{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3588", "width": "2231", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "/^4", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "THE\\nROMANCE\\nOP\\nWESTEKN HISTORY:\\nOR,\\nSferitftes at 3^ x h \u00c2\u00a5tit w Itowurs,\\nIN THE WEST.\\nBy JAMES v HALL,\\nAUTHOR OF LEGENDS OF THE WEST, TALES OF THE BORDER,\\nTHE WILDERNESS AND WAR PATH,\\nTHE WEST, ETC.\\nV\\nCINCINNATI:\\nAPPLEGATE COMPANY.\\n1857.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by\\nJAMES HALL,\\nIn the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States for the\\nSouthern District of Ohio.\\nrA", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nCHAP. I. First Explorers Discovery of the Mississippi\\nFrench Missionaries La Salle s Voyages Settlements on\\nthe Mississippi Manners of the French Colonists Kas-\\nkaskia Fort Chartres 23\\nCHAP. II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Founding of St. Louis\u00e2\u0080\u0094 History of that Colony-\\nTransfer to Spain Attack by the Indians Intercourse with\\nNew Orleans A gallant exploit Other French Settlements. 52\\nCHAP. III. Settlements on the Ohio Early movements in\\nVirginia Views of Gov. Spotswood Settlement of Pitts-\\nburgh Travels of Carver Expedition of Dunmore 68\\nCHAP. IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 War of 1763\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Peace of 1764\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Settlements in West-\\nern Virginia Early land titles Value of land War of\\n1774 Lewis s expedition Dunmore s treaty Heroism of\\nCornstalk Character of General Lewis 75\\nCHAP. V. MTntosh s Expedition Fort Laurens Moravian\\ntowns Destruction of the Moravians Crawford s campaign. 88\\nCHAP. VI. Adventures of William Linn A model pioneer. 98\\nCHAP. VII. A frontier adventure The first fight of a revolu-\\ntionary hero 121\\nCHAP. VIII. Manners of the early settlers in Western Vir-\\nginia Mode of emigration Habits of living Hunting\\nWeddings Religion 126\\nCHAP. IX. Early discoveries in Kentucky Its occupation by\\nIndians An anecdote of two of the pioneers John Finley s\\nvisit Those of M Bride, Dr. Walker, Boone, and others. 142\\nCHAP. X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Purchases from the Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Treaty of Fort Stan-\\nwix Treaty of Lochaber Purchases by individuals The\\nTransylvania Company 153\\nCHAP. XI. A proprietary government established First meet-\\ning of a Convention of Delegates Their proceedings 171\\nCHAP. XII. Organization of Counties Foreign Intrigues\\nAttempts to form a State Government Difference of Opinion\\nin reference to that Measure 188\\n(3)", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "IV CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nCHAP. XIII. The Spanish and French Conspiracies Troubles\\nin relation to the Navigation of the Mississippi The\\npatriotic forbearance of the Pioneers 197\\nCHAP. XIV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Burr s Conspiracy 217\\nCHAP. XV. Character of the Pioneers Their Adventures\\nAnecdote of Muldrow Of Boone Device of the Indians\\nRomantic Adventure of two Females 226\\nCHAP. XVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Character of the Pioneers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Their Mode of Liv-\\ning Introduction of Steamboats Its effect on the Manners\\nof the People 237\\nCHAP. XVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Character of the Pioneers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Scotch-Irish.. 245\\nCHAP. XVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Character of the Pioneers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Men of Education\\namong them The Kentuckians an enthusiastic, poetic,\\nand eloquent people 253\\nCHAP. XIX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early Literature\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Imlay s Kentucky 257\\nCHAP. XX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early Literature 266\\nCHAP. XXI. Foreign Influence over the Indians 285\\nCHAP. XXII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clarke s Expedition against the French settle-\\nments Capture of Kaskaskia Capture of Vincennes\\nFounding of Louisville Anecdote of Kenton 294\\nCHAP. XXIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bowman s Expedition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clarke s in 1780\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBattle of Blue Licks Harmar s Expedition Wilkinson s. 306\\nCHAP. XXIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The War Belt, a Legend of North Bend 316\\nCHAP. XXV. Causes of the failure of several of the Expedi-\\ntions in the North-western Territory St. Clair s Campaign. 329\\nCHAP. XXVI. Indian hating Some of the sources of this\\nanimosity Brief account of Colonel Moredock 339\\nCHAP. XXVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Character of the Pioneers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Felons\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nHarpes Meason Sturdevant Lynch s Law 348\\nCHAP. XXVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Patriot s Grave 357\\nAppendix 367", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nIt has not been the object of the writer to attempt a\\nregular history of the Western States, or any connected\\ndescription of the country or its institutions. The ma-\\nterials for such a work are not in existence, in any\\navailable form; no complete collection of political or\\nstatistical facts, or scientific observations, has yet been\\nmade, from which it could be compiled. Ignorant and\\npresumptuous travelers have published their own hasty\\nand inaccurate conclusions; and careless writers have\\nselected from these, such supposed facts as comported\\nwith their own theories or notions of probability; and\\nwe hesitate not to say, that the works which have pro-\\nfessed to treat of the whole western region, have been\\nfar from satisfactory.\\nParticular departments of this great subject have been\\nwell treated. A few of the early residents have published\\ntheir reminiscences, which are highly interesting and\\nvaluable as evidences of the facts which occurred within\\nthe observation of the writers. It is to be regretted that\\nso little attention has been bestowed upon the collection\\nand preservation of these authentic narratives of early\\nadventure.\\n(5)", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "6 PREFACE.\\nThe travels of Pike, Lewis and Clarke, and Long,\\nare replete with valuable facts, carefully collected, and\\nreported with scrupulous fidelity; and a mass of infor-\\nmation may be found scattered through the reports of\\nofficers employed by the General Government in making\\nsurveys, and constructing public works.\\nA few scientific gentlemen have written with ability\\non subjects connected with the general history of this\\nregion. Dr. Drake s admirable description of the valley\\nof the Miami, entitled A Picture of Cincinnati, is\\ncomposed in the calm spirit of philosophical inquiry, and\\nis worthy of entire confidence. The contributions of\\nColonel M Kenney, Governor Cass, Mr. Schoolcraft, Mr.\\nBrackenridge, Mr. M Clung, the writer of Tanner s Nar-\\nrative, and a number of other intelligent individuals, are\\nreplete with valuable and interesting matter. Marshall s\\nHistory of Kentucky, also, is replete with interesting\\nfacts, from which we have extracted. In naming these\\nwriters, however, we design no disrespect towards others\\nwhose names are omitted, as our object is not to attempt\\nto give a complete list of authorities, but to suggest the\\nnames of a few of the most prominent.\\nOf the compilations from these and other authorities,\\nthe statistics embraced in Darby s Views of the United\\nStates, Tanner s Guide to Emigrants, and the re-\\ncently published work of Mr. Pitkin, are those which\\nmay be most safely relied upon.\\nWhen the materials shall be accumulated when the\\nloose facts and scattered reminiscences which are now", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. 7\\nfloating along the stream of tradition shall be gathered\\ntogether, then may such a work be prepared as will be\\ncreditable to our country; and then will the pioneers,\\nthe warriors, and the patriots of the West, take the\\nproud station which they deserve among the illustrious\\nfounders of the American republic. In the meanwhile,\\nwe can only aim at presenting to the public such frag-\\nments of history as may be rescued from oblivion by\\nindividuals, and such observations as the few who are\\ncurious in collecting the statistics of their own times,\\nmay have been able to accumulate.\\nIn the following volumes, therefore, nothing further is\\nattempted than a collection of facts, some of which are\\nthe result of the writer s own observation, and all of\\nwhich are intended rather as examples and illustrations\\nof topics connected with the Western States, than as a\\nregular narrative of its history. They are not presented\\nin any connected series, nor with any embellishment of\\nstyle, but are placed before the reader under the most\\nunambitious form consistent with convenience of arrange-\\nment and propriety of expression. This is not said to\\ndisarm criticism an author has no right to interpose\\nhimself between the critic and his duty, either to secure\\nhis clemency or resent his decision we intend simply\\nto explain to the reader the unpretending character of\\nthe work, in order that its title may not awaken expec-\\ntions which it is not calculated to satisfy.\\nNor is the matter contained in this volume presented\\nnow to the reader for the first time. It has no claim to", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "8 PREFACE.\\noriginality, but is properly a compilation. During a\\nlong residence in the West, the author has, from time\\nto time, employed his pen in the discussion of various\\nsubjects relating to this region, and he has now done\\nlittle more than to collect together the fragments, which\\nwere scattered through the pages of periodical and other\\npublications. It was due to himself thus to identify\\nand resume his property the more especially as these\\nwritings have been freely used by a number of compilers,\\nsome of whom were not careful to acknowledge the\\ndebt, while others have misunderstood or perverted the\\nauthor s meaning.\\nIn addition to the papers thus re-published, there will,\\nhowever, be found some facts which are now laid before\\nthe public for the first time, and some valuable docu-\\nments have been thrown into an appendix. The latter\\nare not specially referred to by marginal notes, as the\\nattentive reader will readily trace their connection with\\nthe text.\\nIn another series, now in preparation, a collection of\\nfacts of more recent date will be laid before the public.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nBut few of the writers who have treated of the Western\\ncountry, rank above mediocrity; and little of all that has\\nbeen written on this subject is interesting or true. Books\\nwe have had in abundance travels, gazetteers, and geogra-\\nphies inundate the land; but few of thein are distinguished\\nby literary merit or accurate information. Perhaps a\\nreason for this is to be found in the character of the\\ncountry. The subjects of interest, in a land which has\\nlong been inhabited by a civilized people, are such as are\\nfamiliar to the student, and, in traveling through such a\\nregion, he treads on classic ground with a knowledge of\\nall the localities. He knows the points of attraction,\\nand, having reached them, is learned in their history.\\nIf in Italy, he hastens to Borne; if in the Mediterranean,\\nto Naples, Vesuvius, and the ruins of Carthage if in\\nGreece, to Athens; if in Palestine, to the Holy Sepulcher.\\nWhether in Europe or in Asia, he finds, at every step,\\nsome object to awaken classic recollections, and expatiates\\non a field already familiar to his imagination. In col-\\nlecting information, he but fills an outline previously\\nsketched out in he seclusion of his closet; and the de-\\n(9)", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "10 INTRODUCTION.\\nsign itself is but a copy; for such narratives exhibit, in\\ngeneral, the same pictures, colored by different hands\\neach correcting the faults, and improving on the failures,\\nof the other. The accomplished writer, in short, who\\ntreats of the countries to which we have alluded, must be\\nfamiliar with their history, their antiquities, their arts,\\ntheir literature, their every thing which has been open\\nto the observation of the hundreds and thousands who\\nhave preceded him; and, if not altogether devoid of\\ngenius, he can not fail to throw some new light upon\\nsubjects, which, however hacknied, are always interesting,\\nand to which every day brings some change, as each year\\ngives moss to the rock and ivy to the ruin.\\nAll this is different in the west. The traveller, who\\nlaunches his bark upon the silver wave of the Ohio,\\nleaves behind him every object which has been conse-\\ncrated by the pen of genius. He beholds the beauties of\\nnature in rich luxuriance, but he sees no work of art\\nwhich has existed beyond the memory of man, except a\\nfew faint and shapeless traces of a former race, whose\\nname and character are beyond the reach even of con-\\njecture. Every creation of human skill which he beholds\\nis the work of his cotemporaries. All is new. The\\nfertile soil abounds in vegetation. The forest is bright,\\nand rich, and luxuriant, as it came from the hands of the\\nCreator. The hundred rivers, that bear the treasures of\\nwestern industry to the ocean, present grand and im-\\nposing spectacles to the eye, while they fill the mind with\\nvisions of the future wealth and greatness of the lands", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 11\\nthrough which they roll. But they are nameless to the\\npoet and historian neither song nor chivalry has conse-\\ncrated their shores.\\nThe inhabitants are all emigrants from other countries\\nthey have no ruins, no traditions, nothing romantic or\\nincredible, with which to regale the traveler s ear. They\\ncan tell of their own weary pilgrimage from the land of\\ntheir fathers; of exploits performed with the rifle and\\nthe axe; of solitary days and fearful nights spent in the\\nwilderness; of sorrows, and sickness, and privation, when\\nnone was near to help them; and of competence and\\ncomfort, gained by years of toil and suffering; but they\\nhave no traditions that run back to an illustrious an-\\ntiquity.\\nScenes and objects of interest occur at every step, but\\nthey are of a character entirely new. All that the\\ntraveler tells must be learned upon the spot. The sub-\\njects are such as appeal to the judgment, and require\\nthe deliberate exercise of a cool and discriminating mind.\\nThe author has not now to examine the conflicting or\\nconforming opinions of others, but to form a decision for\\nhimself upon matters which have not previously been\\ninvestigated. He must describe a new country, with its\\nvarious features and productions; a new people, with\\nnovel laws, habits, and institutions. He is not now in\\nItaly or France, surrounded by the illustrious dead, and\\nscarcely less illustrious living, where the canvas glows,\\nand the marble speaks, where every grove shadows the\\ntomb of a martyr, a hero, or a poet; and where every", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "12 INTRODUCTION.\\nscene awakens a familiar image or a poetic thought. A\\nvast but silent scene surrounds him. No object speaks\\nto his classic recollections. The face of the country, its\\nclimate, productions, and industry, must be described,\\nand, to do this, he must dwell long and examine patiently.\\nBooks he will find, it is true, but they are the hasty\\nproductions of careless writers, whose opinions are often\\nwrong, and whose observations are confined to a few sub-\\njects of minor interest.\\nTo acquire an adequate knowledge of such a country,\\nrequires extensive personal observation. It is necessary\\nto examine things instead of books, to travel over this\\nwide region, to become acquainted with the people, to\\nlearn their history from tradition, and to become informed\\nas to their manners and modes of thinking, by associ-\\nating with them in the familiar intercourse of business\\nand domestic life. There is no other mode of collecting\\nfacts in relation to a country whose history has never\\nbeen written, and with regard to which no accurate printed\\nstatistics, embracing the whole region, are in existence.\\nYet the country aiFords ample materials. In the his-\\ntorical department a wide and various field is opened.\\nThe history of the western country has never been barren\\nof incident. The valley of the Mississippi has been the\\ntheater of hardy exploit and curious adventure, through-\\nout the whole period of our national existence, and its\\nfertile plains present at this time a wide field of specula-\\ntion. To whatever point in the annals of this immense\\nregion we turn, we find them fraught with strange, and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 13\\nnovel, and instructive matter. If we trace tne solitary\\npath of the fearless Boone; if we pursue the steps of\\nShelby, of Clarke, of Logan, and of Scott, we find them\\nbeset with dangers so terrible, adventures so wild, and\\nachievements so wonderful, as to startle credulity, and we\\nencounter tastes, and habits, and sentiments, peculiar to\\nour own frontier. In the disastrous campaigns of Harmar\\nand St. Clair, and the brilliant successes of Clarke and\\nWayne, there is a sufficiency of those vicissitudes which\\nenliven the narratives of military daring, while a host\\nof lesser worthies present respectable claims to our ap-\\nplause. Grim visaged war has so recently smoothed\\nhis wrinkled front, in this vast territory, that thousands\\nof living witnesses remain to show their scars and attest\\nits dangers. The time is within memory, when every\\ndwelling was a fortress, when to fight pro aris et focis\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094for our hearths and altars\u00e2\u0080\u0094 was not merely the poet s\\nfigure, but the literal and constant business of a whole\\npeople, when every father defended his own threshold,\\nand even mothers imbrued their hands in blood, to pro-\\ntect their offspring.\\nFew of these events will be recorded, with their inter-\\nesting details and attendant circumstances, on the dignified\\npage of national history. The greater part of them formed\\nno part of any national war, either for independence or\\nfor conquest; they neither accelerated nor retarded our\\nmarch to national .greatness they brought no blot, and\\nadded but little fame, to the federal escutcheon. They\\nare preserved chiefly in tradition, and will form a rich", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14 INTRODUCTION.\\nvein of romantic adventure for the future novelist and\\npoet. But, although the historian of our common republic\\nmay not record them at large, they should find an honor-\\nable place in the annals of the respective States. They\\nbelong to them and to their history.\\nThe shores of the Mississippi, and its tributary streams,\\npresent to the world a singular and most enchanting pic-\\nture one which future ages will contemplate with wonder\\nand delight. The celerity with which the soil has been\\npeopled, and the harmony which has prevailed in the\\nerection of the governments, have no parallel in history,\\nand seem to be the effect of magic, rather than of human\\nagency. Europe was at one time overrun by numerous\\nhordes, who, rushing like a torrent from the north, in\\nsearch of a more genial climate, captured or expelled the\\neffeminate inhabitants of the south, and planted colonies\\nin its richest provinces but these were savages, who con-\\nquered with the sword, and ruled with the rod of iron.\\nThe arm of flesh was visible in all their operations.\\nTheir colonies, like ours, were formed by emigration the\\nsoil was peopled with an exotic population but here the\\nparallel ends. The country, gained by violence, was held\\nby force; the blood-stained soil produced nothing but\\nman and steel, the soldier and his sword.\\nWhat a contrast does our happy country present to\\nscenes like these? It remained for us to exhibit to the\\nworld the novel spectacle of a people coming from va-\\nrious nations, and differing in language, politics, and re-\\nligion, sitting down quietly together, erecting States,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 15\\nforming constitutions, and enacting laws, without blood-\\nshed or dissension. Never was there an experiment of\\ngreater moral beauty, or more harmonious operation.\\nWithin a few years past, there has been much curi-\\nosity awakened in the minds of the American people, in\\nrelation to the recent history and present state of their\\ncountry. The struggle for independence, so brilliant\\nin its achievements, so important in its results, so gra-\\ntifying to national pride in all its details, long absorbed\\nthe sympathies and occupied the thoughts of our coun-\\ntrymen. From that period they drew their brightest\\nrecollections; to that period they referred for all their\\nexamples of national virtue. There was a classic purity\\nand heroism in the achievements of our gallant ances-\\ntors, which hallowed their deeds but there were also\\nsubstantial comforts and privileges secured to us by these\\ndisinterested patriots, which called forth all our gratitude,\\nand in some measure blunted our perceptions of more\\nrecent and cotemporary events. With the recollections\\nof Bunker s Hill and Brandywine before him, what\\nAmerican exulted in the trophies of an Indian war?\\nWhat political transaction could awaken the admiration\\nof those who had witnessed the fearful energies which\\ngave existence to a nation? What hero or statesman\\ncould hope to win the applause of a people whose hearts\\ndwelt with reverence upon the exalted standards of civil\\nand military greatness exhibited in the founders of the\\nAmerican republic? Those luminaries, while they shed\\nan unfading luster on their country, cast a shadow over", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "16 INTRODUCTION.\\nsucceeding events and rising men; but their mantles\\nsilently fell upon the shoulders of their successors, who,\\nwith unpretending assiduity, pursued the course which was\\nto consummate the glory of the nation.\\nThe excitement caused by those splendid national\\nevents has passed away, and they are now contemplated\\nwith calmness, though still with admiration. Other inci-\\ndents have occurred in our history, sufficiently striking to\\nattract attention. Of these the settlement and growth of\\nthe country lying west of the Alleghany mountains, are\\namong the most important, and those which, perhaps, are\\ndestined to affect, more materially than any other, the\\nnational character, institutions, and prosperity.\\nBut a few years have elapsed since the fertile regions\\nwatered by the beautiful Ohio began to allure the foot-\\nsteps of our countrymen across the Allegheny mountains.\\nCovered with boundless forests, and protected by Alpine\\nbarriers, terrific to the eye, and almost inaccessible to\\nthe most adventurous foot, this lovely country remained\\nnot only uninhabited, but wholly unexplored, until\\nBoone and his associates resolved to subdue and people\\nit. The dangers and inquietude of a border life pre-\\nsented no obstacles to the adventurous spirit of the first\\nsettlers nor were such hardships altogether new to\\nthose who thus voluntarily sought them. They were\\ngenerally men inured to danger, or whose immediate pre-\\ndecessors had been, what they themselves now became,\\nwarriors and hunters.\\nThe revolutionary war, which had just terminated", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 17\\nwith infinite glory to the American arms, had infused a\\nmilitary spirit into the whole nation, besides affording\\nto all whose bosoms glowed with the love of liberty, or\\nswelled with the aspirations of ambition, opportunities\\nof acting a part, however trivial, in the bloody but in-\\nteresting drama. With the return of peace, when our\\ncitizens resumed their domestic avocations, cheerfully\\nabandoning the arms they had reluctantly assumed, the\\ninhabitants of the western frontiers alone formed an\\nexception to the general tranquillity. Here the toma-\\nhawk was still bathed in gore: the husbandman reaped\\nhis harvest in the garb of the soldier, and often forsook\\nhis plough to mingle in the tumult of the battle, or\\nenjoy the dangerous vicissitudes of the chase.\\nOf these hardy woodsmen, or their immediate descend-\\nants, was composed that gallant band of pioneers who\\nfirst peopled the shores of the Ohio men whose infant\\nslumbers had been lulled by the midnight howl of the\\npanther, and to whose ears the war-whoop of the Indian\\nwas as familiar as the baying of the faithful watch-dog.\\nTo such men, home was no indissoluble tie, if that word\\nbe employed in its usual sense, as referring to local\\nattachments, or implying any of those associations by\\nwhich the heart is bound to a spot endeared by fond\\nrecollections. The dwelling-place of the woodsman is a\\nfrail cabin, erected for temporary shelter, and abandoned\\nupon the lightest cause. His home is in the bosom of\\nhis family, who follow his erratic footsteps, as careless of\\ndanger, and as patient under privation, as himself.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "18 INTRODUCTION.\\nWith these men were mingled a few others, whose\\ncharacter ranked higher in the scale of civilization, and\\nwho gave a tone to the manners of the new settlements,\\nwhile they furnished the people with leaders in their\\nmilitary, as well as their civil affairs. Several revolu-\\ntionary officers of gallant name; many promising young\\nmen, seeking, with the eagerness of youthful ambition,\\nfor scenes of enterprise more active than the quiet pros-\\nperity of their own homes afforded; and substantial\\nfarmers, from the vicinity of the frontiers, who to the\\nhardihood and experience of the woodsman, added the\\nindustry and thrift of rural pursuits such were the\\nmen who laid low the forest, expelled the ferocious\\nIndian and the prowling beast of prey, and possessed\\nthemselves of a country of vast extent and boundless\\nfertility.\\nThey came in a manner peculiar to themselves, like\\nmen fond of danger, and fearless of consequences. In-\\nstead of settling in the vicinity of each other, insuring to\\nthemselves society and protection by presenting the front\\nof a solid phalanx to the foe, they dispersed themselves\\nover the whole land in small companies, selecting the\\nmost fertile spots, without reference to the locality of\\nothers. The tide of emigration, as it is often called,\\ncame not like the swelling billows of the ocean, over-\\nwhelming all the land with one vast torrent, but like\\nthe gradual overflowing of a great river, whose waters at\\nfirst escape the general mass in small streams, which,\\nbreaking over the banks, glide through the neighboring", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 19\\ncountry by numberless little channels, and forming di-\\nminutive pools, swell and unite, until the whole surface\\nis inundated. So came the pioneers. Depending more\\nupon their valor than their numbers, these little commu-\\nnities maintained themselves in the wilderness, where the\\nIndian still claimed dominion, and the wolf lurked in\\nevery thicket. Between the settlements were extensive\\ntracts, as desert, as blooming, and as wild, as hunter could\\nwish, or poet could imagine.\\nSo long as the frontier was subject to the hostile irrup-\\ntions of the Indians, the first care of every little colony\\nwas to provide for its defense. This was, in general,\\neffected by the erection of a rude fortress, constructed of\\nsuch materials as the forest afforded, and in whose design\\nno art was displayed, beyond that which the native inge-\\nnuity of the forester supplied. A block-house was built\\nof logs, surrounded by a palisade, or picket-work, com-\\nposed of long stakes driven into the ground, forming an\\ninclosure sufficiently large to contain the people of the\\nsettlement, and affording a sufficient protection against\\nthe sudden irruptions of savage warfare. This was a\\ntemporary refuge for all, in time of danger; but it was\\nalso the permanent residence of a single family, usually\\nthat of the man whose superior skill, courage, or opu-\\nlence, constituted him for the time being a sort of\\nchieftain in this little tribe. For, as in all societies\\nthere are master spirits, who acquire an influence over\\ntheir fellow men, there was always in a frontier settle-\\nment some individual who led the rest to battle, and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "20 INTRODUCTION.\\nwho, by his address or wisdom in other matters, came\\ninto quiet possession of many of the duties and powers\\nof a civil magistrate. There remain traditions of able\\nstratagem and daring self-devotion on the part of such\\nmen, which may be proudly compared with the best ex-\\nploits of Rome or Greece. When one of these primitive\\nfortifications formed the rallying point of a numerous\\npopulation, or was placed at an important point, it was\\ncalled a fort; but in other cases they were known by\\nthe less dignified title of station. Of the latter, there\\nwere many which afforded protection only to single\\nfamilies, who had boldly disconnected themselves from\\nsociety, either for the purpose of acquiring possession,\\nby occupancy, of choice tracts of land, or to gain a\\nscanty emolument by supplying the wants of the chance\\ntravelers who occasionally penetrated into these wilds,\\nand who accomplished their journeys to the most distant\\nsettlements, as a general penetrates to the capital of an\\nenemy, by advancing from post to post.\\nSuch was the general character of the first settlers who\\nfollowed the adventurous footsteps of Boone; and whose\\nexploits were not confined to the forests of Kentucky.\\nFrom the shores of the Ohio the hardy pioneers moved\\nforward to those of the Wabash, and from the Wabash to\\nthe Mississippi, subduing the whole country, and pre-\\nserving in Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri, the same bold out-\\nlines of character which they first exhibited in Kentucky.\\nIf we trace the history of this country still further back\\ninto the remote periods of its discovery and earliest occu-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 21\\npation of European adventurers, a fund of interesting\\nthough somewhat unconnected information is presented.\\nWe are favorably impressed with its features and charac-\\nter, by the manner in which the first travelers invariably\\nspeak of its fertility and beauty. The Spaniards, who dis-\\ncovered the southern coast, called it Florida, or the land\\nof flowers the French, who first navigated the Ohio,\\nnamed it the Beautiful river, and La Salle, when he be-\\nheld the shores of the Illinois, pronounced them a ter-\\nrestrial paradise. The imaginations of those adventurous\\nspirits warmed into a poetic fire as they roamed over the\\nextensive plains of the West, reposed in its delightful\\ngroves, or glided with hourly increasing wonder along\\nthose liquid highways which have since become the chan-\\nnels of commerce as mighty in its extent as it has been\\nrapid in its growth.\\nThe French were the first allies and earliest friends of\\nour nation; and of all the emigrants from foreign coun-\\ntries, they most cheerfully submit to our laws, and most\\nreadily adopt our manners and language. They engraft\\nthemselves on our stock, and take a deep root in our\\naffections. It is more than a century since a colony of\\nthat nation settled at Kaskaskia, a thousand miles from the\\nocean, a thousand miles from any community of civilized\\nmen. Here they flourished for many years, increasing\\nin wealth and population, cultivating the most amicable\\nrelations with the Indian tribes, and enjoying a more than\\nordinary portion of health, prosperity, and peace. They\\nwere not a literary race, and have left few records behind", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "22 INTRODUCTION.\\ntlieni, but many valuable traditions, fraught with curious\\nmatter, are yet extant, which ought to be preserved.\\nThe Indians still linger on our borders, and sometimes\\npass through the settled parts of our country, the squalid\\nand miserable remains of a once warlike population. Can\\nit be that they have not degenerated? Is it possible that\\nthese wretched beings exhibit fair specimens of savage\\nmen If they have indeed fallen from a better estate, it\\nshould be our task to rescue from oblivion the memory\\nof their former virtues. Our immediate predecessors saw\\nthem in their untamed state, in the vigor of their power,\\nand the pride of their independence. Many of these have\\nleft behind them testimonials of what they saw, and a few,\\nwho properly belong to a departed generation, yet linger\\non the confines of existence, as if destined to instruct\\nthe present generation by their knowledge of the past.\\nPassing down to periods still more remote, a boundless\\nfield of inquiry is presented to our attention. The inex-\\nhaustible fertility of the soil, the salubrity of the climate,\\nand the various and amazing resources of our country,\\nevince its capacity to support a dense population. Such\\na country was not made in vain, nor can it be believed\\nthat it was intended by a wise Creator as the residence of\\nsavages and beasts of prey. That it once sustained a\\nnumerous population, may be inferred from indications\\nwhich admit of little doubt that the character of that\\npopulation was superior to that of the present race of\\nIndians, has been suspected, upon evidence, which, if not\\nconclusive, is worthy of great consideration.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "ROMANCE OF WESTERN HISTORY.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nFirst Explorers Discovery of the Mississippi French Mission-\\naries La Salle s Voyages Settlements on the Mississippi\\nManners of the French Colonists Kaskaskia Fort Chartres.\\nThe French,* who first explored the beautiful shores\\nof the Mississippi, and its tributary streams, believed they\\nhad found a terrestrial paradise. Delighted with this\\nextensive and fertile region, they roamed far and wide\\nover its boundless prairies, and pushed their little barks\\ninto every navigable stream. Their inoffensive manners\\nprocured them every -where a favorable reception their\\ncheerfulness and suavity conciliated even the savage war-\\nrior, whose suspicious nature saw no cause of alarm in\\nthe visits of these gay strangers. Divided into small par-\\nties, having each a separate object, they pursued their\\nseveral designs without concert, and with little collision.\\nOne sought wealth, and another fame; one came to dis-\\ncover a country, another to collect rare and nondescript\\nspecimens of natural curiosities; one traveled to see man\\n*I take pleasure in acknowledging my obligations for the greater\\npart of the interesting facts contained in this chapter, to a series\\nof articles written for the Illinois Monthly Magazine, by my friend\\nWilson Primm, Esq., of St. Louis, to whose able pen that city and\\nthe public are indebted for many valuable contributions to the his-\\ntory of the early settlements on the Upper Mississippi.\\n(23)", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "24 FIRST EXPLORERS.\\nin a state of nature another brought the gospel to the\\nheathen while many roved carelessly among these inter-\\nesting scenes, indulging their curiosity and their love of\\nadventure, and seeking no higher gratification than that\\nwhich the novelty and excitement of the present moment\\nafforded. With the greater number, however, and pro-\\nbably with all who planned and sustained these enter-\\nprises, the grand object of pursuit was the precious\\nmetals, with which they hoped to be enriched, as the\\nSpaniards had been in their discoveries.\\nThe adventurers of no other nation have ever pene-\\ntrated so far, or so fearlessly, into the interior of a newly\\ndiscovered country. The fathers of New England were\\ncircumscribed to narrow boundaries, on the sterile shores\\nof the Atlantic the first settlers of Virginia were equally\\nunfortunate. The gallant Raleigh barely effected a land-\\ning for his colony, on the shores of North Carolina; even\\nthe indefatigable William Penn, several years after the\\nsettlement of Pennsylvania, speaks of the Delaware as a\\nglorious river, but is wholly unacquainted with its ex-\\ntent and character. The unsuccessful attempts of British\\ntravelers, stimulated by the highest rewards of ambition\\nand avarice, to penetrate the continent of Africa, are well\\nknown. The Spaniards traversed the plains of South\\nAmerica, only by force of arms.\\nWe read, therefore, with a surprise bordering on in-\\ncredulity, of the adventurous voyages of the French.\\nSmall parties, and even single individuals, explored the\\nshores of the St. Lawrence and its mighty chain of tribu-\\ntary lakes, inhabited by the most savage of the Indian\\ntribes. While the whole American continent was yet a\\nwilderness, and it was an unsettled point among Christian\\nnations to whom the honor of its conquest should belong,\\nthe French priests ascended the Mississippi, from its", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "FIRST EXPLORERS. 25\\nmonth to the Falls of St. Anthony, a distance of three\\nthousand miles, and explored the Arkansas, the Ohio, the\\nWabash, the Illinois, the Wisconsin, and other large\\ntributaries. Not only did they pass with impunity, but\\nwere received with hospitality, and entertained with marks\\nof distinguished respect the fat hump of the buffalo was\\ndressed for them and troops of beautiful Indian girls\\nstood around them, waving the golden plumes of the\\nparoquet over their heads, to keep the uncivilised mus-\\nquitoes from biting them as they slept.\\nIt is difficult, at this day, to determine to whom should\\nbe awarded the honor of having discovered this beautiful\\nsection of our country. That the materials for an accu-\\nrate history of its first exploration and settlement, are in\\nexistence, we are well aware and there is reason to be-\\nlieve, that, in addition to what is already known, there\\nis a vast deal of documentary evidence remaining un-\\npublished, or inaccessible to the English reader. The\\nmissionaries, who were always men of some literary ac-\\nquirements, and often possessed considerable learning,\\naccompanied the first French explorers. So far as their\\ncharacters can now be ascertained, they seem to have\\nbeen amiable and zealous men, earnestly bent on spread-\\ning the doctrines of the cross. Unlike the Spanish priests,\\nwho were avaricious, blood-thirsty, and always foremost\\nin subjugating or destroying the Indians, we find them\\ninvariably conciliating the natives, and endeavoring to\\nallure them to the arts of peace. The only departure\\nfrom this policy, on their part, is found in the practice,\\nwhich they doubtless sanctioned, and which was pursued\\nby both French and English, of arming the savages in\\nthe colonial wars. ^Jf\\nThe French missionaries, therefore, wrote with less\\nprejudice than most of the early adventurers to Ame-\\n3", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "26 FRENCH MISSIONARIES.\\nrica; and their accounts of the country are the result of\\naccurate personal observation. They had fewer insults\\nto resent than others; and their statements are more\\ncandid, because, in general, they were intended only for\\nthe perusal of their superiors. True, their writings are\\nimbued with exaggerations. Ardent in their tempera-\\nment, and deeply tinctured with the superstitions which\\nat that time pervaded Christendom, they hastily adopted\\nthe marvelous tales of the natives, and have transmitted\\nsome curious fictions to posterity. But all history is\\nliable to the same objection; and the writings of the\\npersons to whom we allude, being now the only records\\nof the early settlement of our country, are as valuable\\nas they are interesting. Some of them have been pub-\\nlished, but, doubtless, there yet remain in the public\\ndepositories of France, and in the monastic institutions\\nof that country, a mass of reports and letters, in manu-\\nscript, which might shed additional light on this portion\\nof our national history. For the present, we must con-\\ntent ourselves with the few but precious morsels of this\\nancient lore, which have been rescued from oblivion.\\nBut we hope that the day is not far distant when those\\nwho rule our nation, instead of spending month after\\nmonth, and million after million, in the discussion of\\nworse than useless questions, tending only to the gratifi-\\ncation of personal ambition, will consult the true honor\\nof the country, by expending a portion of its treasure\\nin the development of its history and moral resources.\\nWhenever that time shall arrive, we hope to see an effort\\nmade for the recovery of these invaluable memorials of\\na past age. There is one distinguished individual in\\nthe national cabinet,* whose pen has been successfully\\nLewis Cass was then Secretary of War.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "FIRST EXPLORERS. 27\\nemployed on these subjects, to whose researches into\\nIndian and French colonial history, the national litera-\\nture is largely indebted, and from whose influence, should\\nit be equal to his zeal and merits, we may expect much.\\nWe shall not trace the adventurous footsteps of Jacques\\nCartier, the first European explorer of Lower Canada, who\\nascended the St. Lawrence to the island of Montreal, in the\\nyear 1535, more than three centuries ago. Nor shall we\\nattempt to follow the heroic Champlain, who planted and\\nsustained, on the shores of the St. Lawrence, the infant\\ncolony which was destined to people that extensive region.\\nBut a few years elapsed after the French had gained a\\nfoothold upon the continent, before we find them push-\\ning their discoveries toward the most remote tributaries\\nof the St. Lawrence. The Indian birch canoe, which\\nthey adopted, and in the management of which they soon\\nacquired unrivaled skill, afforded remarkable facilities\\nfor these long and painful journeys; for these little ves-\\nsels combine so remarkably the properties of strength\\nand lightness, that while they are capable of transport-\\ning heavy burthens, and of making long and dangerous\\nvoyages, they can, when unladen, be carried with ease\\nupon the shoulders of men. They are propelled by oars,\\nthrough the water, with astonishing swiftness, and when\\nthe stream is impeded by any impassable obstacle, they\\nare unloaded, carried over land to the nearest navigable\\npoint, and again launched in their element.\\nThe principal trade of Canada was carried on in these\\nfrail boats for two centuries; and it is interesting to ob-\\nserve, in an invention so simple, and so apparently in-\\nsignificant, an illustration of the important aid which\\nmay be afforded by the mechanical arts, to political and\\nmoral power. The birch canoe was to the French, not\\nonly what the steamboat is to us, enabling them to navi-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "28 FRENCH MISSIONARIES.\\ngate the lakes and rivers of Canada, and to ascend the\\nMississippi and all its tributaries, but it also afforded the\\nmeans of surmounting the most dangerous rapids; of\\npassing from river to river of penetrating into the bosom\\nof trackless forests, and of striking into the recesses of\\ninhospitable mountains. It was this simple boat which\\nafforded to the French the means of traversing this vast\\nregion, securing its trade, cultivating the friendship of\\nits inhabitants, and gaining a power, which, if ably\\nwielded, must haye permanently subjected the whole of\\nthis country to their language, their customs, their re-\\nligion, and, perhaps, to their dominion.\\nIn the year 1632, seven years only after Quebec was\\nfounded, the missionaries had penetrated as far west as\\nLake Huron. The Wy an dots and Iroquois were at that\\ntime engaged in an exterminating war, and the priests,\\nfollowing their converts through good and evil fortune,\\ntenaciously adhering to the altars which they had reared\\nby perilous exertion in the wilderness, shared all the\\nprivations and dangers which usually attend these border\\nfeuds.\\nIn their intercourse with the Indians on the shores of\\nthe northern lakes, the French became informed of the\\nexistence of a river flowing to the south, and desired to\\nascertain its character. Father Marquette, a priest, and\\nJoliet, an inhabitant of Quebec, were employed to prose-\\ncute this discovery; and having ascended Fox river,\\ncrossed the portage, and descended the Ouisconsin, en-\\ntered the Mississippi on the 17th of June, 1673. They\\npursued the meanders of the river to its confluence with\\nthe Arkansas, and on their return, ascended the Illinois,\\nand re-entered Lake Michigan near the present site of\\nChicago.\\nLa Salle, a man of talent, courage, and experience,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "LA salle s voyages. 29\\ndetermined to complete, if possible, a discovery so im-\\nportant to the interests of the French Government, and\\nembarked in the prosecution of this undertaking in 1679.\\nHe built the first vessel, larger than a canoe, that ever\\nnavigated these lakes. It was launched at Erie, and\\ncalled the Griffin.\\nHe reached Michilimackinac, where he left his vessel,\\nand coasted Lake Michigan in canoes, to the mouth of\\nthe St. Joseph. The Griffin was dispatched to Green\\nBay for a cargo of furs, but she was never more heard\\nof after leaving that place. Whether she was wrecked,\\nor captured and destroyed by the Indians, no one knew\\nat that day, and none can now tell. La Salle prosecuted\\nhis design with great vigor, amid the most discouraging\\ncircumstances. By the abilities he displayed; by the\\nsuccessful result of his undertaking; and by the melan-\\ncholy catastrophe which terminated his own career, he is\\nwell worthy a place among that band of intrepid adven-\\nturers, who, commencing with Columbus, and terminating\\nwith Parry and Franklin, have devoted themselves, with\\nnoble ardor, to the extension of geographical knowledge,\\nand have laid open the recesses of this continent.\\nCass s Address.\\nWe have met with an old volume, containing an account\\nof La Salle s second voyage into North America, in 1683,\\nwritten in French, by Monsieur Joutel, a commander\\nin that expedition. They landed at the mouth of the\\nMississippi, and ascended that river. Of the Wabash, he\\nsays We came to the mouth of a river called the Hou-\\nabache, said to come from the country of the Iroquois,\\ntowards New England. A fine river; its\\nwater remarkably clear, and current gentle. The ex-\\npression, towards New England, shows how inadequate\\nan idea they had of the extent of our country.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "30 LA salle s voyages.\\nOn reaching the Illinois, he remarks, We found a\\ngreat alteration in that river, as well with respect to its\\ncurrent, which is very gentle, as to the country about it,\\nwhich is more agreeable and beautiful than that about\\nthe great river, by reason of the many fine woods, and\\nvariety of fruits, its banks are adorned with. It was a\\nvery great relief to us, to find so much ease in going up\\nthat river, by reason of its gentle stream, so that we all\\nstayed in the canoe, and made much more way.\\nMeeting with some of the natives, he remarks, We\\nasked them, What nation they were of? They answered,\\nthey were Islinois, of a canton called Cascasquia. This\\naccount settles the question some times propounded, as\\nto the origin of the name of this country, which some\\nhave supposed to be of French origin, and to be derived\\nfrom the words Isle warn noix, but which is undoubtedly\\naboriginal, although the orthography may be Gallic. The\\ntribe alluded to were called the lllini.\\nAnother passage shows, that the Indians of those days\\nwere very similar to their descendants and that, how-\\never the savage character may have become deteriorated\\nin some respects, by intercourse with the whites, it is\\nessentially the same under all circumstances. They are\\nsubject, says our author, to the general vice of all\\nother Indians, which is, to boast very much of their war-\\nlike exploits, and that is the main subject of their dis-\\ncourse, and they are very great liars. 17\\nThe map attached to this book, is quite a curiosity it\\nis so crude, and so admirable a specimen of the rude state\\nof the arts at the time when it was made. It is such as\\nan Indian would trace in the sand with his finger, or the\\nbiggest boy in a school would draw on the black-board.\\nShortly after the country had been thus explored, it\\nwas settled by colonies from Lower Canada, who founded", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "SETTLEMENTS ON THE MISSISSIPPI, 31\\nthe villages of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Peoria. The exact\\ndate of this emigration is not known, but it was probably\\nbetween the years 1680 and 1690.\\nIn 1712, Louis XIV., by letters patent, granted to\\nAnthony Crozat, counsellor of state, c, and his heirs, in\\nperpetuity, all the mines within the tract of country then\\ncalled Louisiana, and described in these words Bounded\\nby New Mexico on the west, and by lands of the English\\nof Carolina on the east, including all the establishments,\\nports, havens, rivers, and principally the port and haven\\nof the isles of Dauphin, heretofore called Massacre the\\nriver St. Louis, heretofore called Mississippi, from the\\nedge of the sea as far as the Illinois, together with the\\nriver St. Philip, heretofore called Ouabache with all the\\ncountries, territories, lakes within land, and rivers which\\nfall directly or indirectly into that part of the river of\\nSt. Louis. This included all the territory now comprised\\nin Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Illinois,\\nMissouri, and Arkansas. The exclusive privilege of com-\\nmerce was granted to him in the same district, for fifteen\\nyears.\\nIn 1717, M. Crozat relinquished his grant and in the\\nsame year, letters patent were granted to an association\\nof individuals at Paris, under the style of the Company\\nof the West; by which they were invested with the same\\nprivileges which had been enjoyed by Crozat, together\\nwith others, far more extensive. The territory was granted\\nto them in allodium (en franc allien) in lordship and in\\njustice, the crown reserving no other right than those of\\nfealty and homage.\\nIn 1718, the Company of the West formed an esta-\\nblishment in Illinois, at Fort Chartres and this part of\\nthe country being reported as remarkably fertile, received\\na great accession of population.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32 SETTLEMENTS ON THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nIn 1719, Philip Francis Kenault, who is styled Director\\nGeneral of the Mines of the Royal India Company in Illi-\\nnois, left France with two hundred artificers, and some\\ntime in the following year, reached Kaskaskia. He esta-\\nblished himself near Fort Chartres, at a place called by\\nhim St. Philippe, and since called Little Village. Renault\\nwas disappointed in his expectations of finding gold and\\nsilver, but is supposed to have made great quantities of\\nlead, and to have discovered a copper mine near Peoria.\\nHis operations were checked by an edict of the king,\\nmade in May, 1719, by which the Company of the West\\nwas united to the East India and Chinese Company,\\nunder the title of La Campagnie Royale des Indes\\nFinally, in 1731, the whole territory was re-conveyed to\\nthe crown of France, the objects of the company having\\ntotally failed.\\nFrom the great number of grants of land made during\\nthe existence of these companies, it appears that Illinois,\\neven at that time, had attracted considerable attention.\\nIn making these grants, the officers of the company\\nunited with those of the crown. We have examined some\\nof these concessions, dated in 1722, which are made by\\nPierre Duquet de Boisbriant, first lieutenant of the king\\nin the Province of Louisiana, and commandant for the\\nIllinois and Marc Antonie de la Loir des Versins, prin-\\ncipal commissary for the Royal Company of the Indies,\\nat their factory in the Illinois.\\nIn 1723, a grant was made to Philip Renault, includ-\\ning the site of St. Philippe, of one league in front by\\ntwo in depth, at Grand Marias, on the Mississippi river.\\nThis stream is now called Mary, and by one of our geo-\\ngraphers, St. Mary.\\nAugust 14, 1743, Monsieur Vaudriauel, governor, and\\nMonsieur Salmon, commissary ordonnateur of the prov-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "TRENCH SETTLERS. 33\\nince of Louisiana, granted to the inhabitants of Kas-\\nkaskia, a tract of land as a common, for the use of said\\ninhabitants for ever, which was bounded north by the\\nsouthern limit of said village, east by the Kaskaskia\\nriver, south and west by the Mississippi, and the limits\\nof the common field. The common field is a tract\\ncomposed of various grants in severalty, made to indi-\\nvidual inhabitants in franc allieu (fee simple), and which,\\nfrom the first, has been inclosed in one common fenGe,\\nand subjected to certain regulations. We see here a\\ncustom peculiar to the French. There was attached to\\nalmost every village a common belonging to the village\\nin its municipal character, which was left uninclosed for\\npasturage and other purposes. No portion of this could\\nbe alienated or converted into private property, but by\\nthe unanimous act of the villagers. When a young\\ncouple married, or a person settled in the village, who\\nwas too indigent to purchase land, they sometimes made\\nto such parties donations of a few acres of the common,\\nby deed, signed by all the inhabitants; and the lot thus\\nsevered, became private property, and might be added, if\\nconveniently situated, to the common field. The latter\\nwas owned in parcels by individuals, who held a larger\\nor smaller number of acres, in separate lots, each tilling\\nhis own land, although the whole was surrounded by a\\nsingle fence, and the several parts were not divided by\\ninclosures.\\nPrevious to the year 1748, Spain, France, and Eng-\\nland, claimed the greater part of North America, by\\nright of conquest, or of discoveries made under their\\npatronage, respectively. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle,\\nmade in that year, contained a provision for the restitu-\\ntion of the territories which each had wrested from the\\nother, but was wholly silent as to boundaries. France,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "34 FRENCH COLONIAL POLICY.\\nhowever, owned Canada on the north, and Lower Lou-\\nisiana on the south, besides claiming the intermediate dis-\\ncoveries of La Salle and others, on the upper lakes, the\\nMississippi, and the Illinois.\\nThe French government, at a very early period, adopted\\nthe policy of uniting their possessions in Canada with\\nthose in Louisiana, by a chain of posts, which, extending\\nalong the whole course of the northern lakes, and the\\nMississippi, should open a line of interior communica-\\ntion from Quebec to New Orleans, and which would\\nsecure to them the expansive territory of the west, by\\nconfining their English neighbors to the country east of\\nthe Alleghany ridge. It happened, however, with the\\nFrench as with the English, that all their calculations in\\nreference to their American colonies, were formed upon\\na scale too small, as well in regard to the objects to be\\nsecured, as in relation to the extent of the means to\\nbe employed. The minds of their statesmen seem to\\nhave never embraced the whole vast field upon which\\ntheir policy was to operate. They appear to have had\\nbut feeble conceptions of the great extent of the\\ncountry, and to have been entirely ignorant of the\\namount and character of the means necessary for its\\nsubjection.\\nTheir schemes wanted unity of design, and the ill-\\nassorted parts seldom harmonized together. Thus, al-\\nthough the French established military posts, and planted\\ncolonies throughout the whole of this region, they were\\nso distant from each other, and so unconnected, as to\\nafford no mutual support, nor could they ever be brought\\nto act efficiently together, as component parts of any\\ncolonial or military system. The plan, or want of plan,\\nwas happily conceived for our benefit; and was disadvan-\\ntageous only to those whose want of wisdom, and of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "FRENCH COLONISTS. 35\\nvigor, deprived them of territory at an earlier period\\nthan that at which they would otherwise have lost it.\\nIt is curious to reflect upon the situation of these\\ncolonists. Their nearest civilized neighbors were the\\nEnglish on the shores of the Atlantic, distant a thou-\\nsand miles, from whom they were separated by a barrier\\nthen insurmountable, and with whom they had no more\\nintercourse than with the Chinese. Their countrymen,\\nit is true, had posts throughout the west, but they were\\ntoo distant for frequent intercourse, and they were peo-\\npled by those, who, like themselves, were disconnected\\nfrom all the rest of the world. But the French brought\\nwith them, or found in their vicinity, certain elements\\nof prosperity, which enabled them to flourish in spite of\\nthe disadvantages of their unprotected situation. They\\nwere unambitious and contented. It was always their\\npolicy to conciliate the natives, whom they invariably\\ntreated with a kindness and consideration never shown\\nto that unhappy race by other Europeans, and with whom\\nthey preserved a faith unbroken upon either side.\\nIn a few years, Kaskaskia grew into a town, whose\\npopulation has been variously estimated at from 1,000 to\\n8,000 inhabitants; the latter number is doubtless an\\nexaggeration, but either of them indicates a wonderful\\npopulation for a place having little commerce, no arts,\\nand no surrounding territory. They lived chiefly by\\nagriculture, hunting, and trading with the Indians.\\nThey possessed a country prolific in all the bounties of\\nnature. The wild fruits were abundant. The grape, the\\nplum, the persimmon, and the cherry, attain here a size\\nunknown in less favored regions. The delicate pecan,\\nthe hickory nut, the walnut, and the hazle, strew the\\nground during the autumn, excelling the corresponding\\nproductions of the Atlantic States, as much in size and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "36 MANNERS OF THE COLONISTS.\\nflavor as in quantity. Of domestic fruits, the peach, the\\napple, and the pear, attain great perfection. Here the\\nmaple yields its sugar, and the cotton its fibre, the sweet\\npotatoe and Indian corn yield abundantly, while wheat,\\nand many other of the productions of colder countries,\\ncome to perfection. Around them were spread those\\nmagnificent natural meadows that mock, in their extent\\nand luxuriance, the highest efforts of human labor. The\\ndeer, the buffalo, and the elk, furnished in those days\\nbountiful supplies; the rivers abounded with fish; while\\nthe furry and the feathered tribes afforded articles for\\ncomfort and for trade, Surrounded thus by good things,\\nwhat more could a Frenchman have desired, unless it\\nwere a violin and a glass of claret? The former, we are\\ntold they had, and we have good authority for saying,\\nthat they drank pretty good wine from their own grapes.\\nOf their civil, military, and religious institutions, we\\nhave little on record, but enough may be gathered to show\\nthat, though simple and efficient, they were entirely ano-\\nmalous. The priests seem to have been prudent men.\\nAt a time when religious intolerance was sufficiently fash-\\nionable, we hear of no trouble among our French. The\\ngood men who regulated their consciences seem, to have\\nprized the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, so\\nhighly as to be content to pursue their own vocation in\\npeace with all the world. The military sway, which was\\nparamount, seems to have been equally mild perhaps\\nbecause it was equally undisputed; and as for the civil\\njurisdiction, we find so little trace of it, either on record\\nor in tradition, as to induce the belief that the people\\nseldom needed its interposition. Some old deeds which\\nremain on record at Kaskaskia, are dated as far back as\\n1712, framed, of course, on the model of the civil law,\\nand written in a choice old provincial dialect. Their legal", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "KASKASKIA. 37\\nproceedings were brief and simple so much so, that we,\\nwith our notions, should have called them arbitrary. Yet\\nsuch was their attachment to their ancient customs, that\\nwith the kindest feelings towards our country and our\\npeople, they could ill brook the introduction of the\\ncommon law, when their territory was ceded to our\\ngovernment. They thought its forms burthen some and\\ncomplicated; and many of them removed to Louisiana,\\nwhere the civil law was still in force.\\nSeparated thus from all the world, these people ac-\\nquired many peculiarities. In language, dress, and man-\\nners, they lost much of their original polish; but they\\nretained, and still retain, many of the leading character-\\nistics of their nation. They took care to keep up their\\nancient holidays and festivals and with few luxuries\\nand fewer wants, they were, probably, as cheerful and as\\nhappy a people as any in existence.\\nKaskaskia, called in the old French records, Notre\\ndame de Cascasquias, is beautifully situated on the\\npoint of land formed by the junction of the Mississippi\\nand Kaskaskia rivers. It is not at the point of conflu-\\nence, but four miles above, where the rivers approach to\\nwithin less than two miles of each other; and the origi-\\nnal plan of the town extended across from river to river.\\nIn this respect, the position is precisely analogous to that\\nof Philadelphia. The point widens below the town, and\\nembraces a large tract of immensely fertile land, mostly\\ncommon, covered with plum, grape, pecan trees, and other\\nof the richest productions of nature. Here a number\\nof horses, turned loose by the first settlers, increased to\\nlarge droves of animals, as wild as the original stock.\\nThey have now been in a state of nature for more than\\na century. The inhabitants catch and tame them when\\nwanted for use; and the point horses, though small,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "38 KASKASKIA.\\nare celebrated for their spirit and hardiness. The site\\nof the town is on a level alluvial plain, composed of a\\ndeep and extremely rich soil. On the opposite side of\\nthe Kaskaskia river, the land is high and broken. This\\nriver is three hundred and fifty feet wide opposite the\\ntown, and preserves a considerable width and depth, with\\na scarcely perceptible current, uninterrupted by any ob-\\nstruction for more shan fifty miles upwards; beyond that,\\nthe current is still gentle, and the stream would be nav-\\nigable for small boats, in high water, to Vandalia distant\\nninety-five miles by land, and more than two hundred\\nby the meanders of the river if a few obstructions,\\nconsisting entirely of fallen timber, were removed.\\nThis village still retains many striking evidences of its\\norigin, and of the peculiar character of its inhabitants.\\nMany of the old houses remain, and afford curious spe-\\ncimens of the architecture of the people and the period.\\nSome of them were built of stone, others were of framed\\ntimber, with the interstices filled with cement. They\\nwere usually plastered over with a hard mortar, and\\nwhitewashed. The gable-ends are often placed to face\\nthe streets, and the great roofs exhibited a heavy and sin-\\ngular construction. The houses were generally but one\\nstory high, and spread out so as to occupy a large sur-\\nface and those of the better order were surrounded by\\npiazzas, a comfortable fashion still retained in the dwell-\\nings of the planters of Louisiana. To almost all the\\nhouses, large gardens were attached, inclosed with high\\nstone walls, or by picketing, composed of large stakes\\nplanted perpendicularly in the ground. The inhabitants\\ncultivated a great profusion of fruits and flowers and,\\nalthough abstemious in their diet, they lived in ease and\\ncomfort.\\nThe old church at Kaskaskia is a venerable pile, which,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "LA PRAIRIE DE ROCHER. 39\\nalthough more than a century old, is still in a tolerable\\nstate of preservation, and is used as a place of worship\\nby the Catholic inhabitants. It is very large, and is\\nbuilt in a quaint, old-fashioned style. The construction\\nof the roof is a great curiosity its extensive and massy\\nsurface being supported by an immense number of pieces\\nof timber, framed together with great neatness and accu-\\nracy, and crossing each other at a variety of different\\nangles, so that no part of the structure can, by any pos-\\nsibility, sink until the whole shall fall together. In this\\nchurch are several valuable old records, and, among others,\\na baptismal register, containing the generations of the\\nFrench settlers from about the year 1690.\\nIn 17\u00c2\u00a53, France ceded her possessions east of the Mis-\\nsissippi, to England. Captain Philip Pittman, of the\\nEnglish army, visited the country of Illinois in 1770,\\nand published an account of it, from which we glean the\\nfollowing particulars Kaskaskia contained at that time,\\naccording to Captain Pittman, sixty- five families, besides\\nmerchants, casual people, and slaves, an enumeration\\nwhich, we have reason to suppose, fell greatly short of\\nthe truth. The fort, which was burnt down in 1766,\\nstood on the summit of a high rock, opposite the town,\\non the other side of the Kaskaskia river. Its shape was\\nan oblong quadrangle, of which the exterior polygon\\nmeasured 290 by 251 feet. It was built of very thick,\\nsquared timber, dovetailed at the angles. An officer and\\ntwenty soldiers were quartered at the village in 1770,\\nand the inhabitants were formed into two companies of\\nmilitia. The officer governed the village, under the direc-\\ntion of the commandant at Fort Chartres.\\nLa Prairie de Rocher, thirteen miles from Kaskaskia,\\nis described as being at that time, a small village, with\\ntwelve dwelling-houses. The number must have been", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "40 ST. PHILIPPE KAOQUIAS.\\nmuch greater, as there were two hundred inhabitants in\\n1820, when the village had fallen into decay. Here was a\\nlittle chapel, formerly a chapel of ease to the church at\\nFort Chartres. The village was distant from the fort\\nseven miles, and took its name from its situation, beinc;\\nbuilt at the base of a high parapet of rock, that runs\\nparallel to the Mississippi.\\nSaint Philippe, says Captain Pittman, is a small\\nvillage, about five miles from Fort Chartres, on the road\\nto Kaoquias there are about sixteen houses, and a small\\nchurch, standing; all the inhabitants, except the captain\\nof militia, deserted it in 1765, and went to the French\\nside. The captain of militia has about twenty slaves,\\na good stock of cattle, and a water-mill. This village\\nstands in a very fine meadow, about one mile from the\\nMississippi.\\nThe village of St. Famille de Kaoquias, says the\\nsame writer, -contains forty-five dwellings, and a church,\\nnear its center. The situation is not well chosen, being\\noverflowed. It was the first settlement on the Missis-\\nsippi. The land was purchased of the savages, by a few\\nCanadians, some of whom married women of the Kaoquias\\nnation, and others brought wives from Canada. The\\ninhabitants depend more on hunting and their Indian\\ntrade, than agriculture, as they scarce raise corn enough\\nfor their own consumption. They have a great deal of\\npoultry, and good stocks of horned cattle. The mission\\nof Saint Sulpice had a fine plantation here, and a good\\nhouse on it. They sold this estate, and a very good mill\\nfor corn and planks, to a Frenchman, who chose to re-\\nmain here under the English Government. What is\\ncalled the fort, is a small building in the center of the\\nvillage, which differs nothing from other houses, ex-\\ncept being the meanest. It was inclosed with palisades,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "FORT CHARTRES. 41\\nbut these are rotted or burnt. There is no use for a fort\\nhere.\\nSome curious facts are also recorded in a rare volume,\\nwritten by Daniel Coxe, of New Jersey, who visited this\\nregion during the occupancy of the French.\\nFort Chartres, when it belonged to France, was the seat\\nof government of the Illinois country. It was afterwards\\nthe head quarters of the English commanding officer, who\\nwas in fact the arbitrary governor of this region. The\\nshape of the fort was an irregular quadrangle, with four\\nbastions. The sides of the exterior polygon were about\\nfour hundred and ninety feet in extent. It was designed\\nonly as a defense against Indians. The walls, which were\\nof stone, and plastered over, were two feet two inches\\nthick, and fifteen feet high, with loop-holes at regular\\ndistances, and two port-holes for cannon in each face, and\\ntwo in the flanks of each bastion. The ditch was never\\nfinished. The entrance was through a handsome rustic\\ngate. Within the wall was a small banquette, raised\\nthree feet, for the men to stand upon when they fired\\nthrough the loop-holes. Each port, or loop-hole, was\\nformed of four solid blocks of rock, of freestone, worked\\nsmooth. All the cornices and casements about the gate\\nand buildings were of the same material, and appeared to\\ngreat advantage.\\nThe buildings within the fort were the commandant s\\nand commissary s houses, the magazine of stores, corps de\\nyard, and two barracks, occupying the square. Within the\\ngorges of the bastions were a powder magazine, a bake-\\nhouse, a prison (in the lower floor of which were four\\ndungeons, and in the upper two rooms), and some smaller\\nbuildings. The commandant s house was ninety-six feet\\nlong and thirty deep, containing a dining-room, a bed-\\nchamber, a parlor, a kitchen, five closets for servants, and\\n4", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "42 FORT CHARTRES.\\na cellar. The commissary s house was built in a line with\\nthis, and its proportions and distribution of apartments\\nwere the same. Opposite these were the store-house and\\nguard-house; each ninety feet long by twenty-four deep.\\nThe former contained two large store-rooms, with vaulted\\ncellars under the whole, a large room, a bed-chamber and\\na closet for the keeper; the latter, soldiers and officers\\nguard-rooms, a chapel, a bed-chamber and closet for the\\nchaplain, and an artillery store-room. The lines of bar-\\nracks, two in number, were never completely finished they\\nconsisted of two rooms in each line for officers, and three\\nfor soldiers; they were good, spacious rooms, of twenty-two\\nfeet square, with passages between them. All these build-\\nings were of solid masonry, and well finished. There were\\nextensive lofts over each building, reaching from end to\\nend, which were made use of to contain regimental stores,\\nworking and entrenching tools, etc. It was generally\\nallowed that this was the most commodious and best built\\nfort in North America. The bank of the Mississippi\\nnext the fort, was continually falling in, being worn away\\nby the current which was turned from its course by a\\nsand-bar, that soon increased to an island, and became\\ncovered with willows. Many experiments were tried to\\nstop this growing evil, but to no purpose. When the fort\\nwas begun in 1756, it was half a mile from the water side;\\nin 1766, it was eighty paces; and the western angle has\\nsince been undermined by the water. In 1762, the river\\nwas fordable to the sand-bar; in 1770, the latter was\\nseparated from the shore by a channel forty feet deep.\\nSuch are the changes of the Mississippi. In the year\\n1764, there were about forty families in the village of Fort\\nChartres, and a parish church, served by a Franciscan\\nfriar, dedicated to St. Anne. In the following year, when\\nthe English took possession of the country, they aban-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "RUINS OP FORT CHARTRES. 43\\ndoned their houses, except three or four poor families, and\\nsettled at the villages on the west side of the Mississippi,\\nchoosing to continue under the French Government.\\nThe writer visited the ruins of Fort Chartres, in 1829.\\nIt was situated, as well as the villages above named, on\\nthe American Bottom, an extensive and remarkably fertile\\nplain, bounded on one side by the river, and on the other\\nby a range of bluffs, whose summits are level with the\\ngeneral surface of the country. The bluffs are steep, and\\nhave the appearance of having once formed the eastern\\nbank of the Mississippi. It would seem that they com-\\nposed a continuous, even, and nearly perpendicular para-\\npet, separating the plain which margins the river, from\\nthe higher plain of the main land. But the ravines,\\nwashed by rains, have indented it in such a manner, as\\nto divide the summit into a series of rounded elevations,\\nwhich often present the appearance of a range of Indian\\nmounds. These bluffs are so called when bare of timber,\\nwhich is their usual character; and when their beautifully\\ngraceful undulations are exposed to the eye, they form\\none of the most remarkable and attractive features of the\\nscenery of this country. When timbered, they do not\\ndiffer from ordinary hills. We approached Fort Chartres\\nin the summer, when the native fruit trees were loaded\\nwith their rich products. Never did we behold the fruits\\nof the forest growing in such abundance, or such amaz-\\ning luxuriance. Immense thickets of the wild plum might\\nbe seen, as we rode over the prairie, extending for miles\\nalong its edges, so loaded with crimson fruit as to ex-\\nhibit to the eye a long streak of glowing red. Some-\\ntimes we rode through thickets of crap-apple, equally\\nprolific, and sometimes the road wound through copses\\nmatted with grape vines, bearing a profusion of rich\\nclusters. Although the spot was familiar to my com-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "44 ANECDOTES.\\npanion, it was with, some difficulty that we found the\\nruins, which are now covered and surrounded with a\\nyoung but vigorous and gigantic growth of forest trees,\\nand with a dense undergrowth of bushes and vines,\\nthrough which we forced our way with considerable\\nlabor. Even the crumbling pile itself is thus over-\\ngrown, the tall trees rearing their stems from piles of\\nstone, and the vines creeping over the tottering walls.\\nThe buildings were all razed to the ground, but the lines\\nof the foundations could be easily traced. A large\\nvaulted powder magazine remained in good preserva-\\ntion. The exterior wall, the most interesting vestige,\\nas it gave the general outline of the whole, was thrown\\ndown in some places but in many, retained something\\nlike its original hight and form and it was curious to\\nsee in the gloom of a wild forest, these remnants of the\\narchitecture of a past age. One angle of the fort, and\\nan entire bastion, had been undermined and swept away\\nby the river, which, having expended its force in this\\ndirection, was again retiring; and a narrow belt of young\\ntimber had grown up between the water s edge and the\\nruins.\\nMany curious anecdotes might still be picked up in\\nrelation to these early settlers, whose simplicity of char-\\nacter contrasts strongly with the shrewdness and energy\\nof our backwoodsmen in Illinois and Missouri, espe-\\ncially, where the Spanish, French, and American authori-\\nties have had sway in rapid succession. At one time the\\nFrench had possession of one side of the Mississippi,\\nand the Spaniards of the other; or, more probably, the\\nrumor of a transfer of jurisdiction, recently negotiated,\\nbut not yet carried out, placed the inhabitants of these\\nremote regions in doubt who were their real masters, and\\nleft them for a time to chose the allegiance which they", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "ANECDOTE. 45\\npreferred. The French peasantry, especially, illiterate\\nand satisfied, smoked their pipes and played their fiddles\\nin happy ignorance of any changes beyond the limits of\\ntheir own villages, while even the local authorities were\\nabout as much mystified, as to the actual state of things,\\nas the people.\\nA story is told of a Spaniard living on one shore, who,\\nbeing the creditor of a Frenchman residing on the other,\\nseized a child, the daughter of .the latter, and having\\nborne her across the river, which he supposed formed a\\nnational boundary, held her as a hostage for the pay-\\nment of the debt. The civil authorities, respectively, de-\\nclined interfering the military did not think the matter\\nsufficiently important to create a national war, and the\\nFrenchman had to redeem his offspring by discharging\\nthe creditor s demand. The lady who was thus abduced\\nis still living, or was living a few years ago, near Cahokia,\\nthe mother of a numerous progeny of American French\\npeople.\\nHaving spoken of the pacific disposition evinced by the\\nFrench in their early intercourse with the Indian tribes,\\nit is proper to remark, that we allude particularly to\\nthose who settled on the Wabash and upper Mississippi.\\nThey have every-where treated the savages with more\\nkindness and greater justice than the people of other\\nnations; but there have been exceptions which we are\\nnot disposed to conceal or palliate. In lower Louisiana\\nthey emulated, in some instances, the cruelty of the\\nSpaniards and the rapacity of the English; but in Illinois,\\ntheir conduct towards their uncivilized neighbors seems\\nto have been uniformly friendly and amiable; and the\\ndescendants of the first settlers of that state still enjoy\\nthe confidence of the Indian tribes.\\nWe have heard of an occasion on which this reciprocal", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "46 THE FRENCH AND THE INDIANS.\\nkindness was very strongly shown. Many years ago, a\\nmurder having been committed in some broil, three Indian\\nyoung men were given up, by the Kaskaskia tribe, to the\\ncivil authorities of the newly established American gov-\\nernment. The population of Kaskaskia was still entirely\\nFrench, who felt much sympathy for their Indian friends,\\nand saw these hard proceedings of the law with great dis-\\nsatisfaction. The ladies, particularly, took a warm interest\\nin the fate of the young aboriginals, and determined, if\\nthey must die, they should at least be converted to Chris-\\ntianity in the meanwhile, and be baptized into the true\\nchurch. Accordingly, after due preparation, arrange-\\nments were made for a public baptism of the neophytes\\nin the old cathedral of the village. Each of the youths\\nwas adopted by a lady, who gave him a name, and was to\\nstand godmother in the ceremony; and these lady patro-\\nnesses, with their respective friends, were busily engaged\\nfor some days in preparing dresses and decorations for\\ntheir favorites. There was quite a sensation in the village.\\nNever were three young gentlemen brought into fashion\\nmore suddenly or more decidedly the ladies talked of\\nnothing else, and all the needles in the village were plying,\\nin the preparation of finery for the occasion. Previous\\nto the ceremony that is, the ceremony of hanging the\\naboriginals gave their jailor the slip, and escaped, aided\\nmost probably by the ladies, who had planned the whole\\naffair with a view to this result. The law is not vindictive\\nin new countries the danger soon blew over the young\\nmen again appeared in public, and evinced their gratitude\\nto their benefactresses.\\nAt the secluded little village of Carondolet, popularly\\ncalled Vide Poche, there resided an individual who ruled\\nthe hamlet with absolute sway, but with no other warrant\\nthan a strong will, flanked on the one hand by personal", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "A PRIMITIVE MAGISTRATE. 47\\nprowess, and on the other by a popular character. With\\na little more intellect than his fellows, his control over\\nthem was as undisputed, as it was kind and parental. To\\nhim they all brought their differences for decision, and no\\nman drove a pony, or tuned a violin, in defiance of his\\nwill. A faithful retainer acted as his messenger and mar-\\nshal, to carry his orders, to summon witnesses, and to\\nbring offenders into his presence and on grave occasions,\\nwhen a warrant was thought to be required, the self-consti-\\ntuted magistrate handed his jackknife to his official, as the\\noriental sovereign sent his ring in evidence of his man-\\ndate, and none were so hardy as to disobey the significant\\nsymbol of authority. He judged them many years, and\\nno one envied or gainsayed him. The song and the dance\\nalternated with just barely labor enough to supply escu-\\nlents and flesh for their simple tables they smoked the\\npipe in peace under their spreading catalpa trees; the roses\\nand honeysuckles bloomed around their dwellings, while\\nno officious mail, or tattling newspaper, brought tidings of\\nany better government, or more prosperous community.\\nThey were a happy people and great was their astonish-\\nment, and many the sacres and diables that were\\nuttered, when the government of the United States was\\nextended over them, and they were made acquainted with\\nthe vast, the complex, and to them vexatious machinery\\nof republican law and liberty.\\nIt is with regret that we record the dispersion of this\\nkind-hearted people from the dwellings of their fathers.\\nSeveral generations flourished happily in Illinois, under\\nthe mild sway of the French government. The military\\ncommandants and the priests governed them with an un-\\ncontrolled, but parental authority they were not oppressed\\nwith taxes nor do we read of their having any political\\ngrievances. They were unambitious and submissive.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "48 DISPERSION OP THE FRENCH.\\nThe first adventurers to Louisiana and Canada had ex-\\nchanged the fruitful fields and vinyards of France for the\\ninhospitable wilds of the new world, not to pursue their\\nformer occupations, but to amass opulent fortunes by\\nmining. They expected to find a country rich in precious\\nminerals, and great was their disappointment when they\\ncame to realize their condition. The Indian trade fur-\\nnished their only means of subsistence. They took little\\npains to examine the quality of their lands, or to ascertain\\nwhat products were suited to the soil and climate. The\\nconsequence was that the great mass of them became poor,\\nthe spirit of enterprise was extinguished, and they grew as\\ninert as they were inoffensive. They became boatmen and\\nhunters, and the labors of nine-tenths of the population\\non distant lakes and rivers, exposed to danger, priva-\\ntion and death, served only to augment the wealth of a\\nfew traders and merchants. The physical strength of a\\ncommunity depends more on agriculture than on any other\\npursuit. The ancient French were ignorant of this truth,\\nand their descendants have not learned it to this day.\\nThey seldom attempted any thing more than the cultiva-\\ntion of their gardens, and the raising of a little grain for\\ntheir own consumption. In the mechanic arts they made\\nno progress they still use some of the implements of\\nagriculture introduced by their forefathers a century ago\\nand drive vehicles, such as were in fashion in some prov-\\ninces of France at the same period. But they were con-\\ntented. The most perfect equality reigned among them.\\nThey lived in harmony all danced to the same violin, and\\npreserved their national vivacity and love of amusement.\\nWhen their country came into the possession of the\\nAmerican government, they were displeased with the\\nchange. There never was a stronger instance of the un-\\nfitness of republican institutions for an ignorant people.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "DISPERSION. 49\\nAccustomed to be ruled by the officers of the French\\ncrown, and to bestow no thought on matters of public\\npolicy, they disliked the machinery of municipal institu-\\ntions, which they did not understand, and considered it\\na hardship to be called upon to elect officers, or perform\\ncivil duties. It is said that a few years ago, when the\\ninhabitants of one of these villages were told that it would\\nbe proper for them to attend an election, to vote for a\\nmember of congress, one of their principal men declared\\nthat it was an imposition to send any man so far from\\nhome that he would not go to congress, nor would he\\nassist in imposing such an unpleasant duty upon any of\\nhis neighbors.\\nThe influx of a population dissimilar to themselves in\\nmanners, language, religion, and habits, displeased them\\nthe enterprise and fondness for improvement of the\\nAmerican settlers, fretted and annoyed them. The land\\nlying waste around them, they had considered as a kind\\nof common property the natural inheritance of their\\nchildren and countrymen and when any one wished to\\nconvert a portion of it to his own use, he applied to the\\nlieutenant-governor, who granted a concession for a certain\\nnumber of acres. But now they saw all this domain sur-\\nveyed and offered for sale to the highest bidder; and\\nthere was a fair prospect, that, in a few years, there would\\nbe no wilderness remaining to hunt in, and no range for\\ntheir wild ponies and cattle.\\nWhen the American government, therefore, took pos-\\nsession of the country, the majority of the wealthiest\\ninhabitants removed, some to St. Louis, which was rising\\ninto a promising commercial town, and others to lower\\nLouisiana, where they could enjoy their own laws, cus-\\ntoms, and language. The more indigent scattered them-\\nselves along the frontier, and became boatmen, hunters,\\n5", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "50 ANECDOTE OF CLARKE.\\nand interpreters in the employ of Indian traders. A\\nremnant remained, whose descendants are still a peculiar\\npeople, but are slowly, though perceptibly, losing their\\ndistinctive character, and becoming amalgamated with the\\nsurrounding population.\\nAnother anecdote of these times is worth recording:\\nWhen General George Rogers Clarke, the Hannibal of\\nthe west, captured Kaskaskia, he made his head-quarters\\nat the house of a Mr. Michel A one of the weal-\\nthiest inhabitants. Michel lived in a capital French\\nhouse, enveloped with piazzas, and surrounded by gar-\\ndens all in the most approved style. He was a merry,\\ncontented, happy man, abounding in good living, and\\ngood stories, and as hospitable as any gentleman what-\\never. The general remained his guest some time, treat-\\ned with the greatest kindness and attention, and took\\nleave of Mr. A. with a high respect for his character, and\\na grateful sense of his warm-hearted hospitality. Years\\nrolled away; General Clarke had retired from public life,\\nand was dwelling in a humble log house in Indiana, a\\ndisappointed man. His brilliant services had not been\\nappreciated by his country; his political prospects had\\nbeen blighted; he was unemployed and unhappy a\\nproud man, conscious of merit, pining away his life in\\nobscurity. One day, as he strolled along the banks of\\nthe Ohio, he espied a circle of French boatmen, the crew\\nof a barge, who were seated round a fire on the beach,\\nsmoking their pipes, and singing their merry French\\nsongs one voice arrested his ear it was that of his old\\nfriend Michel he could not mistake the blithe tones and\\never-buoyant humor of his former host. He approached,\\nand there sat Michel in the garb of a boatman, with a red\\ncap on his head, the merriest of the circle. They recog-\\nnized each other instantly. Michel was as glad to see the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "ANECDOTE OF CLARKE. 51\\ngeneral, and invited him to take a seat on the log beside\\nhirn, with as much unembarrassed hospitality, as if he had\\nstill been in his spacious house, surrounded by his train\\nof servants. He had suddenly been reduced from afflu-\\nence to poverty from a prosperous gentleman, who lived\\ncomfortably on his estate, to a boatman the cook, if we\\nmistake not, of a barge. Although a man of vivacity and\\nstrong mind, he was illiterate and unsuspecting. The\\nchange of government had brought in new laws, new cus-\\ntoms, and keener speculators than the honest French had\\nbeen accustomed to deal with, and Michel was ruined.\\nBut he was as happy as ever while his friend, the gen-\\neral, whose change of circumstances had not been so sud-\\nden or complete, was a moody, discontented man. Such\\nis the diversity of national character.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "52 FOUNDING OF ST. LOUIS.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nFounding of St. Louis History of that Colony Transfer to Spain\\nAttack by the Indians Intercourse with New Orleans A gallant\\nexploit Other French Settlements.\\nThe city of St. Louis was founded in the year 1764,\\nby Monsieur Laclede, one of the partners in a mercantile\\nassociation, known under the name of Laclede, Ligueste,\\nMaxan Company, to whom the director general of the\\nprovince of Louisiana had granted the exclusive privilege\\nof trading with the Indians of the Missouri, and those\\nwest of the Mississippi, above the Missouri, as far up\\nas the river St. Peter. The traffic in furs and peltry\\nwith these distant tribes, though of great value, would\\nhave been unavailable without a suitable place for the\\ndeposit of merchandize and to induce the company to\\nhazard the establishment of such a depot, which would\\nalso serve as the nucleus of new settlements west of the\\nMississippi, extensive powers were given to the gentlemen\\nengaged in this enterprise. M. Laclede, therefore, formed\\nan expedition, at the head of which he set out from New\\nOrleans, on the 3d of August, 1763, and arrived at Ste.\\nGenevieve, where it seems there was already a small settle-\\nment, on the 3d of November, the voyage, which is now\\naccomplished in ten days by our steamboats, occupying\\nthose adventurers three months, with their inferior means\\nof transportation. This point being too distant from the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. 53\\nMissouri, he proceeded to the mouth of that river, and on\\nhis return fixed upon the site. Having wintered at Fort\\nChartres, and gained some recruits at that place, Cahokia,\\nand Ste. Genevieve, he commenced, on the 15th of Feb-\\nruary, 1764, the work of cutting down tre^s and laying\\nout a town, which he called St. Louis, after the reigning\\nking of France. In consequence of some subsequent dis-\\ntress, on account of a scarcity of provisons, it received\\nthe popular name of Pain Court, by which it was called\\nfor many years. M. Augustine Chouteau, then about\\nfourteen years of age, who has since been one of the most\\nopulent and enterprising of the citizens of that place, and\\nis but recently deceased, was of the party which laid the\\nfoundation of this flourishing city.\\nIn the selection of this site, a degree of sagacity was\\nshown, which has seldom marked such transactions. The\\nspot is elevated above the inundations of the river, from\\nwhose margin the ground rises gradually, and is based on\\na thick stratum of rock, which affords the most admirable\\nmaterials for building. Above and below, along the river,\\nwas an abundance of timber, and to the west an unlimited\\nexpanse of fertile prairies while on the east were the rich\\nplains of Illinois. A short distance below were the lead\\nmines, which have, for half a century past, afforded a\\nvaluable article of trade a few miles above the town, the\\nMissouri and Illinois rivers united their waters with those\\nof the Mississippi, extending the channels of intercourse\\nthroughout a vast interior region and this obscure spot\\nin the heart of a great continent, and far distant from the\\nocean, was visited by the birch canoes from Quebec, as well\\nas by the barges from New Orleans.\\nIn July, 1765, Fort de Chartres was evacuated by the\\nFrench, and M. de St. Ange de Belle JReve, the commander,\\nproceeded to St. Louis with the troops, and assumed the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "54 LIVRE TERREIN.\\nreins of government. From this time St. Louis was con-\\nsidered as the capital of Upper Louisiana. Having or-\\nganized a government, one of his first acts was to parcel\\nthe land to the settlers, to whom M. Laclede had given\\npossession, but not titles.\\nHe accordingly made the Livre Terrein, or land-book,\\nin which grants of land were not recorded only, but origi-\\nnally written-, and a copy of the entry made in this book\\nconstituted the evidence of title in the hands of the gran-\\ntee. These concessions were not considered as inchoate\\ngrants, which were to be ratified by a higher authority,\\nbut as perfect titles, independent of any condition, except\\nthose of the land being subject to taxation, and being im-\\nproved by the grantee, within a limited time. The mode\\nof obtaining grants was by petition or requete, addressed to\\nthe commandant and the concession generally ran, after\\nreciting the application, thus: On the day and year\\naforesaid, at the request of we have granted, and\\ndo grant to him, his heirs, and assigns, the lot (or piece\\nof land, describing its contents, boundaries and locality),\\nwhich he prays for, with the condition that he shall estab-\\nlish it within a year and a day, and that it shall be subject\\nto the public charges. St. Ange.\\nNearly the same form of concession was used under the\\nSpanish authority. There was usually, however, a stipu-\\nlation contained in them, that in case the conditions of\\nimprovement and cultivation should not be complied with,\\nthe lands should revert to the king, and some instances\\nare found in the Livre Terrein, where that resumption has\\ntaken place. At first these grants were proportioned to\\nthe means of the applicant, but at a later period they were\\nmade to all who chose to apply for them, to any extent,\\nunconditionally, and without reference to the ability of the\\napplicant. The policy of the government, in making the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "M. ST. ANGE IMPROVEMENT. 55\\ngrants, was to settle the country; but the remoteness of\\nthis province, and the extent of the authority, necessarily\\nplaced in the hands of the lieutenant governors, enabled\\nthem to abuse this power, and it is said to have degen-\\nerated into a spirit of favoritism. Up to a certain period,\\nthe means of the cultivator were taken as the criterion\\nby which the magnitude of the grant was regulated, and\\nas there was no public surveyor, the difficulty of locating\\nlarge tracts, and setting the boundaries, may have deterred\\nmany from attempting such speculations. But these ob-\\nstacles, if they were such, were removed by the appoint-\\nment of a surveyor general, in 1795, and the number of\\nconcessions increased with incredible rapidity, especially\\nin the period immediately preceding the occupation of the\\ncountry by the American government. Previous to the\\nappointment of M. Soulard, as surveyor general, in 1795,\\nthe whole number of arpens of land conceded to indi-\\nviduals did not exceed 50,000; but the number granted\\nafter that appointment, amounted to 2,150,969. The gov-\\nernment of the United States recognises the validity of all\\ntitles to real estate acquired under the French or Spanish\\ngovernments but the great number of these grants, and\\nthe negligence with which they were made, has caused\\ngreat perplexity to congress, and to the courts of law.\\nUnder the administration of M. St. Ange, St. Louis,\\nassumed the appearance of a town, and the foundations\\nof social order were laid. The soldiers became amalga-\\nmated with the inhabitants; comfortable dwellings were\\nerected; and the common fields, as they are now called,\\nwere opened and improved. All accounts which have\\nreached us, agree in describing the government as mild\\nand patriarchal; the whole community seemed to have\\nlived together as a single family, under the guidance of\\na common father, enjoying a common patrimony.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "56 ARRIVAL OF MR. RIOUS.\\nA curious remark has occurred to us upon a compari-\\nson of the first settlements of the English and the\\nFrench. Though the latter nation has arways been in-\\nferior to the former in the mechanical arts, especially in\\nthose of the useful kind; and though the English inva-\\nriably deny to the French any adequate perception of\\nthe enjoyments embraced by themselves under the word\\ncomfort, both these propositions would seem to be re-\\nversed by the evidence to which we allude. The first\\nhabitations of the English were log-cabins, the most un-\\nsightly and comfortless, and their descendants, to this\\nday, commence all their villages with the same rude\\ndwellings, or with frail erections of framed timber, while\\nthe garden and the orchard have been tardily introduced.\\nThe old French villages, on the contrary, consisted of\\nsubstantial houses of stone, or of heavy timber, plastered\\nwith excellent mortar, encompassed by piazzas, and sur-\\nrounded by gardens, stocked with fruit, and inclosed\\nwith walls, or strong stockades. The first habitations of\\nthe English have mouldered away, and comparatively few\\nrelics remain to attest their character, while many houses\\nin the French villages have been left, by the hand of\\ntime, in their primitive integrity, durable monuments of\\nthe taste and comfort of the original proprietors. The\\nexcellence of their masonry has been often remarked\\nthe walls of Fort Chartres, though long since abandoned,\\nand left exposed to the elements, are so indestructible,\\nthat the inhabitants of the neighborhood, in attempting\\nto remove the materials, have found it difficult to take\\nthem apart.\\nIn 1768, after St. Ange had governed at St. Louis three\\nyears, Mr. Rious arrived with Spanish troops, and took\\npossession of Upper Louisiana, in the name of his Catho-\\nlic Majesty; but did not exercise any jurisdiction, as it", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "VIDE POCHE. 57\\nappears from the records in the Livre Terrein, that St.\\nAnge continued to perform official acts until 1770. It\\nis inferred that the reluctance of the inhabitants to sub-\\nmit to the change of rulers was so great, that it was\\njudged prudent to defer the assertion of the new au-\\nthority until the dissatisfaction caused by the transfer of\\nthe country had worn away, and the people become recon-\\nciled to their new master. The wisdom of this policy\\nbecame apparent in the firm attachment which was dis-\\nplayed toward the Spanish Government, so that when the\\nprovince was retroceded to France, in 1800, the people\\nagain expressed their dissatisfaction at the change; and\\nthey were not less displeased at the subsequent transfer\\nto the United States.\\nIn 1767 was founded Vide Poehe, which, in 1796,\\ntook the name of Carondelet. Florissant was founded in\\n1769; Les Petites Cotes was settled in 1769, and called\\nSt. Charles in 1804.\\nThe inhabitants of St. Louis continued for about fifteen\\nyears to live in perfect harmony with the Indians, without\\nmolestation, and without any apprehension of danger.\\nThe first hostilities do not appear to have arisen out of\\nany quarrel between the parties themselves, but resulted\\nfrom the contest raging between Great Britain and her\\ncolonies. In 1777, a rumor came to this remote spot,\\nthat an attack would shortly be made upon the town, by\\nthe Canadians, and such Indians as were friendly to the\\nEnglish. The village was then almost destitute of mili-\\ntary defenses, but the inhabitants, including little more\\nthan a hundred men, immediately proceeded to inclose it\\nwith a kind of wall, about six feet high, formed of the\\ntrunks of small trees, planted in the ground, the inter-\\nstices being filled with earth. It described a semicircle,\\nresting upon the river, above and below the town, flanked", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "58 ATTACKED BY INDIANS.\\nby a small fort at one extremity, and a less important\\nwork at the other. It had three gates for egress towards\\nthe country, each defended by a piece of heavy ordnance,\\nwhich was kept continually charged. For a while, these\\npreparations seemed to have been needless; winter passed\\naway, and spring came, without any attack; the labors of\\nhusbandry were resumed, and the villagers laid aside their\\nfears, and their military exercises.\\nIn May, 1778, the attack was made, in a manner char-\\nacteristic of the times and place. The force of the enemy,\\nconsisting of a motley band of about fourteen hundred\\nmen, collected from various tribes residing on the lakes,\\nand the Mississippi Ojibeways, Menomenies, Winneba-\\ngoes, Sioux, Saukies, and some Canadians assembled on\\nthe eastern shore of the Mississippi, a little above St.\\nLouis, awaiting the 6th of May, the day fixed for the\\nattack. The 5th of May was the feast of Corpus Christi,\\na day highly venerated by the inhabitants, who were all\\nCatholics. An assault on that day would have been fatal\\nfor after attending divine service, the villagers, old and\\nyoung, men, women, and children, sallied out in all the\\nglee of a Catholic holiday, unsuspicious of danger, to the\\nneighboring prairie, to gather the ripe strawberries, of\\nwhich there was a great profusion. The town, left un-\\nguarded, could have been easily taken. A few only of\\nthe enemy, however, had crossed the river: and these,\\nlying ambushed on the prairie, made no effort to disturb\\nthe peaceable villagers, who were frequently so near as to\\nbe almost in contact with the lurking savages. But the\\nlatter either did not discover the total desertion of the\\ntown, or with the known pertinacity of the Indian char-\\nacter, determined to adhere to the preconcerted plan of\\nattack.\\nThe enemy crossed the river on the 6th, and marched", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "l annee du grand coup. 59\\nto the fields, where they expected to find the most of the\\nvillagers engaged in their agricultural pursuits. It hap-\\npened that but few were there, who fled under a shower\\nof bullets, and barely escaped with the aid of their friends\\nin the village, who, on hearing the alarm, rushed to the\\ngates, which they threw open to receive their comrades,\\nand then closed against the enemy. The inhabitants, men\\nand women, acted with spirit, and the savages, after receiv-\\ning a few discharges of grape shot, retired, after killing\\nabout twenty of the whites. An indelible stain was fixed\\nupon the character of the commandant, Leyba, who not\\nonly took no share of the danger, but even commanded\\nthe inhabitants to cease firing, and used such exertions to\\ncripple the defence, that he was suspected of treachery;\\nwhile his lieutenant, Cartabona. with sixty soldiers, re-\\nmained concealed in a garret during the whole action.\\nThe reader of colonial history will be struck with the co-\\nincidence of this event with many which occurred in all\\nthe American colonies, under whatever foreign dominion\\nthe inhabitants were often plunged into wars with the\\nIndians, with whom they had no quarrel, by the policy of\\ntheir superiors wars, of which the effects fell solely upon\\nthemselves, which were prosecuted by their arms, and\\nsuccessfully terminated by their valor. This first attack\\nupon St. Louis, formed an era in the history of the place,\\nand the year in which it occurred is still designated by\\nthe inhabitants as L annee du grand coup. The town\\nwas afterwards more strongly fortified, and was not again\\nmolested by the Indians.\\nIn the month of April, 1785, there was an unparalleled\\nrise of the Mississippi, which swelled to the extraordinary\\nheight of thirty feet above the highest water mark previ-\\nously known. The town of Kaskaskia was completely\\ninundated, and the whole of the American Bottom over-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "60 ROBBERS OF COTTONWOOD CREEK.\\nflowed. This year forms another era in the reminiscences\\nof the old inhabitants, who call it the year of the great\\nwaters L annee des grandes eaux.\\nThe intercourse with New Orleans was at this period\\nneither frequent nor easy. The only mode of transport-\\ning merchandise was by means of keel-boats and barges,\\nwhich descended the river in the spring, and returned late\\nin the autumn. The preparations for a voyage to the city,\\nas New Orleans was called, were as extensive and delib-\\nerate as those which would now be made for a voyage to\\nthe East Indies. Instead of the rapid steamboats which\\nrender the navigation of our long rivers so easy, they had\\nthe tardy and frail barge, slowly propelled by human labor.\\nThere was also danger, as well as difficulty, in the enter-\\nprise; a numerous band of robbers, under the command\\nof two men named Culbert and Magilbray, having sta-\\ntioned themselves at a place called La riviere aux liards,\\nCottomoood creek, where they carried on a regular and ex-\\ntensive system of piracy. As the voyage was long, and\\nthe communication between the two ports was attempted\\nbut once a year, the boats were generally so richly laden,\\nthat the capture of one of them afforded wealth to the\\nplunderers, and brought ruin upon the owner. An inci-\\ndent of this description, illustrative of the facts to which\\nI allude, I will narrate, as I find it in an excellent article\\non the history of St. Louis, from which I have already\\nquoted liberally.*\\nIn the spring of 1787, a barge, belonging to Mr. Beau-\\nsoliel, had started from New Orleans, richly laden with\\nmerchandise, for St. Louis. As she approached the Cot-\\ntonwood creek, a breeze sprung up and bore her swiftly by.\\nThis the robbers perceived, and immediately despatched a\\nIllinois Monthly Magazine.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "CAPTURE AND RECAPTURE. 61\\ncompany of men up the river for the purpose of heading.\\nThe manoeuver was effected in the course of two days, at\\nan island which has since been called Beausoliel s island.\\nThe barge had just put ashore. The robbers boarded, and\\nordered the crew to return down. The men were dis-\\narmed, guards were stationed in every part of the vessel,\\nand she was soon under way. Mr. Beausoliel gave him-\\nself up to despair. He had spent all he possessed in the\\npurchase of the barge and its cargo, and now that he was\\nto be deprived of them all, he was in agony. This vessel\\nwould have shared the fate of many others that had pre-\\nceded it, but for the heroic daring of a negro, who was\\none of the crew. Cacasotte, the negro, was a man rather\\nunder the ordinary hight, very slender in person, but of\\nuncommon strength and activity. The color of his skin\\nand the curl of his hair, alone told that he was a negro,\\nfor the peculiar characteristics of his race had given place\\nin him to what might be termed beauty. His forehead\\nwas finely moulded, his eyes small and sparkling as those\\nof a serpent, his nose aquiline, his lips of a proper thick-\\nness; in fact, the whole appearance of the man, joined to\\nhis known character for shrewdness and courage, seemed\\nto indicate that, under better circumstances, he might\\nhave shone conspicuous in the history of nations. Ca-\\ncasotte, as soon as the robbers had taken possession of the\\nbarge, began to make every demonstration of uncontrolla-\\nble joy. He danced, sang, laughed, and soon induced his\\ncaptors to believe that they had liberated him from irk-\\nsome slavery, and that his actions were the ebullitions of\\npleasure. His constant attention to their smallest wants\\nand wishes, too, won their confidence; and whilst they\\nkept a watchful eye on the other prisoners, they permitted\\nhim to roam through the vessel unmolested and un-\\nwatched. This was the state of things that the negro", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "62 THE BRAVE CACASOTTE.\\ndesired. He seized the first opportunity to speak to Mr.\\nBeausoliel, and beg permission to rid him of the danger-\\nous intruders. He laid his plan before his master, who,\\nafter a great deal of hesitation, acceded to it. Cacasotte\\nthen spoke to two of the crew, likewise negroes, and en-\\ngaged them in the conspiracy. Cacasotte was cook, and\\nit was agreed between him and his fellow conspirators,\\nthat the signal for dinner should be the signal for action.\\nThe hour of dinner at length arrived; The robbers as-\\nsembled in considerable numbers on the deck, and sta-\\ntioned themselves at the bow and stern, and along the\\nsides, to prevent any rising of the men. Cacasotte went\\namong them with the most unconcerned look and de-\\nmeanor imaginable. As soon as he perceived that his\\ncomrades had taken the stations he had assigned to them,\\nhe took his position at the bow of the boat, near one of\\nthe robbers, a stout, herculean man, who was armed cap-\\na-pie. Every thing being arranged to his satisfaction,\\nCacasotte gave the preconcerted signal, and immediately\\nthe robber near him was struggling in the waters. With\\nthe speed of lightning, he went from one robber to an-\\nother, and in less than three minutes, he had thrown\\nfourteen of them overboard. Then seizing an oar, he\\nstruck on the head those who attempted to save them-\\nselves by grappling the running boards, then shot with\\nthe muskets that had been dropped on deck, those who\\nswam away. In the mean time, the other conspirators\\nwere not idle, but did almost as much execution as their\\nleader. The deck was soon cleared, and the robbers that\\nremained below, were too few in number to offer any re-\\nsistance.\\nHaving got rid of his troublesome visitors, Mr. Beau-\\nsoleil deemed it prudent to return to New Orleans. This\\nhe accordingly did, taking care when he arrived near the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "mSPERSION OP THE ROBBERS. 63\\nCottonwood creek, to keep the opposite side of the river,\\nHe reached New Orleans, and gave an account of his\\ncapture and liberation to the governor, who thereupon\\nissued an order, that the boats bound for St. Louis in the\\nfollowing spring, should all go in company, to afford mu-\\ntual assistance in case of necessity. Spring came, and ten\\nkeel-boats, each provided with swivels, and their respective\\ncrews well armed, took their departure from New Orleans,\\ndetermined, if possible, to destroy the nest of robbers.\\nWhen they neared the Cottonwood creek, the foremost\\nboat perceived several men near the mouth, among the\\ntrees. The anchor was dropped, and she waited until the\\nother boats should come up. In a few moments they\\nappeared, and a consultation was held, in which it was\\ndetermined that a sufficient number of men should remain\\non board, whilst the others should proceed on shore to\\nattack the robbers. The boats were rowed to shore in a\\nline, and those appointed for that purpose, landed and\\nbegan to search the island in quest of the robbers, but in\\nvain They had disappeared. Three or four flat-boats\\nwere found in a bend of the creek, laden with all kinds\\nof valuable merchandise the fruits of their depredations.\\nA long low hut was discovered the dwelling of the rob-\\nbers in which were stowed away numerous cases of guns,\\n(destined for the fur trade,) ammunition and provisions\\nof all kinds. The greater part of these things were put\\non board the boats, and restored to their respective owners,\\nat St. Louis.\\nThis proceeding had the effect of dispersing the robbers,\\nfor they were never after heard of. The arrival of ten\\nbarges together at St. Louis, was an unusual spectacle,\\nand the year 1788 has ever since been called the year of\\nthe ten boats.\\nAs we do not design to speak of the history of the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "64 EARLY SETTLERS.\\nFrench settlements in minute detail, we shall only add\\nthat there were several others, cotemporaneous with those\\nwhich we have mentioned, the chief of which were Detroit\\nand Vincennes. The former was founded in 1670, the\\nlatter in 1702. The manners and habits of the people,\\nand their adventures, were similar to those we have de-\\nscribed except that Detroit, being situated at a more\\nexposed point, and surrounded by warlike tribes, who were\\nengaged in hostilities with each other, experienced more\\nof the vicissitudes of war.\\nThe French seem to have been mainly induced to pene-\\ntrate into these remote regions, in search of the precious\\nmetals an eager desire for which had been awakened in\\nEurope by the discoveries of the Spaniards in South Ame-\\nrica, and by a general belief of the existence of similar\\ntreasures on the northern continent. That such was the\\nfact, is sufficiently proved by the frequent mention of\\nmines and minerals, in all the charters and larger grants\\nof territory made by the French crown, as well as by the\\nnumerous and expensive efforts of individuals and com-\\npanies, in the pursuit of the precious ores.\\nThe leaders in these enterprises were gentlemen of edu-\\ncation and talents, who had no inducements to remain in\\nthese remote settlements, after the disappointment of their\\nhopes, and either returned to France, or settled in Lower\\nLouisiana, where they found a more genial climate than\\nin the higher latitudes. The remainder were pacific and\\nilliterate rustics, who brought no property, nor enter-\\ntained any ambitious views. Few of them had come\\nprepared for either agricultural or commercial pursuits,\\nand when the dreams of sudden wealth, with which they\\nhad been deluded, faded from before them., they were not\\ndisposed to engage in the ordinary employments of en-\\nlightened industry. Perhaps the inducement, as well as", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "INDOLENCE OF THE FRENCH. 65\\nthe means,, was wanting. There was little encouragement\\nfor agriculture, where there was no market for produce\\nthere could be but few arts, and but little commerce, at\\npoints so distant from the abodes of civilized men. They\\nwere besides an unenterprising and contented race, who\\nwere ignorant of the prolific resources of the country\\naround them, and destitute of the slightest perception of\\nits probable destiny its rapid advancement in population\\nand improvement. Whatever might have been the views\\nof their government, the French settlers indulged no am-\\nbitious visions, and laid no plans, either for territorial\\naggrandisement, or political domination. They made no\\nattempt to acquire land from the Indians, to organize a\\nsocial system, to introduce municipal regulations, or to\\nestablish military defences but cheerfully obeyed the\\npriests and the king s officers, and enjoyed the present,\\nwithout troubling their heads about the future. They\\nseem to have been even careless as to the acquisition of\\nproperty, and its transmission to their heirs. Finding\\nthemselves in a fruitful country, abounding in game,\\nwhere the necessaries of life could be procured with little\\nlabor, where no restraints were imposed by government,\\nand neither tribute nor personal service was exacted, they\\nwere content to live in unambitious peace, and comfort-\\nable poverty. They took possession of so much of the\\nvacant land around them, as they were disposed to till,\\nand no more. Their agriculture was rude; and even to\\nthis day, some of the implements of husbandry, and\\nmodes of cultivation, brought from France a century ago,\\nremain unchanged by the march of mind, or the hand of\\ninnovation. Their houses were comfortable, and they\\nreared fruits and flowers; evincing, in this respect, an\\nattention to comfort and luxury, which has not been\\npracticed among the English or American first settlers;\\n6 N", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "66 THEIR EMPLOYMENTS.\\nbut in the accumulation of property, and in all the essen-\\ntials of industry, they were indolent and improvident,\\nrearing only the bare necessaries of life, and living from\\ngeneration to generation without change or improvement.\\nThe only new arts which the French adopted, in conse-\\nquence of their change of residence, were those con-\\nnected with the fur trade. The few who were engaged\\nin merchandise, turned their attention almost exclusively\\nto the traffic with the Indians, while a large number\\nbecame hunters and boatmen. The voyageurs, e?igagees,\\nand couriers ales hois, as they are called, form a peculiar\\nrace of men. They are active, sprightly, and remarkably\\nexpert in their vocation. With all the vivacity of the\\nFrench character, they have little of the intemperance\\nand brutal coarseness usually found among boatmen and\\nmariners. They are patient of fatigue, and endure an\\nastonishing degree of toil and exposure to weather. Ac-\\ncustomed to live in the open air, they pass through every\\nextreme, and all the sudden vicissitudes of climate, with\\nlittle apparent inconvenience. Their boats are managed\\nwith expertness, and even grace, and their toil enlivened\\nby the song. As hunters, they have roved over the whole\\nof the wide plain of the west, to the Rocky mountains,\\nsharing the hospitality of the Indian, abiding for long\\nperiods, and even permanently, with the tribes, and\\nsometimes seeking their alliance by marriage. As boat-\\nmen, they navigate the birch canoe to the sources of the\\nlongest rivers, and pass from one river to another, by\\nlaboriously carrying the packages of merchandise, and\\nthe boat itself, across mountains, or through swamps or\\nwoods, so that no obstacle stops their progress. Like\\nthe Indian, they can live on game, without condiment or\\nbread like him, they sleep in the open air, or plunge\\ninto the water at any season, without injury.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "INDIAN STRATAGEM. 67\\nThe French had also a fort on the Ohio, about thirty-\\nsix miles above the junction of that river with the Mis-\\nsissippi, of which the Indians obtained possession by a\\nsingular stratagem. A number of them appeared in the\\nday-time on the opposite side of the river, each covered\\nwith a bear-skin, walking on all-fours, and imitating the\\nmotions of that animal. The French supposed them to\\nbe bears, and a party crossed the river in pursuit of\\nthem. The remainder of the troops left their quarters,\\nand resorted to the bank of the river, in front of the\\ngarrison, to observe the sport. In the meantime a large\\nbody of Indian warriors, who were concealed in the\\nwoods near by, came silently up behind the fort, entered\\nit without opposition, and very few of the French escaped\\nthe carnage. They afterwards built another fort on the\\nsame ground, which they called Massacre, in memory of\\nthis disastrous event, and which retained the name of\\nFort Massac, after it had passed into the hands of the\\nAmerican government.\\nThe history of Louisiana is full of romance, but as we\\nhave only designed to touch upon the small portion of it\\nwhich is properly embraced within our limits, by being\\nconnected with that of the settlements upon the Ohio and\\nMississippi, we shall not wander further into that field.\\nAnd had we been so disposed, we should not now ven-\\nture to encroach upon the ground so satisfactorily occu-\\npied by the Hon. Charles Grayarre, in his Romance of the\\nHistory of Louisiana, which has appeared since the pub-\\nlication of the first edition of this work.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "68 SETTLEMENTS ON THE OHIO.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nSettlements on the Ohio Early movements in Virginia Views of\\nGov. Spots wood Settlement of Pittsburgh Travels of Carver\\nExpedition of Dunmore.\\nWhile the French were engaged in exploring and oc-\\ncupying the region of the Mississippi, the shores of the\\nOhio remained, for a series of years, unnoticed. Between\\nthem and the English colonists there was a wide expanse\\nof country, of the extent and value of which they seemed\\nalike ignorant. We have seen that the former spoke\\nvaguely of the Wabash, as a river coming from the\\ncountry of the Iroquois towards New England, and the\\nlatter only knew of the West as a wilderness beyond the\\nmountains. A natural transition, therefore, brings us to\\nthe period when our own immediate ancestors began to\\nbecome acquainted with the importance of that country\\nwhich was destined to be the richest inheritance of their\\nchildren.\\nIt is not our design to trace the footsteps of the\\npioneers through all their wanderings, to depict their\\npersonal adventures, or to describe their various conflicts\\nwith the savage tribes. These minute details, however\\ninteresting, must be left to other hands. We shall only\\nattempt a rapid summary of a few prominent events.\\nWe have no means of ascertaining how the early\\nEnglish colonists became impressed with a sense of the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "EARLY MOVEMENTS IN VIRGINIA. 69\\nimportance of the country west of the mountains, or what\\nwas the extent of their knowledge. It was probably de-\\nrived chiefly from the French, who were not solicitous to\\npublish their discoveries, and came with all the vagueness\\nof rumor, and all the exaggerations of surmise. Certain\\nit is, that a belief was entertained in Virginia, at a very\\nearly period, of the existence of a wide and fertile terri-\\ntory beyond the mountains; and the English governors\\ncast a jealous eye at the movements of the French in\\nthat direction. In 1719, Law s celebrated Mississippi\\nBcheme was at the climax of its popularity; and this\\nevent, if no other had previously attracted notice, must\\nhave turned the attention of our ancestors to that region.\\nIn a work entitled The Present State of Virginia,\\nby Hugh Jones, A. M., chaplain to the honorable assem-\\nbly, and minister of Jamestown, printed in 1724, we\\nfind the following information\\nGovernor Spotswood, when he undertook the great\\ndiscovery of the passage of the mountains, attended with\\nsufficient guard of pioneers and gentlemen, with sufficient\\nstock of provisions, with abundant fatigue passed these\\nmountains, and cut his majesty s name in a rock upon\\nthe highest of them, naming it Mount George; and in\\ncomplaisance, the gentlemen, from the governor s name,\\ncalled the mountain next in hight, Mount Alexander.\\nFor this expedition they were obliged to provide a\\ngreat quantity of horse-shoes, (things seldom used in the\\nlower part of the country, where there are few stones,)\\nupon which account the governor, upon their return,\\npresented each of his companions with a golden horse-\\nshoe, (some of which I have seen studded with valuable\\nstones, resembling the heads of nails,) with this inscrip-\\ntion on one side: sic juvat transcendere monies; and on\\nthe other is written, The Tramontane Order.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "70 VIEWS OF GOV. SPOTSWOOD.\\nThis he instituted to encourage gentlemen to venture\\nback, and make discoveries and new settlements any\\ngentleman being entitled to wear this golden shoe, who\\ncan prove his having drunk his majesty s health upon\\nMount George.\\nThese facts, the accuracy of which we have no reason\\nto doubt, are very curious. One hundred years ago, the\\nregion that we inhabit was almost unknown, and entirely\\ninaccessible to the inhabitants of Virginia. Governor\\nSpotswood undertook the great discovery, in a spirit\\nof enterprise similar to that which prompted the ardent\\ngenius of Columbus; we can imagine the preparation,\\nthe pomp, pride, and circumstance, which must have pre-\\nceded and attended this novel enterprise. The colonial\\ngovernor was no doubt arrayed in all the imposing in-\\nsignia of vice-royalty. A body of pioneers preceded his\\nmarch, guards surrounded his person, and a long train\\nof pack-horses carried tents and provisions. The chival-\\nrous gentry of Virginia pressed forward, with a noble\\nemulation, to share in the dangerous adventure. They\\nhad long looked towards the blue summits of the distant\\nmountains, that lined their western frontier, with intense\\ncuriosity; and perhaps had ventured singly, or in small\\nparties, to the bases of these rocky acclivities, which\\nseemed to present an impassible barrier against the\\nadvance of civilized man. Now they came prepared to\\nscale the ramparts of nature, to discover new lands, and\\nto extend the empire of their king into new regions.\\nu With abundant fatigue, they reached the summit of\\none of these ridges, and looked back in admiration upon\\nthe broad plains and wooded valleys of the ancient\\ndominion. But we do not learn that they obtained a\\nglimpse of the fertile west and knowing, as we now do,\\nthat the Alleghany chain consists of a number of parallel", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "VIEWS OF GOV. SPOTSWOOD. 71\\nridges, occupying a space of more than sixty miles in\\nwidth, we suppose it probable that they did not penetrate\\nfar into these mountainous recesses. It is even possible\\nthat one of the lesser range, called the Blue Mountains,\\nmight have been the limit of their travels.\\nThey little dreamed of the breadth, the length, and the\\nresources, of the great valley whose verge they had\\napproached nor imagined that a region lay beyond them,\\nwrapped in the silent splendor of unbroken forests, which,\\nin extent, beauty, and magnificence, far exceeded the\\nterritories previously subdued by our ancestors, at so\\ngreat an expenditure of life and wealth. They were,\\nperhaps, not even aware that the French were even then\\nbuilding forts and villages, planting the grape, and play-\\ning the violin, upon the borders of the Mississippi. Still\\nless could they foresee the changes which a century\\nwould produce that great States would grow up beyond\\nthese mountains, upon which, with so much triumph, they\\ndrank his majesty s health that stages and pleasure-\\ncarriages would be rapidly whirled over these Alpine\\nprecipices and that fashionable parties would resort in\\ncrowds to watering-places, in the romantic valleys of the\\nAlleghany chain.\\nIn 1739, at the commencement of the war between\\nGreat Britain and Spain, Spotswood, who was no longer\\ngovernor, was placed at the head of the colonial troops of\\nVirginia, and assured that his favorite project of occupy-\\ning the regions watered by the Ohio, should be carried\\ninto immediate operation. Some preparations were made,\\nand the spirit of adventure was again awakened in Vir-\\nginia; but the death of Spotswood caused the enterprise\\nto be abandoned.\\nThe situation of Pittsburgh, at the head of the Ohio,\\nand at the confluence of the Monongahela and Alleghany", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "72 SETTLEMENT OF PITTSBURGH.\\nrivers, was probably first noticed for its military, rather\\nthan its commercial advantages. When the French de-\\ntermined to establish a chain of posts from Canada to\\nLouisiana, one of the most important was Fort du Quesne,\\nsituated at this point. It did not escape the military eye\\nof Washington, when he visited this country several years\\nbefore the revolution, on a mission from the government\\nof Virginia and, in his dispatches, he spoke of its im-\\nportance with a prophetic spirit. During the struggle\\nwhich is commonly called Braddock s War, in 1755,\\nFort du Quesne changed masters; and the English, aban-\\ndoning the original work, which was probably a mere\\nstockade, built a more regular fortification on a site imme-\\ndiately adjoining, which they named Fort Pitt. This post,\\nerected on a low point of land, and commanded by hills on\\nevery side, would appear, to a soldier of the present day,\\nto have been untenable, and consequently useless nor\\ncan the reasons of its original establishment and subse-\\nquent importance be ascertained, without recurring to the\\nhistory of those times. As a place of deposit for military\\nstores, it possesses singular advantages in the facilities\\nwhich it affords for their transportation as there is no\\nother spot from which they could have been distributed\\nwith equal celerity, or over so large an extent of country.\\nNor was its situation, with regard to defense, so desperate\\nas we might at first imagine. It is to be recollected that\\nin those days there was little or no artillery west of the\\nmountains; and that it was considered as almost impos-\\nsible to pass the Alleghany ridge with a carriage of any\\ndescription. There was little reason to apprehend that\\nany ordnance would be brought to assail the ramparts\\nof that insulated fortress, which seemed destined to assert\\nthe sway of Britain over a boundless wilderness. But,\\nnotwithstanding this imaginary security, the works, of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "SETTLEMENT OF PITTSBURGH. 73\\nwhich there are extensive ruins still visible, seem to have\\nbeen built after the usual fashion of that period, and to\\nhave had the strength, as well as the form, of a regular\\nfortification. A bomb-proof magazine was extant a few\\nyears ago, in good preservation. This fort is said to have\\nbeen built by Lord Stanwin, and to have cost the British\\ngovernment sixty thousand pounds sterling. As it would\\nseem, by placing it at this exposed spot, that an attack by\\nartillery was not apprehended; and as, if such an attack\\nhad been made, resistance would have been vain, it is diffi-\\ncult to conceive what could have been the motives of the\\nbuilders in giving it such strength and regularity. We\\nmust either suppose that their military habits prevailed\\nover the better dictates of prudence, or that they intended\\nto impress their Indian neighbors with an exalted opinion\\nof their security and power. It is said that, shortly after\\nthe English took possession, the Indian traders built a\\nrow of fine brick houses on the margin of the Alleghany,\\nbut that their foundation was sapped by the encroach-\\nments of the river; no vestige of them remains. About\\nthe year 1760, a small town was built near Fort Pitt,\\nwhich contained nearly two hundred souls; but on the\\nbreaking out of the Indian war, in 1763, the inhabitants\\nretired into the fort, and their dwellings were suffered to\\nfall into decay. The British ofiicers had some fine gardens\\nhere, called the King s, and Artillery gardens, and\\nlarge orchards of choice fruit. The old inhabitants of the\\npresent town recollect them; but there are now no remains\\nof these early attempts at luxury and comfort.\\nAfter Fort Pitt came into the possession of the Ameri-\\ncans, it was occupied but for a short time, when the\\ngarrison was removed to a spot about a mile further up,\\non the Alleghany river, where a picket-work and block-\\nhouses were erected, and called Fort Fayette. This post", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "74 TRAVELS OF CARVER.\\nwas occupied by the United States troops until the erec-\\ntion, within a few years past, of the arsenal, two miles\\nfurther up.\\nPittsburgh was first laid out in the year 1765; it was\\nafterwards laid out, surveyed, and completed on its present\\nplan, in 1784, by Colonel George Woods, by order of\\nTench Francis, Esq., attorney for John Penn, and John\\nPenn, junior. The increase of the town was not rapid\\nuntil the year 1793, in consequence of the inroads of the\\nsavage tribes, which impeded the growth of the neighbor-\\ning settlements. The western insurrection, more gene-\\nrally known as the Whisky War, once more made this\\nthe scene of commotion, and is said to have given Pitts-\\nburgh a new and reviving impulse, by throwing a con-\\nsiderable sum of money into circulation. Since that time\\nit has increased rapidly, and is now an important manu-\\nfacturing city.\\nIn 1765, John Carver explored the western country,\\nconfining himself chiefly to the regions in the vicinity of\\nthe northern lakes. He was a native of Connecticut, and\\na captain in the British army. After having spent two\\nyears and a half in dangerous and painful wanderings,\\nand traveled seven thousand miles, he went to England\\nwith his family, in 1769, indulging the expectation of\\nbeing rewarded for his labors. But the difficulties then\\nexisting between Great Britain and her colonies, induced\\nthe former to suppress every thing that tended to give\\ninformation of the power, wealth, and future prospects\\nof this country; and Captain Carver obtained merely a\\nreimbursement of the sums he had actually expended on\\nhis travels, on condition of delivering up the original jour-\\nnals to the board of trade. He took care, however, to\\nkeep a copy, which he published several years afterwards.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "GENERAL INDIAN WAR. 75\\nCHAPTEE IY.\\nWar of 1763 Peace of 1764 Settlements in western Virginia\\nEarly land titles Value of land War of 1774 Lewis s expe-\\ndition Dunmore s treaty Heroism of Cornstalk Character of\\nGeneral Lewis.\\nThe years 1763 and 1764 are memorable for the wide\\nextent and destructive results of an atrocious war of\\nextermination, carried on by a combination of all the\\nIndian tribes of the western country, against the whole\\nof the frontier settlements of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and\\nNorth Carolina.\\nThe peace of 1763, by which the whole of Canada was j\\nceded to Great Britain, was particularly unacceptable to\\nthe Indians, who disliked the English, and preferred the\\nFrench to all other Europeans; and who were especially\\naverse to this measure, because it was understood that\\nthe British claimed all the country west of the mountains.\\nThey recognized no distinction between jurisdiction and\\npossession, and supposed that having gained Canada, the\\nEnglish would proceed to settle both that and the western\\nplains, as rapidly as might suit their own convenience.\\nThe erection of new forts, and improvement of those\\nwhich had been established at Pittsburgh, Bedford, Li-\\ngonier, Niagara, Detroit, Presque Isle, St. Joseph, and\\nMichilimackinac, confirmed this supposition and the\\nIndians finding themselves curbed by a strong line of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "76 PEACE CONCLUDED.\\nforts, which threatened an extension of the white popu-\\nlation into the heart of their country, took up arms with\\nalacrity, for the defence of their hunting grounds, and\\nfor the prosecution of a more decisive contest than any\\nin which they had been heretofore engaged. They\\nresolved on the general massacre of all the English\\nsettlers west of the mountains, as well as those in the\\nregion of the Susquehanna, to which they laid claim.\\nf Never was a war carried on with more cunning and\\ni ferocity and on no occasion did the Indian warriors\\nexhibit a greater degree of military skill, and dauntless\\ncourage, than in this war, which was especially marked\\nby all the horrors of savage malignity the burning of\\nI houses, the massacre of women and children, and the\\ntorture of prisoners. The English traders were the first\\nvictims: of one hundred and twenty of these, scattered\\namong the Indian tribes, only three escaped. The forts\\nat Presque Isle, St. Joseph, and Mackinac, were sur-\\nprised, and their garrisons slaughtered, while the other\\nposts were maintained with great difficulty.\\nDetroit and Fort Pitt, being the most important posts,\\ntheir capture was attempted with great eagerness, and a\\nseries of military operations occurred at these places,\\nwhich we shall not repeat, as they have been related in\\ndetail in the general histories of those times.\\nThis war was concluded in the latter part of 1764, by\\na treaty made at the German flats, by Sir William John-\\nstone and a peace of nearly ten years continuance\\nensued, during which the settlements on the Mononga-\\nhela increased with great rapidity.\\nThe settlements in western Virginia and Pennsylvania\\nbegan to attract notice, along the Monongahela, and be-\\ntween that river and the Laurel Ridge, in the year 1772,\\nand reached the Ohio in the succeeding year. The forts", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "LAND TITLES. 77\\nat Redstone, now Brownsville, and at Wheeling, were\\namong the first and most conspicuous. The settlers were\\nchiefly from Maryland and Virginia; and the route they\\npursued was the scarcely practicable path called Brad-\\ndock s trail, which they traveled with no better means of\\nconveyance for their furniture and provisions, than that\\nafforded by pack-horses.\\nAnother, but less numerous emigration, came from\\nPennsylvania, by way of Bedford and Fort Ligonier, to\\nFort Pitt, which was then supposed to be within the\\ncharter of Virginia.\\nThe great object of most of these persons was to\\nobtain the possession of land; the title to which cost\\nlittle more than the payment of office fees. The Indian\\ntitle was not then considered, by individuals, as present-\\ning any obstacle, and Virginia confirmed the titles of\\nsettlers, with no other restrictions than such as were\\nnecessary to prevent the confusion of interfering claims.\\nAt an early period, that State appointed three commis-\\nsioners to give certificates of settlement rights, which\\nwere sent with the surveyor s plot to the land-office,\\nwhere they remained six months, to await the interpo-\\nsition of caveats, by other claimants, to the same land.\\nIf none were offered within that period, the patents were\\nissued.\\nThere was an inferior kind of title invented by those\\nrude borderers, called a tomahawk-right, which was\\nmade by deadening a few trees near a spring, and mark-\\ning others, by cutting in the bark the initials of the\\nperson who thus took possession. This ceremony con-\\nferred no legal property, but was respected by the settlers\\nas establishing a priority of claim, with which it was:\\ndiscreditable to interfere. These rights were therefore\\noften bought and sold, because those who wished to", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "78 SETTLEMENT RIGHTS. ANECDOTE.\\nsecure favorite tracts of land, chose to buy the toma-\\nhawk improvements, rather than quarrel with the persons\\nwho had made them.\\nThe settlement right at that time, was limited to four\\nhundred acres and many of the primitive settlers seemed\\nto regard this amount of the surface of the earth, as the\\nallotment of Divine Providence for a single family, and\\nbelieved that it would be sinful to monopolize a larger\\nquantity. Most of them contented themselves with that\\nnumber of acres, and those who evaded the law by avail-\\ning themselves of the names of others, to obtain more\\nI than one settler s portion, were held in disrepute. It\\nwas thought that when an individual had gained as much\\nland as was necessary to support his family, the remain-\\nder belonged of right to whoever might choose to settle\\nupon it.*\\nAn authentic anecdote is related of a worthy pioneer\\nin western Virginia, who, in addition to his improvement\\nright, became lawfully seized in fee simple, of an adjoin-\\ning tract of two hundred acres; but being a pious and\\nupright man, and thinking it wrong to appropriate to\\nhimself more than he considered the lawful share of one\\nindividual, his conscience would not permit him to retain\\nit in his family. He gave it therefore to a young man\\nwho had been his apprentice and the latter sold it for\\na cow and calf, and a wool hat.\\nThe division lines between those whose lands adjoined,\\nwere amicably arranged between the parties, previous to\\nany actual survey and in making this partition, they\\nwere chiefly guided by the tops of the ridges, and the\\nwater-courses, but particularly the former. Hence a\\nlarge number of the farms in western Pennsylvania and\\nDoddridge s Notes.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "EARLY SETTLERS. 79\\nVirginia., bear a striking resemblance to an amphitheater.\\nThe buildings occupy a low situation, near a spring, and\\nthe tops of the surrounding hills are the boundaries of\\nthe tract. The farmers prided themselves in an arrange-\\nment, which they alleged to be attended with the con-\\nvenience, that every thing came to the house down hill.\\nThe tracts of land in Ohio, and the other States west of\\nthe Ohio river, having been laid out by parallel lines,\\nthe farms do not present this peculiarity.\\nThe pioneers placed little value upon their lands, in\\nconsequence of an apprehension that the soil would soon\\nwear out, or become impoverished by culture. They\\nwere unaccustomed to the use of manure, and wholly\\nunacquainted with the modern system of agriculture, by\\nwhich the exhaustion of the fertilizing juices of the soil\\nis remedied and had they known them, would have\\nbeen disinclined to the labor of such careful husbandry.\\nThis is one of the most obvious causes of their migratory j\\nhabits.\\nThe race of pioneers inhabiting the head waters of\\nthe Ohio, had some peculiarities, which distinguish them\\nfrom those of Kentucky, which we shall point out in\\nanother place. At present we shall proceed to give a\\nrapid outline of the historical events which attended the\\nfirst settlement of this part of the west.\\nThe destructive war that broke out in 1774, and threw t\\nthe whole frontier into consternation, was provoked by\\nthe misconduct of the whites. In the spring of that\\nyear, a rumor was circulated that the Indians had stolen\\nseveral horses from some land speculators, who were\\nexploring the shores of the Ohio and Kanawha rivers.\\nNo evidence of the fact was produced, and the report\\nhas since been considered to have been false. It was,\\nhowever, believed at the time, and produced a general", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "80 HISTORICAL EVENTS.\\nimpression that the Indians were about to take up the\\nhatchet against the frontier settlements. The land job-\\nbers ascended the river, and collected at Wheeling, at\\nwhich place was a small station commanded by Captain\\nCressap.\\nHere a scene of confusion and high excitement ensued.\\nThe report that a canoe containing two Indians, was ap-\\nproaching, Was sufficient to kindle up the incipient fires\\nof hatred and revenge. Captain Cressap proposed to take\\na party, and intercept the Indians;* while Colonel Zane,\\nthe proprietor of the place, decidedly objected to any act\\nof hostility on the part of the whites, on the grounds\\nthat the killing of these Indians would bring on a gene-\\nral war, while the act itself would be a criminal murder,\\nwhich would disgrace the names of the perpetrators. On\\nthe frontier, the counsels of humanity and peace are not\\noften regarded as those of wisdom. The party set out,\\nand being asked on their return, what had become of the\\nIndians, the cool reply was, that they had fallen over-\\nboard The fate of the savage warriors was not long\\na secret; the canoe was found bloody, and pierced with\\nbullets; the tribes flew to arms, and a sanguinary war was\\nthe immediate consequence of this and other acts of un-\\nprovoked outrage. One of these was an atrocious attack\\nupon a party of Indians encamped at the mouth of\\nCaptina creek, committed by thirty-two men under the\\ncommand of Daniel Greathouse. On the same day on\\nwhich the murder occurred which we have just described,\\nanother was perpetrated at Yellow creek, by the same\\nparty.\\nThe whole family of the celebrated, but unfortunate\\nLogan, were comprehended in the massacres at Captina\\nDoddridge.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "INDIAN WAR. 81\\nand Yellow creeks; and he who had always been the\\nfriend of the whites, and the efficient advocate of peace,\\nwas converted by the lawless acts of a few unprincipled\\nindividuals, into an active and daring enemy.\\nThose alone who have resided upon the frontier, are\\naware of the thrill of terror, spread by such an event,\\namong the scattered inhabitants of the border. Antici-\\npating immediate retaliation, and not knowing at what\\nmoment, or from what quarter, the blow may come, the\\npanic spreads with the rapidity of the wind. Bold and\\nhardy as the borderers are, when traversing the forest\\nalone in pursuit of game, or when assembled for battle,\\nthey cannot, at the first rumor of an Indian war, avoid\\nquailin g under the anticipated terrors of a sudden inroad\\nof savage hostility. They know that their enemy will\\nsteal upon them in the night, in the unguarded hour of\\nrepose, and that the innocent child and helpless female\\nwill derive no protection from their sex or weakness;\\nand they shrink at the idea of a violated fireside, and a\\nslaughtered family. The man who may be cool, when\\nhis own life alone is exposed to danger, or whose spirit\\nmay kindle into enthusiastic gallantry, amid the anima-\\nting scenes of the battle-field, where armed men are his\\ncompanions and his foes becomes panic-struck at the,\\ncontemplation of a merciless warfare which shall offer\\nhis dwelling to the firebrand of the incendiary, and his\\nfamily to the tomahawk of the infuriated savage.\\nSuch was the effect of the unadvised and criminal acts\\nwhich we have related. A sudden consternation per-\\nvaded the whole frontier. A war, unwelcome, unexpected,\\nand for which they were wholly unprepared, was sud-\\ndenly precipitated upon them by the unbridled passions\\nof a few lawless men and a foe always quick to resent,\\nand ever eager to shed the blood of the white race, was", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "82 PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENCE.\\nroused to a revenge which he would not delay in ob-\\ntaining. The settlers began to remove to the interior,\\nor collect in log forts hastily erected for the occasion.\\nMen who had acquired homes by years of perilous\\nand toilsome labor, who had plied the axe incessantly\\nin clearing away the immense trees of the forest, in\\nmaking fences, in building houses, in disencumbering\\nthe land of its tangled thickets, and bringing it into\\nculture, abandoned all, and fled in precipitation to places\\nof safety. In every path might be seen the sturdy\\npioneer, striding lustily forward, with his rifle on his\\nshoulder, casting wary glances into each suspicious dell\\nand covert; and followed by a train of pack-horses,\\nburthened with his wife, his children, and such movables\\nas could be transported by this mode of conveyance.\\nAfter a few days, the whole scene was changed. The\\nfrontier, so lately peaceful, had become the seat of war.\\nThe fields of the husbandman were ravaged by the Indian;\\nthe cabins were burned, and the labors of many years\\ndesolated. The few settlers that incautiously remained\\nin their homes, were slaughtered, or with difficulty rescued\\n3 by their friends. The prudent men, whose backs had\\nlately been turned upon the foe, having placed their fami-\\nlies in security, were now seen in arms, either defending\\nthe rude fortresses, or eagerly scouring the woods in\\nsearch of the enemy. However reluctantly they had been\\nforced into the war, they had now entered into the spirit\\nof the contest the inconveniences they had suffered, the\\ndanger of their families, and the sight of their desolated\\nhearths and blasted fields, had awakened in their bosoms\\na hatred not less implacable than that of their savage\\nfoemen.\\nExpresses were sent to Williamsburgh, the seat of\\ngovernment of Virginia, announcing the commencement", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OP POINT PLEASANT. 83\\nof hostilities, and a plan was immediately matured, for a\\ncampaign against the Indians. The active commander\\nwas General Lewis, of Botetourte county. The forces\\nwere to rendezvous in Greenbriar county. The Earl of\\nDunrnore was to raise another army, to be assembled at\\nFort Pitt, and thence to descend the river to Point\\nPleasant, at the mouth of the Kenawa.\\nOn the eleventh of September, General Lewis, with\\neleven hundred men, commenced his march from his ren-\\ndezvous in Greenbriar for Point Pleasant, distant one\\nhundred and sixty miles. The country to be traversed,\\nwas at that time a trackless desert, wholly impassable for\\nwheeled carriages the ammunition and provisions were\\ncarried on pack-horses; and the army, led by a guide\\nacquainted with the passes of the mountains and the In-\\ndian pathways, reached Point Pleasant after a laborious\\nmarch of nineteen days.\\nLord Dunrnore, to the great disappointment of General\\nLewis, did not make his appearance, and it was not until\\nafter a painful delay of nine days, that he learned by an\\nexpress from that nobleman, that he had changed his plan\\nof operations, and marched for the old Chillicothe town, at\\nwhich place he instructed General Lewis to join him.\\nOn the next day, the Virginia troops were attacked in\\ntheir camp, by a numerous body of Indians, composed of\\nthe Shawnee, Delaware, Mingo, and other tribes. General\\nLewis, keeping a strong reserve in camp, pushed forward\\na detachment, under Colonels Charles Lewis and Flem-\\nming, who met the Indians about four hundred yards in\\nfront of the camp, and formed in two lines for their re-\\nception. The battle commenced a little after sunrise, by\\na heavy firing from the Indians, and so vigorous was the\\nonset, that the advance was soon driven in upon the main\\nbody. Here they were rallied, reinforced, and led gal-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "84 BRAVERY OF CORNSTALK.\\nlantly back to their former position. The Indians were\\nnow driven until they entrenched themselves behind a\\nline of logs and trees, extending from the bank of the\\nOhio to that of the Kenawa, while our troops occupied\\nthe point of land formed by the junction of the two rivers.\\nThe brave Virginians, thus hemmed in, with rivers in their\\nrear and on either flank, and a vindictive foe strongly\\nintrenched in their front, were dependent on their courage\\nalone for success. Their native gallantry, ably directed\\nby the military skill of their distinguished leader, proved\\ntriumphant. The battle was kept up with great vivacity,\\nand with little change of position, during the whole day,\\nand at sunset the discomfited savages retreated across the\\nOhio.\\nOur loss in this sanguinary battle was seventy-five\\nkilled, and one hundred and forty wounded. Among the\\nkilled were Colonels Charles Lewis, and Fields Captains\\nBuford, Murray, Ward, Wilson, and M Clenahan Lieuts.\\nAllen, Goldsby, Dillon and some inferior officers.\\nThe number of Indians engaged was never ascertained\\nbut it was rendered certain that their loss was at least\\nequal to ours. They were commanded by Cornstalk, the\\ncelebrated chief warrior of the Shawnese, who displayed\\nthe most consummate skill and bravery. During the\\nwhole of the day, his voice was heard vociferating, with\\nterrific energy, in his own language Be strong! be\\nstrong\\nOn the evening preceding the battle, he had proposed\\nin a council of his confederates, to go personally to the\\ncamp of Gen. Lewis, to negotiate a peace. A majority of\\nthe warriors voted against the measure. Then, said the\\nintrepid leader, since you are resolved to fight, you shall\\nfight. It is likely we shall have hard work to-morrow\\nbut if any warrior shall attempt to run away from the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CORNSTALK SUES FOR PEACE. 85\\nbattle, I will kill Mm with my own hand. It is said that\\nhe literally fulfilled this threat upon one of his followers.\\nAfter the Indians had returned to the Chillicothe town,\\nCornstalk again called a council. He reminded the war\\nchiefs of their obstinacy in preventing him from making\\npeace before the fatal battle of Point Pleasant, and asked,\\nWhat shall we do now? The Loog Knives are coming\\nupon us Jby two routes. Shall we turn out and fight\\nthem? All were silent. He again addressed them:\\nShall we kill all our squaws and children, and then fight\\nuntil we shall all be killed ourselves? Again a dead si-\\nlence reigned among the stern leaders of the Indian host.\\nHe rose up, with the dignity of one who felt that he had\\ndischarged his duty, and striking his tomahawk into the\\nwar-post in the middle of the council-house, said, Since\\nyou are not inclined to fight, I will go and make peace.\\nHe did so.\\nIn the meanwhile, Lord Dunmore descended the river\\nto Wheeling and thence proceeded, with about a hundred\\ncanoes, a few keel boats, and some pirogues, to the mouth\\nof Hocking, from which place he marched to a point\\nwithin eight miles of Chillicothe, on the Sciota. Here the\\narmy halted, and threw up intrenchments of fallen trees\\nand earth, which included about twelve acres, with an in-\\nclosure of strong breast-works in the center, containing\\nabout one acre. The latter, as an early writer significantly\\nremarks, was the citadel which contained the markees of\\nthe earl and his superior officers. Doddridge.\\nBefore the army reached this place, the Indian chiefs\\nhad sent several messages, suing for peace, which Lord\\nDunmore resolved to grant. He therefore ordered General\\nLewis to retreat. The brave Virginian, disregarding this\\nmandate, continued his march until he joined his superior,\\nwhen the order was repeated, and obeyed. The troops", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "86 THE SPEECH OF LOGAN.\\nwere greatly chagrined at this termination of a campaign\\nwhich had thus far been so successful. The murder of\\nsome of their relatives and friends, and the loss of many\\nof their brave companions in the recent battle, had kindled\\na desire for revenge, which they were disposed to indulge\\nby the destruction of all the Indian towns in the region\\nof the Sciota. The order of Dunmore was therefore obeyed\\nwith indignation, and regret, and Lewis retired towards\\nVirginia, while the earl remained with his army to treat\\nwith the Indians.\\nOn this occasion, every precaution was used to guard\\nagainst treachery, and only a limited number of chiefs,\\nwith a few warriors, were permitted to enter the fortified\\nencampment. Cornstalk opened the discussions by an\\neloquent speech, in which he boldly charged the whites\\nwith having provoked the war, by the murders at Cap-\\ntina and Yellow Creeks and is said to have spoken\\nwith such vehemence, that he was heard over the whole\\ncamp.\\nI It was on this occasion that Logan, the Cayuga chief,\\nsent to Lord Dunmore the speech which has rendered his\\nname so celebrated, and which is justly considered as one\\nof the finest specimens of eloquence upon record. Mr.\\nJefferson, who preserved this beautiful and affecting ef-\\nfusion of native feeling, in his Notes on Virginia, has been\\naccused of palming upon the world a production of his\\nown, by those who have no other ground for the suspicion\\nthan the force and feeling of the composition itself, and\\nwho forget that genuine eloquence is not the offspring of\\nrefinement. But all doubt on this subject has long since\\nbeen removed, by the testimony of General Gibson, of\\nPennsylvania, who interpreted the speech when delivered,\\nand of other officers who were present at the treaty, and\\nwho many years afterwards remembered distinctly the im-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "GENERAL LEWIS. 87\\npression made upon their minds by the affecting appeal\\nof the unlettered chieftain.\\nGeneral Andrew Lewis, who acted so conspicuous a\\npart in this campaign, was a gentleman of whose military\\nabilities General Washington entertained so high an opin-\\nion, that, when the chief command of the revolutionary\\narmies was tendered to himself, he recommended that it\\nshould rather be given to General Lewis.\\nHe was the companion of Washington in the fatal cam-\\npaign under Braddock, and was a captain in the detach-\\nment that fought at Little Meadows in 1752. He com-\\nmanded a company of Virginians, attached to Major\\nGrant s regiment of Highlanders, in 1758; and, on the\\neve of the battle in which the latter was so signally de-\\nfeated, was ordered to the rear with his men, in order\\nthat he might not share the honor of the expected victory.\\nThere he stood with his brave Virginians, impatiently\\nlistening to the reports of the musketry, at a distance\\nof more than a mile from the battle-ground, until the\\nEuropeans were defeated, and wholly exposed to the\\nmerciless tomahawk of the Indians when, without wait-\\ning for orders, he rushed to the scene of slaughter, and,\\nby his coolness and skill, turned the scale of victory,\\ndrove back the savages, and saved the regulars from mas-\\nsacre. While advancing to the rescue, he met a Scotish\\nHighlander under full flight; and on enquiring of him\\nhow the battle was going, the panic-struck soldier replied,\\nthey Were a beaten, and he had seen Donald M Donald\\nup to his hunkers in the mud, and a the skin aff his\\nheed.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "88 EXPEDITION OF GEN. M INTOSH.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nM Intosh s Expedition Fort Laurens Moravian towns Destruc-\\ntion of the Moravians Crawford s campaign.\\nIn the spring of 1778, a small body of regular troops\\nwas sent out for the protection of the western frontiers,\\nunder General M Intosh, who built a fort on the site of\\nthe present town of Beaver. It was a strong stockade,\\nwith bastions, mounting one six-pounder.\\nIn the fall of that year, having received instructions to\\nmake a campaign against the Sandusky towns, he march-\\ned in that direction with a thousand men, but it was too\\nlate in the season to operate efficiently. He therefore\\nerected Fort Laurens on the bank of the Tuscarawa, and\\nleaving a garrison there of one hundred and fifty men,\\nretired to Fort Pitt.\\nThe inexpediency of erecting forts so far in advance\\nof the settlements, was soon experienced. In the month\\nof January, the Indians came secretly in the night, and\\ncaught the horses that were grazing near the fort. These\\nthey carried off, having first taken from their necks the\\nbells which the new settlers hung to their domestic ani-\\nmals, in order to be able to find them when running at\\nlarge in the woods They then formed an ambuscade by\\nthe side of a path leading from the fort, and in the morn-\\ning early rattled the bells in that direction. A fatigue\\nparty of sixteen men, who were sent out as usual to col-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE FORT BESIEGED. 89\\nlect the horses, fell into the snare. Fourteen were killed\\non the spot, and two taken. In the evening of that day,\\nthe whole Indian army, in full dress and painted for war,\\nappeared on the prairie in sight of the fort, marching to-\\nwards it in single file, with every martial solemnity which\\ncould render their appearance imposing. Their number,\\nas counted from one of the bastions, was eight hundred\\nand forty-seven. They encamped on a rising ground on\\nthe opposite side of the river from the fort, and often ap-\\nproached so near as to hold conversation with our people\\nin which they deplored the war, but did not attempt to\\nconceal their feelings of exasperation at the Americans for\\npenetrating so far into their country. After besieging the\\nfort for about six weeks, they retired; and the commander\\ndespatched Colonel Clark to Fort M Intosh, with the in-\\nvalids, under a small escort. The Indians, anticipating\\nthat the garrison would be thrown off its guard by their\\nretreat, had left a party lingering behind, which inter-\\ncepted this little detachment, about two miles from the\\nfort, and killed all but four.\\nA few days after this disaster, General M Intosh came\\nto the relief of the garrison, with a body of seven hundred\\nmen, and a supply of provisions, of which the lately be-\\nsieged party stood in great need, but the greater part of\\nwhich was lost by an uncommon accident. When the\\nrelieving troops were about to enter the fort, the overjoyed\\ngarrison saluted them with a general discharge of mus-\\nketry, at the report of which the pack-horses, taking\\nfright, broke away suddenly from their drivers, and\\ndashed off through the forest at full speed scattering the\\nprovisions in every direction, so that a large proportion\\nof them could never be recovered. To understand fully\\nthe extent of this misfortune, it should be stated that the\\ngarrison had been for two weeks on short allowance of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "90 THE MORAVIAN BRETHREN.\\nsour flour and damaged meat even this wretched resource\\nwas exhausted, and, for several days previous to the ar-\\nrival of relief, they had subsisted on raw hides, and\\nsuch roots as could be found in the woods and prairies.\\nSeveral men had suffered death, in consequence of eating\\npoisonous herbs. Such were some of the incidents of\\nborder warfare, and the hardships of the brave pioneers\\nwho led the van of civilization into our beautiful valley!\\nAbout the year 1772, some missionaries, of the order of\\nMoravian Brethren, succeeded in establishing a commu-\\nnity of Indians, who embraced their faith, and who were\\ncollected into three villages on the Muskingum, called\\nSalem, Gnaden-huetten, and Schoenbrund. What prog-\\nress they made in imparting to their converts the arts of\\ncivilization, and the principles of Christianity, can not\\nnow be satisfactorily ascertained. It is only certain that\\nthey induced them to live in peace, and to engage in the\\ncultivation of the soil, and that they prospered so far as\\nto increase their numbers to four hundred people. The\\ntimes, however, were adverse to a fair trial of their ex-\\nperiment, and their location was not less unpropitious.\\nOccupying a position midway between the advanced set-\\ntlements of the whites, and the villages of the hostile\\nIndians, and practicing a pacific demeanor which both\\nparties alike despised, they were suspected by each alter-\\nnately of secretly favoring the other.\\nThey continued, however, to be treated with some de-\\ngree of respect, until the breaking out of the revolution\\nin 1775, when their situation became in the highest\\ndegree embarrassing. Early in this contest, the British\\ngovernment enlisted under her banner the tomahawk of\\nthe Indian, and the whole western frontier became a scene\\nof sanguinary warfare. The American colonies, barely\\nable to sustain their fleets and armies on the seaboard,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE MORAVIANS. 91\\nhad neither troops nor supplies to send to the frontier.\\nThe pioneers defended themselves against the combined\\nforces of the British and Indians, appointed their own\\nofficers, erected forts, and bore, unaided, the whole weight\\nof the revolutionary contest.\\nAs they were not assisted, so they were not controlled\\nby the government, and became a law unto themselves\\ncarrying on a desultory warfare, without plan, and with-\\nout restraint. A lawless disposition grew up, which led\\nto the perpetration of many acts that would not have\\nbeen approved under any system of social subordination,\\nor military law.\\nThe warfare between them and the Indians soon as-\\nsumed a vindictive and merciless character; a hatred, deep,\\nstern, and mutual, governed the contest, and the parties\\nfought, not to conquer, but to exterminate.\\nThe warriors of either side, in passing the neutral vil-\\nlages of the Moravians, situated midway between them,\\noften found it convenient to stop, and it was no easy\\nmatter for that pacific community to preserve its character\\nfor neutrality. To avoid the suspicions of partiality was\\nimpossible. Even their aversion to the shedding of blood,\\nled them into acts which, however humane, were incau-\\ntious. On some occasions, they sent secret messages to\\nthe whites, to apprise them of plans, laid by the savages,\\nto surprise a fort, or massacre a settlement and they re-\\nceived the famished prisoners who escaped from the In-\\ndians, secreted and fed them, and enabled them to elude\\nthe pursuit of their enemies. On the other hand, the\\nred warriors found a resting place in either of the Mo-\\nravian villages, whenever they claimed its hospitality, and\\nperhaps experienced all the offices of charity and friend-\\nship which were extended to our people.\\nIt followed, as a matter of course, that whenever a", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "92 MASSACRE OF MORAVIAN INDIANS.\\nsecret plan of one party was discovered and frustrated by\\nthe other, the Moravians were supposed to be the treach-\\nerous betrayers; and the failure of an expedition brought\\nupon them the heavy imprecations of the side which had\\nmet with discomfiture. All the kindness which had been\\nreceived from them was blotted out by their alleged\\ntreason, or the partiality that jealous warriors suspected\\nthem to entertain towards their foes.\\nThe Moravian villages were called The half way\\nhouses of the warriors and this phrase began to be used\\nin fierce derision, by the stern and lawless men, who de-\\nspised the peaceable tillers of the soil who took neither\\nside, but opened their doors alike to all comers. In 1781,\\nthe war chief of the Delawares apprised the missionaries\\nof their danger, and urged them to remove, but they de-\\nclined. In the fall of the same year, a party of three\\nhundred Indians destroyed the villages, desolated the\\nfields, and turned the unhappy converts to Christianity,\\ninto the wilderness, upon the plains of Sandusky, where\\nmany of them perished of famine during the ensuing\\nwinter. The missionaries were carried to Detroit, and\\nafter being strictly examined, were permitted by the\\nBritish officers to return to their people.\\nIn the ensuing month of February, one hundred and\\nfifty of the Moravian Indians returned to their ruined\\nvillages, to seek among the desolated hearth-stones, some\\nremnants of their once plentiful stores of food, for their\\nperishing families. Here they encountered a body of\\nmilitia from the settlements, by whom ninety of these\\nunoffending creatures were wantonly slain. A wretched\\nremuant returned to their starving companions at San-\\ndusky, affording a melancholy evidence of the little esti-\\nmation in which the virtues of peace are held, during the\\nstern excitement of a border war.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "Crawford s campaign. 03\\nThe celebrated campaign under Colonel Crawford, was\\nundertaken in 1782, for the double purpose of completing\\nthe destruction of the Moravian Indians, in their new\\ntown at Sandusky, and of destroying the Wyandot towns\\non that river. The force employed consisted of 480 men,\\nall of whom were volunteers, who were chiefly raised in\\nthe immediate vicinity of the Ohio.\\nWe shall not repeat the details of this campaign, which\\nseems to have been badly planned, and not well con-\\nducted. It was a voluntary expedition gotten up by the\\npeople of the Virginia border, under some sudden excite-\\nment. Crawford, a brave and popular man, was selected\\nas the leader, in consideration of some military experi-\\nence gained in former wars but he seems to have been a\\nman of little energy, and of moderate ability. An act\\nof insubordination on the part of the men, upon first\\nmeeting with a few of the enemy, satisfied him that he\\ndid not command their confidence, and induced him to\\nindulge in melancholy forebodings, which were but too\\nfatally realized.\\nOn the plains of Sandusky they were met by an Indian\\narmy, and a severe engagement ensued, which lasted from\\nnoon till sunset.\\nThe next day the number of Indians increased, and the\\nencampment was surrounded by a numerous host of sav-\\nages. A retreat was resolved upon but even this meas-\\nure was almost impracticable, for the way was blocked up\\nby enemies, who disputed every step, and threw every\\nobstacle in the path of our discomfited countrymen. The\\narmy became panic-struck, and all its measures seem to\\nhave been the result of mere impulse. A difference of\\nopinion arose, as to the best mode of retreating the\\ngreater number considering it advisable to retire in a\\ncompact body, while a considerable number thought it", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "94 CRAWFORD BURNT AT THE STAKE.\\nsafer to break up into small parties, which should strike\\nhomeward in different directions. Unfortunately, both\\nplans were attempted, but neither of them prosecuted with\\nenergy; and while the majority determined to preserve\\nthe force entire, small parties were continually detaching\\nthemselves, which fell into the hands of the enemy, who,\\nquick-sighted in discovering the insubordinate and dis-\\ntracted state of our army, adapted their warfare to the\\noccasion, and hovered about to cut off those who left the\\nmain body.\\nColonel Crawford himself, missing his son, son-in-law,\\nand two nephews, who were supposed to have fallen in the\\nrear, lingered behind the troops to seek them, and was\\ntaken prisoner. He was conducted, with several other\\ncaptives, to an Indian town, where he was beaten, tor-\\ntured, and finally burnt at the stake, with every indignity\\nand every aggravation of suffering, that savage malignity\\ncould invent. The infamous Simon Grirty, an agent of the\\nBritish government, witnessed these atrocities, and not\\nonly refused to intercede for the brave but unfortunate\\nCrawford, but even laughed heartily at the agonies of the\\nperishing captive.\\nThis was the last campaign, in this quarter, during the\\nrevolutionary war it was wretchedly planned, and worse\\nconducted; and on no occasion did the savages obtain\\nmore ample revenge, or gratify their hatred of the whites\\nwith more brutal ferocity. But Crawford was the last\\n\\\\jwhite man known to have suffered at the stake-.\\nWe have passed over several minor expeditions, and a\\nvariety of individual adventures, which occurred at the\\nperiod under review, in this interesting region. But we\\ncan not omit an incident which strongly marks the\\ncharacter of the times, and shows at how early an age\\nthe young pioneers imbibed those traits of cunning, of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "JOHN AND HENRY JOHNSON. 95\\npatient endurance, and of self-possession, which distin-\\nguished our hardy borderers.\\nIn the year 1793, two brothers, John and Henry\\nJohnson the one thirteen, and the other eleven years\\nof age whose parents lived in Carpenter s station, near\\nShort Creek, on the west side of the Ohio, were roaming\\nthrough the woods in search of their father s cattle.\\nThey were met and captured by two Indians, both of\\nwhom, as it turned out afterwards, were distinguished\\nwarriors.\\nThe Indians had bridles in their hands, and were\\nseeking the horses of the settlers, for the purpose of\\nstealing; and they continued their ramble, taking the\\nboys with them. John, the oldest, had the tact to accom-\\nmodate himself at once to his situation; and, affecting\\ngreat joy at being captured, informed the savages that his\\nfather had treated him cruelly, and that he had long\\nmeditated an escape to the Indian country. He said\\nthat he wished to live in the woods and be a hunter, and\\nseemed to enter with spirit into the search of the Indians\\nafter the horses of the white men. This conduct concili-\\nated the favor of the savages, who treated them kindly.\\nThey were careful, however, not to trust their little pris-\\noners too far, but pinioned their arms; and at night,\\nwhen they lay down, placed the boys between them, se-\\ncured by a large strap, which was passed under their own\\nbodies.\\nPretty late in the night, says the narrator of this\\nincident,* the Indians fell asleep; and one of them,\\nbecoming cold, caught hold of John in his arms, and\\nturned him over on the outside. In this situation the\\nboy, who had kept awake, found means to get his hands\\nDr. Doddridge.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "96 JUVENILE HEROISM.\\nloose he then whispered to his brother, made him get\\nup, and untied his arms. This done, Henry thought of\\nnothing but running off as fast as possible; but when\\nabout to start, John caught hold of him, saying, We\\nmust kill these Indians before we go. After some hesi-\\ntation, Henry agreed to make the attempt. John took\\none of the rifles of the Indians, and placed it on a log,\\nwith the muzzle close to the head of one of them. He\\nthen cocked the gun, and placed his little brother at the\\nbreech, with his finger on the trigger, with instructions\\nto pull it, as soon as he should strike the other Indian.\\nHe then took one of the Indians tomahawks, and,\\nstanding a-straddle of the other Indian, struck him with\\nit. The blow, however, fell on the back of the neck\\nand to one side, so as not to be fatal. The Indian then\\nattempted to spring up, but the little fellow repeated\\nhis blows with such force and rapidity on the skull, that,\\nas he expressed it, the Indian laid still and began to\\nquiver.\\nAt the moment of the first stroke given by the elder\\nbrother, the younger one pulled the trigger, and shot\\naway a considerable portion of the Indian s lower jaw.\\nThis Indian, a moment after receiving the shot, began\\nto flounce about and yell in the most frightful manner.\\nThe boys then made the best of their way to the fort,\\nand reached it a little before day-break. On getting near\\nthe fort, they found the people all up, and in great agi-\\ntation on their account. On hearing a woman exclaim,\\nPoor little fellows, they are killed or taken prisoners,\\nthe eldest one answered, No, mother! we are here yet.\\nHaving brought away nothing from the Indian camp,\\ntheir relation was not credited; but a party having been\\nconducted by the boys to the spot, one Indian was found\\nkilled, and the other desperately wounded.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "an Indian s opinion. 97\\nAt the treaty held subsequently by General Wayne, a\\nfriend of the Indians who had been killed, inquired what\\nhad become of these boys and on being answered that\\nthey lived in the same place, with their parents, the In-\\ndian exclaimed, You have not done right: you should\\nmake kings of those boys.\\n9", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "98 ADVENTURES OF COL. LINN.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nAdventures of William Linn A model pioneer.\\nThere is no page in the history of the world, which\\nis more ennobled by deeds of generous self-devotion,\\nthan that which records the incidents of the American\\nrevolution. Greece and Rome have left many examples\\nof disinterested personal heroism, and virtuous self-sacri-\\nfice, which, embalmed by the genius of the poet, the\\norator, and the historian, have come down to us, preserved\\nand decorated with the choicest flowers of classic litera-\\nture. In those cases, art and learning have combined\\nwith contemporaneous gratitude, to cherish the perennial\\nverdure of noble deeds. The severe virtue, and the ro-\\nmantic daring of our fathers, had not the advantage of\\nbeing thus perpetuated by the pen and pencil of elaborate\\nand inspired genius. In the infancy of our social institu-\\ntions, the soil which gave birth to the warrior and the\\npatriot, had scarcely begun to be adorned by the refine-\\nments of intellectual culture. This was especially true of\\nthe adventurers of our border warfare, where the boldest\\nexploits, and even events of important bearing upon the\\ngreat question then at issue, were the result of individual\\nenterprise, formed no part of any general plan, and were\\nscarcely sanctioned by the provisional governments.\\nWhile the colonies were engaged in an unequal war", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CHARACTER OF COL. LINN. 99\\nwith the enemies of England, their western frontiers were\\ndefended from the savage, and the new settlements estab-\\nlished, by men who, for the most part, made war with\\ntheir own means, and upon their own responsibility. The\\nleaders in these wars were generally self-appointed, or\\nchosen to command on account of their martial talents,\\nby their neighbors or followers. They were a peculiar\\nrace, bred on the frontier, acquainted alike with the\\nusages of social subordination and the turbulent scenes of\\nthe border; imbued on the one hand with the enlarged\\nprinciples of government which at that epoch were under-\\ngoing such active discussion, and, on the other, familiar\\nwith the rough scenes of sylvan life, and all the cunning,\\nstrategy, and ferocious violence of savage warfare. Men\\nof kind and generous natures, their hospitable homes\\nteemed with plenty and cheerfulness their houses were\\nopen to the stranger, and in the hour of danger, were\\nstaunch fortresses, receiving all who fled to them for\\nprotection.\\nWilliam Linn, and many others of his class, combined\\nin private life, the farmer with the hunter, while they\\nwere essentially military in character and habits, and were\\nthe men of mark and influence in their neighborhoods.\\nIn an emergency, they collected the people for defense,\\nor led them on distant expeditions, without other warrant\\nthan the pressure of danger, and the duty of mutual and\\nself-protection; while again they held commissions, acted\\nwith the regular armies, or were charged with special\\nduties suited to their habits as woodsmen, and their won-\\nderfully extensive knowledge of the country. As the\\ncountry became organized into civil communities, they\\nwere the magistrates and civil functionaries; but office\\nadded but little to their dignity or influence, for at all\\ntimes they were public men,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "100 A BORDER SPY.\\nThe father of Win. Linn was born in Ireland, and came\\nto America in 1701, with his father, who settled on Long\\nIsland, where he lived until he married, and then removed\\nto New Jersey. He had fonr sons and two daughters,\\nwith whom, after the death of his wife, he removed to\\nMaryland. Of the early life of Col. Linn we have no\\naccount, but as we find him, a young man, acting as a\\nguide and spy in Braddock s army, we infer that he was\\nreared in the hardy pursuits of frontier life, and was\\nfamiliar with the toils of the hunter, and with all the\\nvicissitudes of the forest. The office was one of great\\nimportance, requiring an intimate knowledge of a wide\\nscope of country, an acquaintance with the habits, and\\nespecially the military stratagems of the Indians, expert-\\nness in hunting, unquestionable fidelity, prudence, and\\npresence of mind. And as all these qualities were fully\\ndeveloped in the future career of Col. Linn, we may infer\\na youthful promise, and a training which would lead to\\nsuch results. He is supposed to have reconnoitered Fort\\nDu Quesne, and to have supplied to Gen. Braddock infor-\\nmation in regard to that post and the intermediate region\\nof wilderness and mountain, previous to the march of the\\nBritish army for Fort Cumberland. And here we may as\\nwell remark, as the word will occur again, that the term\\nSpy, as used in the accounts of our border warfare, has\\na different meaning from the same word when employed\\ntechnically in military history. It does not express a\\nsinister or dishonorable service. The spy, in our western\\nwarfare, was an expert woodsman, an experienced hunter,\\na bold, active man, who roamed the forest in advance of\\nan army, or marched on its flanks, to protect it from\\nsurprise, and to gain intelligence of the enemy. They\\ndiffered from the flanking parties and pioneers of other\\narmies in their remarkable adaptation for this service, in", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "LINN RECEIVES HIS COMMISSION. 101\\ntheir intelligent alertness, and self-reliance. Often roam-\\ning off to great distances from the main body, encamping\\nseparately from it, hovering secretly about the enemy,\\nwatching all his movements, the spies were a valuable\\nbody, whose services were as honorable as they were use-\\nful. Although their movements were secret, and their\\nfootsteps fell silently on the track they pursued, they wore\\nno disguise, but were armed men engaged in legitimate\\nwarfare.\\nAfter Braddock s campaign, we lose sight of Linn until\\nwe find him settled on the Monongahela river, near where\\nCookstown now stands, and in what was then considered\\nthe territory of Virginia. How he was employed during\\nthe years intervening between that time and the active\\nscenes of his revolutionary career, we are not informed.\\nThat he was idle, while the frontier was frequently dis-\\nturbed by Indian hostilities, is not probable; as it would\\nnot be consistent with his known energy of character, nor\\nwith the knowledge and military experience which distin-\\nguished his after life. He made one campaign against\\nthe Indians, under Col. McDaniel, and was wounded in\\nthe shoulder, but in what capacity he served does not\\nappear. He is known to have been engaged in other\\nadventures, and is supposed to have led a busy and adven-\\nturous life; but no record was kept of these events, and\\nthe few glimmering beams shed upon them by the lamp\\nof tradition, do not afford sufficient light to enable us to\\ntrace out the details. Early in the revolution, he received\\nthe commission of Lieutenant in the Virginia troops, and\\nmarched with the company commanded by Captain George\\nGibson, from Fort Pitt to Williamsburg, in Virginia. He\\nparticipated in the battle of the Great Bridge, near Nor-\\nfolk, and in the affair at Hampton, and was with the com-\\npany when, in various encounters with the foe, it gave", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "102 GIBSON AND LINN S VOYAGE.\\n1 those indications of the prowess of its members, which\\nJJ obtained for them the nickname of Gibson s Lambs.\\nThe details of those services are no longer extant; but it\\nis certain that Gibson and Linn, while thus acting under\\nthe immediate observation of the influential men who then\\ndirected the public affairs of Virginia, established that\\ncharacter which pointed them out as fit persons to be en-\\ntrusted with the execution of one of the most extraordi-\\nnary enterprises recorded in military history. We know\\nnot in whose vigorous mind, bold and fertile of expedient,\\nthe plan of this delicate and perilous expedition was\\nconceived, but we shall see that it was carried out, with\\nadmirable address, by minds of kindred spirit to that of\\nits author.\\nIn the summer of 1776, Captain George Gibson and\\nl Lieut. William Linn were instructed to proceed, with a\\ndetachment from Gibson s company, from Fort Pitt to New\\nOrleans, to procure from the Spanish authorities a supply\\nof gunpowder. There is no evidence, nor intimation,\\nof any preliminary negotiations, or secret intelligence, to\\nencourage the hope that the application would be success-\\nful. The mission was secret, and was conducted with such\\ncaution as to attract no public attention. Gibson and\\nLinn, wearing the guise of traders, and their attendants,\\nclad as common boatmen, embarked at Fort Pitt, to follow\\nthe sinuosities of the Ohio and Mississippi for more than\\ntwo thousand miles, through a wilderness, inhabited only\\nby hostile savages, ever vigilant, but excited at this time by\\nthe existence of a general war. A diary of that voyage\\nwould afford a curious narrative. The noiseless transit of\\nthat little band of heroic men, along the stream upon\\nwhose bosom the thousand giant ships of a great com-\\nmerce were soon destined to ride the silence and the ver-\\ndure of shores now inhabited by millions of industrious", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "SECURES THE GUNPOWDER. 103\\nmen; the stealthy pace, the guarded watch, the patient\\nendurance, the bold expedient by which the voyagers\\nsecured the smiles of fortune; the risks they ran, the\\ndangers they eluded by cunning or overcame by audacious\\ndaring, the varied adventures, some of which still float in\\nthe traditions of border life, would all combine to form a\\nlegend of highly-wrought romantic interest.\\nThe party arrived safely at New Orleans, being, if not\\nthe first, among the first white men who ever navigated\\nthe great western highway from Pittsburgh to that city.\\nGibson and Linn proved themselves able negotiators, and\\ndisplayed a degree of address in the conduct of their af-\\nfairs highly creditable to them as men of business. The\\nSpanish authorities were friendly, but there were British\\nresidents who were watchful and suspicious of all Ameri-\\ncans. To deceive the latter, Gibson was thrown into\\nprison, and afterwards secretly released when on the eve\\nof departure, while Linn quietly negotiated for the pow-\\nder, and prepared for its removal. The portion intended\\nfor the service on the seaboard was shipped for a northern\\nport, in packages bearing an exterior semblance which\\nconcealed the real contents, through the agency of Oliver\\nPollock, Esq., an American resident high in the favor of\\nDon Galvos, the Spanish Governor. Gibson took the per-\\nsonal charge of the adventure by sea; while Linn, with\\nthe barges, is said to have fought his way back to\\nWheeling, in the spring of 1777, bringing, with tri-\\numphant success, one hundred and fifty kegs, as a supply\\nto the western posts.\\nOne of the episodes of this strange story, which I find\\nin Butler s Kentucky, is remarkably indicative of the\\nhabits of those times. John Smith, lately of Woodford\\ncounty, Kentucky, was employed, in 1776, with James\\nHarrod, a distinguished pioneer, in exploring the country,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "104 JOHN SMITH JOINS THE PARTY.\\nprobably not far from the Kentucky river. Having com-\\npleted their survey, the companions separated, each taking\\na direct course home\u00e2\u0080\u0094 like honest backwoodsmen, to\\nwhom a lonely walk of a few hundred miles through an\\nuninhabited forest, was but an ordinary excursion. Col.\\nHarrod returned over the mountains, to North Carolina,\\nwhile Mr. Smith, turning his face in nearly the opposite\\ndirection, set out for Peter s creek, on the Monongahela.\\nAs the latter roamed on his solitary way along the brink\\nof the Ohio, he was discovered by Captain Linn s party,\\nwho easily persuaded him that besides affording an agree-\\nable variety to his monotonous march, it would be less\\nfatiguing to float down the river with them, than labori-\\nously to ascend its shores on foot alone. And so Mr.\\nSmith joined the party, returned with it, assisted in car-\\nrying the kegs of gunpowder round the portage at the\\nfalls of the Ohio, and lived many years afterwards, a\\nrespectable witness of the facts connected with this peril-\\nous adventure.\\nThe truth of this narrative, in all its material points, is\\nsufficiently established by contemporaneous evidence, and\\nby the frequent recitals of the principal actors to their\\nfamilies and friends; and it is abundantly confirmed by\\nthe following extract from the instructions of Patrick\\nHenry, Governor of Virginia, to General George Rogers\\nClarke, when about to depart on his expedition against\\nKaskaskia; You are to apply to General Hand for the\\npowder and lead necessary for this expedition. If he can\\nnot supply it, the person who has charge of that which\\nCaptain Linn brought from New Orleans can lead was\\nsent to Hampshire by my orders, and that may be deliv-\\nered to you. And, in further evidence of this noble\\nservice, we find recorded in the annals of that day, the\\nfollowing receipt, given by an officer of Colonel Crawford s", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CAPT. WILLIAM FOREMAN. 105\\ncommand, and countersigned by the regular commissary,\\nor ordnance officer:\\nI do certify that nine thousand weight of powder,\\nbrought from New Orleans by Lieutenant Linn, was de-\\nlivered to Colonel William Crawford, for the use of the\\ncontinent. David Shepherd,\\n31st January, 1791. Lieut. Ohio.\\nPhiladelphia, January, 1791.\\nWm. Davies.\\nI am sorry to be obliged to add, that this successful\\nexploit, conducted with such consummate boldness and\\naddress, and resulting in a supply of the means of war,\\nso important to our needy patriots, has not found place\\nupon a prominent page in the history of the revolution\\nand that neither Gibson nor Linn appear to have received\\nany reward, or immediate promotion. Both of them acted\\nafterwards in higher grades of command, and in many\\nhard-fought battles and among the brightest of the noble\\nnames of that period of disinterested patriotism, theirs will\\nbe hereafter perpetuated and honored.\\nIn the autumn of 1777, shortly after the attack of the\\nIndians on the fort at Wheeling, the Governor of Vir-\\nginia, Patrick Henry, having previously determined to\\nsend an expedition against the Indian towns on the\\nSciota, ordered three hundred men to be raised in the\\ncounties of Youghiogheny, Monongahelia, and Ohio. The\\nemergency appealed straight to the patriotism of the peo-\\nple of Western Virginia, and the gallant citizens turned\\nout freely as volunteers. Captain William Foreman, a\\nbrave soldier, with some military experience, but wholly\\nunfit for this service in consequence of his ignorance of\\nborder warfare, raised a company of volunteers, and by the\\nmiddle of September reached Wheeling. On the 26th of\\nthat month, a smoke was seen in the direction of Grave", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "106 A BOLD PEAT.\\ncreek, and fears were entertained that the stockade and\\ndwelling of Mr. Toinlinson might have been set on fire\\nby the Indians. With the promptness which marked our\\nborder war, Colonel Shepherd, who was in command, dis-\\npatched Captain Foreman with his company, about forty-\\nfive men, and a few experienced guides, to ascertain the\\nfacts. One of the guides was William Linn, and another\\nwas Jacob Whetzel, one of four brothers who were all\\ndistinguished for their skill and prowess in these perilous\\nwars.\\nFinding all quiet at Grave creek, the party encamped\\nfor the night on the Grave creek bottom, building up\\nfires, and throwing themselves on the ground around\\nthem, contrary to the advice of Linn, who pointed out the\\nunnecessary exposure which would be produced by light-\\ning fires in the woods, through which the war parties of\\nIndians were certainly roving, and the danger of sleeping\\nnear them. Foreman disregarded this prudent counsel\\nand Linn, with his little party of guides, retired to a\\nsecluded nook at some short distance, where they spent\\nthe night. With the vigilance of the remarkable class to\\nwhich he belonged, Linn slept, as the Indians term it,\\nwith one eye open, and with an ear which, even in slum-\\nber, was sensitive to the slightest sound of unusual im-\\nport. Just before daylight, he thought he distinguished\\nslight sounds, such as might be made by launching rafts\\nupon the water, proceeding from the direction of the\\nriver, above the camp of the main party. In the morn-\\ning he reported this suspicious circumstance to Captain\\nForeman, with the opinion that their motions were prob-\\nably watched by the enemy, who might ambuscade their\\npath homeward, and advised him to quit the trace leading\\nalong the margin of the river, and return by a route over\\nthe hills. This advice being also rejected, Linn, who", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "AN INDIAN AMBUSCADE. 107\\nseems to have been, to a certain extent, as, perhaps, his\\nemployment required, master of his own motions, pru-\\ndently separated himself from the party, and, with the\\nsagacity of one acquainted with the state of things, and\\naware of the impending danger, skirted along the hill-\\nside with his band of scouts Whetzel and three others.\\nIn passing the Grave creek narrows, where the hill\\npushes its base near to the river, leaving a narrow pass\\nalong the level ground on the bank, one of the soldiers\\ndiscovered a quantity of beads and other Indian orna-\\nments scattered along the path, and stopped to pick them\\nup, while his companions, naturally attracted by the nov-\\nelty of such an incident breaking in upon the monotony\\nof their silent march, crowded about him. This was just\\nwhat the Indians, who lay ambushed in the surrounding\\nthickets, desired, and as soon as the Americans were\\nhuddled together, a galling fire was poured in upon them\\nfrom different sides, by the hidden foe. They were in-\\nstantly thrown into confusion. So many were killed by\\nthe first fire that resistance seemed vain and flight ap-\\npeared to be as hopeless, for while a line of foes was drawn\\nacross their path, the river bank was .lined with yelling\\nsavages on their left, and the hill on their right presented\\na steep acclivity scarcely accessible to the footstep. The\\nIndians pressed their advantage by an active firing, accom-\\npanied by exulting shouts, and but a few minutes would\\nhave sufficed for the massacre of the whole party, had\\nnot Linn shown himself as gallant as he was sagacious.-\\nUpon the first alarm, he, with his bold comrades, hastened\\nto the relief of the main party, and rushing down the hill,\\nwith shouts which, echoed by the cliffs, were doubtless\\nmagnified to their ears, attacked the foe, who, scarcely\\nwaiting for the spirited fire of this hardy band, hastily\\nretreated. It appeared afterwards, that the Indians, who", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "108 MONUMENT TO THE SLAIN.\\nhad dropped their ornaments for the purpose of attracting\\nthe attention of the whites, were lying concealed in two\\nparties; one under cover of the river bank, and the other\\nin what is called a sink-hole, on the right of the path, from\\nwhich positions they fired, secure from any danger to\\nthemselves, until Linn advanced upon them. The number\\nof the Indians was never ascertained, but it was supposed\\nthat it was small.\\nThe day after this tragic affair, a party from Wheeling,\\nunder Col. Ebenezer Zane, went down to Grave creek to\\nbury the dead. Andrew Poe and Martin Weitzell were of\\nI the party, as were also John Caldwell and Henry Yohn,\\nboth of whom were living lately, at Wheeling.\\nOn the 31st of October, 1835, a monument was erected\\nto the memory of the gallant men slain at Grave Creek\\nNarrows; it stands about four miles below Wheeling, by\\nthe side of the road leading along the bank of the river.\\nThe decided course of Linn in remonstrating against\\nthe rashness of his commander, is not mere conjecture,\\ndrawn from his well known character for sagacity. During\\nthe conversation just alluded to, a man named Robert\\nHarkness, an inmate at the station, and a relative of Mr.\\nTomlinson, sat near the parties, on a log, and often after-\\nwards repeated what was said. The discussion was con-\\nducted with earnestness on both sides. Captain Foreman,\\nwho regarded Linn as a rough backwoodsman, by no\\nmeans competent to advise him on a point of military con-\\nduct, stood on his dignity, and maintained with pertinacity\\nhis incredulous contempt of the prognostics of danger\\nindicated by the guide; while the latter, familiar with\\nthe subject, and well satisfied of the impending danger,\\nurged his opinions with confidence, and pressed them upon\\nhis superior with all the powers of persuasion which he\\ncould command, and the occasion allowed him to use.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "col. Clarke s expedition. 109\\nIn 1778, Col. George Rogers Clark\u00c2\u00a3, who to a chivalrous\\ntemperament, which led him to court the hazards of the\\nmost dangerous enterprises, united a consummate mili-\\ntary sagacity and executive energy which secured suc-\\ncess, planned and executed his brilliant campaign against\\nthe posts at Kaskaskia and Vincennes, a brief account of\\nwhich we give in another chapter. We are told, that,\\non the passage down the river, Col. Clarke most fortu-\\nnately received a letter from Colonel John Campbell, of\\nFort Pitt, informing him of the French alliance, a cir-\\ncumstance, as subsequent events showed, of the utmost\\nimportance to the American arms. The bearer of that\\nletter was no less a person than Col. Linn, who, allured by\\nthe kindred spirit of Clarke, and the prospect of gather-\\ning laurels in a distant field, inviting by its novelty and\\nits peril, had embarked by himself, in a canoe, to join the\\nexpedition, which he overtook after a solitary voyage of\\nabout nine hundred miles. The yell of the savage, and\\nthe solitude of the wilderness, had no terrors for the man\\nwhose military zeal, or devotion to the service of his\\ncountry, could induce him to undertake voluntarily, so\\nperilous a voyage. Clarke received with joy an auxiliary,\\nwhose reputation was now at its zenith, and who showed\\na spirit so congenial to the work before him, and assigned\\nhim a responsible command. He bore a conspicuous part\\nin that eventful campaign, and so highly were his services\\nestimated, and such was his popularity with the officers\\nand men, that when it appeared afterwards, that as a vol-\\nunteer he was not legally entitled to a share of the land\\ngranted to that army by Congress, his companions in\\narms made him a donation of several thousand acres out\\nof their own portions.\\nSoon after Clarke s campaign, Colonel Linn removed\\nButler s History of Kentucky.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "110 INDIAN STRATEGY.\\nto Kentucky, and it is said that the first fort at Louisville\\nwas constructed under his direction j hut this is not cer-\\ntain. He settled ahout ten miles from Louisville, near\\nthe spot where Colonel Richard C. Anderson soon after\\nresided, and constructed a picket-work for protection\\nagainst the Indians, which was known as Linn s Station.\\nThe savages were still troublesome. Their war parties\\nroamed through the woods, creeping stealthily upon the\\nsettler s cabin, and prowling about the forts, in search\\nof victims. Their ferocity was exceeded only by their\\ncunning and many were the artifices they practiced to\\nentice their foes into the snares laid for them. Boats\\ndescending the river were hailed by unseen persons, or\\ntheir crews induced to land by the cries of human dis-\\ntress, or by the appearance of a deer or a bear on the\\nshore, partially exposed, but which, when approached by\\nthe unwary hunter, proved to be the skins of these ani-\\nmals, artfully disposed to decoy him to his ruin- Some-\\ntimes the wily savage concealed himself near a station,\\ndecoyed the hunter out, by a well executed imitation of\\nthe cry of some animal, and securely murdered him from\\nhis hiding-place. The backwoodsmen, who were apt\\nscholars in all the arts and exercises of sylvan life,\\nnot only learned all these devices, but often practiced\\nthem with a skill superior to the best efforts of their\\nteachers. It is related that at Linn s Station, for several\\nmornings in succession, the gobbling of a wild turkey\\nwas heard, at day-break at the hour when that noble\\nfowl is wont to raise his cheerful voice. A hunter, who\\nhad gone out unsuspectingly to secure the game, disap-\\npeared. Colonel Linn s suspicions were aroused, and his\\nskill as a woodsman enabled him to satisfy himself as to\\nthe exact spot from which the voice had proceeded. The\\nnext night he crept silently to the place, and, having", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "JOINS CLARKE S EXPEDITION. Ill\\nconcealed himself, waited patiently for the dawn. At\\nthe first blush of day-light, a stately warrior presented\\nhimself, advancing with stealthy tread, but with confident\\nalacrity, to his expected sport, and, stepping lightly upon\\nthe trunk of a fallen tree, with a keen glance toward the\\nstation, threw up his arms and gobbled aloud in imita-\\ntion of the wild turkey. In another instant a ball from\\nthe unerring rifle of Linn laid the bold marauder in the\\ndust.\\nThe last service of Colonel Linn, was in the expedition\\ncommanded by General George Rogers Clarke, against the\\nIndian towns on Mad River and the Little Miami, in\\nOhio, in 1780. The settlements in Kentucky having been\\ngreatly harassed by the predatory incursions of the In-\\ndians, an army of one thousand mounted volunteers was\\nraised, to carry the war into their own country. Colonels\\nLogan, Linn, Floyd, Harrod, and Slaughter, all distin-\\nguished and successful leaders in former wars, followed\\nthe popular banner of Clarke. Daniel Boone was one\\nof the guides. Crossing the Ohio at the mouth of Lick-\\ning, and landing at the present site of Cincinnati, then a\\nwilderness, they marched to the old Chillicothe town, and\\nthence to Piqua, destroyed those villages and more than\\nfive hundred acres of growing corn, and beat the Indians\\nin several hard-fought battles. In one of these engage-\\nments, the notorious Simon Grirty, a renegade white man,\\nof infamous notoriety, living among the Indians under\\nBritish pay, and commanding as a chief of the Mingoes,\\ndrew off a body of three hundred men, declaring that it\\nwas folly in the extreme to continue the action against\\nmen who acted like such madmen as the soldiers of\\nClarke, and who rushed into danger with a total disregard\\nof consequences. In this successful campaign, Linn com-\\nmanded a battalion, and acted a conspicuous part. The", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "112 WAYLAID BY INDIANS. HIS DEATH.\\nlate Bland Ballard, a hero of many battles, who survived\\nto an honored old age, served in Linn s command, and\\nalways afterwards spoke with enthusiasm of the high\\ncourage and military talent displayed by Linn on this\\noccasion. Ballard was severely wounded, and, on the re-\\nturn of the troops, was left at Linn s station, where he\\nremained until after Colonel Linn s death.\\nThe life of this noble soldier and estimable citizen,\\nspent in the service of his country, and amid the turbu-\\nlent and perilous warfare of the border, was closed by\\nviolence. On the first Monday of March, 1781, a party\\nassembled at Linn s station, to go together to attend\\nthe Jefferson county Court, at Louisville. Colonel Linn,\\nhaving business with some of the magistrates, whom he\\ntherefore desired to see before the opening of the Court,\\nstarted in advance of the company. He had been gone\\nbut a little while, when the reports of several guns were\\nheard, and a party instantly mounting, galloped off in\\nthe direction he had taken. His horse was found, shot\\ndown by the road-side, but a long and anxious search for\\nColonel Linn proved fruitless. The next day the pursuit\\nwas renewed, and the dead body of Linn discovered a\\nmile from the station, and near the place which soon\\nafter assumed the name of Soldier s Retreat, the residence\\nof the late Colonel Anderson. He had been waylaid by\\na party of Indians, concealed in a sink-hole by the road-\\nside, who fired upon their gallant victim, and wounded\\nhim before he was aware of their presence. The horse\\nwas found at a short distance from this spot, indicating\\nthat an attempt was made to retreat, and that the mor-\\ntally-wounded animal had borne his rider from the place\\nwhere the attack was made. It is said that a man named\\nApplegate, who had been recently taken by the same\\nparty of Indians, was their prisoner when they fired upon", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "col. pope s household. 113\\nColonel Linn, and witnessed the sad catastrophe. He\\ngave a detailed account of the affair, and asserted that\\nafter the horse was shot down, and Linn wounded and\\nsurrounded by the exulting savages, he refused to sur-\\nrender, but sustained his high standing as a warrior, by\\nfighting desperately to the last, and that he fell covered\\nwith wounds, after having killed several of his assailants.\\nIt is to be regretted that so little is known of the\\ndomestic life and private character of this distinguished\\nman. Highly endowed as he was, with noble and excel-\\nlent qualities with talents above the common order,\\nwith a generous nature, with military capacity and en-\\nergy, with daring, zeal, and enterprize, tempered by\\nsagacious prudence it would have been gratifying to\\nknow that in him, as in the characters of many of his\\ndistinguished companions in arms, the sterner qualities\\nthat enabled them to serve their country so efficiently in\\nher day of weakness and peril, were dignified and adorned\\nby high moral rectitude, and the mild radiance of the\\ngentler virtues. That Linn was such a man, we readily\\nbelieve; we find no blot on his fame, and it is fair to\\nsuppose that the noble nature which gave birth to the\\nnumerous deeds of patriotism we find recorded, and which\\nnurtured so chivalrous a bearing, was fruitful also in all\\ngood and generous impulses.\\nAbout four years after the death of Col. Linn, an inci-\\ndent occurred which is curiously illustrative of the vicis-\\nsitudes of domestic life in the backwoods. Col. William\\nPope had built a house about five miles south of Lou-\\nisville, and removed to it in the fall of 1784. There\\nbeing no schools, he employed a teacher to instruct his\\nown children at home, and for the same reason was in-\\nduced to receive into his house the sons of some of his\\n10", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "114 CAPTURE OF THE BOYS.\\nfriends: among them were the two sons of Col. Linn,\\nwhose guardian he was.\\nIn February, 1785, five of these boys, the two Linns,\\nBrashear, Wells, and another, whose name is not recol-\\nlected, went out one Saturday to hunt. The ages of these\\nboys are not now known they were little fellows, however,\\nprobably between the ages of nine and thirteen. They\\nencamped for the night, near the bank of the Ohio, at a\\nplace where a wide scope of bottom land was covered with\\nheavy forest trees, and with ponds which were frequented\\nby great numbers of swans, geese, and ducks. A snow\\nfell during the night, and in the morning they found\\nthemselves surrounded by a party of Indians, who had\\nlain near them in ambush, and who captured them. Bra-\\nshear, being a very fleet runner, attempted to escape, but\\nwas overtaken, and secured with the rest. The elder Linn\\nalso attempted to run, but being stout and clumsy, and\\nencumbered with some game which he had thrown over\\nhis shoulder, stumbled and fell, and was seized by a tawny\\nwarrior, who patted him on the back, and called him, in\\nthe Indian tongue, the little fat bear; while Brashear,\\non account of his agility, received the name of the buck\\nelk.\\nThere are many incidents of this kind in the legends\\nof the border; and there is nothing in history more strik-\\ning than the address and presence of mind displayed by\\nchildren, under such circumstances. Their mode of life,\\nand education, render them prematurely vigilant and\\ncourageous. Accustomed from the first dawn of reason to\\nsudden alarms, to the continual*pressure of some impend-\\ning danger, and to narratives of encounters and surprises,\\nstratagems, and violence, they become familiar with peril,\\nhabitually watchful, and fertile of expedient. The child\\nis father to the man the boy is a young backwoodsman,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "CHARACTER OF THE BOYS. 115\\neager for adventure, and not stricken with helpless terror\\nwhen suddenly involved in danger for his eye has been\\naccustomed from infancy to the weapons of war, and his\\near to the many voices of the forest. I was not born in\\nthe woods to be scared by an owl, is one of the expres-\\nsive proverbs of the West. When Scott, in one of the\\nmost beautiful of English poems, describes the courageous\\nbearing of the heir of Branksome, as he turned to face\\nthe blood-hounds, the picture is not imaginary, but pour-\\ntrays, with true philosophy, the training of the son of a\\nborder chief:\\nI ween you would have seen with joy\\nThe bearing of the gallant boy,\\nWhen worthy of his noble sire,\\nHis wet cheek glowed twixt fear and ire!\\nHe faced the blood-hound manfully,\\nAnd held his little bat on high\\nSo fierce he struck, the dog, afraid,\\nAt cautious distance hoarsely bayed\\nBut still in act to spring.\\nSuch was the nurture of these boys, who submitted to\\ntheir fate with a manliness that would have been credit-\\nable to the elder Linn. The Indians, desiring to ascertain\\nwhether there was any unprotected house or settlement\\nnear, that might be pillaged, asked the boys where they\\ncame from? The guarded reply was, From Louisville.\\nYou lie! responded the savage; but the boys, mindful\\nof their friends, even at a moment so distressing to them-\\nselves, kept their own counsel, and neither by word nor\\nsign gave any indication that their assertion was not true.\\nTheir sagacity and firmness saved the family of Colonel\\nPope from destruction. The Indians retired with their\\nyoung captives, who marched off with apparent indiffer-\\nence. Crossing the Ohio, they were taken to an Indian", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "116 THEIR PUGILISTIC PEATS.\\ntown in Northern Indiana, distant many days journey;\\nand on the way won the favor of their new masters, by\\nthe patience with which they suffered captivity and\\nfatigue, and the cheerful interest they appeared to take\\nin the occurrences of the march.\\nAt the Indian village, the reception usually extended\\nto prisoners awaited them. The women and children\\ncrowded around them with shouts of exultation, loaded\\nthem with reproaches, pelted them with dirt and stones,\\nstruck, pinched, and heaped indignities upon them. But\\nthe gallant little fellows were probably prepared for these\\nand greater cruelties, and found them no worse than they\\nexpected. For awhile they submitted bravely; but at\\nlength the Linn blood became heated, and the younger\\nof the brothers, whose temper was quick, and who had\\nfrequently been cautioned by his companions to restrain\\nhis passions, losing all patience, singled out a tawny boy\\nbigger than himself, who had struck him, and being left-\\nhanded, returned the blow, in a way so unexpected that\\nhis foe, unable to parry it, was knocked down. The\\nwarriors were delighted with an exploit so much to their\\ntaste, and applauded it with loud shouts and laughter.\\nAnother champion assailed the little hero, who, springing\\nupon the juvenile savage, with the ferocity of the panther,\\ndealt him blows, kicks, and scratches, with a vigor which\\nsurprised and delighted the spectators. The whole mass\\nof boyhood became pugnacious, his companions joined\\nwith alacrity in the fight Kentucky against the field\\nthe heroic lads fought against odds, but displayed such\\nprowess that they soon cleared the ring, and were rescued\\nfrom further annoyance by their captors, who were par-\\nticularly amused by the efficiency and odd effect of the\\nleft-handed blows of the younger Linn.\\nSuch fine boys soon became favorites they had pre-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THEIR DELIVERANCE. 117\\ncisely the accomplishments to recommend them to the\\nfavor of the social circles of an aboriginal society. Bold\\nand bright-eyed, muscular and healthy, equal to the In-\\ndian boys in all athletic sports, and superior to them in\\nintelligence, they were readily adopted into the tribe, and\\ndomesticated in families. Wells, however, fell to the lot\\nof an Indian belonging to some distant town, whither he\\nwas taken, and thus separated from his comrades, saw\\nthem no more. He remained with the Indians all his\\nlife married a sister of the celebrated chief Little Turtle,\\nand became the father of a family. The remainder of our\\nnarrative embraces only the adventures of the other four.\\nThey adapted themselves so completely to their new mode\\nof life, and seemed so well satisfied with the employments\\nand sports of the savage youth, with fishing and hunting,\\nwrestling, racing, and riding the Indian ponies, that all\\nsuspicion in regard to them was quieted, and they were\\nallowed to roam about unregarded. They were biding\\ntheir time: with a watchfulness that never slept they\\nsought an opportunity to make their escape.\\nThe hour of deliverance came at last. In the autumn\\nof the year of their capture, the warriors set out upon\\ntheir annual hunt, roaming far off from home, in parties,\\nand leaving their village in the care of the old men, the\\nwomen, and the children. The four boys found them-\\nselves one day, at a camp, at some distance from the\\nvillage, engaged in fishing or some other employment, with\\nno other companions but an old Indian and a squaw.\\nA severe conflict of mind took place. The long-sought\\nopportunity for escape was at hand; but they could regain\\ntheir liberty only by the death of a woman and an old\\nman, with whom they were associating as companions.\\nTo remain in captivity was not to be thought of; to be\\nthe captives especially of a race in hostility with their", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "118 JOURNEY HOME.\\ncountrymen, whose scalps they must frequently see dis-\\nplayed in triumph of a people they had been taught\\nfrom infancy to fear and hate, and who had been the\\nmurderers of the father of two of them, was not to be\\ntolerated. To leave their companions alive, was to ensure\\nan early discovery of their flight, and a pursuit which\\nmust probably result in their capture and death. All\\ntheir scruples yielded to a stern necessity, the bold resolve\\nwas taken they killed the man and woman, and directed\\ntheir steps homeward.\\nWe know not by what instinct they were enabled to find\\ntheir way through the trackless forest. Whether it was\\nby that mysterious intelligence which conducts the ir-\\nrational brute to a far distant home whether it was the\\nfinger of that Providence that supplied understanding to\\nthe simple or whether it was that they had already been\\ntaught to know the points of the compass, and to observe\\nthe landmarks which direct the footsteps of the experienced\\nwoodsman so it was, that pursuing the nearest course,\\nthey struck for home through the wilderness. Traveling\\nby night, and lying concealed during the day in coverts\\nand hiding-places, living upon wild fruits and nuts, and\\nupon such small game as could be taken with the least\\nnoise and the least delay, and practicing all the cunning,\\nthe patience, and the self-denial of the savage warrior,\\nthey reached the bank of the Ohio river, directly opposite\\nto Louisville, after a journey of three weeks. Having\\nno means of crossing the river, which here, at the head\\nof the falls, is wide and rapid, they endeavored to at-\\ntract the attention of the people at Louisville by firing\\ntheir guns but the Indians having lately been very\\ntroublesome, those who heard these signals, not un-\\nderstanding them, were unwilling to cross the river to\\nascertain their meaning. The persevering boys then", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE RAFT. THEIR ESCAPE. 119\\nmarched up the shore of the river nearly six miles, and at\\na place near what is now called the Six Mile Island, where\\nthe current is less impetuous than below, constructed\\na raft, with no tool to facilitate their labors but a knife.\\nEven this frail and rough contrivance was not large\\nenough to carry them all, and the elder Linn, who was\\nan expert swimmer, plunged into the water, and pushed\\nthe clumsy craft before him, while his companions paddled\\nwith all their might, with poles. Thus they were wafted\\nslowly and laboriously down and across the stream, until\\nthey were discovered from the town, and parties sent to\\ntheir relief. About the same time, the Indians who had\\nbeen pursuing them, reached the shore they had left, fired\\nat them, and expressed their rage and disappointment by\\nloud yells. Young Linn was nearly frozen by his im-\\nmersion in the water, which, at that season, in the month\\nof November, was very cold; but by the prompt and\\nskillful remedies applied under the direction of his kind\\nguardian, Col. Pope, who had been driven by the Indians\\nfrom his residence in the woods, and was now living in\\nLouisville, he was recovered.\\nDr. Lewis F. Linn, for many years a Senator in Con-\\ngress from the State of Missouri, was the son of one of\\nthose gallant lads, and grandson of Colonel William Linn.\\nIn earlier life he was a practicing physician of high re-\\npute in the town of Ste. Genevieve, and a member of the\\nMissouri legislature, and was widely known as an intel-\\nligent and public-spirited citizen. An accomplished and\\npolished gentleman, he was universally beloved and re-\\nspected for his kindness, sincerity, and benevolence in\\nprivate life, while, as a public man, his honorable bear-\\ning and devotion to the interests of the State of his\\nadoption, won for him a wide-spread popularity. In the\\nSenate of the United States, dignified as that body then", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "120 DR. LEWIS P. LINN.\\nwas, Doctor Linn was distinguished by his gentlemanly\\nbearing, the uniform equanimity of his temper, and his\\nunvaried courtesy, as well as by the general ability with\\nwhich he discharged his high office. Though an active\\nmember of the Senate, and a leading supporter of the ad-\\nministration of General Jackson, during a period of great\\npolitical excitement, he was never known to lose his self-\\npossession, or to violate the etiquette of good breeding,\\nso that he was sometimes called the Chesterfield of the\\nSenate. He was a model of the suaviter in modo, as well as\\nof the fortiter in re. Brave as his great ancestor, no man\\nwas more true to his principles, more fixed in his pur-\\nposes, more firm and unflinching in the hour of trial but\\nhe never uttered a sarcasm, nor lost for a moment the\\ndelicate sense of respect for the feelings of others, which\\nmarked his whole conduct. His good temper and good\\nbreeding were unvaried, his manners refined, his morals\\npure, and his attention to business assiduous and method-\\nical. Having enjoyed for many years the friendship and\\ncorrespondence of this excellent man, I can bear witness\\nto the many fine qualities of his heart and conduct, and\\nthe amiable and courteous traits of his truly gentlemanly\\ncharacter.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "CAPT. CRAWFORD. 121\\nCHAPTEE YII.\\nA frontier adventure The first fight of a revolutionary hero.\\nThe following anecdote, which is highly characteristic\\nof the period in which it occurred, and of the persons\\nengaged in the curious scene it portrays, was communi-\\ncated to me in conversation, by a descendant of one of the\\nparties, and is given without alteration, except such as has\\nunavoidably occurred in clothing it in my own language.\\nCaptain Crawford, of Virginia the same who after-\\nwards obtained a melancholy celebrity as Colonel Craw-\\nford, the leader of an unsuccessful expedition, in which\\nhe was taken prisoner, inhumanly tortured, and mur-\\ndered by the Indians -was marching a company from the\\nfrontiers of his own State to the Ohio river. The occasion\\nis not exactly known. We think it probable that it was\\nin 1758, when he commanded a company in Washington s\\nregiment in the expedition under General Forbes against\\nFort du Quesne. He was then about twenty-six years of\\nage, and is said to have attracted the attention of Wash-\\nington by his fine military bearing. The acquaintance\\nthus formed, led to subsequent intercourse, in which\\nCrawford is said to have won the friendship and esteem\\nof that illustrious man, who never lightly bestowed\\nhis confidence. About 1769, Crawford settled upon the\\nYoughiogheny river, near where the town of Connells-\\n11", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "122 A FRONTIER ADVENTURE.\\nville now stands, where he practiced a generous hospi-\\ntality, and was a popular and influential man. Like many\\nof the leading men of that day, his original profession\\nwas that of a surveyor, and he was employed by Wash-\\nington* in selecting and surveying western lands. On\\nthe breaking out of the revolution, he raised a regi-\\nment, with great personal effort, and was commissioned a\\nColonel in the service of Virginia.\\nTo return to our anecdote. Crawford was marching his\\ncompany(to join a large body of troops at some rendez-\\nvous in the mountainous frontier. His men were, of\\ncourse, hunters and farmers from the outskirts of the\\nVirginia settlements; most probably young, daring, hardy\\nvolunteers, of the same class as the pioneers who, shortly\\nafter that period, overran the forests of Kentucky; and\\nhe was himself a young, bold man, unaccustomed to com-\\nmand, but eager for distinction. Previous to leaving the\\nneighborhood of the settlement, Crawford, from some\\naccident, found himself in want of transportation for some\\nof his baggage or stores, and, at a place where he halted\\nin the woods, fortunately fell in with a wagoner, who had\\nstopped to rest his horses at the same spot. In such an\\nemergency, Captain Crawford felt no hesitation in press-\\ning the team and driver into his service, and accordingly\\nannounced to the latter his determination. The driver,\\nhighly incensed, was in no humor to submit to what he\\nconsidered an oppressive act; but how could he help him-\\nself? He was alone, in the midst of a military band, who\\nwere ready and able, at a word, to enforce their com-\\nmander s orders. He was a great bull-headed, two-fisted,\\nsquare-built fellow, who bore on his face the marks of\\nDe Hass s Early Settlements and Indian Wars in Western\\nVirginia.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "A CHALLENGE. 123\\nmany a hard fought battle. He was, in fact, a noted\\nbruiser, whose ferocity and prowess were well known in\\nthose parts. He received Captain Crawford s order with\\nan air of grim dissatisfaction, and remained for a moment\\nsilent, looking sullenly at the armed men, as if measur-\\ning their strength against his own weakness. He then\\nobserved to the Captain, that it was hard to be forced to\\ngo into such hard service against his will; that every\\nman ought to have a fair chance; that he had not a\\nfair chance, inasmuch as the odds against him were so\\ngreat as to deprive him of the power of protecting his\\nown rights. He thought the Captain was taking a mean\\nadvantage of him. He was as good a man as any of\\nthem, and he was not one to be imposed upon because\\nthey happened to catch him by himself, if he could help\\nit. He would, however, make a proposition, which he\\nthought the Captain was bound in honor to accede to.\\nI will fight you, said he, or any man in your com-\\npany; if I am whipped,. I will go with you, without no\\ngrumbling, but if I conquer, you must let me off.\\nIn making this proposal, the sturdy teamster showed\\nhimself well acquainted with the ground he stood on.\\nHe either knew Crawford s character, or had read it\\nduring the interview. I The Captain was an expert woods-\\nman, stout, active, and chivalrous, and prided himself on\\nhis personal prowess, for which he had already obtained\\nsome celebrity. He was young, and could not brook\\nan imputation on his manhood. He was not a regular\\nofficer, restrained by rules of etiquette, but stood among\\nhis equals and friends, whose votes had elevated him\\nto a temporary command over them. To refuse the wag-\\noner s challenge, might seem to indicate a want of spirit,\\nor of confidence in his own manhood; it might lessen him\\nin the eyes of his men and his own disposition and code", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "124 A FIGHT.\\nof ethics, perhaps, suggested that the knight of the whip\\nwas entitled in justice to the fair chance he claimed. He\\naccordingly accepted the challenge, both parties began to\\nstrip, and the men prepared to form a ring, show fair\\nplay, and to see the fun.\\nAt this moment, a tall young man, who had lately\\njoined the company, but was a stranger to most of them,\\nand who had been leaning carelessly against a tree, eye-\\ning the scene with apparent unconcern, stepped forward\\nand drew Crawford aside.\\nCaptain, said he, you must let me fight that fellow;\\nhe will whip you it will never do to have the company\\nwhipped\\nCrawford was not willing to bach out, especially for\\nsuch reasons; but the youth insisted that to have the\\nCaptain beaten, which would be the certain result if he\\npersisted, would tarnish the honor of the company, and,\\nmoreover, that he himself was the only man present who\\ncould flog this doughty teamster. The confidence of the\\nyouth, and a certain something about him which inspired\\nconfidence in others, enabled him to carry his point.\\nCaptain Crawford, having done all that policy required in\\naccepting the challenge, very prudently suffered himself to\\nbe persuaded by his men to let the stranger take his place.\\nf The combatants were soon stripped and ready for the\\nfight. There was a great disparity in their appearance,\\nthe odds being decidedly in favor of the wagoners He\\nwas j in the vigor of life, big, muscular, well filled out,\\nhardened by exposure, and experienced in affairs of this\\nkind. His air was cool and professional, his mien defiant\\nand confident of success. The youth, who, when clad in\\nhis loose hunting-shirt, seemed slender, now showed him-\\nself a young giant. His frame had not yet acquired the\\nfullness, the compactness, and the vigor of ripe manhood,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE WAGONER WHIPPED. 125\\nwhich it afterwards possessed in so high a degree his\\nlimbs seemed to be loosely hung together, but his bones\\nand muscles were enormous, his frame stalwart, and his\\neye full of courage.\\nThe conflict, though bloody, was short. The wagoner\\nwas completely and terribly beaten. He was no part\\nof a priming, in the expressive slang of the border, to\\nthe young David of the Virginians. He was used up.\\nThe youth sprang upon him with the ferocity of an\\nenraged tiger, and the battle was no longer doubtful.\\nWherever the tremendous fist of the young man struck, it\\ninflicted a severe wound. The blood followed every blow;\\nand the Philistine, who had so vauntingly sought the\\nbattle, in a few minutes lay mangled and exhausted at the\\nfeet of his vanquisher, who was but little if at all hurt.\\nThat youth was Daniel Morgan, who had now, for\\nthe first time, taken the field against the enemies of his\\ncountry, as a private soldier; who soon came again to\\nthe frontier as the leader of a company, and rose rapidly\\nto the grades of Colonel and Major-General; who so often\\nled our armies in battle, and was perhaps more frequently\\nengaged with the enemy than any other officer in the\\nAmerican revolution. He was as celebrated for his great\\nbodily strength, activity, and personal courage, as for his\\nmilitary genius.\\nThe above incident was related to me by my friend\\nMorgan Neville, Esq., the grandson of General Morgan,\\nan accomplished gentleman and scholar, an amiable and\\nexcellent man, who was widely known and respected.\\nHe was born in Pittsburgh, and lived many years in\\nCincinnati, where he died. He was an occasional con-\\ntributor to the literature of the west, and was the author\\nof that happy and well-known sketch, Mike Fink, the\\nLast of the Boatmen.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORICAL FACTS.\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nManners of the early settlers in Western Virginia Mode of\\nemigration Habits of living Hunting Weddings Religion.\\nThese historical facts should be kept in mind by those\\nwho are curious in their researches, in reference to the\\nsprings of national character. The strong peculiarities,\\nand prominent points of western character, are most prop-\\nerly sought among those who came first, who have lived\\nlongest under influences of a new country, and who have\\nbeen least affected by the subsequent influx of emigrants\\nfrom the sea-board. They are found best developed in\\nwestern Pennsylvania, western Virginia, Kentucky, and\\nTennessee, and the more western settlements which have\\nbeen formed chiefly from these States. They are least\\nobservable where the population is most mixed, and are\\nscarcely perceptible in our large commercial towns and\\ncities.\\nWe shall add here a few illustrations of the character\\nand habits of the early settlers, selected from the work of\\nDr. Doddridge, to which we have already more than once\\nreferred.\\nThe book before us is the production of a reverend\\ngentleman, who was reared in the wilderness, and was\\nintimately acquainted with the whole subject on which\\nhe writes. His father came to western Virginia in 1773,\\nduring the deceptive calm which preceded the rupture of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "MANNERS OF THE EARLY SETTLERS. 127\\n1774, usually called Dunmore s war. Brought up in the\\nwilderness, the inmate of a cabin, Dr. Doddridge spent\\nhis whole life in the midst of those dangers and vicissi-\\ntudes which make up the life of the borderer, and has\\ndetailed a variety of minute circumstances, which render\\nhis book exceedingly valuable.\\nThe author adverts, in an introductory chapter, to the\\nfeelings with which, at the age of fifty, he looks back\\nupon a life, passed wholly amid the scenes of the wilder-\\nness, and embracing changes so rapid and so wonderful,\\nas almost to exceed belief. His earliest recollections are\\nof the log cabin, the fort, the boundless wilderness, and\\nperils of the chase. His infant slumbers were disturbed\\nby the yell of the Indian, and the scene of his sports was\\na forest in which danger lay ambushed under so many\\nshapes, that even the child grew cunning in eluding, and\\nself-possessed in meeting it. The exploits of the chase\\nand of the border warfare formed the familiar gossip of\\nthe fire-side. Then followed the rapid expansion of the\\nsettlements, and the introduction of civil institutions\\nthe ingress of inhabitants, the establishment of counties,\\nthe building up of villages, the erection of court-houses\\nand places of worship, until at last, extensive farms, valu-\\nable manufactories, commercial marts, and richly freighted\\nvessels, occupied the places, which, in the memory of the\\nwriter, had been solitary places and scenes of carnage.\\nSome of these reminiscences are amusing enough, yet\\nafford matter of serious reflection, when we recollect that\\nthe privations described were those of thousands of the\\ngallant men to whom we are indebted for the conquest of\\nthe country.\\nHe says, some of the early settlers took the precau-\\ntion to come over the mountains in the spring, leaving\\ntheir families behind, to raise a crop of corn, and then", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "128 THE YOUTH OF DR. DODDRIDGE.\\nreturn and bring thern out in the fall. This I should\\nthink was the better way. Others, especially those whose\\nfamilies were small, brought them with them in the\\nspring. My father took the latter course. His family\\nwas but small, and he brought them all with him. The\\nIndian meal which he brought over the mountains, was\\nexpended six weeks too soon, so that for that length of\\ntime we had to live without bread. The lean venison,\\nand the breast of wild turkeys, we were taught to call\\nbread. The flesh of the bear was denominated meat.\\nThis artifice did not succeed very well after living in this\\nway for some time, we became sickly; the stomach seemed\\nto be always empty, and tormented with a sense of hun-\\nger. I remember how narrowly the children watched the\\ngrowth of the potato tops, pumpkin and squash vines,\\nhoping from day to day to get something to answer in\\nthe place of bread. How delicious was the taste of the\\nyoung potatoes when we got them! What a jubilee when\\nwe were permitted to pull the young corn for roasting-\\nears! Still more so, when it had acquired sufficient hard-\\nness to be made into johnny-cakes, by the aid of a tin\\ngrater. We then became healthy, vigorous, and contented\\nwith our situation, poor as it was. p. 100.\\nThe furniture of the table, for several years after the\\nsettlement of this country, consisted of a few pewter\\ndishes, plates, and spoons, but mostly of wooden bowls,\\ntrenchers, and noggins. If these last were scarce, gourds\\nand hard-shelled squashes made up the deficiency. The\\niron pots, knives and forks, were brought from the east\\nside of the mountains, along with salt and iron, on pack-\\nhorses. p. 109.\\nI well recollect the first time I ever saw a teacup and\\nsaucer, and tasted coffee. My mother died when I was\\nabout six or seven years of age. My father then sent", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "AMUSING REMINISCENCES. 129\\nme to Maryland, with a brother of my grandfather, Mr.\\nAlexander Wells, to go to school.\\nAt Colonel Brown s, in the mountains, at Stony creek\\nglades, I for the first time saw tame geese, and by banter-\\ning a pet gander, I got a severe biting by his bill, and\\nbeating by his wings. I wondered very much that birds\\nso large and strong, should be so much tamer than the\\nwild turkeys: at this place, however, all was right, ex-\\ncepting the large birds which they called geese. The\\ncabin and furniture were such as I had been accustomed\\nto see in the backwoods, as my country was then called.\\nAt Bedford, every thing was changed. The tavern at\\nwhich my uncle put up, was a stone house, and to make\\nthe changes still more complete, it was plastered in the\\ninside, both as to the walls and ceiling. On going into\\nthe dining-room, I was struck with astonishment at the\\nappearance of the house. I had no idea that there was\\nany house in the world that was not built of logs; but\\nhere I looked round and could see no logs, and above I\\ncould see no joists; whether such a thing had been made\\nby the hands of man, or had grown so of itself, I could\\nnot conjecture. I had not the courage to inquire any\\nthing about it. When supper came on, my confusion\\nwas worse confounded. A little cup stood in a bigger\\none, with some brownish-looking stuff in it, which was\\nneither milk, homminy, nor broth; what to do with these\\nlittle cups, and the little spoons belonging to them, I\\ncould not tell; but I was afraid to ask any thing con-\\ncerning the use of them.\\nIt was in the time of the war, and the company were\\ngiving accounts of catching, whipping, and hanging tories.\\nThe word jail frequently occurred; this word I had\\nnever heard before; but I soon discovered, and was much\\nterrified at its meaning, and supposed that we were in", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "130 HIS IDEA OF CIVILIZATION.\\ndanger of the fate of the tories; for I thought as we had\\ncome from the backwoods, it was altogether likely that\\nwe must he tories too. For fear of being discovered, I\\ndurst not utter a single word. I therefore watched at-\\ntentively to see what the big folks would do with their\\nlittle cups and spoons. I imitated them, and found the\\ntaste of the coffee nauseous beyond any thing I ever had\\ntasted in my life. I continued to drink as the rest of the\\ncompany did, with tears streaming from my eyes but\\nwhen it was to end, I was at a loss to know, as the little\\ncups were filled immediately after being emptied. This\\ncircumstance distressed me very much, as I durst not say\\nI had enough. Looking attentively at the grown persons,\\nI saw one man turn his cup bottom upwards, and put his\\nlittle spoon across it. I observed that after this his cup\\nwas not filled again I followed his example, and to my\\ngreat satisfaction, the result as to my cup was the same.\\nThere is something in this anecdote very characteristic\\nof the backwoods boy. All who have studied the habits\\nof the people of the frontier, or indeed of any rude peo-\\nple, who are continually exposed to danger, have observed\\nthe wariness of the children, their independence, and their\\npatience under suffering. Like the young partridge, that\\nfrom the moment of its birth practices the arts necessary\\nto its own safety, the child of the woods is self-dependent\\nfrom early infancy. Such was the case in the scene so\\nartlessly described by our author, where a child of six or\\nseven years old, drank a nauseous beverage, for fear of\\ngiving offence, and instead of appealing to his relative for\\nprotection, observed and watched for himself, until he\\nfound out the means of relief by his own sagacity. An\\nIndian boy would have done the same.\\nThe following anecdote will be new to some of our\\nreaders: A neighbor of my father, some years after the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "ANECDOTE. 131\\nsettlement of the country, had collected a small drove of\\ncattle for the Baltimore market. Amongst the hands\\nemployed to drive them, was one who had never seen any\\ncondition of society but that of the woodsmen. At one\\nof their lodging-places in the mountain, the landlord and\\nhis hired man, in the course of the night, stole two of\\nthe bells belonging to the drove, and hid them in a piece\\nof woods.\\nThe drove had not gone far in the morning before the\\nbells were missed, and a detachment went back to recover\\nthem. The men were found reaping the field of the land-\\nlord. They were accused of the theft, but they denied\\nthe charge. The torture of sweating, according to the\\ncustom of that time, that is, of suspension by the arms,\\npinioned behind the backs, brought a confession. The\\nbells were procured and hung round the necks of the\\nthieves. In this condition they were driven on foot before\\nthe detachment until they overtook the drove, which by\\nthis time had gone nine miles. A halt was called, and a\\njury selected to try the culprits. They were condemned\\nto receive a certain number of lashes on the bare back,\\nfrom the hand of each drover. The man above alluded\\nto was the owner of one of the bells when it came to\\nhis turn to use the hickory, now, says he to the thief,\\nyou infernal scoundrel, I ll work your jacket nineteen\\nto the dozen only think what a rascally figure I should\\nmake in the streets of Baltimore without a bell on my\\nhorse\\nThe man was in earnest; in a country where horses\\nand cattle are pastured in the range, bells are necessary\\nto enable the owners to find them to the traveler who\\nencamps in the wilderness, they are indispensable, and the\\nindividual described had probably never been placed in a\\nsituation in which they were not requisite.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "132 WESTERN HUNTERS.\\nHunting was an important part of the employment of\\nthe early settlers. For some years after their emigration,\\nthe forest supplied them with the greater part of their\\nsubsistence some families were without bread for months\\nat a time, and it often happened that the first meal of the\\nday could not be prepared until the hunter returned with\\nthe spoils of the chase. Fur and peltry were the circula-\\nting medium of the country the hunter had nothing else\\nto give in exchange for rifles, salt, lead, and iron. Hunt-\\ning, therefore, was the employment, rather than the sport,\\nof the pioneers; yet it was pursued with the alacrity and\\nsense of enjoyment which attends an exciting and favorite\\namusement. Dangerous and fatiguing as are its vicis-\\nsitudes, those who become accustomed to the chase, gene-\\nrally retain through life their fondness for the rifle.\\nThe class of hunters with whom I was best acquaint-\\ned, says our author, were those whose hunting ranges\\nwere on the western side of the river, and at the distance\\nof eight or nine miles from it. As soon as the leaves\\nwere pretty well down, and the weather became rainy, ac-\\ncompanied with light snows, these men, after acting the\\npart of husbandmen, so far as the state* of warfare per-\\nmitted them to do, began to feel that they were hunters,\\nand became uneasy at home. Every thing about them\\nbecame disagreeable. The house was too warm, the feather\\nbed too soft, and even the good-wife was not thought, for\\nthe time being, an agreeable companion. The mind of\\nthe hunter was wholly occupied with the camp and chase.\\nI have often seen them get up early in the morning,\\nat this season, walk hastily out and look anxiously to the\\nwoods, and snuff the autumnal winds with the highest\\nrapture, then return into the house and cast a quick and\\nattentive look at the rifle, which was always suspended to\\na joist by a couple of buck-horns, or wooden forks. The", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "A HUNTING CAMP, 133\\nhunting dog, understanding the intentions of his master,\\nwould wag his tail, and by every blandishment in his\\npower, express his readiness to accompany him to the\\nwoods. p. 124.\\nA hunt usually occupied several days, and often ex-\\ntended to weeks; the hunter living in a camp, hidden in\\nsome secluded place, to which he retired every night, and\\nwhere he kept his store of ammunition and other plun-\\nder. There were individuals who remained for months\\ntogether in the woods, and spent the greater part of their\\nlives in these camps, which are thus described:\\nA hunting-camp, or what was called a half-faced cabin,\\nwas of the following form the back part of it was some-\\ntimes a large log; at the distance of eight or ten feet from\\nthis, two stakes were set in the ground a few inches apart;\\nand at the distance of eight or ten feet from these, two\\nmore, to receive the ends of poles for the sides of the\\ncamp. The whole slope of the roof was from the front\\nto the back. The covering was made of slabs, skins, or\\nblankets, or if in the spring of the year, the bark of the\\nhickory or ash tree. The front was left entirely open. The\\nfire was built directly before this opening. The cracks\\nbetween the poles were filled with moss. Dry leaves\\nserved for a bed. It is thus that a couple of men, in a\\nfew hours, will construct for themselves a temporary, but\\ntolerably comfortable defence against the inclemencies of\\nthe weather.\\nThe site for the camp was selected with all the sa-\\ngacity of the woodsmen, so as to have it sheltered by the\\nsurrounding hills from every wind, but more especially from\\nthose of the north and south. The author might have\\nadded, that these shelters were so artfully concealed, as to\\nbe seldom discovered except by accident. He continues:\\nAn uncle of mine, of the name of Samuel Teter,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "134 HUNTING SCENES.\\noccupied the same camp for several years in succession.\\nIt was situated on one of the southern branches of Cross\\ncreek. Although I lived many years not more than fif-\\nteen miles from the place, it was not till within a very few\\nyears ago, that I discovered its situation. It was shown\\nme by a gentleman living in the neighborhood. Viewing\\nthe hills round about it, I soon discovered the sagacity\\nof the hunter in the site of his camp. Not a wind could\\ntouch him; and unless by the report of his gun or the\\nsound of his axe, it would have been mere accident if an\\nIndian had discovered his concealment.\\nHunting was not a mere ramble in pursuit of game,\\nin which there was nothing of skill and calculation on\\nthe contrary, the hunter, before he set out in the morn-\\ning, was informed by the state of weather in what situa-\\ntion he might reasonably expect to meet with his game\\nwhether on the bottoms, or on the sides or tops of the\\nhills. In stormy weather, the deer always seek the most\\nsheltered places, and the leeward sides of hills. In\\nrainy weather, when there is not much wind, they keep\\nin the open woods, on the highest ground.\\nIn every situation, it was requisite for the hunter to\\nascertain the course of the wind, so as to get to leeward\\nof the game.\\nAs it was requisite, too, for the hunter to know the\\ncardinal points, he had only to observe the trees to ascer-\\ntain them. The bark of an aged tree is thicker and much\\nrougher on the north than on the south side. The same\\nthing may be said of the moss.\\nThe whole business of the hunter consists in a series\\nof stratagems. From morning till night he was on the\\nalert to gain the wind of his game, and approach them\\nwithout being discovered. If he succeeded in killing a\\ndeer, he skinned it, and hung it up out of the reach of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "A FRONTIER WEDDING. 135\\nthe wolves, and immediately resumed the chase till the\\nclose of the evening, when he bent his course towards his\\ncamp; when he arrived there he kindled up his fire, and,\\ntogether with his fellow- hunter, cooked his supper. The\\nsupper finished, the adventures of the day furnished the\\ntales for the evening. The spike buck, the two and three\\npronged buck, the doe, and barren doe, figure through\\ntheir anecdotes. After hunting awhile on the same\\nground, the hunters became acquainted with nearly all\\nthe gangs of deer within their range, so as to know each\\nflock when they saw them. Often some old buck, by\\nmeans of his superior sagacity and watchfulness, saved\\nhis little gang from the hunter s skill, by giving timely\\nnotice of his approach. The cunning of the hunter, and\\nof the old buck, were staked against each other, and it\\nfrequently happened that at the conclusion of the hunt-\\ning season, the old fellow was left the free uninjured\\ntenant of his forest; but if his rival succeeded in bringing\\nhim down, the victory was followed by no small amount\\nof boasting.\\nMany of the hunters rested from their labors on the\\nSabbath day; some from a motive of piety; others said\\nthat whenever they hunted on Sunday they were sure to\\nhave bad luck for the remainder of the week.\\nAmong other graphic sketches, the reverend historian\\ngives the following account of a wedding in the olden\\ntimes.\\nIn the morning of the wedding-day, the groom and\\nhis attendants assembled at the house of his father, for\\nthe purpose of reaching the mansion of his bride by noon,\\nwhich was the usual time for celebrating the nuptials;\\nwhich for certain must take place before dinner.\\nLet the reader imagine an assemblage of people, with-\\nout a store, tailor, or mantuamaker within a hundred", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "13(3 A BRIDAL PARTY\\nmiles, and an assemblage of horses, without a blacksmith\\nor saddler within an equal distance. The gentlemen,\\ndressed in shoepacks, moccasins, leather breeches, leggins,\\nand linsey hunting-shirts, all home-made; the ladies in\\nlinsey petticoats, and linsey or linen short-gowns, coarse\\nshoes and stockings, handkerchiefs, and buckskin gloves,\\nif any. If there were any buckles, rings, buttons, or\\nruffles, they were relics of old times family pieces from\\nparents or grand-parents.\\nThe horses were caparisoned with old saddles, old\\nbridles or halters, and pack-saddles, with a bag or blanket\\nthrown over them; a rope or string as often constituted\\nthe girth as a piece of leather.\\nThe march in double file was often interrupted by\\nthe narrowness and obstructions of our horse-paths, as\\nthey were called, for we had no roads; and these diffi-\\nculties were often increased, sometimes by the good, and\\nsometimes by the ill-will of neighbors, by falling trees\\nand tying grape-vines across the way. Sometimes an\\nambuscade was formed by the way-side, and an unex-\\npected discharge of several guns took place, so as to\\ncover the wedding company with smoke. Let the reader\\nimagine the scene which followed; the sudden spring of\\nthe horses, the shrieks of the girls, and the chivalric\\nbustle of their partners to save them from falling. Some-\\ntimes, in spite of all that could be done to prevent it,\\nsome were thrown to the ground. If a wrist, an elbow,\\nor an ancle, happened to be sprained, it was tied up\\nwith a handkerchief, and little more said or thought\\nabout it.\\nThe author describes minutely the dinner, which was\\na substantial backwoods feast of beef, pork, fowls, ven-\\nison, and bear meat, roasted and boiled, with plenty of\\npotatoes, cabbage, and other vegetables, and the dan-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "CHRISTIAN MINISTERS. 137\\ncing, which consisted of three and four-handed reels,\\nsquare sets, and jigs, and which generally lasted till the\\nnext morning.\\nWe leave out many amusing and curious descriptions,\\nrelating to the customs of this primitive people, to make\\nroom for the following remarks, which, coming from the\\npen of an aged and respectable Christian minister, are\\nworthy of an attentive perusal. In a chapter on civili-\\nzation, the author remarks the happy change in the\\nmoral and physical condition of the people among whom\\nhe has spent his life, points out many of the causes, and\\nthen proceeds as follows:\\nThe ministry of the gospel has contributed, no doubt\\nimmensely, to the happy change which has been effected\\nin the state of our western society. At an early period\\nof our settlements, three presbyterian clergymen com-\\nmenced their clerical labors: the Rev. Joseph Smith, the\\nRev. John McMillan, and the Rev. Mr. Bowers; the two\\nlatter of whom are still living. They were pious, patient,\\nlaborious men, who collected their people into regular\\ncongregations, and did all for them that their circum-\\nstances would allow. It was no disparagement to them,\\nthat their first churches were the shady groves, and their\\nfirst pulpits a kind of tent constructed of a few rough\\nslabs, and covered with clapboards. He who dwelleth not\\nexclusively in temples made with hands, was propitious\\nto their devotions.\\nFrom the outset, they prudently resolved to create a\\nministry in the country, and accordingly established little\\ngrammar schools at their own houses, or in their imme-\\ndiate neighborhoods. The course of education which they\\ngave their pupils, was indeed not extensive; but the piety\\nof those that entered into the ministry, more than made\\nup the deficiency. They formed societies, most of which\\n12", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "138 JEFFERSON COLLEGE.\\nare now large and respectable; and, in point of education,\\ntheir ministry has much improved.\\nThis is taken from a book published in 1824, and of\\ncourse was not written with any view to the questions\\nwhich have subsequently been vexed but what a severe\\nrebuke does it convey to those who are continually rail-\\ning against the ignorance and irreligion of the west, and\\nare inviting colonies from lands supposed to be more\\nhighly enlightened in reference to religion. The venerable\\npioneers of religion did not discover any sterility in the\\nintellect of the west, which rendered instruction less effi-\\ncacious here than elsewhere, and they prudently resolved\\nto create a ministry in the country Instead of inviting\\nmen from abroad, they established grammar schools at\\ntheir own houses, and prepared the sons of their\\nneighbors for the pulpit and the bar. This is the true\\ntheory, and the only one under which any country can\\nflourish.\\nAbout the year 1792, an academy was established at\\nCannonsburgh, in Washington county, in the western part\\nof Pennsylvania, which was afterwards incorporated under\\nthe name of Jefferson College.\\nThe means possessed by the society for the under-\\ntaking, were indeed but small; but they not only erected\\na tolerable edifice for the academy, but created a fund for\\nthe education of such pious young men as were desirous\\nof entering into the ministry, but unable to defray the\\nexpenses of their education.\\nThis institution has been remarkably successful in its\\noperations. It has produced a large number of good\\nscholars in all the literary professions, and added im-\\nmensely to the science of the country.\\nNext to this, Washington College, situated in the\\ncounty town of the county of that name, has been the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 139\\nmeans of diffusing much of the light of science through\\nthe western country.\\nToo much praise cannot be bestowed on those good\\nmen, who opened these fruitful sources of instruction for\\nour infant country, at so early a period of its settlement.\\nThey have immensely improved the departments of the-\\nology, law, medicine, and legislation, in the western re-\\ngions.\\nAt a later period, the Methodist Society began their\\nlabors in the western parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania;\\ntheir progress at first was slow, but their zeal and perse-\\nverance at length overcame every obstacle, so that they\\nare now one of the most numerous and respectable socie-\\nties in this country. The itinerant plan of their ministry\\nis well calculated to convey the gospel throughout a thinly\\nscattered population. Accordingly, their ministry has kept\\npace with the extension of our settlements. The little\\ncabin was scarcely built, and the little field fenced in,\\nbefore these evangelical teachers made their appearance\\namong the inhabitants, collected them into societies, and\\ntaught them the worship of Glod.\\nHad it not been for the labors of these indefatigable\\nmen, our country, as to a great extent of its settlements,\\nwould have been, at this day, a semi-barbarous region.\\nHow many thousands, and tens of thousands, of the most\\nignorant and licentious of our population, have they in-\\nstructed and reclaimed from the error of their ways?\\nThey have restored to society even the most worthless,\\nand made them valuable and respectable as citizens, and\\nuseful in all the relations of life. Their numerous and\\nzealous ministry bids fair to carry on the good work to\\nany extent which our settlements and population may\\nrequire.\\nWith the Catholics I have but little acquaintance, but", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "140 VARIOUS DENOMINATIONS.\\nhave every reason to believe, that, in proportion to the\\nextent of their flocks, they have done well. In this conn-\\ntry, they have received the episcopal visitations of their\\nbishops. In Kentucky, they have a cathedral, a college,\\nand a bishop.\\nTheir clergy, with apostolic zeal, but in an unosten\\ntatious manner, have sought out and ministered to their\\nscattered flocks throughout the country and, as far as I\\nknow, with good success.\\nThe Societies of Friends in the western country are\\nnumerous, and their establishments in good order. Al-\\nthough not much in favor of a classical education, they\\nare nevertheless in the habit of giving their people a sub-\\nstantial English education. Their habits of industry, and\\nattention to the useful arts and improvements, are highly\\nhonorable to themselves, and worthy of imitation.\\nThe Baptists, in the state of Kentucky, took the lead\\nin the ministry, and with great success. Their establish-\\nments are, as I am informed, at present numerous and\\nrespectable.\\nThe German Lutheran and Reformed churches in our\\ncountry, as far as I know, are doing well. The number\\nof Lutheran congregations is said to be at least one hun-\\ndred; that of the Reformed, it is presumed, is about the\\nsame amount.\\nHe remarks, that the Germans have the best churches,\\norgans, and grave-yards; and adds It is a fortunate\\ncircumstance that those of our citizens who labor under\\nthe disadvantage of speaking a foreign language, are\\nblessed with a ministry so evangelical as that of these\\nvery numerous and respectable societies.\\nIt is refreshing to read this simple and clear, yet im-\\npartial exposition of the labors of Christians of different\\nsects, and to know that they have respectively done their", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "A REFLECTION. 141\\nduty refreshing to learn that a numerous and zealous\\nministry were industriously employed in laying the foun-\\ndations of education and religion, while many of those\\nwere yet unborn, who now are most fluent in describing\\nthe ignorance, destitution and moral depravity, of our\\ncountry.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "142 LOCATION OF INDIAN VILLAGES.\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nEarly discoveries in Kentucky Its occupation by Indians An\\nanecdote of two of the pioneers John Finley s visit Those of\\nM Bride, Dr. Walker, Boone, and others.\\nIt is a curious fact, that the first explorers of this\\nregion found no Indians settled upon the shores of the\\nOhio. Throughout the whole length of this beautiful\\nriver, not a single vestige of an Indian town is to be\\nfound. The aboriginal tribes, who are always at war,\\nseem to have had regard chiefly to that state, in choos-\\ning the sites of their villages. For savages, situated as\\nthey were, the most commanding positions were those\\nlying near the sources of large rivers, from which they\\ncould descend in their canoes to attack an enemy below\\nthem, while their own villages would be approached\\nwith difficulty by canoes attempting to ascend against\\nthe stream. Where the head waters of two rivers ap-\\nproached and flowed away in different directions, affording\\nincreased facilities for sending off hunting expeditions\\nand war parties, a spot in contact with both streams pos-\\nsessed unusual advantages, and such places were generally\\noccupied. But it will be seen, that, for the same reasons,\\nthe shores of a large river like the Ohio, into which nu-\\nmerous tributaries of great size and length poured their\\nwaters, would be exposed, above all others, to the attacks\\nof savage warfare, as they would be easily accessible from\\na variety of directions.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "THE DARK AND BLOODY GROUND. 143\\nIt is not known that any tribe was ever settled perma-\\nnently in Kentucky; no ownership was exercised over\\nthat region, when first visited by the whites and no ex-\\nclusive title was vested in any nation of Indians, though\\nseveral claims were set up, the most important of which\\nwas that of the Cherokees. It was a common hunting-\\nground for many tribes, who visited it from a great dis-\\ntance, roaming over its rich pastures in the seasons for\\ntaking game, and making it their temporary residence\\nduring a part of every year, for that purpose. It was also\\nthe great battle-ground of the Indians, who met here in\\ndesperate conflict either accidentally, when engaged in\\nhunting, or by concert, in the mutual pursuance of a\\npolicy which induced them to carry their wars as far as\\npossible from home. The name applied to it by the sav-\\nages the dark and bloody ground is terribly significant\\nof the sanguinary character of those conflicts, which ren-\\ndered this region celebrated in the traditionary legends of\\nthat ferocious race. Whether any superstition invested\\nthe scenes of so many battles with a peculiar awe, and\\nrendered the savage reluctant to reside here, where he\\nmight suppose the spirits of the fallen to be wandering,\\nwe have not the means of knowing; we are only informed\\nof the fact, that a tract of country the most luxuriant,\\nthe most abundant in game, and the most prolific in all\\nthe fruits, and in the spontaneous productions of nature,\\nwhich yield food or other necessaries of life to the wan-\\ndering tribes, was an uninhabited wilderness.\\nAlthough the pioneers found the country unoccupied\\nby a resident population, and might properly have taken\\npossession, without violating any law of nations, or moral\\nprinciple; yet it was precisely in that condition which\\nrendered any attempt to settle the land particularly dan-\\ngerous. These boundless forests swarmed with parties", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "144 THE PIONEERS.\\nof hostile savages, who resided too far from the settle-\\nments of the whites to fear their power, or to feel any\\nwish to conciliate their friendship. Their own villages\\nand families were, as they supposed, too distant to be ex-\\nposed to the danger of retaliation. They were abroad,\\nunincumbered with property or dependents, and prepared\\nfor war: no delay was suggested by prudence, nor any\\ntime required for consultation. A hated race had in-\\ntruded into the hunting-grounds, for the possession of\\nwhich they had long disputed among themselves, and\\nwith one accord the arms of all were turned against the\\ninvaders.\\nThe pioneers were few they acted on their own re-\\nsponsibility, with the countenance merely, not the aid of\\nthe government. In the whole history of the settlement\\nof Kentucky, comprising a period of twenty years, neither\\nmen nor munitions were sent to these infant settlements.\\nIt was not until the Indians had been repeatedly beaten,\\nand the power of our countrymen was completely estab-\\nlished in Kentucky, that the government began to send\\ntroops to the west; and the names of Wilkinson, Har-\\nmar, St. Clair, Clarke, and Wayne, are found in the an-\\nnals of border warfare. And these officers acted chiefly\\non the Western shores of the Ohio. Yet the pioneers\\nwere almost always successful in their battles, and the\\nprogress of the settlements was never stopped. They\\ncontinued to increase steadily in numbers, and to spread\\ngradually over the land. Although the warfare of the\\nIndians was of the most unsparing character, accompanied\\nwith all the atrocities of the tomahawk, the firebrand, and\\nthe stake, the courage of the pioneers was never damped,\\nand their conduct was equal to every emergency. With-\\nout detracting in the least from their merits, it may be\\ninferred, from some of the facts above stated, that the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "PECULIAR HABITS. 145\\nwar against them was never conducted with much skill\\nor concert. Both parties were far from any place which\\ncould afford supply or relief, and neither possessed the\\nrequisite facilities for any long-sustained effort. The one\\nparty usually surprised the other, and the conflict was\\nbrief, sanguinary, and, for the time, decisive.\\nWe have alluded, in our introductory chapter, to the\\ncharacter of the pioneers, and the mode of the earliest\\nemigration to Kentucky. We shall now extend these re-\\nmarks as far only as is necessary to an understanding\\nof the peculiar habits of that remarkably original race,\\nand to the elucidation of their early history.\\nAbout the year 1749, a citizen of Frederick county, in\\nVirginia, who was subject to occasional fits of insanity,\\nroamed off into the woods, as was usually his practice\\nunder such circumstances. Having rambled farther to-\\nwards the west than was then customary with the hunters,\\nhe came to the waters of Greenbriar river and, on his\\nreturn, reported that he had found a stream whose waters\\nran to the west, and whose shores abounded in game.\\nThis intelligence excited the curiosity of the public but\\nwe do not hear of any serious attempt to penetrate into\\nthe wilderness. The first desultory effort was that of\\nJacob Marlin and Stephen Sewell, who wandered out to\\nGreenbriar, and established themselves in a cabin upon\\nits banks. It seems, however, that if there be but two\\nmen in a country, they will find a subject for contention;\\nat all events, it happened so with Marlin and Sewell, who\\nquarreled, and the latter, for the sake of. peace, quitted\\ntheir cabin, and took up his abode in a hollow tree. In\\nthis situation they were found by General Andrew Lewis,\\nwho, in the year 1757, proceeded to the Greenbriar\\ncountry, to superintend the survey of a grant of one\\nhundred thousand acres of land, made to a company of\\n13", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "146 MARLIN AND SEW ELL.\\nindividuals by the governor and council of Virginia. On\\ninquiring of these eccentric beings, what could induce\\nthem to live separately in a wilderness so distant from\\nall other human beings, they replied, that a difference\\nof opinion had induced them to part, and that, since the\\ndivision of interests, their intercourse had been more\\namicable. Sewell added, that each morning, when they\\narose, Marlin came forth from his house, and himself from\\nthe hollow tree, and they saluted each other with, Good\\nmorning, Mr. Marlin! Good morning, Mr. Sewell! a\\npractice which he considered as conclusive evidence of the\\ngood understanding and mutual courtesy of the parties.\\nMr. Sewell, however, was not fully satisfied even in this\\nagreeable neighborhood, but removed about forty miles\\nfurther west, where he was found by the Indians, and\\nkilled.\\nPrevious to the year 1755, General Lewis had com-\\npleted the survey of about fifty thousand acres but, the\\nwar then commencing between England and France, the\\nwork was abandoned. In 1761, the British government\\nissued a proclamation commanding all the colonists within\\nthe bounds of Virginia, who had made settlements on the\\nwestern waters, to remove from them, as those lands were\\nclaimed by the Indians, and good policy required that the\\ngovernment should prevent any interference with their\\nrights. As this is one of a very few instances in which\\nGreat Britain even pretended to respect the rights of the\\naborigines, we must, in searching for the true cause of\\nthis order, endeavor to find some other than the one as-\\nsigned. The prevention of bloodshed had not, heretofore,\\nformed any part of the policy of the mother country,\\nwhose plan had rather been to render the colonists more\\ndependent upon herself, by keeping them embroiled with\\nthe Indians, and by confining their settlements to the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "dr. walker s explorations. 147\\nseaboard, where her own power could be most readily con-\\ncentrated, and most vigorously exerted.\\nBut although this measure of the government checked\\nthe spirit of enterprise which had just then been awaken-\\ned, and caused the abandonment of schemes for the colo-\\nnization of the western lands, which had been formed by\\ngentlemen of wealth and education, it did not entirely\\ncrush the newly kindled desire for exploring this delight-\\nful region.\\nThere is a tradition that a person named M Bride visit-\\ned Kentucky, and cut his name on a tree at the mouth\\nof Kentucky river, in 1754. If there is any truth in the\\nrumour, it does not appear that he made any report which\\nwas believed, or by which others were induced to follow\\nhis adventurous footsteps.\\nIn 1747. Dr. Walker, a gentleman of Virginia, led a\\nsmall party to explore Powell s valley, east of the Laurel\\nridge, which he called Cumberland mountain. Receiving\\nintelligence, from some source which is now not known,\\nthat the Ohio might be reached, at no great distance, by\\ntraveling in a north-eastwardly direction, he proceeded\\non that course until he came to Big Sandy river, having\\nentirely missed the Ohio and the fertile region of\\nKentucky.\\nHe returned home after a journey of prodigious labor,\\nchiefly among the mountains and his report was rather\\ncalculated to repress than to excite curiosity.\\nIn 1750, he crossed the Cumberland mountain, in com-\\npany with Colby Chew, Ambrose Powell, and others, but\\ndid not reach the Kentucky river.\\nHe made several subsequent excursions into this region,\\nand it is probable that to this circumstance may be at-\\ntributed the mistakes which have been made in reference\\nto the date of his first visit. We adopt that which Mr.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "148 JAMES SMITH. DANIEL BOONE.\\nButler, in his History of Kentucky, has, upon good evi-\\ndence, proved to be the correct one.\\nIt appears by a manuscript affidavit of Dr. Walker,\\nwhich we have examined, that in the month of April, 1750,\\nhe visited the waters of the Cumberland, and gave its\\npresent name to that river. Its original name was Shawa-\\nnoe, and it is greatly to be deplored that a designation\\nat once euphonious and appropriate, should have been\\nabandoned, without reason, for a foreign appellation.\\nIn Virginia, Lewis Evans made and published a map\\nof Kentucky, in 1752, from a description given him by\\nthe Indians.\\nIn 1766, James Smith visited Kentucky, but we know\\nlittle of his adventures.\\nThe first adventurer who is known to have penetrated\\nthrough Kentucky to the Ohio, was John Finley, who,\\nwith a few companions, traversed this region in 1767. Of\\nhim or his adventures little is known. His account of\\nthe country its extent, its fertility, the abundance of\\ngame, and the exuberance of the vegetation, were con-\\nsidered fabulous; and his name would probably have been\\nlost, had it not become connected with that of Daniel\\nBoone, to whom he acted as guide in a subsequent ex-\\npedition.\\nBoone was a man of strongly marked character. There\\nis no proof that he possessed great talents, or that he\\ncould have shone in any other station than that in which\\nhe was placed. His bodily vigor, his love of hunting,\\nhis courage, and his perfect equanimity of mind under\\nevery vicissitude of fortune, were the prominent points in\\nhis character; and his singular adventures, with the fact\\nof his being the first successful explorer of this region,\\nhave rendered his name celebrated. He was not a misan-\\nthrope, who retired to the woods because he was disgusted", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "CHARACTER OF BOONE. 149\\nwith the world, but a man of social and benevolent feel-\\nings, of mild and unassuming manners, and of the strictest\\nintegrity. He was bold and daring, deeply imbued with\\nthe spirit of adventure, and gifted with an uncommon\\nshare of that cool, indomitable courage, which cannot easily\\nbe daunted or surprised, that is seldom excited into rash-\\nness or chilled into despondency, and that enables its\\npossessor to act with calmness in every emergency.\\nThe character of Boone has been entirely misunder-\\nstood, and the inducements which first led him into the\\nwilderness altogether mistaken. We shall not stop here\\nto rebuke the mendacity of sordid writers, who have been\\ntempted by pecuniary considerations, to palm upon the\\nworld, under guise of sober biography, a series of spurious\\nadventures, which have composed the story of Boone,\\nand corrupted the history of the times. Such impudent\\nimpostures carry within themselves a self-destroying in-\\nfluence, which puts an early period to their existence.\\nThe only authentic account of the first visit of Daniel\\nBoone to Kentucky, is found in a pamphlet written by\\nJohn Filson, from the dictation of Boone himself, in the\\nyear 1789. In this, he mentions that, on the first of\\nMay, 1769 he left his peaceable habitation on the Yadkin\\nriver, in North Carolina, and proceeded to explore the\\ncountry of Kentucky, in company with John Finley,\\nJohn Stewart, and three others. Squire Boone, the\\nbrother of Daniel, afterwards joined them in the wil-\\nderness. We find no record of any particular errand\\nwhich induced the perilous wanderings of these men,\\nother than that which allured so many others to this\\nblooming desert; nor is there the slightest reason for\\nsetting Boone apart from his companions, as one differ-\\ning from them in views or character. He was not an\\neccentric man, nor did he stand in a class by himself.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "150 BOONE FIRST VISITS KENTUCKY.\\nHis character and adventures are studied and admired,\\nnot because he was sui generis, but because lie was a com-\\nplete and admirable specimen of the class to which he\\nbelonged. A naturalist, in selecting a specimen for de-\\nscription or preservation in a cabinet, takes that which\\nis most perfect, and least adulterated by any foreign ad-\\nmixture. There were thousands of backwoodsmen, who\\nbelonged to the same class with Boone, and resembled\\nhim in their lives, tastes, and adventures, and he is only\\ncelebrated from the circumstance of his being the best\\nspecimen of this singular race, that has happened to at-\\ntract public attention. The simplicity of his character\\nmade him more purely a backwoodsman, than any other\\nman -just as simplicity of character attracts observation\\nto talents or excellence of any kind, by creating a single-\\nness of purpose and effort, which leaves the strong points\\nof the natural mind, unincumbered by the artificial re-\\nfinements, the distracting passions, and the diversified\\npursuits, which surround and conceal the native genius\\nof most individuals.\\nBoone and his companions were inflamed with curiosity,\\nby the accounts which they had heard of the surpassing\\nbeauty and fertility of Kentucky; and this, which was\\ncertainly a sufficient inducement to men of erratic habits\\nand courageous temperament, might have been the only\\nmotive for their journey. But there is some reason to be-\\nlieve that even in his first visit to Kentucky, Boone came\\nas the agent of some wealthy individuals in North Caro-\\nlina, who were desirous to speculate in these lands, and\\nwho selected him to make the first reconnoisance of the\\ncountry, not only because he was an intrepid hunter, but\\nin consideration of his judgment and probity. It is cer-\\ntain that he was thus employed immediately after his re-\\nturn, and that he continued for many years to be engaged", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "SOLITARY IN THE WILDERNESS. 151\\nin the transaction of business for others, to the entire\\nneglect of his personal aggrandisement.\\nBe this as it may, the adventures of these bold ex-\\nplorers are full of romantic interest. They found the\\nland filled with hostile Indians, against whose arts they\\nwere obliged to keep a continual watch. By day they\\nwandered with stealthy steps, adding to their boldness of\\npurpose, the vigilance that ensures success, and at night\\nthey crept into the most secret coverts for repose; prac-\\nticing the arts of savage life for subsistence, and the stra-\\ntagems of border warfare for protection. Superior to the\\nred men in the devices of their own sylvan strategy, they\\neluded, or beat them, and continued to roam through\\nthese blooming deserts, if not with impunity, at least\\nwith a decree of success that seems marvellous.\\nBoone continued to explore the wilderness for two\\nyears, with no little variety of fortune, but with that in-\\ndomitable perseverance which formed a leading trait in\\nhis character. Once, himself and a companion were cap-\\ntured, and escaped; more than once their camp was plun-\\ndered; they were robbed of their arms and ammunition,\\nand left to glean a subsistence as they might, without the\\nweapons which in the backwoods are necessaries, equally\\nrequisite in defending life and procuring food. One of\\nthe party was killed; the rest returned home, except\\nBoone, and his brother, the latter of whom having arrived\\nsince the disarming of the party, was able to supply the\\npioneer with a gun and ammunition. They wintered to-\\ngether in a cabin formed of poles and bark. In the\\nspring of 1770, the brother returned to North Carolina,\\nleaving Daniel Boone alone in the woods, the only white\\nman known to be in Kentuck} r\\nIf any proof was wanting, of the ardor with which\\nBoone pursued his designs, or the courage that he im-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "152 NEW EXPLORERS.\\nparted to others, it would be found in this separation of\\nthe brothers the one singly undertaking a painful and\\ndangerous journey, of several hundred miles, without a\\npath or a guide, the other remaining alone in the midst\\nof a wilderness, separated from the habitations of white\\nmen by a range of almost inaccessible mountains, and\\nsurrounded by hundreds of enemies, who eagerly sought\\nhis life, and daily traced his footsteps with unwearied\\nhostility. The intrepid pioneer continued to rove through\\nthe forest, subsisting upon game, and eluding the Indians\\nby cunning devices, until the return of his brother, in the\\nJuly of the same year; they explored the country to-\\ngether during the remainder of that year, again wintered\\nin the wilderness, and in the spring of 1771, returned to\\ntheir families.\\nIn 1769, Hancock Taylor, Richard Taylor, and others,\\ndescended the Ohio to the falls, and proceeded thence to\\nNew Orleans, and back to Virginia by sea.\\nAbout the same time, a party, consisting of about forty\\nhunters, from New River, Holston, and Clinch, united in\\nan expedition to the west, and nine of the party, led by\\nColonel James Knox, reached Kentucky. They pene-\\ntrated to the waters of Green River, and the lower part\\nof Cumberland.\\nIn the year 1773, Thomas Bullit, Hancock Taylor, and\\nthe M Afees, engaged with ardor and success in the busi-\\nness of exploring and settling Kentucky, and became\\nconspicuous individuals in the new community.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "TREATY WITH THE SIX NATIONS. 153\\nCHAPTER X.\\nPurchases from the Indians Treaty of Fort Stanwix Treaty\\nof Lochaber Purchases by individuals The Transylvania\\nCompany.\\nIn the year 1774 commenced a series of events, which\\nexerted a decided influence on the early growth of the\\nsettlements in Kentucky, but which, in most of the pub-\\nlished narratives of the liistories of those times, are not\\nmentioned, and in others barely alluded to. As these\\nfacts will be new to the public, and as the writer has had\\nthe opportunity of investigating them carefully, from the\\noriginal papers of some of the gentlemen concerned,\\nplaced in his hands through a source of unquestionable\\nrespectability, this fragment of the history of the pioneers\\nwill be developed with some degree of minuteness.\\nA few preliminary observations, however, may be neces-\\nsary to elucidate this subject with greater clearness. The\\nseveral explorations of the country bordering on the Ohio,\\nto which we have alluded, although they did not elicit any\\ngreat amount of accurate information, either in respect to\\nits extent or advantages, threw into circulation a mass of\\nreports which strongly excited the public mind, and\\ninduced the functionaries of Great Britain and of the\\ncolonies, as well as a number of intelligent individuals, to\\nturn their attention to this region. In 1768, at a treaty\\nheld with the Six Nations by Sir William Johnson, the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "154 TREATY OF LOCHABER.\\nclaim of those nations to all the lands on the south-east\\nside of the Ohio river, as far down as the Cherokee river,\\nwas purchased by Great Britain. The title of the Six\\nNations to any part of this country, seems to have been\\nextremely problematical. AYe are not aware of any that\\na savage people can have, but that of actual occupancy;\\nand there is no proof of their having ever resided in any\\npart of it, or that their conquests were at any time ex-\\ntended into the Mississippi valley. It is probable that\\nGreat Britain did not investigate that matter with- critical\\nnicety, but rather pursued the policy, since adopted by\\nthe United States, of purchasing the conflicting Indian\\ntitles, and of making her own claim secure by merging in\\nit all others. Nor was this purchase made for the pur-\\npose of facilitating the settlement of the west, which the\\nparent country always discouraged; but to secure the pos-\\nsession to herself of the interior frontier, and to prevent\\nthe founding of colonies in juxta position with her own,\\nby any other nation.\\nIt was in accordance with these views, that Great Britain\\nauthorised the treaty of 1768, during the existence of an\\norder in council which prohibited the settlement of the\\nwestern lands; and that, in 1770, Lord Botetourie, at the\\nurgent instance of the general assembly of Virginia, made\\narrangements for the extinguishment of the title of the\\nCherokees to the same territory. On the fifth of October\\nof that year, a treaty was accordingly held wrth those\\nIndians, at Lochaber, in South Carolina, by John Stew-\\nart, superintendent of Indian affairs, acting under the\\nauspices of the colony of Virginia, when a boundary line\\nwas established between the contracting parties, begin-\\nning at Holstein river, six miles above Big Island, thence\\nrunning in a direct line till it should strike the mouth\\nof the Great Kenhawa. John Donaldson, the surveyor", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "ENLARGED BOUNDARIES. 155\\nwho traced this line by an appointment from the president\\nand council of Virginia, states, in a manuscript affidavit\\nwhich we have seen, that, in the progress of the work,\\nthey came to the head of Louisa, now Kentucky river,\\nwhen the Little Carpenter (a Cherokee chief,) observed,\\nthat his nation delighted in having their lands marked\\nout by natural boundaries; and proposed that, instead of\\nthe line agreed upon at Lochaber, as aforesaid, it should\\nbreak off at the head of Louisa river, and run thence to\\nthe mouth thereof, and thence up the Ohio to the mouth\\nof the Great Kenhawa. This boundary was accordingly\\nagreed to by the surveyor. It is further stated, by the\\nsame authority, that leave having been granted by the\\nking of Great Britain, to treat with the Cherokees for a\\nmore extensive boundary than that which had been estab-\\nlished at the treaty of Hard Labour, provided the Vir-\\nginians would be at the expense of purchasing the same,\\nthe general assembly voted the sum of \u00c2\u00a32.500 sterling\\nfor that purpose, which sum was accordingly paid to the\\nCherokees, in consideration, as we presume, of the addi-\\ntional lands gained by the alteration of the line by the\\nsurveyor, and in confirmation of his act.\\nThese proceedings are only important now, as they\\nshow that, by the treaties of Fort Stanwix and Lochaber,\\nthe conflicting Indian titles were extinguished, south of\\nthe Ohio river, as far west as the Kentucky river.\\nAbout this period, a number of enterprising gentlemen\\nin Virginia and North Carolina began to turn their at-\\ntention to the region west of the Kentucky river, with\\nthe view of purchasing estates in fee simple, for them-\\nselves, directly from the Indians.\\nWe have before us a deposition, in manuscript, of the\\ncelebrated Patrick Henry, in which he states, that, early\\nin the year 1774, he entered into an arrangement with the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "156 PATRICK HENRY S DEPOSITION.\\nHon. William Byrd, John Page, Esq., and Col. William\\nChristian, all of Virginia, for the purpose of purchasing,\\nfrom the Cherokees, some of their land on the waters\\nof their own river in Virginia, and that they sent a\\nMr. Kennedy to the Cherokee nation, to ascertain the\\npracticability of the scheme. The report of the agent\\nwas, that they were willing to treat on the subject, Not\\nlong after this, says the document in our possession,\\nand before any treaty was resolved on, the troubles with\\nGreat Britain seemed to threaten serious consequences;\\nand this deponent became a member of the first Vir-\\nginia convention, and a member of the first continental\\ncongress, upon which he determined with himself to dis-\\nclaim all concern and connection with Indian purchases,\\nfor the reasons following: that is to say, he was informed,\\nshortly after his arrival in congress, of many purchases\\nof Indian lands, shares in most or all of which were offered\\nto this deponent, and constantly refused by him, because\\nof the enormity of the extent to which the bounds of those\\npurchases were carried; that disputes had arisen on the\\nsubject of these purchases; and that this deponent, being\\na member of congress and convention, conceived it im-\\nproper for him to be concerned as a party in any of these\\npartnerships, on which it was probable he might decide\\nas a judge. He was farther fixed in his determination\\nnot to be concerned in any Indian purchases whatever,\\non the prospect of the present war, by which the sove-\\nreignty and right of disposal of the soil of America would\\nprobably be claimed by the American States. This\\ndeposition is dated June 4, 1777.\\nOf the purchases alluded to in the above deposition,\\nthe most extensive, and the most important in its bearing\\nupon the history of the pioneers, is that of the Transyl-\\nvania company, composed of Richard Henderson, William", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "TRANSYLVANIA COMPANY. 157\\nJohnston, Nathaniel Hart, John Luttrel, David Hart,\\nJohn Williams, James Hogg, and Leonard Henley Bul-\\nlock. These gentlemen, who were residents of North\\nCarolina, made certain preliminary arrangements in the\\nfall of the year 1774, with the Overhill Cherokee In-\\ndians, for a treaty to be held the following year. In\\nMarch, 1775, Colonel Henderson, acting for the company,\\nmet the chiefs of that nation, attended by about twelve\\nhundred of their people, at a fort on the Watauga, the\\nsouth-eastern branch of the Holston river. A solemn\\ncouncil was held, and after several days spent in con-\\nference and full discussion of every matter relating to the\\npurchase, the company obtained from the Indians, in\\nexchange for a valuable consideration paid them in mer-\\nchandise, two several deeds, signed by Okonistoto, their\\nchief warrior, and by Atakullakulla, and Savonooko, the\\nnext in rank, in behalf of the nation, and with the assent\\nof the warriors present. The two grants comprehended\\nseparate tracts, lying within the chartered limits of Vir-\\nginia and North Carolina. The first was bounded as\\nfollows: Beginning on the Ohio river, at the mouth of\\nthe Cantuckey Chenoee, or what by the English is called\\nLouisa river from thence running up the said river, and\\nthe most northwardly fork of the same, to the head spring-\\nthereof; thence a south-east course, to the top of the\\nridge of Powell s mountain; thence westwardly along the\\nridge of the said mountain, unto a point from which a\\nnorth-west course will hit or strike the head spring of the\\nmost southwardly branch of Cumberland river; thence\\ndown the said river, including all its waters, to the\\nOhio river, and up the said river, as it meanders, to the\\nbeginning.\\nThe other deed comprised a tract beginning on the\\nHolston river, where the course of Powell s mountain", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "158 PURCHASE OF KENTUCKY.\\nstrikes the same; thence up the said river, as it meanders,\\nto where the Virginia line crosses the same; thence west-\\nward along the line run by Donaldson, to a point six\\nEnglish miles eastward of the long island in said Holston\\nriver thence a direct course towards the mouth of the\\nGreat Canaway, until it reaches the top ridge of Powell s\\nmountain thence westward along the said ridge to the\\nplace of beginning.\\nThe first of these grants, it will be perceived, is much\\nthe largest, and comprises the whole of Kentucky south\\nof the river of that name, and by far the greater part of\\nthe lands now contained in that State. The other includes\\na vast territory within the then limits of North Carolina,\\nlying on the rivers Holston, Clinch, Powel, and Cumber-\\nland, to the amount of many millions of acres.\\nThis purchase from the aborigines having been made\\nprevious to the Declaration of Independence, and the\\nTransylvania Company being put in possession of the\\nterritory by the Indians, the title of the grantees was\\nsupposed to be complete, and they proceeded immediately\\nto make extensive arrangements for the settlement of\\ntheir lands. Richard Henderson, Nathaniel Hart, and\\nJohn Luttrel, were appointed to proceed to the new\\nterritory, which was called Transylvania, for the purpose\\nof planting a colony; and they accordingly set out, at\\nthe head of a small party, early in the year 1775. Daniel\\nBoone was their guide; and it seems to be extremely\\nprobable, though we have no direct evidence of the fact,\\nthat his previous visits to Kentucky were made at the\\nsuggestion of these gentlemen, and that their confidence\\nin his report induced them to make the purchase. It is\\ncertain, from their letters to each other, many of which\\nare in the possession of the writer, that they had ob-\\ntained, from some source, a mass of accurate information", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "OCCURRENCES AT POWELI/S VALLEY. 159\\nwith which the public was not acquainted; and, as they\\nwould naturally resort to some confidential and secret\\nmeans through which to obtain such intelligence, we give\\ncredit to a rumor which has reached us, that Boone was\\nthe agent employed for that purpose. These circum-\\nstances afford a new elucidation of the character of that\\nintrepid pioneer and, although they take nothing from\\nthe strong points of his character, entirely dissipate the\\nromantic theories of some of his biographers, with regard\\nto the motives which first led him to become a wanderer\\nin the western wilderness.\\nColonel Henderson and his associates reached Powell s\\nValley, one of the most western settlements of North\\nCarolina, in the beginning of April, 1775, at the head of\\nforty armed men, and an additional number, probably, of\\nnon-combatants for they had under their charge forty\\npack-horses. This party was preceded by a smaller one,\\nunder the direction of Daniel Boone, who had been em-\\nployed to mark out a road. We have before us a letter\\nfrom Colonel Henderson, to his partners in North Caro-\\nlina, dated Powell s Valley, April 8, 1775, from which we\\nmake the following extracts, for the purpose of illus-\\ntrating the difficulties encountered in this expedition, in\\nthe language of one who was concerned.\\nFew enterprises of great consequence continue at all\\ntimes to wear a favorable aspect; ours has met with the\\ncommon fate, from the incautious proceedings of a few\\nheadstrong and unthinking people. On the twenty-fifth\\nof March last, the Indians fired upon a small party of\\nmen, in camp, near the Louisa, killed two and put four\\nothers to the route; and on the 27th, did likewise on\\nDaniel Boone s camp, and killed a white man and a negro\\non the spot, but the survivors maintained their ground\\nand saved their baggage. But for a more particular ac-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "160 DANIEL BOONE S LETTER.\\ncount I refer you to Mr. Boone s original letter on that\\noccasion, which came to hand last night. You scarcely\\nneed information that these accidents have a bad effect\\nwith respect to us. You\\nobserve from Mr. Boone s letter the absolute necessity of\\nour not losing one moment, therefore don t be surprised\\nat not receiving a particular account of our journey with\\nthe several little misfortunes and cross accidents, which\\nhave caused us to be delayed so that we are still one hun-\\ndred and thirty or one hundred and forty miles from our\\njourney s end. We are all in high spirits, and on thorns\\nto fly to Boone s assistance, and join him in defence of\\nso fine and valuable a country. My only motives for\\nstopping, are, first, that you should receive a just repre-\\nsentation of the affair, and secondly, to request your im-\\nmediate assistance; for want of workmen our wagons are\\nlaid aside at Captain Martin s in this valley the chief\\nof our salt and all our saltpetre and brimstone are left\\nbehind.\\nThe letter from Daniel Boone, alluded to above, is also\\nin our possession, and we copy it entire, as a valuable\\nrelic of that bold and successful pioneer; premising, that\\nas Mr. Boone was less expert in the art of spelling than\\nin the use of the rifle, we correct the orthography, ex-\\ncept in the case of one or two words. The letter is\\naddressed to Colonel Richard Henderson these with\\ncare, and runs as follows:\\nApril the first, 1775.\\nDear Colonel,\\nAfter my compliments to you, I shall acquaint you\\nof our misfortune. On march the 25 a party of Indians\\nfired on my company about a half an hour before day,\\nand killed Mr. Twitty and his negro, and wounded Mr.\\nWalker very deeply, but I hope he will recover. On", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "PROSPECTS OF THE PARTY. 161\\nMaxell the 28 as we were hunting for provisions we found\\nSamuel Tate s son, who gave us an account that the In-\\ndians fired on their camp on the 27 day. My brother\\nand I went down and found two men killed and sculped,\\nThomas McDowell and Jeremiah McPeters. I have sent\\na man down to all the lower companies in order to gather\\nthem all to the mouth of Otter Creek. My advise to you,\\nsir, is to come or send as soon as possible. Your com-\\npany is desired greatly, for the people are very uneasy,,\\nbut are willing to stay and venture their lives with you,\\nand now is the time to flusterate their* intentions and\\nkeep the country, whilst we are in it. If we give way to\\nthem now, it will ever be the case. This day we start\\nfrom the battle ground, for the mouth of Otter Creek,\\nwhere we shall immediately erect a fort r which will be\\ndone before you can come or send then we can send ten\\nmen to meet you, if you send for them.\\nI am sir your most obedient\\nDaniel Boone.\\nN. B. We stood on the ground and guarded our bag-\\ngage till day, and lost nothing. We have about fifteen\\nmiles to Cantuck at Otter Creek.\\nThis letter, with which we have taken no liberty except\\nthe one already indicated, is highly characteristic of the\\nwriter. It is a plain and sensible communication, from a\\ncool-headed man, who uses no more words than are neces-\\nsary to express his ideas. He takes no credit to himself\\nfor having beaten the Indians, nor makes any professions\\nfor the future, but modestly intimates that the presence\\nof the leader of the enterprise is necessary to ensure its\\nsuccess. The suggestion, now is the time to flusterate\\nMeaning the Indians.\\n14", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "162 CONFIDENCE IN BOONE.\\nthe intentions of the savages, and keep the country\\nwhile we are in it, is consistent with the known determi-\\nnation of his character, while the prediction, if we give\\nway to them now, it will ever be the case, comports well\\nwith the prudence and common sense which always gov-\\nerned him, when acting in his proper sphere, as a hunter\\nor a warrior. We are even pleased with the commence-\\nment, After my compliments, and the conclusion, I\\nam, Sir, your most obedient, which show that the sturdy\\nwoodsman was not unacquainted with courtesies of good\\nsociety. We shall only add, that the word Cantuck, refers\\nto Kentucky river, and that the fort which he proposed to\\nerect, was that which was afterwards called Boonsboro*\\nThe prospects of Colonel Henderson s party became\\nstill more gloomy, after the date of this letter to which\\nwe have referred. As they proceeded, they met persons\\nreturning from Kentucky, discontented or panic-struck,\\nwho gave the most exaggerated accounts of the dangers\\nfrom which they had escaped, and represented the situ-\\nation of Boone as being imminently precarious. The\\nhired men became discouraged, and it required all the\\neiforts of the leaders to urge them forward* Every\\nsound they heard, every group of wayworn woodsmen\\nthey met, filled them with the apprehension that Boone\\nhad been obliged to abandon his post, or that the ap-\\nproaching travelers brought some disastrous tidings of the\\npioneer. It was owing to Boone s confidence in us,\\nsays Colonel Henderson, in one of his letters, and to\\nthe people s in him, that a stand was ever attempted, to\\nawait our coming; and it was natural that great uneasi-\\nness should be felt for him in whom such confidence was\\nplaced, and whose post, in advance of the expedition, was\\nso important. It became, therefore, desirable that he\\nshould be apprised of the approach of his friends, in", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "FORT BOONSBORO 163\\norder that lie might be encouraged to hold his post at all\\nhazards, until their arrival. But how could the informa-\\ntion be transmitted? What messenger would venture\\nto traverse the wild, beset with Indians, and incur the\\nvarious dangers of a solitary journey of one hundred and\\nthirty miles, the distance which still intervened between\\nthe travelers and the end of their journey! Mr. William\\nCocke, observing the anxiety of his companions, gener-\\nously volunteered to undertake the perilous mission, and\\nthe offer was too gratifying to be refused. The day was\\ndark and rainy the gloominess of the weather depressed\\nthe spirits of the party, and the parting of Mr. Cocke and\\nhis friends was marked by inauspicious forebodings. He\\nwas fixed off, to use again the language of one of the\\nparty, with a good Queen Anne s musket, plenty of\\nammunition, a tomhock, a large cuttoe knife, a Dutch\\nblanket, and no small quantity of jerked beef. Thus\\nequipped, and mounted on a good horse, he quitted his\\ncompanions, and dashed into the forest. We shall only\\nadd, that he performed his mission in safety and with\\nsuccess.\\nColonel Henderson reached Boonsboro, with his party,\\na few days afterwards, and found the people there in a\\nstate of careless security, which evinced the most perfect\\nself-confidence. A small fort, which the labor of two or\\nthree days would have rendered a sufficient protection\\nagainst any sudden inroad of the Indians, had been suf-\\nfered to remain unfinished and wholly useless, and it was\\nnot until this little colony had suffered severely from their\\nindiscretion, that Fort Boonsboro was placed in a defen-\\nsible condition.\\nAs this fortress affords one of the earliest specimens\\nof the kind, we are glad to be able to present an authentic\\ndrawing; of it.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "164\\nFORT BOONESBORO.\\n*i\\nN\\nid\\n!M\\n\u00c2\u00a9q\\nFORT AT BOONESBORO.\\n1. Colonel Henderson s House.... 2. Stockades.... 3. Colonel\\nHenderson s Kitchen. ...4. Mr. Luttrell s House. ...5. His\\nKitchen.... 9. Fort Gates.... 14. Houses built for Colonel Hart\\nand Colonel Williams.\\nThose places not numbered were cabins.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "OTTER CREEK AND OTHER SETTLEMENTS. 165\\nThe engraving is made from an original plan of Boones-\\nboro, in the hand-writing of Colonel Henderson.\\nThe fort was composed of four lines of cabins, those at\\nthe corners being larger than the others, and projecting\\nso as to form bastions.\\nThe dimensions of the enclosure are not stated but if\\nwe allow an average of twenty feet for each cabin and\\nopening, the length of the fort must have been about two\\nhundred and sixty, and the breadth one hundred and\\neighty feet.\\nWe are now seated, says Colonel Henderson, in one\\nof his letters, at the mouth of Otter Creek, on the Ken-\\ntucky, about 150 miles from the Ohio. To the west,\\nabout 50 miles from us, are two settlements, within six\\nor seven miles of each other. There were some time ago\\nabout a hundred persons at the two places, though now\\nperhaps there are not more than sixty or seventy, as many\\nof them are gone up the Ohio for their families, c, and\\nsome have returned, by the way we came, to Virginia and\\nelsewhere. These men in the course of hunting provi-\\nsions, exploring lands, c, are some of them constantly\\nout, and scour the woods from the banks of the river,\\nnear forty or fifty miles southward. On the opposite side\\nof the river, and north from us about 40 miles, is a set-\\ntlement on the crown lands of about nineteen persons, and\\nlower down towards the Ohio, on the same side, there are\\nsome other settlers how many, or at what place, I can t\\nexactly learn. Colonel Harrod, who governs the two\\nfirst mentioned settlements, and is a very good man,\\nColonel Floyd, the surveyor, and myself, are under solemn\\nengagements to communicate with the utmost despatch,\\nevery piece of intelligence, respecting danger, or sign of\\nIndians, to each other. In case of invasion of either,\\nboth the other parties are instantly to march, and relieve", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "166 col. williams s letter.\\nthe distressed if possible. Add to this, that our country\\nis so fertile, the growth of grass and herbage so tender\\nand luxuriant, that it is almost impossible for man or dog\\nto travel, without leaving such a sign, that you might\\ngallop a horse on the trail. It is impossible for any\\nnumber of persons to pass through the woods without\\nbeing tracked, and of course discovered, if Indians, for\\nour hunters all go on horseback, and could not be de-\\nceived, if they were to come on the trace of footmen.\\nFrom these circumstances I think myself secure against\\nany formidable attack, c.\\nAmong the original letters in our possession, is one\\nfrom Colonel John Williams, dated at Boonsboro, 27th\\nDecember 1775, from which we extract the following in-\\ncident. Last Saturday, in the afternoon, Colonel Camp-\\nbell, with two lads, went over the river, where they parted,\\nand went different ways over the hill. About 300 yards\\nfrom the fort, Colonel Campbell was fired on by a couple\\nof Indians, who missed him. The gun was heard, the\\nalarm given, and we got him safe to the fort. The two\\nlads not returning that night, and having no guns with\\nthem, we had doubtful apprehensions, and not hearing\\nany thing of them until Monday, we despatched a party\\nof men to see if they could make any discovery, as we\\nhad done on Saturday after Campbell returned. They\\nfound one killed and scalped about three miles from town,\\nthe other we have yet heard nothing of, but suppose he\\nhas shared the same fate. We had at that time a dozen\\nor fifteen men over the river, hunting in separate parties,\\nthough they have since all returned except two. Whether\\nthey have been unsuccessful in their hunt, or have fallen\\ninto the hands of the enemy, is doubtful the latter is\\napprehended. We yesterday despatched a party of twenty\\nmen under the command of Jesse Benton to scour the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "LANDED MONOPOLIES ALWAYS ODIOUS. 167\\nwoods, and discover if possible whether they are satisfied\\nwith what they have done, or whether they are lurking\\nabout to do more mischief before they go. So far, this\\nis a bad story, but hear the circumstances, and it will\\nappear less unfavorable. Last October, at the treaty at\\nPittsburgh, Cornstalk, king of the Shawnees, said that\\nbefore application from the congress for a treaty, five or\\nsix of his men had set out for Kentucky, and he was\\napprehensive might do some damage, and that it was out\\nof his power to apprise them of the terms of the treaty,\\nas he did not know where to send a messenger to them;\\nbut that he would stop them for the future, and if any of\\nhis men got killed on that expedition it should give no\\numbrage. There was about that number of Indians seen\\nnear the war path about fifteen miles east of this place,\\ntwo or three days before the mischief was done, all which\\nwe knew nothing of until since, c.\\nWhile the Transylvania Company was employed in the\\nfruitless attempt to establish a proprietary government in\\nKentucky, a number of individuals were engaged, either\\nsingly or in companies, in exploring the same territory,\\nas well as the adjacent lands north of the Kentucky river,\\nand in settling such spots as they chose to occupy, without\\nany reference to the claim of Henderson and his partners.\\nMonopolies are never popular, and in our country none\\nare less acceptable than those which refer to real estate.\\nHaving never been accustomed to the existence among us\\nof a privileged class, we do not readily submit to any\\nmeasure, the tendency of which is to confer exclusive\\nadvantages upon a few individuals. Our sympathies are\\nwith the majority, and our judgments predisposed in favor\\nof that which confers the greatest benefit on the largest\\nnumber of citizens. Our notions with regard to land are\\nperhaps peculiar to our country but they are natural and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "168 ALL INDIAN TITLES VAGUE\\nobviously just. The opinion is as old as the States, that\\nthe soil is common property held for the public good, and\\nthat individuals should not be permitted to appropriate to\\nthemselves more than they can use with the exception\\nonly in favor of those, who accumulate large landed estates\\nby successful industry, or purchase them in good faith, for\\nvaluable considerations. A grant therefore of enormous\\nmagnitude, either by the aborigines or the government, to\\na few gentlemen, for a consideration which, though techni-\\ncally valuable, was in -fact inconsiderable, could not be\\notherwise than odious.\\nThe Indian title has never been clearly defined, nor\\nheld in much esteem. Not having themselves very clear\\nideas of property, the savages could hardly impress others\\nwith distinct notions of the rights which they held by a\\ntenure so vague which they bartered away with careless\\nprodigality, and claimed to resume upon the slightest pre-\\ntext. Among them the soil had never been reduced to\\nindividual property there was no title by allodium, or\\nsimple fee, and nothing that could be transferred to indi-\\nviduals. Their right was that of sovereignty, the posses-\\nsion that of the whole tribe, and the only cession they\\ncould make was such as by common usage is allowable\\nalone between sovereigns, or established governments.\\nSuch was the decision of Virginia at first, and of con-\\ngress afterwards, upon the purchase of Henderson and\\ncompany; and such seems to have been the common-sense\\nopinion formed by the adventurers who settled within the\\nboundaries claimed by those gentlemen, in disregard of\\nthe treaty of the latter with the Cherokees.\\nNor was the time propitious to the design of those en-\\nterprising individuals. The revolutionary war had com-\\nmenced, and with it the doubt and misrule incident to\\nsuch a crisis. The adventurer to the wilds of Kentucky", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "ILL EFFECTS OF LARGE GRANTS. 169\\nmust have possessed a prophetic spirit, as well as a more\\nthan ordinary knowledge, political and legal, to have been\\nable to decide between the proprietary rights of the Che-\\nrokees, and the Six Nations, the Transylvania Company,\\nand the State of Virginia, the Congress, and the Crown\\nof Great Britain; and to select from so great a number,\\nthe lord paramount under whom it would be most safe to\\nhold. The obvious consequence was, that the Virginians\\nwho emigrated took out titles under their own State, the\\nNorth Carolinians who came at the invitation of Hender-\\nson and company purchased from them, while a large class\\ntook possession of such tracts as suited them, determined\\nto hold them against all adverse claimants, and to perfect\\ntheir titles under the authority which should ultimately\\nprove successful.\\nThis then was the first of the numerous party divisions,\\nby which the peace of Kentucky has been disturbed, and\\nher prosperity impeded; and the early introduction of\\nfactional discussions may be regarded as having been\\nnot a little ominous of the future history of the State.\\nAlthough little has been published in reference to those\\nearly differences, we find, from the documents in our pos-\\nsession, that there was in fact much angry controversy\\nbetween the parties who respectively admitted or denied\\nthe validity of the cession to Henderson and company,\\nand we believe that the germ of much subsequent dissen-\\nsion was unhappily planted at that time. But it is grati-\\nfying to observe, that however they might differ on that\\nsubject, they were always firmly united in the bond of\\npatriotism, and acted with uniform vigor and harmony in\\nrepelling the inroads of the savages, and in resisting the\\ntyranny of Great Britain. The best interests of Ken-\\ntucky have been continually jeoparded by her intestine\\nquarrels, but she has never for a moment swerved from\\n15", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "170 KENTUCKY AND HER SETTLERS.\\nher fidelity to the Union, of which she is one of the\\nbrightest ornaments. The foundations of national, as\\nwell as of individual character, are early laid; and in the\\nfirst settlement of all our American States, we find some\\nindications of the character by which they have become\\ndistinguished. In the State of Kentucky, the evidences\\nof this truth stand out in bold relief, in the original and\\nstrongly marked character of the inhabitants, among\\nwhom the daring, the hardihood, and the generosity of\\nthe pioneer, with the independence of thought peculiar\\nto the revolutionary period at which their institutions\\nbegan to be planted, remain conspicuously impressed upon\\nthe whole mass of the native population.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "PROPRIETORS OF TRANSYLVANIA. 171\\nCHAPTEK XI.\\nA proprietary government established First meeting of a Con-\\nvention of Delegates Their proceedings.\\nThe Proprietors of Transylvania, as they supposed\\nthemselves to be, having led a gallant band of adven-\\nturers to the vast but blooming desert which they had\\npurchased, and erected a few forts, at the several points\\nwhere settlements were intended to be formed, proceeded\\nat once to the formation of a colonial government, as well\\nfor the purpose of asserting thus early their rights of\\npropriety and sovereignty, as for the establishment of\\nsocial and civil order. As this is a curious and impor-\\ntant event in the history of Kentucky, and as it can not\\nbe related in more suitable language than that of the\\npersons engaged in it, we shall transcribe the record, from\\nthe original papers in our possession. It is in the fol-\\nlowing words\\nA Journal of the proceedings of the house of dele-\\ngates or representatives of the colony of Transylvania,\\nbegun on Wednesday the 23rd of May, in the year of our\\nLord Christ, 1775, and in the fifteenth year of the reign\\nof his majesty, king of Great Britain.\\nThe proprietors of said colony having called and re-\\nquired an election of delegates or representatives to be\\nmade for the purpose of legislation, or making and ordain-\\ning laws and regulations for the future conduct of the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "172 PROCEEDINGS OF CONVENTION.\\ninhabitants thereof, that is to say, for the town of Boones-\\nboro six members, for Harrodsburgh four, for the Boiling\\nSpring settlement four, for the town of St. Asaph four,\\nand appointed their meeting for the purpose aforesaid, on\\nthe aforesaid 23rd of May, Anno Domini 1775, and:\\nIt being certified to us here this day by the Secretary,\\nthat the following persons were returned as duly elected\\nfor the several towns and settlements, to wit:\\nFor Boonesboro Squire Boone, Daniel Boone, Wil-\\nliam Cocke, Samuel Henderson, William Moore, and\\nRichard Calloway.\\nFor Harrodsburgh Thomas Slaughter, John Lythe,\\nValentine Harmon, and James Douglass.\\nFor Boiling Spring settlement James Harrod, Nathan\\nHammond, Isaac and Azariah Davis.\\nFor the town of St. Asaph John Todd, Alexander\\nSpotswood Dandridge, John Floyd, and Samuel Wood.\\nPresent Squire Boone, Daniel Boone, c, (repeat-\\ning all the above names,) who took their seats at con-\\nvention\\nThe house unanimously chose Col. Thomas Slaughter\\nchairman, and Matthew Jewett clerk; and after divine\\nservice was performed by the Rev. John Lythe, the house\\nwaited on the proprietors, and acquainted them that they\\nhad chosen Mr. Thomas Slaughter chairman, and Matthew\\nJewett clerk, of which they approved; and Colonel Richard\\nHenderson, in behalf of himself and the rest of the pro-\\nprietors, opened the convention with a speech, a copy of\\nwhich, to prevent mistakes, the chairman procured.\\nOrdered, the same speech be read. Read the same which\\nis as follows We omit the speech, the answer of the\\nAn officer appointed by the proprietors, corresponding with a\\nsecretary of state.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "BILLS PASSED. 173\\nconvention, and the replication of Colonel Henderson,\\nwhich are too long to be inserted in this place.\\nOn motion made, ordered, that Mr. Todd have leave to\\nbring in a bill for the establishment of courts of judica-\\nture, and regulating the practice therein ordered, that\\nMr. Todd, Mr. Dandridge, Mr. Calloway, and Mr. Hen-\\nderson, do bring in a bill for that purpose.\\nOn motion of Mr. Douglass, leave is given to bring in\\na bill for regulating a militia; ordered, that Mr. Floyd,\\nMr. Harrod, Mr. Cocke, Mr. Douglass, and Mr. Hite, be\\na committee for that purpose.\\nOn motion of Mr. Daniel Boone, leave is given to bring\\nin a bill for preserving game, c; ordered, that Mr. Boone,\\nMr. Davis, Mr. Harmon, Mr. Hammond, and Mr. Moore,\\nbe a committee for that purpose.\\nThe bill for establishing courts of judicature, and reg-\\nulating the practice therein, brought in by the committee,\\nand read by Mr. Todd passed the first time ordered\\nto be referred for a second reading.\\nThe bill for establishing and regulating a militia,\\nbrought in by the committee, read by Mr. Floyd ordered\\nto be read by the clerk passed the first time ordered\\nto be referred for a second reading.\\nThe bill for preserving game, brought in by the com-\\nmittee, ordered to be read by the clerk read, and passed\\nthe first time ordered to be referred for a second reading.\\nOrdered, that the convention be adjourned until to mor-\\nrow, six o clock.\\n26th May. Met according to adjournment.\\nMr. Robert M Afee appointed sergeant at arms.\\nOrdered, that the sergeant at arms bring John Guess\\nbefore this convention, to answer for an insult offered\\nColonel Bichard Calloway.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "174 PROCEEDINGS IN CONVENTION.\\nThe bill for regulating a militia, read the second time,\\nand ordered to be engrossed.\\nThe bill for establishing courts of judicature, and reg-\\nulating the practice therein, read a second time ordered\\nto be recommitted, and that Mr. Dandridge, Mr. Todd,\\nMr. Henderson, and Mr. Calloway, be a committee to take\\nit into consideration.\\nOn motion of Mr. Todd, leave is given to bring in an\\nattachment bill ordered, that Mr. Todd, Mr. Dandridge,\\nand Mr. Douglass, be a committee for that purpose.\\nThe bill for establishing writs of attachment, read by\\nthe clerk, and passed the first time ordered to be re-\\nferred for a second reading.\\nOn motion of Mr. Dandridge, leave is given to bring in\\na bill to ascertain clerks and sheriffs fees.\\nThe said bill was read, and passed the first time\\nordered to be referred for the second reading.\\nOn motion made by Mr. Todd, ordered, that Mr. Todd,\\nMr. Lythe, Mr. Douglass, and Mr. Hite, be a committee\\nto draw up a compact between the proprietors and the\\npeople of this colony.\\nOn motion of Mr. Lythe, leave is given to bring in a\\nbill to prevent profane swearing and Sabbath breaking\\nThe same read by the clerk, ordered, that it be recom-\\nmitted, and that Mr. Lythe, Mr. Todd, and Mr. Harrod,\\nbe a committee to make amendments.\\nMr. G-uess was brought before the convention, and\\nreprimanded by the chairman.\\nOrdered, that Mr. Todd and Mr. Harrod wait on the\\nproprietors, to know what name for this colony would be\\nagreeable. Mr. Todd and Mr. Harrod reported, that it\\nwas their pleasure that it should be called Transijlcaiiia.\\nThe bill for ascertaining clerks and sheriffs fees, read\\na second time, passed and ordered to be engrossed.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "VARIOUS BILLS. 175\\nThe attachment bill read a second time, and ordered to\\nbe engrossed.\\nA bill for preserving game, read the second time, and\\npassed ordered to be recommitted, and that Mr. Todd,\\nMr. Boone, and Mr. Harrod, be a committee to take it\\ninto consideration.\\nThe militia bill read a third time, and passed.\\nOn motion of Mr. Todd, leave is given to bring in a bill\\nfor the punishment of criminals ordered, that Mr. Todd,\\nMr. Dandridge, and Mr. Lythe, be a committee for that\\npurpose.\\nThe bill for establishing courts of judicature, and reg-\\nulating the practice therein, read a second time, and\\nordered to be engrossed.\\nOn motion of Mr. Boone, leave is given to bring in a\\nbill for improving the breed of horses. Ordered that Mr.\\nBoone, Mr. Davis, and Mr. Hammond, bring in a bill for\\nthat purpose.\\nThe bill for ascertaining clerks and sheriffs fees, read a\\nthird time, and passed.\\nThe bill for establishing writs of attachment, read a\\nthird time and passed.\\nOn motion, ordered that Mr. Todd have leave to absent\\nhimself from this house.\\nThe bill for the punishment of criminals, brought in by\\nthe committee, read by the clerk, passed the first time, and\\nordered to be read a second time.\\nThe bill for establishing courts of judicature, and\\nregulating the practice therein, read the third time with\\namendments, and passed.\\nThe bill for improving the breed of horses, brought in\\nby Capt. Boone, read the first time, passed, and ordered to\\nbe for consideration, etc.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "176 PROCEEDINGS OF CONVENTION.\\nOrdered, that the convention adjourn until to-morrow,\\nsix o clock.\\nMet according to adjournment.\\nThe bill to prevent profane swearing and Sabbath-\\nbreaking, read the second time, with amendments; or-\\ndered to be engrossed.\\nThe bill for the punishment of criminals, brought in\\nand read; passed the second time, and ordered to be en-\\ngrossed.\\nThe bill for the improvement of the breed of horses was\\nread a second time, and ordered to be engrossed.\\nOrdered, that Mr. Harrod, Mr. Boone, and Mr. Cocke,\\nwait on the proprietors, and beg they will not indulge any\\nperson whatever in granting them lands on the present\\nterms unless they comply with the former proposals of\\nsettling the country, etc.\\nOn motion of Squire Boone, leave is given to bring in\\na bill to preserve the range; ordered, that he have leave\\nto bring in a bill for that purpose.\\nThe following message was received from the propri-\\netors, to wit:\\nTo give every possible satisfaction to the good people,\\nyour constituents, we desire to exhibit our title deed\\nfrom the aborigines and first owners of the soil in\\nTransylvania, and hope you will cause an entry to be\\nmade of the exhibition in your journals, including the\\ncorners and abutments of the lands or country contained\\ntherein, so that the boundaries of our colony may be\\nknown and kept on record.\\nRichard Henderson.\\nTransylvania, 27th May, 1775.\\nOrdered, that Mr. Todd, Mr. Douglass, and Mr. Hite,\\ninform the proprietors that their request will be complied", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "THE CONTRACT. 177\\nwith; in consequence of which Colonel Henderson per-\\nsonally attended the convention with Mr. John Farrow,\\nattorney in fact for the head warriors or chiefs of the\\nCherokee Indians, who, in presence of the convention,\\nmade livery and seisin of all the lands, in a deed or feof-\\nment then produced, bearing date the 7th day of March\\nlast, 1775. [We omit the boundaries which are here set\\nforth on the record, having already given them to our\\nreaders in another place.]\\nA bill for preserving the range, brought in by the\\ncommittee and read, passed the first time ordered to be\\nlaid by for second consideration.\\nThe bill to prevent profane swearing and Sabbath-\\nbreaking, read the third time, and passed.\\nOrdered, that Mr. Calloway and Mr. Cocke wait on the\\nproprietors with the laws that have passed, for their\\nperusal and approbation.\\nThe committee, appointed to draw up the compact be-\\ntween the proprietors and the people, brought in and read\\nit, as follows, viz:\\nWhereas, it is highly necessary, for the peace of the\\nproprietors and the security of the people of this colony,\\nthat the powers of the one and the liberties of the other\\nbe ascertained; We, Richard Henderson, Nathaniel Hart,\\nand J. Luttrel, on behalf of ourselves, as well as the other\\nproprietors of the colony of Transylvania, of the one part\\nand the representatives of the people of said colony, in\\nconvention assembled, of the other part do most solemnly\\nenter into the following contract or agreement, to wit:\\n1. That the election of delegates in this colony be\\nannual.\\n2. That the convention may adjourn, and meet again on\\ntheir own adjournment Provided, that in cases of great\\nemergency, the proprietors may call together the delegates", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0189.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "178 PROCEEDINGS OF CONVENTION.\\nbefore the time adjourned to; and, if a majority do not\\nattend, they may dissolve them and call a new one.\\n3. That, to prevent dissension and delay of business,\\none proprietor shall act for the whole, or some one dele-\\ngated by them for that purpose, who shall always reside\\nin the colony.\\n4. That there be perfect religious freedom and general\\ntoleration Provided, that the propagators of any doctrine\\nor tenets, evidently tending to the subversion of our laws,\\nshall, for such conduct, be amenable to, and punished by,\\nthe civil courts.\\n5. That the judges of the superior or supreme courts\\nbe appointed by the proprietors, but be supported by the\\npeople, and to them be answerable for their malconduct.\\n6. That the quit-rents never exceed two shillings ster-\\nling per hundred acres.\\n7. That the proprietors appoint a sheriff, who shall be\\none of three persons recommended by the court.\\n8. That the judges of the superior courts have, without\\nfee or reward, the appointment of the clerks of this\\ncolony.\\n9. That the judges of the inferior courts be recom-\\nmended by the people, and approved by the proprietors,\\nand by them commissioned.\\n10. That all other civil and military officers be within\\nthe appointment of the proprietors.\\n11. That the office of surveyor-general belong to no\\nperson interested or a partner in this purchase.\\n12. That the legislative authority, after the strength\\nand maturity of the colony will permit, consist of three\\nbranches, to wit: the delegates or representatives chosen\\nby the people; a council, not exceeding twelve men, pos-\\nsessed of landed estate, who reside in the colony, and the\\nproprietors.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0190.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "THE CONTRACT. 179\\n13. That nothing with respect to the number of delegates\\nfrom any town or settlement shall hereafter be drawn into\\nprecedent, but that the number of representatives shall be\\nascertained by law, when the state of the colony will\\nadmit of amendment.\\n14. That the land office be always open.\\n15. That commissions, without profit, be granted without\\nfee.\\n16. That the fees and salaries of all officers appointed\\nby the proprietors, be settled and regulated by the laws\\nof the country.\\n17. That the convention have the sole power of raising\\nand appropriating all public moneys, and electing their\\ntreasurer.\\n18. That, for a short time, till the state of the colony\\nwill permit to fix some place of holding the convention\\nwhich shall be permanent, the place of meeting shall be\\nagreed upon between the proprietors and the convention.\\nTo the faithful and religious and perpetual observance\\nof all and every of the above articles, the said proprietors,\\non behalf of themselves as well as those absent, and the\\nchairman of the convention on behalf of them and their\\nconstituents, have hereunto interchangeably set their\\nhands and affixed their seals, the twenty-seventh day of\\nMay, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six.\\nRichard Henderson. Seal.\\nNathaniel Hart. Seal.\\nJ. Luttrel. Seal.\\nT. Slaughter, Chair n. I Seal.\\nA bill for improving the breed of horses, read the third\\ntime and passed.\\nThe bill for the punishment of criminals, read the third\\ntime and passed.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0191.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "180 PROCEEDINGS OF CONVENTION.\\nThe bill to preserve the range, read the second time,\\nand ordered to be engrossed.\\nOrdered, that Mr. Lythe wait on Colonel Henderson and\\nthe rest of the proprietors, with the bill for establishing\\ncourts of justice and regulating the practice therein.\\nThe bill to preserve the range, read the third time and\\npassed.\\nOrdered, that Colonel Calloway wait on the proprietors\\nwith the bill for preserving the range.\\nOrdered, that a fair copy of the several bills, passed into\\nlaws, be transmitted to every settlement in this colony\\nthat is represented.\\nOrdered, that the delegates of Boonesboro be a com-\\nmittee to see that all the bills that are passed be tran-\\nscribed, in a fair hand, into a book for that purpose.\\nOrdered, that the proprietors be waited on by the\\nchairman, acquainting them that all the bills are ready\\nfor signing.\\nThe following bills this day passed and signed by the\\nproprietors, on behalf of themselves and their partners,\\nand the chairman of the convention, on behalf of himself\\nand the other delegates:\\n1. An act for establishing courts of jurisdiction and\\nregulating the practice therein.\\n2. An act for regulating a militia.\\n3. An act for the punishment of criminals.\\n4. An act to prevent profane swearing, and Sabbath\\nbreaking.\\n5. An act for writs of attachment.\\n6. An act for ascertaining clerks and sheriffs fees.\\n7. An act to preserve the range.\\n8. An act for improving the breed of horses.\\n9. An act for preserving game.\\nAll of the above mentioned acts were signed by the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "CHARACTER OP THE PIONEERS. 181\\nchairman and proprietors, except the act for ascertaining\\nclerks and sheriffs fees, which was omitted by the clerks\\nnot giving it in with the rest.\\nOrdered, that at the next meeting of delegates, if any\\nmember be absent and doth not attend, that the people\\nchoose one to serve in the room of such absent member.\\nOrdered, that the convention be adjourned until the\\nfirst Thursday in September next, then to meet at Boones-\\nboro. Matthew Jewitt, Clark.\\nWe present this as a creditable specimen of the intel-\\nligence and disposition of the pioneers affording as it\\ndoes, the most ample testimony, that they were not a band\\nof mere lawless adventurers, unable to appreciate the ad-\\nvantages of social order, and eager to escape the restraints\\nof civil subordination. We see here the same hardy men,\\nwho with infinite peril and fatigue had conquered for\\nthemselves a resting-place in the wilderness, assembling\\nin a rude forest fortress, to commence the structure of\\ntheir social compact. With no precedents before them,\\nwith neither laws nor lawyers, instructed only by their\\nown perceptions of right and wrong, and their recollec-\\ntions of the laws under which they had lived, they enact\\na simple code whose provisions evince a clear understand-\\ning of the elementary principles of free government, while\\nits brevity shows the confidence reposed by these brave\\nmen in each other. Their convention is organized in the\\nusual manner, and decently opened with prayer, and three\\ndays are spent in the utmost harmony in the discharge\\nof the duties of this primitive legislation. It is probable\\nthat the speeches were not long, nor the motions very\\nformal, but we apprehend that the colony of Transylvania\\nwas erected, its courts established, its militia organized,\\nand even its game protected, with as much propriety as\\nusually marks the primary assemblies of the people.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "182 SEND A DELEGATE TO CONGRESS.\\nIn the autumn of the same year, the proprietors deter-\\nmined to send a delegate to Congress, and accordingly, at a\\nmeeting of those gentlemen, held at Oxford, in the county\\nof Granville, North Carolina, on the 25th of September,\\n1775, Mr. James Hogg, one of their own number, was\\nappointed to represent them in the continental Congress.\\nMr. Hogg repaired to Philadelphia, but did not claim a\\nseat among the patriot fathers of our republic, then con-\\nvened at that city, for reasons which are detailed at\\nlength, in a letter, which we copy in another place.\\nWe omit a variety of other interesting particulars which\\nthrow a light upon the transactions of this period, pre-\\nferring to make copious extracts from the documents\\nbefore us, and to place them in an appendix, where the\\nreader may see the events described in the language of\\nthe actors.\\nThe attempt to establish a proprietary government re-\\nceived no sanction from the State of Virginia, or from\\nCongress, nor does it appear to have been heartily sup-\\nported by any portion of the people over whom it was\\nproposed to be extended. To a part of the inhabitants\\nit was decidedly unacceptable, and this party increased\\nrapidly, as the opinions of the revolution became more\\nand more widely disseminated. The new government\\nnever went into operation, nor was ever formally acknow-\\nledged by the people; and the State of Virginia never\\nceased to exercise her right of sovereignty, when occa-\\nsions for legislation presented. Colonel Henderson and\\nhis partners, finding it impracticable to sustain them-\\nselves in the executive station which they had assumed,\\nand in which the settlers seemed indisposed to support\\nthem, very soon abandoned the idea of claiming any\\npolitical rank, in virtue of their purchase, and appear to\\nhave employed themselves thereafter in endeavoring to", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "NOT ACKNOWLEDGED BY VIRGINIA. 183\\nprocure the acknowledgment of their title to the land as\\nowners. Even this, however, was denied them by the\\nState of Virginia, whose politicians, wisely foreseeing the\\nevil of so gigantic a monopoly, and the anti-republican\\ntendency of the great landed estates which would be\\nestablished in a few families by this procedure, promptly\\nrefused to sanction any of the acts of the proprietors or\\npeople of Transylvania, or to admit the validity of any\\ntitle to the soil not emanating from the parent State.\\nAmong a number of resolutions, and other expressions\\nof opinion, on the part of Virginia, we find the following\\ndeclaration, which briefly includes the result of the whole\\ndiscussion.\\nIn the house of delegates, Wednesday, the 4th of No-\\nvember, 1778.\\nResolved That all purchases of lands, made or to be\\nmade, of the Indians, within the chartered bounds of this\\ncommonwealth, as described by the constitution or form\\nof government, by any private persons not authorized by\\npublic authority, are void.\\nResolved That the purchases heretofore made by\\nRichard Henderson and Company, of that tract of land\\ncalled Transylvania, within this commonwealth, of the\\nCherokee Indians, is void; but as the said Richard Hen-\\nderson and Company have been at very great expense in\\nmaking the said purchase, and in settling the said lands,\\nby which this commonwealth is likely to receive great\\nadvantage, by increasing its inhabitants, and establishing\\na barrier against the Indians, it is just and reasonable to\\nallow the said Richard Henderson and Company a com-\\npensation for their trouble and expense.\\nTuesday, November 17th, 1778: Agreed to by the\\nSenate.\\nAfter endeavoring, for several years, with great assi-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "184 PROCEEDINGS IN NORTH CAROLINA.\\nduity, to procure a reversal of the proposition contained\\nin the first of these resolutions, and a recognition of their\\npurchase, they were obliged, however reluctantly, to aban-\\ndon all hope of possessing this noble domain and they\\nnow applied for the remuneration to which the legislature\\nof Virginia had acknowledged them to be so well entitled.\\nMore than twenty years elapsed before even this was\\ngranted; but Virginia finally granted to the Transylvania\\nCompany, a large tract of land upon the waters of Green\\nRiver, and included in the boundaries of the county of\\nHenderson, which was afterwards formed.\\nSimilar proceedings, and a like result, took place in\\nNorth Carolina, in reference to so much of the purchase\\nfrom the Cherokees as lay within the limits of that State.\\nThe narrative which we have introduced, forms but an\\nepisode in the history of Kentucky. While a few enter-\\nprising gentlemen were maturing splendid schemes for the\\naggrandizement of their posterity, the stream of population\\nrolled on without interruption. The settlers seem to have\\nplaced little confidence in the title of Henderson and his\\nassociates, and we scarcely find it alluded to in the early\\nrecords or traditionary history of this region. It will\\nappear, however, upon referring to some of the papers\\nwhich we append to this work, that the services of those\\ngentlemen were important. Henderson, Williams, Luttrel,\\nand Hart, were really the pioneers who opened the road\\nto the fertile shores of the Kentucky river, and erected\\nthe first fortress in that beautiful though perilous wild.\\nBoone was their agent bold, faithful, deserving yet a\\nsubordinate actor under other men the chief of their\\nhunters, and the leader perhaps of the military arm of\\ntheir expedition. But his talents were of the useful kind,\\nhis character was popular, and his achievements gained\\nfor him the confidence of the people and in all that re-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "DANIEL BOONE. 185\\nlates to the perils of the wilderness, and the stirring events\\nof the border wars, Boone was a chieftain of high repute.\\nHe was the guide who led the way to the desert, and\\nwhose name was perhaps best known, though some of\\nthose who were associated with him in the great enter-\\nprise, were more intelligent, and equally influential. Other\\nadventurers followed, and settled around him, looking up\\nto him as their shield in danger, and at all times as their\\ncounsellor and guide. The savages continued to annoy\\nthem with unceasing hostility; sometimes laying siege to\\nthe fort, frequently attempting to surprise it, and con-\\ntinually lurking about in small parties, waylaying the\\nhunters, assailing those engaged in agriculture, and cap-\\nturing the females and children in sight of the fortress.\\nWe should exceed our limits, and unnecessarily shock the\\nfeelings of the reader, if we should detail all the achieve-\\nments of Boone, the privations of himself and his com-\\npanions, and the barbarities of their unrelenting foes.\\nfHe continued to sustain himself in the midst of danger,\\ndisplaying, in every emergency, that consummate skill and\\npatient courage, which elevated him above ordinary men\\nand distinguished by a gentleness of manners, and a be-\\nnevolence of heart and action, which secured the affections\\nof his friends, and won respect even from his ferocious\\nenemies.\\nFrom this time the forests of Kentucky began to be\\nrapidly peopled. The settlers came in small parties, and\\nspread over the whole country, each little colony erecting\\nits own fort, and appointing its own leader. The Indians\\ncontinued to harass them. The latter were now more than\\never inflamed with rage and jealousy against the Ameri-\\ncans, by the arts of the British agents, who supplied them\\nwith arms and ammunition, bribed them to hostility by\\nvaluable presents, and poisoned their minds by incendiary\\n16", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "186 boone s character.\\nspeeches. The whole district of Kentucky exhibited scenes\\nof bloodshed.\\nWe must condense these events. The name of Boone\\nis the most conspicuous among the pioneers, because he\\nwas the earliest adventurer to the shores of the Ohio,\\nand continued longest to brave the perils of the forest.\\nBut there were others who were superior to him in educa-\\ntion and strength of mind, and his equals in every other\\nrespect. Boone was remarkable for the perfect equanimity\\nwith which he bore every trial. Never greatly excited, he\\nwas never alarmed nor despondent. Others were allured\\nto the wilderness by ambition or cupidity, in the pursuit\\nof wealth, or lands, or fame; but he seems to have enjoyed\\nthe life of the pioneer, and to have dwelt in the woods\\nfrom choice. Others hunted down the Indians with ran-\\ncorous hatred; Boone only defended himself against their\\nassaults, and never troubled his head about them while\\nthey let him alone. He was good-humoured, social, and\\ndisposed to live in quiet; love of peace, rather than fond-\\nness for war, made him a dweller on the frontier; and\\nwhen the restraints of society pressed around him, when\\nthe cavils of the neighborhood became vexatious, or any\\nother cause rendered his residence disagreeable, his simple\\nremedy was to plunge farther into the woods. He was\\nabstemious in his habits, and a close observer of nature\\nand without any brilliancy or much grasp of intellect, he\\nhad a great deal of that practical good sense which may\\nbe supposed to have existed in the mind of a person of\\neven temperament, who thought much, spoke little, and\\nacted with deliberation whose whole life was a series of\\njourneying, danger, and vicissitude, and whose vigilant\\neye was constantly employed in watching the appearances\\nof nature, the habits of animals, the changes of the season,\\nand the movements of hostile men. These are the charac-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "THE BACKWOODSMEN. 187\\nteristics of the backwoodsman they were strongly devel-\\noped in all those that accompanied or followed Boone, but\\nin him they were less adulterated, because his mind was\\nnot distracted by the passions and cares that perplex other\\nmen.\\nIn a subsequent chapter, when we come to speak of\\nthe character of the western population, we shall notice\\nthe peculiarities of this race, their arts, industry, and\\nmode of life.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "188 ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES.\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nOrganization of Counties Foreign Intrigues Attempts to form a\\nState Government Differences of Opinion in reference to that\\nMeasure.\\nPrevious to the year 1793, the whole of our western\\nfrontier was continually harassed by the inroads of the\\nIndians. Kentucky, then recently erected into a State,\\nwas a wide battle-field, in which our gallant countrymen\\nmaintained themselves by a series of hardy exploits and\\npatient sufferings. Gradually, however, the savages had\\nbeen driven back or exterminated, until the river Ohio\\nformed the grand line between them and the whites, and\\nmunicipal regulations began to be introduced and en-\\nforced. Still there were large tracts of wilderness, lying\\nbetween the settled districts, and within our acknowledged\\nboundaries, where the marauding parties of the enemy\\nlurked, and from which they emerged to attack the un-\\nwary traveller, or to assail the inhabitants who ventured to\\npush their improvements into the forest, at a distance from\\nthe protection of the organized settlements. A series of\\nbrilliant successes, obtained by the Kentuckians, led by\\nLogan, Bowman, Scott, Shelby, Hardin, Clark, and other\\nveterans, had rendered the question of sovereignty no\\nlonger doubtful, and the white man was become undis-\\nputed lord of the soil.\\nBut the Indian, if he could not fight for victory, could", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 189\\nstill strike for revenge. He could no longer track the\\ndeer or the buffalo, in the rich pastures of Kentucky, or\\npitch his tent on the spot consecrated as the resting-place\\nof his fathers, and rendered memorable by the legends of\\nhis tribe. A race more numerous than his own, his equal\\nin courage and sagacity, his superior in stature and mili-\\ntary skill, now occupied the forests from which he had been\\ndriven, and were prepared to defend their newly acquired\\nterritory. The new inhabitants had long been trained in\\nthe school of war. .They were hunters and warriors, of\\nhigh courage and tried skill. Reared in habits of fearless\\nenterprise, inured from childhood to exposure and hard-\\nship, and trained to all the devices of sylvan life, and the\\nstratagems of border warfare, they could overmatch the\\nsavage in his native fastnesses, and foil him in his own\\npeculiar modes of attack and defense. The savage, there-\\nfore, mournfully extinguished his fires, and abandoned\\nthe hunting-grounds of his people. But he retreated like\\nthe foiled tiger, scowling at the victor, and watching his\\nopportunity to renew the contest. He went muttering\\ncurses against the white man; and long after his power\\nwas broken, and his tribe dismembered, he continued to\\nreturn at intervals, to strike a stealthy but sanguinary\\nblow at his triumphant enemy.\\nThe first settlements were not only exposed to the as-\\nsaults of a savage foe, but they were separated from the\\nmother States, by a wide chain of almost impassable\\nmountains, and wholly cut off from the restraints and the\\nprotection of government. Instead of calling upon Vir-\\nginia, or upon the general government, to protect them\\nfrom their enemies, the pioneers defended themselves,\\nand became early accustomed to rely upon their own\\ncourage and resources. Every man looked to his personal\\nsafety, and stood prepared to sustain his neighbor, and to", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "190 TROUBLES.\\nguard his own fire-side. As the settlements extended,\\nself-defense grew into patriotism men united for mutual\\nprotection, and by standing side by side in battle, and\\nrendering to each other assistance in sickness, in famine,\\nand in all the varieties of fortune to which the inhabitants\\nof the frontiers are exposed, became joined together by\\nthe closest ties. Thus they became kind and hospitable\\nand to the early impress given by these circumstances,\\nmore than to any other cause, may be attributed the gene-\\nrosity, frankness, and manly bearing, which still distinguish\\nthe Kentucky character.\\nIn 1780, three counties were organized in the district\\nof Kentucky, by the legislature of Virginia; civil and\\nmilitary officers were appointed and those acts which had\\nhitherto been voluntarily performed by private individuals,\\nbegan to emanate from the body politic. It was not until\\nthe year 1794, when the Indians were signally defeated\\nby General Wayne, on the western side of the Ohio, that\\npeace was established on this frontier. But even then the\\ncountry was far from being tranquil. A people accustomed\\nto think and act for themselves, could feel little sense\\nof dependence upon the parent state; their loyalty was\\nvoluntary, and resulted solely from sound principle and\\nnatural affection. A warlike population thus independent,\\nowing few obligations to the sovereign power, and sur-\\nrounded by none of the restraints and few of the advan-\\ntages of the national government, would naturally think\\nfreely, and speak with boldness, of the tie which bound\\nthem to the great republican family. They would easily\\nbe led to exercise their undoubted privilege, of weighing\\nthe advantages of the connection which bound them to\\ntheir government, and a slight grievance might give to\\ntheir thoughts and language the tone of bold defiance.\\nOne of the earliest causes of complaint, to which the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "BRITISH POLICY. 191\\npeople of Kentucky were exposed, arose from their geo-\\ngraphical position. The United States, newly organized,\\nloosely connected, weak in resources, and burthened with\\ndebt, had sufficient employment in preserving the existence\\nof the new confederacy. No settled policy had as yet\\nbeen adopted, in reference to an extension of the ter-\\nritorial limits of the republic. The great mass of the\\nAmerican people knew nothing of the fertile regions of\\nthe west, and some of our statesmen announced authori-\\ntatively, that the Alleghany mountains formed the natural\\nboundary of the United States.\\nWhile this delightful region was thus undervalued and\\nneglected by our own politicians, foreign nations had early\\nadopted, in relation to it, certain views which were remark-\\nably adapted to coincide with the tardy policy of our\\ngovernment, in retarding its improvement. France alone\\nhad formed a reasonable estimate of its importance. The\\nFrench commanders and missionaries had traced the long\\nrivers of the west, and wandered with delight over its\\nboundless prairies; and while they carefully concealed\\ntheir discoveries from the rest of Europe, the French\\ngovernment made extensive arrangements for securing this\\ncountry to themselves. Having possession of Canada and\\nLouisiana, they early formed the plan of seizing the inter-\\nmediate territory, and of confining the English to the\\nshores of the Atlantic.\\nThe British Government, on the other hand, was not\\nonly ignorant of the great resources of the interior of our\\ncontinent, but was averse, from policy, to any great ex-\\ntension of her colonies in that direction. Mistress of the\\nocean, she could easily, by means of her great navy and\\ncommercial marine, maintain her influence and enforce\\nher sway over a people scattered along the sea-coast and\\nthe navigable rivers of the Atlantic while an agricultural", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "192 POLITICAL INTRIGUES.\\npopulation, growing up in the interior, would be less apt\\nto value her friendship, or fear her power. At a later\\nperiod, when the colonies had thrown off the yoke, the\\nBritish cabinet, still hoping that our weakness or our\\ndissensions would afford to that government an oppor-\\ntunity to renew its usurpation, and rivet more closely\\nthan ever the chains of dependence, watched the early\\ngrowth of our institutions with a vigilant eye, and en-\\ndeavored to weaken our strength, by turning loose the\\nsavages upon our western frontiers. Determined to check\\nthe expansion of our territory in this direction, her agents\\ntraversed the whole region of the northern lakes, fur-\\nnishing the tribes with arms, bribing them to hostility,\\nand artfully inflaming their passions against the American\\npeople.\\nThe Spanish government had also her views in relation\\nto this country; and when she obtained a cession of Lou-\\nisiana from France, was induced to believe that the whole\\nvalley of- the Mississippi could be easily united under her\\nsway.\\nThus it happened, that this secluded region, so lately\\ninhabited only by wild beasts and savage men, became\\nthe subject, and the scene, of deep laid political intrigues.\\nGreat Britain, jealous of the United States, and sore\\nfrom the effects of the recent conflict, continued to hold\\nseveral important forts in our western territory, long after\\nshe had agreed by treaty to surrender them. Here her\\nagents received the Indians, supplied them with arms,\\nand incited them to war; using covertly, every expedient\\nto harass the new settlements, and to force the emigrants\\nto re-cross the mountains. Mistress of the ocean, and of\\nCanada, and having a navy which could command the\\nentrance of the Mississippi, the British cabinet did not\\nrelinquish the hope, that this interior region might at", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "VIEWS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN. 193\\nsome future day, if not in the meanwhile occupied by a\\nhardy race of freemen, be placed under her control, afford-\\ning her the means of assailing the United States in the\\nrear, as well as upon the sea-coast, in case of a future\\nwar, or of any dissension among ourselves.\\nFrance and Spain, both owning islands in the West\\nIndies, and having colonial possessions on the continent\\nof North America, saw with distrust the territorial limits\\nof the United States extended by treaty and by conquest,\\nbeyond the mountains. They had assisted us in our\\ncontest with Great Britain, from enmity to that power;\\nnot from kindness to us, or a favorable regard for our\\ninstitutions, and having seen a rival stripped of a rich\\nappendage, were satisfied with the result. But they had\\nno disposition to aid in the rearing up of a great re-\\npublican nation; nor were they willing to see its settle-\\nments spreading over the western valley, and coming in\\njuxtaposition with their own. While the inhabitants of\\nKentucky were few and their ability to maintain them-\\nselves in the wilderness uncertain, these views were only\\nincidentally developed in some of the negotiations of these\\npowers with our government; but events occurred in the\\nwest, which at length produced more decisive action.\\nIn 1784, certain demonstrations on the part of the In-\\ndian tribes, induced a general belief in Kentucky, that an\\nextensive league had been formed among the savages, with\\na view to a simultaneous attack of the settlements, at\\nseveral different points; while the detention of the posts\\nby the British, suggested the suspicion that they were ac-\\nquainted with the design, and were about to aid in its\\nexecution. The population had now increased, but was\\nwidely scattered and it was found more difficult to pro-\\nduce the concerted action required for the public defence,\\nthan formerly, when the number of people was small, and\\n17", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "194 MEETING AT DANVILLE.\\nthe leaders few. In this emergency, Colonel Logan, a\\ndistinguished pioneer, took upon himself the responsibility\\nof calling a meeting of such citizens as might choose to\\nattend, at Danville, for the purpose of devising means for\\nthe general security.\\nThe meeting was effected, and the result of the con-\\nsultation was a unanimous opinion that the danger was\\nimminent, and that the surest method of repelling the\\nthreatened mischief, would be to anticipate the enemy, by\\nattacking them in their own towns. But this conclusion\\nled to another difficulty. There was no authority compe-\\ntent to order an expedition, to call out men, or to provide\\nthem with arms and ammunition. A few counties were\\norganized, under the jurisdiction of Virginia; but the\\ngovernment of that State, or of the United States, only,\\ncould exercise a power sufficient for the emergency. A\\nfew years before, the voluntary action of an enterprising\\nleader, with a few brave men, in defense of a settlement,\\nwas an every day occurrence; the number to be protected\\nwas small, the service brief, and the means easily con-\\ntrolled. But now there was a wide territory exposed; the\\ninhabitants were numerous, and some of them strangers\\nto the rest; the proposed expedition was to carry them\\ninto the enemy s country, and detain them long from\\nhome; there was no magazine of arms, no ammunition, no\\nmoney belonging to the public. The consequence was,\\nthat after coming to the determination that defensive\\nmeasures were necessary, the meeting dispersed without\\nmaking any military preparation. In the event, the alarm\\nappears to have been groundless, for the Indians made\\nno attack within that year. Another result, however, of\\nmuch consequence, was produced by this meeting. The\\nabsolute necessity of a local government was made mani-\\nfest and resolutions were passed, recommending to the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "CONVENTION. 195\\npeople the election of representatives, to meet in a con-\\nvention to be held at Danville, in the December of the\\nsame year, to concert measures for the public defense. A\\nconvention was held accordingly, in which it was resolved\\nto petition the legislature of Virginia, to sanction the\\nerection of the district of Kentucky into a separate State.\\nThere was some difference of opinion in relation to the\\nexpediency of this measure it was opposed by some, out\\nof mere attachment for Virginia; by others, from a dis-\\nrelish for a change, which might produce unforeseen em-\\nbarrassments; and by many, who dreaded a separation\\nfrom the parent State, as a sure forerunner of an aliena-\\ntion from the Union. The distant and detached position\\nof these settlements, has already been alluded to they\\nwere divided from the Atlantic States by mountains, over\\nwhich it was not deemed practicable to carry roads suffi-\\nciently good for the purposes of commerce, while on the\\nwest they were hemmed in by an enemy from whom they\\nmust defend themselves by their own unassisted valor.\\nTheir dependence upon the Union seemed to be but\\nnominal it gave them no strength, and afforded them no\\nprotection. They were now beginning to raise produce\\nfor exportation, without any prospect of a market for its\\ndisposal. The only natural outlet, the river Mississippi,\\nwas in the possession of a foreign government, which de-\\nnied them the right of navigating that stream; while the\\nAmerican government, having no power of coercion, and\\nlittle national influence, seemed both unable and indis-\\nposed, to secure for its citizens in the west, by negotiation\\nor otherwise, the advantages of that navigation. Under\\nthe action of these pressing grievances, and some latent\\ncauses of discontent, there soon grew up a variety of\\nopinions, and several distinct parties, one advocating the\\nerection of a new State, to be a member of the Union:", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "196 AN INCIDENT.\\nanother hinting at the scheme of an independent govern-\\nment; and a third deprecating both these plans, as one\\nmight lead to the other, and preferring to remain for the\\npresent under the jurisdiction of Virginia.\\nFrom this time up to 1792, when Kentucky became a\\nState, conventions continued to be held, memorials were\\naddressed to the Virginia legislature, and a continued\\nexcitement was kept alive on the question of separation.\\nIn the meanwhile, rumours of a design, on the part of\\nCongress, to cede the right of navigating the Mississippi to\\nSpain, reached this country, and greatly agitated the public\\nmind; and this absorbing topic became mingled with every\\ndiscussion in relation to the forming of a State government.\\nAn incident may be mentioned here, to show the ex-\\ncitable state of the public mind in these early times, and\\nthe various causes of irritation to which it was exposed.\\nThe noted Tom Paine had written a book, to prove that\\nVirginia had no claim, by her charter, to the territory\\nwest of the mountains, and advising Congress to take pos-\\nsession of the new lands, in behalf of the Union. A per-\\nson appeared at Lexington, supposed to be an emissary\\nfrom nobody knew who but who probably was some\\nchance traveler, aiming at a little notoriety, and who\\nventured to advocate the doctrines of Paine in a public\\nspeech. The indignant people called upon a magistrate\\nto arrest the propagator of such arrant heresy, as a dis-\\nturber of the peace. There was no law to justify such a\\nproceeding; but an old Virginia statute was discovered,\\nwhich imposed a fine, payable in tobacco, upon the pro-\\npagators of false news and the offender was convicted\\nby acclamation, and fined a thousand pounds of tobacco.\\nBeing unable to pay the fine, and unwilling to go to jail,\\nhe was released by the people, on the condition that he\\nshould leave the country.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "CONSPIRACIES. 197\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nThe Spanish and French Conspiracies Troubles in relation to the\\nNavigation of the Mississippi The patriotic forbearance of the\\nPioneers.\\nIt is difficult to compress into a work like this, the de-\\ntails of certain transactions which caused great uneasiness\\nto the early settlements, and have seriously affected the\\nreputation of several distinguished patriots and which are\\ntoo important to be passed over in silence. The topics\\nare of so delicate a nature, that it is hardly practicable to\\ndiscuss them without giving offence to the living, or doing\\ninjury to the memory of the dead. We shall endeavor to\\nperform our duty with fairness, and to place these events\\nbefore the public in that light which seems to us to be\\ntrue.\\nNo sooner did the colonial Spanish agents in Louisiana\\nobserve the movements in Kentucky, towards the estab-\\nlishment of a separate government, and the discontents\\nof the people, in reference to the navigation of the Mis-\\nsissippi, than they commenced a series of intrigues with\\nthe leading men of that region, for the purpose of detach-\\ning this district from the union.\\nIt is proper to remark here in the outset, that no in-\\nference should be drawn to the disadvantage of gentlemen\\nwhose names are connected with these events, from the\\nfact that the Spanish authorities thought proper to address", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "198 Kentucky s interests.\\nto them proposals for an alliance with their government.\\nThey were the influential and popular men of the coun-\\ntry, and their position made them leaders and public\\nadvisers, and forced on them the decision of popular\\nmeasures. It was natural that Spain should wish to in-\\ncrease her own territory, or to strengthen herself by\\nbinding to her interest the inhabitants of the rich lands\\nof the West. The whole of that vast plain which we now\\nterm the valley of the Mississippi, is so remarkably united\\nand disposed by its conformation, the variety of its pro-\\nducts, and the facilities for internal commerce, that it\\nseems destined by nature to be comprised within one\\ngovernment. The shores of the Ohio, and those of the\\nLower Mississippi, are equally important to each other,\\nand neither of these regions could be prosperous without\\nthe trade and products of the other. The Spanish author\\nities in Louisiana were true to their own best interests,\\nwhen they endeavored to cultivate friendly relations with\\na people whose country was thus connected with their\\nown; and the politicians of Kentucky would have been\\nreckless indeed, had they spurned without due considera-\\ntion, the advances of those who were their neighbors in\\npoint of locality, and with whom alone they seemed likely\\nto hold any direct commercial intercourse.\\nKentucky owed nothing to the older States her sons\\nwere bound to the lands from which they had emigrated,\\nonly by the ties of consanguinity and affection. They\\nhad built up a promising community by individual enter-\\nprise by personal exertion, and sacrifice, and peril and\\nthey had a right, if ever a people had, to choose their\\nown form of government, and seek out alliances for them-\\nselves.\\nThey were Virginians, loving the mother State with a\\nproverbial tenacity of affection; but they were the coun-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "THE ARGUMENT. 199\\ntry men of that galaxy of patriots, who had just taught\\nthat national ties are not indissoluble, when the public\\ngood demands their separation.\\nThe thirteen States had just separated from Great Bri-\\ntain, because the connection was inconvenient and oppres-\\nsive and Kentucky might with equal propriety have\\nwithdrawn from the union, whenever she felt the pres-\\nsure of the same causes. She had not yet been admitted\\ninto the confederacy, and was not bound to it by any\\nobligation of duty or honor.\\nThe Allegheny mountains separated the Western coun-\\ntry from the Eastern States, as effectually as the ocean\\ndivided Great Britain from her colonies; and it is unjust\\nto infer treason or disaffection, from that solicitude for\\nthe welfare of their newly chosen country, on the part of\\nthe pioneers, which induced them to discuss frankly the\\npracticability of a harmonious union with States from\\nwhom they were thus geographically divided. Previous\\nto their admission into the Union, they had a right to\\nconsider for themselves whether such an arrangement\\nwould be beneficial; and it is far from obvious that the\\ndiscussion of considerations so vital to their own pros-\\nperity and happiness, involved any impropriety.\\nThe navigation of the Mississippi was indispensable to\\nthe existence of the rising State; and if the confederated\\ngovernment could not, or would not, procure from Spain\\nan acknowledgment of the right of the western people to\\nnavigate that river, the latter could not be blamed if they\\nlistened to proposals on the part of Spain, to themselves\\ndirectly, on that subject.\\nThese propositions seem to us so clear, that we shall\\nnot attempt to argue them. The intelligent reader will\\nbe able to draw his own inferences. It must be borne in\\nmind, however, that while we thus defend the motives", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "200 SPANISH CONSPIRACY.\\nof the patriot founders of Kentucky, and suggest the\\ngrounds upon which we believe they might honorably\\nhave engaged in the negotiations that have been at-\\ntributed to them, we must not be understood as admitting\\nthe fact that any serious design was ever entertained in\\nKentucky, of separating from the Union, or accepting the\\nprotection of Spain. That consultations took place be-\\ntween some of the leading politicians in Kentucky and\\nthe Spanish agents, in reference to the commercial rela-\\ntions of Kentucky and Louisiana, is true; but we have\\nno evidence of any intrigue to place the country under\\nthe dominion of Spain.\\nIn 1786, General Wilkinson, who had been two or\\nthree years settled in Kentucky, began to appear as a\\nconspicuous politician, and was one of those who advo-\\ncated the erection of an independent government. He\\nwas soon pronounced to be a pensioner of Spain, and an\\nagent of that government, but with how much justice we\\nare not now able to determine. The people either did\\nnot believe the report, or considered the offense of no\\ngreat magnitude, for he was repeatedly elected by them\\nto a seat in their conventions.\\nIn 1788, Mr. Brown, an inhabitant of Kentucky, a\\npersonal and political friend of Wilkinson, and a dele-\\ngate from Virginia to the Congress then sitting at New\\nYork, wrote to a friend as follows: In private confer-\\nences which I have had with Mr. Gardoqui, the Spanish\\nminister at this place, I have been assured by him in the\\nmost explicit terms, that if Kentucky will declare her\\nindependence, and empower some proper person to nego-\\ntiate with him, he has authority to open the navigation\\nof the Mississippi, for the exportation of their produce\\non terms of mutual advantage. But that this privilege\\ncan never be extended to them while part of the United", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CIVIL TROUBLES. 201\\nStates, by reason of commercial treaties between that\\ncourt and other powers of Europe. This letter was\\naddressed to Mr. Muter, one of the judges of Kentucky.\\nMr. Innis, the attorney of the United States, for the\\nKentucky district, in a letter to the President of the\\nUnited States, about the same time, used the following\\nlanguage: I am decidedly of opinion, that this western\\ncountry will in a few years act for itself, and erect an\\nindependent government; for under the present system\\nwe can not exert our strength neither does Congress\\nseem disposed to protect us.\\nThese indications were succeeded by others which\\nseemed less equivocal, and which afforded much food for\\nsuspicion, to such as were disposed to be jealous. General\\nWilkinson made a voyage to New Orleans, and on his\\nreturn announced that he had effected a contract with the\\nGovernor of Louisiana, by which the exclusive privilege\\nhad been granted to him, of exporting the tobacco of\\nKentucky to that market. The trade in this article, was\\nat that time a monopoly in the hands of the king, and\\nthe port was not open for the reception of any produce\\nfrom the territories of the United States; so that the\\nprivilege granted to Wilkinson was one of great favor,\\nand much pecuniary value. He immediately advertised\\nthat he would purchase all the tobacco raised in Ken-\\ntucky; and continued for several years to make large\\nshipments. In the meanwhile, messengers were passing\\nbetween himself and the Spanish Governor, and large\\nsums of money were known to be transmitted from New\\nOrleans to Kentucky events which were explained by Wil-\\nkinson, as connected with his extensive tobacco specula-\\ntion, while they were suspected by the public, to be parts\\nof the machinery of a great political intrigue, deeply\\ninvolving the peace of the country.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "202 SPANISH CONSPIRACY.\\nAt a later period, a person named Thomas Power, a sub-\\nject of Spain, and an emissary of the Spanish government,\\nvisited the western country, and had frequent interviews\\nwith Wilkinson, and some other influential gentlemen.\\nA political party seized upon these circumstances, and\\npublished them to the world, with the distortions and\\nexaggerations always incident to the malignity of partisan\\nwarfare; and for a series of years the public mind was\\nviolently agitated by rumours, accusations, and debates,\\nrelating to what was termed the Spanish conspiracy. The\\npersons chiefly implicated were Wilkinson, Brown, Innis,\\nSebastian, and Nicholas men of talents and reputation,\\nall of them high in official stations, and enjoying the con-\\nfidence both of the government and the people. That\\ngentlemen, none of whom are represented to have been\\nmercenary or avaricious, but who were men of generous\\nambition, who had raised themselves by their own tal-\\nents, and the voluntary suffrage of their fellow citizens, to\\nthe most exalted stations under our form of government,\\nshould wish to exchange that government for another\\nunder which they could rise no higher, seems improbable;\\nand still more unlikely is it, that men who had been ac-\\ncustomed to mingle all their lives with the people, and\\nwho must have been well acquainted with the popular\\nhatred of foreign and monarchical governments, should\\nhave imagined such a scheme to be practicable. We can\\nnot believe it, without strong evidence for it is peculiarly\\none of those cases in which the burthen of proof should\\nbe thrown upon the accusers.\\nThe most suspicious circumstances are those in which\\nJudge Sebastian was implicated, and which led to his im-\\npeachment before the legislature of Kentucky. Sebastian\\nwas a man of fine talents and prepossessing exterior, who\\nhad been liberally educated abroad, with the intention of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "JUDGE SEBASTIAN. 203\\ntaking orders in the Church of England, and was deeply-\\nimbued with the scholastic and theological learning which\\nin that age was considered necessary; but changing his\\nmind in reference to the choice of a profession, he studied\\nlaw in Virginia, and became a highly accomplished member\\nof the bar. He came to Kentucky among the early settlers,\\nsoon rose to distinction, and was one of the first to be\\nplaced on the bench, upon the organization of courts in\\nthat district. A man of graceful manners, and generous\\nhospitality, with the reputation of possessing more than\\nordinary attainments, he rose to a high place in the public\\nestimation.\\nAt a period when the question in relation to the navi-\\ngation of the Mississippi had been anxiously discussed\\nwhen fruitless negotiations with the court of Spain had\\nbeen carried on by \u00c2\u00abpur government, and appeals and re-\\nmonstrances equally unsuccessful, had been made to Con-\\ngress by the people of Kentucky, Judge Sebastian received\\na letter from Baron Carondelet, Governor of Louisiana}\\ncontaining propositions on this subject. In that letter,\\nthe original of which we have seen, the Spanish Governor\\naddressed Sebastian as a distinguished citizen of Ken-\\ntucky, and suggests that as their respective governments\\ncan not agree upon terms in regard to this important\\nnavigation, a temporary arrangement may be effected be-\\ntween the local authorities at New Orleans, and the people\\nof Kentucky; and proposes a conference for that purpose.\\nSebastian exhibited this letter to a number of influential\\ngentlemen, who advised him to proceed in the negotiation\\nand a meeting was accordingly arranged, to take place at\\nNew Madrid, between himself and the representative of\\nBaron Carondelet. The meeting was held accordingly,\\nand a paper, prepared at New Orleans, was tendered to the\\nrepresentative of Kentucky, for his approbation, which", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0215.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "204 JUDGE SEBASTIAN.\\ncontained the following propositions, viz: 1. The Spanish\\ngovernment grants to the western people the right of navi-\\ngating the Mississippi, and of exporting to any foreign\\nport, and importing from any foreign port, through New\\nOrleans, on payment of certain duties. 2d. It will be\\nexpected, that in return for this favor on the part of his\\nCatholic Majesty, the western people will, in their future\\ntrade, give the preference to New Orleans.\\nTo a part of these terms Judge Sebastian objected. He\\nwas willing that his countrymen should pay duty on arti-\\ncles imported through New Orleans, but objected to the\\npayment of any impost upon the produce which might be\\ncarried down the river; and as the Spanish negotiator had\\nno authority to yield this point, the scene of these opera-\\ntions was changed to New Orleans, where Sebastian re-\\nmained several months, and finally succeeded in procuring\\nthe terms proposed by himself; namely, the privilege of\\nnavigating the Mississippi, and using New Orleans as a\\nplace of entry and deposit, without any condition but that\\nof paying duty on imports.\\nIn the meanwhile, the negotiation at New Madrid, and\\nthe visit of Sebastian to New Orleans, excited suspicion,\\nand that gentleman was denounced by his political oppo-\\nnents as a traitor, engaged in secret intrigues for barter-\\ning away the liberties of his countrymen to the Spanish\\ndespot. Great excitement prevailed, and as is usual on\\nsuch occasions, the political demagogues who loved the\\npeople, seized the opportunity to magnify every suspected\\nevil, and to blacken every suspicious act of those who\\nwere now boldly termed the conspirators.\\nIn the course of his negotiations with the Spanish\\ngovernor, Sebastian, alluding to his delicate position as\\nan unauthorized mediator, in a public affair said, that\\nalthough he might gain for his country the advantages so", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0216.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "A HARD CASE. 205\\nlong desired, and which seemed to be all that was want-\\ning to her prosperity, it was possible that his own reputa-\\ntion and interest might be sacrificed. He was a volunteer\\nin a patriotic, though delicate enterprise; he stood alone;\\nthe public was not pledged to ratify his deeds, nor was\\nthere any party bound to defend him, under any ad-\\nverse result. These considerations were suggested to the\\nSpanish governor, who at once saw the injustice of\\nheaping upon one man all the present odium of a trans-\\naction which must ultimately be highly advantageous to\\nboth governments, but from which he reaped no personal\\nadvantage, other than his share of the general good. He\\ntherefore addressed a letter to Sebastian, in which he sug-\\ngested, that as the Spanish government anticipated great\\nadvantages from the proposed trade with the western peo-\\nple, they were willing to remunerate Mr. Sebastian for\\nhis exertions in effecting this beneficial commercial in-\\ntercourse; and he urges him to continue his voluntary\\nagency, and promises, that if in consequence thereof he\\nshould be thrown out of the public station he then held in\\nKentucky, the king of Spain would grant him a pension.\\nIt happened that very shortly after these events, the\\npurchase of Louisiana by the government of the United\\nStates settled the long agitated question in reference to\\nthe navigation of the Mississippi, quieted the uneasiness\\nand irritation of the western people, and rendered nuga-\\ntory all that had been done by individuals towards the\\naccomplishment of the desired result. But it did not\\nclose the eye of suspicion, nor hush the envenomed\\ntongue of calumny. On the contrary, it occurred just\\nin time to deprive those patriotic gentlemen of the only\\nconclusive evidence of the purity of their intentions and\\nof the precise nature and extent of their negotiations,\\nwhich would have been shown by the eventual operation", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0217.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "IMPEACHMENT OP JUDGE SEBASTIAN.\\nof these proceedings. It left unfinished a series of trans-\\nactions, in which a few public spirited individuals risked\\ntheir reputations freely, for the delivery of their country\\nfrom an intolerable grievance, and deprived them of the\\nreward of gratitude and honor that would have attended\\nthe successful sequel of their efforts, by effecting the ob-\\nject through other means. It left them exposed, without\\nthe means of defense, to a bitter and untiring persecu-\\ntion, urged by partisans animated by the lust of office,\\nand unwarily abetted by a people ever too ready to give\\nvolume to the delusive voice of popular clamor, by join-\\ning, through mere impulse, in the cry commenced by a\\ndesigning few.\\nThe greatest sufferer was Judge Sebastian, who, shortly\\nafter the admission of Kentucky into the Union, was im-\\npeached upon the charge of being a pensioner of Spain.\\nHe asked for time to procure from Louisiana, and from\\nSpain, the evidence of the true nature and extent of his\\nnegotiations with the agents of that government, but was\\nrefused; and having no other defense, he resigned his\\noffice, while a committee of the legislature, proceeding ex\\nparte, examined a number of witnesses, and reported un-\\nfavorably to the party charged, who was proved to have\\nreceived at least one payment from the Spanish govern-\\nment, as a gratuity for his services in the affairs above\\nalluded to.\\nIt is painful to record the tragic sequel of the biogra-\\nphy of that unfortunate gentleman. From an enviable\\nelevation in society, he fell suddenly into profound and\\nhopeless degradation. Blessed with high office, popular\\nfavor, and easy circumstances, he sank at once into\\npoverty, oblivion, and contempt. Accused by the legis-\\nlature, and convicted of having received money from a\\nforeign power, nothing could protect him from the effects", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0218.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "A HARD CASE. 207\\nof popular resentment neither his learning, his public\\nservices, nor the blameless tenor of his previous career\\nas a public functionary. He fell without a struggle of\\nself-defense, or an effort from the hand of friendship.\\nIn submitting, as he did, to the condemnation of the\\nlegislature, and of his fellow citizens, Judge Sebastian\\nintended to defer the hour of explanation, until he could\\ncollect the proofs which were necessary to elucidate his\\nwhole conduct, the most of which could be obtained only\\nfrom the Spanish officers with whom he had negotiated,\\nand who had since been removed to different parts of the\\nworld. But he was prevented, by domestic afflictions,\\nfrom pursuing this purpose to any beneficial result. One\\nblow succeeded another, until the degraded politician and\\nbroken-hearted man, weighed down under an accumula-\\ntion of griefs, lost the energy necessary to self-defense,\\nand ceased to resist the adverse current of his ill-starred\\ndestiny. He lived long in retirement, so lost to the world\\nthat few of his fellow-citizens knew whether he was living\\nor dead. Yet those who saw him in his seclusion, under\\nthe pressure of poverty, sorrow, and old age, were sur-\\nprised at his vigor both of body and mind, the fascination\\nof his conversational powers, and the apparent smplicity\\nand benevolence of his character. Combining the phy-\\nsical hardiness of the pioneer with the manners of a\\ngentleman and the attainments of a scholar, he was a\\ngood specimen of the class to which he belonged, and of\\nwhom many yet remain among the gray-haired fathers of\\nKentucky.\\nThe writer has had the opportunity of examining papers\\nrelating to the transactions above alluded to, and many\\nothers, in the possession of a descendant of Judge Sebas-\\ntian, and was forcibly struck by a circumstance which\\nseems to have escaped those who condemned him. There", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0219.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "208 judge Sebastian s negotiations.\\nis not, throughout the whole of his intercourse with Ca-\\nrondelet, the slightest allusion to any political connection\\nbetween the people of Kentucky and the Spanish govern-\\nment. The navigation of the Mississippi, the traffic be-\\ntween the upper and lower regions of that river, the\\nexchange of commodities between the people residing on\\nthe Ohio, and those in Louisiana, are the sole topics of\\ndiscussion. The whole transaction was of a commercial\\nnature, and was not founded on any supposed disaffection\\non the part of the Kentuckians, or with any view to a\\npolitical alliance with Spain. It has not the slightest\\nconnection with the communication of Gardoqui to Mr.\\nBrown, whose names do not appear to have been alluded\\nto in the correspondence between Carondelet and Sebas-\\ntian; nor does it appear that Mr. Brown and Judge Se-\\nbastian had any intercourse on this subject. It was by\\ncombining circumstances which were distinct and inde-\\npendent, that suspicion was produced, by giving an ap-\\npearance of unity and concert to events which were only\\naccidentally coincident.\\nThis whole matter, when dispassionately considered,\\nexplains itself clearly to the unprejudiced mind, without\\nsubjecting any of the actors to the slightest imputation\\nof criminality. The navigation of the Mississippi was\\nthe subject, above all others, of the most direct and vital\\nimportance to the western people. Spain, either from\\nwant of cordiality towards the United States, or a desire\\nto detach the western settlements, or some entanglement\\nwith other European powers, refused to acknowledge our\\nright to navigate that river; and our government pressed\\nit but feebly. The people of Kentucky became alarmed\\nand clamorous. The Spanish minister seized this junc-\\nture, to hint to Mr. Brown that the king of Spain was\\nwilling to grant to the western people, that which he", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0220.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "THE CORRECT VIEW. 209\\nwould never yield to the United States and Mr. Brown\\nfaithfully reports this conversation to a gentleman in\\nKentucky, high in office, who makes the information\\npublic. The discontents of the people increase, and Mr.\\nInnis, the attorney of the United States, writes to the\\nPresident, that in his opinion, the western country will,\\nin a few years, act for itself stating, at the same time,\\nthe cause which he supposes will produce that result,\\nunder the present system we can not exert our strength,\\nneither does Congress seem disposed to protect us. If\\nthese men were conspirators, they were the most frank,\\ncommunicative, and honest men that ever deserved that\\nappellation; if they entertained designs hostile to the\\nhonor or the interest of their country, they certainly were\\nsingular in the choice of their confidants members of\\nCongress and officers of the law themselves, their com-\\nmunications are addressed to the President of the United\\nStates, to a Judge, and to the people!\\nIt appears further, that while the governments of Spain\\nand the United States found it impracticable to come to\\nany conclusion, in reference to this trade, the leading men\\nof Louisiana and Kentucky became equally convinced\\nthat their respective districts must languish without it.\\nCarondelet was a man of enlarged views, and probably\\nrepresented to his government that the existing policy\\nmust prove as fatal to the Spanish colony as to the Ameri-\\ncan settlements; and Spain, while her pride, or her en-\\ngagements with other nations, would not allow her to\\nrecede from the extravagant position she had taken, con-\\nsented that temporary arrangements should be made by\\nthe local government, by which the commerce of the river\\nshould be unfettered, while she should not be bound by\\nthe compromise, but remain at liberty to resume her pre-\\ntensions, or to suffer them to lie dormant. The arrange-\\n18", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0221.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "210 TRENCH CONSPIRACY.\\nment proposed to be effected, therefore, was not political,\\nbut commercial it did not compromise the government or\\npeople of the United States, or violate any existing law\\nor treaty, but referred to the opening of a trade with a\\nneighboring province, with whom we were at peace, which\\nwas desired by our people, and claimed for them by our\\ngovernment. It was obtaining the exercise of rights,\\nwithout the direct sanction of the Spanish crown, which\\nour government insisted that Spain had no right to with-\\nhold.\\nWe are not aware of a single act in the whole transac-\\ntion which involves the slightest imputation upon the pa-\\ntriotism of the gentlemen concerned, unless it be the receipt\\nof money by Sebastian; and if we are right in supposing\\nthat it was simply a commercial operation, affecting only\\nthe present pecuniary interests of the people of these\\ndistricts, we know of no rule of honor or morality under\\nwhich that individual could be condemned for receiving a\\ncompensation for his agency, though it was imprudent\\nin him as an individual, indelicate, and against rule as a\\npublic officer. But even this imputation does not extend\\nto the other gentlemen who have been named, whose\\nmotives stand unimpeached, and who were actuated only\\nby a zeal for the public good; and whose names, we are\\npersuaded, will hereafter stand recorded in history, among\\nthose which Kentucky will be proud to honor. She has\\nreared many illustrious patriots, but none who have served\\nher more faithfully through a period of extraordinary\\nembarrassment and peril, than Brown, Innis, Nicholas,\\nand Sebastian.\\nSuch is a hasty outline of the affair which was termed\\nthe Spanish conspiracy the more audacious attempt of\\nthe French directory, shall be noticed still more briefly.\\nIn 1793, shortly after the arrival of M. Genet in the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0222.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "A UNIQUE DOCUMENT. 211\\nUnited States, as minister from the French republic, a\\nplan was organized by that factious diplomatist, to embroil\\nthe western people with the Spaniards; and four emissa-\\nries, whose names were Lachaise, Depeau, Mathurin, and\\nGregnon, were despatched to Kentucky. They were fur-\\nnished with military commissions, and full powers from\\nthe French government, for the purpose of raising an\\narmy, to invade the Spanish possessions on the Missis-\\nsippi a measure, which it was hoped would involve the\\ngovernment of the United States, and force her into a war\\nwith Spain. The openness with which these agents pro-\\nceeded, is quite apparent in the easy impudence of the\\nfollowing letter from one of them to Governor Shelby, in\\nwhich the writer s facility in the use of the English\\nlanguage, seems to be about equal to his knowledge of\\nthe people.\\nCitizen Governor, It may appear quite strange to\\nwrite to you on a subject in which although it is of some\\nconsequence.\\nWith confidence from the French ambassador, I have\\nbeen despatched, in company with more Frenchmen, to\\njoin the expedition of the Mississippi.\\nAs I am to procure the provision, I am happy to\\ncommunicate to you, whatever you shall think worthy of\\nmy notice, or in which your advice may be of use to me,\\nas I hope I have in no way disoblige you; if I have, I\\nwill most willingly ask your pardon. For nobody can be\\nno more than I am willing for your prosperity and hap-\\npiness.\\nAs some strange reports has reached my ears that\\nyour excellence has positive orders to arrest all citizens\\ninclining to our assistance, and as my remembrance know\\nby your conduct, in justice you will satisfy me in this\\nuncommon request.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0223.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "212 THE FRENCH EMISSARIES.\\nPlease let me know, as I shall not make my supply\\ntill your excellence please to honor me with a small\\nanswer.\\nI am your well wisher in remaining for the French\\ncause, a true citizen democrat.\\nCharle Depeau.\\nPo tcrijpt. Please to participate some of these hand-\\nbills to that noble society of democrats.\\nA number of persons were induced to engage in this\\nenterprise a distinguished citizen of Kentucky received\\na commission as Major General in the armies of France,\\nand commander-in-chief of the French revolutionary le-\\ngions on the Mississippi, and many preliminary arrange-\\nments were made for the anticipated campaign. The\\ngovernment of the United States became apprised of these\\nmeasures, and promptly interfered. General Wayne, then\\nat the head of the troops west of the Ohio, took measures\\nto observe the motions of the French emissaries, and\\nGovernor St. Clair issued a proclamation, in which the\\npeople of the north-western territory were advised to ab-\\nstain from any participation in these illegal proceedings.\\nIn glancing hastily at these events, we are cheered with\\nthe instructive lesson which they teach. There have been\\nseveral instances in the history of our country, when dis-\\naffection has broken out into murmur and menace in\\nevery instance, men of talent have been found among\\nthe ambitious fomenters of discord; but the good sense\\nand integrity of the people, has invariably been found\\nsufficient to protect them from being seduced into rebel-\\nlion. Of all such events, those to which we have just\\nalluded, afford perhaps the most decided proofs of in-\\ncorruptible loyalty and patriotism. If ever there was a\\npeople, who, in the choice of a government, had a right", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0224.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "ATTEMPT TO RAISE AN ARMY. 213\\nto act precisely as suited their own convenience, the pio-\\nneers were entitled to that privilege. They had conquered\\na country for themselves. The government did not ex-\\ntend to them either civil protection, military assistance,\\nor pecuniary aid. They are the only first settlers, who\\nneither violated the rights of the Indian, by taking his\\nland by violence, nor expended money in its purchase.\\nThey found it without an owner, overrun by savage hun-\\nters and war parties, whose conflicting claims were no\\nbetter than their own. They purchased it with blood and\\nlabour. Years were spent in painful marches and mid-\\nnight vigils; in hewing down the gigantic forest, exter-\\nminating the wolf and the panther, and in guarding\\nagainst the wiles of the savage. Through every peril,\\nthrough all discouragement, they persevered unaided.\\nThe government could not aid them when the settlement\\nof Kentucky commenced, she was herself engaged in the\\nwar for independence; at a later period, she had just\\npassed through that contest, and remained an exhausted,\\nbreathless victor.\\nThe settlers of Kentucky had not only been unaccus-\\ntomed to the protection or restraints of government, but\\nthere was some reason to believe, that the federal juris-\\ndiction could never be efficiently extended over them.\\nThe mountains formed then a line of separation which\\nseemed insurmountable. The hunter crossed them with\\nmuch toil, and the enterprising trader conducted his train\\nof pack-horses with difficulty and long delay, over their\\nsteep acclivities; but the idea of a frequent, easy, and\\ncheap method of intercourse, was not entertained nor\\ndeemed possible.\\nInhabiting a rich country, destined to become populous,\\nand to yield the products of the earth in abundance, they\\nnaturally looked around them for a market. The moun-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0225.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "214 PATRIOTISM OP KENTUCKY.\\ntains separated them from the marts of their countrymen\\non the sea-coast; to the north were the lakes and the pos-\\nsessions of Great Britain, an unfriendly power; the western\\nfrontier was lined with hostile savages, with whom they\\ncould not hope to carry on any profitable traffic; to the\\nsouth-west, the Spaniards, living under a rigid system\\nof commercial non-intercourse, closed their markets for\\never against foreigners. The noble river that swept their\\nshores, and seemed destined by Providence as the great\\nhighway by which the dwellers in this region should seek\\nthe ocean, was shut against them.\\nThe right to navigate the Mississippi, became early a\\ntheme of animated discussion in Kentucky, and the sub-\\nject of urgent remonstrances to the government. The\\ngovernment hesitated and temporized; surrounded with\\nthe cares and perils which assailed the infancy of our\\nnational institutions, the small still voice from the distant\\nwilderness fell faintly upon the executive ear. When the\\nlanguage of expostulation and defiance became loud, it\\nwas drowned in the dissensions of party violence; for by\\nthis time, the French revolution had broken out political\\ndivisions had sprung up in our country; two great parties\\nwere contending for power; and the complaints of the\\nKentuckians were attributed to the disorganizing zeal of\\npartisans.\\nLet it be remembered, too, that this was a period pecu-\\nliarly propitious to the work of revolution. The American\\ncolonies had just separated from the mother country; the\\npeople were become familiar with the discussion of politi-\\ncal rights, and accustomed to think for themselves. That\\nreluctance with which men regard a change of govern-\\nment, and which induces them to submit to evils which\\nare known, rather than plunge darkly into such as are\\nunseen, had been dispelled by recent events; there was", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0226.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "PRAISEWORTHY CONDUCT. 215\\nan excitement in the public mind, an awakened energy\\nin the tone of thought, which had prepared the people for\\ndecisive action, in any case, when demanded by their in-\\nterests, and justified by their notions of moral or political\\nhonesty. At such a period, Spain held out a tempting\\nbait to the enterprising settlers of the west. She offered\\nthem a free navigation of the Mississippi, and a market\\nat New Orleans, upon the condition of their erecting an\\nindependent western republic; but the affections of the\\nwestern people could not be thus alienated from their own\\ncountrymen; they could not be bribed to dissolve their\\nconnection with those to whom they were bound by the\\nties of consanguinity and honor, or to abandon, in its\\ninfancy and weakness, a government to which they owed\\nnothing but the voluntary homage of respect and pre-\\nference.\\nThe offers of the French government were still more\\nalluring. They were invited to invade the Spaniards,\\nagainst whom they were exasperated by a long continued\\nand unjust denial of their right to the navigation of the\\nMississippi. The friendship and pecuniary aid of a pow-\\nerful nation, was tendered to their acceptance. The city\\nof New Orleans, and the fertile province of Louisiana,\\nwith its genial climate and varied productions, were within\\nthe reach of their grasp. The whole of the broad valley\\nof the west lay before them, with its hundred rivers and\\nits mighty resources; and the glory of building up a new\\nempire in this delightful region, was held up in dazzling\\nsplendor before their eyes. Still they remained true to\\ntheir country and their principles. In the retrospect of\\nthese affairs, it should not be forgotten, that they suc-\\nceeded the termination of the revolutionary war. Thou-\\nsands of soldiers had just been disbanded, and were\\ndestitute of employment. A vast number of young gen-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0227.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "216 PATRIOTISM NATURAL TO OUR CITIZENS.\\ntlemen had entered the revolutionary armies, at an age\\nusually appropriated to the choice of a profession, and\\nthe acquirement of the knowledge and habits requisite\\nfor civil pursuits; they had spent years in the military\\nprofession, imbibed a thirst for fame, and acquired a love\\nfor the vicissitudes of war. Their occupation was now\\ngone; they were too old to commence a course of pro-\\nfessional study, and they had no tastes which suited them\\nfor the quiet pursuits of industry. Many of these gen-\\ntlemen had emigrated to the west, and others were still\\nunsettled. To such persons, the temptation of military\\nservice, the allurement of ambitious prospects, the wide\\nfield of enterprise, opened in brilliant perspective before\\nthem, must have been in the highest degree inviting.\\nBut they had the forbearance to resist the dangerous in-\\ncitement, the patriotism to prefer the peace and honor of\\ntheir country to their own fame and interest.\\nWhen we consider these transactions in connection with\\nothers which have subsequently occurred, and pass in\\nsober review the various occasions on which a portion of\\nour people have been goaded into momentary disaffection,\\nby a pressure of affairs which has exasperated their feel-\\nings or blighted their interests when we remark how\\noften our country has been threatened with disunion, and\\nhow portentously the storm of discord has lowered, until\\nit seemed ready to burst upon our heads, and reflect how\\ninvariably our fears have proved delusive how beauti-\\nfully and tranquilly the clouds of rebellion have passed\\naway, and the sun of peace shone out in quiet glory, we\\nare led to the conclusion, that there are inherent ties of\\nreason and affection entwined in the fabric of our society,\\nwhich bind it indissolubly together.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0228.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "NEW INTRIGUES. 217\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nBurr s Conspiracy.\\nIn the year 1806, the western country began to he again\\ndisturbed by the machinations of political agitators. An\\nevent has seldom occurred, so intrinsically insignificant in\\nits result, which has created so great a sensation as the\\nconspiracy of Burr; which, indeed, derives its consequence\\nprincipally from the celebrity of the names attached to it,\\nand the igorance of the world as to its final object. Burr\\nwas the rival of Hamilton; Hamilton, the friend of Wash-\\nington, his military aid, his political adviser, his social\\ncompanion equally eminent as a soldier, an orator, a\\nwriter, a financier, and a lawyer. The man who could\\nmake Hamilton experience, or even counterfeit,\\nThe stern joy that warriors feel,\\nIn foeruan worthy of their steel,\\nmust have stood far above mediocrity. Colonel Burr was\\nthe son of a gentleman eminent for his learning and piety,\\nfor many years president of the most celebrated college in\\nAmerica and was himself a man of transcendent genius\\nand great attainments. He was remarkable for the ele-\\ngance of his manners, the seductiveness of his address,\\nthe power and sweetness of his eloquence; but more so,\\nperhaps, for the boldness and energy of his mind. Burr\\n19", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0229.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "218 burr s duel with Hamilton.\\nhad contended unsuccessfully with Jefferson for the presi-\\ndential chair, which he lost by a single vote; but while\\nhe filled the second place in dignity, few at that time\\nwould have assigned him an inferior station in point of\\ntalents.\\nThe duel between Hamilton and Burr filled the nation\\nwith astonishment and grief grief for the death of a\\ngreat and useful man, and astonishment at the delusion\\nwhich occasioned it. Burr, with the corpse of Hamilton\\nat his feet, might have felt the triumph of conquest; but\\nit was a momentary flush; the laurels of the hero, watered\\nby the tears of his country, retained their verdure and\\neven those who might have rejoiced at his political fall,\\nexecrated the destroyer of his existence.\\nShortly after this bloody catastrophe, the conduct of\\nBurr began again to excite the attention of the public.\\nHe had resigned his former employments, forsaken his\\nusual haunts, and was leading an erratic and mysterious\\nlife. He frequently traveled incognito, performed long\\nand rapid journeys, and remained but a short time at any\\none place. This restlessness was attributed to uneasiness\\nof mind, and many began to sympathize with him whom\\nthey supposed to be thus tortured with the stings of con-\\nscience. But whatever might have been the workings of\\nhis mind, he soon evinced that its fire was not quenched,\\nnor its ambition sated. He was now seen traversing the\\nwestern wilds, eagerly seeking out the distinguished men\\nof that country, particularly those who possessed military\\nexperience, or had hearts alive to the stirring impulses of\\nambition.\\nThese indications were quickly succeeded by others of a\\nmore decided character. Secret as his intentions were,\\nthe first movement towards their execution awakened\\nsuspicion. The assembling of men and collecting muni-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0230.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "HIS DISGRACE. 219\\ntions of war, roused the government to action. Burr was\\narrested his plans defeated, his adherents dispersed, and\\nhis reputation blasted. He became an exile and a wan-\\nderer; and after years of suffering, returned to his native\\nland, to become an insignificant member of that bar, of\\nwhich he had been among the highest ornaments an\\nobscure citizen of that country over whose councils he\\nhad presided; and to add another to the list of splendid\\nmen, who have been great without benefit to themselves or\\nothers, and whose names will be preserved only\\nTo point a moral, or adorn a tale.\\nHe was entirely abandoned. Never was a man more\\nstudiously avoided, more unanimously condemned. The\\nvoice of eulogy was silent, the breath of party was hushed.\\nOf the many who had admired and loved him, none ven-\\ntured to express their love or admiration. One fatal act\\nof folly, or of crime, had obscured all the brilliancy of a\\nsplendid career; and, although acquitted of treason by a\\ncourt of justice, a higher tribunal, that of public opinion,\\nrefused to reverse the sentence which consigned him to\\ndisgrace.\\nSuch was the fate of Burr but his plans are yet en-\\nveloped in mystery. A descent upon some part of\\nSpanish America, and the establishment of an inde-\\npendent government, has been stated to have been the\\nobject; but it is alleged, that a separation of the western\\nStates from the Union, formed a part of the project. The\\nlatter charge rests almost entirely upon the evidence of\\nGeneral Eaton, a gentleman whose chivalrous disposition\\nled him through many singular adventures, and whose\\nhistory, as recorded by himself, presents a more favorable\\npicture of his heart and genius than of his judgment.\\nHe was a man of warm temperament, who adopted hasty", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0231.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "220 gen. eaton s testimony.\\nand vivid impressions from the impulse of the moment.\\nFrom his testimony, I should he inclined to believe, that\\nColonel Burr had cherished some vague ideas respecting\\na disjunction of the Union; but it does not appear that\\nthose speculations were ever matured into any settled\\nplan, or confided to his adherents. I am led to this con-\\nclusion, by the characters of Colonel Burr and the gen-\\ntlemen who were implicated with him in his disastrous\\nexpedition. Burr was a close observer of men and man-\\nners; and it is not to be presumed, that he would have\\nlightly embraced a scheme so fraught with treason, mad-\\nness, and folly. He knew the American people well. He\\nhad studied them with the eye of a statesman, and with\\nthe intense interest of an ambitious political aspirant.\\nHis rank in society, his political station, and his exten-\\nsive practice at the bar, threw open a wide and varied\\nscene to his observation, and exhibited his countrymen to\\nhim in a variety of lights and shades.\\nNor was Burr the man upon whom such opportunities\\nwould be lost. To him, the avenues of the human heart\\nwere familiar, and he could penetrate with ease into its\\nsecret recesses. To study man was his delight to study\\nhis countrymen his business. Could he then have been\\na stranger to their intelligence, their sense of honor, their\\nhabits of calculation, and their love for their republican\\ninstitutions? Could he expect to transform at once, the\\nhabits, feelings, tastes, and morals of a people conspicuous\\nfor their courage and political integrity? for such are\\nthe people of the western States. It has been supposed,\\nand with some plausibility, that his hopes were founded\\non the dissatisfaction evinced by the western people, at\\nthe time of the discussion of our right to navigate the\\nMississippi. It is true, that the rude and unprovoked vio-\\nlation of our privileges on that river by Spain, excited", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0232.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "burr s conspiracy. 221\\na universal burst of indignation throughout the Union.\\nIt is also true, that this feeling was most warmly dis-\\nplayed in the west, In the Atlantic States, the insult\\nwas felt as implicating our national honor; in the west,\\nit was a matter of vital importance to all, and of personal\\ninterest to every individual, and as such it came home-\\nto men s business unci bosoms* The Mississippi was the\\nnatural outlet, and New Orleans the mart for the produce\\nof the west; and when that market, to which they believed\\nthey had an indefeasible right of access, was barred to\\nthem, it was but the natural and common impulse of the\\nhuman mind, which induced a people, at all times proud,\\nimpetuous, and tenacious, to call for vengeance and re-\\ndress, with a sternness and impatience commensurate with\\ntheir injuries. The conciliatory spirit and tardy policy of\\nMr. Jefferson, neither satisfied their feelings, nor suited\\ntheir exigencies; and they were willing to impute to tame-\\nness in the executive, or to a disregard for their interests,\\nthat which might have been the result of natural weakness\\nor mistaken policy. Believing themselves to be aban-\\ndoned by the general government, they felt it a duty to\\nprotect their own invaded rights; and if the government\\nhad not interposed with effect, they would doubtless have\\ndrawn the sword against whom? the government? No,\\nbut against the common enemy. In this there was no\\ntreason nor disaffection no estrangement from their\\nsister States, no breach of faith with the government, nor\\nviolation of the compact. It was saying only to their\\nfederal head defend us, or we will defend ourselves.\\nIf Colonel Burr expected to fan these feelings into\\nrebellion, he had either more boldness or less wisdom,\\nthan has commonly been placed to his credit; and had\\nhe openly avowed this project, he would have called down\\nupon his head the imprecations of a people, who, if they", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0233.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "222 burr s views uncertain.\\nhad spared his life, would not have forgiven so foul an\\ninsult to their virtue and understanding. But let us ask\\nwho were the adherents of Colonel Burr? Who were\\nthey who were to share his fortunes, to reap with him the\\nproud laurels of successful valor, or the infamy of foul\\nrebellion? Were they persons of obscure name and des-\\nperate fortune, or were they men of good blood and fair\\nfame These questions are embarrassed with some un-\\ncertainty, because most of the gentlemen who have been\\naccused of adhering to Colonel Burr, have denied the\\nfact; and I wish not to assume any thing as a fact, on\\nthis delicate subject, which is, or has been controverted.\\nBut it is not denied that many prosperous gentlemen\\nwere engaged in this enterprise and many others sus-\\npected, with a belief so strong as to amount almost to\\ncertainty and among these were men whom the people\\nhave since exalted to the most important trusts, and con-\\nfided in with the most implicit reliance. Among them\\nwere men of high standing, who had reputations to be\\ntarnished, fortunes to be lost, and families to be embar-\\nrassed and many high-souled youths, whose proud as-\\npirings after fame could never have been gratified amid\\nthe horrors of a civil war and the guilty scenes of re-\\nbellion.\\nIt is argued against these gentlemen, that they have\\nuniformly denied their connection with Burr, which it is\\nsupposed they would not have done had they known his\\ndesigns to be innocent. But this I do not conceive to be\\na fair argument. The united voice of the whole nation\\nhad declared Burr to be a traitor, and his adherents\\nshared the obloquy which was heaped upon their mis-\\nguided leader. Even admitting their innocence, or their\\nown belief of it, still it would have been a hopeless task\\nfor this handful of men to oppose their feeble assevera-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0234.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "BLANNERHASSET. 223\\ntions to the voice potential of a whole people. Many\\nof them, also, were candidates for office, and they found\\nthe avenues to preferment closed by the anathemas pro-\\nnounced by the people against all who were concerned in\\nwhat they believed to have been rank conspiracy. They\\nmight, therefore, t)ave bent to the current which they\\ncould not stem.\\nBlannerhasset was an Irish gentleman of easy fortune\\na man devoted to science, who retired from the world,\\nin the hope of finding happiness in the union of literary\\nand rural occupation. He selected an island in the Ohio,\\nwhich still bears his name, as his retreat, and spared no\\nexpense in beautifying and improving it. He is described\\nas having been retired in his habits, amiable in his pro-\\npensities, greatly addicted to chemical studies, and a pas-\\nsionate lover of music. In this romantic spot, and in\\nthese innocent pursuits, he lived; and, to crown the en-\\nchantment of the scene, a wife, who is said to have been\\nlovely even beyond her sex, and graced with every ac-\\ncomplishment that could render it irresistible, had blessed\\nhim with her love, and made him the father of her chil-\\ndren. But Blannerhasset, in an evil hour, became ac-\\nquainted with Burr he imbibed the poison of his ambition,\\nbecame involved in his intrigues, and shared his ruin a\\nruin as complete, desolate, and hopeless, as his former state\\nhad been serene and bright.\\nWhatever were Burr s intentions, it is certain that they\\nembraced schemes so alluring, or so magnificent, as to\\nwin the credulous Blannerhasset from the abstraction of\\nstudy and the blandishments of love. This island became\\nthe center of operations. Here arms were deposited and\\nmen collected and here, assembled round their watch-\\nfires, young gentlemen, who had seen better days, and\\nsat at good men s feasts, endured all the rigors of the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0235.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "224 KING AARON THE FIRST.\\nclimate and the privations of a campaign, rewarding them-\\nselves, in anticipation, with the honors of war and the\\nwealth of Mexico. Burr and Blannerhasset were the\\nmaster spirits who planned their labors Mrs. Blanner-\\nhasset was the light and life of all their social joys. If\\ntreason matured its dark designs in her mansion, here\\nalso the song, the dance, and the revel, displayed their\\nfascinations. The order of arrest was the signal of dis-\\npersion to this ill fated band; and it is said, that the lovely\\nmistress of this fairy scene, the Calypso of this enchanted\\nisle, was seen at midnight, shivering on the winter\\nbanks of the Ohio, mingling her tears with its waters,\\neluding by stratagem the ministers of justice, and desti-\\ntute of the comforts of life, and the solace of that hospi-\\ntality which she had once dispensed with such graceful\\nliberality.\\nI believe it is not doubted, that Burr intended to have\\nattempted the conquest of Mexico. A large portion of\\nthe people of that country were supposed to be waiting\\nonly for a favorable opportunity to throw off the Spanish\\nyoke. The Americans, as their neighbors, and as repub-\\nlicans, would, it was thought, be received without sus-\\npicion nor would Burr have unfolded his ultimate design,\\nuntil it should be too late to prevent its accomplishment.\\nHe would then have established a monarchy, at the head\\nof which would have been King Aaron the First. I am\\ntold, that the young gentlemen who were proceeding to join\\nhim, often amused themselves on this subject; talking,\\nhalf in jest and half in earnest, of the offices and honors\\nwhich awaited them. Titles and places were already lav-\\nishly distributed in anticipation and Mrs. Blannerhasset,\\nwho was an accomplished and sprightly woman, had ar-\\nranged the dresses and ceremonies of the court. When\\nthe alarm was given, and orders were issued for the arrest", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "DISPERSION OF THE CONSPIRATORS. 225\\nof Burr and his adherents, they were obliged to resort to\\na variety of expedients to escape detection. At Fort Mas-\\nsac, and other places, all boats descending the river were\\ncompelled to stop and undergo strict examination, to the\\ngreat vexation of boatmen and peaceable voyagers, who\\nwere often obliged to land at unseasonable hours. Very\\ndiligent inquiry was made for the lady just mentioned,\\nwho several times narrowly escaped detection, through her\\nown ingenuity and that of her companions.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "226 THE PIONEERS.\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nCharacter of the Pioneers Their Adventures Anecdote of Mul-\\ndrow Of Boone Device of the Indians Romantic Adventure\\nof two Females.\\nPassing in rapid review the period over which we have\\npassed, we find that the district of Kentucky was settled\\nby several distinct classes of people, differing much from\\neach other, and each having a marked peculiarity of cha-\\nracter. It is from not knowing, or not adverting to this\\ncircumstance, that erroneous impressions have been re-\\nceived of the genius and disposition of the western peo-\\nple to the manners of all of whom, the Kentuckians have\\ngiven a decided tone.\\nThose who came first the Boones, the Kentons, the\\nWhitleys were rough, uneducated men; the enterprising,\\nfearless, hardy pioneers. They were literally backwoods-\\nmen, who had always resided on the frontiers, forming the\\nconnecting link between civilized and savage men; and\\nwho did not, in their emigration to the west, form any\\nnew acquaintance with the perils of the wilderness. They\\nhad been inhabitants of the long line of frontier lying-\\neast of the Allegheny mountains; were the descendants of\\nmen, whose lives had been spent in fierce contests with the\\nIndians; and were themselves accustomed from infancy,\\nto the vicissitudes of hunting and border warfare. A few\\nof them came from Pennsylvania and Maryland, but the\\ngreat body from Virginia and North Carolina. Strictly", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0238.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "CHARACTER. STRATAGEMS. 227\\nspeaking, they were not farmers; for, although they en-\\ngaged in agriculture, they depended chiefly on their guns\\nfor subsistence and were allured to the west, rather by\\nthe glories of the boundless forest and the abundance of\\ngame, than by the fertility of the new lands, and the\\nample resources of the country. They came singly or in\\nsmall parties, careless of protection, and fearless of con-\\nsequences. Their first residence was a camp; a frail shel-\\nter formed of poles and bark, carefully concealed in some\\nretired spot, in which they hid the spoils of the chase,\\nand to which they crept for repose at night, or slept away\\nthe long inclement days, when the hunter and his prey\\nwere alike driven by the storm to seek the shelter of their\\ncoverts. At other times, they roamed abroad, either en-\\ngaged in hunting, or in making long journeys of explora-\\ntion; sleeping in the open air, and feeding upon the\\nfruits of the forest and the flesh of wild animals, without\\nbread or condiment. Between them and the Indians,\\nthere seems to have existed, from the beginning, a mutual\\ndislike and distrust; and except when there happened to\\nbe a great superiority of numbers on one side, or a recent\\nprovocation, they rather avoided than sought each other.\\nBut they seldom met without shedding blood.\\nThe stratagems of this border warfare were ingenious,\\nand often highly amusing. The pioneer, as well as the\\nIndian warrior, felt as much triumph in deceiving his\\nenemy by a successful device, as in conquering him in\\nbattle; and usually acquired more lasting fame among his\\ncomrades from the former, than from the latter exploit;\\nfor in the circumstances under which they were mutually\\nplaced, cunning was a more valuable quality than courage.\\nThe bravest man might be overpowered by numbers, or\\nslain by a bullet from the rifle of an unseen foe; but the\\nwily hunter, who was always watchful, self-possessed, and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0239.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "228 MULDROW S HILL.\\nfertile of expedients, seemed to bear a charmed life, and\\nto be proof, as well against secret hostility as open vio-\\nlence. We read, with an admiration bordering upon in-\\ncredulity, of the adventures of such men as Boone and Ken-\\nton of their fights, their retreats, their captivity, their\\nescapes, their recovery from dreadful wounds^ their wan-\\nderings without arms and provisions, and their surviving\\nthrough all, to die of old age in their beds;- almost real-\\nizing the description of the apostle, in journeyings often,\\nin perils of water, in perils of mine own countrymen, in\\nperils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils in\\nthe wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false\\nbrethren in weariness and painfulness, in watchings often,\\nin hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and na-\\nkedness.\\nThe following anecdote, highly characteristic of the ad-\\nventurous life of the pioneers, was related to the author,\\nwhile riding over a range of savage precipices called\\nMuldrow^s Hill, in the central part of Kentucky, and\\nrefers, as he understood, to the Mr. Muldrow, whose name\\nis attached to that desolate wilderness.\\nAmong these rugged acclivities I saw a cluster of di-\\nlapidated log houses, which, I was informed, had been\\nerected by one of the earliest settlers; and I could not\\navoid feeling some surprise, that a pioneer should have\\nseated himself on such a barren and inhospitable tract,\\nwhen all the rich plains and valleys of this delightful coun-\\ntry were uninhabited; and when he might have selected\\nother lands of surpassing fertility and beauty. Yet such a\\nchoice was not uncommon; and upon examining the first\\nlocations of settlers, in different parts of the western\\ncountry, we do not find that they always selected the best\\nlands, or the most advantageous situations; and we can\\nonly account for the circumstance, by supposing that", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0240.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "ANECDOTE OP MULDROW. 229\\nmany of them were persons with whom agriculture was not\\na primary object, and who sought good hunting grounds\\nrather than a productive soil; or else that they chose po-\\nsitions in reference to security from Indian hostilities.\\nThe individual alluded to, settled here at a time when\\nthere was not a single white man but himself in this vi-\\ncinity, and here he had resided with his wife, for a year,\\nwithout having seen the face of any other human being.\\nPerhaps, as it was his choice to reside in a wilderness,\\nisolated from his own species, he might have thought it\\nprudent to conceal his place of abode from the Indians,\\nby erecting his cabin in an inhospitable waste, difficult\\nof access, where there were no pastures to invite the deer\\nor buffalo, and no game to allure the savage hunter, and\\nwhere his family remained secure, while he roved with\\nhis gun over some hunting ground at a convenient dis-\\ntance.\\nAfter passing a year in this mode of life, he was one\\nday wandering through the woods in search of game,\\nwhen he heard the barking of a dog, and supposing that\\nan Indian was near, concealed himself. Presently a small\\ndog came running alone his track, with his nose to the\\nground, as if pursuing his footsteps, and had nearly\\nreached his hiding-place, when it stopped, snuffed the air,\\nand uttered a low whine, as if to admonish its master,\\nthat the object of pursuit was near at hand. In a few\\nminutes the owner of the dog came stepping cautiously\\nalong, glancing his eyes jealously around, and uttering\\nlow signals to the dog. But the dog stood at fault, and\\nthe owner halted, within a few yards of our hunter,\\nand fully exposed to view. The new comer was a tall\\nathletic man, completely armed, with rifle, tomahawk, and\\nknife; but whether he was a white man or an Indian,\\ncould not be determined, either by his complexion or", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0241.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "230 MULROW S ADVENTURE.\\ndress. He wore a hunting-shirt and leggins, of dressed\\ndeer-skin, and a hat from which the rim was entirely torn\\naway, and the crown elongated into the shape of a sugar\\nloaf. The face, feet, and hands, which were exposed, were\\nof the tawny hue of the savage, but whether the color\\nwas natural, or the effect of exposure, could not be as-\\ncertained even by the keen eye of the hunter, and the\\nfeatures were so disguised by dirt and gunpowder, that\\ntheir expression afforded no clue, by which the question\\ncould be decided, whether the individual was a friend or\\na foe. There was but a moment for deliberation, and\\nafter a hasty scrutiny, the pioneer, inclining to the\\nopinion that the stranger was an Indian, cautiously drew\\nup his rifle, and took a deliberate aim; but the bare pos-\\nsibility that he might be pointing his weapon at the bosom\\nof a countryman, induced him to pause. Again he raised\\nhis gun, and again hesitated; while his opponent with his\\nrifle half raised towards his face, and his finger on the\\ntrigger, looked eagerly around. Both stood motionless\\nand silent; one searching for the object of his pursuit,\\nthe other in readiness to fire. At length the hunter,\\nhaving resolved to delay no longer, cocked his rifle the\\ntich reached the acute ear of his opponent, who instantly\\nsprung behind a tree; the hunter imitated his example,\\nand they were now fairly opposed, each covered by a tree,\\nfrom behind which he endeavored to get a shot at his\\nadversary without exposing his own person. And now a\\nseries of statagems ensued, each seeking to draw the fire\\nof the other until the stranger, becoming weary of sus-\\npense, called out, Why don t you shoot, you etarnal\\ncowardly varment. Shoot, yourself, you bloody red-\\nskin, retorted the other. No more a red-skin than\\nyourself. Are you a white man? To-be-sure I am\\nare you? Yes; no mistake in me. Whereupon each", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "ANECDOTE OF BOONE. 231\\nbeing undeceived, they threw down their guns, rushed\\ntogether with open arms, and took a hearty hug. The\\nhunter now learned, that the stranger had been settled,\\nwith his family, about ten miles from him, for several\\nmonths past, and that they had often roamed over the\\nsame hunting grounds each supposing himself the sole\\ninhabitant of that region. On the following day, the\\nhunter saddled his horse, and taking up his good-wife\\nbehind him, carried her down to make a call upon her\\nnew neighbor, who doubtless received the visit with far\\nmore sincere joy than usually attends such ceremonies.\\nThe pioneers were often captured; and while on the\\nmarch towards the Indian towns, were rescued by their\\nfriends, or succeeded in making their escape, although\\nbound and closely watched. Sometimes they were carried\\nto the villages of the captors endured with heroic calm-\\nness all the tortures which savage cruelty could invent\\nand at last escaped by some ingenious stratagem, or were\\nforcibly rescued, even at the stake, by their daring com-\\nrades. Often did a single individual, escaping from cap-\\ntivity, unarmed and lacerated with wounds and stripes,\\nretreat for hundreds of miles before a pursuing party of\\nenraged savages; foiling their skill by superior ingenuity,\\nor outstripping them in the mere exertion of muscular\\npower. Sometimes they disguised themselves in the skins\\nof wild beasts, to decoy the foe; and in making signals\\nto each other, they imitated the notes of birds and the\\nvarious cries of the forest. In several instances, the crews\\nof boats descending the Ohio, have been allured to the\\nshore and slain, by Indians crawling on the beach, covered\\nwith the skins of bears; and the garrisons of our forts\\nhave more than once been deceived by similar devices.\\nAn anecdote is told of Boone, which is highly charac-\\nteristic of the humor and the coolness of the pioneer.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "232 BOONE SWALLOWS THE KNIFE.\\nHe was once resting in the woods, with a small number\\nof followers, when a large party of Indians came suddenly\\nupon them and halted neither party having discovered\\nthe other until they came in contact. The whites were\\neating; and the Indians, with the ready tact for which\\nthey are famous, sat down with perfect composure and\\ncommenced eating also. It was obvious that they wished\\nto lull the suspicions of the white men, and to seize a\\nfavorable opportunity for rushing upon them, Boone\\naffected a careless inattention; but in an under tone,\\nquietly admonished his men to keep their hands upon\\ntheir rifles. He then strolled towards the Indians, un-\\narmed, and leisurely picking the meat from a bone; the\\nIndian leader, who was similarly employed, rose to meet\\nhim. Boone saluted him, and then requested to look at\\nthe knife with which the Indian was cutting his meat.\\nThe chief handed it to him without hesitation and our\\npioneer, who, with his other accomplishments, possessed\\nconsiderable expertness at sleight of hand, deliberately\\nopened his mouth and affected to swallow the long knife,\\nwhich, at the same instant, he threw adroitly into his\\nsleeve. The Indians were astonished; Boone gulped, rub-\\nbed his throat, stroked his body, and then, with apparent\\nsatisfaction, pronounced the horrid mouthful to be very\\ngood. Having enjoyed the surprise of the spectators for\\na few moments, he made another contortion, and drawing\\nforth the knife, as they supposed, from his body, civilly\\nreturned it to the chief. The latter took the point cau-\\ntiously between his thumb and finger, as if fearful of\\nbeing contaminated by touching the weapon, and threw\\nit from him into the bushes. The pioneer sauntered back\\nto his party; and the Indians, instantly despatching their\\nmeal, marched off. desiring no farther intercourse with a\\nman who could swallow a scalping-knife.\\nfi", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "INDIAN STRATAGEM. 233\\nA singular maneuver was practiced by a party of In-\\ndians, who had stolen some horses on Elkhorn, in 1788.\\nThey were pursued by a superior number of Americans,\\nfor about twenty miles, and overtaken at a spot where\\nthey had halted to rest, in a brushy copse of wood. The\\nwhites came upon them suddenly, and the parties dis-\\ncovered each other simultaneously. The pursuers made\\npreparations to fire; the Indians sprang up from the\\nground, on which they were sitting, and gave a yell; but\\ninstead of making any show of resistance, ran about as if\\ndistracted. One, who was probably the chief, threw him-\\nself between the two parties, and continued to scream and\\njump, dodging from side to side, springing aloft, and\\nthrowing his body into violent contortions. This strange\\nexhibition, attracted the attention of the Kentuckians,\\nand prevented them from firing; while the other Indians,\\ngathering up their guns and blankets, disappeared dis-\\npersing in various directions, so as to leave no trace, and\\nbaffle pursuit. Lastly, the dexterous savage, perceiving\\nthat his comrades were so scattered as to be safe from im-\\nmediate danger, suddenly threw off his feigned character,\\nand dashing into the bushes made his escape, leaving a\\nfoe, superior in numbers, bewildered with amazement at\\nthis extemporaneous display of ingenuity.\\nThe females, too, had their exits and their entrances,\\nin this bloody drama; and exercised their courage as well\\nas their inventive powers, in the practice of strategy. A\\nparty of Indians approached a solitary log-house, with the\\nintention of murdering its inmates. With their usual\\ncaution, one of their number was sent forward to recon-\\nnoiter, who, discovering the only persons within to be a\\nwoman, two or three children, and a negro man, rushed\\nin by himself and seized the negro. The woman caught\\nup an axe, and with a single blow laid the savage warrior\\n20", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "234 A ROMANTIC INCIDENT.\\ndead at her feet, while the children closed the door, and\\nwith ready sagacity employed themselves in fastening it.\\nThe rest of the Indians came up, and attempted to force\\nan entrance; but the negro and the children kept the\\ndoor closed; and the intrepid mother, having no effective\\nweapon, picked up a gun barrel, which had neither stock\\nnor lock, and pointed it at the savages through the aper-\\ntures between the logs. The Indians, deceived by the\\nappearance of a gun, and daunted by the death of their\\ncompanion, retired.\\nAnother incident which occurred at this early period., is\\nworthy of recital, because it is not only deeply affecting\\nin itself, but is highly illustrative of the sufferings of the\\nfirst settlers. Among the adventurers whom Boone de-\\ncribes as having reinforced his little colony, was a young\\ngentleman named Smith, who had been a major in the\\nmilitia of Virginia, and possessed a full share of the gal-\\nlantry and noble spirit of his native State. In the absence\\nof Boone, he was chosen, on account of his military rank\\nand talents, to command the rude citadel, which contained\\nall the wealth of this patriarchal band their wives, their\\nchildren, and their herds. It held also an object particu-\\nlarly dear to this young soldier a lady, the daughter of\\none of the settlers, to whom he had pledged his affections.\\nIt came to pass, upon a certain day, when a siege was just\\nover, tranquillity restored, and the employment of hus-\\nbandry resumed, that this young lady, with a female com-\\npanion, strolled out, as young ladies in love are very apt\\nto do, along the banks of the Kentucky river. Having\\nrambled about for some time, they espied a canoe lying\\nby the shore, and in a frolic, stepped into it, with the de-\\ntermination of visiting a neighbor on the opposite bank.\\nIt seems that they were not so well skilled in navigation\\nas the Lady of the Lake, who paddled her own canoe", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0246.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "LADIES SEIZED BY INDIANS. 235\\nvery dexterously; for instead of gliding to the point of\\ndestination, they were whirled about by the stream, and\\nat length thrown on a sand bar, from which they were\\nobliged to wade to the shore. Full of the mirth ex-\\ncited by their wild adventure, they hastily arranged their\\ndresses, and were proceeding to climb the banks, when\\nthree Indians, rushing from a neighboring covert, seized\\nthe fair wanderers, and forced them away. Their savage\\ncaptors, evincing no sympathy for their distress, nor\\nallowing them time for rest or reflection, hurried them\\nalong during the whole day, by rugged and thorny paths.\\nTheir shoes were worn off by the rocks, their clothes torn,\\nand their feet and limbs lacerated and stained with blood.\\nTo heighten their misery, oue of the savages began to\\nmake love to Miss (the intended of Major S.) and\\nwhile goading her along with a pointed stick, promised, in\\nrecompense for her sufferings, to make her his squaw.\\nThis at once roused all the energies of her mind, and\\ncalled its powers into action. In the hope that her friends\\nwould soon pursue them, she broke the twigs as she passed\\nalong, and delayed the party as much as possible by tardy\\nand blundering steps. But why dwell on the heartless\\nand unmanly cruelty of these savages? The day and the\\nnight passed, and another day of agony had nearly rolled\\nover the heads of these afflicted females, when their con-\\nductors halted to cook a wild repast of buffalo meat.\\nThe ladies were soon missed from the garrison. The\\nnatural courage and sagacity of Smith, now heightened by\\nlove, gave him the wings of the wind and the fierceness\\nof the tiger. The light traces of female feet led him to\\nthe place of embarkation the canoe was traced to the op-\\nposite shore; the deep print of the moccasin in the sand,\\ntold the rest; and the agonized Smith, accompanied by a\\nfew of his best woodsmen, pursued the spoil encumbered", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0247.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "236 RESCUED BY MAJOR SMITH.\\nfoe. The track once discovered, they kept it with that\\nunerring sagacity so peculiar to our hunters. The bended\\ngrass, the disentangled briers, and the compressed shrub,\\nafforded the only, but to them the certain indications of\\nthe route of the enemy. When they had sufficiently as-\\ncertained the general course of the retreat of the Indians,\\nSmith quitted the trace, assuring his companions that they\\nwould fall in with them at the pass of a certain stream\\nahead, for which he now struck a direct course, thus gain-\\ning on the foe, who had taken the most difficult paths.\\nArrived at the stream, they traced its course until they\\ndiscovered the water newly thrown upon the rocks.\\nSmith, leaving his party, now crept forward upon his\\nhands and feet, until he discovered one of the savages\\nseated by a fire, and with deliberate aim shot him through\\nthe heart. The women rushed towards their deliverer,\\nand recognizing Smith, clung to him in the transport of\\nnewly awakened joy and gratitude, while a second Indian\\nsprang towards him with his tomahawk. Smith, disen-\\ngaging himself from the ladies, aimed a blow at his an-\\ntagonist with his rifle, which the savage avoided by\\nspringing aside, but at the same moment, the latter re-\\nceived a mortal wound from another hand. The other\\nand only remaining Indian, fell in attempting to escape.\\nSmith, with his interesting charge, returned in triumph to\\nthe fort, where his gallantry, no doubt, was repaid by the\\nsweetest of all rewards.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0248.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "THE PIONEERS. 237\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nCharacter of the Pioneers Their Mode of Living Introduction of\\nSteamboats Its effect on the Manners of the People.\\nAmong the pioneers were many substantial farmers a\\nclass that differed from that of which we have spoken,\\nonly in being more industrious and provident. They\\nwere of the same stock; equally accustomed to the rude\\nscenes of border life, brothers of the same family; but\\nlike Jacob and Esau, one was devoted to the vicissitudes\\nof sylvan sport, the other to the sober employments of\\ndomestic industry. They came together to the wilderness,\\nthe one to possess the soil, the other to wander through,\\nthe forest in search of game. Alike in appearance and\\nmanners, and each occasionally adopting the character of\\nthe other, a stranger would have been unable to recognise\\nany distinction between them; but in a few years, the\\nhunter moved forward to a more newly discovered coun-\\ntry, while the farmer remained to clear away the forest\\nand raise abundant crops upon its virgin soil. In a few\\nyears more, the farmer attests the force of nature and the\\npurity of his descent, by sighing for newer lands; and\\nselling his farm to a later emigrant, he takes his flocks\\nand herds, his children and servants, and follows the\\nhunter to the farther wilderness. The reader, however,\\nis not to suppose that either of these classes are always\\nin motion. They remain for years in one spot, forming\\nthe mass of the settled population, and giving a tone to", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0249.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "238 WEALTH OF THE PIONEERS.\\nthe institutions of the country; and at each remove, a\\nfew are left behind, who cling permanently to the soil,\\nand bequeath their landed possessions to their posterity.\\nThe pioneers brought little other property, than such\\nas they could pack upon the backs of horses. A few\\nimplements of husbandry, and such cooking utensils as\\nwere indispensable; the rifle, the axe, and a few me-\\nchanics tools with some horses, cattle, and hogs, con-\\nstituted the wealth of the emigrant. Their first abode, as\\nwe have already stated, was in camps and stations; but\\ntheir permanent habitation was the primitive log cabin,\\nstill so common throughout the whole western country;\\nand those who have never witnessed the erection of such\\nbuildings, would be surprised to behold the simplicity of\\ntheir mechanism, and the rapidity with which they are\\nput together. The axe and the augur, are often the only\\ntools used in their construction but usually the frow, the\\ndrawing-knife, the broad-axe, and the cross-cut saw, are\\nadded. The architecture of the body of the house, is\\nsufficiently obvious; but it is curious to notice the in-\\ngenuity with which the wooden fire-place and chimney are\\nprotected from the action of the fire by a lining of clay;\\nto see a smooth floor formed of the plain surfaces of\\nhewed logs, and a door made of boards split from the\\nlog, hastily smoothed with the drawing-knife, united firmly\\ntogether with wooden pins, hung upon wooden hinges, and\\nfastened with a wooden latch. Not a nail, nor any par-\\nticle of metal, enters into the composition of the building\\nall is wood from top to bottom; all is done by the\\nwoodsman, without the aid of any mechanic. These\\nprimitive dwellings are by no means so wretched as their\\nname and their rude workmanship would seem to imply.\\nThey still constitute the usual dwelling of the farmers in\\nnew settlements; and I have often found them roomy,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0250.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "ACTORS OF ALL WORK. 239\\ntight, and comfortable. If one cabin is not sufficient,\\nanother, and another, is added, until the whole family is\\naccommodated; and thus the homestead of a respectable\\nfarmer often resembles a little village.\\nThe dexterity of the backwoodsman in the use of the\\naxe, is also remarkable; yet it ceases to be so regarded,\\nwhen we reflect on the variety of uses to which this im-\\nplement is applied, and that it in fact enters into almost\\nall the occupations of the pioneer. In clearing lands,\\nbuilding houses, making fences, providing fuel, the axe\\nis used; in tilling his fields, the farmer is continually in-\\nterrupted to cut away the trees that have fallen in his\\nenclosures, and the roots that impede his plough; the\\npath of the surveyor is cleared by the axe, and his lines\\nand corners marked by this implement; roads are opened\\nand bridges made with the axe; the first court-houses and\\njails, are fashioned of logs, with the same tool; in labor\\nor hunting, in travelling by land or water, the axe is ever\\nthe companion of the backwoodsman.\\nWith the first emigration, there are no mechanics; and\\nfor many years after, but few are found in the new settle-\\nments. The farmer, therefore, makes almost every thing\\nthat he uses. Besides clearing land, building houses, and\\nmaking fences, he stocks his own plough, mends his\\nwagon, makes his ox-yokes and harness, and learns to\\nsupply nearly all his wants from the forest. The tables,\\nbedsteads, and seats in his house, are of his own rude\\nworkmanship. At first, the dressed skins of wild animals\\nfurnish the materials for making moccasons; but the\\nfarmers soon begin to tan their own leather and make their\\nown shoes; and there are thousands scattered over the\\nwest, who continue, to this day, to make all the shoes\\nthat are worn in their families. They universally raise\\ncotton, and often cultivate, also, hemp and flax; the spin-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0251.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "240 LIFE IN THE BACKWOODS.\\nning-wheel and the loom, are common articles of furniture;\\nand the whole farming and hunting population are clad\\nin fabrics of household manufacture. The traveler, ac-\\ncustomed to different modes of life, is struck with the\\ncrude and uncomfortable appearance of every thing about\\nthis people the rudeness of their habitations, the care-\\nlessness of their agriculture, the unsightly coarseness of\\nall their implements and furniture, the unambitious home-\\nliness of all their goods and chattels, except the axe, the\\nrifle, and the horse these being invariably the best and\\nhandsomest which their means enable them to procure.\\nBut he is mistaken in supposing them to be indolent and\\nimprovident and is little aware how much ingenuity and\\ntoil have been exerted in procuring the few comforts which\\nthey possess, in a country without arts, mechanics, money,\\nor commercial intercourse.\\nThe backwoodsman has many substantial enjoyments.\\nAfter the fatigue of his journey, and a short season of\\nprivation and danger, he finds himself surrounded with\\nplenty. His cattle, hogs, and poultry, supply his table\\nwith meat; the forest abounds in game; the fertile soil\\nyields abundant crops; he has, of course, bread, milk, and\\nbutter; the rivers furnish fish, and the woods honey.\\nFor these various articles, there is, at first, no market,\\nand the farmer acquires the generous habit of spreading\\nthem profusely on his table, and giving them freely to a\\nhungry traveler and an indigent neighbor.\\nHospitality and kindness are among the virtues of the\\nfirst settlers. Exposed to common dangers and toils, they\\nbecome united by the closest ties of social intercourse.\\nAccustomed to arm in each other s defence, to aid in each\\nother s labor, to assist in the affectionate duty of nursing\\nthe sick, and the mournful office of burying the dead, the\\nbest affections of the heart are kept in constant exercise;", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0252.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "FINE SOCIAL FEELINGS. 241\\nand there is, perhaps, no class of men in our country,\\nwho obey the calls of friendship, or the claims of benev-\\nolence, with such cheerful promptness, or with so liberal\\na sacrifice of personal convenience.\\nMy lamented friend, the late Gov. Morehead, of Ken-\\ntucky, related in a public address, the characteristic inci-\\ndent, of a woman, who, on witnessing the death of a young\\nman, who died quietly in his bed, declared that it was a\\nbeautiful sight. It was probably the first natural death\\nthat had occurred among the early settlers, who, dwelling\\namid scenes of violence and bloodshed, were accustomed\\nto see the strong cord of healthy life suddenly broken,\\nand to witness the terror, and anguish, and excitement,\\nattending the last moments of a murdered man. The\\nstout warrior struggling with death, the bereaved wife, the\\nterror-stricken children, the sobs of friends, mingled\\nwith imprecations of vengeance, were familiar scenes. How\\ndifferent the end of this favored youth, whose attenu-\\nated thread of existence was gently parted, and who, pre-\\npared by a kind Providence, welcomed death as a happy\\nchange!\\nWe read marvelous stories of the ferocity of western\\nmen. The name of Kentuckian is continually associated\\nwith the id^a of fighting, dirking, and gouging. The\\npeople of whom we are now writing, do not deserve this\\ncharacter. They live together in great harmony, with\\nlittle contention, and less litigation. The backwoodsmen\\nare a generous and placable race. They are bold and\\nimpetuous; and when differences do arise among them,\\nthey are more apt to give vent to their resentment at\\nonce, than to brood over their wrongs, or to seek legal\\nredress. But this conduct is productive of harmony; for\\nmen are always more guarded in their deportment to each\\nother, and more cautious of giving offence, when they\\n21", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0253.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "242 INTRODUCTION OF STEAMBOATS.\\nknow that the insult will be quickly felt, and instantly-\\nresented, than when the consequences of an offensive ac-\\ntion are doubtful, and the retaliation distant. We have\\nno evidence that the pioneers of Kentucky were quar-\\nrelsome or cruel and an intimate acquaintance with the\\nsame race, at a later period, has led the writer to the\\nconclusion, that they are a humane people; bold and\\ndaring when opposed to an enemy, but amiable in their\\nintercourse with each other and with strangers, and ha-\\nbitually inclined to peace. Another generation has grown\\nup, the sons of the pioneers, and the offspring of persons\\nof wealth, many of whom have been suffered to reach the\\nyears of manhood with defective educations, and without\\nhaving been trained to any regular employment, and\\namong whom, as might be expected, are found idle, dis-\\nsipated, and violent men the gambler, the bully, and\\nthe duelist. The want of schools, the ease with which\\na livelihood was earned, and the rapidity with which\\nfortunes were made some years ago, induced a degree of\\nimprovidence in the rearing of youth and the number\\nof those who grew up without any regular training, or\\nany settled purpose, was greater than is common in other\\nparts of our continent. The effect upon the manners of\\nthe population, is too obvious to need explication. But\\nthe character for brutal violence and audacious blasphemy,\\nhas been affixed to the people of this region, chiefly\\nthrough the means of the boatmen and desperadoes, who\\nformerly infested our rivers, and kept the inhabitants of\\ntheir shores in constant terror.\\nBefore the introduction of steamboats upon this river,\\nits immense commerce was chiefly carried on by means of\\nkeel-boats, or of barges large boats, calculated to descend\\nas well as to ascend the stream, and which required many\\nhands to navigate them. Each barge carried from thirty", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0254.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "EFFECT ON PUBLIC MANNERS. 243\\nto forty boatmen, and a numher of these boats frequently\\nsailed in company. The arrival of such a squadron at a\\nsmall town, was the certain forerunner of a riot. The\\nboatmen, proverbially lawless and dissolute, were often\\nmore numerous than the citizens, and indulged, without\\nrestraint, in every species of debauchery, outrage, and\\nmischief. Wherever vice exists, will be found many to\\nabet and to take advantage of its excesses; and these\\ntowns were filled with the wretched ministers of crime.\\nSometimes, the citizens, roused to indignation, attempted\\nto enforce the laws; but the attempt was regarded as a\\ndeclaration of war, which arrayed the offenders and their\\nallies in hostility; the inhabitants were obliged to unite\\nin the defence of each other; and the contest usually ter-\\nminated in the success of that party which had least to\\nlose, and were most prodigal of life and careless of con-\\nsequences. The rapid emigration to this country was\\nbeginning to afford these towns such an increase of popu-\\nlation as would have insured their ascendancy over the\\ndespots of the river, when the introduction of steamboats\\nat once effected a revolution.\\nThe substitution of machinery for manual labor, occa-\\nsioned a vast diminution in the number of men required\\nfor the river navigation. A steamboat, with the same\\ncrew as a barge, will carry ten times the burthen, and\\nperform her voyage in a fifth part of the time required\\nby the latter. The bargemen infested the whole country,\\nby stopping frequently, and often spending their nights\\non shore; while the steamboats pass rapidly from one\\nlarge port to another, making no halt, except to receive\\nor discharge merchandise at intermediate places. The\\ncommanders of steamboats are men of character; property\\nto an immense amount is entrusted to their care their\\nresponsibility is great; and they are careful of their own", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0255.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "244 BOATMEN NOW A PEACEABLE CLASS.\\ndeportment, and of the conduct of those under their con-\\ntrol. The number of boatmen, therefore, is not only\\ngreatly reduced, in proportion to the amount of trade, but\\na sort of discipline is maintained among them, while the\\nincrease of population has enabled the towns to enforce\\nthe regulations of their police.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0256.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "THE SCOTCH-IRISH. 245\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nCharacter of the Pioneers The Scotch-Irish.\\nThere was another class of settlers, who followed close\\nupon the footsteps of the pioneers, and who deserve to be\\ndescribed separately, as they form an exception from the\\nhomogeneous mass of southern population already de-\\nscribed, with whom, however, they became kindly and\\nintimately blended, and upon whose character they made\\nan important impression. I am indebted for the brief\\naccount I shall give of them, to a valuable work* by\\nthe Rev. Robert Davidson, D. D., of Kentucky, published\\nsince the first edition of these sketches.\\nUpon the subjugation of the northern part of Ireland\\nby the English, in the reign of James I., the province of\\nUlster was settled by colonies from Great Britain, to whom\\nliberal grants of land were given. Owing to the vicinity\\nand superior enterprise of the people of Scotland, the\\nprincipal part of the settlers came from that country\\nwhich circumstance afterwards gave rise to the appellation\\nof Scotch-Irish, denoting, not the intermarriage of two\\nraces, but the peopling of one country by the natives of\\nanother. Reared in the Kirk of Scotland, these people\\nbrought with them the fervent piety, the pure morals, and\\nHistory of the Presbyterian Church in the State of Kentucky.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0257.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "246 EMIGRATION TO PENNSYLVANIA.\\nthe inflexible devotion to their own form of belief, which\\nis characteristic of that church. They could not exist\\nwithout the ordinances of public worship, and while the\\nEnglish clergy held the benefices, the Presbyterian min-\\nisters from Scotland came over and built up churches,\\nafter their own model. This state of things was, for a\\nwhile, wisely tolerated but afterwards, under the auspices\\nof Wentworth and Laud, a fierce persecution was stirred\\nup against the non-conformists of Ulster, who, after years\\nof suffering, began to look to America, as an asylum from\\noppression. On the 9th of September, 1636, one hundred\\nand forty of them embarked for New England, on board a\\nship they had built and called the Eagle Wing; but being\\ndriven back by contrary winds, they landed in the western\\npart of Scotland, where they were joined by many others,\\nfugitives also from the strong hand of oppression, and\\nthe enterprise was for the time abandoned. Had it been\\nprosecuted, says our authority, the Eagle Wing might\\nhave attained as enviable a celebrity in the annals of\\nAmerican colonization as the more fortunate May Flower.\\nFrom that time, with some few brief seasons of repose,\\nthe Scotch Presbyterians were continually harassed by\\nthe intolerance of the English Church and government,\\nbut their numbers increased in Ulster. At length, the\\nfines, imprisonments, and whippings became so intolerable\\nin 1679, 1682, and 1685, that crowds of exiles fled from\\noppression to East New Jersey, Carolina, and Maryland.\\nA considerable portion of this emigration was from the\\nnorth of Ireland, and the Scotch-Irish continued to pour\\ninto Pennsylvania, in such numbers, that in 1705, the\\nPresbyterian churches there were sufficiently numerous to\\nform a Presbytery. A large portion of these settlers, seek-\\ning for new lands, or dreading, from the colonial authori-\\nties, persecutions like those they had fled from, passed", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0258.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "COLONIZE THE VALLEY OP VIRGINIA. 247\\nthrough the more populous parts of the country, and\\nfound homes in what were then the frontier counties.\\nReceiving continually new accessions from abroad, the\\nstream of emigration extended southward until it crossed\\nthe Potomac, and spread through the valley of Virginia,\\nbetween the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny mountains.\\nThey found here rich valleys, clothed with verdant\\ngrasses and herbage, over which herds of buffalo and deer\\nstill grazed, and where game of various kinds abounded.\\nThese were favorite hunting grounds of the Indians, who\\ncame from the west, across the mountains, at certain\\nseasons of the year, in search of game, and who were not\\ndisposed to submit tamely to the intrusion of the white\\nmen. None could live here but hardy men, who were\\nwilling to fight, and ready at all times to defend them-\\nselves. And thus lived these sturdy Scotch-Irish emi-\\ngrants. They endured the privations, and learned the\\nhabits of the American backwoodsmen. Thoughtful and\\naustere, industrious and conscientious, they found no\\npleasure in the licence of the hunter s life, which they\\npursued only so far as their necessities required, preferring\\nthe quiet labors of the farm. But they belonged to a\\nbrave, high-spirited race. Tall and athletic, temperate\\nand inured to labor, they were a people of great muscular\\nenergy, who excelled in all such athletic exercises as\\nthey were induced to undertake, while their coolness and\\ncourage fitted them in an eminent degree for military\\nservices. They not only sustained themselves manfully\\nin the wilderness, but became blended and assimilated\\nwith the mass of backwoodsmen which soon swept over\\nthe Alleghenies, and were distinguished for their heroism\\nand their numerous adventures. Their adaptation for\\nfrontier life, was singularly and harmoniously combined\\nwith a love for peace, a high degree of mental culture,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0259.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "248 CHARACTER OF THE SCOTCH-IRISH.\\nand an elevated standard of morals. The church and the\\nschool-house were among the earliest structures in every\\nneighborhood. While yet there were no wagons, nor\\nroads, nor saw-mills, buildings of solid stone were erected\\nfor public worship; and we are told of an instance in\\nwhich the sand used in constructing a church was carried\\nsix miles, on the backs of horses, and what is worthy of\\nnotice, that this part of the work was all done by the\\nladies of the congregation.\\nIn Dr. Foote s Sketches of Yirginia, we find the follow-\\ning graphic passage, illustrative of the habits of this peo-\\nple From the time Mr. Cummings commenced preaching\\nat Sinking Spring, up to about the year 1776, the men\\nnever went to church without being armed, and taking\\ntheir families with them. On Sabbath morning, during\\nthis period, it was Mr. Cummings custom, for he was\\nalways a very neat man in his dress, to dress himself,\\nthen put on his shot-pouch, shoulder his rifle, mount his\\ndun horse, and ride off to church. There he met his gal-\\nlant and intelligent congregation, each man with his rifle\\nin his hand. When seated in the meeting-house, they\\npresented altogether a most solemn and singular spectacle.\\nMr. Cummings uniform habit, before entering the house,\\nwas to take a short walk alone, while the congregation\\nwere seating themselves; he would then return, at the\\ndoor hold a few words of conversation with some one of\\nthe elders of the church, then would gravely walk through\\nthis crowd, mount the steps of the pulpit, deposit his rifle\\nin a corner near him, lay off his shot-pouch, and commence\\nthe solemn worship of the day.\\nAmong their other sterling qualities, the Scotch-Irish\\nwere patriotic. They were staunch republicans, and not\\nHowe s History of Virginia.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0260.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "WHAT WASHINGTON THOUGHT. 249\\nonly the people, but their ministers, entered zealously into\\nthe cause in the American revolution; and it was of the\\npopulation of which they formed the chief part, that\\nWashington is reported to have said: That should all\\nhis plans be crushed, and but a single standard be left\\nhim, he would plant that standard on the Blue Ridge,\\nmake the mountain hights his barrier, and rallying round\\nhim the noble patriots of the Valley, found, under better\\nauspices, a new republic in the west/\\nThe Scotch-Irish, as we have said, were a tall and mus-\\ncular race, well adapted by their physical qualities to be-\\ncome the pioneers of new settlements, and the founders\\nof a new people. The whole population of the mountain\\nand valley districts of Virginia were distinguished for\\ntheir noble stature; and a remarkable illustration of this\\nfact is recorded of one of the companies of volunteers\\nfrom Augusta county, in the army of General Andrew\\nLewis, with which he fought the battle at Point Pleasant.\\nAt their departure from Staunton, the men of this com-\\npany were measured, and their stature respectively marked\\nupon the wall of the bar-room of Sampson Mathews,\\nwhere the record remained until the tavern was burnt\\nabout seventy years afterwards. None of them were less\\nthan six feet two inches high, except two little fellows who\\nmeasured only six feet.\\nSuch were the people who formed one of the advanced\\ncolumns in the great army of pioneers, that conquered\\nand settled the west. The same spirit which led them to\\nresist oppression in the land of their fathers, the same\\nelevation of principle and steadiness of character which\\ninspired them with courage to cling to their religion and\\ntheir own form of faith, under every vicissitude, the same\\nDavidson s History, p. 21.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0261.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "250 THEIR DEVOTION AND PATRIOTISM.\\nindependence of thought and character, which has marked\\ntheir whole history, made them ardent republicans, and\\nintrepid soldiers. Wherever they pitched their tents in\\nthe wilderness, there they erected the altar to the living\\nand true God, and made the forests vocal with their\\nhymns of praise; there they clung to the soil with the\\ntenacity of true patriotism, and were ready to fight for\\ntheir country and their faith. They were not only wil-\\nling to die for the land of their adoption, but evinced,\\nperhaps, a higher devotion in living for it. They brought\\nwith them a Christian spirit of love, which was exerted\\nzealously and continuously in efforts to diffuse the gospel,\\nand advance civilization. They cultivated the arts of\\npeace. However simple in their habits, however abste-\\nmious and even rude in their general appointments, they\\ncould not live without the means of education for their\\nchildren, and carried the schoolmaster with them in all\\ntheir migrations and that schoolmaster, the real old-\\nfashioned domine, who believed in Solomon and the rod,\\nand knew not, nor dreamed of, the modern heresy of\\nmoral suasion. The pioneer teachers had cultivated\\nlearning in themselves, under difficulties, and had little\\nidea of smoothing the way for others.\\nThe classical school was among their earliest institu-\\ntions; and in rude log huts, were devoted men teaching\\nnot merely the primer, but expounding the Latin poets,\\nand explaining to future lawyers and legislators and gene-\\nrals, the severer truths of moral and mathematical science.\\nMany a student, who was preparing himself for the bar or\\nthe pulpit, held up the lamp to younger aspirants for\\nliterary usefulness and honor, in these primitive haunts,\\nwhile the wolf barked in the surrounding thickets, and\\nthe Indians were kept at bay by the stout-hearted sires\\nof those who thus pursued knowledge under difficulties.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0262.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "EMIGRATION TO KENTUCKY. 251\\nQuite a number of the men who became distinguished in\\nafter life, were prepared for college in such schools, and\\nnot a few who acted well their parts in conspicuous sta-\\ntions, without betraying any deficiency of scholarship,\\ndrank at no fountain of learning of any higher name.\\nWhen the explorations of Boone and others, to which\\nwe have alluded, were made known in Virginia, the\\nwhole population became highly excited by the florid de-\\nscriptions of the delightful region of Kentucky; and par-\\nties of emigrants began to flock thither, especially from\\nthe frontier counties. Among the earliest adventurers,\\nwere many of the Presbyterians from the Valley. The\\nfirst party of which we have any account, consisted of\\nJames, George, and Robert M Afee, James M Coun, se-\\nnior, and Samuel Adams, who set out in May, 1773, and\\ndescended the Kenhawa and Ohio in boats. These were\\nsoon followed by others; and while all parts of Virginia\\nwere sending out emigrants to the West, a steady stream\\nof hardy men from the Valley, flowed continually in the\\nsame direction, forming, it is true, a small minority of the\\nmass, but constituting one of its most important elements.\\nTheir influence could not fail to be felt in the formation\\nof the new society. Enterprising and brave as other men,\\nthey bore their full share in all the labors and perils of\\nthe pioneers, while by their example and exertions a high\\ntone of morals was infused into the public mind. Sturdily\\nand stoutly they wielded the axe and the sword and as\\nstoutly and sturdily did they bear the Bible in their\\nhands, and found the institutions of their new communi-\\nties upon its precepts. In Kentucky, as in Virginia, the\\nschoolmaster was the humble companion and adjunct of\\nthe Presbyterian minister the meeting-house and the\\nschool-house grew up together; and the footprints of the\\nreceding Indian were scarcely effaced, before grammar,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0263.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "252 CHARACTER OF THEIR DESCENDANTS.\\nand rhetoric, and the Westminster catechism, began to be\\ntaught.\\nThe Scotch-Irish element would hardly, at first sight,\\nseem well adapted to mingle with the English cavalier\\nblood of the Old Dominion. But never did two streams\\nflow together more kindly. The lesser branch preserved\\nits individuality of character as Presbyterians, planting\\ntheir standard firmly, and winning converts by their\\nChristian faithfulness and denominational tenacity. In\\nall other respects, they became engrafted with the people,\\nand entirely merged their nationality. We know of no\\nother instance in the United States, in which a foreign\\npopulation have, in so brief a period, become so com-\\npletely absorbed into the mass of the people, and in which\\nthe peculiarities of race have been so thoroughly effaced.\\nIn Pennsylvania, the descendants of the same race are\\nstill a marked people, distinguished by their thrift, their\\ntemperance, their quiet Scotch humor, and the rich brogue\\nwhich survives the lapse of time and the changes of soil\\nand climate; while, in Kentucky, the offspring of that race\\nare Kentuckians, without any peculiarity of speech or\\nmanners. At the same time, they had too much charac-\\nter to become mingled with another people, without pro-\\nducing an impression; and there is little doubt, that in\\nthe Kentucky character, the Virginian element, which\\nforms its basis, has been modified in some degree by this\\nsmall but energetic addition.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0264.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "KENTUCKY. 253\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nCharacter of the Pioneers Men of Education among them The\\nKentuckians an enthusiastic, poetic, and eloquent people.\\nAt the close of the revolution, the State of Virginia\\nrewarded her military officers by donations of land, in\\nthe then district of Kentucky. Many of these gentlemen,\\nwith others, who, at the close of the war, found them-\\nselves without employment, emigrated to that country,\\ncarrying with them the courage, skill, and lofty notions\\nincident to military command. They became the leaders\\nin the Indian wars and as bravery is necessarily held\\nin the highest estimation among people who are exposed\\nto danger, they soon became the popular men of the\\ncountry, and filled many of the civil offices. A number\\nof these gentlemen had been active and distinguished\\nsoldiers, who had reaped the laurels of successful valor,\\nand earned the gratitude of their country while they\\nwere, at the same time, men of education and refinement.\\nThey had all the high tone of Virginia feeling, together\\nwith the military pride and the knowledge of the world,\\nacquired in several years of service. Seldom has a new\\ncommunity enjoyed the rare advantage of numbering\\namong the founders of her institutions, men in whom\\nwere united such rare and happy endowments. They had\\nthe polish and elegance of gentlemen, with the muscular", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0265.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "254 SETTLERS OF KENTUCKY.\\nstrength and courage of the backwoodsman. They were\\naccustomed to war, and to the athletic exercises of the\\nforest. They rode well, and wielded the rifle with fatal\\nprecision they were successful warriors and good hunt-\\ners yet they were well bred men, of easy manners,\\ncultivated minds, liberal opinions, and unbounded hos-\\npitality. A fair proportion of them were persons of\\nextensive property, or at least in easy circumstances,\\nwhich placed them above selfish considerations, and ena-\\nbled them to live up to the native liberality of the Vir-\\nginian character. The people and the institutions of the\\ncountry imbibed their spirit. Brave and hardy the Ken-\\ntuckians must have been, from their manner of life but\\nwe must attribute much of their hospitality, their polish,\\nand their intelligence, to the gentlemen of Virginia, who\\ncame in early times to this State, bringing with them\\neducation, wealth, and talents, and whose character is now\\ndiffused over the whole West, and impressed on the in-\\nstitutions of the newer States.\\n.Another fact is true of Kentucky, which does not occur\\nin the history of other Western States, or of new coun-\\ntries in general. This district, when first settled, formed\\na part of the territory of Virginia, lying in actual contact\\nwith the mother state and its settlement was considered\\nrather an expansion of the Old Dominion, than as the\\nformation of a new community. We do not discover,\\neither in the traditions or the writings of these times,\\nwhich have come down to us, that the settlers of Ken-\\ntucky were called emigrants. The idea of expatriation did\\nnot connect itself with their change of residence they\\nmoved out to an unsettled part of their own State, consi-\\ndered themselves as remaining in their native land, and\\ntransferred to the soil of Kentucky all the pride, the local\\nattachment, the love of country, which we find so promi-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0266.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "THEIR PECULIAR CHARACTER. 255\\nnent, so characteristic, so graceful in the Virginian cha-\\nracter. They were still Virginians.\\nThe peculiarities of the society thus constituted, were\\nbut little adulterated by manners or institutions foreign\\nfrom their own there was little emigration to Kentucky\\nfrom any other States than Virginia and North Carolina\\nnone from Europe, and scarcely any from the Eastern\\nStates. There was, therefore, a purely American popula-\\ntion, whose institutions began to be organized at a period\\ncontemporaneous with the birth of our national inde-\\npendence, when the pride of newly gained freedom was\\nglowing brightly, and patriotism was a new-born and\\nhighly cherished virtue.\\nWhen all these facts are considered, in connection with\\nthe geographical position, the fertility, and the resources\\nof the country, it is not difficult to understand the causes\\nof those peculiarities of national character, which have\\nalways distinguished the Kentuckians, and which still\\npoint them out to the most casual observer, as a separate\\npeople. The first stock were hunters or military men\\nan athletic, vigorous race, with hardy frames, active minds,\\nand bold spirits; and they lived for years surrounded by\\ndangers which kept them continually alert, and drew them\\noften into active military service. Obliged to think and\\nact for themselves, they acquired independence of thought\\nand habitual promptitude of demeanor. Separated from\\nthe parent State, and compelled to build up their own\\ncivil institutions, they canvassed freely every subject con-\\nnected with their political rights and internal policy.\\nThey inherited the frankness and generosity of the\\nsouthern character; and these traits were not deteriorated\\nby their residence in a fertile country, surrounded with\\nabundance. Courage would naturally be held in high\\nestimation, by a people whose ancestors were brave and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0267.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "256 A ROMANTIC PEOPLE.\\ncontinually engaged in warfare and we find, accordingly,\\nthat this virtue is still in great repute among the Ken-\\ntuckians. They are daring, impetuous, and tenacious of\\ntheir honor chivalrous, fond of adventure, courteous to\\nfemales, and hospitable to the stranger.\\nAnd is it not obvious, that the Kentuckians must be\\nan enthusiastic, a poetic, and an eloquent race? That\\nthey are so in fact, we are all aware and it seems natural\\nthat such should be their character. The mercurial tem-\\nperament of the southern constitution, has been preserved\\nin them, and improved by the circumstances of their his-\\ntory; to the high-toned feeling and hot blood of the south,\\nthere has been added a hardiness of frame and an energy\\nof mind, naturally growing out of the incidents of border\\nlife. They live in a land of unrivaled beauty, where the\\nbounties of Heaven have been poured out upon the earth\\nin rich profusion in a wide, a boundless country, filled\\nwith gigantic productions. The whole period of their\\nhistory, is crowded with romantic adventure. From their\\ncradles, they have been accustomed to listen to the wildest\\nand most curious legends to tales of such thrilling\\nhorror, as to curdle the blood of the hearer, while they\\nawaken his incredulity. Their traditions are wonderfully\\nrich, and full of the most absorbing interest. There is\\nhardly a family which does not preserve the reminiscence\\nof some mournful catastrophe, or cherish the recollection\\nof a daring exploit. With such an origin, such scenes,\\nand such recollections, they cannot be other than an\\noriginal and highly romantic people.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0268.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORIANS. 257\\nCHAPTEE XIX.\\nEarly Literature Imlay s Kentucky.\\nIt is to be regretted that so few of the records of the\\nearly history of this interesting people have been pre-\\nserved; that it had not been more customary among\\nthem, to describe in writing, their first impressions of\\nthis beautiful country, and to narrate those singularly\\nromantic personal adventures which now excite so much\\nadmiration. But the pioneers were not persons of literary\\nhabits, nor did the country, until lately, afford those\\nfacilities which are requisite to produce and nourish a\\nnative literature. Few of those who visited the western\\nfrontier at an early period, have described it as it then\\nexisted and although some of the first settlers, who saw\\nthe beautiful shores of the Ohio arrayed in their native\\nmagnificence, are still in existence, they must soon pass\\naway, and carry with them the traditions which supply the\\nplace of history, in reference to that interesting period.\\nYet there were some writers, even then, whose works are\\nnow for the most part out of print, and only to be found\\nin the cabinets of the very few gentlemen who take the\\npains to preserve those interesting relics of a past age.\\nOne of the best of these was Captain Imlay, a gentleman\\nof respectable talents, who, from actual inspection, was\\nenabled to furnish a variety of interesting details, re-\\nspecting the country, as it appeared when visited by him\\nprevious to the year 1793.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0269.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "258 captain imlay s work.\\nThis old book contains one of the earliest published\\naccounts of the district of country which it professes to\\ndescribe, and we were surprised to find with how much\\naccuracy it depicts all the strong features of a region\\nwhich was then but little known. The writer seems to\\nhave been intimately acquainted with Kentucky from\\npersonal observation, and to have written chiefly from\\nthe stores of his own experience. Like all others who\\nvisited the western forests while yet in their pristine\\nluxuriance, while the native vegetation still flourished in\\nwild and vigorous beauty, and the eye feasted on a pro-\\nfusion of luxuriant verdure, he was delighted with these\\nrefreshing scenes, which he sometimes describes with all\\nthe animation of genuine feeling. The following passage\\nshows the effect produced by this scenery on the mind\\nof a sensible man for Captain Imlay was certainly a\\nsensible and very honest writer and testifies that our\\nown generation is not singular in its admiration of the\\nsplendors of the Great West.\\nThe east side of the Ohio, for about ten or twenty\\nmiles below Wheeling, which is about one hundred below\\nPittsburgh, is generally well settled. There are few set-\\ntlements on the opposite shore, until you come to the\\nMuskingum, and the country now wears the face of a\\nwilderness on both sides of the river, there being no\\nhabitations worth notice, except at the mouth of the\\nGreat Kenhaway, until we arrive at Limestone.\\nEvery thing here assumes a dignity and splendor I\\nhave never seen in any other part of the world. You\\nascend a considerable distance from the shore of the\\nOhio, and when you would suppose you had arrived at\\nthe summit of a mountain, you find yourself upon an\\nextensive level. Here an eternal verdure reigns, and\\n*Now Mavsville.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0270.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "THE BANKS OF THE OHIO. 259\\nthe brilliant sun of lat. 39, piercing through the azure\\nheavens, produces, in this prolific soil, an early maturity,\\nwhich is truly astonishing. Flowers, full and perfect as\\nif they had been cultivated by the hand of a florist, with\\nall their captivating odours, and with all the variegated\\ncharms which color and nature can produce, here, in the\\nlap of elegance and beauty, decorate the smiling groves.\\nSoft zephyrs gently breathe on sweets, and the inhaled\\nair gives a voluptuous glow of health and vigor, that\\nseems to ravish the intoxicated senses. The sweet song-\\nsters of the forest appear to feel the influence of this\\ngenial clime, and, in more soft and modulated tones,\\nwarble their tender notes in unison with love and nature.\\nEvery thing here gives delight; and, in that mild efful-\\ngence which beams around us, we feel a glow of gratitude\\nfor the elevation which our all bountiful Creator has\\nbestowed upon us. Far from being disgusted with man\\nor his depravity, we feel that dignity which nature be-\\nstowed on us at the creation but which has been con-\\ntaminated by the base alloy of meanness, the concomitant\\nof European education, c.\\nFrom Limestone to Licking creek, the country is im-\\nmensely rich, and covered with cane, rye grass, and the\\nnative clover. The cane is a reed which grows to a hight,\\nfrequently, of fifteen or sixteen feet, but more generally\\nabout ten or twelve, and is in thickness from the size of\\na goose quill, to that of two inches in diameter; some-\\ntimes, yet seldom, it is larger. When it is slender, it\\nnever grows higher than from four to seven feet; it shoots\\nup in one summer, but produces no seeds until the follow-\\ning year. It is an evergreen, and is, perhaps, the most\\nnourishing food for cattle upon earth. No other milk or\\nbutter has such flavor and richness as that which is pro-\\nduced from cows which feed upon cane. Horses which", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0271.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "260 imlay s idea op new states.\\nfeed upon it, work nearly as well as if they were fed upon\\ncorn, provided care is taken to give them, once in three\\nor four days, a handful of salt, c.\\nIt is exceedingly interesting to contrast the anticipations\\nwhich were indulged forty years ago, in relation to the\\nthen approaching political character of this country, with\\nthe results that have been produced within that period.\\nAfter predicting the formation of several new States south\\nof Kentucky, the author proceeds to speak of the proba-\\nble divisions of the country north-west of the Ohio. He\\nThat ridge of hills which divides the waters of this\\nriver from that of the lakes running south-westwardly,\\nuntil they run north-westwardly and divide the sources of\\nthe Wabash and Illinois rivers from the southern branches\\nof the lakes, will be most likely to mark the limits to the\\nwest of the upper State upon the western side of the Ohio.\\nThe ridge of hills which divides the waters of the Alle-\\ngheny river from those of the Genesee, will bound it on\\nthe north; the Allegeny river and the Ohio to the east;\\nand the Muskingum to the south. The next State I\\nshould form between the Muskingum and Scioto, the\\nOhio, and that ridge of hills between the sources of these\\nrivers and those of lake Erie. The third, between the\\nScioto, the Great Miami, the Ohio, and the same ridge of\\nhills. The country lying between the Mississippi, Ohio,\\nWabash, and the same hills, I would put into another\\nState; and the country lying between the Wabash, Ohio,\\nMississippi, and Illinois rivers, I would establish into a\\nfifth State.\\nBetween the mouth of the Illinois river and the waters\\nof lake Michigan, lies a district of country equally fertile\\nwith any part of the western country but in the progres-\\nsion of our settlements, it will be some years before any", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0272.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "GAME IN HIS TIME. 261\\nsettlement can be formed there, except in the fork of\\nthe Mississippi and Illinois, which may be erected into\\na State, by running a line from St. Anthony s Falls, in\\nsuch a direction as to strike the head branches of the\\nIllinois.\\nThese paragraphs are entertaining, as they show the\\nnotions of an intelligent man who wrote forty years ago,\\nand who doubtless expresses the opinions of others, as well\\nas his own.\\nThe writer s remarks on the productions of the country\\nare accurate, and would be nearly true even now.\\nOf the wild animals and game of the country, he\\nsays\\nThe buffalo are mostly driven out of Kentucky. Some\\nare still found on the head waters of Licking creek, Great\\nSandy, and the head waters of Green river. Deer abound\\nin the extensive forests; but the elk confines itself mostly\\nto the hilly and uninhabited places.\\nThe rapidity of the settlement has driven the wild\\nturkey quite out of the middle counties; but they are\\nfound in large flocks in all our extensive woods.\\nAmidst the mountains and broken country are great\\nnumbers of the grouse I have described; and since the\\nsettlement has been established, the quail, following the\\ntrail of the grain which is necessarily scattered through\\nthe wilderness, has migrated from the old settlements on\\nthe other side of the mountain, and has become a constant\\nresident with us. This bird was unknown here on the first\\npeopling of the country.\\nIt may not be uninteresting to our readers to notice\\nthe anticipations which were current forty years ago, in\\nreference to the production of some of the necessaries of\\nlife, as, for instance, the article of sugar. The writer re-\\nmarks", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0273.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "262 THE SUGAR MAPLE TREE.\\nThe extensive climate of this country I believe is no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0where warm enough for the cultivation of the sugar cane\\nwith success and to import it would be too expensive by\\nreason of its great weight but nature has superseded that\\nnecessity in the supply of the sugar maple tree. It has\\nlong been known that sugar could be made from the juice\\nof this tree; but from the imperfect knowledge of the\\nbusiness of sugar making, the samples from this liquid\\nwere such as promised no great expectations in future ex-\\nperiments: however, the necessity the people were under\\nof making them, or doing without sugar, proved that with\\ncare and proper management, it could be made equal to\\nthe finest sugars of the West Indies or Brazil. Some\\nsamples shown to a sugar refiner in Philadelphia (which\\nastonished him), produced several instructions in the art,\\nwhich occasioned immediate success.\\nThe people began to treat sugar trees more tenderly:\\nand instead of chopping a large gap in their trunk, which\\nhad always been the practice, and which was sufficient to\\ndestroy a less tender tree, the juice was found to ooze as\\neffectually from an incision made with a screw auger of\\nthree fourths of an inch in diameter. But this was the\\nsmallest of the improvement. All the means made use of\\nin the West Indies for the perfection of the art, were soon\\nascertained and practiced; so that the country is not only\\nequal to supply itself with sugar, but might, with increase\\nof hands, supply the inhabitants of the globe.\\nThe sugar maple tree not only grows in the greatest\\nabundance throughout this country, within limits I have\\nmentioned, but it is known to be the hardiest, and the\\nmost difficult to destroy, of all the trees in our forests, the\\nbeech not excepted, by the planters, who have a method\\nof chopping or girding the trunks of trees about one foot\\nand a half above the ground, in order to kill them, c.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0274.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "COAL, LIMESTONE, CLAY, ETC. 263\\nIt is known that old trees produce the most and the\\nrichest juice; and it is also known that trees which have\\nbeen used for years are better than fresh trees. It is a\\ncommon remark, that whenever you see a black tree of\\nthis sort, it is a sure sign it is a rich one. The blackness\\nproceeds from incisions made in the bark by the pecking of\\nthe parroquet and other birds, in the season of the juice\\nrising, which, oozing out, dribbles down its sides and stains\\nthe bark, which in the progression of time becomes black.\\nI have mentioned these particulars with a view to\\nprevent your falling into the general error, that the re-\\nsource of making sugar from the maple will soon be\\ndestroyed from the very nature of producing it; believing,\\nas many do, that it is impossible for the tree to be able\\nto bear the annual wounds which are necessary to be made\\nin its trunk in order to draw off the juice, and that a few\\nyears must necessarily extirpate them. Now, so far from\\ntheir being any danger of that, experience has shown that\\nthe longer they are used in a proper manner, the more\\nplentiful and rich will be their juice, to a certain age,\\nwhich will be in proportion to the life of those trees. No\\nexact estimate can be made of that; but I conclude their\\ndecay is not earlier than that of other trees.\\nThe author proceeds to speak of the salt springs, beds\\nof coal, limestone, clay for making brick, c, in relation\\nto all which essential articles, his account has been more\\nthan realized by subsequent experience. Few countries\\ncan boast such a remarkable variety and abundance of\\nnatural resources as this.\\nThe following observation is amusing enough\\nWhen you arrive in Kentucky, you experience a\\nmilder temperature of air than in any country I have ever\\ntravelled in, Farenheit s thermometer seldom falling be-\\nlow 35 degrees in winter, nor rising above 80 in summer.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0275.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "264 THE CLIMATE IN IMLAY s TIME.\\nHad the captain s lot been cast among us during the\\nsummer of 1834, he would have found the temperature\\nrather above 80 degrees, and some of the recent winters\\nwould have taught him that the thermometer can some-\\ntimes fall below 35. Can it be, that our seasons have\\nchanged so much, or has Imlay, with all his candor and\\naccuracy, made so wide a mistake? According to him,\\nthe thermometer only ranges about 45 degrees, in this\\ncountry, in the whole year; when in fact in the single\\nmonth of August, 1834, the maximum heat was 99, and\\nthe minimum 51, showing a range of 48 degrees.\\nThere is no subject whatever, in relation to a new\\ncountry, about which such gross mistakes and wild guesses\\nare made, as that of climate. It is a matter upon which\\nevery one forms an opinion, and in reference to which,\\nopinions are as numerous as the nature of the subject will\\nadmit. The reason is, that people judge of the weather\\nfrom their own feelings, and decide not by the variations\\nof the thermometer, but by the rise and fall of their own\\nspirits, or the sufferings of their bodies from incidental\\nexposure. In older countries, there are established facts\\nwhich serve as standards for popular compassion tradition\\nhas handed down a series of circumstances which enable\\nthe most ignorant to compare one season with another,\\nand which serve to correct the hasty judgment of the\\ntraveler, or the diseased imagination of the valetudinarian.\\nThere are actual experiments also, and scientific observa-\\ntions, founded on principles which cannot deceive, and\\ncorrected from year to year. In a new country, also,\\npeople are more exposed to the changes and inclemencies\\nof weather, than persons who are surrounded by the com-\\nforts of life. A large portion are travelers, emigrants,\\nor persons recently settled in frail habitations, which do\\nnot afford complete protection from the extremes of heat", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0276.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "HOW OPINIONS OF CLIMATE ARE FORMED. 265\\nor cold and all these being interested in every change of\\nthe atmosphere, feel and notice such vicissitudes. This\\nis the true cause of the idle remarks which we so often\\nhear about our western climate. Every traveler and emi-\\ngrant has a theory of his own. It is a common remark,\\nthat the changes of atmosphere are greater and more\\nsudden here than at the east. The truth is, that persons\\nresiding in cities and well-built towns, pay little attention\\nto the weather, because it interferes comparatively but\\nlittle with their comfort, and not at all with their business.\\nIf it rains, the citizen unfurls his umbrella, and walks on\\na good pavement; if the sun shines intensely hot, he takes\\nthe shady side of the street; if it freezes, he closes his\\ndoor, and increases his fire. The traveler feels the incon-\\nvenience of all these changes, and becomes a sensitive\\nobserver, and often an ill-natured critic in matters about\\nwhich he had before scarcely ever thought; and the new\\nsettler, subjected to more exposure than he has ever been\\naccustomed to, finds out capricious varieties and evil\\nqualities in the climate, which exist only in his own\\ndiseased imagination.\\n23", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0277.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "266 ALEXANDER WILSON.\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nEARLY LITERATU R\\nAbout the year 1806, the distinguished writer of the\\nAmerican Ornithology, Alexander Wilson, visited the\\nWest. Of humble birth, and with a defective education,\\nhe was an able and remarkable man. Bred a weaver, at\\nPaisley, in Scotland, he became a philosopher and a\\nnaturalist of more than ordinary attainments and powers\\nof argument, and a writer of great force, and sometimes\\ngreat felicity and spirit. His descriptions of birds are\\nwritten in a style far more attractive than that in which\\nthe details of natural science are usually conveyed they\\nare minute and accurate, while they are glowing, spirited,\\nand eloquent. He was not much known as a naturalist,\\nif at all, before he came to America. It was here that\\nhe studied the great volume of nature, with a lover s de-\\nvotion, and composed that beautiful History of American\\nBirds, which remains a lasting monument of his fame.\\nIn his favorite pursuit, the study of birds, he traveled\\nover the United States. His plan was to seek the feath-\\nered inhabitants of the fields and forests, the mountains\\nand marshes, in their chosen localities, to see them in\\ntheir haunts and homes, to watch them in their daily\\npursuits, in their gambols and their loves, in the search\\nof food, the care of their young, their migrations, in all\\ntheir lives and habits. In the course of his rambles, he\\nsought the shores of the Ohio, and embarking at Pitts-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0278.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "fillson s life OF BOONE. 267\\nburgh, alone, in a small skiff, he floated down the current\\nof the Beautiful River. At night he slept at the solitary\\ncabin of the settler, unless when a brilliant moon allowed\\nhim to continue his voyage, listening to the song of the\\nmocking bird, or the hooting of the owl. All the day,\\nas he glided along, his eye sought the plumage of the\\nbird, his ear listened for the song and the flapping of\\nthe wing often he landed on the wooded shore, to pursue\\nhis favorites as they flew from tree to tree, or to sit for\\nhours taking notes of their appearance and conduct. He\\nleft the river at Limestone, now Maysville, and journeyed\\non foot to Lexington and Frankfort, and thence south to\\nTennessee. An account of his travels was published in\\nnumbers, in the Port Folio, a monthly periodical, printed\\nat Philadelphia; and a poem of considerable length, and\\nno small merit, which appeared in the same work, was\\nalso descriptive of his wandering through the forest.\\nA Life of Daniel Boone, written by Fillson, from the\\ndictation of Boone, is a capital relic of our early litera-\\nture but it has been quoted from so liberally by other\\nbiographers, that nothing is left to be gleaned from it.\\nWe shall notice two other productions, each of which\\nis curious in its way.\\nRecollections of Persons and Places in the West. By H. M.\\nBrackenridge, a native of the Ohio.\\nThose who have lived long in the world, and have been\\nattentive observers of the scenes which are passing around\\nthem, cannot fail to have remarked that the romance of\\nreal life often exceeds, in the novelty and unexpectedness\\nof its incidents, the wildest of those creations of fancy\\nwhich profess to be true to nature. We occasionally\\nwitness scenes, the recital of which by another, we should\\nsuppose to be exaggerated; as the ocean is continually", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0279.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "268 brackenridge s recollections.\\nheaving up from the treasures of her hidden caverns, those\\nanomalous productions that lie concealed in her depths in\\nrich exuberance, but which the eye of man has not seen\\nbefore, so the turbulent waves of time often expose to\\nview the singular events in human life, which exist in\\nsufficient abundance, but usually float quietly along be-\\nneath the surface of society, unmarked, except by the\\neye that penetrates into the arcana of human action, and\\nsearches out the secret springs of thought and motive.\\nThe pages of autobiography exhibit many of these curious\\nspecimens of singular adventure and original thought.\\nThe volume before us possesses this character in a\\nhigh degree. The writer is a man of genius, with much\\nstrength of character, and a marked peculiarity of mind,\\nwhich is not so discernible in his style, as in the views\\nwhich he takes of life. He has seen more of life than\\nmost men, and has told more of his own experience than\\nthe pride of most men would permit them to divulge.\\nHis father, the author of Modern Chivalry, was a dis-\\ntinguished lawyer, and one of the judges of the Supreme\\nCourt of Pennsylvania. He was a man of genius and\\neccentricity, but who said of himself, that he was the\\nonly man of his own acquaintance who was not eccentric.\\nA variety of singular stories, in relation to him, are pre-\\nserved in the traditions of western Pennsylvania, where\\nhe practiced law successfully for many years, and left\\nbehind him a reputation for shrewd common sense and\\ncaustic wit, by which he is better known in that region\\nthan by his writings. He was one of the choice speci-\\nmens of scholastic learning so common in the past history\\nof the bar, and of whom few, if any representatives, are\\nto be found among the practitioners of the present day.\\nLike the erudite domine of Scott, he had a gigantic\\nintellect, fit to grapple whole libraries, and he had grap-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0280.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "H. M. BRACKENRIDGE. 269\\npled them with such lusty courage, that he not only\\nknew the ancient tongues familiarly, but was thoroughly\\nimbued with the treasures of classical thought and im-\\nagery, and had pored with intense application over all\\nthe dusty volumes of antiquity.\\nWith such a parent on the one side, Braokenridge\\ndescribes himself as the offspring of indigence and ob-\\nscurity on the other. He lost his mother in his infancy,\\nand found himself at the date to which his earliest recol-\\nlections extend, a neglected orphan, living under the\\ncharge of a cobbler s wife, and faring, he says, as well\\nas might be expected that is, I was half-starved, half-\\nclad, and well scorched and meazled in the hot ashes and\\nembers. He makes honorable mention of Joe, the cob-\\nbler s lady s son, who, by his own showing, was a sad\\nrogue. While he was yet a child, his father married, the\\nboy was acknowledged, and might have tasted the sweets\\nof protection and kindness, had not the whimsical idea\\npresented itself to the learned parent, of sending him to\\nthe French villages on the Mississippi, for the purpose\\nof learning to speak the French language vernacularly,\\nby being reared up among the people of that nation. At\\nseven years old he was placed under the charge of a\\nFrench trader, and sent to Ste. Genevieve. This was in\\n1793, and he speaks of seeing Wayne s army encamped at\\nHobson s Choice, now a part of the city of Cincinnati.\\nThe shores of the river Ohio were then, for the most part,\\nunsettled. The little boat in which they were embarked,\\npassed as silently as possible, keeping near the Kentucky\\nside of the river, from apprehension of the Indians.\\nHow deep a solitude at that day reigned along the\\nbeautiful banks of the Ohio. The passage to Louisville\\nfrom Pittsburgh was dangerous, and frequent murders\\nwere committed by Indians on whole families descending", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0281.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "270 FRENCH POLITENESS.\\nthe river, a danger which was not sufficient to repress\\nemigration.\\nFrom Louisville, they passed on five hundred miles\\nfarther, without any settlements, to the mouth of the\\nOhio, and thence proceeded to New Madrid, a small\\nSpanish military post on the Mississippi. Here they\\nwere mounted on horses, and traveled through the wilder-\\nness ten days to Ste. Genevieve. The only French words\\nhe had picked up on his voyage, were oui and non and\\nwhen the boys, whom curiosity drew around him, asked\\nhim questions, all his answers were drawn from this\\nlimited vocabulary. Where have you come from? in-\\nquired the French boys. Yes. What is your name?\\nNo. The author makes the following comment on the\\nconduct, so characteristic of the French. To the honor\\nof these boys be it spoken or rather to the honor of\\ntheir parents, who had taught them true politeness in-\\nstead of turning me into ridicule, as soon as they dis-\\ncovered I was a strange boy, they vied with each other in\\nshowing me every act of kindness.\\nThe author gives a graphic description of this ancient\\nFrench village, the people, the balls, and particularly of\\nM. Bauvais, at whose house he lived; a tall, dry, old\\nFrench Canadian, dressed in the costume of the place,\\nwhich was odd enough, but which is still in fashion in\\nthat pleasant region. He was a man of a grave and\\nserious aspect, entirely unlike the gay Frenchmen we are\\naccustomed to see; and this seriousness was not a little\\nhightened, by the fixed rigidity of the maxillary muscles,\\noccasioned by having his pipe continually in his mouth,\\nexcept while in bed, or at mass, or during meals. Ma-\\ndame Bauvais was a large fat lady, with an open cheerful\\ncountenance, and a most excellent person. We have seen\\ncouples in the French villages who might have sat for", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0282.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "HIS STAY AT STE. GENEVIEVE. 271\\ntheir portraits the wife laughing and growing fat, and\\nthe husband smoking tobacco and waxing lean; but both\\npreserving the gayety and benevolence of the national\\ncharacter.\\nHe spent three years in happiness, such as readily\\nflings its sunshine over the young heart which is tenderly\\ncherished, and surrounded only by the gay and the ami-\\nable. The object of his residence was attained\u00e2\u0080\u0094 he could\\nspeak French, and had learned to be as polite as a French\\ndancing-master; but another effect had been produced,\\nwhich his father had not anticipated he had forgotten\\nhis native tongue! He declared that he had forgotten it\\nso entirely, as not to be able to speak a word of English;\\nand how could it be otherwise, mingling only with those\\nunsophisticated villagers, who were as ignorant of the\\nEnglish language, as some of our statesmen are of bank-\\ning, or as most of our geographers are of the topography\\nof their own country. Mr. B. says of the French:\\nThe time now approached when I was to take my de-\\nparture from the place where I had passed nearly three\\nhappy infantile years my recollections of my father had\\nmore in them of terror than of love, and my affections,\\nlike the young tendrils of the vine, had fasiened on nearer\\nobjects, from which they could not be separated without\\nbeing torn. The same gentleman who had before brought\\nme here, came to take me away; and with many tears, I\\nleft the kind people to whom I owed so much. I owed\\nthem much for the care they had taken of my person,\\nand still more for the pains with which they had preserved\\nthe health and purity of my mind. I left them with a\\nheart innocent and virtuous, and with impressions which,\\nif not indelible, were sufficient to carry me a long dis-\\ntance through the temptations of vice and folly. I was\\ntaught to reverence my parents, to respect the aged, to be", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0283.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "272 RETURNS TO PITTSBURGH.\\npolite to my equals, and to speak the truth to every one.\\nI was taught to restrain my temper, to practice self-denial,\\nto be compassionate to man and beast, to receive without\\nmurmur or complaint what was provided for me, and to be\\nthankful to God for every blessing.\\nHe was now to return to Pittsburgh a voyage of fif-\\nteen hundred miles two hundred down the Mississippi,\\nthe remainder of the distance against the current of the\\nOhio. The boat in which he went was small, and laden\\nwith lead and peltries. On the way, they fell in with\\nPower the same person who figured in the annals of\\nthe West at that day, and who was employed by Spain to\\nbring about a separation of the Western country from the\\nrest of the Union. He was a remarkably handsome man,\\nand a gentleman in his manners. He had a handkerchief\\nfull of dollars in his hand, which he allowed young Brack-\\nenridge to amuse himself with, by jingling them on the\\nrock ours was then a hard money government.\\nIn ascending the Ohio, as the shores were uninhabited,\\nand there were no boats going down, they often suffered\\nfor provisions. Except two log-cabins at the Red Banks,\\nthere was not a house from the mouth of the river to the\\nFalls. They sometimes shot game, but often endured the\\nmost painful sensations of hunger. Young Brackenridge\\nsuffered most. He was a boy, and was treated no bet-\\nter than a menial. Bad usage and exposure to weather\\nbrought on an ague, and on their arrival at Galliopolis,\\nhe was so ill, as to be of necessity left there. Here he\\nremained with the French, without money, unknown, and\\nperforming the lowest offices of a domestic, but treated\\nkindly, until General Wilkinson came along, and took\\nhim in his barge to Pittsburgh. Here he was received\\nwith rapture by Joe, who hugged him but with great\\ncomposure by his father, who, as his long-absent son en-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0284.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "A SINGULAR INCIDENT. 273\\ntered, raised his spectacles, as lie accosted the trembling\\nlad with Well boy, can you read French?\\nThe author was now set to learning his native tongue,\\nthen Latin and Greek, under the immediate superintend-\\nence of his father, who seemed determined to make him a\\ngreat man, by dint of hard study. He was overtasked,\\nsurcharged, and surfeited with classical knowledge, con-\\nfined, and driven to study, until the process became\\npainful and laborious. This part of the volume is curious\\nand instructive. It presents us with a minute account of\\nthe education of a lad of genius, under the direction of a\\nfather whose own stores of acquired knowledge were great,\\nand gives an impressive example of a most defective edu-\\ncation. Between his father, who was never wearied of\\nheaping tasks upon him, and Joe, who would fain have\\nallured him to the haunts of youthful dissipation, he was\\nin a fair way to be spoiled.\\nA singular incident occurred on Mr. Brackenridge s\\nreturn from Louisiana, in relation to a lady who had\\ntreated him kindly while he lived with the cobbler s wife,\\nwhich he thus relates\\nThe reader will expect to hear something of my kind\\nbenefactress, who had been so much afflicted by my de-\\nparture for Louisiana. Joe carried me to see her, on the\\nevening of my return from that eventful peregrination,\\nand the joy which she manifested, and the caresses with\\nwhich she overwhelmed me, can be better imagined than\\ndescribed. She placed in my arms her infant daughter,\\nher first and last-born child, and caused my face to be\\nsuffused with blushes, by telling me that the innocent\\nbabe was to be my wife and yet this wish, formed by her\\nperhaps at the moment of the birth of her daughter, has\\nactually been realized she is my wife, and the mother of\\nmy children?", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0285.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "274 EARLY LITERATURE.\\nWe have not room to follow the author to Jefferson\\nCollege; nor to dwell on his course of law studies; nor to\\naccompany him to Baltimore, where he attempted to com-\\nmence the practice; nor to travel back with him to the\\nWest, when, disgusted with his ill success, he left the city.\\nWe shall only add, that the author has, in this volume,\\nbrought his biography down to his twenty-fifth year, and\\nthat it is filled with anecdotes of persons and places. The\\nauthor s reminiscences of Fort Pitt and its inhabitants\\nare exceedingly interesting. He promises to continue his\\nwork. The most important scenes of his life remain to\\nbe described. Since the period at which this volume\\nleaves him, he has traveled though Upper Louisiana, and\\nwritten a volume of Views of that region; he has been\\nto South America on a diplomatic mission and has been a\\njudge in Florida. We shall look with impatience for the\\nremainder of this interesting work.\\nNarrative of William Biggs, while he was a prisoner loith\\nthe Kichapoo Indians, then living opposite to the old\\nWeawes town, on the west bank of the Wabash river. I\\nivas then living at Bellfontain, about forty miles north of\\nKashashia village, in the Illinois country, and about\\ntwenty miles South of Cahokia village. Printed for the\\nAuthor. June, 1826.\\nThe above is the title of a pamphlet containing one of\\nthe most interesting sketches of personal adventure af-\\nforded in all the annals of the truly romantic vicissitudes\\nattendant upon the settlement of our country. We re-\\nmember to have seen the author, a venerable farmer, in\\neasy circumstances, holding a respectable civil office in\\nthe State of Illinois, upon the same spot where he had\\nendured the perils incident to the life of the pioneer.\\nHe was one of the many who, after years of perilous", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0286.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "NARRATIVE OF WILLIAM BIGGS. 275\\nexposure, in a savage wilderness, distant from other set-\\ntlements of white men, lived to attain a patriarchal age,\\nand fell like a ripe sheaf full of years, having witnessed\\nthe accumulation of an industrious population around\\nhim, the introduction of the arts of peace, and the firm\\nestablishment of law and social order. What a rebuke\\ndoes such a picture- convey to those who are discontented\\nwith the lot in which Providence has placed them espe-\\ncially to those in our own flourishing country, who are\\nnot satisfied with its rapid advancement and happy con-\\ndition, but murmur at the present state of society, and\\nprophesy all manner of evil to the rising generation\\nThe pages of history, when calmly investigated, exhibit\\nto the sober mind of benevolence no passage of such\\nfreshness and moral beauty, as that which discloses the\\norigin and rapid growth of our Western States none\\nwhich the patriot may contemplate with such unalloyed\\npride, or the Christian study with emotions of purer\\napprobation. We may here, without the aid of magic,\\nthe invention of poetry, or the assistance of artificial\\nscenic mimicry, gaze at transformations more truly won-\\nderful than any which natural causes could have been\\npre-supposed to be capable of producing. We are led by\\nthe gray-haired citizen, still in the vigor of a green old\\nage, to the spot where his log hut once stood, in the silent\\nforest where the young mother guarded her offspring\\nfrom violence with the art of the parent bird, and heard\\nthe distant warnings of danger with the vigilance of the\\nstartled deer where the pestilence lurked in the heavy\\nfoliage where the panther and the wolf roamed by\\nnight and the Indian, maddened into a desperate cou-\\nrage, by the complicated impulses of superstition, revenge,\\nand patriotism, exerted all his dreadful energies in op-\\nposing the advance of civilization. Such is the tale of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0287.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "276 HIS OWN BIOGRAPHER.\\nthe living witness but we see no trace of its reality.\\nThe scene has shifted, and not a feature of its barbarism\\nremains. A magnificent and brilliant exhibition is pre-\\nsented, as if by the sudden rising of a curtain. The\\naged man with his weather-beaten features, his primitive\\nmanners, and his scars gained in battle, is still before us,\\nbut the buffalo has fled to distant plains, the savage man\\nhas retired, and around us are cities, commerce, and art,\\nsteamboats, railroads, colleges, and literature Y\\nThe participation of the western pioneers in the dangers\\nof the Revolutionary War has never been sufficiently in-\\nsisted on. During the whole of that turbulent period,\\nthey fought the common enemy with the most obstinate\\nvalor, keeping at bay the savages, who would otherwise\\nhave been poured into the heart of the colonies, and\\nrendering services as efficient as any that were ever per-\\nformed on any part of the continent. They fought with\\ntheir own weapons and without pay, and not being en-\\nrolled in the Continental service, have not been included\\namong the revolutionary pensioners.\\nThe pamphlet before us has the merit of having been\\nwritten by its putative author, who was not particularly\\nwell skilled in spelling or composition, and in conse-\\nquence would be called, among us, an illiterate man, but\\na little further east, would be considered ignorant, under\\nthe decree of that public sentiment which comprehends\\nthe idea of knowledge with an expertness in penman-\\nship, and a ready use of the signs of the alphabet and\\nthe figures of arithmetic. It is an emanation from the\\ndark mass of mind that within half a century has built\\nup an empire in the West, has given rulers to the nation,\\nand has been represented in the national legislature by\\nan eloquence which stands unrivaled.\\nIt is also interesting, as it exhibits the savage cha-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0288.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "SETTLES AT BELLE FONTAIN. 277\\nracter in a new aspect from that in which it has usually-\\nbeen represented. We have seen only the darkest side\\nof that picture. The fearful atrocities of the savage, his\\ntreachery, and his cunning, stand out in such bold relief,\\nthat the redeeming traits of his character are almost\\nwholly unknown. We think of his savage thirst for\\nblood, and shudder; we see him wielding the gory\\nhatchet, and turn away from the contemplation of his\\nmoral nature, under the conviction that all his habits\\nand passions are so depraved as to afford nothing that it\\nwould be pleasing to remark, or instructive to study.\\nThe narrative of Mr. Biggs places the Indian before us\\nunder more favorable circumstances, and shows that how-\\never cruel he may be, when acting under the excitement\\nthat leads him to war or to plunder, he is at other times\\nsusceptible of cheerful and kind emotions, and not deaf\\nto the claims of reason and humanity.\\nIn the year 1788, Mr. Biggs was one of a few Ameri-\\ncans who had settled at Belle Fontain, in that part of\\nIllinois which is now included in the county of Monroe,\\nand about twenty miles below St. Louis. There were no\\nother white settlements in Illinois, at that time, except\\nthose of the French, which were scattered from Kaskaskia\\nto Cahokia, a distance of sixty miles. East of them were\\nthe French post at Vincennes, and a settlement at the\\nFalls of Ohio. The intermediate region was a wilderness.\\nIn that year, he was taken prisoner by a party of Kicka-\\npoos from the Wabash, while riding not far from home,\\nand carried off. One of the party attempted to kill him,\\nbut the others interfered, and with some difficulty pro-\\ntected his life, having announced their determination to\\ncarry him home, and adopt him into their tribe; not-\\nwithstanding which, the malignant savage endeavored,\\nby stealth, more than once, during the first day s march", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0289.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "278 BIGGS A PRISONER.\\nto strike him a fatal blow. At length the party halted\\nto eat a hasty meal, and Mr. Biggs thus proceeds:\\nWhilst the meat was cooking, the Indians held a council what\\nthey would do with the Indian that wanted to kill me he was a\\nyoung fellow about nineteen years of age, and of a different nation,\\nbeing a Pottowatema. They did not want him to go to war with\\nthem they said he was a great coward, and would not go into\\ndanger, till there was no risk to run, then he would run forward\\nand get the best of the plunder, and that he would not be com-\\nmanded he would do as he pleased he was very selfish and\\nstubborn and was determined to kill me if he could get a chance.\\nThey determined in their council to kill him. It is a law with the\\nIndians when they go to war, if an Indian will not obey the\\ncouncils and commands of his captain, or chief, to kill him. When\\ntheir meat was cooked they eat very hearty, and when they were\\ndone eating, three of the Indians got up, and put on their budgets\\nand started; this young Indian was one of them. I also got up to\\nshow a willingness to be ready the old chief told me to sit down,\\nand the three Indians started off. In three or four minutes after,\\nwe started, but varied a little in our course. We had not traveled\\nmore than one hundred yards when we heard the report of a gun\\nthe old chief then told me that they had killed the Indian that\\nwanted to kill me.\\nThe following scene displays a specimen of the shrewd-\\nness and presence of mind with which our pioneers con-\\nducted themselves when prisoners. One of the Indians\\nput some questions to Mr. Biggs, who pretended igno-\\nrance of their language, to induce them to speak freely\\nin his presence:\\nHe first asked me in Indian if I was a Mattocush, that is, a\\nFrenchman I told him no. He asked me if I was a Sagenash, an\\nEnglishman I told him no. He again asked me if I was a She-\\nmolsea, that is, a long knife, or a Virginian I told him no. He\\nthen asked me if I was a Bostonely, an Eastern American; I told\\nhim no. A moment afterward he asked me the same questions\\nover again, I then answered him yes he then spoke English, and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0290.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "IS MADE A KICKAPOO. 279\\ncatched up his knife in his hand, and said, You are one dam\\nrascal. I really thought he intended stabbing me with his knife.\\nI knew it would not do to show cowardice, I being pretty well\\nacquainted with their manner and ways. I then jumped upon\\nmy feet, and spoke in Indian, and said, Manetwa kien depaway.\\nIn English it is, no, I am very good and clapped my hand on my\\nbreast when I spoke, and looked very bold; the other Indians all\\nset up such a ha! ha! and laugh, that it made the other Indian\\nlook very foolish.\\nOur limits will not allow us to accompany Mr. Biggs\\nin his inarch of ten days from the shores of the Missis-\\nsippi to those of the Wabash. With the exception of\\nbeing securely tied, to prevent his escape, he was kindly\\ntreated, and became as well reconciled to his fate as was\\npossible. On their arrival in the vicinity of their own\\nvillage, the warriors halted, dressed and painted them-\\nselves with much care, and prepared to make a formal\\nentry into town. The prisoner was also required to make\\nhis toilet, and after being painted according to the most\\napproved mode then prevailing in the fashionable In-\\ndian circles, was pronounced to be a Kickapoo. A pole,\\nstripped of its bark, and painted, was planted in the\\nground, having a conjuring bag suspended from it, in\\nwhich was contained a lock of the prisoner s hair. When\\nthese arrangements, which had been conducted in the\\nmost silent manner, so as not to be noticed from the\\nvillage, were all completed, the leader gave three loud\\nshouts; the signal by which the successful return of the\\nparty was announced to their friends and the warriors,\\nwith their prisoner, began to sing and dance round the\\nwar-pole. The old men, the squaws, and the boys of the\\nvillage, were soon collected around them, the more digni-\\nfied warriors remaining at the council house to receive\\ntheir friends with due solemnity. The warriors being", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0291.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "280 FLIRTING UNDER DIFFICULTIES.\\nnow greased, painted, and feathered, in all the pomp of\\nmilitary array, could no longer condescend to carry their\\nown baggage, which was handed over to the squaws, and\\nthe heroes moved on, not marching, but dancing into the\\nvillage, through which they passed to the war-post, which\\nstood on the banks of the Wabash. They danced round\\nthe post for about twenty minutes, and then up again, as\\na dancing master would say, into the village, where they\\ncast off, and repaired to the houses of their friends, who\\nhad hastily prepared a feast for their entertainment.\\nAt sunset of the same day, the dance was resumed at\\nthe war-post. Here they were joined by two warriors and\\na squaw on horse-back, and after a long consultation,\\nthe prisoner was told that he must go with them two\\nIndians and squaw. To this he consented with great\\nreluctance, but was forced to submit, and being mounted\\nbehind his new master, Mr. Biggs says, they started off\\nvery lively, and the Indian that I was riding behind, be-\\ngan to plague and joke the squaw about me: she was his\\nsister-in-law. He was an Indian that was full of life, and\\nvery funny when I got acquainted with him, I was well\\npleased with him.\\nArrived at their place of destination, the prisoner was\\ngiven to an old Kickapoo chief, who was the father of\\nthe squaw, and father-in-law of the funny Indian. In\\nthis family he was treated with great kindness, particu-\\nlarly by the young squaw, before mentioned, and another\\nlady of the household, who was a widow. The former\\ntook a fancy to him and was not slow in betraying her\\npartiality. She took two very good combs, a coarse and\\nfine one, and very tenderly as the writer assures us,\\ncombed out his hair, which it was then the fashion to\\nwear long, and which had become tangled and matted by\\nlong exposure to the weather; nay more, she continued", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0292.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "HIS NEW DRESS. 281\\ncombing it for nearly an hour. She then went to a\\ntrunk and got a ribband, and queued my hair very nicely;\\nthe old chief s son then gave me a very good regimental\\nblue cloth coat, faced with yellow buff-colored cloth; the\\nson-in-law gave me a very good beaver Mackerony hat,\\nthese they had taken from officers they had killed; then\\nthe widow squaw took me into her cabin and gave me a\\nnew ruffled shirt and very good blanket. They told me to\\nput them on, I did so; when I had got my fine dress on,\\nthe funny Indian told me to walk across the floor, I knew\\nthey wanted to have a little fun I put my arms a-kimbo\\non my hips, and walked with a proud air, three or four\\ntimes backwards and forwards across the floor the funny\\nIndian said I was a very handsome man and a big captain.\\nSuch are the conduct and the amusements of these\\nuntutored savages, who, having no mental culture, no\\nmoral code, nor regular employment, and leading a pre-\\ncarious life of alternate want and abundance, are as\\nremarkable for their whimsical deportment on some oc-\\ncasions, as for their sternness of purpose on others, en-\\ngaging with equal facility in an unlicensed plunder, in\\nunsparing carnage, in/ brutal debauchery, or in childish\\nmerriment, and passing from the utmost point of cruelty\\nand treachery, to the opposite extremes of good faith,\\nkindness, and hospitality.\\nThe humane captors of our author carried their con-\\nsiderate civility so far as to offer him a wife, a proposal\\nwhich he was prudent enough to decline, in consequence\\nof having one already, and being not inclined to become\\nentangled by foreign alliances. The lady the same who\\nhas been already alluded to did not conceal her par-\\ntiality. When the Indians were about to take their\\nprisoner to another village she came up and stood at\\nthe door she would not e;o in. I discovered the Indians\\n24", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0293.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "282 PERSEVERANCE UNREWARDED.\\nlaughing and plaguing her she looked in a very ill\\nhumor she did not want them to take me away. They\\nimmediately started from the cabin, and took a tolerably\\nlarge path that led into the woods, in a pretty smart trot;\\nthe squaw started immediately after them they would\\nlook back once in a while, and when they would see the\\nsquaw coming, they would whoop, hollow, and laugh.\\nWhen they got out of sight of the squaw, they stopped\\nrunning and traveled in a moderate walk. When we got\\nabout three miles from the town, they stopped where a\\nlarge tree had fallen by the path, and laid high off of the\\nground; they got up high on the log and looked back to\\nsee if the squaw was coming when the squaw came up she\\nstopped, and they began to plague her and laugh at her;\\nthey spoke English. They talked very provoking to the\\nsquaw; she soon began to cry.\\nWhether it was leap year, or whether the Indian\\nfemales consider marriage a business transaction, not\\nrequiring the same delicate observances which our own\\nladies practice, we are not told. The daughter of the\\nchief seems to have thought no ceremony necessary on\\nthis occasion, except the ceremony of marriage; but the\\nyoung American remained inexorable. On arriving at\\ntheir place of destination that evening, he found her again\\nposted at the door of the cabin at which he lodged, and\\nher Indian friends making themselves merry at her con-\\nstancy and want of success. The incorrigible white man,\\nwhen reminded by his companions that he would be ac-\\ncepted if he chose to offer himself, parried the proposal\\nby replying, I reckon not. He adds, she staid two\\ndays and three nights before she returned home; I never\\nspoke a word to her while she was there. She was a very\\nhandsome girl, about eighteen years of age, a beautiful\\nfull figure, and handsomely featured, and very white for\\na squaw.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0294.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "USEFUL LITERATURE. 283\\nIt has been asserted that nothing is so uncertain as the\\nfemale, except the male; and it would be curious to know\\nwhether the graceful savage who figures in this narrative\\nwas infected with the genuine passion of love, which is\\nsupposed to be taken at first sight, or was practicing a\\nnative coquetry, which would lavish its fascinations with\\nequal prodigality on the next attractive object that ap-\\npeared.\\nMr. Biggs was now examined in council for the purpose\\nof ascertaining his taste for the Indian mode of life, and\\nqualifications for usefulness. The first question they\\nasked me was, would I have my hair cut off like they cut\\ntheirs, I answered, no. Second question they asked me\\nwas, if I would have holes bored in my ears and nose,\\nand have rings and lead hung in them like they had, I\\nanswered, no. The third question they asked me was, if\\nI could make hats; to which, as well as to the subse-\\nquent questions, whether he was a carpenter, a black-\\nsmith, or could hoe corn, or hunt, he replied successively\\nin the negative, determined not to betray the knowledge\\nof any art which would render his services valuable. The\\nwily savages, however, inquired how he gained a liveli-\\nhood, and the pioneer, with equal cunning, replied, by\\nwriting. To test the truth of this statement, he was re-\\nquired to write to a trader at Vincennes, for two loaves of\\nbread. He suggested the want of materials, but one of\\nthe Indians produced the back of a letter which he had\\ncarefully hoarded up, a quill was plucked from the wing\\nof a turkey, and shaped into a pen with a scalping knife,\\nby the ingenious backwoodsman, who also supplied the\\nplace of ink with some gunpowder and water, and wrote\\nthe letter. A messenger was sent, who in due time re-\\nturned with the two loaves, and Mr. Biggs credit remained\\nunim peached.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0295.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "284 RELEASE FROM CAPTIVITY.\\nHe remained several weeks with these people, who con-\\ntinued to treat him with uniform civility, and endeavored\\nto render his captivity as easy as was practicable. Of\\nthose with whom he resided, he says, they were a smart,\\nneat, and cleanly family kept their cabin very nice and\\nclean, the same as white women, and cooked their victuals\\nvery nice and his whole account is such as to exhibit\\nredeeming traits, which contrast agreeably with the\\ngloomy pictures of savage life with which we are familiar.\\nAt length some traders visited the Kickapoo village,\\nwho readily agreed to open a negotiation with the Indians\\nfor the freedom of their prisoner, and advanced goods\\nin payment, to the amount of two hundred and sixty\\ndollars, for which sum Mr. Biggs gave his note. He\\nwent immediately to Vincennes, where he procured a\\npassage in a boat which was about to proceed by the\\nWabash, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers, to Kaskaskia. He\\nreached the latter place in safety, and thence hastened\\nhome, where he found that his family had been in entire\\nignorance of his fate, and had supposed him to have been\\nmurdered by the Indians, until a few days before his\\nreturn.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0296.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "PIONEERS OF TENNESSEE. 285\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nForeign Influence over the Indians.\\nWhile the pioneers were thus active in the forests of\\nKentucky, the enterprising spirit of our countrymen had\\nled them to explore other parts of the Ohio valley, and\\nto undertake adventures similar to those which we have\\ndescribed. Tennessee began to be settled from North\\nCarolina about the same time, and by a similar class of\\nmen. Sevier, Blount, Eobinson, and other prominent\\nleaders in that region, closely resembled the Harrods, the\\nLogans, the Hardins, and Bullits of Kentucky, in mental\\nenergy and physical hardihood. We do not enter upon\\ntheir history, because it would lead us to a repetition of\\nevents precisely analogous to those which we have de-\\ntailed; and in giving merely the spirit of western history,\\nit is not our intention to repeat similar circumstances,\\noccurring at different places and to different individuals,\\nbut merely to select such examples as may best illustrate\\nthe whole subject. We refrain also, from touching upon\\nthe annals of Tennessee, because the events which oc-\\ncurred in that region, are not connected or involved with\\nthose that took place in the settlement of Kentucky and\\nthe territory north-west of the Ohio. Although contem-\\nporaneous and similar, the actors were different, and the\\ntransactions entirely independent of each other.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0297.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "286 THE STATE OF FRANKLAND.\\nIt may, however, be stated, as a curious coincidence,\\nand as another illustration of some of the remarks which\\nwe made on the political condition of the early settlers,\\nthat while Kentucky was engaged in angry altercation\\nwith Virginia, in relation to the navigation of the Missis-\\nsippi, and other exciting topics, to which we have alluded,\\nTennessee was angrily urging the same subjects upon the\\nattention of North Carolina. But the people of Tennessee\\nbecame more exasperated, and proceeded to more decisive\\nmeasures than the inhabitants of Kentucky; for while the\\nlatter only weighed the advantages of their connection\\nwith the Union, and spoke of a violent separation from\\nthe mother State as a possible event, the former proceeded\\nto the experiment of a separate government, and actually\\nframed the Constitution of an independent State, which\\nthey called Franhland. They were, however, not unani-\\nmous in this measure; a part only of the people, headed\\nby a few violent men, assented to its adoption, while the\\nremainder continued loyal to the existing authorities,\\npatiently waiting for a change of times, and confidently\\nrelying on the justice of a government of their own choice,\\nwhich could have no inducement, nor any provocation, to\\noppress a portion of its citizens. The State of Frankland\\nhad a brief and turbulent existence, and died a natural\\ndeath. The admission of Tennessee into the Union, as\\na separate State, in 1796, quieted the discontents of the\\npeople.\\nAbout the year 1750, a settlement was made at Red-\\nstone, now called Brownsville, on the Monongahela. The\\nsettlers were chiefly Pennsylvanians. From this place and\\nFort Pitt, they spread over western Pennsylvania and\\nVirginia. No part of our population ever suffered more\\nseverely from Indian hostilities than this. The wars\\nwere fierce and long continued. There is scarcely a spot", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0298.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "COLONEL M KEE. 287\\nthroughout that region, which is not distinguished as the\\nfield of a sanguinary battle, or the scene of some memo-\\nrable deed of savage atrocity. The romantic and beau-\\ntiful shores of the Monongahela, are rendered particularly\\ninteresting, by the many wild traditions related by the old\\ninhabitants, and the singularly exciting associations with\\nwhich they inspire the mind of the traveler.\\nThe savages who assailed the new settlements in the\\nWest, resided chiefly on the north-western side of the Ohio\\nriver, from its mouth to the lakes. The British govern-\\nment had established agencies among them, for the sole\\npurpose of keeping alive their rancor against the American\\npeople. The fur trade was not at that period a source of\\ngreat profit, nor an object of commercial cupidity; and the\\nBritish cabinet could have had no other inducement suffi-\\nciently powerful, to have provoked a measure so audacious\\nas that of maintaining agents among the tribes within\\nour acknowledged territorial boundaries, except that of\\npreventing the expansion of our population, by keeping\\nup a continual warfare upon the borders. The fearful ex-\\ntent to which they effected this object, is too well remem-\\nbered. Colonel M Kee, an authorized agent of the British\\ngovernment, of high official rank, and great influence\\namong the tribes, became infamously notorious for the!\\natrocities committed under his sanction, and the success\\nof his wide-spread and indefatigable intrigues. His name\\nis found continually associated with the darkest deeds\\nwhich are recorded in the history, or preserved in the\\ntraditions of our border wars. That his misdeeds have\\nbeen exaggerated by rumor, and magnified by the resent-\\nment of those who suffered by his cruel policy, is alto-\\ngether possible; but enough is shown in his own official\\nacts, and in the reports of the American governors and\\ncommanders in the West, to establish the fact, that he", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0299.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "288 SIMON GIRTY.\\nserved what lie supposed to be the interests of his own\\ncountry, with a zeal as fatal to his own reputation, as it\\nwas destructive to the peace of the frontiers, and ruinous\\nto the unhappy savages who were the willing instruments\\nof his vengeance. A wretched miscreant, named Simon\\nGirty, was another agent in these nefarious proceedings\\na native of one of the British colonies who, in conse-\\nquence of his crimes, or of some injury which he supposed\\nhimself to have received, had fled from the abodes of civi-\\nlized men he became a savage in manners and in prin-\\nciple, and spent his whole life in the perpetration of a\\ndemoniac vengeance against his countrymen. He planned\\nmany expeditions against our borders, some of which he\\nled in person was present at the conflagration of the set-\\ntler s cabin, witnessed the expiring agonies of the mother\\nand the infant, and assisted in the dreadful solemnities\\nwhich attend the torturing of a prisoner at the stake. It\\nwas in vain that the unhappy victims appealed to his\\nhumanity; a single instance only is known, in which he\\nsuffered the dictates of pity to actuate his conduct; with\\nthe same cold indifference or hellish malignity, did he\\nwitness the butchery of the infant, the murder of the\\ntender woman, and the excruciating torture of the gal-\\nlant soldier. He is not known to have held any specific\\nappointment under the British government; but he was\\nthe companion and subordinate of M Kee, and was known\\nto have had the countenance and protection of that officer.\\nThis subject is too painful to be dwelt upon in detail.\\nThe relations between the British and American govern-\\nments are now placed upon an amicable basis, which ren-\\nders it improbable that the vicious of either nation will\\never again have it in their power to inflict upon the peace-\\nful inhabitants of the other, such injuries as those to\\nwhich we have alluded. The recital of these events,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0300.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "INDIANS EMPLOYED AS AUXILIARIES. 289\\ntherefore, in the mere spirit of resentment, would be\\nwrong; but it is impossible to pass them over in silence,\\nbecause they have had so important a bearing upon the\\naffairs of this region, that without adverting to them, its\\nhistory can not be understood, nor can the difficulties\\nwhich surrounded the first settlers be fairly appreciated.\\nWe have seen that the pioneers of Kentucky, though\\nfew in number, and unsupported by the government, con-\\ntended successfully against the Indians. v The settlement\\nof the newer States, west of the Ohio, commenced at a\\nlater period, under the immediate auspices of the United\\nStates, and with prospects far more encouraging; yet the\\nhostilities were as fierce, though not so long protracted,\\nas those of the Kentuckians. In the one case, small\\nparties of volunteers, hastily collected, and without organi-\\nzation, acted successfully against the savage; in the other,\\nregular armies, under experienced commanders, were more\\nthan once defeated.\\nIt is also worthy of remark, that at a period nearly\\ncontemporaneous with the commencement of the settle-\\nments in Ohio, the United States began to organize a sys-\\ntem of conciliatory measures towards the Indians. The\\npolicy pursued previously, as well by the colonies as by\\nthe British government, had been such as to alienate the\\naborigines and provoke their vengeance. The wars between\\nthe English and French, had operated most unhappily\\nupon our relations with the tribes, not only by keeping\\nthe frontiers- in a state of disturbance, which rendered\\nboth the whites and the Indians jealous, and keenly alive\\nto the slightest appearance of affront, but by the direct\\nemployment of the savages as auxiliaries. In the revolu-\\ntionary war, this fatal expedient was adopted by the mother\\ncountry to a fearful extent; and along the whole line of\\nour frontier, the Indians, armed with the weapons of civi-\\n25", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0301.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "290 THE PRACTICE DISCOURAGED BY US.\\nlized men, and furnished with munitions by our wealthy-\\nantagonist, were incited to ravage the country. The\\nIndian force that invested Boonsboro in 1778, fought\\nunder British colors, was commanded by Europeans, and\\nsummoned the garrison in the name of his Britannic\\nmajesty.\\nThe American government was the first to discourage\\nthe unnatural practice of employing savage auxiliaries;\\nand the adoption of this principle, was among the earliest\\nacts of the Federal Union. In the ordinance of 1787, for\\nthe government of the Territory north-west of the Ohio,\\nwe find the following emphatic declaration, which may be\\nconsidered as comprehending the views of our government\\nand people at that time, and as laying down the maxims\\nwhich have regulated our policy in relation to that un-\\nfortunate race, down to the present period. Religion,\\nmorality, and knowledge, being necessary to the good\\ngovernment and the happiness of mankind, schools and\\nthe means of education shall for ever be encouraged. The\\nutmost good faith shall always be observed towards the\\nIndians; their lands and property shall never be taken\\nfrom them without their consent; and in their property,\\nrights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or dis-\\nturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Con-\\ngress; but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from\\ntime to time be made, for preventing wrongs being done\\nto them, and for preserving peace and friendship with\\nthem. At a period a little subsequent, the language of\\nthe executive was It is the ardent wish of the President\\nof the United States, as well from a principle of humanity,\\nas from duty and sound policy, that all prudent means in\\nour power, should be unremittingly pursued, for carrying\\ninto effect the benevolent views of Congress, relative to\\nthe Indian nations within the jurisdiction of the United", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0302.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "INSIDIOUS POLICY OF ENGLAND. 291\\nStates; and in the instructions given, from time to time,\\nto the governors of the western territories, the agents for\\nIndian affairs, and the military officers employed in that\\nregion, we find invariably the same benevolent tone, and\\nthe constant inculcation of measures, having for their ob-\\nject, not only the cultivation and establishment of har-\\nmony and friendship between the United States and the\\ndifferent nations of Indians, but the introduction of civili-\\nzation, by encouraging and gradually introducing the arts\\nof husbandry and domestic manufactures among them.\\nWhile such language was used by the highest authori-\\nties of our country, in their instructions to the subordinate\\nagents whose duties brought them in contact with the In-\\ndians, and was repeated in the various councils held with\\nthe tribes, and enforced by the most solemn pledges\\nwhile the Indians were entreated in the most urgent man-\\nner to abstain from the use of spirituous liquors, to dis-\\ncontinue ther exterminating wars with each other, to live\\nin peace with the white men, and to cultivate our arts,\\nthey were admonished by the insidious emissaries to whom\\nwe have alluded, to regard us with suspicion, as enemies,\\nwho, under the guise of friendship, sought their destruc-\\ntion. A fair specimen of this species of backwoods diplo-\\nmacy, may be found in a talk delivered by Colonel M Kee\\nto the Potowatamies, who had destroyed twenty barrels of\\nspirits, which had been brought into their nation by an\\nEnglish trader, in November, 1804.\\nThe moral turpitude of addressing to savages sentiments\\ndirectly tending to incite them to intoxication and war,\\nand neutralizing the efforts of the benevolent, who were\\nendeavoring to dissuade them from both, is sufficiently\\nobvious. But the offense becomes greatly aggravated,\\nwhen we recollect that these Indians resided within our\\nterritorial limits; that the interference of an agent of a", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0303.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "292 UNFORTUNATE FOR THE PIONEERS.\\nforeign government was gratuitous, unauthorized, and in\\ncontravention of the principles of the laws of nations, and\\nthat we were at that time at peace with these Indians and\\nwith the British.\\nWe have no wish to multiply the evidences of this\\nunjust interference with our rights and policy. We could\\ntrace it through the whole history of our western settle-\\nments, from the revolution down to the war with Great\\nBritain, which terminated with the close of the year 1814.\\nThis state of things was the most unfortunate for the in-\\nterests of the pioneers, that could possibly have occurred,\\nand its practical operation was peculiarly disastrous and\\noppressive. Had they been left to contend alone against\\nthe savages; had the contest been simply for the posses-\\nsion of the country, without any reference to questions of\\nright, and without the interference of the government on\\nthe one hand, or of adverse political machinations on the\\nother, the conflict would easily have been decided. The\\nfirst adventurers to Kentucky were thus unembarrassed,\\nand were uniformly successful. At a later period, the\\ngovernment, while it afforded little protection to the\\nfrontiers, imposed restraints which crippled the exertions\\nof the inhabitants of the borders, while they encouraged\\nthe Indians to become more audacious in their hostility.\\nIt was determined, that the lands of the Indians should\\nnot in any case be taken from them without their con-\\nsent, nor without giving them an equivalent. Hostilities\\nagainst them were discouraged, and the invasion of their\\nterritory forbidden, while the Indians were making fre-\\nquent incursions into our country, and ravaging the whole\\nborder with fire and sword. On our side, there was for-\\nbearance and restraint; on theirs, active and unremitting\\nhostility; the government of the United States was con-\\ntinually mediating between the actual parties, the Indians", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0304.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "CAUSE OF THE INDIAN WAR IN ILLINOIS. 293\\nand the settlers, and withholding the latter from what\\nthey considered a just vengeance, while the agents of a\\nforeign government were arming our foes, and inciting\\nthem to new acts of murder and depredation.\\nIt is perfectly obvious that these transactions must have\\nbeen injurious to all concerned, but especially to the in-\\nhabitants, both civilized and savage, of this region. The\\nIndians were sacrificed without mercy, by a destructive\\npolicy, of their allies, who reaped much odium, but gained\\nno ultimate benefit by the operation; the settlers endured\\nthe most dreadful calamities, while the beneficent inten-\\ntions of the government were frustrated.\\nWe do not mean to insist that all the outrages com-\\nmitted on our frontiers by the Indians, are justly attribu-\\ntable to the direct action of the British government; many\\nof the atrocities of which we complain were undoubtedly\\nthe unauthorized acts of private individuals, perpetrated\\nfor the accomplishment of their own purposes of emolu-\\nment or revenge; but some of them have been shown to\\nhave been the official acts of public men, and the cabinet\\nof St. James is responsible for the effects of a system of\\nwhich it was the author, and which was in itself unjusti-\\nfiable. The fur trade, although insignificant when com-\\npared with the other branches of the commerce and\\nindustry of either nation, has always been a source of\\ncontention between the traders of the United States and\\nGreat Britain; and the Indians have been tampered with\\nby persons who have had no higher object in view than\\nthe securing of the trade with a particular tribe. The\\nlast Indian war in Illinois, was in part brought about by\\nthe machinations of the Canadian traders, who expected,\\nby embroiling the Americans with the Indians, to prevent\\nour traders from passing in safety up the Mississippi, and\\nthus to monopolize to themselves the traffic of one year.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0305.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "294 EXPEDITION AGAINST KASKASKIA.\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nClarke s Expedition against the French settlements Capture of\\nKaskaskia Capture of Vincennes Founding of Louisville\\nAnecdote of Kenton.\\nOne of the earliest expeditions of the Americans beyond\\nthe Ohio, which then constituted the western frontier, was\\nthat of Colonel Ceorge Rogers Clarke against Kaskaskia,\\nin 1778. This place, as well as the posts upon the lakes,\\nwas then in the possession of the British, with whom we\\nwere at war; and being one of the points from which\\nthe Indians were supplied with munitions, and enabled\\nto harass the settlements in Kentucky, its capture was\\ndeemed so important, that the legislature of Virginia was\\ninduced to raise a regiment for the purpose. The com-\\nmand was given to Colonel Clarke, who planned the ex-\\npedition, and who is spoken of by Chief Justice Marshall,\\nas a gentleman, whose great courage, uncommon hardi-\\nhood, and capacity for Indian warfare, had given him\\nrepeated successes, in enterprises against the savages.\\nHe was a man of extraordinary talents and energy of\\ncharacter possessed of a military genius, which enabled\\nhim to plan with consummate wisdom, and to execute his\\ndesigns with decision and promptitude. Having visited\\nKentucky during the previous year, he was satisfied, that,\\nin order to curb the Indians effectually, it was necessary\\nto strike at the powerful, though distant allies, by whom", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0306.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "COL. GEORGE ROGERS CLARKE. 205\\nthey were supported. His great mind readily compre-\\nhended the situation of the country; he made himself\\nacquainted with the topography of the whole region, as\\nfar as it was known, with the localities of the enemy s\\nposts, and the strength of their forces; and was enabled\\nto make such representations as induced the legislature\\nof Virginia to act with vigor. A regiment was autho-\\nrized to be raised for the defence of the western frontiers,\\nwithout designating the particular object of the enter-\\nprise, which remained a profound secret; and such was\\nthe confidence inspired by Col. Clarke, that between two\\nand three hundred men were raised without delay.\\nWith this force he crossed the mountains to the Monon-\\ngahela, and descended by water to the falls of Ohio,\\nwhere he was joined by some volunteers from Kentucky.\\nHaving halted a few days to refresh his men, he pro-\\nceeded down the Ohio to the neighborhood of Fort Mas-\\nsac, a point about sixty miles above the confluence of\\nthat river with the Mississippi, where he landed and hid\\nhis boats, to prevent their discovery by the Indians. He\\nwas now distant from Kaskaskia about one hundred and\\nthirty miles, and the intervening country with which\\nthe writer is familiarly acquainted must have been at\\nthat period, when in a state of nature, almost impassable.\\nHis route led through a low, flat region, intersected by\\nnumerous streams and ponds, and entirely covered with\\na most luxuriant vegetation, which must have greatly\\nimpeded the march of troops. Through this dreary\\nregion the intrepid leader marched on foot, at the head\\nof his gallant band, with his rifle on his shoulder, and\\nhis provision upon his back. After wading through\\nponds, crossing creeks by such methods as could be has-\\ntily adopted, and sustaining two days march after the\\nprovisions were exhausted, he arrived in the night before", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0307.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "296 SURPRISE AND CAPTURE OF KASKASKIA.\\nthe village of Kaskaskia. Having halted and formed his\\nmen, be made them a brief speech, which contained only\\nthe pithy sentiment, that the town was to be taken,\\nat all events. And it was taken accordingly, without\\nstriking a blow for, the surprise was so complete, that\\nno resistance was attempted. A detachment, mounted on\\nthe horses of the country, was immediately pushed for-\\nward to surprise the villages higher up the Mississippi\\nthey were all taken without resistance, and the British\\npower in that quarter completely destroyed. It is said,\\nthat a hunter had discovered the American troops, and\\napprised the inhabitants of Kaskaskia of their approach\\nbut that his story was considered so improbable as to\\nobtain no credit. It was an improbable story, although\\nit turned out to be true. A law had been passed for the\\nraising of a regiment, the troops had been enlisted, offi-\\ncered, and equipped, transported thirteen hundred miles\\nby land and water, through a wilderness country, inhab-\\nited by the Indian allies of the enemy, and marched into\\na garrisoned town, without the slightest suspicion, much\\nless discovery, of the movement. When we observe the\\namount of time and labor which is now expended in\\nmaking a journey from Virginia to Kaskaskia,. with all\\nour improvements, and reflect how incalculably greater\\nmust have been the difficulties of such a journey at that\\ntime, when there was no road across the mountains, nor\\nany boats in which to navigate the rivers but such rude\\ncraft as the traveler might construct for his own conve-\\nnience; and when we take into consideration the difficulty\\nof transporting provisions and ammunition through a\\nwild region, the successful expedition of Colonel Clarke\\nwill present itself as a brilliant military achievement.\\nHis next exploit was bolder, more arduous, and equally\\nsuccessful. Kaskaskia was not strongly defended j no", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0308.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "MARCH TO VINNCENNES. 297\\nattack by a civilized enemy was apprehended at this\\nremote spot, and the approach of Clarke was unsuspected;\\nbut Vincennes, situated nearly in a direct line between\\nKaskaskia and the falls of Ohio, distant one hundred\\nand sixty miles from the former place, and two hundred\\nmiles from the latter, had been considered within the\\nreach of an attack from the American settlements, and\\nwas strongly fortified. It was well garrisoned with British\\ntroops, commanded by Governor Hamilton, an expe-\\nrienced officer, who was quickly apprised of the capture\\nof the posts on the Mississippi, in his rear, and prepared\\nto expect a visit from the daring Clarke and his victo-\\nrious troops. In addition to the regular force, which\\nwas greatly superior to that of Clarke in numbers and in\\nequipment, he had under his command six hundred In-\\ndian warriors and being an active, skillful officer, he\\nproposed to march as soon as possible upon the American\\ncommander. But the season was such as to render any\\nimmediate military movement difficult, and apparently\\nimpracticable. The rivers and smaller streams, all of\\nwhich, in this level region, overflow their banks rapidly\\nafter heavy falls of rain, were now swelled, and the passes\\nof the country blocked up. Unable to march his own\\ntroops under such circumstances, he considered that Clarke\\nwould be confined by the same causes to the shores of\\nthe Mississippi, where no reinforcement could reach him,\\nand where he could attack him with the certainty of\\nsuccess, upon the subsiding of the waters.\\nColonel Clarke, who, with his other accomplishments,\\npossessed a singular capacity for penetrating into the\\ndesigns of his enemy, became informed, as well of the\\npresent delay, as of the ulterior plan of the British com-\\nmander, and determined to anticipate his intentions, by\\nmarching instantly against the post of Vincennes. To", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0309.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "298 DIFFICULTIES OF APPROACH.\\neffect this, it was necessary to pass, without any road,\\nover a surface of one hundred and sixty miles of fertile\\nsoil, whose light, spongy loam, saturated with water,\\nafforded no firm footing to the steps of the soldiery, and\\nto cross the Kaskaskia, the Little Wabash, the Embarras,\\nand the Great Wabash rivers, besides a number of their\\ntributaries, all of which were swollen, and margined by\\nwide belts of inundated land. But the undaunted leader\\npressed on without wagons, without tents, with only\\nsuch provision and ammunition as could be carried on\\nthe backs of a few pack-horses, and the shoulders of the\\nmen toiling by day through mud and water, and sleep-\\ning at night upon the wet ground.\\nUpon reaching the waters of the Great Wabash, our\\nadventurous troops beheld before them an obstacle which\\nmust have daunted the hearts of warriors less resolutely\\ndetermined than themselves, upon the successful achieve-\\nment of their enterprise. On the eastern bank of the\\nriver stood the British fort, on a high shore, swept by the\\nfoaming current of a great river on the western side was\\na tract of low alluvion land, five miles in width, entirely\\ninundated. The whole expanse of water to be crossed,\\nwas nearly six miles in width first, the marshy flat, in\\nwhose treacherous quicksands the writer has seen the\\nhorse sink under his rider, and become instantly buried\\nin the mire, now covered with water, too deep in some\\nplaces to be forded, and too shallow in others to admit of\\nnavigation by boats, and impeded throughout by growing\\ntimber, floating logs, or tangled brushwood and then, the\\nswift, powerful current of the river.\\nColonel Clarke was laboriously employed for sixteen\\ndays, in effecting the march from Kaskaskia to Vincennes\\nfive of which were consumed in passing the wilderness of\\nwater just described, through which he meandered in such", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0310.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "VINCENNES TAKEN CLARKE S MANEUVER. 299\\na manner as to conceal his forces from the enemy, by\\navoiding the prairie, and keeping as much as possible\\nunder the cover of the timber wading sometimes breast\\ndeep, sometimes proceeding upon rafts and canoes, and at\\nlast, crossing the river in the night, and presenting him-\\nself suddenly before the town, which was completely sur-\\nprised.\\nIt was here that the western Hannibal, as Clarke may\\nbe justly called, performed a maneuver, which shows\\nthat he was prudent as well as daring; and that while he\\npossessed the hardihood to attempt the most desperate en-\\nterprises, he was fertile in expedients, and cautious in\\navailing himself of any incidental advantage which might\\nbe presented. As he approached the town, over the wide,\\nbeautiful prairie on which it stands, and at the moment\\nwhen his troops were discovered by the enemy, he found\\nhimself near a small circular eminence, which concealed a\\npart of his force from the observation of the foe. Under\\nthis cover, he countermarched his column in so skillful\\na manner, that the leading files, which had been seen\\nfrom the town, were transferred, undiscovered, to the rear,\\nand made to pass again and again in sight of the enemy r\\nuntil all his men had been displayed several times, and\\nhis little detachment of jaded troops was made to assume\\nthe appearance of a long column, greatly superior in num-\\nber to its actual force. He then promptly summoned the\\ngarrison to surrender. Governor Hamilton, after a brief\\ndefense, struck his flag and the gallant Clarke found\\nhimself master of an important post, whose garrison, now\\nhis prisoners, consisted of a well appointed body of sol-\\ndiers, twice as numerous as his own followers.\\nThese brilliant exploits of Colonel Clarke had an im-\\nportant bearing upon the interests of the western country,\\nboth direct and consequential. They gave, for the moment,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0311.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "300 SALUTARY EFFECTS OF THE EXPEDITION.\\nsafety and repose to the harassed inhabitants of Kentucky,\\nand struck with terror the whole savage population of the\\nwide region through which he passed. They deranged an\\nextensive plan of operations on the part of the enemy, the\\ndesign of which was to annihilate all the border settle-\\nments, by pouring in the combined Indian force along\\nthe whole line of our frontier, while they detached from\\nthe British interest many tribes who had long acted under\\nthe control of that power. They hastened, if they did\\nnot contribute to produce, the most important political\\nevent connected with the history of the western country\\nthe purchase of Louisiana. The limits of the United\\nStates were extended to the Mississippi, where they re-\\nmained fixed; and Virginia, assuming her title to the\\nconquered territory, in right of her charter, as well as\\nof the conquest by her own arms, proceeded at once to\\nerect it into a county which was called Illinois.\\nAnother direct consequence of the successes of Colonel\\nClarke, was the protection of the infant settlement of\\nLouisville, at the mouth of Beargrass. /^Previous to that\\nperiod, the families of the pioneers who were collected at\\nthe falls of Ohio, had been compelled to seek safety upon\\nthe small island abreast of the present site of the city.\\nHere Clarke had built a fort, and at his departure, about\\nthirteen families remained on this narrow islet, in the\\nmidst of the foaming rapids, surrounded by enemies, and\\nenduring the severest privations, but tenaciously main-\\ntaining their foothold. The capture of Vincennes, by\\nbreaking up the nearest and strongest of the enemy s\\nwestern posts, relieved their apprehensions of immediate\\ndanger, and encouraged them to settle permanently on the\\nKentucky shore. J\\nThe enterprising spirit of Clarke was shared by those\\nwho followed him. Among them was Simon Kenton, one", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0312.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "ANECDOTE OF KENTON. 301\\nof the most celebrated and daring of the pioneers. After\\nthe fall of Kaskaskia, he was sent with a small party to\\nKentucky, with despatches. On their way, they fell in\\nwith a camp of Indians, in whose possession was a num-\\nber of horses, which they took and sent back to the army.\\nPursuing their way by Vincennes, they entered that place\\nby night, traversed several of the streets, and departed\\nwithout being discovered, taking from the inhabitants,\\nwho were hostile, two horses for each man. When they\\ncame to White river, a raft was made, on which to trans-\\nport the guns and baggage, while the horses were driven\\nin to swim across the river. On the opposite shore, a\\nparty of Indians were encamped, who caught the horses\\nas they ascended the bank. Such are the vicissitudes of\\nborder incident! The same horses that had been au-\\ndaciously taken, only the night before, from the interior\\nof a regularly garrisoned town, were lost, by being acci-\\ndentally driven by the captors into a camp of the enemy.\\nKenton and his party, finding themselves in the utmost\\ndanger, returned to the shore from which they had pushed\\ntheir raft, and concealed themselves until night, when\\nthey crossed the river at a different place, and reached\\nKentucky in safety.\\nWe shall insert here another anecdote of Kenton, as a\\nspecimen of the daring spirit of the pioneers, and of the\\nsingular adventures through which some of them passed.\\nA party of Indians having stolen some horses in Ken-\\ntucky, Kenton, with a few companions, pursued them\\nacross the Ohio, keeping upon their trail for several days\\nundiscovered, and without getting an opportunity of at-\\ntacking them, until the Indians reached their village. In\\nthe night, Kenton and his men entered the village\\nsecretly, and not only re-captured the stolen property,\\nbut took also several of the best of the Indians horses.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0313.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "302 IS CAPTURED BY THE INDIANS.\\nKenton fled with the booty rapidly towards home, and\\nthe Indians, discovering their loss, became, in turn, the\\npursuers. The Americans reached the western shores of\\nthe Ohio in safety; but being unable, in consequence of\\na high wind, to cross without risking the loss of the\\nhorses, which had cost them so much toil and danger, they\\nwere delayed until the Indians overtook them, and Kenton\\nwas captured, while his companions escaped.\\nThe Indians either knew Kenton, or discovered from\\nhis bearing and his conduct on this occasion, that he was\\nan extraordinary man and while they exulted in his cap-\\nture, they practiced upon him every possible cruelty.\\nThey taunted him with sarcastic compliments upon his\\nlove for horses, and assured him that he should ride one\\nof their best animals. He was accordingly bound securely\\nupon a vicious young horse, which was turned loose with-\\nout a bridle, to follow the party. The animal reared and\\nplunged and dashed through the woods, endeavoring, in\\nvain, to shake off its rider; until, wearied out, it became\\nmore tame, and quietly fell into the rear of the other\\nhorses. Still the situation of Kenton was not the less\\npainful; for the horse, becoming accustomed to the burden,\\nwould often stop to graze, lingering until the party was\\nnearly out of sight, and then dashing forward, would\\npursue them at full speed, dragging the lacerated body\\nof the wretched pioneer under the overhanging branches,\\nand plunging with him through the closest thickets, as if\\nwith the purpose of increasing his misery.\\nOn his arrival at Chillicothe, the most populous of the\\nIndian towns in this region, he was painted black, tied to\\na stake, and suffered to remain in this painful situation\\nfor twenty-four hours, anticipating the horrors of a slow\\nand cruel death. He was next condemned to run the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0314.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "KENTON ABOUT TO BE BURNT. 303\\ngauntlet. The Indians, several hundred in number, of\\nboth sexes, and every age and rank, armed with switches,\\nsticks, and other implements of annoyance, were formed\\nin two lines, between which the unhappy prisoner was\\nmade to pass; having been promised, that if he reached\\nin safety the door of the council-house, at the farther end\\nof the lines, no further punishment would be inflicted.\\nHe accordingly ran with all the speed of which his de-\\nbilitated condition rendered him capable, beaten by the\\nsavages as he passed, and had nearly reached the goal,\\nwhen he was knocked down by a warrior with a club;\\nand the demoniac crew, gathering around his prostrate\\nbody, continued to beat him, until life seemed to be nearly\\nextinguished.\\nIn this wretched condition, naked, lacerated, and ex-\\nhausted, he was marched from town to town, exhibited,\\ntortured, often threatened to be burned at the stake, and\\nfrequently compelled to run the gauntlet. On one of\\nthese occasions, he attempted to make his escape, broke\\nthrough the ranks of his torturers, and had outstripped\\nthose who pursued him, when he was met by some war-\\nriors on horseback, who compelled him to surrender.\\nAfter running the gauntlet in thirteen towns, he was\\ntaken to Lower Sandusky, to be burned. Here resided\\nthe miscreant Grirty, who having just returned from an\\nunsuccessful expedition against the frontiers of Pennsyl-\\nvania, was in a particularly ill humor, and hearing that\\nthere was a white prisoner in town, he rushed upon him,\\nstruck him, beat him to the ground, and was proceeding\\nto farther atrocities, when Kenton had the presence of\\nmind to call him by name, and claim his protection.\\nThey had known each other in their youth Kenton had\\nonce saved the life of Grirty and deaf as the latter was,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0315.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "304 SAVED BY GIRTY AGAIN BY DREWYER.\\nhabitually, to every dictate of benevolence, he admitted\\nthe claim of his former acquaintance and actuated by\\none of those unaccountable caprices so common among\\nsavages, interceded for him, rescued him from the stake,\\nand took him to his house, where, in a few days, the lustyy\\npioneer recovered his strength. Some of the chiefs, how-\\never, became dissatisfied another council was held, the\\nformer decree was reversed, and Kenton was again doomed\\nto the stake. From this extremity he was rescued by the\\nintercession of Drewyer, a British agent, who, having suc-\\nceeded in obtaining his release, carried him to Detroit,\\nwhere he was received by the British commandant as a\\nprisoner of war. From this place he made his escape,\\nin company with two other Americans; and after a march\\nof thirty days through the wilderness, continually exposed\\nto re-capture, had the good fortune to reach the settlements\\nin Kentucky.\\nThis is one of many similar adventures which are re-\\nlated of this remarkable man, who seems to have possessed\\na courage which nothing could daunt, a vigor of mind\\nequal to every emergency, and a strength of constitution,\\nwhich enabled him to bear the most incredible fatigues\\nand sufferings. He is still living a venerable relic of\\na past age. He resides in the State of Ohio, a remark-\\nable monument of the rapid advancement of the country.\\nIn the very region over which he roamed a hunter and a\\nwarrior, when not a single white man had erected his\\ncabin within its limits, he now finds himself the citizen\\nof a State containing more than a million of inhabitants,\\nand surrounded by other States but little less populous.\\nHe sees towns and cities, commerce and manufactures,\\ngovernment and laws, wealth, refinement, and religion,\\nwhere he once saw only the forest, the beast of prey, and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0316.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "KENTON REACHES A GOOD OLD AGE. 305\\nthe savage. He lived a life of romantic and wild adven-\\nture; and after having braved a thousand dangers, and\\nbeen miraculously preserved from death by violence on\\nvarious occasions, outlived the most of his cotempo-\\nraries, and died composedly in his bed, and was gathered\\nin peace to his fathers.\\n26", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0317.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "306 DIFFERENT EXPEDITIONS.\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nBowman s Expedition Clarke s in 1780 Battle of Blue Licks-\\nHarmar s Expedition Wilkinson s.\\nIn 1778, an expedition was sent from Kentucky against\\nthe Indians west of the Ohio, under the command of Col.\\nJohn Bowman; but owing to some mismanagement, it\\nentirely failed.\\nIn 1780, Colonel Clarke led an expedition against the\\nShawanoes residing on the Great Miami. It was conducted\\nwith the caution and promptitude which had previously\\ndistinguished the movements of that officer. The Indians\\nwere completely surprised, and had barely time to send\\ntheir squaws and children to the woods for safety. They,\\nhowever, defended their cabins obstinately, and were only\\ndriven from them after a severe battle. The town was\\nthen burnt, the corn-fields laid waste, and the means of\\nsustenance of the inhabitants, as far as possible, destroyed.\\nThis seems to have been the most effectual method for\\nbridling the ferocity of the Indians; the death of a portion\\nof their warriors only increased their fury, but the de-\\nstruction of their villages and corn-fields chilled their\\ncourage, by showing them that the war could be carried\\nto their homes, while it crippled their military power,\\nby forcing them to engage in hunting to support their\\nfamilies.\\nThe year 1782 is rendered memorable in the annals of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0318.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF THE BLUE LICKS. 307\\nKentucky, as the era of the disastrous battle of the Blue\\nLicks. A number of tribes having united in a formidable\\ncombination, a large body of Indian warriors was marched\\ninto Kentucky. A gallant force was hastily assembled to\\nmeet them, composed of the flower of the population of\\nthe nearest settlements to the point invaded the best\\nand bravest men, the most promising and chivalrous youth\\nof the land. The enemy, having slaughtered a number\\nof the unprotected inhabitants, and committed many depre-\\ndations, were apparently retiring, when this army moved\\nwith alacrity in pursuit, full of the most sanguine expec-\\ntations. Colonel Daniel Boone and others, who were con-\\nversant with the savage character, discovered a peculiarity\\nin their mode of retreat, which afforded cause for sus-\\npicion; instead of their usual secrecy and speed, signs of\\ncarelessness and delay were discovered on their trail, indi-\\ncating their route and betraying a willingness to be pur-\\nsued while, on the other hand, the most effectual measures\\nhad been adopted to conceal their numbers. They effected\\nthe latter object, by moving in single file, by contracting\\ntheir camps to the smallest possible compass, and by using\\nbut few camp-fires; and the former, by marking a distinct,\\nthough narrow path, and leaving various articles strewed\\nby the way, as well to point it out to the pursuers, as\\nto create the belief that they were retiring in confusion.\\nDeceived by these appearances, the younger warriors,\\nburning with revenge, and eager for battle, rushed madly\\nforward, while Boone, and a few other experienced men,\\nendeavored to restrain their ardor. The consequence was,\\nthat they fell into an ambuscade, which had been ar-\\nranged with consummate skill; a part of the Kentuckians\\nwere engaged and beaten before the rest came into action\\nthe force was cut up in detail and a signal defeat, accom-\\npanied with great slaughter, was the unhappy consequence.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0319.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "308 col. clarke s expedition.\\nThis was the most severe blow which ever fell upon the\\nearly settlers of Kentucky; a number of brave men were\\nslain, many promising youth were among the fallen, and\\na considerable number of females and children were\\nbutchered or taken prisoners. Some families were wholly\\ndestroyed; others mourned a husband, a son, a wife, or\\nan infant child, and the whole land Was filled with gloom,\\nwith the lamentations of bereaved relatives, and the shame\\nof a proud people.\\nColonel Clarke, who then resided at the Falls of Ohio,\\nimmediately seized the opportunity of proposing a retalia-\\ntory expedition against the Indians; confident that in the\\nindignant state of the public feeling, nothing could be\\nmore popular, nor better calculated to soothe the irritation\\nof the people, and blunt the poignancy of their distress.\\nHis call was promptly answered. Officers and men volun-\\nteered; horses, provisions, and supplies of every kind,\\nwere gratuitously offered by those who could not leave\\nhome, and the enterprising leader soon found himself at\\nthe head of a thousand mounted riflemen, who panted to\\nmeet the enemy.\\nThis expedition was conducted with the despatch and\\nsecrecy so essential to the success of partisan warfare,\\nand for which its distinguished leader had already ob-\\ntained celebrity. He proceeded to the Indian towns on\\nthe Miami and Scioto, but found them deserted. He\\npassed from village to village, his approach producing\\nevery-where the same effects. Dismay and fright pre-\\nceded his victorious march. His name struck terror\\nthroughout the whole Indian border. The crafty savages,\\nwho are admirable judges of human nature, in all that\\nrelates to military feeling or calculation, were aware that\\nthe pride of Kentucky had been touched; and that those\\nwho now sought them in their own towns, to challenge", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0320.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "GEN. harmar s expedition. 30Q\\nthem to battle, came prepared to conquer or die to re-\\nvenge injury and wipe off disgrace. They declined a meet-\\ning with such men, led by such a commander; and Clarke\\nfound nothing but empty cabins and deserted fields. The\\nformer, as well as the latter, were desolated. The villages\\nwere reduced to ashes, and the standing corn destroyed.\\nThe soldiers reaped no laurels; but the effect of the ex-\\npedition was beneficial. It displayed the power and the\\nspirit of the Americans, and taught the savages that they\\ncould not make war upon our borders with impunity.\\nAn expedition into the country west of the Ohio, was\\nagain led by General Clarke, equal in number of men to\\nthat just described. In 1785, the incursions of the Indians\\nhaving again caused a popular excitement, an army of a\\nthousand men was raised by voluntary association, and\\nassembled at the Falls of Ohio. The provisions and am-\\nmunition were sent round in keel-boats to Vincennes, to\\nwhich place General Clarke marched his men by the nearest\\nroute. This expedition accomplished nothing, beyond the\\ngood effect produced by the appearance of a respectable\\nforce in the Indian country.\\nThe next important expedition into the Indian country,\\nwas that of Scott and Harmar, in 1790. General Scott,\\nwith two hundred and thirty volunteers, crossed the Ohio\\nat Limestone, and was joined by General Harmar, with one\\nhundred regulars of the United States army. They pene-\\ntrated into the Indian country and destroyed several towns,\\nbut were unable to bring the Indians to battle.\\nThe well-known expedition of General Harmar occurred\\nin the autumn of the same year. He led into the Indian\\ncountry three hundred and twenty federal troops, and\\neleven hundred and thirty-three Kentucky volunteers,\\ncommanded by Colonel John Hardin, an intelligent and\\ngallant officer. They penetrated into the Miami country,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0321.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "310 AN AMBUSCADE.\\nlaid waste the corn-fields of the Indians, and having ac-\\ncomplished the sole object of the expedition, were about to\\nreturn, when some Indians appeared in the vicinity of the\\ncamp. Colonel Hardin was detached with a small party\\nin pursuit of them. After pursuing them for six miles,\\nhe fell into a snare which they had prepared for him. The\\nIndians, having divided themselves into two parties, had\\nreturned on each side of their own trail, at a distance\\nfrom it, and then approaching it, had concealed them-\\nselves in the tall grass, and were quietly waiting the ap-\\nproach of the Americans. When Colonel Hardin and his\\ndetachment had passed into the ambushed spot, the enemy\\nrose, discovering themselves on all sides, like the followers\\nof Roderic Dhu, in the splendid conception of Scott, and\\nstanding exposed in the prairie, fired upon the troops,\\nwho were instantly thrown into disorder. The gallant\\nleader endeavored in vain to rally the panic-struck men.\\nThe Indians, greatly superior in number, rushed in upon\\nthem, and such as did not find safety in flight, were\\nalmost instantly overpowered and slain.\\nTwo days afterwards, the army decamped, and com-\\nmenced its march toward the frontiers. At the distance\\nof about ten miles from the ruined villages, the general\\nhalted, and detached Colonel Hardin, with a party of four\\nor five hundred militia, and sixty regulars under Major\\nWillis, with orders to return to the site of the principal\\nIndian town, where it was supposed the Indian force\\nmight have collected, upon the retiring of our army. On\\nreaching the village, a small body of Indians was seen,\\nwho, on being attacked, fled. The militia, eager to be\\nrevenged for the recent disaster, and maddened by the\\nloss of many of their friends, dashed off in pursuit, leav-\\ning the regulars unsupported. This was precisely the\\nobject intended to be effected by the Indians, a part of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0322.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "MAJOR WILLIS AND PARTY SLAIN. 311\\nwhom had fled, merely to decoy the militia into a tumul-\\ntuous pursuit. The main body of the Indians, who were\\nlying in concealment, rose suddenly from their ambush, and\\nwith dreadful yells, rushed upon the regular troops. The\\nlatter were a small, though brave band, and the savages\\nso numerous as to render resistance hopeless. The onset\\nwas of the most desperate character. The Indians, throw-\\ning aside their guns, fought with the tomahawk only.\\nNever did men fight with more heroism than Willis and\\nhis regulars. Surrounded and overpowered, they met\\ntheir fate with inflexible courage. For a time, they de-\\nfended themselves with the bayonet, and made great havoc\\nin the ranks of the assailants. But the savages increased\\nin number, like the heads of the fabled Hydra, and when\\none fell, several others rushed forward to fill his place and\\navenge his death. The brave Willis and his whole party\\nwere slain; scarcely one was left.\\nThe militia were, in the meanwhile, recalled by their\\ncommander from the injudicious pursuit in which they\\nhad engaged without orders and without caution. They\\nwere rallied by Colonel Hardin, and brought into action,\\ntoo late, however, to relieve the regulars. But they fought\\nbravely, sustained a considerable loss, and at last retired\\nin good order, before a superior force, who, flushed with\\ntheir recent victory over the regulars, assailed their ranks\\nwith the fury of enraged demons. The army of Harmar\\nreturned to Kentucky without further incident.\\nThe officers who were first and second in command of\\nthis expedition, were much censured at the time for its\\ndisasters, and it has ever since been popularly known as\\nHarmar s defeat. The more impartial verdict of his-\\ntory, given on a calm review of all the evidence, will do\\njustice to the names of Harmar and Hardin, and rank\\nthese brave soldiers among the defenders of their coun-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0323.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "312 REVIEW OP THE EXPEDITION.\\ntry who are entitled to its gratitude. Their successes,\\nand the important objects which they accomplished, have\\nbeen obscured by their misfortunes; the country mourned\\nthe lives that were lost, without reflecting upon the ad-\\nvantages that were gained. The object of the expedition\\nwas to destroy the Indian towns at and near the conflu-\\nence of St. Mary s and Joseph s rivers. This was com-\\npletely accomplished, and the Indian power in that quarter\\nwas effectually crippled, by the destruction of their whole\\nstock of provisions for the winter. Their villages were\\nburned and their corn-fields devastated. The -duty im-\\nposed upon this army was performed and its. disasters,\\nthough deeply to be deplored, should not be allowed to\\nthrow a shade over the services or the reputation of the\\npatriotic individuals who composed it. Besides the de-\\nstruction of their property and means of sustenance, the\\nloss of life was greater on the part of the Indians than on\\nthe side of the whites; and that the victory .which they\\nclaimed, and to which the retreat of our troops entitled\\nthem, was dearly bought, is sufficiently evident from the\\nfact, that they neither repeated the attack, nor made any\\nattempt to annoy the army on its return. An army which\\nhad so far secured the respect of a victorious enemy as\\nto be permitted to march unmolested from a disastrous\\nbattle-field, was certainly not dishonored, though it might\\nhave been vanquished. The error of Harmar consisted in\\nhis dividing his force, by sending out detachments, giving\\nto the enemy the opportunities for practicing to advantage\\nthe stratagems peculiar to their system of warfare, and\\nexposing our army to the hazard of being beaten in detail.\\nIt was thus beaten; but the error in judgment, which pro-\\nduced the result, was not greater than has often been com-\\nmitted by able commanders; and should at least find an\\nexcuse in the recollection, that it was preceded by a sue-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0324.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "GEN. scott s expedition. 313\\ncessful campaign, and followed by an able retreat. Har-\\nmar was a brave and accomplished officer, whose character\\nwas adorned by many amiable and brilliant qualities.\\nBoth he and Hardin demanded the investigation of their\\nmilitary conduct in this expedition, by courts of inquiry\\nand both were honorably acquitted.\\nIn the spring of 1791, General Scott and Colonel (after-\\nwards General) Wilkinson, announced their intention to\\nlead an expedition against the Indians, and a thousand\\nvolunteers, mounted and equipped with rifles, were assem-\\nbled in the course of a few days at Frankfort. Their\\nmarch was directed to the mouth of the Kentucky river,\\nwhere they crossed the Ohio and struck into the Indian\\ncountry. They penetrated one hundred and fifty miles\\ninto the wilderness, without meeting an enemy; visited\\nthe Indian villages on the Wabash, destroyed their lodges\\nand their corn, and returned to Kentucky. The Wea\\ntowns, upon the Wabash, twelve miles below Tippecanoe,\\nwere surprised. The warriors fled, but a large portion of\\nthe women and children were taken, and delivered to the\\ncharge of the regular troops at Fort Washington, where\\nthey were kept until the peace made by General Putnam\\nwith the Wabash tribes, in 1793.\\nThis was one of the first occasions on which the effi-\\nciency of mounted riflemen, in a warfare with the Indians,\\nwas fairly tried or perhaps it is more proper to say, that\\nthe superiority of this description of troops was now first\\nmade the subject of remark. General Clarke had already\\nmade the experiment. The backwoodsmen are excellent\\nriders they love the horse, and are as expert in the man-\\nagement of that noble animal as in the use of the rifle\\nand in all the expeditions against the Indians, a portion\\nof the volunteers were mounted. So decided is the pre-\\nference of the people of the frontier for this mode of\\n27", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0325.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "31 4 MOUNTED RIFLEMEN.\\nwarfare, that tliey are unwilling to take the field in any\\nother manner. But they had heretofore usually been\\naccompanied by infantry, whose sluggish movements\\nthrough the intricacies of the forest, and among the\\nwilds and swamps of the wilderness, impeded their march\\nand damped their ardor while the Indians, unencum-\\nbered with baggage, and more intimately acquainted with\\nthe country, reaped the full advantage of their capacity\\nfor rapid marches and sudden attacks.\\nGeneral Wilkinson, who was undoubtedly a gentleman\\nof high courage, of singular address, and considerable mili-\\ntary sagacity, is entitled to the credit of having been the\\nfirst to notice these circumstances, and to insist publicly\\non the expediency of employing mounted riflemen alone,\\nin hostilities against the Indians. Immediately after his\\nreturn from the last expedition, he spoke and wrote in\\nfavor of the employment of this description of troops\\nand in July of the same year, published a notification,\\ninviting five hundred volunteer horsemen to accompany\\nhim on an expedition into the territory north-west of the\\nOhio. It was announced that Colonel John Hardin and\\nColonel James M Doweli, both of whom were popular\\nleaders, would serve under him as majors. Such was the\\nmode of conducting these hostilities, at that period. A\\nleader of repute planned an expedition, announced his\\nintention, and appointed a place of rendezvous; and the\\nvolunteers flocked around his standard. When the en-\\nterprise was sufficiently important, and a numerous\\nforce was required, several gentlemen united as leaders,\\narranged the plan, settled their relative rank among them-\\nselves, and used their combined influence in collecting\\nthe number of men required. Thus, Colonel John Har-\\ndin, who on previous occasions had commanded a much\\nlarger force than that now proposed to be raised, served", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0326.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "INDIAN EXPEDITIONS. 315\\non this occasion as second in command under Wilkinson.\\nIt is thus, also, that we account for the numerous military\\ntitles, under which we find the distinguished men among\\nthe pioneers denominated. Some of them designate the\\nproper rank held by these gentlemen in the militia; others\\nare titles acquired in actual service, during the revolu-\\ntion and others show the rank gratuitously conferred\\nupon the voluntary leaders in some military enterprise,\\nby their companions a rank which gave them actual\\ncommand for the occasion, and military titles which they\\nretained permanently. These expeditions were extremely\\npopular the men offered their services cheerfully, and\\nwent at their own cost. There was, at first, no govern-\\nment except that of Virginia, which was too distant, and\\ntoo much occupied in acting her distinguished part in\\nthe war of the revolution, to afford assistance to the set-\\ntlements and the military duty rendered for the public\\ndefence, was both voluntary and gratuitous. The men\\nfurnished their own horses, arms, ammunition, and pro-\\nvisions thus expending their substance, and exposing\\ntheir property, as well as their lives, in this patriotic\\nservice.\\nThis enterprise of Wilkinson produced no important\\nresult, except to show the facility with which troops may\\nbe moved by an active officer. He scoured the Indian\\ncountry for a few weeks, swept over a great extent of\\nterritory, devastated some of the villages and fields of the\\nenemy, and returned without having succeeded in bring-\\ning the savages into an engagement. Among the towns\\ndestroyed by him, was that at the mouth of the Tippe-\\ncanoe. No other town was built at or near that place,\\nuntil the establishment of the Prophet s village, which\\nafterwards caused so much trouble to the frontiers of\\nIndiana.\\nS", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0327.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "316 THE WAR BELT.\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\\nTHE WAR BELT, A LEGEND OF NORTH BEND.\\nIn the year 1786, there stood upon the margin of the\\nOhio, near the mouth of the Miami, a small fortress, over\\nwhich waved the flag of the United States. The banner\\nwas that of a confederacy which had just emerged from a\\nsuccessful struggle with one of the most powerful nations\\nof the world, and over which the illustrious Washington\\nruled as Chief Magistrate. In the eye of a military en-\\ngineer, the fort would hardly have deserved that name, as\\nit was a temporary structure, intended only to protect its\\nsmall garrison against a sudden attack by an Indian force.\\nIt was composed of a series of log-houses opening upon\\nan interior area, or quadrangle, with a block-house, or\\ncitadel, in the center, while the outer sides, closely con-\\nnected, formed a square inclosure, or rampart, without\\napertures, except a single entrance, and a few loop-holes\\nfrom which to discharge fire-arms. The whole presented\\nthe appearance of a single edifice, receiving light from\\nthe center, and forming barracks for the garrison, as well\\nas breastworks against a foe. The forest was cleared away\\nfor some hundred of yards around, leaving an open vista,\\nextending to the water s edge; while a few acres inclosed\\nin a rude fence, and planted with corn and garden vege-\\ntables for the use of the soldiers, exhibited the first rude\\nattempt at agriculture in that wild and beautiful region.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0328.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "THE WAR BELT. 317\\nIt will be recollected, that when the shores of the Ohio\\nwere first explored by the adventurous pioneers, no vil-\\nlages were found upon them; not a solitary lodge was\\nseen along its secluded waters./ The numerous and war-\\nlike tribes whose battle-cry was often heard on the fron-\\ntier, inhabited the tributary branches of the Ohio, leav-\\ning the immediate shores of that river an untenanted\\nwilderness, rich in the glorious productions of nature,\\nand animated only by the brute and the wild bird, by the\\nlurking hunter and the stealthy war-party. It seemed as\\nif man had been expelled from this blooming paradise,\\nand only invaded its flowery precincts at intervals, to war\\nupon his fellow-man, or to ravage the pastures of the deer\\nand the buffalo. Historians are not agreed as to the\\nreasons of this curious arrangement; but we supj)ose that\\nthe Manito of the red man had reserved this loveliest of\\nvalleys to be the happy hunting-ground of the blessed,\\nand that, though living forms were seldom seen within it,\\nthe spirits of warriors lingered here, to mourn the destiny\\nof their race, and curse the coming of the white man.\\nA few adventurous pioneers from Pennsylvania, Virginia,\\nand North Carolina, had crossed the Alleghenies and\\nsettled at different places, far distant from each other; but\\nthese also were inland as respected the great river; the\\ncivilized man avoiding its dangerous shores on the one\\nside, from an instinct similar to that which induced the\\nIndian to shun a residence upon them on the other.\\nAll the tribes inhabiting the country north of the Ohio,\\nwere at that time hostile to the American people, and\\nbeheld with great jealousy these migrations into the West,\\nthat indicated an intention to plant a civilized population\\non this side of the mountains. The agents also of a\\nforeign power, which saw with dissatisfaction the growing\\nprosperity of the United States, deemed this a favorable", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0329.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "318 A LEGEND OF NORTH BEND.\\nmoment to unite the savage tribes against our young re-\\npublic, and they were accordingly instructed to address\\nsuch arguments to the chiefs as would be likely to effect\\nthat object. Councils were accordingly held, and arms\\nand trinkets distributed by those unprincipled emissaries.\\nIn consequence of these efforts, the hostile feelings of the\\nsavages, already sufficiently bitter, became greatly excited\\nand at the period of which we write, a war with the com-\\nbined forces of the north-western tribes seemed inevitable.\\nThe policy of the American government was pacific.\\nThey did not aim at conquest. They desired to extend\\nto the savages within their borders the same justice by\\nwhich their foreign relations were intended to be govern-\\ned. Difficult as this proposition might seem, it was not\\ndeemed impracticable. That the enterprising and intelli-\\ngent population of the United States would spread out\\nfrom the seaboard over the wilderness that the savage\\nmust retire before civilized man; that the desert must be\\nreclaimed from a state of nature, and be subjected to the\\nhand of art, were propositions too evident to be concealed\\nor denied. Had the government been disposed to per-\\npetuate the reign of barbarism over the fairest portion of\\nour country, it could not have enforced its decree for a\\npurpose so inconsistent with the interests of the people,\\nand the spirit of the age. But it never was intended that\\nthe Indian should be driven from his hunting grounds by\\nviolence and while a necessity, strong as the law of nature,\\ndecreed the expulsion of the mere hunter, and gave do-\\nminion to art, industry, and religion, it was always pro-\\nposed that the savage should be removed by negotiation,\\nand a just price given for the relinquishment of his pos-\\nsessory title.\\nHad these counsels prevailed, humanity would have\\nbeen spared the anguish and humiliation of blushing for", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0330.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "THE FORT. 319\\nacts of deception, and weeping over scenes of bloodshed.\\nThey did not prevail the magnanimous policy of the\\ngovernment remained unaltered but many individuals\\nhave committed deep wrongs against the savages, while\\nthe latter, misled to their ruin by foreign interference,\\nspurned at the offers of conciliation, the acceptance of\\nwhich would have insured to them the strong protection\\nof the nation.\\nSuch was the posture of affairs, when the little fortress\\nalluded to was established, at the outlet of the fertile\\nvalley of the Miami, and near the track by which the war\\nparties approached the Ohio, in their incursions into Ken-\\ntucky. The position was also that selected by Judge\\nSymmes and others, the purchasers from Congress of a\\nlarge tract of country, as the site of a future city though\\na trivial accident afterward changed the locality, and\\nplaced the Queen City of the West at a point twenty\\nmiles farther up the Ohio. It was near the head of that\\ngreat bend of the Ohio, now widely known as North Bend,\\na spot which has become classic ground to the American,\\nas the residence of that excellent man, and distinguished\\nstatesman and soldier, the venerated and lamented Har-\\nrison. The fort was garrisoned by a small party of\\nsoldiers, commanded by a captain, who was almost as much\\ninsulated from the rest of the world as Alexander Selkirk\\nin the island of Juan Fernandez.\\nAt this sequestered spot, a treaty was to be held by\\ncommissioners appointed by the President, with the Sha-\\nwanoes, a migratory and gallant nation, which had fought\\nfrom South Carolina to Pennsylvania, along the whole\\nline of the western frontier, and whose eventful history,\\nunless it has been lately collected by an ingenious writer\\nwho is about to publish a life of Tecumthe, remains to\\nbe written. It is enough to say of them here, that no", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0331.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "320 THE GARRISON.\\nwestern tribe has produced so many distinguished indi-\\nviduals, or carried on so constant a series of daring enter-\\nprises.\\nFor several days previous to that appointed for holding\\nthe council, parties of Indian warriors were seen arriving\\nand erecting their temporary lodges at a short distance\\nfrom the fort. An unwonted bustle disturbed the silence\\nwhich usually reigned at this retired spot. Groups of\\nsavages, surrounding their camp-fires, passed the hours\\nin conversation and in feasting the tramp of horses and\\nthe barking of dogs were heard in every direction. The\\nnumber of Indians assembled was much greater than was\\nnecessary, or was expected; and their disposition seemed\\nto be any thing but pacific. Irritated by recent events,\\nand puffed up by delusive promises of support, they wore\\nan offended and insolent air. Their glances were vindic-\\ntive, and their thirst for vengeance scarcely concealed.\\nNo one acquainted with the savage character could doubt\\ntheir intentions, or hesitate for a moment to believe they\\nonly waited to ripen their plan of treachery, and at a\\nmoment which should be most favorable to their purposes,\\nto butcher every white man in their power.\\nThe situation of the garrison was very precarious. The\\nfort was a slight work, which might be readily set on fire,\\nand the number of Americans was too small to afford the\\nslightest chance of success in open fight against the nu-\\nmerous force of the Shawanoes. The only hope for safety\\nwas in keeping them at a distance but this was incon-\\nsistent with the purposes of meeting them in council, to\\ntreat for peace.\\nBoth parties held separate councils on the day previous\\nto that appointed for the treaty. That of the Indians\\nwas declamatory and boisterous. The caution with which\\nthey usually feel their way, and the secrecy that attends", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0332.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "COLONEL GEORGE ROGERS CLARKE. 321\\nall their measures, seems to have been abandoned. They\\nhad probably decided on their course, and deeming their\\nenemy too weak to oppose any serious opposition, were\\ndeclaiming upon their wrongs, for the purpose of lashing\\neach other into that state of fury which would give relish\\nfor the horrid banquet at hand, by whetting the appetite\\nfor blood. The American commissioners saw with gloomy\\nforebodings these inauspicious movements, and hesitated\\nas to the proper course to be pursued. To treat with\\nsavages thus numerically superior, bent on treachery, and\\nintoxicated with an expected triumph, seemed to be mad-\\nness. To meet them in council, would be to place them-\\nselves at the mercy of ruthless barbarians, whose system\\nof warfare justified and inculcated every species of stra-\\ntagem, however disingenuous. To close the gate of the\\nfortress, and break up the negotiation, would be at the\\nsame time a declaration of war, and an acknowledgment\\nof weakness, which would produce immediate hostilities.\\nIn either case, this little band of Americans stood alone,\\ndependent on their own courage and sagacity only, and\\ncut off from all hope of support. They were far beyond\\nthe reach of communication with any American post or\\nsettlement. Under these circumstances, it was proposed\\nto postpone the treaty, upon some plausible pretence, and\\nto endeavor to amuse the Indians, while the utmost dili-\\ngence should be used in preparing the fort for a siege\\nand in this opinion all concurred save one and happily\\nthat one was a master spirit, the Promethean fire of whose\\ngenius seldom failed to kindle up in other bosoms the\\ncourage that glowed in his own. That man was Colonel\\nGrEORGE ROGERS CLARKE.\\nClarke was a Virginian of high spirit, and of consum-\\nmate skill as a military leader. A series of daring ex-\\nploits, evincing a brilliant genius in their conception.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0333.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "322 HIS CHARACTER.\\nexecuted with accuracy and energy, and terminating in\\nsuccessful results, had placed his name in the first class\\nof our revolutionary heroes. It was said of him, by one\\nwho had followed him in battle, He was the bravest\\nman I ever knew his courage was governed by a wisdom\\nthat bore him through whatever he undertook, in security\\nand in triumph and one could only see, after the event,\\nthat it partook not of rashness nor presumption, although\\nit bore that appearance. The truth was, that this re-\\nmarkable man, to the gallant spirit that belonged to him\\nas a native of Virginia, added a knowledge of human\\nnature, that enabled him to read and control the minds\\naround him, and a promptness and energy of purpose\\nthat no ordinary obstacle could obstruct.\\nWhatever might have been the real opinion of Colonel\\nClarke on this occasion, he treated the idea of danger with\\nridicule, and insisted, calmly, cheerfully, even playfully,\\nand in a way that disarmed all opposition from his col-\\nleagues, that the negotiation should go forward.\\nAn apartment in the fort was prepared as a council-\\nroom, and, at the appointed hour, the doors were thrown\\nopen. At the head of the table sat Clarke, a soldier-like\\nand majestic man, whose complexion, eyes, and hair, all\\nindicated a sanguine and mercurial temperament. The\\nbrow was high and capacious, the features were prominent\\nand manly; and the expression, which was keen, reflective,\\nand ordinarily cheerful and agreeable, was now grave,\\nalmost to sternness.\\nThe Indians, being a military people, have a deep re-\\nspect for martial virtue. To other estimable or shining\\nqualities they turn a careless eye, or pay at best but a\\npassing tribute, while they bow in profound veneration\\nbefore a successful warrior. The name of Clarke was\\nfamiliar to them several brilliant expeditions into their", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0334.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "AN INDIAN COUNCIL, 323\\ncountry had spread the terror of his arms throughout\\ntheir villages, and carried the fame of his exploits to every\\ncouncil-fire in the West. Their high appreciation of his\\ncharacter was exemplified in a striking as well as an amus-\\ning manner, on another occasion, when a council was held\\nwith several tribes. The celebrated Delaware chief, Buck-\\ninghelas, on entering the council-room, without noticing\\nany other person, walked up to Clarke, and as he shook\\nhands cordially with him, exclaimed, It is a happy day\\nwhen two such men as Colonel Clarke and Buckinghelas\\nmeet together I\\nSuch was the remarkable man who now presided at the\\ncouncil table. On his right hand sat Colonel Richard\\nButler, a brave officer of the Revolution, who soon after\\nfell, with the rank of brigadier-general, in the disastrous\\ncampaign of St. Clair. On the other side was Samuel\\nH. Parsons, a lawyer from New England, who afterwards\\nbecame a judge in the north-western territory. At the\\nsame table sat the secretaries, while the interpreters,\\nseveral officers, and a few soldiers, stood around.\\nAn Indian council is one of the most imposing spec-\\ntacles in savage life. It is one of the few occasions in\\nwhich the warrior exercises his right of suffrage, his in-\\nfluence and his talents, in a civil capacity, and the meeting\\nis conducted with all the gravity, and all the ceremonious\\nostentation with which it is possible to invest it. The\\nmatter to be considered, as well as all the details, are well\\ndigested beforehand, so that the utmost decorum shall\\nprevail, and the decision be unanimous. The chiefs and\\nsages, the leaders and orators, occupy the most conspicu-\\nous seats; behind them are arranged the younger braves,\\nand still farther in the rear appear the women and youth,\\nSee Appendix.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0335.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "324 A TRYING SITUATION.\\nas spectators. All are equally attentive. A dead silence\\nreigns throughout the assemblage. The great pipe, gaudily\\nadorned with paint and feathers, is lighted, and passed\\nfrom mouth to mouth, commencing with the chief highest\\nin rank, and proceeding, by regular gradation, to the in-\\nferior order of braves. If two or three nations be repre-\\nsented, the pipe is passed from one party to the other,\\nand salutations are courteously exchanged, before the\\nbusiness of the council is opened by the respective speak-\\ners. Whatever jealousy or party spirit may exist in the\\ntribe, it is carefully excluded from this dignified assem-\\nblage, whose orderly conduct, and close attention to the\\nproper subject before them, might be imitated with profit\\nby some of the most enlightened bodies in Christendom.\\nIt was an alarming evidence of the temper now pre-\\nvailing among them, and of the brooding storm that filled\\ntheir minds, that no propriety of demeanor marked the\\nentrance of the savages into the council-room. The usual\\nformalities were forgotten, or purposely dispensed with,\\nand an insulting levity substituted in their place. The\\nchiefs and braves stalked in, with an appearance of light\\nregard, and seated themselves promiscuously on the floor,\\nin front of the commissioners. An air of insolence marked\\nall their movements, and showed an intention to dictate\\nterms, or to fix a quarrel upon the Americans.\\nA dead silence rested over the group; it was the silence\\nof dread, distrust, and watchfulness not of respect. The\\neyes of the savage band gloated upon the banquet of blood\\nthat seemed already spread out before them; the pillage\\nof the fort, and the bleeding scalps of the American, were\\nalmost within their grasp while that gallant little band\\nsaw the portentous nature of the crisis, and stood ready to\\nsell their lives as dearly as possible.\\nThe commissioners, without noticing the disorderly con-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0336.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "THE INSULT. 325\\nduct of the other party, or appearing to have discovered\\ntheir meditated treachery, opened the council in due form.\\nThey lighted the peace-pipe, and, after drawing a few\\nwhiffs, passed it to the chiefs, who received it. Colonel\\nClarke then rose to explain the purpose for which the\\ntreaty was ordered. With an unembarrassed air, with the\\ntone of one accustomed to command, and the easy as-\\nsurance of perfect security and self-possession, he stated\\nthat the commissioners had been sent to offer peace to\\nthe Shawanoes; that the President had no wish to con-\\ntinue the war he had no resentment to gratify and, that\\nif the red men desired peace, they could have it on liberal\\nterms. If such be the will of the Shawanoes, he con-\\ncluded, let some of their wise men speak.\\nA chief arose, drew up his tall person to its full hight,\\nand assuming a haughty attitude, threw his eye contemp-\\ntuously over the commissioners, and their small retinue,\\nas if to measure their insignificance, in comparison with\\nhis own numerous train, and then stalking up to the table,\\nthrew upon it two belts of wampum, of different colors\\nthe war and the peace belt.\\nWe come here, he exclaimed, to offer you two pieces\\nof wampum; they are of different colors; you know what\\nthey mean you can take which you like And turning\\nupon his heel, he resumed his seat.\\nThe chiefs drew themselves up, in the consciousness of\\nhaving hurled defiance in the teeth of the white men.\\nThey had offered an insult to the renowned leader of the\\nLong Knives, to which they knew it would be hard for\\nhim to submit, while they did not suppose he would dare\\nto resent it. The council-pipe was laid aside, and those\\nfierce wild men gazed intently on Clarke. The Americans\\nsaw that the crisis had arrived: they could no longer doubt\\nthat the Indians understood the advantage they possessed,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0337.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "326 THE ANSWER.\\nand were disposed to use it; and a common sense of danger\\ncaused each eye to be turned on the leading commissioner.\\nHe sat undisturbed, and apparently careless, until the\\nchief who had thrown the belts on the table had taken\\nhis seat: then, with a small cane which he held in his\\nhand, he reached, as if playfully, towards the war-belt,\\nentangled the end of the stick in it, drew it towards him,\\nand then, with a twitch of the cane, threw the belt into the\\nmidst of the chiefs. The effect was electric. Every man\\nin council, of each party, sprang to his feet; the savages,\\nwith a loud exclamation of astonishment, Hugh! the\\nAmericans in expectation of a hopeless conflict against\\noverwhelming numbers. Every hand grasped a weapon.\\nClarke alone was unawed. The expression of his coun-\\ntenance changed to a ferocious sternness, and his eye\\nflashed, but otherwise he was unmoved. A bitter smile\\nwas slightly perceptible upon his compressed lips, as he\\ngazed upon that savage band, whose hundred eyes were\\nbent fiercely and in horrid exultation upon him, as they\\nstood like a pack of wolves at bay, thirsting for blood, and\\nready to rush upon him, whenever one bolder than the\\nrest should commence the attack. It was one of those\\nmoments of indecision, when the slightest weight thrown\\ninto either scale will make it preponderate a moment in\\nwhich a bold man, conversant with the secret springs of\\nhuman action, may seize upon the minds of all around\\nhim, and sway them at his will. Such a man was the in-\\ntrepid Virginian. He spoke, and there was no man bold\\nenough to gainsay him none that could return the fierce\\nglance of his eye. Raising his arm and waving his hand\\ntowards the door, he exclaimed: Dogs you may go!\\nThe Indians hesitated for a moment, and then rushed\\ntumultuously out of the council-room.\\nThe decision of Clarke on that occasion, saved himself", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0338.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "THE TNDTANS CONFOUNDED. 327\\nand his companions from massacre. The plan of the\\nsavages had been artfully laid: he had read it in their\\nfeatures and conduct, as plainly as if it had been written\\nupon a scroll before him. He met it in a manner which\\nwas unexpected; the crisis was brought on sooner than\\nwas intended; and upon a principle similar to that by\\nwhich, when a line of battle is broken, the dismayed troops\\nfly, before order can be restored, the new and sudden turn\\ngiven to these proceedings by the energy of Clarke, con-\\nfounded the Indians, and before the broken thread of their\\nscheme of treachery could be reunited, they were panic-\\nstruck. They had come prepared to brow-beat, to hum-\\nble, and then to destroy; they looked for remonstrance, and\\naltercation; for the luxury of drawing the toils gradually\\naround their victims; of beholding their agony and degra-\\ndation, and of bringing on the final catastrophe by an\\nappointed signal, when the scheme should be ripe. They\\nexpected to see, on our part, great caution, a skillful play-\\ning off, and an unwillingness to take offense, which were\\nto be gradually goaded into alarm, irritation, and submis-\\nsion. The cool contempt with which their first insult was\\nthrown back in their teeth surprised them, and they were\\nfoiled by the self-possession of one man. They had no\\nTecumthe among them, no master-spirit to change the\\nplan, so as to adapt it to a new exigency; and those\\nbraves, who in many a battle had shown themselves to be\\nmen of true valor, quailed before the moral superiority\\nwhich assumed the vantage ground of a position they\\ncould not comprehend, and therefore feared to assail.\\nThe Indians met immediately around their own council\\nfire, and engaged in an animated discussion. Accustomed\\nto a cautious warfare, they did not suppose a man of\\nColonel Clarke s known sagacity would venture upon a\\ndisplay of mere gasconade, or assume any ground that he", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0339.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "328 PEACE CONCLUDED.\\nwas not able to maintain and they therefore attributed\\nhis conduct to a consciousness of strength. They knew\\nhim to be a consummate warrior; gave him the credit of\\nhaving judiciously measured his own power with that of\\nhis adversary; and suspected that a powerful reinforcement\\nwas at hand. Perhaps at that moment, when intent upon\\ntheir own scheme, and thrown off their guard by imagined\\nsecurity, they had neglected the ordinary precautions that\\nform a prominent feature in their system of tactics; they\\nmight be surrounded by a concealed force, ready to rush\\nupon them at a signal from the fort. In their eagerness\\nto entrap a foe, they might have blindly become entangled\\nin a snare set for themselves. So fully were they con-\\nvinced that such was the relative position of the two\\nparties, and so urgent did they consider the necessity for\\nimmediate conciliation, that they appointed a delegation\\nto wait on Clarke, and. express their willingness to accept\\npeace on such terms as might be agreeable to him. The\\ncouncil re-assembled, and a treaty was signed, under the\\ndictation of the American commissioners. Such was the\\nremarkable result of the intrepidity and presence of mind\\nof G-eorge Rogers Clarke.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0340.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "EXPEDITIONS NOT UNIFORMLY SUCCESSFUL. 329\\nCHAPTEE XXV.\\nCauses of the failure of several of the Expeditions in the North-\\nwestern Territory St. Clair s Campaign.\\nThat the engagements of the regular troops with the\\nIndians in this region sliould have been so often disas-\\ntrous, is by no means surprising; on the contrary, When\\nwe reflect on the character of the army, and the circum-\\nstances under which our troops were placed, we can only\\nwonder that they should ever have been successful. The\\ntroops which had been engaged in the Revolutionary War,\\nhad been disbanded, and did not, necessarily, form any\\npart of the military peace establishment of the Federal\\ngovernment, though many individuals, who had served\\nin the Continental line, afterwards entered the army as\\nofficers or privates. The first standing army authorized\\nby Congress, was too small to offer strong inducements to\\ngentlemen of talent and enterprise, to embrace the mili-\\ntary life as a profession; the officers, therefore, though\\nmany of them were high-minded, gallant men, were not\\ngenerally the elite of the nation, and a large portion of\\nthe men were either worn-out old soldiers, or raw recruits\\nof degraded character. The habit of intemperate drink-\\ning prevailed to an alarming extent. Among the speci-\\nmens of the military of that day, who survived the assaults\\nof time, and came down to us as the honored relics of a\\npast generation, this propensity was strongly developed,\\n28", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0341.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "330 CAUSES OP THEIR FAILURE.\\nand the appellation of old soldier, was always associated\\nwith the idea of a hard-drinking man. We have also\\nsome records that attest this fact; the proceedings of\\ncourts-martial in those days show that the charge of\\ndrunkenness was more than once brought home to the\\ngentlemen of the sword and some of the published re-\\nminiscences of the old heroes, attest the same lamentable\\ntruth. General Eaton has left a list of some of his\\ncompanions, in which the expressive phrases, dead per\\nbrandy dead per ditto occur with melancholy fre-\\nquency. Public opinion had not then placed the stamp\\nof disgrace upon that species of dissipation, and military\\ndiscipline, although severe, was imperfect.\\nOur government was then but recently organized, and\\nthe war department had not acquired character or sta-\\nbility. It was the branch of the executive which was\\nleast esteemed. The standing army had been made the\\ntheme of bitter party denunciation, had been pronounced\\ndangerous to liberty, and had been stigmatized by the\\ndemagogues of the day with the bitterest and foulest\\nepithets in the vocabulary of party invective. It was de-\\ncidedly unpopular. While, therefore, it appeared certain\\nthat neither its numbers, nor the respectability of its\\nappointments, would be enlarged by the deliberate action\\nof government, it was doubtful whether the whole estab-\\nlishment would not be swept off as a nuisance. Congress\\nmade appropriations for military purposes with reluctance;\\nand there was little to encourage the war department in\\nmaking any decided efforts to improve the service, or\\nsustain the reputation of the army.\\nThe government was poor, and our councils were dis-\\ntracted. These facts have not been made sufficiently\\nprominent by those who have commented upon the ser-\\nvices and sufferings of the soldiers and the first settlers", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0342.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "THE ARMY NOT POPULAR. 331\\nin the West, nor considered with the attention they de-\\nserve, in connection with the rapid improvement of our\\ncountry, and the vigorous growth of our institutions.\\nThe pioneers first penetrated into the western forests\\nduring the stormy period of the Revolution, when our\\ninfant nation was struggling in the grasp of a powerful\\nantagonist, and gasping for existence. At a period a little\\nlater, the government was unsettled and powerless. The\\npatriots of the Revolution had willed that we should be\\nfree; but it required many years, and much fierce con-\\ntention, to determine the precise character and extent of\\nthe freedom for which they had successfully fought. Par-\\nties, equally adverse to rational liberty, which advocated\\nthe high-toned principles of aristocracy on the one hand,\\nand the ferocious dogmas of unlicensed democracy on\\nthe other, were engaged in controversy, and struggling\\nfor the ascendency. By one or the other, almost every\\nnational institution, and every branch of the political\\neconomy of the country, was denounced and sought to be\\nprostrated and the government, unwilling to expend its\\nlimited resources upon an unpopular or an evanescent\\ninstitution, was uncertain what institution to foster, and\\nwhich to leave to its fate.\\nThe army was left to sustain itself miserably paid,\\nwretchedly clad, badly supplied, and carelessly governed;\\nits honor was supported alone by the patriotism and gal-\\nlantry of those who composed it. At the same moment,\\nwhen the navy was withering under the hostility of the\\ngovernment and the indifference of the people, the army\\nwas sinking under the effects of popular fury and execu-\\ntive coldness.\\nUnder such circumstances, troops were raised for the\\ndefence of the western frontiers. They were not autho-\\nrized by Congress without opposition. There were some", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0343.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "332 DID NOT ENLIST PUBLIC SYMPATHY.\\nwho objected to the prosecution of any tramontane wars,\\nbecause they doubted the expediency of attempting to\\nextend the territorial limits of the United States beyond\\nthe Alleghenies. Some affected to question the right of\\nCongress to acquire new territories, not embraced within\\nthe actual boundaries of the original States of the con-\\nfederacy; and some, consulting a timid prudence, foresaw,\\nin any attempt to possess the broad lands of the West, by\\nmilitary occupancy, a series of bloody and expensive wars\\nwith the British, the Spaniards, and the countless hordes\\nof fierce aborigines, who would be incited and supplied by\\nboth those powers; while none knew, and few imagined,\\neven in the wildest dreams of speculation, the width,\\nthe fertility, the resources, the inexhaustible treasures\\nof national wealth, and the boundless field for individual\\nenterprise, which lay concealed in silent splendor amid\\nthe shadows of the western forests. The troops, therefore,\\nwho were sent to the West, were not supported by the en-\\nthusiasm of national pride; neither the hopes of the people,\\nnor the steady confidence of the government, stimulated\\ntheir ambition, or supported them in the patient endurance\\nof fatigue and danger. The pride of individual character,\\nand the sense of military duty, may do much to sustain\\nmen under the pressure of danger; but brilliant results\\nhave seldom attended any military enterprise, which did\\nnot enlist the sympathies of the people, and hold out the\\nbright rewards of fame.\\nIt should also be recollected, that while the Indians\\npossessed greater physical and numerical strength, more\\nardor and confidence than at present, with the same mili-\\ntary knowledge and discipline which they now exhibit,\\nthe tactics of civilized warfare were in a state infinitely\\ninferior to that in which we see them. They had not the\\nadvantage of any of those countless improvements in the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0344.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "POWER OF THE INDIANS OVERRATED, 333\\nmechanic arts, which have given such completeness and\\nfinish to the weapons and equipment of the modern sol-\\ndier. Their movements were heavy, complicated, and ill\\nadapted to partisan warfare. The simplicity, the rapidity\\nof evolution, and the concentration of force, which the\\ngenius of Napoleon, and of the galaxy of brilliant men\\nby whom he was surrounded, and opposed, introduced\\ninto military operations, were then unknown. In the\\ncomparison, therefore, between the savage and the civilized\\nwarrior, the Indian occupied a higher ground at that\\nperiod than at the present time he has deteriorated, while\\nwe have advanced.\\nA mistaken opinion was long entertained of the prowess,\\nas well as of the military capacity of the Indian warrior.\\nA variety of circumstances had contributed to invest the\\nred men with higher attributes than they really possessed,\\nto give them a repute to which they were not entitled,\\nand to throw a gratuitous terror around them, which\\ncaused the courage of the disciplined soldier to sink into\\na mysterious dread as he penetrated into the wilderness,\\nand the blood to forsake his cheek, when he heard the\\nterrific sound of the war-whoop. It was difficult to over-\\ncome this panic. The dreadful cruelties of the Indians,\\ntheir butchery of the helpless, their torture of the pris-\\noner, the cunning with which they sometimes entrapped\\ntheir enemies, and the fury with which they rushed upon\\nan unprepared or inferior enemy, all contributed to pro-\\nduce an awe among the soldiery which was not easily\\nremoved. A few successes on the part of the savages,\\nstrengthened the belief in their superiority; and there has\\nbeen more than one period in our history, when they\\ngained advantages from the panic created by ignorance of\\ntheir force and their character.\\nIn addition to all the other unpropitious circumstances", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0345.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "334 ERRONEOUS SYSTEM OF TACTICS.\\nto which we have adverted, was that of being obliged to\\noperate in a wilderness, without magazines, without any\\ndepots of supplies, and through which it was difficult to\\ntransport the baggage and munitions which were abso-\\nlutely indispensable. Entirely cut off from the settled\\nparts of the country, an army acting in the West at\\nthat time, could look for no support in any emergency.\\nWhat they lost in battle could not be supplied by re-\\ninforcement if their provisions or ammunition became\\ndestroyed by accident, or diminished by capture, the\\ndeficiency was irreparable. Months must roll away before\\nthe government could be advised of any disaster, of any\\nchange of plan, or other vicissitude which might render\\naid or advice desirable, and even then the feeble hand of\\ngovernment could not be moved until it received vitality\\nfrom the tardy action of Congress.\\nBut perhaps the most efficient cause of the failure of\\nthe regular troops, on several occasions, was the system\\nof tactics used in battle. The troops were formed in\\nclose order, under the plan of Steuben, which was adapted\\nonly to the warfare of disciplined armies. Wayne, with\\nmore judgment, introduced the system of forming his men\\nin open order, extending his lines so as to prevent the\\nenemy from turning his flanks, and strengthening both\\nthe rear and flanks by reserves. The same plan was\\nadopted by his successors, and by none with more bril-\\nliant success than General Harrison, long afterwards, in\\nthe war of 1812. A regular army thus formed cannot be\\ndefeated by Indians.\\nThese remarks occur forcibly to our minds, when we\\ncontemplate the events of the disastrous campaign of\\nSt. Clair, and reflect upon the odium incurred by a deserv-\\ning patriot, and the blight which fell upon a brilliant\\ncharacter, in consequence of a single military miscarriage.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0346.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "st. clair s expedition. 335\\nNeither the capacity nor the courage of St. Clair admit\\nof doubt. He was a soldier of spotless reputation. His\\ntalents were commanding, and his experience great. The\\nforce placed under his command was larger than any that\\nhad previously acted against the Indians in this region,\\nand some of the officers under him were gentlemen of high\\nreputation. The object of the campaign was the destruc-\\ntion of the Indian towns upon the Mianiies; a purpose\\nwhich, we have seen, had more than once been effected\\nby small bodies of men, under less distinguished leaders.\\nThe army, consisting of about fourteen hundred effective\\ntroops, moved from Fort Washington in September, 1791,\\nand seems to have been conducted with abundant caution.\\nTwo forts were erected by the army as it proceeded, about\\nforty miles from each other, as places of deposit, and rest-\\ning points for the security of convoys which might follow\\nthe troops, and for the safety of the army itself in case\\nof disaster. The march was slow and laborious; delayed\\nby the opening of a road, and by the adoption of measures\\nof abundant precaution. Two months were occupied in\\ntardy marches, enlivened only by occasional skirmishes\\nwith the enemy.\\nThe campaigns of Clarke and St. Clair afford, by con-\\ntrast, admirable illustrations of the different modes of\\nwarfare adopted against the Indians, while they show, con-\\nclusively, the excellence of the one, and utter futility of\\nthe other. Clarke moved with light troops, unencumbered\\nby baggage, and neither halted to establish posts, nor to\\nopen roads. He marched so rapidly that the enemy had\\nno time to penetrate his designs, or anticipate his move-\\nments. The blow fell before they were aware of the point\\nat which it was intended to strike perhaps while they\\nwere yet ignorant that it was impending and he retired\\nbefore the dismay produced by his sudden approach had", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0347.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "336 CAUSES OF ITS FAILURE.\\nsubsided, before the shock of the onset could recoil upon\\nhimself, or the scattered forces of the enemy could be ral-\\nlied. St. Clair, at the head of an imposing force, was re-\\ntarded by the very strength which was intended to render\\nhis expedition formidable, and by the precautions used for\\nthe security of his army, while the enemy avoided his\\napproach with facility, impeded his march, and retaliated\\nhis attacks. The fault was not in the leader, but in the\\nplan of the campaign, and the kind of troops employed.\\nAll that an able commander could effect with such a force,\\nunder the circumstances by which he was surrounded and\\noverruled, was accomplished by General St. Clair. The\\nbrilliant talents of this brave soldier and veteran patriot\\nwere exerted in vain in the wilderness. The wariness\\nand perseverance of Indian warfare created every day new\\nobstacles and unforeseen dangers the skill of the experi-\\nenced leader was baffled, and undisciplined force prevailed\\nover military science. The art of the tactician proved in-\\nsufficient, when opposed to a countless multitude of wily\\nsavages, protected by the labyrinths of the forests, and\\naided by the terrors of the climate. At a moment of\\nfancied security, his troops were unexpectedly assailed\\nupon all sides, by a numerous and well organized foe,\\nwho had long been hanging upon his flanks, and had be-\\ncome intimately acquainted with his strength, his order of\\nencampment, and the distribution of his force who knew\\nwhen to attack, and where to strike. The officers acted\\nwith their accustomed intrepidity, but the men quickly\\nbecame panic-struck, and a scene of dreadful confusion\\nensued and after a short, though gallant resistance, our\\ntroops commenced a disorderly flight. The Indians pur-\\nsued for about four miles, slaughtering all who fell into\\ntheir hands, and filling the air with their yells of triumph,\\nuntil their avidity for plunder called them back to the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0348.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "wayne s expedition. 337\\ndeserted camp, where the spoils of the vanquished troops\\nwere to be divided among the victors. The flight of the\\ndispersed and beaten soldiers was continued to Fort Jef-\\nferson, a distance of thirty miles. The loss on this occa-\\nsion, owing to the too close order in which the troops\\nwere formed, was mournfully great; thirty-eight officers\\nand nearly eight hundred men were slain. A committee\\nof the House of Representatives in Congress, appointed\\nto investigate the causes of the failure of this expedition,\\nin the most explicit terms, exculpated the commander-in-\\nchief from all blame, and add their opinion, that as his\\nconduct, in all the preparatory arrangements, was marked\\nwith peculiar ability and zeal, so his conduct during the\\naction furnished strong testimony of his coolness and\\nintrepidity. Judge Marshall remarks, with his usual\\nfelicity of manner, more satisfactory testimony, in favor\\nof St. Clair, is furnished by the circumstance, that he still\\nretained the undiminished esteem and good opinion of the\\nPresident.\\nWe shall only allude to the successful campaign of\\nGeneral Wayne. It is too well known to require more\\nparticular notice. By dint of rigid discipline, indefatigable\\nexertion, and above all, a remarkable talent for Indian\\nwarfare, he redeemed the frontier settlements from de-\\nstruction, and inflicted a heavy vengeance upon our tawny\\nneighbors.\\nIn reference to all these wars, it has never been suffi-\\nciently urged, that they were but a continuation, and a\\nprotracted sequel to the War for Independence. For years\\nafter the United States had been acknowledged as a nation,\\nGreat Britain continued to hold a number of military\\nposts within our north-western limits, and to urge a de-\\nstructive warfare through her savage allies. Though peace\\nwas nominally established, there was, in fact, no cessation\\n29", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0349.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "338 WITH WHOM WE FOUGHT.\\nof hostilities the seat of war was only transferred to the\\nshores of the Ohio, and the mother country never ceased\\nto indulge the hope of re-uniting the severed colonies to\\nher empire, until the War of 1812 crushed the last vestige\\nof her delusive anticipations. It was against Britain\\nthat St. Clair, Harmar, Wayne, and Harrison fought; and\\nthey, with others who bled in the western wilds, con-\\ntributed as much to the purchase of our independence as\\nthose who fought for our birthright at an earlier period.\\nThe struggle for liberty was commenced and gallantly\\nmaintained on the shores of the Atlantic it was carried\\non by the pioneers through long years of peril; and was\\nonly closed by the brilliant successes of the Last War.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0350.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "ANIMOSITY AGAINST THE INDIANS. 339\\nCHAPTER XXVI.\\nIndian hating Some of the sources of this animosity Brief\\naccount of Colonel Moredock.\\nThe violent animosity which existed between the people\\nof our frontier and the Indians, has long been a subject\\nof remark. In the early periods of the history of our\\ncountry, it was easily accounted for, on the ground of\\nmutual aggression. The whites were continually en-\\ncroaching upon the aborigines, and the latter avenging\\ntheir wrongs by violent and sudden hostilities. The\\nphilanthropist is surprised, however, that such feelings\\nshould prevail now, when these atrocious wars have ceased,\\nand when no immediate cause of enmity remains; at least\\nupon our side. Yet the fact is, that the dweller upon the\\nfrontier continues to regard the Indian with a degree of\\nterror and hatred, similar to that which he feels towards\\nthe rattlesnake or panther, and which can neither be re-\\nmoved by argument, nor appeased by any thing but the\\ndestruction of its object.\\nIn order to understand the cause and the operation of\\nthese feelings, it is necessary to recollect that the back-\\nwoodsmen are a peculiar race. We allude to the pioneers,\\nwho, keeping continually in the advance of civilization,\\nprecede the denser population of our country in its pro-\\ngress westward, and live always upon the frontier. They", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0351.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "340 ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS.\\nare the descendants of a people whose habits were identi-\\ncally the same as their own. Their fathers were pioneers.\\nA passion for hunting, and a love for sylvan sports, have\\ninduced them to recede continually before the tide of\\nemigration, and have kept them a separate people, whose\\nhabits, prejudices and modes of life, have been transmitted\\nfrom father to son with but little change. From gene-\\nration to generation they have lived in contact with the\\nIndians. The ancestor met the red men in battle upon\\nthe shores of the Atlantic, and his descendants have pur-\\nsued the footsteps of the retreating tribes, from year to\\nyear, throughout a whole century, and from the eastern\\nlimits of our great continent to the wide prairies of the\\nWest.\\nAmerica was settled in an age when certain rights,\\ncalled those of discovery and conquest, were universally\\nacknowledged and when the possession of a country was\\nreadily conceded to the strongest. When more accurate\\nnotions of moral right began, with the spread of know-\\nledge, and the dissemination of religious truth, to prevail\\nin public opinion, and regulate the public acts of our\\ngovernment, the pioneers were but slightly affected by\\nthe wholesome contagion of such opinions. Novel pre-\\ncepts in morals were not apt to reach men who mingled\\nso little with society in its more refined state, and who\\nshunned the restraints, while they despised the luxuries\\nof social life. Men whose knowledge of history came by\\ntradition, who received the facts of the past without the\\nphilosophy that was necessary to analyze them.\\nThe pioneers, who thus dwelt ever upon the borders of\\nthe Indian hunting-grounds, forming a barrier between\\nsavage and civilized men, have received but few accessions\\nto their numbers by emigration. The great tide of emi-\\ngration, as it rolls forward, beats upon them, and rolls", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0352.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "BORDER WARFARE ALWAYS THE SAME. 341\\nthem onward, without either swallowing them Tip in its\\nmass, or mingling its elements with theirs. They accumu-\\nlate by natural increase a few of them return occasion-\\nally to the bosom of society, but the great mass moves on.\\nIt is not from a desire of conquest, or thirst of blood,\\nor with any premeditated hostility against the savage,\\nthat the pioneer continues to follow him from forest to\\nforest, ever disputing with him the right to the soil, and\\nthe privilege of hunting game. It is simply because he\\nshuns a crowded population, delights to rove uncontrolled\\nin the woods, and does not believe that an Indian or any\\nother man has a right to monopolize the hunting grounds,\\nwhich he considers free to all. When the Indian disputes\\nthe propriety of this invasion upon his ancient heritage,\\nthe white man feels himself injured, and stands, as the\\nsouthern folks say, upon his reserved rights.\\nThe history of the borderers of England and Scotland,\\nand of all dwellers upon frontiers, who come often into\\nhostile collision, shows, that between such parties an in-\\ntense hatred is created. It is national antipathy, with the\\naddition of private feud and personal injury. The warfare\\nis carried on by a few individuals, who become known\\nto each other, and a few prominent actors on each side\\nsoon become distinguished for their prowess or ferocity.\\nWhen a state of public war ostensibly ceases, acts of vio-\\nlence continue to be perpetrated from motives of mere\\nmischief, or for pillage or revenge.\\nOur pioneers have, as we have said, been born and\\nreared on the frontier, and have, from generation to gen-\\neration, by successive removals, remained in the same\\nrelative situation in respect to the Indians and to our\\nown government. Every child thus reared, learns to hate\\nan Indian, because he always hears him spoken of as an\\nenemy. From the cradle, he listens continually to horrid", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0353.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "342 CREATES UNAVOIDABLE ILL-FEELING.\\ntales of savage violence, and becomes familiar with nar-\\nratives of aboriginal cunning and ferocity. Every family\\ncan number some of its members or relatives among the\\nvictims of a midnight massacre, or can tell of some ac-\\nquaintance who has suffered a dreadful death at the stake.\\nTraditions of horses stolen, and cattle driven off, and\\ncabins burned, are numberless, told with great minute-\\nness, and listened to with intense interest. With per-\\nsons thus reared, hatred towards an Indian becomes a\\npart of their nature, and revenge an instinctive principle.\\nNor does the evil end here. Although the backwoods-\\nmen, properly so called, retire before that tide of emigra-\\ntion which forms the more stationary population, and\\neventually fills the country with inhabitants, they usually\\nremain for a time in contact with the first of those who\\neventually succeed them, and impress their own senti-\\nments upon the latter. In the formation of each of the\\nwestern Territories and States, the backwoodsmen have,\\nfor a while, formed the majority of the population, and\\ngiven the tone to public opinion.\\nIf we attempt to reason on this subject, we must reason\\nwith a due regard to facts, and to the known principles\\nof human nature. Is it to be wondered at, that a man\\nshould fear and detest an Indian, who has been always\\naccustomed to hear him described only as a midnight\\nprowler, watching to murder the mother as she bends\\nover her helpless children, and tearing, with hellish ma-\\nlignity, the babe from the maternal breast Is it strange,\\nthat he whose mother has fallen under the savage toma-\\nhawk, or whose father has died a lingering death at the\\nstake, surrounded by yelling fiends in human shape,\\nshould indulge the passion of revenge towards the perpe-\\ntrators of such atrocities? They know the story only as\\nit was told to them. They have only heard one side, and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0354.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL WRONG ANOTHER CAUSE. 343\\nthat with all the exaggerations of fear, sorrow, indigna-\\ntion and resentment. They have heard it from the tongue\\nof a father, or from the lij s of a mother, or a sister, ac-\\ncompanied with all the particularity which the tale could\\nreceive from the vivid impressions of an eye-witness, and\\nwith all the eloquence of deeply awakened feeling. They\\nhave heard it perhaps at a time when the war-whoop still\\nsounded in the distance, when the rifle still was kept in\\npreparation, and the cabin door was carefully secured with\\neach returning night.\\nSuch are some of the feelings, and of the facts, which\\noperate upon the inhabitants of our frontiers. The im-\\npressions which we have described are handed down from\\ngeneration to generation, and remain in full force long\\nafter all danger from the savages has ceased, and all\\nintercourse with them been discontinued.\\nBesides that general antipathy which pervades the\\nwhole community under such circumstances, there have\\nbeen many instances of individuals who, in consequence\\nof some personal wrong, have vowed eternal hatred to\\nthe whole Indian race, and have devoted nearly all of\\ntheir lives to the fulfillment of a vast scheme of vengeance.\\nA familiar instance is before us in the life of a gentle-\\nman who was known to the writer of this article, and\\nwhose history we have often heard repeated by those who\\nwere intimately conversant with all the events. We\\nallude to the late Colonel John Moredoek, who was a\\nmember of the territorial legislature of Illinois, a distin-\\nguished militia officer, and a man universally known and\\nrespected by the early settlers of that region.\\nJohn Moredoek was the son of a woman who was mar-\\nried several times, and was as often widowed by the toma-\\nhawk of the savage. Her husbands had been pioneers,\\nand with them she had wandered from one territory to", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0355.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "344 COL. JOHN MOREDOCK.\\nanother, living always on the frontier. She was at last\\nleft a widow, at Vincennes, with a large family of children,\\nand was induced to join a party about to remove to Illinois,\\nto which region a few American families had then re-\\ncently removed. On the eastern side of Illinois there\\nwere no settlements of whites; on the shore of the Mis-\\nsissippi a few spots were occupied by the French; and it\\nwas now that our own backwoodsmen began to turn their\\neyes to this delightful country, and determined to settle\\nin the vicinity of the French villages. Mrs. Moredock\\nand her friends embarked at Vincennes in boats, with the\\nintention of descending the Wabash and Ohio rivers, and\\nascending the Mississippi. They proceeded in safety\\nuntil they reached the Grand Tower on the Mississippi,\\nwhere, owing to the difficulty of the navigation for as-\\ncending boats, it became necessary for the boatmen to\\nlandj and drag their vessels round a rocky point, which\\nwas swept by a violent current. Here a party of Indians,\\nlying in wait, rushed upon them, and murdered nearly the\\nwhole party. Mrs. Moredock was among the victims, and\\nall her children, except John, who was proceeding with\\nanother party.\\nJohn Moredock was just entering upon the years of\\nmanhood, when he was thus left in a strange land, the\\nsole survivor of his race. He resolved upon executing\\nvengeance, and immediately took measures to discover the\\nactual perpetrators of the massacre. It was ascertained\\nthat the outrage was committed by a party of twenty or\\nthirty Indians, belonging to different tribes, who had\\nformed themselves into a lawless, predatory band. More-\\ndock watched the motions of this band for more than a\\nyear, before an opportunity suitable for his purpose oc-\\ncurred. At length he learned that they were hunting on\\nthe Missouri side of the river, nearly opposite to the recent", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0356.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "MOREDOCK HUNTS THE INDIANS. 345\\nsettlements of the Americans. He raised a party of young\\nmen and pursued them; but that time they escaped. Short-\\nly after, he sought them at the head of another party, and\\nhad the good fortune to discover them one evening, on\\nan island, whither they had retired to encamp the more\\nsecurely for the night. Moredock and his friends, about\\nequal in numbers to the Indians, waited until the dead of\\nnight, and then landed upon the island, turning adrift\\ntheir own canoes and those of the enemy, and determined\\nto sacrifice their own lives, or to exterminate the savage\\nband. They were completely successful. Three only of\\nthe Indians escaped, by throwing themselves into the\\nriver; the rest were slain, while the whites lost not a\\nman.\\nBut Moredock was not satisfied while one of the mur-\\nderers of his mother remained. He had learned to recog-\\nnise the names and persons of the three that had escaped,\\nand these he pursued with secret, but untiring diligence,\\nuntil they all fell by his own hand. Nor was he yet\\nsatisfied. He had now become a hunter and a warrior.\\nHe was a square-built, muscular man, of remarkable\\nstrength and activity. In athletic sports he had few\\nequals; few men would willingly have encountered him\\nin single combat. He was a man of determined courage,\\nand great coolness and steadiness of purpose. He was\\nexpert in the use of the rifle and other weapons; and was\\ncomplete master of those wonderful and numberless ex-\\npedients by which the woodsman subsists in the forest,\\npursues the footsteps of an enemy with unerring sagacity,\\nor conceals himself and his design from the discovery of\\na watchful foe. He had resolved never to spare an In-\\ndian, and though he made no boast of this determination,\\nand seldom avowed it, it became the ruling passion of his\\nlife. He thought it praiseworthy to kill an Indian; and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0357.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "346 col. moredock s character.\\nwould roam through the forest silently and alone, for days\\nand weeks, with this single purpose. A solitary red man,\\nwho was so unfortunate as to meet him in the woods, was\\nsure to become his victim; if he encountered a party of\\nthe enemy, he would either secretly pursue their footsteps\\nuntil an opportunity for striking a blow occurred, or, if\\ndiscovered, would elude them by his superior skill. He\\ndied about the year 1829, an old man, and it is supposed\\nnever in his life failed to embrace an opportunity to kill\\na savage.\\nThe reader must not infer, from this description, that\\nColonel Moredock was unsocial, ferocious, or by nature\\ncruel. On the contrary, he was a man of warm feelings,\\nand excellent disposition. At home he was like other\\nmen, conducting a large farm with industry and success,\\nand gaining the good-will of all his neighbors by his\\npopular manners and benevolent deportment. He was\\ncheerful, convivial, and hospitable and no man in the\\nterritory was more generally known, or more universally re-\\nspected. He was an officer in the ranging service during\\nthe War of 1813-14, and acquitted himself with credit;\\nand was afterwards elected to the command of the militia\\nof his county, at a time when such an office was honor-\\nable, because it imposed responsibility, and required the\\nexertion of military skill. Colonel Moredock was a mem-\\nber of the legislative council of the Territory of Illinois,\\nand at the formation of the State government was spoken\\nof as a candidate for the office of governor, but refused\\nto permit his name to be used.\\nThere are many cases to be found on the frontier,\\nparallel to that just stated, in which individuals have\\npersevered through life in the indulgence of a resent-\\nment founded either on a personal wrong suffered by the\\nparty, or a hatred inherited through successive genera-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0358.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "FEELING ON THE FRONTIER. 347\\ntions, and perhaps more frequently on a combination of\\nthese causes. In a fiction, written by the author, and\\nfounded on some of these facts, he has endeavored to\\ndevelop and illustrate this feeling through its various\\ndetails.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0359.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "348 FEW INDUCEMENTS TO EMIGRATION.\\nCHAPTER XXVII.\\nCharacter of the Pioneers Felons The Harpes Meason\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSturdevant Lynch s Law.\\nAs the western country became better known, report\\nspoke goldenly of its fertility; and a casual reference to\\nthe map was sufficient to show the great commercial ad-\\nvantages to be derived from the numerous and valuable\\nstreams which intersect it in every direction; but there\\nwere many obstacles to its settlement. From a period\\nshortly after the Revolution, to the time of the Embargo,\\nin 1807, there was no reason to induce any class of citi-\\nzens in the United States to emigrate; all were fully and\\nprofitably employed at home. The sanguinary wars which\\nspread desolation throughout the European continent, not\\nonly opened markets for all our surplus produce, but\\nmade us the carriers of other nations. Never did Amer-\\nican enterprise shine more conspicuously than in the\\nimprovement of these advantages the art of ship-build-\\ning was brought to a perfection unknown in any other\\ncountry; our flag floated in every part of the world there\\nwas no adventure, however novel or hazardous, which our\\nmerchants did not attempt; and our sailors displayed, on\\nevery occasion, the skill and boldness which has since\\nmade them conspicuous in the annals of naval warfare.\\nHappily, too, those enterprises were generally successful.\\nThe consequence was, that every man engaged in com-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0360.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "FIRST SETTLERS A DARING RACE. 349\\nmercial pursuits found sufficient employment for his capi-\\ntal, while the laboring classes received high wages, and\\nthe farmer had always a ready market, and an ample price\\nfor his produce. This nourishing state of commerce and\\nagriculture diffused life and spirit into every rank and\\ndepartment of society. There was scarcely such a thing\\nknown, as a man laboring merely to support his family;\\nno one was satisfied unless he was growing rich, and few\\nwere disappointed, except by their own improvidence. It\\nwould be useless to point out the great statesmen and\\nlawyers who have attained their present eminence from\\nan obscure origin; or the wealthy merchants, farmers,\\nand mechanics, who, from the most abject poverty, have\\nrisen to opulence. Our country is full of such examples;\\nand they stand as monuments of those happy days, when\\nindustry was not only a sure but a rapid guide to wealth.\\nUnder such circumstances, few persons were disposed\\nto emigrate to a new country; and, although some were\\ntempted by the great prospects of gain which the fertile\\nregions in the West were said to offer, many were dis-\\ncouraged by the unsettled state of the country, its reputed\\nunhealthiness, and the vicinity of the Indian tribes.\\nTo Europeans, this part of America offered no attrac-\\ntions it was too remote, too insulated, too barbarous,\\nand too entirely uncongenial with all their habits, tastes,\\nand feelings.\\nThe first settlers of this country, therefore, were men\\nwhose object was not gain, but who appeared to have been\\nallured by the very difficulties which discouraged others.\\nThey were hardy, enterprising men, fond of change, and\\nfamiliar with fatigue, who seem to have thought with Fitz\\nJames\\nIf a path be dangerous known\\nThe danger s self is lure alone.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0361.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "350 FIRST INSTITUTIONS.\\nThe manners and institutions of a new people are al-\\nways curious presenting the naked outlines of character,\\nthe first rudiments of civilization, and all the simple ele-\\nments of society. In New England, the fathers contended\\nsuccessfully with the savage and the climate; they made\\nlaws, burned witches, prohibited kissing, and knocked\\ntheir beer-barrels on the head for working on the Sabbath.\\nThey had many simple fashions and queer ways, which\\nhave vanished with their witches and their blue-laws.\\nThey were not so military in their habits as their proto-\\ntypes in the West; because, though equally brave and en-\\nterprising, they were more industrious, more frugal, and\\nless mercurial in their temperament. Religion was with\\nthem a powerful spring of action, and discouraged all wars\\nexcept those of self-defence. The social and moral virtues,\\nthe sciences and arts, were cherished and respected; and\\nthere were many roads to office and to eminence, which\\nwere safer and more certain, and not less honorable, than\\nthe bloody path of warlike achievement.\\nKentucky was settled at a period when religious fana-\\nticism had vanished, and when the principles of the revo-\\nlution, then in full operation, had engendered liberal and\\noriginal modes of thinking when every man was a poli-\\ntician, a soldier, and a patriot, ready to make war or to\\nmake laws, to put his hand to the plough or to the helm\\nof state, as circumstances might require. They went to a\\nwilderness, with all these new notions in their heads, full\\nof ardor and full of projects, determined to add a new\\nState to the family of republics, at all hazards. The rifle\\nand the axe were incessantly employed. The savage was\\nto be expelled: the panther, the wolf, and the bear, to be\\nexterminated; the forest to be razed; houses to be built;\\nand when all this was accomplished, their labors were but\\ncommenced.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0362.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "THE HAItrES. 351\\nA frontier is often the retreat of loose individuals, who,\\nif not familiar with crime, have very blunt perceptions of\\nvirtue. The genuine woodsman, the real pioneer, is in-\\ndependent, brave, and upright; but as the jackal pursues\\nthe lion to devour his leavings, the footsteps of the sturdy\\nhunter are closely pursued by miscreants destitute of his\\nnoble qualities. These are the poorest and idlest of the\\nhuman race, averse to labor, and impatient of the re-\\nstraints of law and the courtesies of civilized society.\\nWithout the ardor, the activity, the love of sport, and pa-\\ntience of fatigue, which distinguish the bold backwoods-\\nman, these are doomed to the forest by sheer laziness, and\\nhunt for a bare subsistence; they are the cankers of a\\ncalm world and a long peace, the helpless nobodies, who,\\nin a country where none starve and few beg, sleep until\\nhunger pinches, then stroll into the woods for a meal, and\\nreturn again to their slumbers.\\nA still worse class also infested our borders, desperadoes\\nflying from justice, suspected or convicted felons escaped\\nfrom the grasp of the law, who sought safety in the depth of\\nthe forest, or in the infancy of civil regulations; the horse-\\nthief, the counterfeiter, and the robber, found here a secure\\nretreat, or a new theatre for the perpetration of crime.\\nWe have spoken, in another work, of two brothers\\nnamed Harpe, who appeared in Kentucky about the year\\n1793, spreading death and terror wherever they went.\\nLittle else was known of them, but that they passed for\\nbrothers, and came from the borders of Virginia. They\\nhad three women with them, who were treated as their\\nwives, and several children, with whom they traversed\\nthe mountainous and thinly settled parts of Virginia into\\nKentucky, marking their course with blood. Their his-\\ntory is wonderful, as well from the number and variety,\\nas the incredible atrocity of their adventures.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0363.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "352 THEIR THIRST FOR BLOOD.\\nPassing rapidly through the better settled parts of\\nKentucky, they proceeded to the country south of Green\\nriver, which at that time was just beginning to be in-\\nhabited.\\nHere they soon acquired a dreadful celebrity. Neither\\navarice, want, nor any of the usual inducements to the\\ncommission of crime, seemed to govern their conduct.\\nA savage thirst for blood a deep rooted malignity against\\nhuman nature, could alone be discovered in their actions.\\nThey murdered every defenceless being that fell in their\\nway, without distinction of age, sex, or color. In the\\nnight, they stole secretly to the cabin, slaughtered its\\ninhabitants, and burned their dwelling while the farmer\\nwho left his house by day, returned to witness the dying\\nagonies of his wife and children, and the conflagration of\\nhis possessions. Plunder was not their object; travelers\\nthey robbed and murdered, but from the inhabitants they\\ntook only what would have been freely given to them,\\nand no more than was immediately necessary to supply\\nthe wants of nature they destroyed without having suf-\\nfered injury, and without the prospect of gain. A negro\\nboy, riding to a mill with a bag of corn, was seized by\\nthem, and his brains dashed out against a tree; but the\\nhorse which he rode, and the grain, were left unmolested.\\nFemales, children, and servants, no longer dared to stir\\nabroad; unarmed men feared to encounter a Harpe; and\\nthe solitary hunter, as he trod the forest, looked around\\nhim with a watchful eye, and when he saw a stranger,\\npicked his flint and stood on the defensive.\\nIt seems incredible that such atrocities could have been\\noften repeated in a country famed for the hardihood and\\ngallantry of its people; in Kentucky, the cradle of cou-\\nrage and the nurse of warriors. But that part of Ken-\\ntucky, which was the scene of these barbarities, was then", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0364.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "MEASON, THE PIRATE. 353\\nalmost a wilderness, and the vigilance of the Harpes\\nfor a time insured impunity. The spoils of their dreadful\\nwarfare furnished them with the means of violence and\\nof escape. Mounted on fine horses, they plunged into\\nthe forest, eluded pursuit by frequently changing their\\ncourse, and appeared, unexpectedly, to perpetrate new\\nenormities, at points distant from those where they were\\nsupposed to lurk. On these occasions, they often left\\ntheir wives and children behind them and it is a fact\\nhonorable to the community, that vengeance for these\\nbloody deeds, was not wreaked on the helpless companions\\nof the perpetrators.\\nA person named Meason was also conspicuous in the\\nearly history of this region, as an audacious depredator.\\nAt that period, vast regions along the shores of the Ohio\\nand Mississippi were still unsettled, through which boats\\nnavigating those rivers must necessarily pass and the\\ntraders who, after selling their produce at New Orleans,\\nattempted to return by land, had to cross immense tracts\\nof country totally destitute of inhabitants. Meason, who\\nwas a man above the ordinary stamp, in talents, manners,\\nand stature, was both a land and a water pirate, infesting\\nthe rivers and the woods, seldom committing murder, but\\nrobbing all who fell in his way. Sometimes he plundered\\nthe descending boats; but more frequently he allowed\\nthese to pass, preferring to plunder the owners of their\\nmoney as they returned and pleasantly remarking that\\nthese people were taking produce to market for him.\\nAt a later period, the celebrated counterfeiter, Sturde-\\nvant, fixed his residence on the shore of the Ohio, in Illi-\\nnois; and for several years set the laws at defiance. He\\nwas a man of talent and address. He was possessed of\\nmuch mechanical genius, was an expert artist, and was\\nskilled in some of the sciences. As an engraver, he was\\n30", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0365.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "354 STURDEVANT, THE COUNTERFEITER.\\nsaid to have few superiors; and lie excelled in some other\\nbranches of art. For several years, he resided at a se-\\ncluded spot in Illinois, where all his immediate neighbors\\nwere his confederates, or persons whose friendship he had\\nconciliated. He could, at any time, by the blowing of a\\nhorn, summon from fifty to a hundred armed men to his\\ndefense; while the few quiet farmers around, who lived\\nnear enough to get their feelings enlisted, and who were\\nreally not at all implicated in his crimes, rejoiced in the\\nimpunity with which he practiced his schemes. He was\\na grave, quiet, inoffensive man in his manners, who com-\\nmanded the obedience of his comrades and the respect of\\nhis neighbors. He had a very excellent farm; his house\\nwas one of the best in the country; his domestic arrange-\\nments were liberal and well ordered. Yet this man was\\nthe most notorious counterfeiter that ever infested our\\ncountry, and carried on his nefarious art to an extent\\nwhich no other person has ever attempted. His confede-\\nrates were scattered over the whole western country, re-\\nceiving, through regular channels of intercourse, their\\nsupplies of counterfeit bank notes, for which they paid\\nhim a stipulated price sixteen dollars in cash for a\\nhundred dollars in counterfeit bills. His security arose,\\npartly from his caution in not allowing his subordinates\\nto pass a counterfeit bill, or do any other unlawful act in\\nthe State in which he lived, and in his obliging them to\\nbe especially careful of their deportment in the county of\\nhis residence, measures which effectually protected him\\nfrom the civil authority; for although all the counterfeit\\nbank notes with which a vast region was inundated, were\\nmade in his house, that fact could never be proved by\\nlegal evidence. But he secured himself further, by having\\na band of his lawless dependents settled around him, who\\nwere ready at all times to fight in his defense and by", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0366.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "lynch s law. 355\\nhis conciliatory conduct, which prevented his having any\\nviolent enemies, and even enlisted the sympathies of many\\nreputable people in his favor. But he became a great\\nnuisance, from the immense quantity of spurious paper\\nwhich he threw into circulation and although he never\\ncommitted any acts of violence himself, and is not known\\nto have sanctioned any, the unprincipled felons by whom\\nhe was surrounded, were guilty of many acts of desperate\\natrocity; and Sturdevant, though he escaped the arm of\\nthe law, was at last, with all his confederates, driven from\\nthe country by the enraged people, who rose, almost in\\nmass, to rid themselves of one whose presence they had\\nlong considered an evil as well as a disgrace.\\nAmong the early settlers, there was a way of trying\\ncauses, which may, perhaps, be new to some of my\\nreaders. No commentator has taken any notice of Lynch s\\nlaw, which was once the lex loci of the frontiers. Its\\noperation was as follows When a horse-thief, a counter-\\nfeiter, or any other desperate vagabond, infested a neigh-\\nborhood, evading justice by cunning, or by a strong arm,\\nor by the number of his confederates, the citizens formed\\nthemselves into a regulating company a kind of holy\\nbrotherhood, whose duty it was to purge the community\\nof its unruly members. Mounted, armed, and commanded\\nby a leader, they proceeded to arrest such notorious of-\\nfenders as were deemed fit subjects of exemplary justice;\\ntheir operations were generally carried on in the night.\\nSquire Birch, who was personated by one of the party,\\nestablished his tribunal under a tree in the woods; the\\nculprit was brought before him, tried, and generally con-\\nvicted; he was then tied to a tree, lashed without mercy,\\nand ordered to leave the country within a given time,\\nunder pain of a second visitation. It seldom happened,\\nthat more than one or two were thus punished their", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0367.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "356 ITS OPERATION SALUTARY.\\nconfederates took the hint and fled, or were admonished\\nto quit the neighborhood. Neither the justice nor the\\npolicy of this practice can be defended; but it was often\\nresorted to from necessity, and its operation was salutary,\\nin ridding the country of miscreants whom the law was\\nnot strong enough to punish. It was liable to abuse, and\\nwas sometimes abused but, in general, it was conducted\\nwith moderation, and only exerted upon the basest and\\nmost lawless men. Sometimes the sufferers resorted to\\ncourts of justice for remuneration, and there have been\\ninstances of heavy damages being recovered of the regu-\\nlators. Whenever a county became strong enough to\\nenforce the laws, these high-handed doings ceased to be\\ntolerated.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0368.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "INTERESTING SKETCH. 357\\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\\nTHE PATRIOT S GRAVE.\\nThe following sketch, which appeared originally in the\\nIllinois Monthly Magazine, was written for that work\\nby a friend of mine, then a young lawyer, but since a dis-\\ntinguished member of the bench and bar in Indiana.\\nIn the year 1810, business called me into the lower\\npart of the State of Kentucky; that part which lies south\\nof Green river, and which, at that time, was but little\\nadvanced in improvement or population. One day and\\na very hot day it was the rapid approach of a thunder\\nstorm induced me to rein up my steed at a log tavern\\nin the little town of Though a stranger in the\\ncountry, I could at once discover, by the signs, that\\nsomething more than common was going on in the vil-\\nlage. A large number of people were crowded round the\\ndoor of the inn. Horses of all sizes, colors, and con-\\nditions, whose equipments were as various as themselves,\\nwere tied to the branches of the forest trees that still\\ngrew upon the public square. The occasional discharge\\nof a rifle, indicated that some of the company were cut-\\nting the center, for half -pints while others, who had\\n1 the best quarter nags in all Kentuck, were prancing\\nthem up and down the streets. The conversation of those\\naround me induced me to believe, that the court was hold-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0369.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "358 A COURT HOUSE.\\ning its usual session in this seat of backwoods justice\\nand had a doubt remained, the stentorian voice of the\\nsheriff, issuing from the door of a log school-house, with\\nthe usual Oh yes! oh yes! oh yes! must have satis-\\nfied me that a general settlement of the rights of meum\\nand tuum was about to take place. I felt a curiosity to\\nwitness this scene and having disposed of my portion\\nof corn-bread and bacon, which I found at a table sur-\\nrounded by a promiscuous throng of jurors, witnesses,\\nsuitors, lawyers, indictees, spectators, and county officers,\\nI concluded to spend the little time I had to remain, in\\npersonally viewing the dispensation of justice in so rude\\na temple.\\nThe house was of a single story, built of logs, unhewed.\\nThe judge was elevated on a small plank frame, a little\\nraised above the puncheon floor. The clerk was placed at\\na small table, directly before him. The members of the\\nbar were seated around on temporary benches, made of\\nrough planks, placed upon blocks of wood; but could not\\nbe distinguished, by their appearance, from the people who\\nsat with, or stood around them. The usual forms and\\nceremonies of opening a court were gone through with\\na celerity and precision that would have astonished a\\nWestminster lawyer. The first case on\\nthe civil docket was an action of slander, brought by a\\nfather an old soldier and an early settler as guardian\\nand next friend, for words falsely and maliciously ut-\\ntered, published, and spoken, by the defendant, of and\\nconcerning the plaintiff s daughter, a lovely girl of about\\nseventeen. On the calling of the cause, a person s name\\nwas mentioned which I did not distinctly hear; there was\\na bustle in the crowd; and after a few minutes of pushing\\nand elbowing, an individual appeared, who announced that\\nhe was ready to proceed, as counsel for the plaintiff. He", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0370.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "A backwoods trial. 359\\nwas a tall, athletic man, of about thirty-five years of\\nage with a fine, manly, intelligent countenance dressed\\nin a hunting shirt of deep blue, trimmed with yellow\\nfringe. His face bore those indubitable marks of genius,\\nand those traces of study and reflection, which can not\\nbe mistaken while his fine form bore evidence, equally\\nstrong, of habitual fatigue and exposure to the elements.\\nI pass over the incidents of the trial the evidence, which\\nfully sustained the plaintiff, and left the pretty client of\\nthe buckskin lawyer pure and spotless as the driven\\nsnow and several speeches, which, though strong and\\nforcible, did not strike me as extraordinary. During all\\nthis, the manner of the stranger in the hunting shirt\\nwas distinguished by little else than an appearance of\\nindifference; but when he rose to make the concluding\\naddress to the jury, every eye was fixed on him; while\\nthe deep silence, the suppressed breathing, and the eager\\nlooks of the audience, attested that a sense of the presence\\nof a superior mind pervaded the whole assembly. Even\\nthat rough and miscellaneous crowd composed of men,\\nsome sober, some half sober, and some not sober at all\\nwas at once awed into silence. The orator commenced\\nin a low tone of voice, and recapitulated the evidence\\nin a style of colloquial brevity and plainness yet even\\nin doing this, there was a something about him, that con-\\nvinced the spectator that he was more than an ordinary\\nman. But when he began to warm, and rise with his\\nsubject; when the fire began to illumine his eye, and his\\nvoice swelled out into its fullest tones; when every sen-\\ntence was filled and rounded with rich thought and richer\\nlanguage; when argument and satire, persuasion and in-\\nvective, burst from him in rapid succession, the orator\\nstood confessed in all his powers. He spoke of the\\nbeauty, the delicacy, and the amiability of his fair client;", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0371.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "360 AN ORATOR.\\nof the helplessness of woman, and the sacredness of\\nfemale character; he described her parent as an aged war-\\nrior, now trembling on the brink of the grave; and of\\nthe traducer he spoke I can not tell how but all who\\nheard him shrunk and trembled under the fierce, the\\nbitter, the overwhelming philippic of the indignant ad-\\nvocate. When he finished, the success of his effort was\\nshown by a triumphant verdict from the jury, and by\\nthe indignation, the tears, and the acclamations of the\\naudience, who rushed from the house, when the orator\\nsat down, as if unable to suppress their feelings. I fol-\\nlowed them out. The charm was broken the people had\\nresumed the use of their own faculties, and were now col-\\nlected in groups. Passing a little party, I heard one say:\\nDid you ever hear a fellow get such a skinning?\\nIt was equal to any campliirej remarked another.\\nThat s true and well he deserved it, added a third,\\nthere s no tivo toays about it.\\nCan you tell me, said I, addressing one of them,\\nwho leaned on his gun, while he wiped his eye with the\\nfringe of his hunting shirt, can you tell me the name\\nof the gentleman who has just spoken?\\nYou are not a residenter in these parts, I reckon\\nsaid he of the rifle.\\nlama perfect stranger; replied I.\\nThat is well seen, rejoined the hunter, otherwise you\\nwould never have asked that question. What man in all\\nKentuck could ever have brung tears into my eyes by the\\ntin-full, but Joe Davies\\nI had seen, in the guise of a hunter, the highly gifted\\nJoseph Hamilton Davies and had heard, in the obscurity\\nof a log cabin, one of the choicest efforts of a man who\\nhas seldom been excelled in genius, in generosity of\\nheart, or manliness of character.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0372.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE-FIELD. 361\\nTen years afterwards, business again called me to the\\nWest. Anxious to view the improvement of this pro-\\nmising country, I extended my journey to the beautiful\\nvalley of the Wabash. At that period, the population\\nhad not extended a great distance up the river. Here\\nand there, even as far up as the mouth of Mississinaway,\\nwas seen the log hut of the settler on public land, but\\nthe country was generally but thinly populated. It was\\nthe spring season and no country in the world presents\\na richer scenery or more diversified landscape than the\\nvalley of that lovely river at this period of the year.\\nAlong the path which I pursued, one small prairie skirted\\nwith the finest timber, and covered with a profusion of\\nbeautiful flowers, succeeded another; and the eye was\\ncontinually refreshed with the graceful stream and its\\nclear waters. The richness of the grass, the beauty of\\nthe forest, the mildness and brilliancy of the spring-\\nweather, and the enchantment of the whole scene, induced\\nme to linger for a time in the wilderness. One evening\\nI reached the cabin of one of the most remote settlers,\\nand learning that the battle-ground of Tippecanoe was\\nbut a few miles distant, determined to visit it. On the\\nfollowing morning early, I reached the spot, consecrated\\nby the valor of our countrymen, and having tied my\\nhorse to a bush at the skirt of the prairie, ascended to a\\nsmall plain of table land, in the form of a horseshoe,\\nwhere\\nMany a valorous deed was done,\\nAnd many a head laid low.\\nBut few vestiges of the battle were remaining. Hero\\nand there, the bleached skull of some noble fellow lay\\non the grass and more than once I stumbled over the\\nlogs which had formed part of the temporary breast-work\\nthrown up after the battle, and which have since been\\n31", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0373.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "362 THE GRAVE.\\nscattered over the field. At an angle of the encampment,\\nand where the carnage had been greatest, was a slight\\nmound of earth, scarcely raised above the surrounding\\nsurface. Near it stood an oak tree, on the back of which\\nthe letters J. D. were rudely carved. This was the only\\nmemorial of one of the most favorite of Kentucky s sons;\\nfor under that mound reposed all that remained of the\\nchivalrous, the generous, the eloquent, and highly gifted\\n1 Joe Davies Indiana.\\nJoseph Hamilton Davies was a very remarkable person,\\nan able lawyer, a speaker of impressive eloquence, a high-\\ntoned, chivalrous, impulsive, but eccentric man. He some-\\ntimes rode the circuit in his carriage, or on horseback,\\nand was the best dressed gentleman in court; while some-\\ntimes he went, rifle in hand, clad as a hunter, deviating\\nfrom his way in pursuit of game, and appearing at the bar\\nin the soiled habiliments of the sportsman but whether\\nin the forest, or at the bar, following up his objects with\\nan earnestness which was satisfied with nothing short of\\nsuccess.\\nHe served as a volunteer under General Harrison, in\\nthe campaign of 1811 against the Indians, and fell, gal-\\nlantly fighting, in the battle of Tippecanoe.\\nHe was one of a clique of gentlemen who established\\nand supported a newspaper called the Western World,\\nduring the excitement occasioned by the foreign intrigues,\\nand by Burr s conspiracy, one of the avowed objects of\\nwhich was to expose those transactions, and to denounce\\nthe individuals supposed to be engaged in them. The\\npaper was conducted with ability and spirit, but was dis-\\ntinguished, as the organ of a party would naturally be in\\nsuch times, by violence and rancor; and the principal\\neditor, Joseph M. Street, was often obliged to sustain", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0374.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN WORLD. 363\\nhis position by his physical prowess. His partner, Mr.\\nWood, when called upon for satisfaction, used to say, Go\\nto Mr. Street; I print the paper, he does the fighting.\\nDavies was, I think, during a part of this time, the\\nattorney of the United States, and his natural ardor of\\ntemperament was quickened by professional ambition. A\\ncharacteristic instance is related of his zeal in this busi-\\nness. A rumor having reached him, that General Wil-\\nkinson, who was then holding a military command at\\nSt. Louis, contemplated a movement in aid of Burr, he\\ndetermined to repair to St. Louis, incog., to observe for\\nhimself what was going on. Informing no one of his\\nintention, he set out, rifle in hand, dressed as a common\\nbackwoodsman, and took his solitary way across the wil-\\nderness of Indiana and Illinois, where, probably, not a\\nhuman dwelling was to be found on his route. He de-\\npended on his gun for subsistence, and slept at night in\\nsuch camps as he could construct for the occasion. On\\nreaching St. Louis, one of the first persons he met was\\nWilkinson, a keen, watchful, observant man, who instantly\\nrecognized him, notwithstanding his disguise, and with\\nthe address natural to him, accosted him by name, and\\ninvited him to dine with him at his quarters. Both were\\nmen of tact, and the interview was courteous, and appa-\\nrently cordial; but Wilkinson managed to inform his\\nguest that the purpose of his visit was understood, that\\nhe had nothing to conceal, and there was nothing that\\neven the sagacity of his visitor could discover. So Davies\\ncame back as wise as he went; yet, it was afterwards\\nargued, as a proof of the complicity of Wilkinson with\\nBurr, that the movements of Davies must have been\\nwatched, and betrayed to him.\\nAfter these events some years perhaps Wilkinson\\nwas provoked, by the repeated and confident attacks of", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0375.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "364 AN ANECDOTE.\\nthe Western World, to prosecute the editors for a libel.\\nOn the trial, a gentleman of the neighborhood of Lex-\\nington, a young farmer, was called as a witness for the\\ndefense, who objected to being sworn, on the ground, that\\nhe knew nothing but what had been committed to him in\\nconfidence. General Wilkinson arose instantly, and after\\ncomplimenting the witness on his nice sense of honor,\\nand the good faith with which he had, up to this time,\\nkept his own counsel, in reference to what had been\\nconfided to him, said that he now publicly absolved him\\nfrom all further observance of the pledge he had given,\\nand that he was at liberty then, and thereafter, to disclose\\nall that had taken place between them. The witness was\\nthen sworn, and deposed, that some time previous, being\\na young man, not yet engaged in business, but eager for\\nemployment, and especially for something active and ad-\\nventurous, he one day met General Wilkinson in the\\nstreets of Lexington. They were unacquainted, but knew\\neach other by sight, and Wilkinson accosting the young\\nman by name, asked him if he would undertake a mis-\\nsion of some danger, but for which he would be well com-\\npensated. Replying in the affirmative, he was pledged to\\nsecresy, and invited to a private interview; at which Wil-\\nkinson handed him a belt, that seemed to contain papers,\\nto be worn concealed about his person, and guarded with\\ngreat care, which he was to take to New Orleans, and de-\\nliver to the Governor of Louisiana. Accepting the trust,\\nhe proceeded to the Ohio river, embarked in a canoe, or\\nskiff, and glided down the Ohio and Mississippi, whose\\nshores were then mostly uninhabited by white men, and\\nwere infested by Indians. On his arrival at New Orleans\\nhe sought the mansion of the Governor, and announcing\\nhimself as the messenger of Wilkinson, was at once ad-\\nmitted to the presence of that dignitary. He was received", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0376.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "A LEGISLATIVE SCENE. 365\\nwith civility, lodged in the Governor s house, hospitably\\nentertained, but not allowed to leave his room, during his\\nstay in New Orleans. After a few days detention, his belt\\nwas restored to him, again charged, as he supposed, with\\npapers, to be delivered to General Wilkinson, which he\\ndid not see, and of the purport of which he was wholly\\nignorant. He returned through the wilderness to Ken-\\ntucky, met Wilkinson again, in a private interview, and\\ndelivered up his trust. They had not spoken together\\nsince.\\nI shall close this desultory chapter with a reminiscence.\\nAbout the year 1829, the discovery of rich and extensive\\nlead mines in the north-western part of Illinois, beyond\\nthe frontier of the settlements, caused a sudden influx of\\npopulation into that region, and created a necessity for\\nthe organization of a new county. A bill was introduced\\ninto the Lower House of the Legislature, for an act cre-\\nating a county to be called Davies. A young lawyer,\\nfrom one of the Eastern States, a member of the House,\\nwho was gifted with a great love of speaking and facility\\nof speech, expressed a curiosity to know who this Davies\\nwas, who had been honored so highly by the committee\\nwhich reported that bill; he had never heard of a great\\nman of that name; and thought it would be much better\\nto select the name of some illustrious sage or hero of the\\nRevolution; throwing in, as he went along, some sneers\\nabout Western great men, whose fame was confined to\\nthe backwoods. My old friend, John Reynolds, who had\\nbeen a justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois, was then a\\nmember of the House, and was afterwards Governor, and\\nmember of Congress, had charge of the bill. He was a\\nKentuckian by birth; a good lawyer; a plain, unpolished\\nman a quaint, original, and effective speaker, who, with\\nthe most perfect command of his own temper, could pour", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0377.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "366 A COUNTY NAMED.\\nout a vein of dry humor and sarcasm, very amusing to an\\naudience, though little relished by an opponent. He re-\\nplied that his young friend must have been raised very\\nfar down East, to be ignorant of the fame of Joe Davies;\\nthe whole West had rung his praise; in Kentucky there\\nwas not a boy big enough to hold a plough, or carry a\\nrifle, nor an old woman who was smart enough to knit a\\nstocking, who had not heard of Joe Davies the talented,\\nthe eloquent, the brave Joe Davies And so he went on,\\nsaying a good many amusing, and some severe things;\\nbut alluding throughout to his hero as Joe Davies.\\nAmid much merriment, the member who had provoked\\nthese remarks, replied: Well, Mr. Speaker, if the gentle-\\nman is so partial to the name of Joe Davies. and thinks\\nit so vastly popular, why does he not christen his bant-\\nling by that name the whole name? Agreed V said\\nReynolds. Mr. Speaker, I accept the gentleman s sug-\\ngestion, and move to insert Joe before the word Davies,\\nwherever it occurs. A dozen voice3 seconded the\\nmotion the county was called Jo-Davies by acclamation,\\nand still retains the name.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0378.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nMEETING OF THE PROPRIETORS OF TRANSYLVANIA.\\nAt a meeting of the proprietors of Transylvania, held\\nat Oxford, in the county of Granville, on Monday, the\\ntwenty-fifth day of September, Ann. Dom. 1775,\\nPresent, Col. Richard Henderson, Col. Thomas Hart,\\nCol. John Williams, Capt. John Luttrell, William John-\\nston, James Hogg, and Leonard H. Bullock. Col. Hen-\\nderson being unanimously chosen president, they took\\ninto their consideration the present state of the said\\nColony, and made the following resolves, viz.\\nResolved, That Col. John Williams be appointed agent\\nfor the Transylvania Company, to transact their business\\nin the said Colony; and he is accordingly invested with\\nfull power, by letter of attorney.\\nOrdered, that Mr. Williams shall proceed to Boons-\\nborough, in the said Colony, as soon as possible, and con-\\ntinue there until the twelfth day of April next and to be\\nallowed for his services one hundred and fifty pounds,\\nproclamation money of North Carolina, out of the profits\\narising from the sale of lands, after discharging the com-\\npany s present engagements.\\nN. B. In case the settlement should be broken up by\\nattack of Indians or other enemies, so as to render it im-\\npossible for Mr. Williams to continue there and execute\\nthe trust reposed in him, it is agreed by the Company\\n(367)", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0379.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "368 APPENDIX.\\nthat he shall still be paid the above salary, at the expira-\\ntion of three years.\\nResolved, That Mr. Williams be empowered to appoint\\none or more surveyors (and the other officers in the land\\noffice) for the said Colony, as he may find necessary.\\nClerks, surveyors, and chain-carriers, to be sworn before\\nthey act.\\nResolved, In case of the death or removal of Mr. Wil-\\nliams, that Col. Richard Henderson, Capt. Nathaniel Hart,\\nand Capt. John Luttrell, or any one of them, be, and are\\nhereby declared agents for the said company, with the\\nsame powers as are given to Mr. Williams, until a new\\nappointment shall be made by the proprietors.\\nResolved, That the agent shall not grant any lands ad-\\njoining salt springs, gold, silver, copper, lead, or sulphur\\nmines, knowing them to be such.\\nResolved, That a reservation, to the proprietors, of one-\\nhalf of all gold, silver, copper, lead, and sulphur mines,\\nshall be made by the agent at granting deeds.\\nResolved, That the agent shall take a counterpart of all\\ndeeds granted by him, and shall transmit them to the\\nproprietors residing in the province of North Carolina, to\\nbe audited with his other proceedings, by the company.\\nResolved, That all surveys shall be made by the four\\ncardinal points, except where rivers or mountains so in-\\ntervene as to render it too inconvenient: and that in all\\ncases where one survey comes within the distance of eighty\\npoles from another, their lines shall join without excep-\\ntion\\nAnd that every survey on navigable rivers shall extend\\ntwo poles out for one pole along the river\\nAnd that each survey not on navigable rivers shall not\\nbe above one-third longer than its width\\nResolved, That a present of two thousand acres of land", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0380.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 369\\nbe made to Col. Daniel Boone, with the thanks of the\\nproprietors for the signal services he has rendered to the\\ncompany.\\nResolved, That the thanks of this company be pre-\\nsented to Col. Richard Callaway, for his spirited and\\nmanly behaviour in behalf of the said Colony and that\\na present of six hundred and forty acres of land be made\\nto his youngest son.\\nResolved, That James Hogg, Esq., be appointed dele-\\ngate to represent the said Colony in the Continental\\nCongress now sitting at Philadelphia and that the fol-\\nlowing memorial be presented by him to that august\\nbody.\\nTo the Honorable the Continental Congress now sitting at\\nPhiladelphia.\\nThe memorial of Richard Henderson, Thomas Hart, John\\nWilliams, Nathaniel Hart, John Luttrell, William\\nJohnston, James Hogg, David Hart, and Leonard\\nHenly Bullock, proprietors of Transylvania,\\nSheweth,\\nThat on the seventeenth day of March last, for a large\\nand valuable consideration, your memorialists obtained\\nfrom the Cherokee Indians assembled at Watauga, a grant\\nof a considerable territory, now called Transylvania, lying\\non the south side of the river Ohio.\\nThey will not trouble the honorable Congress with a\\ndetail of the risks and dangers to which they have been\\nexposed, arising from the nature of the enterprise itself,\\nas well as from the wicked attempts of certain governors\\nand their emissaries; they beg leave only to acquaint\\nthem, that through difficulties and dangers, at a great\\nexpense, and with the blood of several of their follow-\\ners, they have laid the foundation of a Colony, which,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0381.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "370 APPENDIX.\\nhowever mean in its origin, will, if one may guess from\\npresent appearances, be one day considerable in America.\\nThe memorialists having made this purchase from the\\naborigines and immemorial possessors, the sole and uncon-\\ntested owners of the country, in fair and open treaty,\\nand without the violation of any British or American law\\nwhatever, are determined to give it up only with their\\nlives. And though their country be far removed from\\nthe reach of ministerial usurpation, yet they cannot look\\nwith indifference on the late arbitrary proceedings of the\\nBritish Parliament. If the united Colonies are reduced,\\nor will tamely submit to be slaves, Transylvania will have\\nreason to fear.\\nThe memorialists by no means forget their allegiance\\nto their sovereign, whose constitutional rights and pre-\\neminences they will support at the risk of their lives.\\nThey flatter themselves that the addition of a new Colony,\\nin so fair and equitable a way, and without any expense\\nto the crown, will be acceptable to his most gracious\\nmajesty, and that Transylvania will soon be worthy of\\nhis royal regard and protection.\\nAt the same time, having their hearts warmed with the\\nsame noble spirit that animates the united Colonies, and\\nmoved with indignation at the late ministerial and parlia-\\nmentary usurpations, it is the earnest wish of the pro-\\nprietors of Transylvania to be considered by the Colonies\\nas brethren, engaged in the same great cause of liberty\\nand of mankind. And, as by reason of several circum-\\nstances, needless to be here mentioned, it was impossible\\nfor the proprietors to call a convention of the settlers in\\nsuch time as to have their concurrence laid before this\\nCongress, they here pledge themselves for them, that\\nthey will concur in the measures now adopted by the\\nproprietors.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0382.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 371\\nFrom the generous plan of liberty adopted by the Con-\\ngress, and that noble love of mankind which appears in\\nall their proceedings, the memorialists please themselves\\nthat the united Colonies will take the infant Colony of\\nTransylvania into their protection and they, in return,\\nwill do every thing in their power, and give such assist-\\nance in the general cause of America, as the Congress\\nshall judge to be suitable to their abilities.\\nTherefore, the memorialists hope and earnestly request,\\nthat Transylvania may be added to the number of the\\nunited Colonies, and that James Hogg, Esq., be received\\nas their delegate, and admitted to a seat in the honorable\\nthe Continental Congress.\\nBy order of the Proprietors.\\nSigned, Kichd. Henderson, President\\nResolved, That Mr. Hogg be empowered to treat and\\ncontract with any person or persons who may incline to\\npurchase lands from the company, and that he be allowed\\nhis expenses for transacting the above business.\\nResolved, That the united thanks of this company\\nbe presented to Colo. Richard Henderson, Captain Na-\\nthaniel Hart, and Captain John Luttrell, for their emi-\\nnent services and public spirited conduct, in settling the\\naforesaid Colony.\\nResolved, That from this time to the first day of June,\\none thousand seven hundred and seventy-six, the lands\\nin the said Colony shall be sold on the following terms:\\nNo survey of land shall contain more than six hundred\\nand forty acres, (except in particular cases,) and the\\npurchaser shall pay for entry and warrant of survey two\\ndollars; for surveying the same, and a plot thereof, four\\ndollars; and for the deed and plot annexed, two dollars.\\nAnd also shall pay to the said proprietors, their agent,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0383.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "372 APPENDIX.\\nor receiver for the time being, at the time of receiving a\\ndeed, two pounds ten shilling sterling for each hundred\\nacres contained in such deed; also, an annual quit-rent of\\ntwo shillings, like money, for every hundred acres, com-\\nmencing in the year one thousand seven hundred and\\neighty.\\nAnd that any person who settles on the said lands\\nbefore the first day of June, one thousand seven hundred\\nand seventy-six, shall have the priviledge, on the afore-\\nsaid conditions, of taking up for himself any quantity not\\nabove six hundred and forty acres; and for each taxable\\nperson he may take with him, and settle there, three\\nhundred and twenty acres, and no more.\\nResolved, That Colo. Richard Henderson survey and\\nlay off, within the said Colony, in such places and in\\nsuch quantities as he shall think proper, not less than\\ntwo hundred thousand acres, hereafter to be equally\\ndivided amongst the copartners, or their representatives,\\naccording to their rateable part, (as fully set forth in the\\narticles of agreement entered into by the copartners,)\\nand that each copartner be permitted, by himself or his\\ndeputy, to make choice of, and survey in one or more\\nplaces, any quantity of vacant land in the aforesaid\\nColony, for his or their particular use; but not above\\ntwo thousand acres, and that agreeable to the aforesaid\\nrateable proportions, unless on the same terms, and under\\nthe same regulations and restrictions, as laid down for\\nother purchasers.\\nResolved, That not more than five thousand acres shall\\nbe sold to any one person who does not immediately\\nsettle on the said lands; and that at three pounds ten\\nshillings sterling per hundred, and not more than one\\nhundred thousand acres in the whole on these terms.\\nResolved. That the agent deliver what money he may", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0384.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 373\\nhave received for the sale of land to Colo. Thomas Hart\\nwhen he leaves the said Colony, and that Colo. Hart,\\npay what money may be due from the company to\\nthe people at Watauga on his return and that the re-\\nmainder be applyed to the payment of the company s\\nother debts. Also, that the agent take the first safe op-\\nportunity of remitting what further sums he may receive\\nthereafter to William Johnston, treasurer, to be by him\\napplyed towards paying off the company s debts.\\nResolved, That William Johnston be impowered to bar-\\ngain and contract with any persons inclining to purchase\\nlands in the said Colony.\\nOrdered, That Mr. Johnston do, in behalf of the pro-\\nprietors, accommodate Mr. Peter Hay, merchant, (at Cross\\nCreek, Cumberland County, North Carolina,) with a\\npresent of one thousand acres of land in the said Colony,\\nfor his friendly behaviour towards the company; or, in\\nlieu thereof, that Mr. Hay be permitted to purchase ten\\nthousand acres, without being obliged to settle the same,\\nat two pounds ten shillings sterling per hundred acres,\\nsubject to office fees and quit-rents.\\nResolved, That a present of six hundred and forty acres\\nof land be made to the Reverend Mr. Henry Patillo, on\\ncondition that he will settle in the said Colony.\\nResolved, That the agent duly attend to the above re-\\nsolves, unless when the interest of the company makes\\nthe contrary necessary.\\nBy order of the Proprietors.\\nRichd. Henderson, Prest.\\nSilas Deane to James Hogg, November, 1775.\\nAt the time of granting the New England charters, the\\ncrown of Great Britain had no idea of any real interest", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0385.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "374 APPENDIX.\\nor property in the American lands. The pope, as vicar of\\nChrist, pretended, very early, to have an absolute right,\\nin fee simple, to the earth and all that was therein but\\nmore particularly to the countries and persons of heretics,\\nwhich he constantly gave away among his favourites.\\nWhen the crown of Great Britain threw off its submis-\\nsion to the- pope, or, in other words, by setting itself at\\nthe head of the Church, became pope of Great Britain,\\nthis old, whimsically arrogant nation was, in degree, re-\\nstrained; and Queen Elizabeth, in the year 1579, most\\ngraciously gave to Sir Walter Baleigh all North America,\\nfrom the latitude 34\u00c2\u00b0 north, to 48\u00c2\u00b0 north; and extend-\\ning west, to the great Pacific ocean to which immense\\nterritory she had no more right or title than she had to\\nthe empire of China. On Sir Walter s attainder, this was\\nsupposed to revert to the crown, and, in 1606, James I.,\\nin consequence of the same principle, granted the south\\npart of the above, to a company then called the London\\nCompany; and, in 1620, granted the northernmost part\\nto a company called the Plymouth Company, containing\\nwithin its bounds all the lands from 40\u00c2\u00b0 to 45\u00c2\u00b0 north\\nlatitude, and west to the South Seas. This company\\ngranted, in 1631, to certain persons, that tract described\\nin this charter, which you will see was very liberal, and\\nrendered them (as in reality they were) independent of\\nthe crown for holding their lands they having, at their\\nown expense, purchased or conquered them from the\\nnatives, the original and sole owners.\\nThe settlement of Connecticut began in 1634, when\\nthey came into a voluntary compact of government, and\\ngoverned under it, until their charter, in 1662, without\\nany difficulty. They were never fond of making many\\nlaws; nor is it good policy in any state, but the worst of\\nall in a new one. The laws, or similar ones to those", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0386.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 375\\nwhich I have turned down to, are necessary in a new\\ncolony, in which the highest wisdom is to increase, as\\nfast as possible, the inhabitants, and at the same time to\\nregulate them well.\\nThe first is to secure the general and unalienable rights\\nof man to the settlers without this, no inhabitants, worth\\nhaving, will adventure. This, therefore, requires the\\nclosest and earliest attention.\\nNext to this, is the mode or rule by which civil actions\\nmay be brought, or the surest ways and means by which\\nevery individual may obtain his right.\\nThen a provision for the safety of the community\\nagainst high-handed offenders, house-breakers, c.\\nThere are two ways of regulating a community; one by\\ncorrecting every offender, and the other to prevent the\\noffence itself; to effect the latter, education must be at-\\ntended to as a matter of more importance than all the\\nlaws which can be framed, as it is better to be able to\\nprevent, than after, to correct a disease.\\nPeace officers will be necessary, and these ought to be\\nchosen by the people, for the people are more engaged to\\nsupport an officer of their own in the execution of his\\ntrust, than they will ever be in supporting one forced\\nupon them.\\nSome regulation of civil courts ought early to be made;\\nthe most simple and least expensive is best; an honest\\njudge will support his dignity without a large salary, and\\na dishonest one can have no real dignity at any rate.\\nThe General Assembly must be the supreme fountain of\\npower in such a state, in constituting which every free\\nman ought to have his voice. The elections should be\\nfrequent, at least annually; and to this body every officer\\nought to be amenable for his conduct.\\nEvery impediment in the way of increase of people", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0387.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "376 APPENDIX.\\nshould be removed of course, marriage must be made\\neasy.\\nOvergrown estates are generally the consequence of\\nan unequal division of interest, left by a subject at bis\\ndecease. This is prevented by an equal or nearly equal\\nright of inheritance. This has taken place in all the\\nN. England colonies, and in Pennsylvania, to their great\\nemolument.\\nAll fees of office ought to be stated and known, and\\nthey should be stated as low as possible.\\nSome crimes are so dangerous in their tendency, that\\ncapital punishments are necessary; the fewer of these,\\nconsistent with the safety of the state, the better.\\nThere ought to be some terms on which a man becomes\\nfree of the community. They should be easy and simple;\\nand every one encouraged to qualify himself in character\\nand interest to comply with them and these terms should\\nbe calculated to bind the person in the strongest manner,\\nand engage him in its interest.\\nA new colony, in the first place, should be divided into\\nsmall townships or districts, each of which ought to be\\nimpowered to regulate their own internal affairs and to\\nhave and enjoy every liberty and privilege not inconsis-\\ntent with the good of the whole.\\nTenure of lands is a capital object, and so is the mode\\nof taking out grants for, and laying them out. If indi-\\nviduals are permitted to engross large tracts, and lay\\ntpem out as they please, the population of the country\\nwill be retarded.\\nPrecarious must be the possession of the finest country\\nin the world, if the inhabitants have not the means and\\nskill of defending it. A militia regulation must, there-\\nfore, in all prudent policy, be one of the first.\\nThough entire liberty of conscience ought every-where", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0388.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 377\\nto be allowed, yet the keeping up among a people, a\\nregular and stated course of divine worship, has such\\nbeneficial effects, that the encouragement thereof deserves\\nthe particular attention of the magistrate.\\nForms of oaths are ever best, as they are concise, and\\ncarry with them a solemn simplicity of appeal to the\\nDivine Being and to preserve their force, care should be\\nhad to avoid too frequent a repetition of them, and on\\nordinary occasions.\\nThe preservation of the peace, being the capital object\\nof government, no man should, be permitted, on any\\noccasion, to be the avenger of the wrongs he has, or con-\\nceives he has, received; but if possible, every one should\\nbe brought to submit to the decision of the law of the\\ncountry in every private as well as public injury.\\nProviding for the poor is an act of humanity but to\\nprevent their being numerous and burthensome to the\\nsociety, is at once humane and an act of the highest and\\nsoundest policy; and to effect it, the education of chil-\\ndren, and the manners of the lower orders, are constantly\\nto be attended to.\\nAs, in a well ordered government, every one s person\\nand property should be equally secure, so each should\\npay equally, or on the same scale, for the expenses in\\nsupporting the same.\\nIn a new and wild country, it will be deemed, perhaps,\\nimpossible to erect schools; but the consequences are so\\ngreat and lasting, that every difficulty ought to be en-\\ncountered rather than give up so necessary, so important\\nan institution. A school will secure the morals and man-\\nners, and, at the same time, tend to collect people together\\nin society, and promote and preserve civilization.\\nThe throwing a country into towns, and allowing these\\ntowns particular privileges, like corporations, in England\\n32", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0389.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "378 APPENDIX.\\nor America, tends to unite the people, and as in the least\\nfamily there is, generally, the best economy, so these\\ntowns will conduct the internal and domestic prudentials\\nbetter than larger bodies, and give strength, soundness\\nand solidity to the basis of the state.\\nSir, You have, in the foregoing, the outlines of the\\npolicy of the Connecticut government, in as concise a view\\nas I could; the great and leading principles of which will,\\nI conceive, apply to any new state and the sooner they\\nare applied the better it will be for the health and pros-\\nperity of the rising community.\\nAn equal and certain security of life, liberty and prop-\\nerty; an equal share in the rights of legislation, and an\\nequal distribution of the benefits resulting from society\\nwith an early attention to the principles, morals and\\nmanners of the whole, are the great first principles of a\\ngood government, and these well fixed, lesser matters will\\neasily and advantageously adjust, as I may say, them-\\nselves. I am far from thinking our system is entirely fit\\nfor you, in every point. It has grown up and enlarged\\nitself, as we have grown. Its principal features are worth\\nyour attending to; and, if I had leisure, would point out,\\nmore particularly, which part I think you might adopt\\nimmediately, what additions are necessary, and why some\\nparts should be rejected. But I will, if possible, give you,\\nafter your perusal of this, the general heads of what,\\nfrom my little reading and observation, I think to be the\\nmost simple, and, consequently, the best plan of govern-\\nment. I am, Sir, yours,\\nS. DEANE.\\nThursday morning, 2d Nov. 1775.\\nTwo laws, I see, I have run over without noting upon\\nthe one is, for punishing vagabonds, by setting them to", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0390.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 379\\nhard labour. The other, for the punishment of theft, which\\nyou may think too light, but I think too severe; or, in\\nother words, I would avoid infamous punishments, such as\\ncropping, branding, whipping, c, and substitute hard\\nlabour in their stead.\\nCOPY OF A LETTER TO PATRICK HENRY.\\nHillsborough, April 26th, 1775.\\nSir, The late meeting of the delegates, from the seve-\\nral counties, cities, and boroughs, in his majesty s antient\\nColony and Dominion of Virginia, at Kichmond, was an\\nevent which raised the expectations and attracted the at-\\ntention of the whole British America, as well on account\\nof the acknowledged wisdom and public integrity of the\\ndelegates, as the important and interesting purposes of\\nthat numerous and respectable Convention. The copart-\\nners in the purchase of lands, on Louisa, from the Indians,\\nneither intending by their distant and hazardous enter-\\nprize, to revolt from their allegiance to their sovereign,\\nnor yet to desert the grand and common cause of their\\nAmerican brethren and fellow subjects, in their manly and\\nglorious struggle for the full enjoyment of the natural\\nrights of mankind, and the inestimable liberties and privi-\\nledges of our happy constitution, were anxious to know\\nthe result of the wise and mature deliberations of the\\nConvention, and particular in their enquiries concerning\\nthe several matters which became the subject of consider-\\nation in that august assembly. It was not long before we\\nlearnt the particulars from some of the members, and that\\nthe minute circumstances of our contract with the Chero-\\nkee Indians had occasionally been moved and debated.\\nThe true point of view in which, we are told, you, with", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0391.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "380 APPENDIX.\\nseveral other gentlemen, conceived the nature of the con-\\ntract, and the eloquence and good sense with which you\\ndefended, and the liberal principles on which you sup-\\nported our claim to the benefit of our engagement with\\nthe Indians, in addition to the universal applause of the\\nwhole continent, for your noble and patriotick exertions,\\ngive you an especial claim to our particular acknowledge-\\nments, of which we take this earliest opportunity of beg-\\nging your acceptance. It would, Sir, have afforded us the\\nmost singular satisfaction to have had it in our power to\\ngive you a more substantial evidence of our gratitude.\\nYet we conceive the generous disinterestedness of your\\nprinciples and publick conduct to be such, that even\\nour thanks may be more than you expected or wished\\nfor. We hope, however, that our wishes to make known\\nour gratitude to you, will be considered as a sufficient\\napology for our having given you the trouble of this\\nletter.\\nConvinced that our purchase is neither against the laws\\nof our country, nor the principles of natural justice and\\nequity, and conscious to ourselves of the uprightness of\\nour intentions, we totally disregard the reproaches thrown\\nout against us by ill-informed or envious and interested\\npersons; and now encouraged by the approbation of the\\nrespectable Provincial Congress of Virginia, we shall\\nhereafter pursue with eagerness what we at first adopted\\nwith caution.\\nWe beg that you will pardon the length of this letter,\\nand that you will do us the honor to believe, that we\\nare, with the highest sense of gratitude for the part\\nyou have taken in favor of our hazardous enterprise, and\\nwith the greatest respect and esteem for your eminent\\nand distinguished character and reputation, among the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0392.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 381\\nvigilant guardians and illustrious patrons of American\\nliberty,\\nSir, your most obliged and\\nVery mo. devoted h ble serv ts,\\nSigned, Richd. Henderson,\\nThos. Hart,\\nJohn Williams,\\nJames Hogg,\\nNathl. Hart,\\nDavid Hart,\\nLend. H. Bullock,\\nJohn Luttrel,\\nWm. Johnston.\\nTo Patrick Henry, Esqr.\\nHanover County, Virginia.\\nN. B. A copy of the above letter sent to Thos. Jeffer-\\nson, Esqr., Virginia.\\nTo the Honorable the Convention of Virginia\\nThe petition of the inhabitants, and some of the intended\\nsettlers of that part of North America, now denomi-\\nnated Transylvania, humbly sheweth\\nWhereas some of your petitioners became adventurers\\nin that country from the advantageous reports of their\\nfriends who first explored it, and others since allured by\\nthe specious shew of the easy terms on which the land\\nwas to be purchased from those who stile themselves pro-\\nprietors, have, at a great expense, and many hardships,\\nsettled there, under the faith of holding the lands by an", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0393.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "382 APPENDIX.\\nindefeasible title, which those gentlemen assured them\\nthey were capable of making. But your petitioners have\\nbeen greatly alarmed at the late conduct of those gentle-\\nmen, in advancing the price of the purchase money from\\ntwenty shillings to fifty shillings sterling, per hundred\\nacres, and at the same time have increased the fees of\\nentry and surveying to a most exorbitant rate; and, by\\nthe short period prefixed for taking up the lands, even\\non those extravagant terms, they plainly evince their\\nintentions of rising in their demands as the settlers in-\\ncrease, or their insatiable avarice shall dictate. And\\nyour petitioners have been more justly alarmed at such\\nunaccountable and arbitrary proceedings, as they have\\nlately learned from a copy of the deed made by the Six\\nNations with Sir William Johnson, and the commis-\\nsioners from this Colony, at Fort Stanwix, in the year\\n1768, that the said lands were included in the cession or\\ngrant of all that tract which lies on the south side of\\nthe river Ohio, beginning at the mouth of Cherokee or\\nHogohege river, and extending up the said river to Ket-\\ntaning. And, as in the preamble of the said deed, the said\\nconfederate Indians declare the Cherokee river to be their\\ntrue boundary with the southard Indians, your petitioners\\nmay, with great reason, doubt the validity of the purchase\\nthat those proprietors have made of the Cherokees the\\nonly title they set up to the lands for which they de-\\nmand such extravagant sums from your petitioners, with-\\nout any other assurance for holding them than their own\\ndeed and warrantee; a poor security, as your petitioners\\nhumbly apprehend, for the money that, among other\\nnew and unreasonable regulations, these proprietors insist\\nshould be paid down on the delivery of the deed. And,\\nas we have the greatest reason to presume that his ma-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0394.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 383\\njesty, to whom the lands were deeded by the Six Nations,\\nfor a valuable consideration, will vindicate his title, and\\nthink himself at liberty to grant them to such persons,\\nand on such terms as he pleases, your petitioners would,\\nin consequence thereof, be turned out of possession, or\\nobliged to purchase their lands and improvements on\\nsuch terms as the new grantee or proprietor might think\\nfit to impose; so that we can not help regarding the\\ndemand of Mr. Henderson and his company as highly\\nunjust and impolitic, in the infant state of the settle-\\nment, as well as greatly injurious to your petitioners,\\nwho would cheerfully have paid the consideration at first\\nstipulated by the company, whenever their grant had\\nbeen confirmed by the crown, or otherwise authenticated\\nby the supreme legislature.\\nAnd, as we are anxious to concur in every respect with\\nour brethren of the united colonies, for our just rights\\nand privileges, as far as our infant settlement and remote\\nsituation will admit of, we humbly expect and implore to\\nbe taken under the protection of the honorable Conven-\\ntion of the Colony of Virginia, of which we can not help\\nthinking ourselves still a part, and request your kind\\ninterposition in our behalf, that we may not suffer under\\nthe rigorous demands and impositions of the gentlemen\\nstiling themselves proprietors, who, the better to effect\\ntheir oppressive designs, have given them the color of a\\nlaw, enacted by a score of men, artfully picked from the\\nfew adventurers who went to see the country last sum-\\nmer, overawed by the presence of Mr. Henderson.\\nAnd that you would take such measures as your\\nhonors in your wisdom shall judge most expedient for\\nrestoring peace and harmony to our divided settlement;\\nor, if your honors apprehend that our cause comes more\\nproperly before the honorable the General Congress, that", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0395.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "384\\nAPPENDIX.\\nyou would in your goodness\\nworthy delegates, to espouse\\nAnd your petitioners, c.\\nJames Harrod,\\nAbm. Hite, Jun.\\nPatrick Dorane,\\nRalph Nailor,\\nRobt. Atkinson,\\nRobt. Nailor,\\nJohn Maxfield,\\nSaml. Pottinger,\\nBarnerd Walter,\\nHugh M Million,\\nJohn Kilpatrick,\\nRobt. Dook,\\nEdward Brownfield,\\nJohn Beesor,\\nConrod Woolter,\\nJohn Moore,\\nJohn Corbie,\\nAbm. Vanmetre,\\nSaml. Moore,\\nIsaac Pritcherd,\\nJoseph Grwyne,\\nG-eo. Uland,\\nMichl. Thomas,\\nAdam Smith,\\nSaml. Thomas,\\nHenry Thomas,\\nWm. Myars,\\nPeter Paul,\\nHenry Simons,\\nWm. Gaffata,\\nJames Hugh,\\nrecommend the same to your\\nit as the cause of the Colony.\\nChas. Creeraft,\\nJames Willie,\\nJohn Camron,\\nThos. Kenady,\\nJesse Pigman,\\nSimon Moore,\\nJohn Moore,\\nThos. Moore,\\nHerman Consoley,\\nSilas Harland,\\nWm. Harrod,\\nLevi Harrod,\\nJohn Mills,\\nElijah Mills,\\nJehu Harland,\\nLeonard Cooper,\\nWm. Rice,\\nArthur Ingram,\\nThos. Wilson,\\nWilliam Wood,\\nJoseph Lyons,\\nAndrew House,\\nWm. Hartly,\\nThomas Dean,\\nRichard Owan,\\nBarnet Neal,\\nJohn Severn,\\nJames Hugh,\\nJames Calley,\\nJoseph Parkison,\\nJediah Ashraft,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0396.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\n385\\nThos. Bathugh,\\nJohn Connway,\\nWm. Crow,\\nWm. Feals,\\nBenja. Davis,\\nBeniali Dun,\\nAdam Neelson,\\nWm. Shepard,\\nWm. House,\\nJno. Dun,\\nJno. Sim, Sen.\\nJohn House,\\nSime. House,\\nJohn Hardin,\\nArchd. Reves,\\nMoses Thomas,\\nJ. Zebulon Collins,\\nThos. Parkinson,\\nWm. Muckleroy,\\nMeridith Helm, Jun.,\\nAndw. House,\\nDavid Brooks,\\nJohn Helm,\\nBenja. Parkison,\\nWin. Parkison,\\nWm. Crow.\\nLETTER FROM COL. WILLIAMS, AT BOONESBOROUGH TO\\nTHE PROPRIETORS.\\nBoonesborough, 3d January, 1776.\\nGrENTLEMEN,\\nIn my last, of the 27th instant, I promised, in my next,\\na more circumstantial account than I was capable then of\\ngiving, under the confused situation of mind I was then\\nin, occasioned by the unhappy catastrophe of my brother s\\ndeath, which happened but a few hours before that. To\\ncomply, in some measure with that promise, and to dis-\\ncharge a duty incumbent upon me, as well as the prompti-\\ntude of mind I feel to discharge that duty, I cheerfully\\nenter on the task, and endeavour to render some account\\nof what I have been after since my arrival at this place,\\nnow upwards of a month since; and as the primitive in-\\ntention of sending me to Transylvania was to establish a\\nland office, appoint the necessary officers to the said office,\\nsurveyor, c, upon the best footing in my power, and to\\n33", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0397.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "386 APPENDIX.\\nmake sale of the lands within the said Colony, upon such\\nterms as might be most advantageous to the proprietors\\nand satisfactory to the inhabitants thereof; my first step\\nwas to fall on some method of appointing a person to the\\noffice of surveyor, who should give general satisfaction to\\nthe people; I thought none more likely to do so, than\\ncalling a convention and taking their recommendation for\\nthe person who I would appoint. From the dispersed\\nsituation of the people, and the extreme badness of the\\nweather, we failed in convening a majority; however, I\\ntook the sense of those who appeared, and who unani-\\nmously recommended Colonel John Floyd, a gentleman\\ngenerally esteemed, and I am persuaded truly worthy;\\nand him I have commissioned surveyor of the Colony at\\npresent, though perhaps it may be advisable, at a future\\nday, to divide the Colony into two districts, and to ap-\\npoint another surveyor to one of the districts. The\\nentering office I have disposed of to Mr. Nathaniel Hen-\\nderson, and the secretary s to Mr. Richard Harrison\\nthough, upon consideration, I have thought that the\\nnumerous incidental expenses were so great that some\\nway ought to be fallen upon to defray them without\\nbreaking in upon the monies arising from the sale of the\\nlands, and that the two dollars for entering, c, and the\\nother two for filling up the deeds, counterparts, annexing\\nseals and plots, c, was more money than the services of\\nthose offices absolutely required; I, therefore, have re-\\nserved out of each office, one dollar, to answer the pur-\\npose of defraying those extraordinary expenses and the\\noffice is left well worth the acceptance of persons capable\\nof filling them with credit. The number of entries on our\\nbook is now upwards of 900, great part of which was made\\nbefore I came to this place, when people could make\\nentries without money, and without price; the country", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0398.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 387\\nabounded with land-mongers; since there is two dollars\\nexacted on the entry made, people are not quite so keen,\\nthough I make no doubt but all who can comply with\\nthe terms will endeavour to save their lands; and, as many\\npeople who have got entry on the book, are now out of\\nthe country, and can not possibly pay up the entry money\\nimmediately, I have thought proper to advertise, that\\nevery person who had made entry on the book, and paid\\nno money, that they come in and pay up the entrance\\nmoney by the first of April, and take out their warrants\\nof survey, or their several entries will, after that time, be\\nconsidered as vacated, and liable to be entered by any\\nother person whatever. The surveyors have now began\\nto survey, and some few people have been desirous of\\ngetting out their deeds immediately; but they generally\\ncomplain of a great scarcity of money, and doubt their\\nbeing able to take their deeds before next June, or even\\nbefore next fall; though in a general way, people seem to\\nbe well reconciled to the terms, and desirous to take upon\\nthem, except some few, whom I have been obliged to\\ntamper with, and a small party about Harrodsburg, who,\\nit seems, have been entering into a confederacy not to\\nhold lands on any other terms than those of the first\\nyear. As this party is composed of people, in general,\\nof small consequence, and I have taken some steps to\\nremove some of their principal objections, I make no\\ndoubt but to do all that away and for that purpose have\\nformed a design of removing myself, with the office, to\\nHarrodsburgh, some time in February next, unless I\\nshould find, from a trip I purpose immediately taking\\nthere, that I can not do it with safety. The principal\\nman, I am told, at the head of this confederacy, is one\\nHite and him I make no doubt but to convince he is in\\nan error. Among other things, one of the great com-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0399.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "388 APPENDIX.\\nplaints was, that the proprietors, and a few gentlemen,\\nhad engrossed all the land at and near the Falls of the\\nOhio, which circumstance I found roused the attention\\nof a number of people of note I therefore found myself\\nunder a necessity of putting a stop to all clamours of that\\nkind, by declaring that I would grant no large bodies of\\nland to any person whatever, which lay contiguous to the\\nFalls which I have done in a solemn manner. This I\\nam far from thinking will be injurious to the proprietors,\\nbut quite the reverse and a circumstance which will\\nrender more general satisfaction, and be of as much utility\\nto the Colony, as any step heretofore taken. You will\\nobserve that I am going on to justify the measure, before\\nI inform you what it is. But to be brief, it is this the\\nFalls, it is certain, is a place which, from its situation,\\nmust be the most considerable mart in this part of the\\nworld; the lands around are generally rich and fertile,\\nand most agreeably situated; which had occasioned many\\npeople to fix their affections on that place. Many appli-\\ncations have been made for large grants, at and about\\nthat place, and refused. Since which, 20,000 acres, and\\nupwards, have been entered there for the company; 40,000\\nor 50,000 more, in large tracts, by a few other gentlemen;\\na partiality was complained of: a general murmuring en-\\nsued. Upon considering the matter, I thought it unjust;\\nI thought it a disadvantage to the partners in general\\nand that some step ought to be taken to pacify the minds\\nof the people. I therefore entered into a resolution that\\nI would grant to no one man living, within a certain dis-\\ntance of the falls, more than one thousand acres of land,\\nand that to be settled and improved in a certain space of\\ntime, under the penalty of forfeiture; that every person\\nwho had more entered than 1000 acres, might retain his\\n1000 out of which spot he pleased; that the several offi-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0400.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 389\\ncers, who have claims there, may each, on application\\nand complying with our terms, be entitled to a 1000\\nwithin his survey. That a town be immediately laid\\nout, and a lot reserved to each proprietor, and then the\\nfirst settlers to take the lots they may choose, enter and\\nimprove; which improvement must be done in a certain\\nlimited time, or the lot forfeited, and again to be sold,\\nc. These proposals seem to have given general satis-\\nfaction, and every one who had entered large quantities,\\nwithin these limits, gives it up with the greatest alacrity;\\nand I am in hopes it will meet the general approbation\\nof the company; if so, I shall be happy; if not, I shall\\nbe very sorry, though the necessity must justify the\\nmeasure. The Falls of Ohio is a place, of all others\\nwithin the Colony, will admit of a town, which, from its\\nparticular situation, will immediately become populous\\nand flourishing; the land contiguous thereto rich and\\nfertile, and where a great number of gentlemen will most\\ncertainly settle, and be the support and protection of a\\ntown at that place a place which should meet with every\\nencouragement, to settle and strengthen, inasmuch as it\\nwill most certainly be the terror of our savage enemies,\\nthe Kickeboos Indians, who border more nearly on that\\nplace than any other part of the Colony; and as I think\\nit absolutely necessary that the aforesaid proposed town,\\nat the falls, to be laid off the ensuing spring, if I find it\\npracticable, to raise a party about the first of March and\\ngo down and lay out the town and stake it off; though\\nthis will, in a great measure, depend upon the future\\ntranquillity of our situation, between this and then, for\\nI assure you the little attack made upon us by the In-\\ndians the 23d of last month, has made many people, who\\nare ashamed to confess themselves afraid, find out that\\ntheir affairs on your side the mountains will not dispense", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0401.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "390 APPENDIX.\\nwith their staying here any longer at present; and I am\\nwell convinced, once they get there, that every alarm,\\ninstead of precipitating, will procrastinate their return.\\nWhen I mention the little attack made on the 23d of last\\nmonth, in this cursory manner, it is because I have here-\\ntofore sent you a particular account of that massacre, in\\na letter of 27th ult. Though as that letter may fail, and\\nnot get to hand, I will now endeavour to briefly relate the\\ncircumstances.\\nOn Saturday, about noon, being the 23d, Colonel\\nCampbell, with a couple of lads, Sanders and M Quin-\\nney, went across the river. On the opposite bank they\\nparted. Campbell went up the river about two hundred\\nyards, and took up a bottom. The two lads, without a\\ngun, went straight up the hill. About ten minutes after\\nthey parted, a gun and a cry of distress was heard, and\\nthe alarm given that the Indians had shot Colonel Camp-\\nbell. We made to his assistance. He came running to\\nthe landing, with one shoe off, and said he was fired on\\nby a couple of Indians. A party of men was immediately\\ndispatched, under the command of Colonel Boon, who\\nwent out, but could make no other discovery than two\\nmockisson tracks, whether Indians or not, could not be\\ndetermined. We had at that time, over the river, hunt-\\ning, c, ten or a dozen men, in different parties, part\\nor all of whom we expected to be killed, if what Colonel\\nCampbell said was true; but that by many was doubted.\\nNight came on; several of the hunters returned, but had\\nneither seen nor heard of Indians, nor yet of the two\\nlads. We continued in this state of suspense till Wed-\\nnesday, when a party of men sent out to make search for\\nthem, found M Quinney, killed and scalped, in a corn-\\nfield, at about three miles distance from town, on the\\nnorth side of the river. Sanders could not be found, nor", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0402.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 391\\nhas he yet been heard of. On Thursday, a ranging party\\nof fifteen men, under the command of Jesse Benton, was\\ndispatched to scour the woods, twenty or thirty miles\\nround, and see if any further discovery could be made.\\nTo those men we gave two shillings per day, and \u00c2\u00a35 for\\nevery scalp they should produce. After they went out,\\nour hunters returned, one at a time, till they all came in\\nsafe, Sanders excepted, who, no doubt, has shared M Quin-\\nney s fate.\\nOn Sunday, the 31st day of the month, our rangers\\nreturned, without doing any thing more than convincing\\nthemselves that the Indians had immediately, on doing\\nthe murder, ran off for northward, as they discovered\\ntheir tracks thirty or forty miles towards the Ohio, making\\nthat way.\\nOn the above massacre being committed, we began to\\ndoubt that there was a body of Indians about, who in-\\ntended committing outrage on our inhabitants. However,\\nwe are perfectly satisfied since, that their number was\\nonly six or seven men, who set off from the Shawnee\\ntown before the treaty at Fort Pitt, with an intent, as\\nthey termed it, to take a look at the white people on\\nKentucky; and King Cornstalk, at the treaty, informed\\nthe commissioners of this, and said, for the conduct of\\nthese men, before they returned, he could not be respon-\\nsible, for that he did not know but that they might do\\nsome mischief, and that if any of them should get killed\\nby the whites, he should take no notice at all of it. For\\nthis we have undoubted authority, and don t at present\\nthink ourselves in any greater danger here than if the\\nabove massacre had not have been committed.\\nAnother circumstance is, that our ammunition grows\\nscant. I don t think there is enough to supply this place\\ntill the last of March, supposing we should have no oc-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0403.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "392 APPENDIX.\\ncasion of any to repulse an enemy. If we should, God\\nonly knows how long it will last. If any powder can\\npossibly be procured, it would certainly be advisable to\\ndo it; if not, some person who can manufacture the\\nmaterials we have on the way, for the purpose of making\\npowder. Most part of those are at the block-house, or\\nat least within two or three miles of that the rest in\\nPowel s Valley. Those (if we had any person who knew\\nhow properly to manufacture them into gunpowder) it\\nwould be necessary to have at this place. We have no\\nsuch person, and of course they would be of but little\\nservice here. Notwithstanding, I should have sent for\\nthem before now; but people here expect the most exor-\\nbitant wages for trivial services. Not less than a dollar\\na day will do for any thing, which will prevent my send-\\ning till I find the necessity greater, or men to be hired\\ncheaper.\\nLETTER FROM JAMES HOGG TO THE COMPANY.\\nJanuary, 1776.\\nDear Sir: On the 2d of December, I returned hither\\nfrom Philadelphia and I have now sit down to give you\\nan account of my embassy, which you will be pleased to\\ncommunicate to the other gentlemen, our co-partners, when\\nyou have an opportunity. I waited for Messrs. Hooper\\nand Hewes a day and a half, at Richmond, but they were\\ndetained by rainy weather for several days, so that they\\ndid not overtake me till I was near Philadelphia, where\\nI was kept two days by heavy rain, though they had it\\ndry where they were. It was the 22d of Oct. when we\\narrived at Philadelphia. In a few days they introduced\\nme to several of the Congress gentlemen, among the first\\nof whom were, accidentally, the famous Samuel and John\\nAdams and as I found their opinion friendly to our", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0404.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 393\\nnew Colony, I shewed them our map, explained to them\\nthe advantage of our situation, c. c. They entered\\nseriously into the matter, and seemed to think favorably\\nof the whole but the difficulty that occurred to us soon\\nappeared to them. We have petitioned and addressed\\nthe king, said they, and have entreated him to point\\nout some mode of accommodation. There seems to be an\\nimpropriety in embarrassing our reconciliation with any\\nthing new and the taking under our protection a body\\nof people who have acted in defiance of the king s\\nproclamations, will be looked on as a confirmation of that\\nindependent spirit with which we are daily reproached.\\nI then showed them our memorial, to convince them that\\nwe did not pretend to throw off our allegiance to the\\nking, but intended to acknowledge his sovereignty when-\\never he should think us worthy of his regard. They\\nwere pleased with our memorial, and thought it very\\nproper; but another difficulty occurred: by looking at the\\nmap, they observed that we were within the Virginia\\ncharter. I then told them of the fixing their boundaries,\\nwhat had passed at Richmond in March last, and that I\\nhad reason to believe the Virginians would not oppose\\nus; however, they advised me to sound the Virginians, as\\nthey would not choose to do any thing in it without their\\nconsent.\\nAll the delegates were, at that time, so much engaged\\nin the Congress from morning to night, that it was some\\ndays before I got introduced to the Virginians; and be-\\nfore then, I was informed that some of them had said,\\nwhatever was their own opinion of the matter, they would\\nnot consent that Transylvania should be admitted as a\\nColony, and represented in Congress, until it originated\\nin their convention, and should be approved by their con-\\nstituents. Some days after this, I was told that Messrs,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0405.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "394 APPENDIX.\\nJefferson, TVythe, and Kichard Henry Lee, were desirous\\nof meeting with me, which was accordingly brought\\nabout but, unfortunately, Mr. Lee was, by some business,\\nprevented from being with us, though I had some con-\\nversation with him afterwards. I told them that the\\nTransylvania Company, suspecting that they might be\\nmisrepresented, had sent me to make known to the gen-\\ntlemen of the Congress our friendly intentions towards\\nthe cause of liberty, c. c, but said nothing of our\\nmemorial, or my pretensions to a seat in Congress. They\\nsaid nothing in return to me, but seriously examined our\\nmap, and asked many questions. They observed that our\\npurchase was within their charter, and gently hinted, that\\nby virtue of it, they might claim the whole. This led\\nme to take notice, that a few years ago, as I had been in-\\nformed, their assembly had petitioned the crown for leave\\nto purchase from the Cherokees, and to fix their boun-\\ndaries with them, which was accordingly done, by a line\\nrunning from six miles east of the long island in Holston,\\nto the mouth of the Great Khanaway, for which they had\\nactually paid $2500 to the Cherokees: by which purchase,\\nboth the crown and their assembly had acknowledged the\\nproperty of those lands to be in the Cherokees. Besides,\\nsaid I, our settlement of Transylvania will be a great\\ncheck on the Indians, and consequently be of service to\\nthe Virginians.\\nThey seemed to waive the argument concerning the\\nright of property; but Mr. Jefferson acknowledged, that,\\nin his opinion, our Colony could be no loss to the Vir-\\nginians, if properly united to them and said, that if his\\nadvice was followed, all the use they should make of their\\ncharter would be to prevent any arbitrary or oppressive\\ngovernment to be established within the boundaries of it;\\nand that it was his wish to see a free government estab-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0406.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 395\\nlished at the back of theirs, properly united with them\\nand that it should extend westward to the Mississippi,\\nand on each side of the Ohio to their charter line. But\\nhe would not consent that we should be acknowledged\\nby the Congress, until it had the approbation of their\\nconstituents in Convention, which he thought might be\\nobtained; and that, for that purpose, we should send one\\nof our company to their next Convention. Against this\\nproposal, several objections occurred to me, but I made\\nnone.\\nThis was the substance of our conference, with which\\nI acquainted our good friends, Messrs. Hooper and Hewes,\\nwho joined me in opinion that I should not push the\\nmatter further; and they hinted to me, that, considering\\nthe present very critical situation of affairs, they thought\\nit was better for us to be unconnected with them. These\\ngentlemen acted a most friendly part all along, and gave\\na favorable account of our proceedings. Indeed, I think\\nthe company under great obligations to them, and I hope\\nthey will take it under their consideration. I was fre-\\nquently with parties of the delegates, who in general\\nthink favorably of our enterprise. All the wise ones of\\nthem, with whom I conversed on the subject, are clear in\\nopinion, that the property of the lands are vested in us\\nby the Indian grant but some of them think, that by\\nthe common law of England, and by the common usage\\nin America, the sovereignty is in the king, agreeably to\\na famous law opinion, of which I was so fortunate as to\\nprocure a copy. The suffering traders, and others, at\\nthe end of last war, obtained a large tract of land from\\nthe Six Nations, and other Indians. They formed them-\\nselves into a company, (called, I believe, the Ohio,) and\\npetitioned the king for a patent, and desired to be erected\\ninto a government. His majesty laid their petition be-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0407.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "396 APPENDIX.\\nfore Lord Chancellor Camden and Mr. Charles York,\\nthen attorney-general and afterwards chancellor. Their\\nopinion follows: In respect to such places as have\\nbeen, or shall be acquired by treaty or grant from any\\nof the Indian princes or governments, your majesty s\\nletters patent are not necessary; the property of the soil\\nvesting in the grantee by the Indian grants, subject only\\nto your majesty s right of sovereignty over the settle-\\nments, as English settlements, and over the inhabitants\\nas English subjects, who carry with them your majesty s\\nlaws wherever they form colonies, and receive your\\nmajesty s protection by virtue of your royal charters.\\nAfter an opinion so favorable for them, it is amazing\\nthat this company never attempted to form a settlement,\\nunless they could have procured a charter, with the hopes\\nof which, it seems, they were flattered, from time to time.\\nHowever, our example has roused them, I am told, and\\nthey are now setting up for our rivals. Depending on\\nthis opinion, another company of gentlemen, a few years\\nago, purchased a tract between the forks of the Missis-\\nsippi and Ohio, beginning about a league below Fort\\nChartres, and running over towards the mouth of the\\nWabash; but whether or not their boundary line is above\\nor below the mouth of the Wabash, the gentleman who\\nshewed me their deed could not tell, as it is not mentioned,\\nbut is said to terminate at the old Shawanese town, sup-\\nposed to be only thirty-five leagues above the mouth of\\nthe Ohio. And the said company purchased another\\nlarger tract, lying on the Illinois river. It was from one\\nof this company that I procured a copy of the above\\nopinion, which he assured me was a genuine one, and is\\nthe very same which you have heard was in possession\\nof Lord Dunmore, as it was their company who sent it\\nto him, expecting he would join them.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0408.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 397\\nI was several times with Mr. Deane, of Connecticut,\\nthe gentleman of whom Mr. Hooper told you when here.\\nHe says he will send some people to see our country;\\nand if their report be favorable, he thinks many Connec-\\nticut people will join us. This gentleman is a scholar,\\nand a man of sense and enterprise, and rich; and I am\\napt to believe, has some thoughts of heading a party of\\nConnecticut adventurers, providing things can be made\\nagreeable to him. He is reckoned a good man, and much\\nesteemed in Congress; but he is an enthusiast in liberty,\\nand will have nothing to do with us unless he is pleased\\nwith our form of government. He is a great admirer of\\nthe Connecticut constitution, which he recommended to\\nour consideration and was so good as to favor me with\\na long letter on that subject, a copy of which is enclosed.\\nYou would be amazed to see how much in earnest all\\nthese speculative gentlemen are about the plan to be\\nadopted by the Transylvanians. They entreat, they pray\\nthat we may make it a free government, and beg that no\\nmercenary or ambitious views in the proprietors may pre-\\nvent it. Quit-rents they say is a mark of vassalage, and\\nhope they shall not be established in Transylvania. They\\neven threaten us with their opposition, if we do not act\\nupon liberal principles when we have it so much in our\\npower to render ourselves immortal. Many of them ad-\\nvised a law against negroes.\\nInclosed I send you a copy of a sketch by J. Adams,\\nwhich I had from Richard Henry Lee.\\nLORD BOTETOURT TO COLONEL DONELSON.\\nWilliamsburgti, Avg. 9th, 1770.\\nSir By the enclosed papers you will find that Mr.\\nStuart has directed his deputy, Mr. Cameron, to convene\\nthe Cherokee chiefs on the 5th of October, at Lochaber,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0409.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "398 APPENDIX.\\nand that it is his particular desire that a gentleman from\\nthis dominion may attend at that congress. It is, likewise,\\nvery much my wish that the whole of that transaction\\nmay be reported to the next meeting of the general as-\\nsembly by a member of their own, upon whom they can\\ndepend. I do, therefore, hereby appoint you to be present\\nat that treaty, that you may take minutes of all their\\nproceedings, and report to us the time which shall be\\nthen fixed upon for running the line, as well as what\\nprovisions, c, shall be deemed necessary to be provided\\nfor that purpose and must intreat that you be very exact\\nin the whole of that estimate and account.\\nExtremely your obedient,\\nBOTETOURT.\\nCol. Donelson.\\nTreaty of Lochaber, 18th Oct. 1770.\\nAt a meeting of the principal chiefs and warriors of\\nthe Cherokee nation, with John Stuart, Esq., superin-\\ntendent of Indian affairs, c.\\nSouth Carolina, Lochaber, l$th Oct. 1770.\\nPresent Col. Donelson, by appointment of his Ex-\\ncellency, the Right Honourable Lord Botetourt, in behalf\\nof the Province of Virginia.\\nAlexander Cameron, deputy superintendent.\\nJames Simpson, Esq., clerk of his Majesty s council of\\nSouth Carolina.\\nMajor Lacey, from Virginia.\\nMajor Williamson, Captain Cohoon, Jno. Caldwell, Esq.,\\nCaptain Winter, Christopher Peters, Esq., Edward Wil-\\nkinson, Esq., and John Hamarar, Esq. besides a great\\nnumber of the back inhabitants of the province of South", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0410.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 399\\nCarolina, and the following chiefs of the Cherokee nation\\nOconistoto, Kettagusta, Attacullaculla, Keyatoy, Tiftoy,\\nTarrapinis, Eucy of Tugalo, Scaleluskey, Chinistah of\\nWataugah, Otasite Hey Wassie, and about a thousand\\nother Indians of the same nation.\\nInterpreters. John Watts, David M Donald, John\\nVann.\\nTREATY.\\nMonday 22d October.\\nAt a Congress of the principal chiefs of the Cherokee\\nnation, held at Lochaber, in the province of South Caro-\\nlina, on the eighteenth day of October, in the year of our\\nLord 1770, by John Stuart, Esq., his Majesty s agent for,\\nand superintendent of the affairs of the Indian nations\\nin the southern district of North America\\nA treaty for a cession to his most sacred Majesty,\\nGeorge the third, by the grace of God of Great Britain,\\nFrance, and Ireland, king, defender of the faith, c, by\\nthe said nation of Cherokee Indians, of certain lands\\nlying within the limits of the dominion of Virginia.\\nWhereas, by a treaty entered into and concluded at\\nHardlabour, the 14th day of October, in the year 1768,\\nby John Stuart, Esq., his Majesty s agent for, and su-\\nperintendent of the affairs of the Indian nations inhabit-\\ning the southern district of North America, with the\\nprincipal and ruling chiefs of the Cherokee nation, all\\nthe lands formerly claimed by, and belonging to, said\\nnation of Indians, lying within the province of Virginia,\\nto the eastward of a line beginning at the boundary of\\nthe province of North Carolina and Virginia, running in\\na N. by E. course to Col. Chiswell s mine on the eastern\\nbank of the Great Canaway, and from thence in a straight\\nline to the mouth of the said Great Canaway river, where", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0411.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "400 APPENDIX.\\nit discharges itself into the Ohio river, were ceded to his\\nmost sacred Majesty, his heirs and successors. And\\nwhereas, by the above recited treaty, all the lands lying\\nbetween Holston s river, and the line above specified,\\nwere determined to belong to the Cherokee nation, to the\\ngreat loss and inconvenience of many of his Majesty s\\nsubjects inhabiting the said lands; and representation of\\nthe same having been made to his Majesty, by his Ex-\\ncellency the Right Honourable Norboine Baron De Bote-\\ntourt, his Majesty s lieutenant and governor-general of\\nthe dominion of Virginia in consequence whereof his\\nMajesty has been graciously pleased to signify his royal\\npleasure to John Stuart, Esq., his agent for, and super-\\nintendent of, Indian affairs in the southern district of\\nNorth America, by an instruction contained in a letter\\nfrom the Right Honourable the Earl of Hillsborough,\\none of his Majesty s principal secretaries of state, dated\\nthe 13th May 1769, to enter into a negotiation with the\\nCherokees, for establishing a new boundary line, begin-\\nning at the point where the North Carolina line termi-\\nnates, and to run thence, in a west course, to Holston s\\nriver, where it is intersected by a continuation of the line\\ndividing the provinces of North Carolina and Yirginia,\\nand thence a straight course, to the confluence of the\\nGreat Canaway and Ohio rivers.\\nArticle 1.\\nPursuant, therefore, to his majesty s orders to, and\\npower and authority vested in John Stuart, Esq., agent\\nfor, and superintendent of the affairs of the Indian tribes\\nin the southern district it is agreed upon, by the said\\nJohn Stuart, Esq., on behalf of his most sacred Majesty,\\nGeorge the Third, by the grace of God, of Great Britain,\\nFrance, and Ireland, king, defender of the faith, c, and", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0412.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 401\\nby the subscribing Cherokee chiefs and warriors, on be-\\nhalf of their said nation, in consideration of his Majesty s\\npaternal goodness, so often demonstrated to them the said\\nCherokee Indians, and from their affection and friendship\\nfor their brethren, the inhabitants of Virginia, as well as\\ntheir earnest desire of removing, as far as possible, all\\ncause of dispute between them and the said inhabitants,\\non account of encroachments on lands reserved by the\\nsaid Indians for themselves, and also for a valuable con-\\nsideration in various sorts of goods, paid to them by the\\nsaid John Stuart, Esq., on behalf of the Dominion of\\nVirginia, that the hereafter recited line be ratified and\\nconfirmed, and it is hereby ratified and confirmed accord-\\ningly; and it is by these presents firmly stipulated and\\nagreed upon, by the parties aforesaid, that a line, begin-\\nning where the boundary line between the province of\\nNorth Carolina and the Cherokee hunting grounds ter-\\nminates, and running thence, in a west course, to a point\\nsix miles east of Long Island, in Holston s river, and\\nthence to said river, six miles above the said Long Island,\\nand thence, in a west course, to the confluence of the\\nGreat Canaway and Ohio rivers, shall remain and be\\ndeemed by all his majesty s white subjects, as well as all\\nthe Indians of the Cherokee nation, the true and just\\nlimits and boundaries of the lands reserved by the said\\nnation of Indians, for their own proper use, and dividing\\nthe same from the lands ceded by them to his Majesty,\\nwithin the limits of the province of Virginia and that\\nhis Majesty s white subjects, inhabiting the province of\\nVirginia, shall not, upon any pretence whatsoever, settle\\nbeyond the said line nor shall the said Indians make\\nany settlements or encroachment on the lands which, by\\nthis treaty, they cede and confirm to his Majesty; and it\\nis further agreed, that as soon as his Majesty s royal ap-\\n34", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0413.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "402 APPENDIX.\\nprobation of this treaty shall have been signified to the\\ngovernor of Virginia, or superintendent, this treaty shall\\nbe carried into execution.\\nArticle 2.\\nAnd it is further agreed upon, and stipulated by the\\ncontracting parties, that no alteration whatsoever shall\\nhenceforward be made in the boundary line above re-\\ncited, and now solemnly agreed upon, except such as may\\nhereafter be found expedient and necessary for the mutual\\ninterests of both parties; and which alteration shall be\\nmade with the consent of the superintendent, or such\\nother person or persons as shall be authorized by his\\nMajesty, as well as with the consent and approbation of\\nthe Cherokee nation of Indians, at a congress or general\\nmeeting of said Indians, to be held for said purpose, and\\nnot in any other manner.\\nIn testimony whereof, the said superintendent, on be-\\nhalf of his Majesty, and the underwritten Cherokee chiefs,\\non behalf of their nation, have signed and sealed this\\npresent treaty, at the time and place aforesaid.\\nJohn Stuart. Seal.)\\nBy order of the superintendent, William Ogilvy, Sec y.\\nOconistoto, (Seal) Skyagusta Tiftoy, (Seal.)\\nKittagusta, (Seal.) Tarrapinis, (Seal.)\\nAttacullaculla, (Seal.) Eucy of Tugalo, (Seal.)\\nKeyatoy, (Seal.) Scaleluskey of Sugar-\\nKinnatilah, (Seal.) town, (Seal.)\\nUkayoula, (Seal.) Chinistah of do. (Seal.)\\nChukanuntas, (Seal.) Chinistah of Watau-\\nSkyagusta Tuukcis, (Seal.) gah, (Seal.)\\nWoolf of Keewees, (Seal.) Otasite Hey Wassie, (Seal.)\\nEead in council, December 12th, 1770.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0414.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 403\\nLETTER OF COLONEL HENDERSON, AT BOONSBOROUGH, TO\\nTHE PROPRIETORS.\\nBoonsborough, June 12th, 1775.\\nGentlemen,\\nIt would be needless in me to enter into a detail of\\nevery little occurrence and cross accident which has be-\\nfallen us since we left Wattauga they can afford no in-\\nstruction, and are too trifling for your amusement. No\\ndoubt but you have felt great anxiety since the receipt of\\nmy letter from Powell s Valley. At that time, things\\nwore a gloomy aspect; indeed it was a serious matter,\\nand became a little more so, after the date of the letter\\nthan before. That afternoon I wrote the letter in Pow-\\nell s Valley, in our march this way, we met about 40\\npeople returning, and in about four days the number was\\nlittle short of 100. Arguments and persuasions were\\nneedless; they seemed resolved on returning, and trav-\\neled with a precipitation that truly bespoke their fears.\\nEight or ten were all that we could prevail on to proceed\\nwith us, or to follow after; and thus, what we before had,\\ncounting every boy and lad, amounted to about 40, with\\nwhich number we pursued our journey, with the utmost\\ndiligence, for my own part never under more real anx-\\niety. Every person almost that we met, seemed to be\\nat pains to aggravate the danger of proceeding; and had\\nwe given them all a fair hearing, I believe they would,\\nin return for the favor, have gotten all our men. Many\\nseemed to be of opinion (who had been with Boone)\\nthat the men assembled at the mouth of Otter creek\\nwould get impatient and leave him before we could pos-\\nsibly get there, if no other accident befell them and\\nwith me, it was beyond a doubt, that our right, in effect,\\ndepended on Boone s maintaining his ground at least", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0415.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "404 APPENDIX.\\nuntil we could get to him. Here, gentlemen, your imagi-\\nnation must take the burden off my hands, and paint\\nwhat I am unable to describe. You need not be afraid\\nof giving scope to your fancy; it is impossible to make\\nthe picture worse than the original. Every group of\\ntravellers we saw, or strange bells which were heard in\\nfront, was a fresh alarm afraid to look or inquire, lest\\nCaptain Boone or his company was amongst them, or\\nsome disastrous account of their defeat. The slow pro-\\ngress we made with our packs, rendered it absolutely\\nnecessary for some person to go on and give assurance\\nof our coming, especially as they had no certainty of our\\nbeing on the road at all; or had even heard whether the\\nIndians had sold to us or not. It was owing to Boone s\\nconfidence in us, and the people s in him, that a stand\\nwas ever attempted in order to wait for our coming. The\\ncase was exceedingly distressing we had not a fellow\\nthat we could send on a forlorn hope in our whole camp\\nall our young men had sufficient employ with the pack-\\nhorses; and, the truth is, very few would have gone, if\\nthey had been totally idle. Distress generally has some-\\nthing in store when it is least expected it was actually\\nthe case with us. Mr. William Cocke, (with whom some\\nof you are acquainted,) observing our anxiety on that\\naccount, generously offered to undertake the journey\\nhimself, and deliver a letter to Captain Boone, with all\\nthe expedition in his power. This offer, extraordinary\\nas it was, we could by no means refuse it was not a\\ntime for much delicacy a little compliment and a few\\nvery sincere thanks, instantly given, preceded a solemn\\nengagement to set off next morning; and if he escaped\\nwith his life, to perform the trust. The day proved dark\\nand rainy; and I own, Mr. Cocke s undertaking appeared\\na little more dangerous than the evening before in spite", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0416.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 405\\nof affectation, it was plain he thought so whether it\\nwas from the gloominess of the weather, or the time of\\nsetting off being actually come, or what, I cannot tell;\\nbut perhaps a little of both. Indeed, I rather suspect\\nthere is some little secondary mischievous passion per-\\nsonating courage, hankering about the heart of man, that\\nvery often plays him a double game, by causing him to\\nview dangers at a little distance through the wrong end\\nof the glass; and as soon as cool deliberation, by the\\nhelp of caution, has shifted the telescope, and brought\\nthe object home to a nearer view, and perhaps the dan-\\ngerous features a little magnified, this monkey passion\\nmost shamefully deserts and leaves the affair to be man-\\naged as it can. Be that as it may, in these cases we are\\nnot always without a friend. Pride will, if possible, take\\nup the cudgels and let the world say what it will of her,\\nshe answers the end of genuine innate courage, (if there\\nbe such a thing,) and for aught I know, it is the thing\\nitself. But to return to our subject: no time was lost;\\nwe struck whilst the iron was hot, fixed Mr. Cocke off\\nwith a good Queen Ann s musket, plenty of ammunition,\\na tomahawk, a large cuttoe knife, a Dutch blanket, and\\nno small quantity of jerked beef. Thus equipped, and\\nmounted on a tolerably good horse, on the day of\\nApril, Mr. Cocke started from Cumberland river, about\\n130 miles from this place, and carried with him, besides\\nhis own enormous load of fearful apprehensions, a con-\\nsiderable burden of my own uneasiness. The probability\\nof giving Mr. Boone and his men word of our being\\nnear them, administered great pleasure, and we made the\\nbest use of our time, following on.\\nThe general panic that had seized the men we were^\\ncontinually meeting, was contagious; it ran like wild fire;\\nand, notwithstanding every effort against its progress, it", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0417.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "406 APPENDIX.\\nwas presently discovered in our own camp; some hesita-\\nted and stole back, privately others saw the necessity of\\nreturning to convince their friends that they were still\\nalive, in too strong a light to be resisted; whilst many,\\nin truth, who have nothing to thank but the fear of\\nshame, for the credit of intrepidity, came on, though\\ntheir hearts, for some hours, made part of the deserting\\ncompany. In this situation of affairs, some few, of gen-\\nuine courage and undaunted resolution, served to inspire\\nthe rest; by help of whose example, assisted by a little\\npride and some ostentation, we made a shift to march on\\nwith all the appearance of gallantry, and, cavalier like,\\ntreated every insinuation of danger with the utmost con-\\ntempt. It soon became habitual; and those who started\\nin the morning, with pale faces and apparent trepidation,\\ncould lie down and sleep at night in great quiet, not\\neven possessed of fear enough to get the better of indo-\\nlence. There is a mistaken notion amongst the vulgar,\\nwith respect to courage, which cannot be eradicated but\\nby dint of experiment; all watching, when it comes to be\\nput in practice, has to them the appearence of cowardice\\nand that it is beneath a soldier to be afraid of any thing,\\nespecially when a little fatigued. They would all agree\\nin the morning, that it would be highly prudent and ne-\\ncessary to keep sentinels around our camp at night but\\na hearty meal or supper, (when we could get it) and good\\nfires, never failed putting off the danger for at least 24\\nhours at which time it was universally agreed, on all\\nhands, that a watch at night would be indispensably neces-\\nsary. Human nature is eternally the same a death-bed\\nrepentance and a surprised camp are so nearly assimilated,\\nthat you may safely swear they arise from the same cause.\\nWithout further speculation, we have been so fortunate,\\nhitherto, as to escape both. I wish from my soul, that", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0418.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 407\\nthey may not be in league to come together. Never was\\nfairer opportunity, as to the one, and you may form a\\ntolerable judgment as to the other; the western waters\\nhaving, as yet, produced no visible alteration with respect\\nto morals or Christian charity amongst us. It will no\\ndoubt surprise you, but it is nevertheless true, that we\\nare in no posture of defence or security at this time; and,\\nfor my own part, do not much expect it will ever be\\neffected, unless the Indians should do us the favor of\\nannoying us, and regularly scalping a man every week\\nuntil it is performed; if the intervals should be longer,\\nthe same spirit of indolence and self-security, which hath\\nhitherto prevailed, would not only continue, but increase.\\nTo give you a small specimen of the disposition of the\\npeople, it may be sufficient to assure you, that when we\\narrived at this place, we found Captain Boone s men as\\ninattentive on the score of fear, (to all appearances), as\\nif they had been in Hillsborough. A small fort only\\nwanting two or three days work to make it tolerably safe,\\nwas totally neglected on Mr. Cockes arrival and unto\\nthis day remains unfinished, notwithstanding the repeated\\napplications of Captain Boone, and every representation\\nof danger from ourselves. The death of poor Tivitty and\\nthe rest, who at the time you were informed, became\\nsacrifices to indiscretion, had no more effect than to pro-\\nduce one night s watching after they got to Otter creek;\\nnot more than ten days after the massacre. Our planta-\\ntions extend near two miles in length, on the river and\\nup a creek. Here people work in their different lots\\nsome without their guns, and others without care or cau-\\ntion. It is in vain for us to say any thing more about\\nthe matter it cannot be done by words. We have a\\nmilitia law, on which I have some dependence; if that\\nhas no good effect, we must remain for some time much", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0419.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "408 APPENDIX.\\nat the mercy of the Indians. Should any successful at-\\ntack be made on us, Captain Hart, I suppose, will be\\nable to render sufficient reasons to the surviving company,\\nfor withdrawing from our camp, and refusing to join in\\nbuilding a fort for our mutual defence. This representa-\\ntion of our unguarded and defenceless situation is not all\\nthat seems to make against us. Our men, under various\\npretences, are every day leaving us. It is needless to say\\nany thing against it many of them are so much deter-\\nmined, that they sell their rights for saving land on our\\npresent terms, to others who remain in their stead, for\\nlittle or nothing; nay, some of them are resolved to go,\\nand some are already gone, and given up all pretensions\\nfor this season, and depend on getting land on the next\\nfall s terms. Our company has dwindled from about\\neighty in number to about fifty odd, and I believe in a\\nfew days will be considerably less. Amongst these I\\nhave not heard one person dissatisfied with the country\\nor terms; but go, as they say, merely because their busi-\\nness will not admit of longer delay. The fact is, that\\nmany of them are single, worthless fellows, and want to\\nget on the other side of the mountains, for the sake of\\nsaying they have been out and returned safe, together\\nwith the probability of getting a mouthful of bread in\\nexchange for their news.\\nHaving given you a slight view of one side of the\\nquestion, it may not be amiss to turn the subject over,\\nand see what may be said on the other hand. Notwith-\\nstanding all our negligence, self- security, scarcity of\\nmen, and whatever else may be added against us, I can-\\nnot think but we shall carry the matter through, and be\\ncrowned with success. My reasons for this opinion, calls\\nfor in you, a kind of knowledge of the geography of our\\ncountry. Those who have no just idea of this matter", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0420.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 409\\nmay be aided by Captain Hart. We are seated at the\\nmouth of Otter ereek, on the Kentucky, about 150 miles\\nfrom the Ohio. To the west, about 50 miles from us,\\nare two settlements, within six or seven miles one of the\\nother. There were, some time ago, about 100 at the two\\nplaces; though now, perhaps, not more than 60 or 70, as\\nmany of them are gone up the Ohio for their families, c.\\nand some returned by the way we came, to Virginia and\\nelsewhere. These men, in the course of hunting pro-\\nvisions, lands, c, are some of them constantly out, and\\nscour the woods from the banks of the river near forty\\nor fifty miles southward. On the opposite side of the\\nriver, and north from us, about 40 miles, is a settlement\\non the crown lands, of about 19 persons; and lower\\ndown, towards the Ohio, on the same side, there are some\\nother settlers, how many, or at what place, I can t ex-\\nactly learn. There is also a party of about 10 or 12,\\nwith a surveyor, who is employed in searching through\\nthat country, and laying off officers lands they have\\nbeen more than three weeks within ten miles of us, and\\nwill be several weeks longer ranging up and down that\\ncountry. Now, taking it for granted, that the Cherokees\\nare our friends, which I most firmly believe, our situation\\nexempts us from the first attempt or attack of any other\\nIndians. Colonel Harrod, who governs the two first men-\\ntioned settlements, (and is a very good man for our pur-\\npose), Colonel Floyd, (the surveyor), and myself, are under\\nsolemn engagements to communicate, with the utmost\\ndespatch, every piece of intelligence respecting danger\\nor sign of Indians, to each other. In case of invasion of\\nIndians, both the other parties are instantly to march and\\nrelieve the distressed, if possible. Add to this, that our\\ncountry is so fertile, the growth of grass and herbage so\\ntender and luxuriant that it is almost impossible for man\\n35", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0421.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "410 APPENDIX.\\nor dog to travel, without leaving such sign that you might,\\nfor many days, gallop a horse on the trail. To be serious,\\nit is impossible for any number of people to pass through\\nthe woods without being tracked, and of course discov-\\nered, if Indians, for our hunters all go on horseback,\\nand could not be deceived if they were to come on the\\ntrace of footmen. From these circumstances, I think\\nmyself in a great measure secure against a formidable\\nattack; and a few skulkers could only kill one or two,\\nwhich would not much affect the interest of the company.\\nThus, gentlemen, you have heard both sides of the ques-\\ntion, and can pretty well judge of the degree of danger\\nwe are in. Let your opinions be as they may on this\\npoint, by no means betray the least symptom of doubt to\\nyour most intimate friends. If help is ever wanting, it\\nwill be long before succour can come from you, and there-\\nfore every expense of that kind superfluous and unneces-\\nsary. If we can maintain our ground until after harvest\\nin Virginia, I will undertake for ever after to defend the\\ncountry against every nation of red people in the world,\\nwithout calling on the company for even a gun-flint.\\nHere I must beg the favor of your turning back with\\nme to Powell s Valley. Our anxiety at that time is now\\nof very little concern to you; but the impressions still re-\\nmain on my mind, and indeed I would not wish to get\\nclear of them in a little time. It learnt me to make an\\nestimate of the probable value of our country; to see the\\nimminent danger of losing it forever, and presented me\\nwith a full view of the ridiculous figure we should cut in\\nthe world, in case of failure. With respect to the real\\nconsequence of such a disappointment, I could not so well\\njudge for the company in general, as for myself, but\\nthought it too serious an affair with respect to us all, to\\nbe tamely given up without the fire of a single gun, or", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0422.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 411\\nsomething like an attempt to take possession and defend\\nour rights, so long, at least, as we should find our posts\\ntenable.\\nThough the danger Mr. Cocke exposed himself to in\\nrendering this piece of service to the company, dwelt on\\nme for some time, yet having despatched a messenger to\\nCaptain Boone was a matter of such consolation, that my\\nburthen from that time was much lightened. We soon\\nfound, by his letters on the road, that he had a companion,\\nand went on very well (a small stoppage by waters ex-\\ncepted). On Thursday, the 20th April, found him with\\nCaptain Boone and his men at the place appointed, where\\nhe had related the history of his adventures, and come in\\nfor his share of applause; here it was that the whole load,\\nas it were, dropped off my shoulders at once, and I ques-\\ntioned if a happier creature was to be found under the\\nsun. Why do I confine it to myself; it was general the\\npeople in the fort, as well as ourselves, down to an old\\nweather-beaten negro, seemed equally to enjoy it. Indeed\\nit was natural for us, after being one whole month, with-\\nout intermission, traveling in a barren desert country,\\nmost of the way our horses packed beyond their strength;\\nno part of the road tolerable, most of it either hilly, stony,\\nslippery, miry, or bushy; our people jaded out and dis-\\npirited with fatigue, and what was worse, often pinched\\nfor victuals. To get clear of all this at once, was as much\\nas we could well bear and though we had nothing here\\nto refresh ourselves with, but cold water and lean buffalo\\nbeef, without bread, it certainly was the most joyous ban-\\nquet I ever saw. Joy and festivity was in every coun-\\ntenance, and that vile strumpet, envy, I believe, had not\\nfound her way into the country.\\nBy this time, gentlemen, I make no doubt but you\\nwould be glad that I would change my subject, and enter", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0423.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "412 APPExXDIX.\\non something more interesting. You want a description\\nof our country, soil, air, water, range, quantity of good\\nland, disposition of the people here, what probability of\\nkeeping possession and availing ourselves of the purchase,\\nhow much money can be immediately raised towards de-\\nfraying the first purchase, and, if any, overplus that will\\nremain on hand for the use of the copartners, c. e. c.\\nThese, sirs, are matters of the utmost importance, and\\nmany of them deserve your most serious attention. With\\nrespect to the country, Mr. Hart, who brings this, will\\ngive you ample satisfaction. All that I shall say about\\nit is, that it far exceeds the idea which I had formed of\\nit; and indeed it is not surprising, for it is not in the\\npower of any person living to do justice to the fertility of\\nthe soil, beauty of the country, or excellence of its range;\\nlet it suffice, that we have got a country of good land,\\nwith numberless advantages and inducements to a speedy\\npopulation; that this country is large enough, and surely\\nwill be settled immediately on some principles or other\\nthe grand affair, on our part, is to manage matters so as\\nto have our rights acknowledged, and continue lords of\\nthe soil. Every thing has succeeded to my wish with re-\\nspect to title. The torrent from Virginia appears to be\\nover, and gentlemen of considerable fortune, from thence,\\nare some of them come, and others coming, with design\\nto purchase under us, as they cannot come within the in-\\ndulgences to adventurers of this season; and applications\\nare daily making f r the next year s price. Many of them\\nare returned home, and would have been much dissatisfied,\\nif I had not promised them, on my word and honor, that\\nthe terms should be immediately published in all the\\nWilliamsburg papers.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0424.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 413\\nMEMORIAL OP THE TRANSYLVANIA COMPANY, COMMONLY\\nCALLED RICHARD HENDERSON CO.\\nTo the Honorable the Congress of the United States:\\nThe Memorial of Thomas Hart, of the State of Kentucky,\\nJohn Williams, Leonard Henley Bullock, and James\\nHogg, of the State of North Carolina, sheweth,\\nThat in the fall of the year 1774, your Memorialists, in\\ncompany with Richard Henderson, William Johnston,\\nNathaniel Hart, John Luttrell, and David Hart, all now\\ndeceased, entered into bargain with the Overhill Cherokee\\nIndians, for a purchase of some of their lands; and agree-\\nably to preliminaries then agreed to, they, in March 1775,\\nmet at Watauga with the chiefs of the said Indians, at-\\ntended by upwards of twelve hundred of their people; and\\nthen and there, in fair and open treaty, after several day s\\nconference, and full discussion of every matter relating to\\nthe purchase, in presence of, and assisted by interpreters\\nchosen by the said chiefs, and in consideration of a very\\nlarge assortment of clothes and other goods, then deliver-\\ned by the said Company to the said chiefs, and by them\\ndivided among their people, they the said Company ob-\\ntained from the said Indians two several deeds, signed by\\nOkonistoto their king or chief warrior, Atakullakulla and\\nSavonooko or Coronoh, the next in the nation to Okonis-\\ntoto in rank and consideration, for themselves, and on\\nbehalf, and with the warm approbation of the whole nation.\\nThese two grants comprehended, besides a great tract of\\nland on the back of Virginia, a vast territory within the\\nchartered limits of North Carolina, lying on the rivers of\\nHolston, Clinch, Powel, and Cumberland, and their several\\nbranches, to the amount of many millions of acres.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0425.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "414 APPENDIX.\\nThis purchase from the aborigines and immemorial\\npossessors of the said lands, being concluded more than a\\nyear before the Declaration of Independence, before the\\nvery existence of the Americans as States, or their claim\\nto such lands, and not contrary to any then existing law\\nof Great Britain or her Colonies, your memorialists and\\ntheir copartners with confidence concluded that they had\\nobtained a just, clear and indefeasible title to the said\\nlands; and being then by the said Indians put into the\\nactual possession of the said country, they immediately\\nhired between two and three hundred men, and proceeded\\nacross their territory, to the river Kentucky, which with\\nall its branches was comprehended in their purchase; and\\nthere about the 20th of April in the said year of 1775,\\nbegan a settlement to which they gave the name of Boons-\\nborough. The raising of necessary accommodations for\\ntheir infant Colony, and building forts for their defence\\nagainst the Shawanese and other hostile Indians, on the\\nnorth-west of the Ohio, added much to the prime cost of\\ntheir lands, and was attended with imminent risk and\\ndanger, and even with the massacre of some of the pro-\\nprietors and several of their friends and followers.\\nAfter thus possessing and defending their property at\\na vast expense, trouble and danger, for several years\\nagainst the savages, the Company were much astonished\\nto find that first the Assembly of Virginia, and some\\nyears afterwards, the Assembly of North Carolina, began\\nto call in question the rights of the said Company. It\\nwould be to no purpose at this time, to trouble Congress\\nwith any thing relating to the negotiation of the said\\nCompany with the Assembly of Virginia, as the compen-\\nsation in lands, made to them by that state, remains un-\\ntouched and unclaimed by any person or persons whatever\\nagainst the Company, as far as has come to their know-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0426.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 415\\nledge. But the different fate of the lands granted them\\nby the Assembly of North Carolina, makes some detail\\nnecessary.\\nThis Assembly, in their May session of 1782, enacted\\nthat a great part of the lands lying on the river Cumber-\\nland and branches thereof, all within the said Company s\\npurchase, should be laid off and reserved for the officers\\nand soldiers of the North Carolina line, and soon there-\\nafter, opened a land office for the sale of their whole pur-\\nchase. However, after repeated remonstrances, presented\\nto them by the Company, the Assembly, by way of com-\\npensation for their trouble and expense, agreed that the j\\nCompany should retain 200,000 acres on the waters of\\nPowel and Clinch rivers, part of the Company s purchase,\\nwith the grant or guarantee of the state for the same.\\nThe Company felt themselves grossly aggrieved by being\\nthus arbitrarily dealt with; but they saw no alternative:\\nthey had not power to do themselves justice; and there\\nwas then no tribunal to which they could appeal. One of\\nthe conditions of this grant or guarantee was, that it\\nshould be surveyed within a certain limited time. The\\nCompany, therefore, found it necessary to have the survey\\nmade within the time prescribed and though the Indians\\nwere then hostilely disposed, they ventured to depute one\\nof their partuers with a surveyor, chain carriers and\\nguards; but after incurring an expense of \u00c2\u00a3300 and up-\\nwards, the survey and plot were found defective, owing to\\nthe hurry in which the business was done. This misfor-\\ntune obliged the Company to apply to the Assembly for\\nfurther time to have a new survey. Time was accordingly\\ngiven, and agreeably thereto, at the expense of \u00c2\u00a3200 more\\nand upwards, the survey was completed, and soon there-\\nafter conferred by the Assembly.\\nBut while these things were doing, the General Assem-", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0427.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "416 APPENDIX.\\nbly, in the year 1789, had ceded their western lands to\\nthe United States, and the United States in 1790, accepted\\nthis cession, on certain conditions, one of which was, that\\nall entries made by, and grants made to, any persons\\nwithin the limits ceded, should have the same force and\\neffect as if the cession had not been made. Within this\\ncession the whole of the Company s grant from the General\\nAssembly was comprehended and though, in the opinion\\nof the Company, it was a compensation very inadequate\\nto their trouble and risk and expense, yet being now in\\npossession of a State right as well as Indian right, they\\nflattered themselves their title to it was beyond a cavil.\\nThey concluded it to be of considerable value; and as the\\nHolston settlements were rapidly advancing around it,\\nthey were persuaded they could venture to form settle-\\nments on it, or at least dispose of it to advantage. They\\ntherefore had a bill of partition filed in the district court\\nof Washington; and being now in view of a speedy par-\\ntition and of receiving some small compensation for their\\ngreat expenditures and trouble, they could not help being\\ngreatly astonished and extremely mortified, when they\\nlearnt that almost the whole of their grant from the As-\\nsembly was ceded to the Cherokee Indians by the United\\nStates at the treaty of Holston, made on the day\\nof 179\\nSuch a seizure and disposal of the property of citizens\\nwithout any previous stipulation with the proprietors, nay\\nwithout the least notice given them or any crime alleged\\nagainst them, appeared to your Memorialists not only im-\\nproper but unjust; but for the honor of the States, your\\nMemorialists hope, that at the time this cession was made\\nto the Indians, the government was not aware that such\\nprivate property was comprehended in it. At any rate,\\nif for political reasons, and for the interest of the States,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0428.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 417\\nit was found expedient to make such a sacrifice of the\\nrights of a private company, it is to be hoped that Con-\\ngress will be disposed to make ample compensation.\\nTwenty years have nearly elapsed since the Company\\nmade their purchase from the Indians. The expenses of\\nthis purchase from first to last have been great, and have\\nbeen the means of reducing some of the Company to\\ngreat difiiculties for, owing to the facts and circumstances\\nabove set forth, they have not to this day, been able to\\nreceive the smallest recompense.\\nThe injustice and oppression complained of are flagrant,\\nand the facts and circumstances above set forth are noto-\\nrious, at least they are well known to the Senators and\\nRepresentatives in Congress from the state of North Caro-\\nlina, and the deeds and other vouchers are ready to-be pro-\\nduced. And that all difficulty and dispute may hereafter\\nbe done away, your memorialists are willing, upon receiv-\\ning proper compensation, to relinquish all claim to the\\nlands purchased by them from the Indians within the\\nchartered limits of North Carolina, an extensive territory\\nnow held by the United States in which the Indian claim\\nwas extinguished by fair purchase, at the expense of your\\nMemorialists. Your Memorialists therefore, without fur-\\nther detail, beg leave to submit their case to the wisdom\\nand justice of the Congress of the United States, and\\nfrom them hope for speedy and ample redress.\\nYour Memorialists have only further to request, that\\nwhatever compensation Congress may be pleased to give\\nthem, may be directed to be dealt out to your Memo-\\nrialists and Company, and their representatives or assigns,\\nrespectively, in proportion to the share to which each is\\nentitled by the copartnership.\\nSigned for and in behalf of the Company, by\\nJno. Williams, Chairman.\\n6th January, 1795.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0429.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "418 APPENDIX.\\nThe War Belt. The principal part of this legend\\nwas published some years ago, by an anonymous writer\\nin a Pittsburgh newspaper, who gave the name of the\\nlate venerated Major Denny as his authority. We had\\nheard something of the story before, though in a less au-\\nthentic form and upon conversing with our distinguished\\nfriend, General Harrison, he not only confirmed, but cor-\\nrected the writer as to the place where the treaty must\\nhave been held. It was not at Cincinnati, as was alleged,\\nbut at North Bend, that Clarke held the treaty referred\\nto. The first military post was at the latter place, and it\\nwas there that Judge Symmes intended to establish his\\ncity; but accident, or the superior advantages of the site\\nof Cincinnati, induced a number of persons to cluster\\nabout this spot, and the Fort was brought here.\\nGeorge Rogers Clarke was a remarkable man. He was\\none of the noblest of the sons of Virginia, so prolific in\\nheroes and statesmen. His talents were of a high order,\\nhis military genius unsurpassed by that of any man of\\nhis age. He seems to have possessed a number of quali-\\nfications that are but rarely combined in the character\\nof one person, and a versatility not often found united\\nwith a sound judgment. To great quickness of percep-\\ntion, and clearness of mind, Clarke added a solidity of\\njudgment, a boldness of thought, and a vigor of action,\\nthat carried every thing before them. The boldness of\\nhis designs, the promptness of his decisions, the rapidity\\nof his movements, surprised his friends as well as his\\nenemies, inspiring fear on the one hand, and confidence\\non the other. It was remarked of him, that his actions\\nalways had the appearance of rashness, until the results\\nwere developed, and then they seemed to have been con-\\nceived in consummate prudence, and profound sagacity.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0430.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX, 419\\nHe was very successful in his military enterprises, some\\nof which were brilliant. His campaign against Kaskas-\\nkia and Vincennes has seldom been excelled there was a\\nboldness, a completeness, a unity in the plan, a coolness\\nand brilliancy in the execution, that would have done\\nhonor to the most accomplished leader. His appearance\\nand manners were prepossessing and commanding. On\\nordinary occasions his address is said to have been dig-\\nnified and winning, but in his moments of anger there\\nwas a sternness in his aspect that was terrific. Hence\\nhis sway over common minds, which were alternately al-\\nlured by his cordiality, and overawed by his energy.\\nAmong the Indians his name was powerful. His rapid\\nmarches, and his successes in his campaigns against them,\\nmade him extensively known and feared, while those who\\napproached him in friendship were won by his manners.\\nAn amusing anecdote is told illustrative of the times\\nand the men. An Indian chief who had been in the hos-\\ntile ranks, was in the habit after peace of visiting Clarke,\\nand became much attached to him. Having both been\\nactive leaders in the then recent wars, their conversation\\nnaturally turned upon those events the more especially\\nas the native warrior s fund of conversational lore must\\nhave been very limited. On one occasion they amused\\nthemselves with a kind of friendly bragging over each\\nother, in which each enumerated the victories of his own\\nnation. Using the personal pronoun to designate their\\nrespective nations, the conversation ran thus: I beat\\nyou at such a place. I made you run at such a place.\\nI cut you to pieces at such a place. That was very\\nwell done, but nothing to compare to the trick I played\\nyou at such a place. At length the Indian, in an ex-\\nulting manner referred to the lamentable massacre at the", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0431.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "420 APPENDIX.\\nBlue Lick, I beat you there, badly, you never gained\\nsuch a victory as that. No, replied Clarke, perhaps\\nwe never did, but you won that by luck. And then\\nrapidly describing the ground and the battle, which both\\nof them were familiar with, though neither were in the\\nengagement, he added, Now suppose that instead of\\nfighting you here, on the edge of the water, we had sent\\na party round here, and attacked you in this direction,\\nwhat would have become of you? The chief considered\\nfor a moment, and then acknowledged himself beaten.\\nI can t fight with you any more, General, said he.\\nYou too much big captain for me.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0432.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "A.PPLEGATE COMPANY,\\n\u00c2\u00abfc\\n5-*\\no\\nm\\nti\\n-4\u00e2\u0080\u0094*\\nW\\nVK\\nW\\n02\\n\u00c2\u00ab2\\nM\\nJ-*\\nh4\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2O\\nn\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2o\\n*Q\\nPn\\no\\nfcp\\nSS)\\nNo. 43 MAIN STEEET, CINCINNATI.\\nIn addition to a large and varied assortment of\\nSchool, Classical, Theological and Miscellaneous Books,\\nwhich they have constantly on hand, publish a series of\\nVALUABLE STANDARD WORKS,\\nsuitable for the family circle, as well as public libraries.\\nAt this time, when the press teems so abundantly with ephe-\\nmeral literature, the thinking mind experiences a need of more\\nsubstantial aliment of something which shall at the same time\\nfurnish not only enjoyment for the present, but for after thought\\nsomething from the perusal of which, one can arise a wiser, if not\\na better man and among their publications, they flatter them-\\nselves such books will be found. It is their aim to select such\\nworks, the intrinsic worth of which will cause them to be sought\\nafter by enlightened and discriminating minds, and as worthy\\nof gracing the shelves of their libraries.\\nAmong their publications may be found the following, to\\nwhich they would respectfully invite attention. To these it is\\ntheir intention to add the best works of the standard Historical\\nand other authors, and they trust that their selections will be\\nsuch as to entitle them to a liberal share of the patronage of the\\nhook-buying public.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0433.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "APPLEGATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nDR. ADAM CLARKE S COMPLETE COMMENTARY\\nON THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS.\\nWith a portrait of the author, engraved expressly for\\nthis edition, accompanied with Maps, c. Plain and em-\\nbossed gilt.\\nFrom, the Nashville and Louisville Christian Advocate.\\nIt would be difficult to find any contribution to Sacred\\nLiterature that has attained to a higher rank than the\\nCommentaries of Dr. Adam Clarke. Whether regarded\\nas a prodigy of human learning, or as a monument of\\nwhat perseverence and industry, within the compass of a\\nsingle lifetime, can accomplish, it will long continue to\\nchallenge the admiration of men as a work of unrivalled\\nmerit. It is a treasury of knowledge, in the accumula-\\ntion of which, the author seems to have had no purpose\\nin view but the apprehension of truth not to sustain a\\nparticular creed, but the apprehension of truth for truth s\\nown sake, restrained in the noble pursuits of no party\\ntenets by no ardor for favorite dogmas. It is difficult to\\nconceive of a complete library without this valuable work,\\nand yet alone of itself, it affords to its possessor no mean\\nvariety of entertainment. Besides forming a moderate, but\\nclear elucidation of the true meaning of the Sacred Word, it\\nabounds with illustrations in science, the literature of all\\nages, and the history of all times and all countries and as\\na lexicon for the exposition of abstruse phrases, of difficult\\nterms, and the true genealogy of words of doubtful import,\\nit immeasurably surpasses all similar works of the age.\\nDR. ADAM CLARET S COMMENTARY ON THE\\nNEW TESTAMENT.\\n2 vols, super-royal 8vo. Plain and embossed gilt.\\nThe increasing demand for Dr. Clarke s Commentary\\non the New Testament, has induced us to issue an edition\\non superior paper, large clear type, handsomely and sub-\\nstantially bound, containing 1978 pages, with a portrait\\nof the author.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0434.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "APPLEGATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nTHE COMPLETE WORKS OF THOMAS DICK, IL. D\\n1 1 vols, in 2 containing An Essay on the Improvement\\nof Society The Philosophy of a Future State The Phi-\\nlosophy of Religion The Mental Illumination and Moral\\nImprovement of Mankind An Essay on the Sin and Evils\\nof Covetousness The Christian Philosopher, or Science\\nand Religion Celectial Scenery, illustrated Sideral Hea-\\nvens, Planets, etc. The Practical Astronomer The Solar\\nSystem, its Wonders The Atmosphere and Atmospherical\\nPhenomena, c. Illustrated with numerous eno-ravings\\nand a portrait. 2 vols, royal 8vo. Plain and embossed\\ngilt,\\nThis edition is printed from entirely new plates, contain-\\ning the recent revisions of the author, and is the only com-\\nplete edition published in the United States.\\nDick s Works. Those who read at all, know both\\nthe name of Dr. Dick and the work itself now reprinted.\\nIt has long found acceptance with the public. Presby-\\nterian Review, Edinburg.\\nWe hail this remarkably cheap and greatly improved\\nedition of Dr. Dick s admirable and highly popular Works.\\nIt it is a real love to the millions to be able to purchase\\nsuch an excellent work for so inconsiderable a cost. We\\nearnestly recommend this work to all our readers, and es-\\npecially to all who desire to store their minds with gene-\\nral information. Wesley an Associated Magazine, London.\\nEleven different works are embraced in these vol-\\numes, making it an edition full rd complete. The range\\nof subjects embraced in these s* veral essays and scientific\\ntreatises is varied, are all highly important, and of prac-\\ntical utility to mankind generally. These characteristics\\nof Dr. Dick s writings, while they render them perma-\\nnently valuable, insure for them also a wide circulation\\namong all classes of readers. Presbyterian of the West.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0435.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "APPLEGATE fe CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nKOLLIN S ANCIENT HISTORY.\\nThe Ancient History of the Carthagenians, Assyrians,\\nBabylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians and Macedo\\nnians, including a History of the Arts and Sciences of th*\\nAncients, with a Life of the Author. 2 vols, royal 8vo\\nPlain and embossed gilt.\\nA new edition of Rollin s Ancient History has jusl\\nbeen issued by Applegate Co. The value and impor-\\ntance of this work are universally acknowledged. Every\\nprivate library is deficient without it and it is now fur-\\nnished at so cheap a rate, that every family should have\\nit. It should be placed in the hands of all our youth, as\\ninfinitely more instructive and useful than the thousand\\nand one trashy publications with which the country is\\ndeluged, and which are so apt to vitiate the taste, and ruin\\nthe minds of young readers. One word more in behalf of\\nthis new edition of Rollin It may not be generally known\\nthat in previous English editions a large and interesting\\nportion of the work has been suppressed. The deficien-\\ncies are here supplied and restored from the French edi-\\ntions, giving the copy of Messrs. Applegate Co. a supe-\\nriority over previous English editions. Western Recorder.\\nA superb edition of this indispensable text and refe-\\nrence book is published by Messrs. Applegate Co.\\nThe work in this form has been for some years before the\\npublic, and is the best and most complete edition pub-\\nlished. The work is comprised in two volumes of about\\n600 pages each, containing the prefaces of Rollin and the\\nHistory of the Arts aii I Sciences of the Ancients, which\\nhave been omitted in mcst American editions. Spring-\\nfield Republic.\\nThe work is too well known, and has too long been a\\nfavorite, to require any commendation from us. Though\\nin some matters more recent investigations have led to\\nconclusions different from those of the Author, yet hia\\ngeneral accuracy is unquestionable. West. Chris. Adv.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0436.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "APPLEOATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nMOSHEIM S CHURCH HISTORY.\\nAncient and Modern, from the birth of Christ to the\\nEighteenth Century, in which the Rise, Progress, and Varia-\\ntions of Church Power are considered in their connection\\nwith the state of Learning and Philosophy and the Politi-\\ncal History of Europe during that period, continued up to\\nthe present time, by Charles Coote, LL. D. 806 pages,\\n1 vol., quarto, spring back, marble edge.\\nFrom the Masonic Review.\\nThis great standard history of the Church from the birth of\\nChrist, has just been issued in a new dress by the extensive pub-\\nlishing house of Applegate fe Co. Nothing need be said by us\\nin relation to the merits or reliability of Mosheim s History it\\nhas long borne the approving seal of the Protestant world. It\\nhas become a standard work, and no public or private library is\\ncomplete without it nor can an individual be well posted in the\\nhistory of the Christian Church for eighteen hundred years,\\nwithout having carefully studied Mosheim. We wish, however,\\nparticularly to recommend the present edition. The pages are\\nin large double columns the type is large and very distinct, and\\nthe printing is admirable, on fine white paper. It is really a\\npleasure to read such print, and we recommend our friends to\\npurchase this edition of this indispensable work.\\nFrom the Telescope, Dayton, O.\\nThis work has been placed upon our table by the gentlemanly\\nand enterprising publishers, and we are glad of an opportunity\\nto introduce so beautiful an edition of this standard Church his-\\ntory to our readers. The work is printed on beautiful white\\npaper, clear large type, and is bound in one handsome volume.\\nNo man ever sat down to read Mosheim in so pleasing a dress.\\nWhat a treat is such an edition to one who has been studying\\nthis elegant work in small close print of other editions.\\nFrom Professor Wrighison.\\nWhatever book has a tendency to add to our knowledge of\\nGod, or the character or conduct of his true worshipers, or that\\n{)oints out the errors and mistakes of former generations, must\\nlave an elevating, expanding, and purifying influence on the\\nhuman mind. Such a work is Mosheim s Ecclesiastical History.\\nLike Rollin s History of the Ancients, it is the standard, and\\nis too well known to need a word of comment.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0437.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "APPLJ0GATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nGATHERED TREASURES FROM THE MINES OF\\nLITERATURE.\\nContaining Tales, Sketches, Anecdotes, and Gems of Thought,\\nLiterary, Moral, Pleasing and Instructive. Illustrated with\\nsteel plates. 1 vol. octavo. Embossed.\\nTo furnish a volume of miscellaneous literature both pleasing\\nand instructive, has been the object of the editor in compiling\\nthis work, as well to supply, to some extent, at least, the place\\nthat is now occupied by publications which few will deny are of\\na questionable moral tendency.\\nIt has been the intention to make this volume a suitable travel-\\ning and fireside companion, profitably engaging the leisure mo-\\nments of the former, and adding an additional charm to the\\ncheerful glow of the latter to blend amusement with instruc-\\ntion, pleasure with profit, and to present an extensive garden of\\nvigorous and useful plants, and beautiful and fragrant flowers,\\namong which, perchance, there may be a few of inferior worth,\\nthough none of utter inutility. While it is not exclusively a re-\\nligious work, yet it contains no article that may not be read by\\nthe most devoted Christian.\\nFrom the Cincinnati Daily Times.\\nThis is certainly a book of rare merit, and well calculated for\\na rapid and general circulation. Its contents present an exten\\nsive variety of subjects, and these not only carefully but judi-\\nciously selected, and arranged in appropriate departments. Its\\ncontents have been highly spoken of by men of distinguished\\nliterary acumen, both editors and ministers of varioua Christian\\ndenominations. We cheerfully recommend it.\\nGathered Treasures from the Mines of Literature. One\\nof the most interesting everyday books ever published. Like the\\nSpectator, it may be perused again and again, and yet afford\\nsomething to interest and amuse the reader. Its varied and choice\\nselections of whatever is beautiful or witty, startling or amus-\\ning, can not fail to afford rich enjoyment to minds of every char-\\nacter, and a pleasant relaxation from more severe and vigorous\\nreading.\\nGathered Treasures. A choice collection of short and in-\\nteresting articles, comprising selections from the ablest authors.\\nUnlike voluminous works, its varied selections afford amusement\\nfor a leisure moment, or entertainment for a winter evening. It\\nis alike a companion for the railroad car, the library and parlor,\\nand never fails to interest its reader.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0438.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "APPLEGATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nTHE SPECTATOR.\\n1 vol. royal 8vo, 750 pages, with a portrait of Addi-\\nson. Plain and embossed gilt.\\nThe numerous calls for a complete and cheap ediiion of\\nthis valuable work, have induced us to newly stereotype it,\\nin this form, corresponding in style and price with our\\nother books. Its thorough revisions have been committed t\\nto competent hands, and will be found complete.\\nFrom the Central Christian Herald.\\nOne hundred and forty years ago, when there were\\nno daily newspapers nor periodicals, nor cheap fictions for\\nthe people, the Spectator had a daily circulation in Eng-\\nland. It was witty, pithy, tasteful, and at times vigorous,\\nand lashed the vices and follies of the age, and inculcated\\nmany useful lessons which would have been disregarded\\nfrom more serious sources. It was widely popular. It\\ncontains some very excellent writing, not in the spasmodic,\\nmoon-struck style of the fine writing of the present day,\\nDut in a free, graceful and flowing manner. It used to be\\nconsidered essential to a good style and a knowledge of\\nBelles-Lettres to have studied the Spectator, and we are\\ncertain our age is not wise in the selection of some of\\nthe substitutes which are used in its stead. It should yet\\nbe a parlor volume, which should be read with great profit.\\nBut we do not design to criticise the book, but have\\nprefixed these few facts for the information of our readers\\nto a notice of a new edition of the work by Messrs. Apple-\\ngate Co. It is entirely of Cincinnati manufacture, and\\nis in a style very creditable to the enterprising hous\u00c2\u00ab\\nwhich has brought it out.\\nFrom the Cincinnati Commercial.\\nApplegate Co., 43 Main street, have just published,\\nin a handsome octavo volume of 750 pages, one of the\\nvery best classics in our language. It would be super-\\nfluous at this day to write a line in commendation of this\\nwork. The writings of Addison are imperishable, and\\nwill continue to charm youth and age while language lasts. 5", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0439.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "APPLEGATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nPLUTARCH S LIVES.\\nWith Historical and Critical Notes, and a Life of Plu-\\ntarch. Illustrated with a portrait. Plain and embossed\\ngilt.\\nThis edition has been carefully revised and corrected,\\nand is printed upon entirely new plates, stereotyped by\\nourselves, to correspond with our library edition of Dick s\\nWorks, fec.\\nFrom the Nashville and Louisville Christian Advocate.\\nPlutarch s Lives. This great work, to which has\\nlong since been awarded the first honors of literatute, is\\nnow published complete in one volume by Messrs. Apple-\\ngate Co., of Cincinnati, and offered at so low a price as\\nto place it within the reach of all. This is a desideratum,\\nespecially in this age of many books/ Next in impor-\\ntance to a thorough knowledge of history, and in many\\nrespects fully equal to it, is the study of well authenti-\\ncated biography. For this valuable purpose, we know of\\nno work extant superior to the fifty lives of Plutarch. It\\nis a rare magazine of literary and biographical knowledge.\\nThe eminent men whose lives compose this work, consti-\\ntute almost the entire of that galaxy of greatness and\\nbrightness, which stretches across the horizon of the dis-\\ntant past, and casts upon the present time a mild and\\nsteady luster. Many of them are among the most illus-\\ntrious of the earth.\\nFrom the Ladies* Repository.\\nIt is a better piece of property for a young man to\\nown, than an eighty acre lot in the Mississippi Valley, or\\nmany hundred dollars in current money. We would\\nrather leave it as a legacy to a son, had we to make the\\nchoice, than any moderate amount of property, if we were\\ncertain he would read it and, we are bound to add, that,\\nwere we now going to purchase a copy, this edition would\\nhave the preference over every other of which we have\\nany knowledge.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0440.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "APPLEGATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nNOTES ON THE TWENTY-FIVE ARTICLES OF RE\\nLIGION, as received and taught by Methodists in the\\nUnited States,\\nIn which the doctrines are carefully considered and\\nsupported by the testimony of the Holy Scriptures. By\\nRev. A. A. Jimeson, M. D. 12mo, embossed cloth.\\nThib book contains a clear exposition of the doctrines of\\nthe Articles, and of the errors against which the Articles\\nwere directed, written in a popular style, and divided into\\nsections, for the purpose of presenting each doctrine and\\nits opposite error in the most prominent manner.\\nFrom Rev. John Miller.\\nIt is a book for the Methodist and for the age a re-\\nligious multum in parvo combining sound theology with\\npractical religion. It should be found in every Methodist\\nfamily.\\nFrom Rev, W. R. Babcock, Pastor of the Methodist Church in St\\nLouis, Missouri.\\nFrom our intimate acquaintance with the gifted and\\npious Author of these Notes, we anticipate a rich intel-\\nlectual feast, and an able defense of the Biblical origin of\\nthe doctrines of the Articles of Religion, as contained in\\nthe Discipline of the Methodist Church.\\nThe laymen of the Methodist Church have long need-\\ned this work. Although we regard the Twenty- Five Ar-\\nticles as self-evident truths the concentrated teachings of\\nthe Holy Bible, and the bulwark of the Protestant Faith\\nthey are not sufficiently understood and comprehended\\nby those professing to believe them. Dr. Jimeson has\\nfurnished us, in a condensed form and popular style, with\\na lucid exposition and triumphant defense of our faith,\\nsustained and supported by history and the opinions of\\nthe Fathers, and adapted to the present wants of the\\nChurch.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0441.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "APPLEGATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nMETHODISM EXPLAINED AND DEFENDED.\\nBy Rev. John S. Inskip. 12mo, embossed cloth.\\nFrom the Herald and Journal.\\nWe have read this book with no ordinary interest,\\nand on the whole, rejoice in its appearance for several\\nreasons First, It is a concise and powerful defense of\\nevery essential feature of Methodism, now-a-days so much\\nassailed by press and pulpit. Second, The general plan\\nand character of the work are such, that it will be read\\nand appreciated by the great masses of our people who\\nare not familiar with more extended and elaborate works.\\nThird, It is highly conservative and practical in its ten-\\ndencies, and will eminently tend to create liberal views\\nand mutual concession between the ministry and laity for\\nthe good of the whole a feature in our economy never to\\nbe overlooked. Fourth, This work is not written to ad-\\nvocate some local or neighborhood prejudice neither to\\nconfute some particular heresy or assault but its views\\nare peculiarly denominational and comprehensive, indicat-\\ning the careful and wide observation of the author free\\nfrom bigotry and narrow prejudice.\\nFrom the Springfield Republic:\\nWe have read this new work of Rev. J. S. Inskip with\\ngreat pleasure and profit. It in very truth explains and\\ndefends Methodism, and, as the introduction (written by\\nanother) says, its pages cover nearly the whole field of\\ncontroversy in regard to the polity of the Methodist\\nChurch, and present a clear and canclid exposition of Me-\\nthodism in a clear and systematic form, and highly argu-\\nmentative style. It is a book for the times, and should be\\nread by all who desire to become more intimately ac-\\nquainted with the Methodist economy. It excels all other\\nwoTks of its class in the arrangement and judicious treat-\\nment of its subject. It has evidently been written with\\ngreat prudence and care in reference to the facts and evi-\\ndences on which the arguments are predicated. This\\nbook will doubtless be of general service to the Church,\\nand an instrument of great good.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0442.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "APPLEGATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nPETERSON S EAMILIAE SCIENCE;\\nOr, the Scientific Explanation of Common Things.\\nEdited by R. E. Peterson, Member of the Academy ot\\nNatural Sciences, Philadelphia.\\nFrom T. S. Arthur, Editor of the Home Gazette.\\nFamiliar Science, or the Scientific Explanation of\\nCommon Things, is one of the most generally useful\\nbooks that has lately been printed. This work, or a por-\\ntion of it, came first from the pen of the Rev. Dr. Brewer,\\nof Trinity Hall, Cambridge but, in the form it first ap-\\npeared from the English press, it was not only unsuited to\\nthe American pupil, but very deficient in arrangement.\\nThese defects, the editor has sought to remedy. To give\\nnot only to the parent a ready means of answering inqui-\\nries, but to provide a good book for schools, is the object\\nof this volume. About two thousand questions, on all\\nsubjects of general information, are answered in language\\nso plain that all may understand it.\\nFrom Wm. S. Clavenoer, Principal of Grammar School, Pkila.\\nThe pages of Familiar Science* are its best recom-\\nmendation. The common phenomena of life are treated\\nof in a simple and intelligible manner, which renders it\\nboth pleasing and instructive. In the family circle, as a\\ntext book, it will form the basis of an hour s interesting\\nconversation, and in the hands of the pupil, it will be a\\nvaluable aid in the acquisition of useful knowledge.\\nFrom Wm. Roberts, Principal of Ringwold School, Philadelphia.\\nRobert E. Peterson, Esq. Dear Sir I have been\\nmuch gratified by an examination of your book, entitled\\nFamiliar Science. The cause of every day phenomena,\\nsuch as evaporation, condensation, the formation of clouds,\\nrain, dew, etc., are so familiarly explained, that all classes\\nof persons may readily comprehend them, and I believe\\nthe book has only to be known to be appreciated by\\nteachers.", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0443.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "APPLEGATE CO. S PUBLICATIONS.\\nSACRED LITERATURE OF THE LORD S PRAYER.\\nIn which terms are defined, and the text carefully considered.\\n12mo., cloth.\\nThis is a volume of rare excellence, -written in the author s\\nusual style of great beauty and elegance. It sparkles with gems\\nof elevated thought, and abounds in the most happy illustrations\\nof the great philosophical bearings of the several petitions of the\\nLord s Prayer, on the general system of Revealed Religion, while\\ntheir philosophy is very forcibly applied to the various duties of\\npractical Christianity.\\nThe introductory chapter is a learned and patient research\\ninto the real origin and history of the use of this prayer, while\\nthe succeeding chapters can not fail both to instruct the head\\nand improve the heart. We have not read a more interesting\\nbook for many years, and can most cordially recommend it to\\nevery lover of chaste theological literature.\\nFARMER S AND EMIGRANT S BOOK.\\nBy Josiah T. Marshall, Author of Emigrant s True Guide/\\n12mo., cloth, 500 pages.\\nThe publishers are gratified that they are enabled to satisfy the\\nuniversal demand for a volume which comprises a mass of su-\\nperior material, derived from the most authentic sources and\\nprotracted research.\\nThe contents of the Farmer s and Emigrant s Hand-Book can\\nbe accurately known and duly estimated only by a recurrence to\\nthe Index of Subjects, which occupies twenty-four columns, com-\\nprising about fifteen hundred different points of information\\nrespecting the management of a Farm, from the first purchase and\\nclearing of the land to all its extensive details and departments.\\nThe necessary conveniences, the household economy, the care of\\nthe animals, the preservation of domestic health, the cultivation of\\nfruits with the science and taste of the arborist, and the produc-\\ntion of the most advantageous articles for sale, are all displayed\\nin a plain, instructive, and most satisfactory manner; adapted\\npeculiarly to the classes of citizens for whose use and benefit the\\nWork is specially designed. Besides a general outline of the\\nConstitution, with the Naturalization and Pre-emption Laws of\\nthe United States, there is appended a Miscellany of 120 pages,\\nincluding a rich variety of advice, hints, and rules, the study and\\nknowledge of which will unspeakably promote both the comfort\\nand welfare of all who adopt and practice them.\\nThe publishers are assured that the commendations which the\\nFarmer s and Emigrant s Hand-Book has received, are fully\\nmerited and they respectfully submit the work to Agriculturists,\\nin the full conviction that the Farmer or the Emigrant, in any\\npart of the country, will derive numberless blessings and im-\\nprovements from his acquaintance with Mr. Marshall s manual.\\nLBAg 06", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0444.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0445.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0446.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0447.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0448.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "ot.\\nV,", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0449.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "sacidified using the Bookkeeper proce:\\nNeutralizing Agent: Magnesium Oxide\\nTreatment Date: ._-.\\nJUL 199\\nPRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES\\n1 1 1 Thornson Park Drive\\nCranberry Township, PA 16066\\n(724)779-2111", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0450.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3375", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0451.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF\\nCONGRESS\\n014 540 649 3", "height": "3619", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "romanceofwestern00hal_0452.jp2"}}