\\nGrant did\\nThere Sherman stayed for a month, during which his soldiers\\nbecame impatient. Uncle Billy, they would call out as he\\nwent by them, I guess Grant is waiting for us at Richmond.\\nFebruary 1, 1865, the march was resumed, and was continued\\nacross South Carolina to Goldsboro in North Carolina.\\nGrant, according to agreement, began his attack on Lee in\\nVirginia the same day that Sherman marched against Johnston\\nin Georgia. Starting from a place called Culpeper Court\\nHouse, Grant s army entered the Wilderness, a tract of coun-\\ntry covered with a dense growth of oak and pine, and after\\nmuch hard fighting made its way around Richmond and laid\\nsiege to Petersburg.\\nAfter a time Lee saw that he could no longer hold these\\ncities, and in April, 1865, he left Richmond and marched\\nwestward. Grant followed, and on April 0. 1865, Lee surren-", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "war\\nWAR FOR THE UNION ON THE LAND 205\\ndered his army at Appomattox Court House. Johnston sur-\\nrendered to Sherman near Raleigh in North Carolina about two\\nweeks later Jefferson Davis was taken prisoner in May.\\nThis ended the war the Confederacy fell to pieces and End of the\\nthe Union was saved. Once more there was but one govern-\\nment for the United States.\\nSUMMARY\\n1. With the firing on Sumter the Civil War began, and Union and Con-\\nfederate armies were soon gathered at various places along the Poto-\\nmac River, in western Virginia, in Kentucky, and in Missouri.\\n2. 1861, July. A Union army tried to drive back the Confederates in\\nVirginia, but was defeated in the battle of Bull Run.\\n3. 1862, February. The Union forces in the West took Forts Henry and\\nDonelson, after which they pushed southward across Tennessee.\\n4. 1862, April to August. General McClellan moved up the Peninsula\\nfrom Yorktown, but failed to take Richmond, and returned north\\nby sea.\\n5. 1862, August-September. The Confederates under Lee now started\\nto invade the North, but turned back after a great battle ;it\\nAntietam.\\n6. 1862, December 1863. May The Union army in the East twice\\nadvanced against the Confederates, and was beaten at Fredericksburg\\nand at Chancellorsville.\\n7. 1863, June-July. Lee began a second invasion of the North, but was\\nbeaten at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.\\n8. 1863, July. Vicksburg and Port Hudson were captured, and the Mis-\\nsissippi River was now in Union hands,\\nit. 1863, September; November. The Confederates in the West de-\\nfeated the Union army at Chickamauga, but General Grant took\\ncommand and defeated them near Chattanooga.\\n1864. May, to 1865, April. General Sherman fought his way from\\nTennessee to Atlanta and marched across Georgia to Savannah, and\\nthen north to Raleigh. At the same time General Grant carried on\\na bloody campaign against Lee. and at last forced him out of Rich-\\nmond and compelled him to surrender at Appomattox Court House.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "206\\nWAR FOR THE UNION ON THE WATER\\nCHAPTER XXII\\nTHE WAR FOR THE UNION N THE WATER\\nDuties oi the On the Union navy, during the war, fell duties of live\\nUnion navy kinds\\n1. It blockaded the coast from Chesapeake Bay to the Rio\\nGrande in Texas.\\n2. It helped to capture the seaports and forts scattered along\\nthis great coast line.\\n3. It got control of the bays and sounds along the coast, as\\nChesapeake, Albemarle, Pamlico, Mobile, Galveston.\\n4. It aided the army in opening the rivers, as the Mississippi,\\nArkansas, Tennessee, Red.\\n5. It tried to protect the commerce of the United States on the\\nocean, and to destroy all Confederate cruisers.\\nA seaport is blockaded by keeping, off the\\nentrance, armed ships to tire on any vessel that\\ntries to go in or come out. To blockade all\\nthe bays, sounds, and harbors of our coast,\\nfrom Norfolk to Texas, was a hard task and\\nrequired a great number of ships. Trad-\\ning ships, river steamboats of all sizes, tugs,\\nand ferryboats were therefore bought by\\nhe government, and the blockade began.\\nTo make it as complete as possible, the\\nhulks of old whalers were taken from New\\nEngland to the Southern ports, filled with\\nstone, and were sunk in the channels.\\nTrade with the South was thus ended unless vessels could\\nrun the blockade, and that is just what they did.\\nThe blockade\\nAn old whaler", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "WAR FOR THE UNION ON THE WATER\\n207\\nA blockade runner\\nThe South raised millions of bales of cotton, which were sold Blockade\\nto manufacturers in Great Britain and made into cotton cloth. runnin s\\nGreat Britain depended on the South for cotton, and in order\\nto get it, blockade running became a regular business and was\\nengaged in by many trading firms in Liverpool. Some had as\\nmany as fifteen vessels. At first\\nthey were old craft, so that if\\nthey were captured the loss\\nwould not be great. But speed\\nsoon became so important that\\nships were especially built for\\nthe work. They were long, low\\nsteamers, drawing but a few feet\\nof water, and having great speed.\\nThey burned hard coal, which made no smoke, and were painted\\na dull gray, so as not to be easily seen.\\nThe port of Nassau in the British island of New Providence,\\noff the coast of southern Florida, was selected as the place from\\nwhich the runners were to start, and to it were brought arms,\\nsalt, gunpowder, medicine, boots, clothing, whatever the Con-\\nfederates wanted. At Nassau the goods were loaded on a\\nblockade runner, whose departure was so nicely timed that the\\nvessel would be off the port of Wilmington, North Carolina, on\\na night when the moon did not shine and when the tide was\\nhigh. Then, trusting to the darkness, the runner would dash\\nthrough the line of blockading warships and by daylight would\\nbe safe in Confederate waters. After landing the smuggled\\ncargo the vessel would be loaded with cotton, and during a dark\\nnight or storm would run out and steam back to Nassau. Some\\nblockade runners went to Charleston instead of Wilmington.\\nAs neither of these cities was captured till near the end of the\\nwar, this blockade running grew to be a large business.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "208\\nWAR FOR THE UNION ON THE WATER\\nConfederate\\ncruisers\\nAnother way in which Great Britain helped the South was\\nby allowing the Confederates to lit out vessels in England for\\nthe purpose of capturing or sinking the trading ships of the\\nUnited States. Several of these commerce destroyers were\\nfitted out, but the Alabama was the most famous of them.\\nThe Alabama was built for the Confederacy at Liverpool, Eng-\\nland, and in spite of the protests of the United States minister\\nat London was allowed to go to sea.\\n)ff the Azores Islands she was met by a British vessel hav-\\ning on board her guns and ammunition, and by a steamer with\\nThe Alabama and the Kearsarge\\nher crew and Captain Raphael Semmes. Sailing leisurely\\nacross the Atlantic the Alabama burned twenty vessels, cap-\\ntured a mail steamer in the West Indies, destroyed one of the\\nwarships blockading Galveston, and took her place off the east\\ncoast of Brazil in the pathway of ships homeward bound from\\nthe East Indies and the Pacific. Here ten prizes were taken,\\nafter which the Alabama went to the Cape of Good Hope, and", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "WAR FUR THE UNION ON THE WATER\\n209\\nthen to the China Sea then back once more to the Cape of\\nGood Hope and by way of Brazil and the Azores to the port of\\nCherbourg in France, having captured sixty-six vessels during\\nher cruise.\\nWhile the Alabama was anchored in the harbor of Cherbourg,\\nthe United States cruiser Kearsarge entered the port. A chal-\\nlenge to light was sent and accepted, and one Sunday morning in\\nJune, 1864, the two ships met in combat off the coast of France,\\nand when the battle ended the Alabama sank to the bottom of\\nthe sea. Most of the other Confederate cruisers in one way or\\nanother fell into the hands of United States authorities. After\\nthe war Great Britain was forced to pay $15,500,000 for the\\ndamage she did to American shipping by allowing the Con-\\nfederate cruisers to leave her ports.\\nAnother very famous ship duel was that of the Monitor and\\nthe Merrimae.\\nWhen the war opened in 1861, one of the finest navy yards The Merrimae\\nin the United States was near Norfolk, Virginia. Having no\\nmeans to defend it, the\\nofficer in command set\\nfire to the shops, houses,\\nand ships, and tried to\\nblow up the great dry\\ndock. One of the vessels\\nwhichburned to the water s\\nedge and then sank was\\nthe steam frigate Merri-\\nmae but the Confederates\\nfound that her engines and\\nthe hull under water were not damaged, so they raised her and\\nmade her into an ironclad ram. Her deck was almost level with\\nthe water, and on it was built a sort of long, low house with\\nThe Merrimae", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "210 WAR FOR THE UNION ON THE WATER\\nsloping sides covered with thick plates of iron. In the sides\\nwere holes for the guns. At the bow, about two feet under\\nwater, was a cast-iron ram.\\nwhat the To make these changes was slow work, so it was March. 1862,\\nemmac 1 k e f ore ne Virginia, as the Merrimac was renamed by the Con-\\nfederates, steamed out upon the broad sheet of water called\\nHampton Roads. Just across the Roads lay at anchor the\\nUnion war vessels, Cumberland and Congress, toward which she\\nnow made her way. As she drew near, the guns on the Cumber-\\nland and the Congress opened lire but their shot glanced from\\nher iron sides like pebbles, and keeping steadily on, the Merrimac\\ndrove her ram into the side of the Cumberland, crushed it like\\nan eggshell, and, backing away, left a hole wide enough to\\ndrive in a horse and cart. Through this the water poured\\ntill the gallant ship tilled and sank, her flag flying and her guns\\nbooming as she went down.\\nTurning to the Congress, the Merrimac, after an hour s fight-\\ning, forced her to surrender and set her on fire. As it was\\nnow late in the afternoon, the Merrimac drew off and left a\\nthird ship, the Minnesota, to be destroyed in the morning but\\nwhen morning came, there lay beside the Minnesota a small,\\nodd-looking craft, that had arrived at Hampton Roads the\\nThe Monitor Ji night before. It was the Moni-\\n$BMf tor, designed bv Captain John\\nI I H\\n1 c Difex ~y r i Ericsson, built at New York,\\nand sent round bv sea. Her\\nSide view of the Monitor\\nbroad deck was almost as low\\nas the surface of the water, and was plated with sheets of iron.\\nOn the deck was an iron cylinder or turret which could be made\\nto revolve by machinery, and in this were two very large guns.\\nThe Monitor s voyage from New York was a terrible one.\\nThe waves swept the deck, and rolled completely over the", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "WAR FOR THE UNION ON THE WATER\\n211\\nlittle pilot house in the bow, sending floods of water through The voyage\\nthe sight holes and once knocking the helmsman from the\\nwheel. Torrents of water came down the smokestack, and\\npoured in streams through\\ncracks and crannies into the\\nhull. The fires were nearly\\nput out and the engine room\\nso filled with gas that no man\\ncould live there. More than\\nonce it seemed certain that\\nthe little craft must founder\\nin the sea. But she kept\\nafloat, and as she rounded\\nCape Henry late on the after-\\nnoon of March 8, 1862, the\\ndistant booming of guns told\\nthe crew that a fight was ra-\\nging, for the Merrimac was\\nthen engaged in the destruc-\\ntion of the Congress. Dark-\\nness came on before the scene\\nof action was reached, but as\\nthe Monitor came up the\\nRoads those on board saw\\nthe Congress burning.\\nAbout eight o clock the\\nnext morning, the Merrimac was seen coming across the Roads\\nto finish the work she had left undone the evening before.\\nWhether or not that work was to remain undone, depended\\nsolely upon the insignificant little craft flying the Union flag\\nand looking, it was said, like a cheese box mounted on a raft,\\nwhich now swunsf free from her moorings ami started forth to\\nof the\\nMonitor\\nPainting by\\nJ. U. Davidson\\nBurning of the\\nCongress\\noi might, 1892,\\nby C. Klackm r", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "212\\nWAR FOR THE UNION ON THE WATER\\nThe\\nfirst battle\\nof ironclads\\nbattle. During four hours the fighting raged without either\\nship being able to harm the other seriously. The Merrimac\\nthen withdrew, and the Monitor went back to her place beside\\nthe Minnesota. In one sense neither ship won but as the pur-\\npose of the Merrimac was to destroy the Minnesota, and the\\npurpose of the Monitor was to prevent it, the victory was with\\nthe Monitor. Yet the fight was the greatest in modern times.\\nNever before in the world s history had two ironclad ships\\nengaged in battle; and when it was over, the days of wooden\\nnavies were gone, and all warships had to be built anew out of\\niron or steel.\\nPainting by W. II. o\\nFarragut in Mobile Bay\\nAfter the occupation of Norfolk by the Union forces, the\\nMerrimac was blown up by the Confederates. And in January,\\n1863, the Monitor was lost in a storm at sea.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "REBUILDING THE SOUTHERN STATES 213\\nBut it must not be supposed that the services of the navy Naval battles\\nended with the blockade of the coast and the defeat of the Ala- on l 1\\nand bays\\nbama and Merrimac. Desperate battles were fought and victo-\\nries won on the western rivers and in the bays of the southern\\ncoast. It was Farragut s fleet that ran past the forts on the\\nlower Mississippi and captured New Orleans it was Foote s\\nflotilla that took Fort Henry on the Tennessee it was Davis s\\nfleet that cleared the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio\\nto Memphis (1862). Porter s fleet ran by the forts at Vicks-\\nburg to assist the army under Grant (1863), and Farragut\\ndestroyed the Confederate fleet in Mobile Bay (1864). The\\nfleet under Dupont, aided by the army, captured Port Royal\\n(1861). All along the Atlantic coast of the Confederate States\\nthe services of the navy were conspicuous.\\nSUMMARY\\n1. The navy had five duties.\\n2. The blockade of Southern ports cut off the cotton supply of Great Britain\\nand led to blockade running.\\n3. The South obtained several commerce destroyers. The most famous of\\nthese, the Alabama, was sunk in a fight with the Kearsarge.\\n4. Another famous sea fight was that of the Monitor and the Merrimac.\\n5. Other naval victories were won for the Union on the Mississippi River;\\nat Xew Orleans; in Mobile Bay; and along the Atlantic coast.\\nCHAPTER XXIII\\nREBUILDING THE SOUTHERN STATES\\nThere is another side to the war besides the rights on land\\nand sea, and that is the cost in life and money.\\nWhile the war was going on, President Lincoln called twelve\\ntimes for volunteers. To these calls there were about 2.770.000\\nHi M. I U. H. 14", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "214\\nREBUILDING THE .SOUTHERN STATES\\nWhat the war\\ncost in lite\\nUnion Cemetery at Arlington\\nWhat the war\\ncost in money\\nresponses each time\\nmany thousands of\\nmen left their homes\\nand occupations, and\\nserved in the defense\\nof the Union. This\\ndoes not mean that\\nthere were 2,770,000\\nsoldiers in the field at\\nany one time. Some\\nserved for three\\nmonths, some for six,\\nsome for a year,\\nothers for three years.\\nVery often the same\\nmen would enlist again when their term was out. The greatest\\nnumber of men in the army was in April, 1865, when 1,000,000\\nwere under pay, and of these 650,000 carried arms. During\\nthe four years of fighting about 360,000 men died in defense of\\nthe Union. As the Confederate loss was probably as great, we\\nmay believe that the war cost the lives of 700,000 citizens.\\nTo understand fully the cost in money is out of the question.\\n1. There was the national debt, amounting in 1865 to over\\n$2,800,000,000. Nearly all of this money had been spent\\non the war.\\n2. Between 1S62 and 1865 there was raised by taxation nearly\\n1800,000,000. The greater part of this also went for war\\npurposes.\\n3. There was interest to pay on the national debt, and pensions\\nfor the disabled soldiers and sailors, and for the widows\\nand orphans of the men who lost their lives.", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "REBUILDING THE SOUTHERN STATES\\n215\\nBetween 1861 and 1879 our national government spent on\\naccount of the war more than $6,000,000,000. The states also\\nspent large sums of money, and so did the cities and towns.\\nTheir war expenditure amounted to more than $450,000,000.\\nYou are not expected to remember these figures. Nobody-\\ncan understand what $6,000,000,000 means. The sums spent\\nare given in order that you may know in a general way what\\nthe people of the North did in order that our Union might be\\npreserved, that, as Mr. Lincoln said, government of the peo-\\nple, by the people, for the people, may not perish from the\\nearth.\\nWhat have we gained by the war?\\nWe have shown that our Union is firm and can not be broken.\\nWe have increased respect for our government at home and\\nabroad. There are no\\nmore threats of seces-\\nsion no more fears that\\ngovernment by the peo-\\nple can not endure no\\nmore doubts that when-\\never necessary the peo-\\nple will rally to its sup-\\nport and defense.\\n3. Slavery, which made so\\nmuch trouble for eighty\\nyears, has been abol-\\nished. The negro now\\nhas the inalienable\\nrights of man men-\\ntioned in the Declara-\\ntion of Independence.\\nWhat the war\\naccomplished\\nMonument to Confederate dead, Richmond", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "216\\nREBUILDING THE SOUTHERN STATES\\nLincoln\\nmurdered\\nM:\\nt L LI* m m\\n*IV)^ i* PI\\nMr. Lincoln was reelected President in the autumn of 1864,\\nand a second time sworn into office on the 4th of March, 1865.\\nIt was only a few weeks after this that Lee surrendered (April\\n9) and on the 14th of April, just four years after the attack\\non Fort Sumter, the old flag was again raised over the ruins.\\nOn the evening of that day Lincoln was shot in Ford s Theater,\\nWashington, by an actor named John Wilkes Booth.\\nBooth belonged to a party of conspirators, one of whom that\\nsame night made his way into the home\\n^1_;:;; of Mr. Seward, Secretary of State, and\\n|i| stabbed him as he lay on a sick bed.\\nLincoln died the next day, but Sew-\\nard recovered. Booth was tracked\\nto his hiding place in Virginia and\\nwas shot. Four other conspirators\\nwere hanged, and still others were\\nimprisoned for life.\\nOn the death of Lincoln, the Vice-\\nPresident, Andrew Johnson of Tennes-\\nJohnson and see, became President, and took up the work of reconstructing\\ne ongress ne Confederate States. The governors and other officers of\\nthese states, men who had helped the Confederacy, were\\nput out of office, and Union men were elected or appointed to\\ntake their places. The states then chose senators and repre-\\nsentatives to sit in the Congress of the United States.\\nLike Lincoln, President Johnson believed that no state had\\na right to leave the Union. Therefore, he said, none ever\\nhad left the Union, and now the war was over, the states that\\nhad belonged to the Confederacy had as much right as ever to\\nsend senators and representatives to Congress.\\nCongress denied this, and when the Southern members came\\nrefused to admit them to seats. Congress said that the eleven\\nFord s Theater", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "REBUILDING THE SOUTHERN STATES\\n217\\nseceded states must do certain things before they could be\\nentitled to representation. Johnson then declared that if they\\nwere not represented, Congress had no right to\\nmake laws affecting them.\\nTn this manner a quarrel began (between\\nthe President and Congress), which\\nwent on from bad to worse. At\\nz last Johnson, having purposely\\nbroken a law, and having\\ntraveled about the country\\nmaking speeches abusing Con-\\ngress, was impeached and\\nbrought to trial in order\\nthat if found guilty he might\\nbe removed from the office\\nof President. He was not\\nfound guilty, and served out his term. But no seceded state\\nwas admitted to representation till it had done as Congress\\ndemanded.\\nMeantime the condition of affairs in the reconstructed states\\nwas dreadful.\\nWhen the war began, the people of the North were intent The abolition\\non saving the Union but as the strife went on, the feeling of slaver y\\nbecame general that there never could be a lasting Union so\\nlong as slavery existed in any of the states, and great efforts\\nwere made to secure its abolition. It was abolished in the\\nterritories and the District of Columbia by act of Congress.\\nOn the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln freed all slaves\\nwithin the Confederate lines. But this merely gave freedom\\nto certain negroes and did not affect the right of white men\\nto hold slaves. Moreover, the emancipation proclamation, as it\\nBirthplace of President Johnson\\nis called, was not heeded in the Confederate States till after", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "218\\nREBUILDING THE SOUTHERN STATES\\nLincoln Emancipation Statue\\nThe negroes\\nvote\\nthe war nor did it ever free any slaves in the Union States\\nof Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri,\\nnor in Tennessee and certain parts of Louisiana and\\nVirginia. The right of a state to permit its citi-\\nzens to hold slaves was not taken away till after\\nthe war, when, by an addition (amendment) to\\nthe federal Constitution, slavery was ended\\nforever in our country.\\nThe position of the negroes was greatly\\nchanged when they were set free, for they\\nwere also given the right to vote, and,\\nhaving this right, they elected men of their\\nown race to office. Ignorant negroes, un-\\nable to read or write or understand the\\nmeaning of a law, were sent to make laws for the whites as\\nwell as themselves. Not knowing what to do, they easily fell\\nunder the lead of bad white men, who thus got control of\\nthe Southern States. The whites, the old citizens, being out-\\nnumbered by the negroes, began to prevent the negroes from\\nvoting. Negroes were paid money not to go to the polls, or\\nwere frightened away. Sometimes force was used.\\nMany people now felt that\\nto set the slaves free was\\nnot enough. The f reed-\\nmen, as they were called,\\nmust be protected. Ac-\\ncordingly two more\\nadditions were made to\\nthe federal Constitution.\\nThey were intended to\\nsecure to the negroes all\\nthe rights white men Negro cabin", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "REBUILDING THE SOUTHERN STATES\\n219\\nhave in our country,\\nand to prevent any\\nstate from taking\\naway the negroes\\nright to vote.\\nIn spite of these\\namendments, which\\nare part of the su-\\npreme law of our\\nland, the suppression\\nof negro votes went\\non. Congress then\\npassed a law to pun-\\nish those engaged in such unlawful acts. But even this law\\nhad to be enforced by the use of the army. Not till 1877,\\ntwelve years after the war ended, did affairs in the South quiet\\ndown, and the country show signs of being really reunited.\\nThe term of Andrew Johnson and the two terms of President\\nGrant (who followed Johnson in office) are therefore in some\\nways the darkest in our history.\\nGrant s tomb, New York\\nSUMMARY\\n1. The war had not quite ended when President Lincoln was murdered\\nand Andrew Johnson became President.\\n2. The question next to be settled was, Shall the states lately in the Con-\\nfederacy be allowed to send senators and representatives to Congress?\\n3. The President thought they should be allowed to do so. Congress thought\\nthey should not until they were reconstructed.\\ni. Out of this grew a quarrel, in the course of which Johnson was impeached,\\nbut not found guilty.\\n5. The states were now reconstructed on the congressional plan, and three\\nchanges were made in the federal Constitution.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "220 THE RISE OF THE NEW WEST\\nCHAPTER XXIV\\nTHE RISE OF THE NEW WEST\\nThe We. have seen, in the course of our story, that from the time\\nmigration tne English colonies were planted on the Atlantic coast the\\npeople began moving westward. At first the migration was\\nslow. But it went steadily on till at last the English began\\nto crowd the French in the Allegheny valley, and so brought\\non the French and Indian War. The frontier was then east\\nof the Appalachian Mountains.\\nTo the As a result of that long struggle the French were driven\\n1 1 s 1 g issippi from our country, and English colonists went into Kentucky\\nand Tennessee. After the War for Independence, the people\\nmoved into Ohio, and pushing steadily westward soon occupied\\nmuch of our country east of the Mississippi River. By 1821\\nthey had crossed that river and made the state of Missouri.\\nThe frontier was then in Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana.\\nDuring a long time no other states were formed west of the\\nMississippi, but between 1836 and 1846 Arkansas, Texas, and\\nIowa were admitted into the Union.\\nTo the So far the movement westward had been a natural one. But\\nPacific coast w ^jj t ie li SC0V ery of gold in 1848, we enter on a period when\\nthe precious metals play a chief part in the rush of people west-\\nward. The same thirst for gold which sent the early Spaniard\\nwandering over New Mexico and Arizona in the days of\\nCoronado, sent our people in 1849 to California, and ten years\\nlater into what we know as Colorado.\\nColorado The territory of Kansas then included part of what is\\nnow Colorado, and there, in 1858, a party of gold hunters came\\nupon some rich mines. As the news spread, men rushed to\\nKansas just as they did to California, and in a few months a", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "THE RISE OF THE NEW WEST\\n221\\nbusy little town called Denver sprang up near Pikes Peak\\n(map, p. 22$).\\nThese miners needed supplies and connection with the East,\\nand to get them, some enterprising men started a line of stages\\nwhich ran daily between Denver\\nand Leavenworth.\\nEven this was not\\nenough for the restless.\\ndaring, enterprising\\npeople. A better mail\\nservice was wanted\\nbetween California\\nand the East. Sena-\\ntor Gwin of Cali-\\nfornia therefore urged\\nthe stage company to\\nsend a pony express across\\nthe two thousand miles which\\nseparated the city of Sacramento\\nfrom the Missouri River, and in the year 1860 this was done.\\nAs the purpose of the express was to carry the mail, speed The pony\\nwas to be considered. But to gain speed the distance run by a express\\npony must be short. Stations were therefore established every\\nfifteen or twenty-five miles, and at these were fresh horses for\\nthe riders. Mounted on his pony, a mail carrier would start\\nevery day from each end of the line, ride at a gallop to the\\nfirst relay, leap on the back of a fresh horse standing ready,\\nhurry on to the second station, mount another pony almost\\nwithout stopping, and ride off at breakneck speed for the third\\nstation. There, sitting in the saddle, would be found a second\\nrider. Dashing up to him, the first would deliver the mail\\npouch, and in a moment the fresh carrier would be off. By day\\nPony express", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "999\\nTHE RISE OF THE NEW WEST\\nThe overland\\nstage\\nand by night, in sunshine and in rain, in summer and in winter,\\nover prairie and mountain, these brave men made their perilous\\nrides with the precision of a railroad train. As two hundred and\\nfifty miles must be made each day, not a pound of extra weight\\nwas allowed. Every letter must be written and every news-\\npaper printed on the thinnest tissue paper, and on each of them\\nfive dollars must be paid as the cost of carriage. No service\\nwas ever more dangerous, and not a rider but could tell of fights\\nwith the Indians, of hardships suffered, and of hairbreadth\\nescapes from death.\\nAfter an existence of two years, the pony express came to an\\nend for a telegraph line had then been completed across the\\ncontinent, and all important news went over the wire.\\nNext came the overland stage, carrying passengers, letters,\\nand packages. From the first the stages were objects of hatred\\nThe overland stage\\nto the Indians, who made a stage ride across the continent a\\njourney full of danger. Finally, in 1862, while our country was\\nstruggling for its very life, Congress authorized the building of", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "THE RISE OF THE NEW WEST\\n223\\na railroad connecting the Missouri River with the state of The first\\nCalifornia. Two companies were to do the work the Central f^^ d\\nPacific, starting at Sacramento in California, was to build\\neastward the other, the Union Pacific, beginning at Omaha,\\nNebraska, was to push westward till the two met. Work was\\nnot begun in earnest till Lee had surrendered and the Union\\nhad been saved. But then it went on so rapidly that in May,\\n1869, the two lines met near Ogden, Utah. The all-rail\\nroute from the Atlantic to the Pacific was finished. Miners,\\nsettlers, ranchmen, now hurried to the West, and in 1870\\nColorado, which fifteen years before was little better than a\\nhowling Avilderness, became a state in the Union. It was the\\nthirty-eighth state; for between 1858 and 1867 there had been\\nadmitted Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada,\\nand Nebraska.\\nBut one railroad to the Pacific was not enough. The northern The Northern\\npart of our country must have one also, and in 1870 the build- Paci c\\ning of the Northern Pacific, from Lake Superior to Puget Sound,\\nwas begun. On the day the first rail was laid that marvelous\\nand beautiful region was almost without white settlers. Duluth\\nThe northwestern part of our country", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "224 THE RISE OF THE NEW WEST\\nhad just been founded. Superior city was a collection of huts\\nin the woods on the lake shore. Westward of these places, not\\na town existed for a thousand miles. Save a few military posts\\nand trading stations, not a white man s house could be found\\nbetween Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains, where some\\npioneer miners were opening the gold mines of Montana. From\\nthe Missouri to the mountains the whole region was held by the\\nIndians. It was their buffalo hunting grounds, to which each\\nyear came tribes from the north and from the south to lay in\\ntheir winter store of buffalo jerked meat and skins. At the\\nfalls of the Missouri was Fort Benton, a frontier post. To it,\\nwhen the water was high, steamboats came, bringing supplies\\nfor the Indian reservations and the Montana miners, and\\ntaking back gold, buffalo robes, and cattle.\\nTwo hundred miles westward, in the mountains of Montana,\\nwas a community of miners and ranchmen who had come there\\nduring the war and founded Helena and several other towns.\\nSome were miners, some raised grain and vegetables, and others\\nherded cattle.\\nBeyond the Rockies, in the valleys of rivers running into the\\nColumbia, were more miners but no large settlement existed\\neast of Oregon. As the railroad pushed on across this wilder-\\nness, all began to change. Settlers came in, towns were\\nfounded, and farming was begun on an immense scale. To-day\\nthis region, once thought of small account, is a great wheat-\\ngrowing section of our country.\\nThe white man now occupied most of the continent. Let\\nus see what had become of the Indians.\\nIndian wars We have seen how from the very start they resisted the\\ncoming of the white man, and how in spite of all they could\\ndo they were pushed steadily westward. We have seen the\\nPequots destroyed in Connecticut, and other eastern Indians\\nin the East", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "THE RISE OF THE NEW WEST\\n225\\nAn Indian home\\ncrushed for the aid\\nthey gave King\\nPhilip. We have\\nseen the Indians as\\nallies of the French\\nfighting along the\\nwhole frontier for\\nnearly seventy-five\\nyears (1689-1763),\\nin a desperate effort\\nto keep back the\\nEnglish. We have\\nseen them (after the\\nFrench were driven from America) fighting under Pontiac,\\nin the vain attempt to drive the white man out of the valle}-\\nof the Mississippi, as Philip and his successors had striven to\\ndrive them out of New England and we have seen the long\\nstruggle in Kentucky, a struggle so fierce that the region was\\nwell named the dark and bloody ground.\\nWhat thus went on in the colonial days went on for a\\nhundred years more. Scarcely had the early settlers in Ohio\\nput up their cabins at Marietta and Cincinnati when the near-by\\ntribes dug up the hatchet and began a war of extermination.\\nThey beat one army under General Harmar, cut to pieces\\nanother under General St. Clair, and spread terror along the\\nborder, till General Anthony Wayne destroyed their power in\\na great battle in northwestern Ohio.\\nDuring seventeen j^ears the settlers were unmolested. But Tecumsen\\nthe steady stream of white men ever moving westward, cutting\\ndown the forests, killing the beaver, the buffalo, and other game,\\nand forcing the Indians to new hunting grounds, at length\\naroused another great chief, Teeumseh. He, too, attempted\\nIndian wars\\nin Ohio", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "226\\nTHE RISE OF THE NEW WEST\\nRemoval of\\nthe Indians\\nWest of the\\nMississippi\\nwhat Philip and Pontiac had tried in vain lie sought to join\\nall the tribes in one grand attack on the frontier, in one desper-\\nate effort to drive back the white man. But General William\\nHenry Harrison broke his power in the battle of Tippecanoe,\\nin Indiana (1811), and three years later the great chief lust his\\nlife in the battle of the Thames in Canada.\\nMeantime the southern Indians, aroused by TecUmseh, took\\nthe warpath, and in their turn were crushed by General Jack-\\nson in Alabama and in Florida.\\nIt was now quite clear that all the strong tribes of Indians\\nmust go from the country east of the Mississippi River, and\\nwhen Jackson was President a region west of that river Indian\\nTerritory) was set apart for their use, and the work of removal\\nwas begun. Some went quietly, others resisted, and two more\\nwars followed before the last tribe crossed the great river the\\nshort struggle of\\nBlack Hawk in Illi-\\nnois and Wisconsin\\n(1832) and the seven\\nyears war by )sceola\\nand others in Florida.\\n(1835-1842).\\nOver the vast wil-\\nderness covering most\\nof the territory be-\\ntween the Mississippi\\nand the Kooky Moun-\\ntains it seemed as if\\nthe Indians might\\nroam unmolested. But gold and silver were discovered the\\nwhite man was soon rushing over the plains and mountains,\\nand the Indians were again in the way. Some had been sent\\nParty of northwestern Indians", "height": "2726", "width": "2080", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "THE RISE OF THE NEW WEST\\n227\\nto Indian Territory. Others were moved to reservations in the\\nNorthwest, only to be moved again and again, as the farmer, the\\nminer, the cattleman, the railroad, closed in around them.\\nAs in the past, so now a desperate struggle followed. The\\nSioux (1862) rose in Minnesota and began the most horrid\\nmassacre the country had known since colonial days. They\\nwere put down, but the discovery of gold in the Sioux reserva-\\ntion in Montana (1866) aroused Red Cloud, and another war fol-\\nlowed. The outbreaks made by the chief Black Kettle, by Crazy\\nHorse, and by Spotted Tail the massacre of General Custer\\nand his men by the Sioux in southern Montana the Modoc\\nWar, growing out of an attempt to move the Modocs from\\nCalifornia to Oregon and the long struggle of the\\nNez Perces led by the ablest of modern Indian war-\\nriors, Chief Joseph, were some of the last desperate\\nefforts of the Indians to drive back the white man.\\nTo-day there are in our country, scattered over\\nreservations of all sizes, some 200,000 Indians.\\nAs of old, they are still divided into many tribes,\\nspeaking different languages and living in vari-\\nous stages of civilization. Some, as the Sioux,\\nlive in wigwams and are brave, smart, and dan-\\ngerous. Some, as the Cherokees, are well off,\\ndwell in good houses, and dress much as we do.\\nOthers, as the Shoshonees, are ignorant, shiftless,\\nand dirty, and wander about in bands like tramps.\\nOthers, as the Zuni, make pottery, or as the Navajos,\\nweave beautiful blankets.\\nMost of the Indians, even the fiercest of them, are absolutely\\nunder the control of the reservation agents. Every Indian\\nmay, however, become a citizen, if lie will leave his tribe and\\nlive as white men do.\\nRecent\\nIndian wars\\nZuni Indian", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "228\\nTHE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY\\nSUMMARY\\nThe discovery of gold near Pikes Peak in 1859 led to the founding of\\nDenver and the settlement of Colorado.\\nCommunication with the East and the Pacific was provided at first by\\nthe pony express and the overland stage; but these primitive means\\nof transportation were replaced by a railroad finished in 1869.\\nIn 1870 a second railway across the continent to join Lake Superior and\\nthe Pacific was begun and the Northwest was opened to settlement.\\nThe Indians, who for two hundred and fifty years had been steadily\\npushed westward, now tried again to withstand the white man, and a\\nseries of Indian wars and uprisings occurred in the Northwest.\\nKc\\nCHAPTER XXV\\nTHE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY\\nThe history of\\nour country since cen-\\ntennial year (1876)\\nis the familiar one of\\nsteady growth and\\nincreasing prosperity.\\nThe building of the\\nrailways across the\\ncontinent made a new\\nWest and a new\\nNorthwest. The buf-\\nfaloes that roamed\\nover the plains by\\nmillions in 1870 were\\nall but exterminated in 1880, and in their place came herds of\\ncattle, sheep, and horses. Grain farms, cattle ranches, mining\\ntowns, and prosperous villages covered the great plains once\\nWestern cattle ranch", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY\\n229\\nthought little better than a desert, and seven more states\\n(between 1889 and 1896) were admitted into the Union North\\nand South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming,\\nIMMIGRANTS\\n1800:000\\nThe waves of immigration\\nand Utah. Three of these, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming,\\ndid not exist as geographical divisions in 1860, and their names\\nare not to be found on the map of our country of that date.\\nAll this means that in the course of a century our country- Our\\nmen have spread over the continent from the Atlantic to the immi e rants\\nPacific. But they are not the only people who moved west-\\nward, for thousands on thousands have come to us from the\\nOld World. Before 1820, not more than 10,000 immigrants\\ncame over each year, but thereafter for a long time more and\\nmore arrived nearly every year, till about 100,000 landed on\\nour shores in the course of twelve months. Then the number\\nfell off slightly. But in a little while famine in Ireland, and\\nhard times in Germany, sent over a great wave of immigration,\\nMCM. PR. H. 15", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "230 THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY\\nswelling up year after year, till more than 400,000 foreigners\\ncame to us in one year. Then the wave spent itself, and the\\ntide went down, only to turn into a second wave greater than\\nbefore. By this time sailing vessels had given place to steam-\\nships. The voyage was ten days instead of twenty-four the\\ncost was less the Northwest was growing our government\\nwas giving farms to men and women who would really live\\non them and cultivate them. Under the influence of these\\ncauses this wave of immigrants rolled toward us, till in 1873\\nthe number that came over was 460,000. The wave then went\\ndown, fewer people coming every year. But it soon rose again\\nto 789,000 in 1882, after which it went down once more and\\nthen rose again. Since the year 1789 more than 20,000,000\\npeople have come to our country from the Old World. Most\\nhave come from Ireland, Germany, England, Norway and\\nSweden, and Italy.\\nAs the cost of travel across the ocean became lower and\\nlower, the steamship companies sought emigrants to bring out,\\nand the cities and countries of Europe began to send over beg-\\ngars, paupers, and criminals. Laws have therefore been made\\nto exclude such persons, and also the Chinese, who are consid-\\nered by the people of the Pacific coast as most undesirable im-\\nmigrants.\\nWhile the settlers in the Northwest are chiefly from the\\nEastern States, vast numbers of them arc Germans, Swedes,\\nHarvester", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY\\n231\\nthe East\\nModern newspaper printing press\\nand Norwegians. In Minnesota, Wisconsin, North and South\\nDakota, there are large stretches of country where almost every\\ninhabitant is a Norwegian or a Swede.\\nIn the old states the changes of a quarter century have been changes in\\neven more marked. There, too, popu-\\nlation has increased with astonis\\ning rapidity, and cities whi\\nwere small in 1870 grew to\\nbe great in l JOO. New in-\\ndustries have arisen, old\\nones have been immensely\\nenlarged, and many occu-\\npations that were unknown\\nwhen the Civil War ended\\ngive employment to hundreds of thousands of men and women.\\nA little more than four hundred years have now passed since Four periods\\nColumbus landed on the shore of San Salvador. As we look\\nback over these centuries the history of our country falls natu-\\nrally into four periods.\\n1. The first period, 1492-1(300, was the age of discovery. Discovery an.i\\nExplorers from Europe sailed along our coast, touching it here ex P l0ratl0n\\nand there, and so laying the foundation for claims to ownership\\nby several European countries. Spain in this way obtained\\nclaims to Florida and all the Gulf coast, England to our Atlantic\\nshore, and France to the river and gulf of St. Lawrence. Now\\nand then some bold adventurer, as De Soto or Coronado, went\\ninto the interior and established for his country a claim to\\nterritory far from the seaboard. But when the period closed\\nno settlements by Europeans existed within our bounds on the\\nmainland, save at St. Augustine and Santa Fe*.\\n2. The second period, 1600-1700. was that of occupation Occupation\\nand settlement. It was during these years that England planted settlement", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "232\\nTHE CLOSE OF THE (KM I KV\\nThe struggle\\nfor possession\\nall her colonies on the Atlantic seaboard, save Georgia that\\nthe Dutch and Swedish settlements were made on the Hudson\\nand the Delaware; that France took possession of the St.\\nLawrence valley and that Marquette, Joliet, and La Salle\\nexplored the Mississippi.\\n3. The third period, 1700-1800, is memorable for the long\\nstruggle for possession. Before 1700 the Dutch had conquered\\nthe Swedish colony, and the English had conquered the Dutch;\\nbut during the period 1700-1800 the English conquered the\\nColonies before the Revolution\\nUnited States in 1783\\nFrench, and acquired Florida from Spain, so that all of our\\ncountry east of the Mississippi, save a little piece about New\\nOrleans, came under the British Crown. The new colonial\\npolicy adopted by Treat Britain after this expansion of terri-\\ntory brought on the war between the colonies and the mother\\ncountry, which ended with the overthrow of British rule and\\nthe establishment of the republic of the United States.\\nIndependence secured and a definite territory acquired, the\\nstruggle for a better government began. After a few years\\ntrial, the old Articles of Confederation were abandoned, the\\nConstitution was framed and adopted, and the century closed\\nwith our country fairly started on its marvelous career of\\nprosperity.", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY\\n233\\n4. When the fourth and last period, 1800 to the present, Growth of\\nopened, our country lay between the Atlantic Ocean on the east our country\\nand the Mississippi on the west between Canada on the north\\nand Florida (which had been given back to Spain) on the south\\nthe states were but sixteen in number, and the entire popula-\\ntion, men, women, and children, black and white, free and\\nslave, was less than is now to be found in the state of Pennsyl-\\nvania or of New York. But our country went on expanding\\nin area the people went on increasing in number, and state\\nUnited States in 1803\\nUnited States in 1819\\nafter state was added to the Union. By the purchase of\\nLouisiana from France in 1803; by the purchase of Florida\\nfrom Spain in 1S19 by the acquisition of the Oregon country\\nby the annexation of Texas in 1845; and by the cession from\\nMexico in 1848, our country spread steadily westward till by\\n1850 it stretched across the continent from ocean to ocean (see\\nthe next map). There Avere then thirty-one states in the\\nUnion, inhabited by twenty-three million people. The fron-\\ntier, which in 1800 had just crossed the Appalachian Mountains.\\nwas in 1850 on the plains beyond the Mississippi.\\nCleveland, Columbus, Detroit. St. Louis, which thirty years ourcountry\\nbefore were little frontier villages, were now towns of impor- in l85\\ntance. The older cities of the East had not only grown in size,", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "234\\nTHE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY\\nbut had greatly changed in appearance. Omnibuses and street\\ncars and gas were in use. The free common schools had\\nbecome an American institution, and many inventions and dis-\\ncoveries had done much for the happiness, comfort, and pros-\\nperity of the people. The steamboat was now on river, lake, and\\nocean, and joined the Old World with the New. The railroad\\npushing westward had almost reached Chicago, and the tele-\\ngraph was coming into general use.\\nDuring the last half of the nineteenth century our area was\\nUnited States in 1848\\nUnited States in 1853\\nstill further expanded by the Gadsden purchase in 1853 (south-\\nern New Mexico and Arizona), by the purchase of Alaska from\\nRussia in 1867, by the annexation of the Hawaiian Republic, and\\nby the acquisition of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines,\\nJn U j^ untry and of a few other islands, so that in 1900 our flag floated over\\nterritory stretching halfway around the globe. Our states then\\nnumbered forty-five, and our people seventy-six million. We\\nhave become a great world power: we have tested and proved\\nthe possibility of what Mr. Lincoln grandly called government\\nof the people, by the people, for the people. We have shown\\nthat it is possible for millions of people, living in a country of\\nvast size, to grow rich and prosperous without the rule of king\\nor emperor.", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY\\n235\\nThe spread of our country s population\\n(The dots show where tin most people lived at each date)\\nSUMMARY\\n1. The history of our country falls naturally into four periods:\\na. Discovery and exploration of the new continent, 1-192-1600.\\nColonization of North America, KioO-1700.\\nc. The long struggle for possession, ending with the establishment of\\nthe United States of America. 1700-1800.\\nThe expansion and the industrial and political development of our\\ncountry, 1800 to the present.", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "236\\nTHE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY\\n2. During the nineteenth century there were nine important acquisitions of\\nterritory, as follows\\n5. Mexican cession 1848\\n6. Gadsden Purchase 1853\\n7. Alaska 1867\\n8. Hawaii 1898\\n1.\\nLouisiana\\n1803\\n2,\\nFlorida\\n1819\\n3.\\nTexas\\n1845\\n4.\\nOregon country\\n1846\\n9. Porto Rico, Guam, the Philippines\\n1899\\nLongitude 12C East\\n180 Longitude West 120 from Ureeawich\\nThe United States and its possessions (shown by the heavy shading)\\n3. Six of these pieces of new territory were purchased two were republics\\nwhich we annexed with their consent. One was acquired by discovery,\\nexploration, and settlement. The fifth and ninth acquisitions of terri-\\ntory were the direct result of wars. The rest were gained by peace-\\nful means.\\n4. Between 1800 and 1900 our population rose from 5,000,000 to 76,000,000,\\nand our states increased in number from sixteen to forty-five. During\\nthis period of our history 20,000,000 emigrants came to us from the\\nOld World.", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "THE EVENTS OF RECENT YEARS\\n237\\nCHAPTER XXVI\\nTHE EVENTS OF RECENT YEARS\\nThe Hawaiian\\nIslands\\nIn the last chapter mention was made\\nof our annexation of the Hawaiian Islands\\nand our acquisition of Porto\\nRico, Guam, and the Philippine\\nArchipelago. Many years\\nago, when the natives of\\nthe Sandwich or Hawaiian\\nIslands were heathen, mis-\\nsionaries from our country\\nwent out there and labored\\nearnestly to convert the na-\\ntives to Christianity and to\\ncivilize them. They suc-\\nceeded so well that numbers of\\nwhite men came to the Hawaiian\\nIslands for purposes of trade and\\ncommerce. In 1893, the descend-\\nants of these early settlers, with others that came later, Avere\\nso dissatisfied with the government of the native queen that\\nthey deposed her, formed a republic, and asked to be joined to\\nthe United States.\\nMr. Cleveland, who became President shortly after this,\\nwas opposed to annexation, so nothing was done for five years,\\nwhen (1898) Hawaii was formally joined to the United States.\\nIt has since (1900) been made a territory.\\nMeantime a revolution of a dreadful sort was going on in Rebellion\\nanother island much nearer our coast. Early in 1895 the\\npeople of Cuba rebelled against Spain and founded a republic.\\nHawaiian scene", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "238\\nTHE EVENTS OF RECENT YEARS\\nFLOMDA7\\n^Jf Nassau\\nKey Wert* Qo\\nHavana\\nj\\n^Vl\\nISLE OF\\npines i.\\n1*J\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0fr\\nWest Indies\\nThe Maine\\nA cruel and barbarous\\nwar followed, which\\ndeeply interested our\\ncountrymen for sev-\\neral reasons. Large\\nsums of American\\nmoney were invested\\nin Cuban mines, rail-\\nroads, and planta-\\ntions we were forced to police our coasts to prevent the\\nCubans from carrying arms and military supplies from our\\ncountry to the insurgents our commerce with the island was\\nalmost ruined and we were shocked at the cruel way in which\\nSpain carried on the war.\\nFor some years past our country had been trying to per-\\nsuade Spain to allow the Cubans to govern themselves: but\\nSpain would not consent to such a thing. In February, 1898,\\nour battleship Maine, which was lying in the harbor of Havana,\\nwas blown up and sunk, with two hundred and sixty officers\\nand men killed. Then all hope of a peaceful ending of our\\ntroubles with Spain j disappeared, and in April, 1898, Con-\\ngress demanded that Spain should\\nleave Cuba, and authorized the\\nPresident to use force to make her\\ndo so, it necessary.\\n^^^^2#~^^^^ppS And now war began in earnest.\\nOne fleet, which had been gath-\\nering at Key West in Florida,\\n\u00e2\u0084\u00a2._ v u- tut went off under Admiral Samp-\\nThe battleship Maine l\\nson to blockade the port of\\nwar with Havana. Another under Commodore Dewey sailed from\\nspam begins (/i ima to destroy the Spanish fleet in the Philippine Islands.", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "THE EVENTS OF RECENT YEARS\\n230\\nThe\\nPhilip-\\npines\\nScene in the Philippines\\nThis group of islands, many bun- v\\ndred in number, lies off the east cons!\\nof Asia. They were discovered\\nby Magellan (1521) during the\\nfirst voyage that was ever\\nmade around the world.\\nAs Magellan s expedition\\nwas in the Spanish serv-\\nice, Spain claimed the\\nPhilippines (which were\\nso named from King\\nPhilip II. of Spain) and\\nin 1898 she had owned\\nthese islands for more than three hundred and fifty years.\\nIn the harbor of Manila, on May 1, 1898, Dewey found the The battle\\nships of the enemy. Passing the forts at the entrance, he\\nentered the bay, destroyed the entire Spanish fleet of ten ships,\\nwinning a great victory, and blockaded Manila. General Mer-\\nritt, with twenty thousand soldiers, was then sent across the\\nPacific to take j possession of the Philippines.\\nA second Spanish fleet, under Blockade of\\nAdmiral Cervera. meantime had Santiag0\\nstarted for Cuba from the\\nother side of the Atlantic\\nOcean, and after a time\\nour ships found it in the\\nharbor of Santiago de Cuba,\\na port on the south coasl of\\nthe island. The entrance\\nwas by a lone and narrow\\nof Manila\\nBay\\nDewey s flagship Olympia\\nchannel between high hills bristling with forts and batteries.\\nTo go in and attack the Spanish ships was impossible. But", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "240\\nTHE EVENTS OF RECENT YEARS\\nBattles near\\nSantiago\\nthey must be kept there till troops should come over from\\nFlorida and capture the city. In order, therefore, to prevent\\nthe escape of Cervera, the harbor was closely blockaded by the\\nfleets under Rear Admiral Sampson and Commodore Schley.\\nBesides this, Lieutenant II. P. Hbbson with a crew of seven\\nmen took a coal ship into the channel, blew holes in her sides,\\nand sank her, amidst a rain of shot and shell. The gallant\\nband were unhurt, but were taken prisoners and were after-\\nwards exchanged.\\nAn army under General Shafter was now hurried from\\nFlorida to Cuba, and landed a lew miles from Santiago. Seri-\\nWreck of the Spanish ship Oquendo\\nous fighting followed; but the success of our troops made the\\ncapture of the city so certain that Admiral Cervera was ordered\\nto break through our fleet and put to sea. On the morning of", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "THE EVENTS OF RECENT YEARS\\n241\\nSunday, July o, 1898, the attempt was accordingly made, for\\nit was thought that on Sunday our officers would be less watch-\\nful. But Cervera found them fully prepared. A desperate\\nStreet in Porto Rico\\nfight ensued, and in a few hours every one of the six ships of\\nthe enemy was either sunk or stranded or a burning wreck on\\nthe coast of Cuba.\\nAll hope of successful resistance to our army was now over,\\nand .Inly 14, General Toral surrendered Santiago and all the\\neast end of Cuba.\\nA week later General Miles set off with a small army to cap- PortoRic\\nture the island of Porto Rico. He landed on the south coast,", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "242 THE EVENTS OF RECENT YEARS\\ntook Ponce, and was marching across the island toward San\\nEnd of the Juan, when at the request of Spain all fighting ceased, and a\\npreliminary treaty of peace was signed at Washington.\\nSpain promised to leave Cuba, and to surrender to us Porto\\nRico and one of the islands in the Ladrones. It was also agreed\\nthat we should hold the city and harbor of Manila till a perma-\\nnent treaty of peace should dispose of the Philippines.\\nNews of peace was sent to Manila as fast as possible, but\\nbefore it came, the city was attacked and captured by the\\narmy under General Merritt and the fleet under Admiral\\nDewey.\\nTerms of According to the final treaty of peace, Spain withdrew from\\nCuba; Porto Rico, and the island of (J nam in the Ladrones,\\nwere delivered to us and the Philippines were sold to us for\\n120,000,000. While the treaty was under consideration, General\\nOtis, who had succeeded General Merritt, occupied Manila\\nbut the natives under Aguinaldo held the rest of the island\\nof Luzon, on which the city is situated.\\nThe Aguinaldo considered himself an ally of the United States,\\ninsurrection anc now that Spanish rule was at an end, insisted that we\\nshould leave the Philippines to the Filipinos. This we refused\\nto do, whereupon, on the night of February 4, 1899, Aguinaldo\\nattacked our troops in Manila and brought on an insurrection\\nagainst our authority that has with difficulty been put down.\\nThe Chinese And now we became involved in strife with China. There\\nis in that country a popular society called The Boxers, whose\\nmotto is Kill all Foreigners. Early in 1900, the Boxers,\\nfeeling sure that the Chinese Empress was in sympathy with\\nthem, rose and began the work of destruction. Native Chris-\\ntians were massacred missionaries were killed, mission stations\\nwere burned railways were torn up and even at Pekin, the\\ncapital of China, all foreigners were forced to take refuge", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "THE EVENTS OF RECENT YEAKS\\n24:5\\nCopyright, VMl,byJ. 0. Hemment\\nLegation Street, Pekin\\nunder the roofs of the ministers who represented their respec-\\ntive countries.\\nIt now became necessary to rescue these people, who were\\nbesieged by Boxers and Chinese troops and as quickly as\\npossible an allied army of British, Germans, French, Russians,\\nJapanese, and Americans was gathered in China, and marched\\nagainst the cities of Tientsin and Pekin. Both were captured\\nand most of the Europeans were saved.\\nIn 1900 President McKinley was reelected. Since the death Presidents\\nof Mr. Lincoln our Presidents have been\\nsince the\\nCivil War\\nAndrew Johnson\\nUlysses S. Grant\\nKut herford B. Hayes\\nJames A. Garfield\\nChester A. Arthur.\\nlsr,.-)-lS6\\n1869-1877\\n1877-1881\\n1881\\n1881-1885\\nCiover Cleveland\\nBenjamin Harrison\\nGrover Cleveland\\nWilliam McKinlev\\n1885-1889\\n1889 1893\\n1893-1897\\n1897-", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "244 THE EVENTS OF RECENT YEARS\\nSUMMARY\\n1. In 1898 the Republic of Hawaii became part of the United States.\\n2. A rebellion in Cuba, the cruel treatment of the Cubans, and the serious\\ninjury to the interests of Americans, forced our country to intervene,\\nand brought on a war with Spain. When it ended, Cuba was free, and\\nPorto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands were possessions of the\\nUnited States.\\n3. Our occupation of the Philippines was followed by a revolt of some of the\\nnatives, under the lead of Aguinaldo.\\n4. Just as the insurrection in the Philippines was dying out, the rebellion\\nof the Boxers in China involved us in trouble with that country.", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nKey to Pronunciation. Vowels a in late, a in fat, a in care, ii in far, a in last, a in fall, a in\\nwas, au in author; in inc. c in met, e in veil, e in term I in fine, i in tin, i in police; 6 in note,\\no in not, 6 in son, o in for, in do u in tune, ii in nut, u in rude, u in full y in my, y in hj inn.\\nConsonants: c in cent, e in ean g in gem, g in get n= ny in barnyard, n ng, n ng but is\\nsilent; qu kw; s z; th in this. Italic letters are silent.\\nAb-o-li tion-ists 170,\\nA bra-ham, Plains of 105,\\nA-ca di-a, taken by English\\nA co-ma\\nAd ams, John, President 152,\\nsigns Declaration of Independence\\nsigns treaty of Paris\\nAdams, John Quincy, President\\nAdams, Samuel 116, 117,\\nA-do be, houses of\\nA-gwi-naTdo\\nAl-a-bii ma, admitted to (Tnion\\nCreek war in\\njoins Confederacy\\nAlabama, cruise of 208,\\nclaims settled\\nA-las ka 234,\\nAl ba-ny, founded\\nbecomes English\\nAl be-mark Sound S3,\\nA17e-g//e-ny valley, French and British\\nclaims 100-\\nAl-ta-ma-ha River\\nA-me-ri go Yes-puc ci (-poot chee), America\\nnamed for\\nAn der-son, Major Robert, at Fort Sum-\\nter 198-\\nAn drg, Major John, story of\\nAn dros, Sir Edmund 91\\nAn-n;ip o-lis, Maryland\\nAnnapolis, Nova Bcotia 97\\nAn -t/c lam, battle of\\nAn-ti-slav er-y agitation\\nAp-pa-la chi-an Mountains IT,\\nAp-po-mat tox Court Bouse, Lee surrenders\\nat\\nIr gO-nautS of California\\nM. If, PR, II. 1G\\n205\\n185\\nAr i/.o na. Indians in\\nAr kan-sas, admitted to Union\\njoins Confederacy\\nArkansas River, discovered\\nAr nold, Ben e-dict, bravery of\\nturns traitor\\nAr thur, Chester A., President\\nAr ti-cles of Confederation\\nAs tor, John Jacob\\nAs-to ri-a. founded\\nAtch i-son, founded\\nAt-lan ta, Sherman s march from\\nAu-gUS ta, Georgia, founded\\nA-zoreg Islands, Alabama at\\nBack woods men 108,\\nBa-ha ma\u00c2\u00a7, discovery of\\npirates in\\nBal ti-more, attacked by British\\nfounded\\nBaltimore, Lord, proprietor of Maryland\\nBar ba-dos Island\\nBar-ce-16 na\\nBat on Rouge (roozh), captured by Span-\\niards\\nBattle above the Clouds\\nBean, William\\nBeau re-gard (bo General, at Fort Sum-\\nter\\nBen ton, Fort, trading at\\nBerke ley, Lord, proprietor of New Jersey\\nBcr-mu da. Virginia\\nBienville (be-as-vecl at New Orleans\\nBil-ox i, settlement at\\nBi son. or buffalo 18,26\\nextermination of\\nBlack Hawk, Indian chief\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a ;e\\n22\\n220\\n196\\n38\\nU0\\n141\\n243\\n150\\n179\\n179\\n191\\n204\\n89\\n208\\n137\\n11\\n86\\n157\\n55\\n54\\n83\\n14\\n144\\n202\\n134\\n195\\n22 1\\n77\\n60\\n98\\n41\\n,29\\n22s\\nJ .V,\\n245", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "246\\nINDEX\\nPAGE\\nBlack Kettle, Indian chief 227\\nBlockade, of Cuban ports 238, 240\\nof Southern ports 206, 207\\nBlockhouses in New England 65\\nBon net, Stede, pirate 87\\nBoone, Daniel, in Kentucky 134\\nBoones bor-o, founded 134\\nBooth, John Wilkes, murders Lincoln 216\\nBos ton, British in 120, 126\\nfounded 60\\nport closed 119\\ntea ships at 116-11S\\nBoston Tea Party lis\\nBoundary line 232-234\\nnortheastern 179\\nnorthwestern ISO\\nsouthern 163\\nsouthwestern 166, 234\\nBou-quet (-k;V), Colonel Henry 109\\nBox ers, of China 242,2*3\\nBrad dock s expedition 1U4, 105\\nBrad ford, William, of Plymouth 58,60\\nBragg, General, at Chickamauga 202\\nBran dy-wine, battle of 180\\nBreck in-ridge, John C 193\\nBreeds Hill, Prescott at 124\\nBritish. See Great Britain and England.\\nBryn Mitwr 80\\nBuc-ca-neers in the Carolinas 84-87\\nBiieA-an an, James, President 193\\nBuf fa-lo 18, 26, 29, 224\\nextermination of 22S\\nBull Run, first battle 197\\nsecond battle 200\\nBiin ker Hill, battle of 124, 125\\nBur-goyne General, surrender of 130\\nBurn side, General, commander of Army of\\nPotomac 200, 201\\nBush y Run, battle of 109\\nCab ot, voyages of 44\\nCa-ho ki-a, taken by Clark 137\\nCal-hown John C, advocates secession is\\nCal-i-for ni-a, admitted to Union 186, 1S7\\nconquest of 181\\ngold discovered in 183-1S6\\nCiin a-da, ceded to Great Britain 106\\nFrench settlers in 35, 36\\nCa-na ry Islands, Columbus at 9\\nCape Bret on 99\\nCar a-vels seized for Columbus 9\\nCar-ib-be an Islands, discovered 14\\nCar-o-H na, colony of 88-87, 89\\nCa-ron de-l\u00c2\u00a7 37\\nCar pen-ters Hall, first Continental Con-\\ngress at H9\\nCar ter-et, Sir George, proprietor of New\\nJersey 77\\nCar-tier (-tya), explorations of 31-33\\nCasket girls 98, 99\\nCt r-ve n i (ther-), Admiral, at Santiago 239-241\\nCham-plain and the Iroquois 33\\nfounds Quebec 34\\nChamplaln, Lake, battle of 156\\nChan cel-lors-ville, battle of 201\\nCha-pu.l-te.-pec battle of isi\\nCharleston, blockade running at 207\\nBritish attack 138\\nfounded 83\\npirates in 85, 86\\ntaken by British 188-140\\ntea ships at 116, 118\\nChar ter Oak 91\\nCharters, colonial 90, 91\\nChat-ta-noo ga, siege of 202\\nChait-tau qua Lake 1011\\nher bourg, battle of Kearxarge and Ala-\\nbama near 209\\nCher-o-kee Indians 227\\nChea a-peake, British fire upon 154\\ncaptured 157\\nChesapeake Bay 45\\nChick -a-mau ga, battle of 202\\nChi na, disorder in 242, 243\\nChi-nese exclusion of 230\\nCin-cin-na ti, founded 225\\nCi-pan go 11\\nCivil War 193-213\\ncauses of 190-193\\ncost of 214\\nresults of 215\\nClark, George Rogers, conquests of 137, 138\\nClark, William, explorations of 165\\nClay, Henry, effects Compromise of 1850 187\\neffects Missouri Compromise 176\\nlei--mo)it first successful steamboat 172\\nCleveland, Grover, President 237, 248\\nClln ton, General, at Monmouth 133\\nCol o-nies, the thirteen 89-81\\nbecome states 126\\nCol-o-ra d6, admitted to Union 223\\ngold discovered in 220\\nCo-him bi-a. District of 150, 152\\nColumbia River, discovered 165\\nCo-lum bus, Christopher 8-14\\nCom pro-mlse, Missouri, adopted 176\\nrepealed 190\\nCompromise of 1850 187, 190", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n247\\nPAGE\\nConc ord, battle of 122, 123\\nCdn-es-to ga wagon 162\\nCon-fed er-a-ey 198\\nSee Ciril War.\\nConfederate states, reconstruction of 21G, 217\\nCon-fed-er-a tion, Articles of 150\\nCon gress, Continental. See Continental\\nCongress.\\nCongress, destroyed 210, 211\\nCongress, Stamp Act 115\\nCongress of the United States 14S\\nCon-nect i-cut. colony of 61, 62, 91, 92\\ngives back lands to Congress 145\\nCon-sti-tii tion of United States 148-150\\nConstitutional Convention 14S\\nCon-ti-nen tal Army, formed 123\\nContinental Congress 119, 128\\nadopts Declaration of Independence 120, 127\\nadopts national flag 180\\nback lands given to 145\\npowers of 14014s, 150\\nCorn-wal lis, General, invades Virginia 141, 142\\nsurrenders 142\\nCo-ro-nii do (-ftid), explorations of 28, 231\\nCotton gin invented 175\\nCotton industry in South 174,175\\nCgM-rgttrV de bois (deh bwa in Canada 80\\nCrazy Horse, Indian chief 227\\nCreek Indians, trade with 88\\nwar of 159\\nCu ha, discovered 11, 24\\nrebellion in 237, 23S\\nSpanish-American War in 238,239,241\\nCuTprp-er Court House 52\\nCum ber-land, Merrimae destroys 210\\nCus ter, General, death of 227\\nDfi vis, Jefferson, President of Confederacy 193\\ntaken prisoner 205\\nDec-la-ra tion of Independence 126, 127\\nDeer field, massacre at 95, 90\\nDe Kalb in Revolutionary War 182, 189\\nDeTa-warfl, settlement of 75,79\\nDen ver, settled 221\\nDe. So to, in the Southeast 29, 231\\nDetroit fort at 86\\nDew ey, Admiral, in battle of Manila .239\\nsails to Philippines 23s\\ntakrs Manila 242\\nDin-wid dia, Governor 102, 108\\nDistrict of Columbia, formed 150,152\\nDon el-son. Fort, taken 197\\nDoug las, Stephen A 190-193\\nDo ver, massacre at 93\\nPAOE\\nDQ-luth founded 223\\nDu-pont captures I ort Royal 213\\nDutjuesne (doo-kan Fort 104, 105\\nDiis tan, Hannah, captivity of 95\\nDutch settlers in New Netherland 74\\nDutch West India Company 73,74\\nEast India Company, sends tea to Amer-\\nica 116, 118\\nElls worth, Chief Justice, at Constitutional\\nConvention 148\\nE-man-ci-pa tion Proclamation 217, 218\\nEm-bar go, the long 155. 150\\nEngland, claims part of America 44\\ncolonies of 45-72. 70-92\\nwars with France in America 92-107\\nwars with Holland in New Netherland 70\\nSee also Great Britain.\\nEnglish settlers, in the Carolinas 83\\nin Georgia 88\\nin Maryland 55\\nin New England 50-72. 75\\nin Pennsylvania 78-SO\\nin Virginia 45-54\\nEr ics-son, Captain John, designs Monitor 210\\nE rie Canal, built 171\\nErie, Lake, battle of 156\\nFair fax, Lord, and Washington 102\\nPSr ra-gut, Admiral, captures New Or-\\nleans 199, 213\\nin battle of Mobile Bay 213\\nFil-i-pi nos, insurrection of 242\\nFill moiv. Millard. President 198\\nFlag, national, making of 130\\nFlor i-da, admitted to Union 178\\nBritish province In7, 111\\ndiscovered 24\\njoins Confederacy 193\\nNarvaoz in 25\\npurchased by United States 160\\nSpain regains 144, 145\\nFoote, Commodore, takes Fort Henn 198,213\\nFord s Theater, Lincoln murdered in 210\\nFort Am ster-dam, built 73\\nFort Don el-son, taken 198\\nFort Duqueane (doo-kan li)4, 105\\nFort Good Hope, built 73\\nFort llen rv, Tennessee, taken 198, 218\\nFort Henry. Virginia. Indians attack 130\\nFort Lci/v en-worth 1-1\\nFort I.e Boewf, built mi\\nFort Mur i-on. old tower of 110\\nFort Minis, massacre at 159", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "248\\nINDEX\\nPAGE\\nFort MouZ trle, Anderson leaves .194\\nBritish attack 188\\nFort Nils sau, built 73\\nFort Ne-ces si-ty, Washing-ton builds 1 04\\nFort NT-ag a-ra, relief sent to 108\\nFort Orange, built at Albany 73, 70\\nFort Pitt 105\\nin Pontiac s War 108, 109\\nFort St. Lok w, built 40,41\\nFortSum ter 193-195\\nForts, frontier 134, 135\\nFrance, gives Louisiana to Spain 107\\nhelps United States 132, 133, 142\\ninterferes with American trade 155\\nloses American possessions 100, 107\\nnaval war with United States 158\\nregains Louisiana, and sells it to United\\nStates 104\\nwars with England 92-107\\nFrank lin, Benjamin 111-113\\nat Constitutional Convention 14S\\nhelps frame Declaration of Independence 127\\nin France 132\\nopposes Stamp Act 112, 113\\nsigns treaty of Paris 142\\nFred er-icks-burg, battle of 201\\nFre-mont Captain, in California 181\\nFrench, hatred of Iroquois for 34\\nin America 31-18, 02-1(17\\nin Mississippi valley 87-41,98,99\\nin Ohio valley 100, 101, 108\\nmissionaries 34\\nNew Orleans founded by 98\\non the Great Lakes 37\\nsettle in Canada 35, 30\\nFrench and English Wars 92-107\\nFrench and Indian War 103-107\\nFriends, or Quakers 78, 77\\nFron tier forts 134,135\\nFrontier houses 100, 108\\nFul ton, Robert, and the steamboat 172\\nFur trade, in Canada 35, 30\\nin New Netherland 73\\nGads/den Purchase 284\\nGage, General 1211, 121. 12::\\nGar field, .lames A., President 24:!\\nGar ri-son, William Lloyd, opposes slavery 177\\nGarrison houses, in New England 65\\nGates, General, at Saratoga 130\\nin South Carolina 189\\n(leor gi-a, founded 88, 89\\ngives back lands to Congress 145\\njoins Confederacy 198\\nPAOE\\nGer man settlers 230\\nin Carolina 81,83\\nin Georgia .89\\nin Pennsylvania 81\\nGer man-town, battle of 130\\n_ founded 30\\nGer rish, Sarah, captivity of 94\\nGfir ry, Elbridge 148\\nGet tyg-burg, battle of 201\\nfi/u nt. treaty of 100\\nGil bert, Humphrey, death of 44\\nGlad wyn\u00c2\u00ab SO\\nGl MCes ter, Fort Nassau built at 73\\nGold, in California 1S3-1S6, 220\\nin Colorado 220\\nin Montana 224. 227\\nGor ges, Fer-di-nan do, proprietor of Maine 68\\nGrant, U-lys seg S 197, 198\\ncampaign against Richmond 204\\nLee surrenders to 205\\nLieutenant General 203\\nPresident 219, 24S\\ntakes Fort Donelson 198\\ntakes Vicksburg 202\\nGrSsse, Count de, at Yorktown 142\\nGray, Captain, discovers Columbia River, 165, 179\\nGreat Brit ain, assigns land to Indians Ill\\nBoston Port Bill 119\\nboundary disputes with 179, 180\\nhelps Confederacy 207-209\\nimpresses American sailors 154, 155\\nin French and Indian War 10H-1O7\\nin War of Independence 120-142\\nin War of 1812 156-160\\ninterferes with American trade 155\\npays Civil War damages 209\\nStamp Act 111-113, 115\\nsurrenders frontier forts 103\\ntreaties with 142, 160\\nGreene, General, at Valley Forge 131\\nin Georgia and South Carolina 141\\nGuam 234, 286, 242\\nHail, Columbia, written 152,153\\nIla/ ti, Columbus at 12\\nHale. Nathan 128\\nHalf-faced camps 100\\nHalf-Moon, Hudson s shi| 72\\nIlam il-ton, Alexander, at Constitutional\\nConvention 14^\\nat Valley Forge 131\\nHamp ton Roads, naval battles on 210-212\\nHan cock, John, at Lexington 121\\nHar mar, General, in Indian war 225", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n249\\nHar ri-son, Benjamin, President 243\\nHarrison, William H., at Tippecanoe .226\\nin battle of Thames River 156\\nPresident 177\\nHar rod, James 134\\nHar rods-burg 134\\nHart ford, Dutch at 73\\nEnglish found 61\\nHa-van a, blockaded 238\\ncaptured by British 107\\nHii ver-Aill, massacres at 94, 95\\nHa-wal ian Islands 234, 236, 237\\nHdvfs. Ruth er-ford B., President 243\\nHeTe-na, founded 224\\nHen-ri cus, town of 50\\nHen ry, Fort, Tennessee, taken 198, 213\\nHenry, Fort, Virginia, Indians attack 136\\nHenry, Patrick, Governor of Virginia 137\\nopposes Stamp Act 113,114\\nHis-pan-io la (-y discovered 12\\nHob son, Lieutenant R. P 24(1\\nHol land, founds colony in America 72-75\\nPilgrims sail from 56\\nwars with England 76\\nHon-du ras, Columbus discovers 14\\nHook er, General, commander Army of Po-\\ntomac 2(11\\nHonker. Thomas, founds Hartford 61\\nHouse Of Kep-re-sent a-tives 149\\nllowt. General, leaves Boston 126\\ntakes New York 127\\nHud son, Henry, voyage of 72,73\\nHudson River, discovered 73\\nHu gwe-notB, settle in Carolina S3\\nHuron, Lake 34\\nI da-ho. admitted to Union 229\\nIl-li-rioi.s admitted to Union 17o\\nIndian war in 226\\nIm mi-grants from Old World 229. 230\\nIm-press ment of American sailors 154, 155\\nlu-dent ed servants, in Virginia 49\\nIn-de-pend ence, Declaration of 126,121\\nIndependence, Missouri 185\\nIn-di-an a, admitted to Union 17(1\\nIndian reservations 227\\nIndian Territory 226\\nIndian wars 224-227\\nin Alabama (Creek War) 159\\nin Kentucky and Tennessee 135-138\\nin New England 61-6::. ;\u00c2\u00bb::-;i7\\nl ontiae s War 107 109\\nIndians 1C-23, 2T, 224 227\\nand Pilgrims 59\\nIndians, and William Penn 79\\nGreat Britain assigns land to Ill\\nsold into slavery 98\\nvillages of 18,22,32\\nIn dieg, West, named 14\\nI o-wa, admitted to Union 186, 220\\nIrish settlers 81,280\\nIronclads, first battle of 210-212\\nIr-o-quois 21\\ndefeated on Lake Champlain 33,34\\nhatred of, for French 34\\nIs-a-bel la, Queen, helps Columbus 8\\nI-tal ian settlers 230\\nJack son, Andrew 15S-160\\nat battle of New Orleans 160\\nin Indian Wars 226\\nPresident 177, 226\\nJa-mai ca, discovered 13\\nJames town, settlement of. 45. 47, 4S, 52\\nJas per, William 138, 139\\nJay, John, signs treaty of Paris 142\\nday ha wk-ers, in Kansas 191\\nJef fer-son, Thomas, President 155, 164, 177\\nwrites Declaration of Independence 127\\nJohn son, Andrew, President 216, 243\\nimpeachment of 217\\nJohn ston, Joseph E., at Richmond 200\\nin Georgia 203\\nsurrenders to Sherman 205\\nJoliet (zho-le-a explorations of 37-39\\nJo seph, Indian chief 227\\nKan sas, admitted to Union 223\\ncivil war in 191\\nslavery question in 190, 191\\nSpaniards in 29\\nterritory of 190\\nKas-kas ki-a, taken by Clark 137\\nKear ny, General, in Mexican War 180, 181\\nKearmrge (ker sfirj), siiik Alabama 209\\nKen-tuck y, admitted to Union 162\\nemigration to 161, 162\\nfrontier life in 185 188\\nsettled 134\\nKey, Francis Scott 157, 158\\nKings Mountain, battle of 141\\nA no\\\\. General, at Valley Forge 181\\nKos-ei-us ko, in Revolutionary War 132\\nI.a droiws 242\\nLa-fa-yetie at Mount Vernon 143\\nin Revolutionary War 152\\nLake Cham-plain battle of 156", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "250\\nINDEX\\nLake E rU, battle of 156\\nLii Halle explorations of 37, 39-41\\nin Texas 41\\nLau rens, John, in Revolutionary War 131\\nLead plates, French claim territory with 100,101\\nLi ;v en-worth 181, 221\\nLe-cornp ton, founded 191\\nLee, Robert E 200, 199\\nat Gettysburg 201\\nsurrenders to Grant 204\\nLee, R. H., in Continental Congress 120\\nLeon ard-son, Samuel, captivity of 95\\nLiop ard, fires on Chesapeake 154\\nLew is, Mer i-wefh-er, explorations of 165\\nLewis and Clark, expedition of 105,179\\nLex ing-ton, battle of 122, 123\\nLiberty Party, organized 177\\nLincoln, Abraham 167, 108\\ncalls for army 196, 213\\ndebate with Douglas 191, 192\\nelected President 193\\nEmancipation Proclamation 217\\ninaugurated 194\\nmurdered 216\\nreelected 216\\nLincoln, General, at Savannah 189\\nLiv er-pool, blockade running business at 207\\nLiv ing-ston, Robert, helps frame Declara-\\ntion of Independence 1-7\\nLo co-mo-tives, steam 17 J\\nLon don Company, controls Virginia .45,54\\nLook out Mountain, battle of 202\\nLof/ is-burg, built and taken 99\\ntaken again 105\\nLou-i-si-a na, admitted to Union 17o\\nclaimed by France 40\\nceded to Spain 107\\nceded to France 104\\njoins Confederacy 193\\npurchased by United States 104\\nLuzon insurrection in 242\\nMcClel lan, General, at Antietaui 200\\ncommander of Army of Potomac 197\\nin Peninsular campaign 199\\nMcDdn ow^A, in battle of Lake Cham plain 156\\nMack i-nar, Strait of 36\\nMcKin ley, William, President 243\\nMa-CQmo General, at Plattsburg 156\\nMad i-son, James. President 156, 177\\nMa-gel Ian, discovers Philippines 239\\nMail service, in far West 221-228\\nManic, admitted to Union 175. 170\\nborder wars in 97\\nPAGE\\nMaine, bought by Massachusetts 63\\nboundary dispute 179\\nMaine, destruction of 288\\nMan-hat tan Island, purchased 73\\nMa-nil a, battle of 239\\nsurrenders 242\\nMar cos, explorations of 27, 28\\nMa-ri-et ta, settled 225\\nMar I-on, in Revolutionary War 139\\nMarquette (mfir-keY), Father, explorations\\nof 37-39\\nMar shall, discovers gold 1S3, 184\\nMar thas Vine yard 77\\nMa ry-land (mer 54, 55, 108\\nMa son, John, proprietor of New Hampshire 63\\nMas-sa-chii setts, charter troubles .90, 92\\nEnglish colony 56-60\\ngives back lands to Congress 145\\nopposes Stamp Act 115\\nprepares for war 120\\nMas sa-soit, Indian chief 59, 60\\nMay flow-er, voyage of 57, 58\\nMeade, General, at Gettysburg 201\\nMem phis, surrendered 198\\nMer i-on 80\\nMer ri-mac 209, 210\\nbattle with Monitor 210 212\\ndestroyed by Confederates 212\\nMer ritt, General, at Manila 239, 242\\nMexican War 180, 1S1\\nMich i-gan, admitted to Union 17S\\nMiles, General, captures Porto Pico 241, 242\\nMin-ne-sG ta, admitted to Union 223\\nMis sion-a-ry Ridge, battle of 203\\nMis-sis-sip pi, admitted to Union 170\\njoins Confederacy 193\\nMississippi River, discovered .25,37,38\\nlife and trade on 170\\nMis-sow ri, admitted to Union 170, 170\\ndispute over admission of 175\\nMissouri Compromise, adopted 176\\nrepealed 190\\nMissouri River, explorers on 165\\nMo-bilf founded 41\\nMobile Hay, battle of 213\\nFrench at 41,98\\nMo dOC War 227\\nMon i-ior, battle with Merrimac 210-212\\nlost at sea 212\\nMon mouth, battle of 133\\nMon-roe James, President 177\\nMon-ta na. admitted to Union 229\\ngold in 224. 227\\nMont-cii/m General 106", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n251\\nPAGE\\nMon-ti-cel lo, Jefferson s home 154\\nMont-re-al Cartier at site of 32\\nfur trade at 36\\ntaken by British 100\\nMor mons, in Utah 188, 189\\nMOr ris, Robert, at Constitutional (inven-\\ntion 148\\nMor ris-town, Washington at 120\\nMor ro Castle 145\\nMow^ trie, Colonel, at Charleston 138\\nMoultrie, Fort 138, 103, 104\\nMount Ver non, Washington s home 152\\nNar berth 80\\nNar-va ez (-eth), seeks for gold 25, 26\\nNash ville, battle of 203\\nNas sau, blockade runners at 207\\nNatch ez, taken by Spaniards 144\\nNa va-jos (-hfiz) 227\\nNe-briis ka, admitted to Union 223\\nterritory of 100\\nNeff, Mary, captivity of 95\\nNe groeg, after emancipation 21S, 219\\nSee also Slavery.\\nNefh er-lands. See Holland.\\nNe-vii da, admitted to Union 223\\nNew England colonies, founded 56-64\\nlife in 64-72\\nstruggle with the King 00-02\\nNew found-land fisheries 31\\nNew Hamp shire, settled 63\\nNew Ha ven, founded 61\\nNew Jer gey. English colony 77\\nNew Mex i-co, old settlements in 1SS\\npueblos of 22\\nterritory formed 1SS\\nNew NerVer-land, Dutch colony 74,75\\ngiven to Duke of York 76\\ntaken by English 76\\nNew Or le-ang, battle of 160\\nBritish attack 158-160\\nFarragut captures 100, 21:-!\\nfounded 41, 98, 99\\ngiven to Spain 107\\nNew Swe den 75\\nNew York, English colony 77\\ngives back lands to Congress 145\\nNew York city, British leave 142\\ntaken by British 127\\ntea ships at 118\\nWashington inaugurated in 15il\\nXij: Per (ej Indians 227\\nNi-iig a-ra, Fort 108\\nXI nd, Columbus s ship 9, 12\\nPAGE\\nNor fo/k Navy Yard, burned 209\\nNorth Car-o-li na, colonial life in 84\\ngives back lands to Congress 145\\njoins Confederacy 196\\npirates in 86\\nNorth Da-ko ta, admitted to Union 229\\nLewis and Clark in 165\\nNorthwest, opened to civilization 228-227\\nthe new 228-231\\nNorthwest Territory 146\\nlands sold to settlers 162\\nNor-we gi-an settlers 230, 231\\nNo va Seo tia (-shi-a) 97,99\\nNug ces River 180\\nNul-li-fi-ca tion Act 187\\nO gle-thorpe, James 87, 88\\nO-hi o, admitted to Union 163\\nOhio Kiver, life and trade on 169\\nOhio valley, French and English in loo, 101 103\\nOld Colony, Plymouth called 63\\nOld North Church 121\\nOld South Meetinghouse 117\\nO-lym pi-a, Dewey s flagship 239\\nO ma-ha, railroad built from 223\\nOn-ta ri-o, Lake 34\\nOquendo (o-ken do), wreck of 240\\nOr e-gon, admitted to Union 223\\nboundary dispute 179,180\\nOs-ce-6 la, Indian chief 226\\nO tis, General, in Manila 242\\nOt ta-wa 40\\nPa-cif ic railroads 223\\nPa los, Columbus at 8, 9, 12\\nPam li-co Sound 206\\nPan-a-ma Isthmus of, discovered 14\\nPar is, treaty of 142\\nPas cu-a Flo-ri dii 24\\nPa-troong 74\\nPc-kin allied armies capture 243\\nPen-in su-lar Campaign in Civil War 199\\nPenn, William, proprietor of Pennsylvania 18, SO\\nand the Indians 79\\nbuys Delaware 79\\nPenn-syl-vii ni-a, backw Ismen of 108\\nScotch-Irish settlers in 81, 82\\nsettlement of 78-82\\nPe-n b scot Bay 93\\nPen-sa-co la, taken by Spain 144\\nPo quot Indians, war with 61, 62\\nPer ry, in battle of Lake Erie 156\\nPo ters-burg, siege of 204", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "252\\nINDEX\\nPAGE\\nPhil-a-del pM-a, Congress meets in 119, 126, 152\\nConstitutional Convention at 14s\\nfounded 80\\ntea ships at lit lis, ug\\nPhil ip-pine Islands 236, 230\\nacquisition of 234, 242\\ninsurrection in 242\\nPhil ip, Indian king, War of 62, C8\\nPick eng, in Revolutionary War 139\\nPick er-ing, Colonel 121\\nPierce, Franklin, President 103\\nPikes Peak 221\\nPil grims, and the Indians 59, 67\\nfound Plymouth 5S\\nsail from Holland 56\\nPin ti i, Columbus s ship 9,12\\nPinzon (peen-thon deserts Columbus. 12\\nPirates, in the Bahamas 86\\nin the Carolinas 84-87\\nPltts burg (Fqrt Pitt) 103,105,108\\nPlains of Abraham, battle of Quebec on 105, 106\\nPlaMe River 1S6\\nPlatte burg, battle of 150\\nPlym outh, added to Massachusetts C3\\nPilgrims settle 58\\nPo-ca-hon tas, story of 46, 47\\nPoZk, James K., President ITS, 180, 193\\nPon ce (-tha), General Miles at 242\\nPonce de Leon (da la-on in Florida 24\\nPon ti-ac s War 107-109\\nPony express, in the far Wot 221,222\\nPoor Richard s Almanac 112\\nPor ter, on the Mississippi 213\\nPort Hud son, battle of 202\\nPort Royal, captured by Dupont 213\\nPort Royal, Nova Scotia, captured by English 97\\nPor toRi co 14.24,2:16\\nacquisition of 2:14. 242\\nGeneral Miles captures 241\\nPo-to mac 199\\nPow-ha-tan Indian chief 46\\nPrfi/ r/e dii Chi On 37\\nPres cott, Colonel, at Bunker Hill 124\\nPresidents, list of 177,198,243\\nProv i-dcnce, founded 60\\nPueb log (pweb-) 22, 28\\nPiVget Sound 223\\nPu-kis ki, death of 139\\nin Revolutionary War 182, 189\\nPu ri-tans, settle Massachusetts 60\\nPut nam, General Israel, at Bunker Hill 124\\nQuak ers, or Friends 77, 78\\nQue-bec attacked by colonists 94\\npa ;e\\nQuebec, fall of 105, 106\\nfounded 33\\nprovince of Ill\\nRM nor 80\\nRailroads, introduced 172\\nPacific, built 223\\nRa legh (raw ly), Sir Walter, settlements\\nof 45\\nl!a b i[//i, Johnston surrenders al 205\\nRed (loud, Indian chief 227\\nRe-demp tion-ers, in Virginia 49,54\\nBe-pub li-can Party, nominates Lincoln 192\\nRevere Paul, ride of 121,122\\nBAodi Island, charter troubles .91,92\\ncolony established 60\\nRich mond, Confederate capital 196\\nRi OGrfm dc. 29, 180\\nRo-a-nOke Island, first settlements on 45\\nRob ert-son, dames, builds frontier fori 134\\nRolfe, John, marries Pocahontas 47\\nRo ge-crans, General, at Chickamauga 202\\nRoss, Betsy, makes first national Hag 180\\nSab in Hall 53\\nSac-ra-men to, pony express to 221,222\\nSacramento River, settlement on IP\\nSt. Au giis-tine, built 30\\nSt. Clair General, in Indian War 225\\nSt. Law rence River, Cartier discovers 82\\nSt. Low ls 37\\nSt. Ma ryg, founded 54,55\\nSa lem, British at 120\\nfounded 60\\nSalt Lake City, built 189\\nSam o-set, Indian chief 59\\nSamp son, Rear Admiral, blockades Havana 23s\\nblockades Santiago 240\\nS; in Juan (hoo-an 242\\nSan Sal-vS-dor 11\\nSan ta Fe, founded 80\\nKearney captures 181\\n8 n. t Ma-ri d, Columbus s ship 9,12\\nBSn-ti-S go de Cu ba, battle of 240\\nblockaded 239\\nsurrender of 241\\nSar-a-to ga, battle of 180\\nSauK 8te. (sSnt) Ma rie 37\\n8a-van nah, British capture 188-140\\nfounded 88\\nSherman at 203\\nSchley, Commodore, at Santiago 240\\nSc/aiyl kill River, Welsh settlers on 80\\nScotch High land-crs. in Carolina 83", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n253\\nPAGE\\nScotch Highlanders, in Georgia 89\\nScotch-Irish settlers 81\\nScott, General, in Mexican War ISO, 181\\nSe-ces sion, of Southern States 193,196\\nSecession, question of 18\\nB6nw\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00a7, Captain Raphael 208\\nSen ate 149\\nSe-vier John, builds frontier fort 134\\nSew ard, Secretary, attacked 21(5\\nShifter, General, in Cuba 240\\nShan non, captures Ohesajieake 157\\nShen-an-dO ah 199\\nSher man, Roger, helps frame Declaration of\\nIndependence 127\\nSherman, William T., march to the sea 203, 204\\nJohnston surrenders to 205\\nShI loh, battle of 198\\nSho-sho nees 227\\nSi -iVra Ne-va da 186\\nSioux wars 227\\nSlav er-y 174-178\\nar -dished in North 174\\nabolished in United States 215-219\\nproposed in California 186, 187\\nstruggle for, in Kansas 190, 191\\nSlaves, emancipated 217\\nin Virginia 49, 54\\nSmith, Captain John, at Jamestown 45, 46\\nSmith, Joseph, founds Mormon sect 188\\nSouth Car-o-H na, colonial life in S4\\ngives back lands to Congress 145\\nfederal property in 193, 194\\njoins Confederacy 193\\nNullification Act of 1S7\\npirates expelled from S5\\nSouth Company formed 75\\nSouth Da-ko ta, admitted to Union 229\\nSouthern States, cotton industry in 174, 175\\ndenied representation in Congress 216, 217\\nreconstruction of 216, 217\\nsecession of 193, 196\\ntobacco cultivation in 48, 50\\nSpain, border trouble with 163\\ncruelty to Cubans 238\\ncedes Louisiana to France 164\\nclaims in our country 30,138\\n[OSes Florida 107\\nreceives Louisiana 107\\nregains Florida 144, 145\\nsells Florida to United States 166\\nwar with United States 288-242\\nSpaniards (-ySrdz), in New World 24-3(1\\nSpanish-American War 288-242\\nSpotted Tail, Indian chief 227\\nPAGE\\nSquan to, Indian friend of Pilgrims .59, 67\\nStamp Act 11J-115\\nStamp Act Congress 115\\nStand ish, Captain Miles 58\\nStar-Spangled Banner, written 157,158\\nStarved Kock 40\\nSteamboats, first successful 171, 172\\nSte phens (-venz), Alexander II., Vice-Presi-\\ndent of Confederacy 193\\nSteii ben, Baron, at Valley Forge 131, 132\\nStock ton, Commodore, in California 181\\nSton ing-ton 62\\nStony Point, Wayne takes 134\\nStity ve-sant, Peter 75, 76\\nSiim ter, in Revolutionary War 139\\nSumter, Fort, Anderson at 193-195\\nsiege and fall of 194, 195\\nSut ter, Captain J. A 182-184\\nSutter s Fort 182, 184\\nSwedish settlers, in Delaware 75\\nin the West 230, 231\\nSwiss settlers, in Carolina 83\\nTax-a tion, of the colonies 111-119\\nunder the Articles of Confederation 147\\nunder the Constitution 149\\nTay lor, Zachary, in Mexican War 180\\nPresident 193\\nTea Party, Boston 118\\nTea ships 116-118\\nTe-cum seh, Indian chief 225, 226\\nTen-nes-see admitted to Union 162\\nemigration into 161\\nfrontier life in 135-138\\njoins Confederacy 196\\nsettled 134\\nTer re Haute (hot) 37\\nTex as, admitted to Union 178, 180, 220\\nIndians of 27\\njoins Confederacy 193\\nsettled 178\\nVaca in 26\\nThames (temz) River, battle of 156, 226\\nThatch, Robert, pirate 86, 87\\nTAom as, George II., at Chickamauga 202\\nat Nashville 203\\nTi-en tsln, captured 248\\nTip-pe-ca-nog battle of 226\\nTo-bac co, cultivation of in South .48,50\\nIndians raise 18\\nTobacco plantations, in Maryland 55\\nIn Virginia 50\\nTo-pe ka, founded 191\\nTo-raT, General, surrenders Santiago 241", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "254\\nINDEX\\nPAGE\\nTravel, facilities for 146, 171, 172\\nTreaty, of America 85\\nof Ghent 1G0\\nof Paris 142\\nSpanish-American 242\\nTren ton, battle of 129\\nTurks, interfere with Eastern trade 7\\nTy ler, John, President 177, 17s\\nUnited States, growth 232-236, 164, 166, 17S, 181\\noccupations of people 140, 281\\nU tah, admitted to Union 229\\nMormons in IsS, 1S9\\nterritory formed 188\\nVii ca, in Texas 26\\nreaches Gulf of California 27\\nVal ley Forge, American Army at 130-132\\nVan Bu ren, Martin, President 177\\nVermont admitted to Union 162\\nVes-puc ci (-poot chee), A-mg-ri go, America\\nnamed for 14\\nVicks burg. fall of 202\\nVin-cen??es 37, 137\\nbattle at 13s\\nsurrender of 137\\nVir-gin i-a, backwoodsmen of 108\\ncolony of 45-54\\ndivided 196\\nfirst slaves brought to 49\\ngives back lands to Congress 145\\nindented servants in 49\\njoins Confederacy _ 196\\nopposes Stamp Act 114,115\\nwomen sent to 49\\nWadg worth, Captain, hides Connecticut\\ncharter 91\\nWam pum, uses of 19, 20\\nWar, Civil 193-218\\nCreek Indian 159\\nFrench and Indian 108 107, 220\\nKing George s 99\\nKing Philip s 62, 63\\nKing William s 9 _ -95\\nMexican 180, 181\\nModoc 227\\nnaval, with France 153\\nPAGE\\nWar, of 1812 156-160\\nPequot 61\\nPontiac s 107-109\\nSioux 227\\nSpanish-American 288-242\\nWashing-ton, admitted to Union \u00e2\u0080\u00a2_ \u00e2\u0080\u00a2_\\nWashington, George 102, 108\\nat Constitutional Convention 148\\nin French and Indian War 108-105\\nin Revolutionary War 124-1:;:;. 142\\nPresident 150, 177\\nrecalled to command of army 152\\nWashington city, British burn 157\\nfounded 152\\nWii-tau ga River 134\\nWayne, Anthony, in Indian war 163,225\\ntakes Stony Point 134\\nWeb ster, Daniel, debate with Calhoun 1S7\\nWelsh I?ar o-ny, in Pennsylvania 80\\nWelsh settlers in Pennsylvania 80\\nWest, great migrations to 220\\nmail service in 221-223\\nsettlement of 220-227\\nWest India Company 73, 74\\nWest In di es, explorations in J4\\nWest Point, in Revolution 140, 141\\nWest Virginia, admitted to Union 223\\nformation of 196\\nWheat growing in the West 224, 229, 230\\nWhit ney, Eli, invents cotton gin 175\\nWilderness, battle of the 204\\nWil liams, John, captivity of 96, 97\\nWilliams, Roger, founds Rhode Island 60\\nprevents union of Indian tribes 61\\nWil ming-ton, blockade runners at 207\\nWin throp, Governor John 70\\nWis-con sin, admitted to Union 1S6\\nIndian War in 226\\nWolfe, death of 106\\ntakes Quebec 105\\nWy-o ining, admitted to Union 229\\nYan kee Doo dle, national song 153\\nYork town, battle of 142\\nMcClellan captures 199\\nZane, Elizabeth 186\\nZu ni Indians 22,23,28,227", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "June-] 1\u00c2\u00abo l", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "MAY 9 190", "height": "2726", "width": "2050", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2721", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n011 447 212 8", "height": "2859", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "primaryhistoryof01mcma_0266.jp2"}}