{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4049", "width": "2550", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "1", "height": "4039", "width": "2462", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4039", "width": "2462", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4039", "width": "2462", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4039", "width": "2462", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4039", "width": "2462", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "INCIDENTS AND SKETCHES\\nCONNECTED WITH .HE\\nPI\\nIearly history and settlement!\\nOF THE AY E 8 T\\n-6\\ns\\n;S\\nl\u00c2\u00a7?\\nA.K\\nm\\nwa^ss 2erws^i2m D -3 a2Lig,w^i\u00c2\u00a3 2!i^t?22\u00e2\u0082\u00ac srSa oQg^\\nCINCIN NATl:\\nJ A U P J A M E S W A L N L i .n i K i. i: T\\nBETWEEN. FOURTH AND FIFTH.\\np\\nX3", "height": "4039", "width": "2462", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4039", "width": "2462", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "Jv7", "height": "4039", "width": "2462", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Will. D. Red field, \u00c2\u00abe\\nJ. G. Chapman, del.\\nCOL. DANIEL BOON, of Kentucky, in the costume of a Western Hdnter,\\n[The PorUait from a painting in the possession of J. K. Paulding, E\u00c2\u00bbq.)", "height": "3899", "width": "2436", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "INCIDENTS AND SKETCHES\\nCONNECTED WITH THE\\nEARLY HISTORY AND SETTLEMENT\\nOF THE WEST.\\nCINCINNATI:\\nJ. A. U. P. JAMES, WALNUT STREET,\\nBETWEEN FOURTH AND FIFTH.\\n1848.", "height": "3899", "width": "2436", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nA Page.\\nAdventures of Capt. Daniel Boon 10\\nA Tale of Western Chivalry 25\\nAn Historical Sketch 38\\nAn Indian Council 48\\nAdventures of Col. James Smith 49\\nAmerican Antiquities 72\\nB\\nBoiling Potatoes 71\\nC\\nChippewa Matrimony 48\\nCastle Rock 56\\nCatching Wild Horses on a Prairie 65\\nCortez, Hernando 58\\nE\\nEmigration 7\\nEarly Habits, Customs, c., of the West 71\\nF\\nFarewell of the Seminole Chief 53\\nG\\nGeneral Francis Marion\\nLife Preserver 26\\nLife in the West 57\\nPower of Virtue.\\nPas*.\\nRevolutionary Reminiscences 37\\nSong of the Prairie 36\\nSketches of the Olden Time 14\\nSailing down the Ohio 61\\nThe Pioneer 29\\nThe Emigrant s Daughter 33\\nThe Last of the Indian Fighters 35\\nThe Mothers of the West 13\\nThe Western Mothers 42\\nThe Corporal 43\\nThe Prairie 44\\nValley of the Mississippi\\nW\\nWhite Indians 46\\nWonderful Escape from Indians 46\\nWestern Antiquities 53\\nEMBELLISHMENTS\\nA Page.\\nA Clearing 9\\nAdam Poe and Big Foot 24\\nA Log Cabin 45\\nA Scene in the West 69\\nAmerican Antiquities 72\\nB\\nBuffalo 57\\nBroad Horn, or Flat Boat 63\\nC\\nCastle Rook 56\\nCatching Wild Horses on a Prairie G7\\nE\\nEmigration 6\\nF\\nFrontispiece.\\nCol. Daniel Boon.\\nH\\nHernando Cortez 59\\nL Pagb,\\nLife Preserver 26\\nRoad through the Forest.\\n8\\nSquaws ducking Col. Smith 51\\nT\\nThe Pioneer 28\\nThe Emigrant s Daughter 32\\nThe Prairie 44\\nV\\nVillage of Log-Huts 9\\nW\\nWestern Antiquities.\\nThe Stone Fort\\nThe Mound at Florence.\\n64\\n55", "height": "3899", "width": "2436", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2436", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3889", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "EARLY\\nHISTORY OF THE WEST\\nEMIGRATION.\\nThe engraving for this article represents\\na halt for the night of an emigrant with his family\\none, perhaps, who has left his natal soil and the in-\\nheritance of his fathers, and seeks in the far west\\nfor that independence in his worldly circumstances\\nwhich he has tried in vain to gain from the stony\\nand barren patrimonial homestead or perhaps one\\nwho has looked on his rapidly-increasing family, and,\\nambitious of doing something for his children Avhile\\nhe is in the prime of life, or anxious to see them\\nsettled comfortably around him, that his old age may\\nbe cheered by their presence, has resolved to go to\\nthe far tvest, the land which is represented as flow-\\ning with milk and honey, the land which repays\\nwith an hundred fold the labour expended on it, and\\ntlie riches of whose bosom far exceed those in the\\nmines of Peru.\\nResolved to migrate, the emigrant collects togeth-\\ner his little property, and provides himself with a\\nwagon and with two or three horses, as his means\\npermit a rifle, a shot-gun, and an axe slung over\\nhis shoulder, form part of his equipments, and his\\ntrusty dog becomes the companion of his journey.\\nIn the wagon are placed his bedding, his provisions,\\nand such cooking-utensils as are indispensably ne-\\ncessary. Every thing being ready, the wife and\\nchildren take their seats, the father of the family\\nmounts the box, and now they are on the move. As\\nthey pass through the village, which has been to\\nthem the scene of many happy hours, they take a\\nlast look at the spots which are hallowed by associa-\\ntion the church, with its lowly spire, an emblem of\\nthat humility which befits the Christian and the\\nburial-ground, where the weeping-willow bends\\nmournfully over the headstone which marks the par-\\nent s grave nor do the children forget their play-\\nground, nor the white schoolhouse where the rudi-\\nments of education have been instilled into their\\nminds.\\nThe road is at first comparatively smooth, and\\ntheir journey pleasant their way is chequered with\\ndivers little incidents, while the continual changes\\nin the appearances of the country around them, and\\nthe anticipation of what is to come, prevent those\\nfeelings of despondency which might otherwise\\narise, on leaving a much-loved home. When the\\nroads are bad, or hilly, the family quit the wagon, and\\nplod their way on foot and at night they may be\\nseen assembled round the fire made by the roadside,\\npartaking of their frugal supper. The horses are\\nunharnessed, watered, and secured with their heads\\nto the trough and the emigrants arrange themselves\\nfor the night, while their faithful dog keeps watch.\\nOr if the close of the day finds them near a tavern\\nor farm-house, a bargain is struck for the use of the\\nfireplace and part of the kitchen, and the family\\npass the night on the floor, their feet to the embers\\nand their heads pillowed on the saddles. Amid all\\nthe privations and vicissitudes in their journey, they\\nare cheered up by the consciousness that each day\\nlessens the distance between them and the land of\\npromise, and that the fertile soil of the west Avill\\nrecompense them for all their trials.\\n7", "height": "3889", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "At length our JlUtcrs, as they are called, reach\\nthe banks of the Ohio, whose placid bosom seems\\nto invite their embarkation, while countless boats\\nof every description meet their astonished gaze.\\nWe have resided many years at the west, and during\\nthis period have been with hundreds and hundreds\\nwho h- ive seen the Ohio river for the first time, and\\nwe have never known an individual who has gazed\\nupon its broad expanse of water with a feeling of\\ndisappointment or regret on the contrary, like pil-\\ngrims to the Holy Land, they forget all their pains\\nand privations, and view it as indicating that the ob-\\nject of their journey is nearly attained.\\nOur travellers, after resting themselves for a few\\ndays, aeaintake up their line of march; for the Ohio\\nriver, which was formerly the termination of all pil-\\ngrimages, is now but the frontier of a new country,\\nand but the starting-point for the far-distant west.\\nThe roads soon become more and more rough the\\nswamps and little forest-streams are rendered passa-\\nble by logs placed side by side, and the bridges thus\\nformed are termed corduroy, from their ridgy and\\nstriped appearance. The axe and the rifle of the emi-\\ngrant are now brought daily and almost hourly into\\nuse with the former, he cuts down saplings or\\nyoung trees to throw across the roads, which in\\nmany places are almost impassable with the lat-\\nter, he kills squirrels, wild-turkeys, or such game as\\nthe forest affords him for by this time his provisions\\nare exhausted. If perchance a buck crosses his\\npath, and is brought down by a lucky shot, it is care-\\nfully dressed, and hung up in the forks of the trees\\nfires are built, and the meat is cut into small strips,\\nand smoked and dried for future subsistence. This\\nis the mode oi preserving the game of the forest, and\\nthese are the game-laws of the western pioneer.\\nThe road through the woods now becomes intri-\\ncate, the trees being merely felled and drawn aside,\\nso as to permit a wheeled-carriage to pass and the\\nemigrant is often obliged to be guided in his route\\nonly by the blaze of the surveyor on the trees, and\\nat every few rods to cut away the branches which\\nobstruct his passage. The stroke of his axe re-\\nverberates through the woods, but no answering\\nsound meets the woodman s ear, to assure him of the\\npresence of friend or foe. At night, in these soli-\\ntudes, he hears and sees the wolves stealing through\\nthe gloom, and snufiing the scent of the intruders\\nand now and then the bloodshot eye of the cata-\\nmount glares through the foliage. At length, the\\nemigrant arrives at the landmarks which indicate to\\nhim the proximity of his own possessions. A loca-\\ntion for the cabin is now selected, near a small stream\\nof running water, and, if possible, on the south side\\nof a slight elevation. No time is lost the trees\\nare immediately felled, and in a few days you can\\nperceive a cleared space of ground, of perhaps a few\\nrods in circumference stakes, forked at the tops,\\nare driven into the ground, on which are placed logs,\\nand the chinks between these are stopped with clay,\\nmixed with lime, if these can be obtained. An en-\\nclosure is thus thrown up hastily, to protect the in-\\nmates from the weather. The trunks of the trees,\\nare rolled to the edge of the clearing, and surmounted\\nby stakes driven crosswise into the ground the\\ncaps or the tops of the trees are piled on the trunks,\\nand thus is formed a brush-fence, as it is termed. By\\ndegrees, the surrounding trees are girdled, (a circle\\nof bark being removed from them,) and they die\\nsuch as are fit to make into rails, are cut down and\\nsplit those unfit for this purpose, are left to rot, or\\nare logged up and burned.\\nSi.\\n^imm\\n[Road through a Forest.]", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "[A Clearing.]\\nThe next season, a visible improvement has taken\\nplace several acres have been added to the clear-\\ning the woodman s residence begins to assume the\\ndignified appearance of a farm the brush-fence is\\nreplaced by a loorm-fence, or one which runs zigzag,\\nas is seen in the cut the temporary shanty is trans-\\nformed into a comfortable log-cabin and although\\nthe chimney is built of mud or clay, instead of bricks\\nand mortar, and occupies one end of the house, it\\nonly shows that the inward man is duly attended to\\nand the savoury fumes of venison, of the prairie-hen,\\nand of other good things, prove that the comforts\\nof this life are not forgotten, and that due respect\\nis paid to that important organ in the human economy,\\nthe stomach.\\nIn a few years, or even months, the retired cabin,\\nonce so solitary, becomes the nucleus of a little set-\\ntlement other sections and quarter-sections of land\\nare entered at the land-office by new-comers new\\nportions of ground are cleared, cabins are erected\\nand in a short time our youthful city can turn out a\\nforce of eight or ten efficient hands, for a raising-\\nbee, a logging-bee, c., c. A sawmill is soon in\\noperation on one of the neighbouring streams, the\\nlog-huts receive a poplar weather-boarding, and,\\nas the little settlement increases, a schoolhouse and\\nchurch appear a mail is established, and, before\\nmany years elapse, a fine road is made to the nearest\\ntown a stage-coach, which runs once or twice a week,\\nconnects the frontier with the populous country to the\\neast of it and the traveller has thus an opportunity\\nof viewing ariother evidence of American enterprise.\\n2*\\n[Village of log-huts.]", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "10\\nADVENTURES OF CAPT/VIN DANIET. BOON,\\nComprising an Account of the Wars with the Indians on the Ohio,\\nfrom 1769 to 17S2.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2WBITTEN BY HIMSELF.\\n{Set Fnmtitpitct.\\nIt was on the first of May, 1769, that I resigned\\nmy domestick happiness, and left my family and\\npeaceable habitation on the Yadkin river in North\\nCarolina, to wander through the wilderness of\\nAmerica, in quest of the country of Kentucky, in\\ncompany with John Finley, John Stuart, Joseph\\nHolden, James Monay,and William Cool.\\nOn the seventh of June, after travelling in a west-\\nern direction, we found ourselves on Red river,\\nwhere John Finley had formerly been trading with\\nthe Indians, and from the top of an eminence saw\\nwith pleasure the beautiful level of Kentucky. For\\nsome time we had experienced the most uncomfort-\\nable weather. We now encamped, made a shelter\\nto defend us from the inclement season, and began\\nto himt and reconnoitre the country. We found\\nabundance of wild beasts in this vast forest. The\\nbuffaloes were more numerous than cattle on their\\nsettlements, browsing on the leaves of the cane, or\\ncropping the herbage on these extensive plains. We\\nsaw hundreds in a drove, and the numbers about the\\nsalt springs were amazing. In this forest, the hab-\\nitation of beasts of every American kind, we hunted\\nwith great success until December.\\nOn the twenty-second of December, John Stuart\\nand I had a pleasing ramble but fortune changed\\nthe day at the close of it. We passed through a\\ngreat forest, in Avhich stood myriads of trees, some\\ngay with blossoms, others rich with fruits. Nature\\nwas here a series of wonders and a fund of delight.\\nHere she displayed her ingenuity and industry in a\\nvariety of flowers and fruits, beautifully coloured,\\nelegantly shaped, and charmingly flavoured and\\nwe were favoured with numberless animals present-\\ning themselves perpetualh- to our view. In the de-\\ncline of the day, near Kentucky river, as we as-\\ncended the brow of a small hill, a number of Indians\\nrushed out of a canebrake and made us prisoners.\\nThe Indians plundered us, and kept us in confine-\\nment seven days. During this time, we discovered\\nno uneasiness or desire to escape, which made them\\nless suspicious but in the dead of night, as we lay\\nby a large fire in a thick canebrake, wlaen sleep had\\nlocked up their senses, my situation not disposing\\nme to rest, I gently awoke my companion. We\\nseized this favourable opportunity and departed, di-\\nrecting our course towards the old camp, but found\\nit plundered and our company destroyed or dis-\\npersed.\\nAbout this time, as my brother with another adven-\\nturer who came to explore the country shortly after\\nus, was wandering through the forest, they acciden-\\ntally found our camp. Notwithstanding our unfor-\\ntunate circumstances, and our dangerous situation,\\nsurrounded with hostile savages, our meeting for-\\ntunately in the wilderness gave us the most sensible\\nsatisfaction.\\nSoon after this my companion in captivity, John\\nStuart, was kiUed by the savages, and the man who\\ncame with my brother, while on a private excursion,\\nwas soon after attacked and killed by the wolves.\\n\\\\Ve were now in a dangerous and helpless situation,\\nexposed daily to perils and death, among bavages\\nand wild beasts, not a white man in the country but\\noiu selves.\\nAlthough many hundred miles from our families,\\nin the howling wilderness, we did not continue in i\\nstate of indolence, but hunted ever)- day, and pre-\\npared a little cottage to defend us from the winter.\\nOn the first of May, 1770, my brother returned\\nhome, for a new recruit of horses and ammunition,\\nleaving me alone, without bread, salt, or sugar, or\\neven a horse or a dog. I passed a few days uncom-\\nfortably. The idea of a beloved wife and family,\\nand their anxiety on my account, would have dis-\\nposed me to melancholy if I had further indulged\\nthe thought.\\nOne day I undertook a tour through the country,\\nwhen the diversity and beauties of nature I met\\nwith in this charming season expelled every gloomy\\nthought. Just at the close of the day, the gentle\\ngales ceased a profoimd calm ensued not a breath\\nshook the tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit\\nof a commanding ridge, and looking around with\\nastonishing delight, beheld the aiuple plains and\\nbeauteous tracts below. On one hand, I surveyed\\nthe famous Ohio rolling in silent dignity, and mark-\\ning the western boundarj of Kentucky with incon-\\nceivable grandeur. At a vast distance, I beheld the\\nmountains lift their venerable brows and penetrate\\nthe clouds. All tilings were still. I kindled a fire\\nnear a fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the\\nloin of a buck which I had killed a few hours be-\\nfore. The shades of night soon overspread the\\nhemisphere, and the earth seemed to gasp after the\\nhovering moisture. At a distance I frequently heard\\nthe hideous yells of savages. My excursion had\\nfatigued my body and amused my mind. I laid me\\ndown to sleep, and awoke not until the sun had\\nchased away the night. I continued this tour, and\\nin a few days explored a considerable part of the\\ncountn.-, each day equally pleasing as the first.\\nAfter which I returned to my old camp, which had\\nnot been disturbed in my absence. I did not confine\\nmy lodging to it, but often reposed in thick cane-\\nbrakes to avoid the savages, who I believe frequent-\\nly visited my camp, but fortunately for me, in my ab-\\nsence. No popidous city, with all its varieties of\\ncommerce and stately structures, coidd atTord such\\npleasure to my mind, as the beauties of nature I\\nfound in this country.\\nUntil the twenty-seventh of July, I spent my\\ntime in an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures,\\nwhen my brother, to my great felicity, met me, ac-\\ncording to appointment at our old camp. Soon\\nafter we left the place, and proceeded to Cumber-\\nland river, reconnoitring that part of the country,\\nand giving names to the diflerent rivers.\\nIn March, 1771, I returned home to my family,\\nbeing determined to bring them as soon as possible,\\nat the risk of my life and fortune, to reside in Ken-\\ntucky, which I esteemed a second paradise.\\nOn my return, I found my family in happy cir-\\ncumstances. I sold my farm on the Yadkin, and\\nwhat goods we could not carry with us, and on the\\niwenty-fifth of September, 1773, we took leave of\\nour friends and proceeded on our journey to Ken-\\ntucky, in company with five more families, and forty\\nmen that joined us in Powel s Valley, which is one\\nhundred and fifty miles from the new settled parts", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "11\\nof Kentucky. But this promising beginning was\\nsoon overcast with a cloud of adversity.\\nOn the tenth of October the rear of our company\\nwas attacked by a party of Indians Avho killed six,\\nand wounded one man. Of these my oldest son\\nAvas one that fell in the action. Though we repulsed\\nthe enemy, yet this unhappy affair scattered our\\ncattle and brought us into extreme difficulty. We\\nreturned forty miles to the settlement on Clench\\nriver. We had passed over two mountains, Powel\\nand Walden s, and were approaching Cumberland\\nmountain, when this adverse fortune overtook us.\\nThese mountains are in the wilderness, in passing\\nfrom the old settlement in Virginia to Kentucky\\nare ranged in a southwest and northeast direction\\nare of great length and breadth, and not far distant\\nfrom each other. Over them nature has formed\\npasses less difficult than might be expected from\\nthe view of such huge piles. The aspect of these\\ncliffs are so wild and horrid, that it is impossible to\\nbehold them without horrour.\\nUntil the sixth of June, 1774, I remained with\\nmy family on the Clench, when myself and another\\nperson were solicited by Governour Dunmore, of\\nVirginia, to conduct a number of surveyors to the\\nfalls of Ohio. This was a tour of eight hundred\\nmiles, and took sixty-two days.\\nOn my return. Gov. Dunmore gave me the com-\\nmand of three garrisons during the campaign against\\nthe Shawanese. In March, 1775, at the solicitation\\nof a number of gentlemen of North Carolina, I at-\\ntended their treaty at Wataga with the Cherokee\\nIndians, to purchase the lands on the south side of\\nKentucky river. After this, I undertook to mark\\nout a road in the best passage from the settlements\\nthrough the wilderness to Kentucky.\\nHaving collected a number of enterprising men\\nwell armed, I soon began this work. We proceeded\\nuntil we came within fifteen miles of where Boons-\\nborough now stands, where the Indians attacked lis,\\nand killed two and wounded two more of our party.\\nThis was on the twenty-second of March, 1775.\\nTwo days after we were again attacked by them,\\nwhen we had two more killed and three wounded.\\nAfter this, we proceeded on to Kentucky river with-\\nout opposition.\\nOn the first of April, we began to erect the fort of\\nBoonsborough, at a salt lick sixty yards from the\\nriver on the south side. On the fourth the Indians\\nkilled one of our men. On the fourteenth of June,\\nhaving completed the fort, I returned to my family\\non the Clench, and whom I soon after removed to\\nthe fort. My wife and daughter, were supposed to\\nbe the first white women that ever stood on the\\nbanks of Kentucky river.\\nOn the twenty-fourth of December, the Indians\\nkilled one of our men and wounded another; and\\non the fifteenth of July, 1776, they look my daugh-\\nter prisoner. I immediately pursued them with\\neight men, and on the sixteenth overtook and en-\\ngaged them. I killed two of them and recovered\\nmy daughter.\\nThe Indians, having divided themselves into sev-\\neral parties, attacked in one day all our infant settle-\\nments and forts, doing a great deal of damage. The\\nhusbandmen were ambushed and unexpectedly at-\\ntacked while toiling in the field. 1 hey commued\\nthis kind of warfare until the fifteenth of April, 1777,\\nwhen nearly one hundred of them attacked the vil-\\nlage of Boonsborough, and killed a number of its\\ninhabitants. On the sixteenth Colonel Logan s fort\\nwas attacked by two hundred Indians. There were\\nonly thirteen men in the fort, of whom the enemy\\nkilled two and wounded one.\\nOn the twentieth of August, Colonel Bowman ar-\\nrived with one hundred men from Virginia, with\\nwhich additional force we had almost daily skir-\\nmishes with the Indians, who began now to learn\\nthe superiority of the long knife, as they termed\\nthe Virginians being outgeneralled in almost every\\naction. Our affairs began now to wear a better as-\\npect, the Indians no longer daring to face us in open\\nfield, but sought private opportunities to destroy us.\\nOn the seventh of February, 1778, while on a\\nhunting excursion alone, I met a party of one hun-\\ndred and two Indians and two Frenchmen, marching\\nto attack Boonsborough. They pursued and took\\nme prisoner, and conveyed me to Old Chilicothe, the\\nprincipal Indian town on little Miami, where we ar-\\nrived on the eighteenth of T ebruary, after an un-\\ncomfortable journey. On the tenth of March I was\\nconducted to Detroit, and while there, was treated\\nwith great humanity by Governour Hamilton, the\\nBritish commander, at that post, and intendant for\\nIndian affairs.\\nThe Indians had such an affection for me, that\\nthey refused one hundred pounds sterling, offered\\nthem by the governour, if they w^ould consent to\\nleave me with him, that he might be enabled to lib-\\nerate me on my parole. Several English gentle-\\nmen then at Detroit, sensible of my adverse fortune\\nand touched with sympathy, generously offered ta\\nsupply my wants, which I declined with many\\nthanks, adding that I never expected it would be\\nin my power to recompense such unmerited gene-\\nrosity.\\nOn the tenth of April, the Indians returned with\\nme to Old Chilicothe, where w^e arrived on the\\ntwenty-fifth. This was a long and fatiguing march,\\nalthough through an exceeding fertile country, re-\\nmarkable for springs and streams of water. At\\nChilicothe I spent my time as comfortable as I could\\nexpect was adopted, according to their custom,\\ninto a family where I became a son, and had a gi-eat\\nshare in the afiection of my new parents, brothers,\\nsisters, and friends. I was exceedingly familiar and\\nfriendly with them, always appearing as cheerful\\nand contented as possible, and they put great confi-\\ndence in me. I often went a hunting with them,\\nand frequently gained their applause for my activity\\nat our shooting matches. I was careful not to ex-\\nceed many of them in shooting, for no people are\\nmore envious than they in this sport. I could ob-\\nserve in their countenances and gestures the greatest\\nexpressions of joy when they exceeded me, and\\nwhen the reverse happened, of envy. The Shawa-\\nnese king took great notice of me, and treated me\\nwith profound respect and entire friendship, often\\nintrusting me to hunt at my liberty. I frequently\\nrettmied with the spoils of the w-oods, and as often\\npresented some of what I had taken to him, expres-\\nsive of duty to my sovereign. My food and lodging\\nwere in common with them, not so good indeed\\nas I could desire, but necessity made every thing\\nai^ceptable.\\nI now began to meditate an escape, and carefully", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12\\navoided giving suspicion. I continued at Chilicothe\\nuntil the first day of June, when I was taken to the\\nsalt springs on Sciotha, and there employed ten\\ndays in the manufacturing of salt. During this\\ntime, I hunted with my Indian masters, and found\\nthe land for a great extent about this river to exceed\\nthe soil of Kentucky.\\nOn my return to Chilicothe, one hundred and fifty\\nof the choicest Indian warriours were ready to\\nmarch against Boonsborough. They were painted\\nand armed in a frightful manner. This alarmed me,\\nand I determined to escape.\\nOn the twenty-sixth of June, before sunrise, I\\nwent ofl secretly, and reached Boonsborough on the\\nthirtieth, a journey of one hundred and sixty miles,\\nduring which I had only one meal. I found our\\nfortress in a bad state, but we immediately repaired\\nour flanks, gates, posterns, and formed double bas-\\ntions, which we completed in ten days. One of my\\nfellow prisoners escaped after me, and brought ad-\\nvice, that on account of my flight, the Indians had\\nput ofl their expedition for three weeks.\\nAbout the first of August, I set out with nineteen\\nmen, to surprise Paint Creek-town on Sciotha, with-\\nin four miles of which we fell in with forty Indians\\ngoing against Boonsborough. We attacked them,\\nand they soon gave way without any loss on our\\npart.\\nThe enemy had one killed and two wounded.\\nWe took three horses and all their baggage. The\\nIndians having evacuated their town, and gone al-\\ntogether against Boonsborough, we returned, passed\\nthem on the sixth, and on the seventh, arrived safe\\nat Boonsborough.\\nOn the ninth, the Indian army, consisting of four\\nhundred and forty-four men, under the command of\\nCaptain Duquesne, and eleven other Frenchmen,\\nand their own chiefs, arrived and summoned the fort\\nto surrender. I requested two days consideration,\\nwhich was granted. During this we brought in\\nthrough the posterns all the horses and other cattle\\nwe could collect.\\nOn the ninth, in the evening, I informed their\\ncommander, that we were determined to defend the\\nfort while a man was living. They then proposed\\na treaty, they would withdraw. The treaty was\\nheld within sixty yards of the fort, as we suspected\\nthe savages. The articles were agreed to and\\nsigned when the Indians told us, it was their cus-\\ntom for two Indians to shake hands with every white\\nman in the treaty, as an evidence of friendship. We\\nagreed to this also. They immediately grappled us\\nto take us prisoners, but we cleared ourselves of\\nthem, though surrounded by hundreds, and gained\\nthe fort safe, except one man, who was wounded by\\na heavy fire from the enemy.\\nThe savages now began to undermine the fort,\\n6eginning at the watermark of Kentucky river,\\nwhich is sixty yards from the fort this we discov-\\nered by the water being made muddy by the clay.\\nWe countermined them by cutting a trench across\\ntheir subterraneous passage. The enemy discover-\\ning this by the clay we threw out of the fort, desist-\\ned. On the twentieth of August, they raised the\\nsiege, during which we had two men killed and four\\nwounded. We lost a number of cattle. The loss\\nof the enemy was thirty-seven killed, and a much\\nlarger number wounded. We picked up one hundred\\nand twenty-five pounds of their bullets, besides what\\nstuck in the logs of the fort.\\nIn July, 1779, during my absence, Colonel Bow-\\nman, with one hundred and sixty men, went againsi\\nthe Shawanese of Old Chilicothe. He arrived un-\\ndiscovered. A battle ensued, which lasted until ten\\nin the morning, when Colonel Bowman retreated\\nthirty miles. The Indians collected all their\\nstrength and pursued him, when another engage-\\nment ensued for two hours, not to Colonel Bow-\\nman s advantage. Colonel Harrod proposed to\\nmount a number of horses, and break the enemy s\\nline, who at this time fought with remarkable fury.\\nThis desperate measure had a happy eflect, and the\\nsavages fled on all sides. In these two engage-\\nments we had nine men killed and one wounded.\\nEnemy s loss uncertain. Only two scalps were\\ntaken.\\nJune twenty-third, 1780, five hundred Indians and\\nCanadians under Colonel Bird, attacked Riddle and\\nMartain s station, at the forks of Licking river,\\nwith six pieces of artillery. They took all the in-\\nhabitants captives, and killed one man and two\\nwomen, loading the others with the heavy bag-\\ngage, and such as failed in the journey were toma-\\nhawked.\\nThe hostile disposition of the savages caused\\nGeneral Clark, the commandant at the falls of Ohio,\\nto march with his regiment and the armed force of\\nthe country against Peccaway, the principal town of\\nthe Shawanese, on a branch of the great Miami,\\nwhich he attacked with great success, took seventy\\nscalps, and reduced the town to ashes, with the loss\\nof seventeen men.\\nAbout this time, I returned to Kentucky with my\\nfamily for during my captivity, my wife thinking\\nme killed by the Indians, had transported my fam-\\nily and goods on horses, through the wilderness,\\namidst many dangers, to her father s house in North\\nCarolina.\\nOn the sixth of October, 1 780, soon after my set-\\ntling a\u00c2\u00abgain at Boonsborough, I went with my brother\\nto the Blue Licks, and on our return he was shot by\\na party of Indians, who followed me by the scent of\\na dog, which I shot and escaped. The severity of\\nthe winter caused great distress in Kentucky, the\\nenemy during the summer having destroyed most of\\nthe corn. The inhabitants lived chiefly on buffa-\\nlo s flesh.\\nIn the spring of 1782, the Indians harassed us.\\nIn May they ravished, killed, and scalped a woman\\nand her two daughters near Ashton s station, and\\ntook a negro prisoner. Captain Ashton pursued\\nihem with twenty-five men, and in an engagement\\nwhich lasted two hours, his party were obliged to\\nretreat, havin-g eight killed, and four mortally wound-\\ned. Their brave commander fell in the action.\\nAugust eighteenth, two boys were carried off\\nfrom Major Hoy s station. Captain Holder pursued\\nthe enemy with seventeen men, Avho were also de-\\nfeated, with the loss of seven killed and two wound-\\ned. Our affairs became more and more alarming.\\nThe savages infested the country and destroyed the\\nwhites as opportunity presented. In a field near\\nLexington, an Indian shot a man, and running to\\nscalp him, was himself shot from the fort, and fell\\ndead upon the ground. All the Indian nations were\\nnow united against us.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "13\\nAugust fifteenth, five hundred Indians and Cana-\\ndians came against Briant s station, five miles from\\nLexington. They assaulted the fort, and killed all\\nthe cattle round it but being repulsed, they retired\\nthe third day, having about eighty killed their\\nwounded uncertain. The garrison had four killed,\\nand nine wounded.\\nAugust eighteenth, Colonels Todd and Trigg,\\nMajor Harland and myself, speedily collected one\\nhundred and seventy-six men, well-armed, and pur-\\nsued the savages. They had marched beyond the\\nBlue Licks, to a remarkable bend of the main fork\\nof Licking river, about forty-three miles from Lex-\\nington, wliere we overtook them on the nineteenth.\\nThe savages observing us, gave way, and we igno-\\nrant of their numbers, passed the river. When they\\nsaw our proceedings, having greatly the advantage\\nin situation, they formed their line of battle from\\none end of the Licking to the other, about a mile\\nfrom the Blue Licks. The engagement was close\\nand warm for about fifteen minutes, when we being\\noverpowered by numbers, were obliged to retreat,\\nwith the loss of sixty-seven men, seven of whom\\nwere taken prisoners. The brave and much la-\\nmented colonels, Todd and Trigg, Major Harland,\\nand my second son, were among the dead. We\\nwere afterwards informed that the Indians, on num-\\nbering their dead, finding that they had four more\\nkilled than we, four of our people they had taken\\nwere given up to their young warriours, to be put to\\ndeath after their barbarous manner.\\nOn our retreat, we were met by Colonel Logan,\\nwho was hastening to join us with a number of well-\\narmed men. This powerful assistance we wanted\\non the day of battle. The enemy said, one more\\nfire from us would have made them give way.\\nI cannot reflect upon this dreadful scene, without\\ngreat sorrow. A zeal for the defence of their coun-\\ntry led these heroes to the scene of action, though\\nwith a few men, to attack a powerful army of expe-\\nrienced warriours. When we gave way, they pur-\\nsued us with the utmost eagerness, and in every\\nquarter spread destruction. The river was difticult\\nto cross, and many -were killed in the llight, some\\njust entering the river, some in the water, others\\nafter crossing in ascending the clifi s. Some es-\\ncaped on horseback, a few on foot and being dis-\\npersed everywhere, in a (ew hours, brought the\\nmelancholy news of this unfortunate battle to Lex-\\nington. Many widows were now made. The read-\\ner may guess what sorrow filled the hearts of the\\ninhabitants, exceeding any thing that I am able to\\ndescribe. Being reinforced, we returned to bury the\\ndead, and found their bodies strewed everywhere,\\ncut and mangled in a dreadful manner. This\\nmournful scene exhibited a horrour almost unpar-\\nalleled some torn and eaten by wild beasts those\\nin the river eaten by fishes all in such a putrid\\ncondition that no one could be distinguished from\\nanother.\\nWhen General Clark, at the falls of Ohio, heard\\nof our disaster, he ordered an expedition to pursue\\nthe savages. We overtook them within two miles\\nof their town, and we should have obtained a great\\nvictory had not some of them met us when about\\ntwo hundred poles from their camp. The savages\\nfled in the utmost disorder, and evacuated all their\\ntowns. We burned to ashes Old Chilicothe, Pecca-\\nway, New Chilicothe, and Willstown entirely de-\\nstroyed their corn and other fruits, and spread deso-\\nlation through their country. We took seven pris-\\noners and fifteen scalps, and lost only four men, two\\nof whom were accidentally killed by ourselves.\\nThis campaign damped the enemy, yet they made\\nsecret incursions.\\nIn October, a party attacked Crab Orchard, and\\none of them being a good way before the other,\\nboldly entered a house, in which were only a woman\\nand her children, and a negro man. The savage\\nused no violence, but attempted to carry off the\\nnegro, who happily proved too strong for him, and\\nthrew liim on the ground, and in the struggle the\\nwoman cut ofl his head with an axe, whilst her lit-\\ntle daughter shut the door. The savages instantly\\ncame up and applied their tomahawks to the door,\\nwhen the mother putting an old rusty gunbarrel\\nthrough the crevice, the savages immediately went oflf.\\nFrom that time till the happy return of peace be-\\ntween the United States and Great Britain, the In-\\ndians did us no mischief. Soon after this the In-\\ndians desired peace.\\nTwo darling sons and a brother I have lost by\\nsavage hands, which have also taken from me forty\\nvaluable horses, and abundance of cattle. Many\\ndark and sleepless nights have I spent, separated\\nfrom the cheerful society of men, scorched by the\\nsummer s sun, and pinched by the winter s cold, an\\ninstrument ordained to settle the wilderness.\\nDANIEL BOON.\\nFayette county, Kentucky.\\nTHE MOTHERS OF THE WEST.\\nA spirit so resolute, yet so adventurous so unambitious, yet\\nso exalted a spirit so highly calculated to awaken a love of the\\npure and the noble, yet so uncommon never before actuated the\\nancestral matrons of any land or clime.\\nThe mothers of our forest-land\\nStout-hearted dames were they;\\nWith nerve to wield the battle-brand,\\nAnd join the border-fray.\\nOur rough land had no braver,\\nIn its days of blood and strife\\nAye ready for severest toil,\\nAye free to peril life.\\nThe mothers of our forest-land!\\nOn Old Ken-tuc-kee s soil.\\nHow shared they, with each dauntless band,\\nWar s tempest, and life s toil!\\nThey shrank not from the foeman\\nThey quailed not, in the fight\\nBut cheered their husbands tTirough the day.\\nAnd soothed them through the night.\\nThe mothers of our forest-land\\nTheir bosoms pillowed men\\nAnd proud were they by such to stand,\\nIn hammock, fort, or glen.\\nTo load the sure old rifle\\nTo run the leaden ball\\nTo stand beside a husband s place,\\nAnd fill it should he fall.\\nThe mothers of our forest-land!\\nSuch were their daily deeds,\\nTheir monument! where does it stand?\\nTheir epitaph! who reads\\nNo braver dames had Sparta,\\nNo nobler matrons Rome\\nYet who lauds, or honours them,\\nE en in their own green home 1\\nThe mothers of our forest-land!\\nThey sleep in unknown graves\\nAnd had they borne and nursed a band\\nOf ingrates, or of slaves,\\nThey had not been more neglected\\nBut their graves shall yet be found,\\nAnd their monuments dot here and there\\nThe dark and bloody ground.\\nW. D. Gallachb\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14\\nVALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nSKETCHES OF THE OLDEN TIME.\\nBY J. M. PECK.\\nThe Great TVater, as the aboriginal name Alis-\\ntissippi signified, was first discovered and visited by\\nSpaniards under Hernando de Soto, in April, 1541\\njust three hundred years since.\\nThe expedition of De Soto, until recently, has\\nl een but little known, and for a long period respect-\\nable authors even doubted whether the story of such\\nan exploration, as is now known to have been made,\\nwas not mainly fabulous. The careful examination\\nand translation of Spanish and Portuguese authori-\\nties have placed the subject beyond controversy.\\nAs our design is to furnish some short sketches of\\na period from one hundred and fifty to two hundred\\nyears later, we shall pass over this Spanish enter-\\nprise with a very brief notice. Hernando de Soto\\nwas a follower of Pizarro in the conquest of Peru.\\nEnriched with the spoils of the New World, he re-\\nturned to Spain, his native country, and appeared in\\n\u00c2\u00bbreat state and equipage at the court of Charles V.,\\nrhere he received the highest honors. He became\\nHied by marriage to a distinguished family of the\\njobility. But avarice and power are insatiate in\\njheir demands, De Soto desired to rival Cortez in\\njlory, and surpass Pizarro in wealth. He earnestly\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ought permission from the Crown of Spain to con-\\nquer Florida, as North America was then called by\\nthe Spanish adventurers, at his own expense, and\\nCharles V. readily granted permission, and made\\nhim governor of Cuba, and captain-general over all\\nthe countries he should subjugate to the Imperial\\nCrown. At that period Florida, or North America,\\nwas supposed to abound with wealth, surpassing the\\nriches of Peru and Mexico.\\nWe have not room to describe the mania that pre-\\nTailed in Spain on the fitting out of this expedition.\\nHouses, vineyards and lands were sold by their pos-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2essors, to furnish means for the enterprise. Hun-\\ndreds of Spaniards of all grades embarked in the ex-\\npedition. Among these were twelve priests, eight\\necclesiastics of inferior grade, and four monks for\\nII all the expeditions of French, Spanish and Portu-\\nguese to the New World, the rage for conquest and\\nwealth, and for the conversion of the conquered na-\\ntives to the Catholic faith, equally prevailed.\\nDe Soto was welcomed to Cuba with long and\\nbrilliant festivals and rejoicings. Leaving his wife\\nto the command of the island in his absence, he em-\\nbarked, in ten small ships, about one thousand sol-\\ndiers besides seamen, three hundred and fifty horses,\\nwith numbers of cattle and swine, and other means\\nto stock and colonize the country. He landed his\\ntroops, armament, stock and provisions at the bay of\\nEspiritu Santo, sent back his ships and commenced\\nkis march through the country\\nThey found swamps, morasses and rivers in their\\nroute, the Indians usually hostile, and, like the present\\nrace of Seminoles, refusing to be either conquered or\\nconverted. Their march was tedious, full of danger\\nand hardships, and what was far more mortifying,\\nthe mines of gold, silver and precious stones, were\\nnever found. We can trace their route by the names\\nof the rivers they passed. The names of Ochile,\\nApalachee, Atapahaw, Cosa (Coosaw,) Tascaluza,\\nand Mauvila (Mobile) are found in their route. The\\nlatter was a large town, which is supposed to have\\nstood at the junction of the Alabama and Tombecbe\\nrivers. It is described as surrounded by a high\\nwall, formed of huge trunks of trees, driven into the\\nground, with other logs of a smaller size across,\\nbound together with vines, and filled up with mortar.\\nAt every fifty paces was a tower capable of holding\\nsix or eight fighting men. This town contained\\nseveral thousand inhabitants and was defended with\\ndesperation, and subjugated with great loss by the\\nSpaniards. The description of this and many other\\ntowns walled in, some with palisadoes, others with\\nan embankment of earth, explains the origin of the\\nsupposed fortifications found amongst the antiquities\\nof the Valley of the Mississippi. Of the Indian\\ntribes mentioned are the Chicaza, the Alibarao, and\\nthe Casquin, the last of which were west of the Mis-\\nsissippi, and doubtless answer to the Kaskaskia tribe.\\nA multitude of.other names are given which we omit.\\nDe Soto and his party were the first Europeans to\\nbehold the mighty Mississippi, which rolled its im-\\nmense mass of waters through the splendid vegeta-\\ntion of an alluvial soil. The lapse of three centuries\\nhas not changed the character of the river. It was\\nthen described as more than a mile broad, its wa-\\nters of a muddy, ash color, its current strong and\\nimpetuous, and full of floating timber, snags, islands\\nand sand-bars.\\nThe Spaniards called the name of the river Bio\\nGrande the Great River after its Indian name.\\nDe Soto and his men crossed this river near the low-\\ner Chickasaw bluffs. The wild fruits at that period,\\nas now, were the walnut, the pecan, the mulberry,\\nthe percimmon, the grape, the papaw and the plum.\\nThe fish described were the same as now found in\\nthe lakes and bayous of that region, and vast herds\\nof buff alo, deer, elk and bear, roamed through the\\nforests and prairies.\\nThe most northerly point reached by De Soto,\\nwas an Indian town called Pacaha, situated probably\\nin the southern part of Missouri. Finding no pros-\\npects of gold in this direction, De Soto and his party\\nturned their course down the Mississippi, still on its\\nwestern side. They passed through a succession of\\nIndian towns, some of which were enclosed with\\npalisadoes and embankments of earth, and surrounded\\nby a ditch. In one instance they describe an artifi-\\ncial canal a league in length, excavated by the na-\\ntives, and forming a communication between the", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "15\\nriver and a laro-e lake. We soon find them near the\\nWashita, and amongst the Quappas, a tribe of In-\\ndians still in existance.\\nTheir journal throws much light upon western an-\\ntiquities. Mr. Stephens, in his recent work on the\\nAntiquities of Central America, has hit the true\\ntheory, when he suggests that the erection of the ru-\\nined cities he explored is of comparatively modern\\ndate, and built by a race of people not yet extinct.\\nWe have great conviction of the truth of this theory\\nin relation to the antiquities of the Mississippi Val-\\nley, and were the subject investigated in the mode\\nand to the extent desirable, satisfactory evidence\\nmay be obtained that the supposed fortifications, and\\nmounds, (so far as the latter are artificial) with other\\nworks, are the monuments of the skill and labor of\\nthe progenitors of the present race of Indians, and\\nthat their origin was within the period of a few hun-\\ndred years.\\nThe historians of De Soto s expedition, describe\\ntowns that were enclosed both with palisadoes and\\nembankments of earth, and in one instance of stone.\\nThey describe the residence of the Caziques, or\\nchiefs, as built upon a conical hill, and where such\\nan eminence was not found convenient, the people\\nwould collect and throw up the earth to form one\\nwith great labor.\\nOther causes are given for the formation of artifi-\\ncial mounds, which we must omit for the present.\\nIn the summer of 1542, De Soto was near the\\nmouth of Red river. His party were now suffering\\nseverely, his men and horses dying around him, and\\nthe Indians threatening hostilities. The energy and\\npride of character, which had carried him through\\ngreater difiiculiies than any European adventurer had\\nencountered, now sunk rapidly. A malignant fever\\nensued, and in three days he died\\nThus perished Hernando de Soto, the companion\\nof Pizarro, the governor of Cuba, and the first dis-\\ncoverer and explorer of the Mississippi\\nTo conceal his death from the natives, his body\\nwas wrapped in a mantle, with suitable weights, and\\nin the stillness of midnight, was silently sunk in the\\nmiddle of the Great Water. The discoverer\\nof the river slept beneath its turbid waves. He had\\ncrossed the continent in search of gold, and found\\nnothing so remarkable as his burying place. The\\nIndians were taught he had ascended to the sun.\\nHis soldiers pronounced his eulogy by grieving at\\ntheir loss, and the priests chanted their requiems\\nover his watery grave\\nHis successor, Luis de Moscoso, with the party,\\npenetrated the western wilderness, and vast prairies,\\nas they supposed, one hundred and fifty leagues, un-\\ntil they came in sight of vast ridges of mountains.\\nDespairing of reaching Mexico, as they designed,\\nthey returned once more to the Mississippi, a few\\nleagues above the mouth of Red river. Here they\\nset up a forge, collected all the scraps of old iron\\nihey had brought from Florida, and, with great diflH-\\nculty and labor, constructed five brigantines, and af-\\nter seventeen days of peril and suff ering, the survi-\\nvors of the expedition, less than three hundred men,\\nreached the town of Panuco, on the Mexican coast.\\nThe survivors, in fact, were blackened, haggard,\\nshrivelled, half naked and starved clad only in the\\nskins of deer and buff alo, and as the Spanish narra-\\ntor states, looked more like wild beasts than men.\\nThe history of this expedition was written both in\\nPortuguese and Spanish, within a few years after\\nthe return of De Moscoso, and the fragments of his\\narmy. The Portuguese narrative was written by a\\nsoldier who was in the expedition. An English\\ntranslation of this work was published by Hackluyt,\\nin 1609, and an imperfect abridgment is to be found\\nin Purchas Pilgrims, 1686. The Spanish history\\nis by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, a Spanish ecclesias-\\ntic, and written from the journals of the men, and\\nfrom conversations with the survivors.\\nA complete work, in two volumes, has been colla-\\nted and published from both these authorities by The-\\nodore Irving, Esq. Mr. Bancroft, in his History of\\nthe United States, vol. i. has given an outline of this\\nexpedition, and Herrera, the Spanish historian so fre-\\nquently referred to by Dr. Robertson, in his history\\nof America, copied a large proportion of the narrative\\nof Garcilaso.\\nWe shall now leave the Great River to roll its\\nturbid waters, unnoticed and undisturbed by Europe-\\nan adventurers, for the period of one hundred and\\nthirty years, when the light canoe of Joliet and Mar-\\nquette entered it from Canada by the route of the Wis-\\nconsin, (or as governor Doty has nick-named it, the\\nWiskonsan, for which there is not a particle of Indian\\nor French authority.) It does not appear from any\\nauthority we have noticed that the French explorers\\npossessed any knowledge of the discovery of De\\nSoto. About 1670, the notion prevailed amongst\\nthe French who had visited Canada, that a western\\npassage to the Pacific ocean existed by means of a\\ngreat river. This idea they had gotten from the In-\\ndians along the northern lakes, but of its course or\\ntermination they knew nothing.\\nM. Talon, the Intendant of New France, as Can-\\nada was then called, was a person of singular genius\\nand enterprise, and he selected Joliet and Marquette\\nto settle this question. Joliet was an enterprising\\ntrader of Quebec, and largely acquainted with the In-\\ndians Marquette was a zealous missionary of the\\nRecollet order, and of much experience. They con-\\nducted an expedition through the lakes, up Green bay\\nand Fox river, across the portage to the Wisconsin,\\nand descended that river to the Mississippi, which\\nthey reached on the 17th of June, 1673. They de-\\nscended the river to the Arkansas, and having satis-\\nfied themselves its course was to the Gulf of Mexico,\\nand their stock of provisions being nearly exhausted,\\nthey deemed it unsafe to proceed further amongst", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "16\\nunknown tribes of savages, and they returned to Can-\\nada by the way of the Illinois river and Chicago.\\nCount de Frontinac gave the name of Colbert to the\\nriver they had explored, in compliment to the French\\nminister of Marine.\\nThe services of Joliet were rewarded by a grant\\nof the island of Anticosti, near the mouth of the river\\nSt Lawrence.\\nMarquette returned to his humble missionary la-\\nbors amongst the Indians. Charlevoix relates, that\\non the 18th of May, 1G75, while on his way from\\nChicago to Michilimacinac, he entered a river now\\nbearing his own name, where he let drop some ex-\\npressions, which plainly indicated that he should end\\nhis days at that place. Soon after the boat landed,\\nhe erected his altar and said mass after which he\\nretired a short distance to return thanks, desiring the\\nmen with him to absent themselves for half an hour.\\nOn their return they found him dead\\nJudge Martin, in his History of Louisiana, re-\\nmarks,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThis important discovery filled all Canada with\\njoy, and the inhabitants of the capital followed the\\nconstituted authorities of the colony to the cathedral\\nchurch, where the bishop, surrounded by his clergy,\\nsung a solemn Te Deum. Little did they suspect\\nthat the event, for which they were rendering thanks\\nto heaven, was marked, in the book of fate, as a prin-\\ncipal one among those, which were to lead to the ex-\\npulsion of the French nation from North America\\nthat Providence had not designed the shores of the\\nmighty stream for the abode of the vassals of any\\nEuropean prince but had decreed that it should be\\nfor a while the boundary, and forever after roll its\\nwaves in the midst of those free and prosperous com-\\nmunities, that now form the confederacy of the Uni-\\nted States.\\nSeveral years passed by before any attempt was\\nmade to follow up the discoveries of Joliet and Mar-\\nquette. As in all military expeditions of the Spanish\\nand French, the priest was the companion of the sol-\\ndier, so in all explorations, and trading establish-\\nments, the Catholic missionary was indispensable to\\nthe company.\\nTrading posts and missionary stations had been\\nformed along the lakes to Michilimacinac and the\\nbay of Puants. Between 1678 and 1680, M. de la\\nSalle, accompanied by chevalier Tonti, Father Louis\\nHennepin, of the order of Franciscans, and others,\\nestablished trading posts along lakes Erie, Huron,\\nMichigan, and the river Illinois. The history of\\nthese expeditions have been so recently and so often\\nbefore the reading community, that a repetition in\\nthis place is deemed unnecessary. La Salle was\\nthe commander. Tonti, his lieutenant, afterwards\\nbecame the historian. Hennepin also wrote two\\nsketches, both of which were subsequently publish-\\ned, one of which, however, is unquestionably fabu-\\nlous.\\nThe original plan of the enterprise was for M. de\\nla Salle to proceed down the Mississippi to its mouth,\\nwhile Hennepin penetrated that river to its source\\nBut La Salle, finding it necessary to return from his\\ntrading post, on the Illinois, to Canada for additional\\nsupplies, instructed M. Dacan and Hennepin, to pro-\\nceed with all despatch to explore the Upper Missis-\\nsippi. Accordingly they departed from fort Creve\\nCoeur, on the Illinois, with two men, and entered the\\nMississippi, March 8th, 1680. They ascended the\\nMississippi to the Falls of St. Anthony, which they\\nnamed. Here they were made prisoners by the In-\\ndians, were detained some months, and finally made\\ntheir way into Canada by the Wisconsin. Return-\\ning to France, Hennepin published a splendid account\\nof the vast country he discovered, which he named\\nLouisiana, in honor of Louis XIV., and dedicated it\\nto the great Colbert In this work he makes no\\nmention of proceeding down the Mississippi. After\\nthe exploration of that river by La Salle, and his\\ndeath, and after the publication of La Salle s expedi-\\ntion by Tonti, Hennepin published another journal,\\nincluding a voyage down the Great River prior\\nto that of La Salle. This part of his story is evi-\\ndently fictitious, and has been condemned by many\\ndistinguished writers. This new and revised edition\\nof his journals was published in England in 1698,\\nwhither he had fled from France. The truth is, there\\nis very little dependence to be placed in Hennepin.\\nPeter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist, who was in Can-\\nada in 1759, says of Hennepin, He has gained\\nvery little credit in Canada; the name of honor they\\ngive him there, is, the great liar: he writes of places\\nhe never saw. Stoddard says, His pretensions to\\nthe discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi, are\\nfounded in fraud and imposture.\\nFrom all that we can gather, the trading posts of\\nCahokia and Kaskaskia, in Illinois, were established\\nby La Salle, in 1683, while on his exploration of the\\nMississippi.\\nLa Salle returned to France, fitted out an expedi-\\ntion to form a colony near the mouth of the Great\\nRiver, but missed the place and sailed westward\\nalong the Gulf of Mexico, and finally landed at the\\nmouth of the river Guadaloupe, on the west side of\\nthe bay of St. Bernard. Here he built a fort, made\\na settlement of one hundred men, and with a party\\nof fifty men made another unsuccessful attempt to\\nfind the mouth of the Mississippi. Returning to the\\nbay of St. Bernard, the party coasted along its east-\\nern side, and entered a river, which, from the num\\nber of cattle found on its banks, was called Cow river\\nThis is supposed to be the same as the Rio Colerado\\nof Texas. Sixteen miles up this river La Salle built\\nanother fort which he named St. Louis, which mount-\\ned twelve pieces of cannon and contained a subterra-\\nnean magazine. To this point he brought his colo-\\nny. Here misfortune succeeded to misfortune. The\\nIndians attacked the party and were beaten off with\\ndifiiculty. Sickness proved fatal to the colony, and\\nabout one hundred of the adventurers miserably per-", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "17\\nished/ Disease and the fatigues of warfare interrupt-\\ned the labors of agriculture. The seed grain did not\\ngerminate and but a scanty crop was realized. And\\nto finish the series of cahmiities of this first Texan\\ncolony, their vessels, and a large part of tlieir provis-\\nions and stores were destroyed by violent storms,\\nand the neglect or unskilfulness of the ofiicers and\\npilots.\\nSuch was the painful situation of the colony, that\\nin April, 1686, La Salle selected twenty men, and\\nmade an effort to reach the Mississippi river by land\\nin a northeastern direction. He proceeded some four\\nor five hundred miles, but high waters, sickness, the\\ndesertion of some of his men and the want of ammu-\\nnition compelled him to return. In this excursion,\\nLa Salic visited several powerful nations of Indians,\\nwho in general treated him with kindness. After\\nspending the summer with the colony, and finding\\nno relief arrive for his people, he again set out in\\nJanuary, 1687, with twenty men, to reach, if possi-\\nble, the Mississippi, and proceed to his colonies in\\nIllinois. The winter rains had raised all the rivers,\\nand incredible hardships were imposed on himself\\nand his men. After wandering and suffering two\\nmonths they reached a delightful part of the country\\nthat abounded with game. A portion of the men un-\\nder his command had time to reflect on the fatigues\\nthey had suffered, and secretly to deliberate on the\\nmeans of escaping further toil. These poor fellows\\nwere from the lowest grade of society in France,\\nwholly deslitnle of moral principles, and ready for\\nthe commission of the blackest crimes. They had\\nbeen accustomed to steal or beg their bread about the\\nstreets of Rochelle, and honor and gratitude formed\\nno part of their characters. They finally resolved to\\nmurder La Salle, and all such as should obstruct\\ntheir designs, and remain in the country amongst the\\nIndians. An opportunity soon offered. M. de la\\nSalle sent his nephew, servant, and hunter in pursuit\\nof buffalo. These were shot by the murderous par-\\nty in ambush. Their absence i-endered him uneasy,\\nespecially as he had discovered signs of treachery\\namong some of his men, and he went in search of\\nhis companions leaving the party with Father Ath-\\nanasius. Meeting Lancelot, one of the suspicious\\nmen, he enquired for his nephew, and the wretch\\npointed to a spot over which the buzzards were hov-\\nering. As La Salle advanced he was shot through\\nthe head by Duhault, and another assassin, who lay\\nconcealed in the tall grass, and died within an hour.\\nThus perished M. de la Salle, on the 19th of\\nMarch, 1687, the first French explorer of the Mis-\\nsissippi to its mouth. He was illustrious for his\\ncourage, enterprise, perseverance and misfortunes.\\nHe was one of the greatest adventurers of the age in\\nwhich he lived, and his discoveries were extensive\\nand of importance to the French nation. He was\\nfor the setdement of Illinois, Missouri and Louis-\\niana.\\nThe murderers of La Salle, joined by other mal-\\ncontents, took possession of the provisions, ammuni-\\ntion, and every thing belonging to the deceased.\\nThey soon quarreled among themselves, and the two\\nassassins were shot. Father Athanasius, Cavalier,\\n(another priest and brother of La Salle,) with seven\\nothers found their way to Illinois, and from thence\\nto France. Many of the colonists, left on the Coler-\\nado, perished with hunger and sickness, or were cut\\noff by the Indians. About two years after the death\\nof La Salle, the few survivors were seized by the\\ncrews of some Spanish vessels, and conducted to\\nNew Leon. Thus ended the first colony in Texas.\\nFor the period of ten years after the death of La\\nSalle, war prevailed between the English colonies of\\nNew, England, and the French colonies of New\\nFrance, under Count de Frontinac, and no attempt\\nwas made to carry out the favorite project of La\\nSalle, of colonizing the Lower Mississippi. The\\ncolonies of Illinois, under the management of the\\nchevalier Tonti, received accessions, and missions\\nwere established by the Jesuit and other orders,\\namongst various Indian tribes. The Canadian hun-\\nters, or courenrs du hois, made excursions to the\\nMississippi, missionaries were planted amongst the\\nIndians on the Illinois, Ohio, and other tributaries\\nof that river. Before 1699, they had stations amongst\\nthe Tensas, Yazous and Oumas on the Lower Mis-\\nsissippi.\\nAfter tlie peace of Riswick, which put an end to\\nthe hostilities between the French and English colo-\\nnies in the north, M. Iberville, who had commanded\\nthe French fleet along the coast of Acadia, projected\\nthe prosecution of the plan of La Salle, of establish-\\ning colonies on the Lower Mississippi. A small\\nfleet was fitted out, and a company of marines, with\\nabout two hundred colonists, including a few women\\nand children. Iberville coasted along the Gulf in\\nsearch of the settlement of the unfortunate La Salle,\\nand discovered some of the mouths of the Great\\nRiver, and finally fixed on the bay of Biloxi, at the\\nmouth of the Rio Perdido, where he erected a fort\\nand planted his colony, in 1699. M. Bienville, the\\nbrother of Iberville, was sent with ten Canadians, in\\ntwo perogues, to explore the Mississippi and find\\nplaces for settlements. They crossed lakes Ponchar-\\ntrain and Maurepas, and entered the Great River\\nthrough Bayou Manchac. Floating down to the forks\\nthey met an English ship of sixteen guns, command-\\ned by captain Bar, who informed Bienville that he\\nhad left another ship below, employed in sounding\\nthe passes of the river. These ships had been sent\\nout by Danial Coxe of New Jersey, who claimed an\\nimmense tract of land, granted by Charles I. of Eng-\\nland to Sir Robert Heath, in 1627. They were af-\\nthe first European who established permanent col- terwards to return, and convoy out vessels with fam-\\nonies along the Mississippi, and opened the way ilies to establish an English colony. Captain Bar,\\n3*", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "18\\nwas uncertain whether the river he was in was the\\nMississippi, and Bienville contrived to deceive him\\nwith the notion thai it lay much further to the west,\\nand that the country where they were, was a por-\\ntion of the French colony of Canada. At the place\\nwhere the ship was detained by unfavorable winds\\nwas a singular bend, which, from meeting the Eng\\nlish ship, was called the English Turn, a name it\\nstill retains. Two or three little settlements were\\nmade by Bienville, along the river, now known as\\nSt. Francisville, Baton Rouge, and Fort Adams.\\nIberville made several voyages to France for colo-\\nnists and necessaries, and finally died in one of the\\nWest India islands, while fitting out an expedition\\nagainst Carolina.\\nM. Bienville now became commandant of the colo-\\nny in Louisiana. The first setders of this colony do\\nnot appear to have resorted to the earth for a subsist-\\nance, but depended entirely on supplies from France\\nor St. Domingo. Fishing and hunting afforded them\\nfresh meat, and the people carried on a small trade\\nwith the Indians. The officers of government, in-\\nstead of concentrating the population, and directing\\ntheir attention to agriculture, seemed intent on mak-\\ning new discoveries, and exploring the country for the\\nprecious metals. The wool of the buffalo was point-\\ned out to them as the future staple commodity of the\\ncountry, and they had a number of these animals con-\\nfined and tamed for that purpose. Two description\\nof colonists came out with Iberville. The first were\\nunaccustomed to manual labor, but they possessed\\nenterprise, and expected to realize fortunes from the\\nIndian trade, and from the mines of gold and silver\\nwith which they fancied the country abounded. The\\nsecond class, and those much the most numerous,\\nwere poor, idle and vicious, and expected to be sup-\\nported by the bounty of government, rather than by\\ntheir own industry. Accessions to the colony only\\nmade their condition the more deplorable. During\\nthe short administration of Iberville, more than sixty\\npersons perished with disease and hunger, so that at\\nthe close of the year 1705, the colony was reduced\\nto one hundred and fifty persons.\\nSome attempts were made to explore new and dis-\\ntant regions. In the year 1700, St. Denys, twelve\\nCanadians and a number of Indians were sent on a\\nvoyage of discovery up Red river. After a tiresome\\nexpedition of six months, the party returned without\\ngaining any material information concerning the In-\\ndian tribes on Upper Red river.\\nAnother party under Lesueur, ascended the Missis-\\nsippi to the falls of St. Anthony, which Dacan and\\nHennepin had visited, in 1680. Lesueur and his\\nparty proceeded up the St. Peter s river more than\\none hundred and twenty miles, and entered another\\nstream, which from the color of its waters, he named\\nGreen river, and near which was a mine of copper\\nand ochre. Here he built a fort and passed the win-\\nter. In the spring they returned with thirteen thou-\\nsand weight of ore, which they reported ta have\\ngathered near a mountain, and which was shipped\\nfrom Biloxi to France.\\nBetween 1705 and 1712, the colony in Louisiana\\nsuffered from attacks of hostile Indians, as well as\\nfrom scarcity of provisions. Five Frenchmen were\\nkilled by the Tagouiaco Indians, who dwelt on one\\nof the streams that flowed into the Ouabache, as the\\nOhio was then called. Bienville then attacked the\\nAlabamos, without gaining any material advantage.\\nThe Choctaws and Chickasaws were friendly, but\\nsoon a war broke out between these tribes, in which\\nthe colonists became involved. Father Foucault and\\nhis colleague were murdered by the Coroas.\\nTowards the close of the seventeenth century, the\\nFrench of Kaskaskia discovered the copper mines in\\nWisconsin territory, and formed an establishment\\nfor working them, but they were interrupted and\\ndriven oft by the Indians.\\nThey next turned their attention up the Missouri\\nriver, which they ascended in 1705, as far as the\\nmouth of the Kanzas river, and met with a friendly\\nreception from the natives. They were soon after\\nengaged in trade with the Missouri Indians.\\nThe colony of Louisiana suffered extremely for\\nthe first thirteen years of its existence. Contentions\\nand jealousies existed among the colonial authori-\\nties, and the people were dissatisfied. Many of\\ntheir misfortunes may be attributed to mismanage-\\nment and want of system. In that period of time,\\nabout two thousand five hundred settlers arrived, very\\nfew returned, and yet in 1712, it contained only four\\nhundred whites, twenty negro slaves, and about three\\nhundred head of cattle. The money expended on\\nthe colony in that period amounted to the enormous\\nsum of 689,000 livres.\\nAt this time the war in Europe demanded all the\\nattention and resources of the Crown of France.\\nThe king, though unable to afford supplies, was de-\\ntermined to keep Louisiana out of the hands of his\\nenemies.\\nThe country was still supposed to possess im-\\nmense mineral riches in gold, silver and precious\\nstones, although these precious metals had remained\\nundiscovered by both the Spanish and French explo-\\nrers. By letters patent, bearing date September\\n14th, 1712, Lous XIV. granted to Anthony Crozart,\\ncounsellor of state, c., the exclusive privilege of\\nthe commerce of Louisiana. This embraced the\\nwhole country lying on both sides of the river Mis-\\nsissippi, and included now in the states of Louisiana,\\nINIississippi, Tennessee, Illinois, Arkansas, and Mis-\\nsouri. He was constituted proprietor of all the\\nmines he should discover in the country, reserving\\nto the Crown one fifth of all bullion of gold and sil-\\nver, and one tenth of the produce of all other mines.\\nThe exclusive privilege of commerce was granted\\nfor the term of fifteen years; but the property of the\\nmines was conveyed in perpetuity to him and his-", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "19\\nheirs, on condition of a reversion to the Crown of\\nFrance of all such mines and minerals, should the\\nworking of them be discontinued for three years in\\nsuccession.\\nIn 1716, the famous banker, John Law, through\\nthe patronage of the regent, Duke of Orleans, obtain-\\ned a charter from the crown for his celebrated bank.\\nIt was first composed of twelve hundred shares of\\nthree thousand livres each, which soon rose lo a high\\npremium. The next year, (1717) M. Crozart solici-\\nted permission to retrocede to the Crown his privi-\\nlege of the exclusive commerce and the mines of\\nLouisiana, which was granted by an arret of the\\ncouncil of state, during the minority of Louis XV.\\nThe same month, letters patent were granted to an\\nassociation of individuals at Paris, under the name of\\nTht Company of the Ifest, by which they were\\ninvested with exclusive privileges of the commerce\\nof Louisiana, and the working of the mines to the\\nsame extent as Crozart, with additional rights and\\nprivileges of disposing of the lands. The revenue\\nfrom the mines, reserved to the Crown in the patent\\nof Crozart, Avere declared to belong to the company.\\nThis company was connected at once with Law s fa-\\nmous bank, and the income from the commerce,\\nlands and mines of Louisiana, occupied the place of\\na specie capital, and constituted the foundation of\\nits credit. The next year it was declared a royal\\nbank, and its shares rose to twenty times their par\\nvalue. Thousands of capitalists rushed to the slock\\nboard, the Mississippi Bubble was soon inflated,\\nwhich burst in 1720, and left the deluded specula-\\ntors penniless. Like modern bubbles of Fancy\\nStocks, the most extravagant anticipations were en-\\ntertained by the members of the Company of the\\nWest, and which resulted in the most signal disap-\\npointment.\\nMajor Stoddard, in his Historical Sketches of Lou-\\nisiana, very justly remarks:\\nTlie Mississippi scheme was no less bold in its\\nconception, than disastrous in its consequences. It\\nseized wUhin its grasp, the bank, the mint, all the\\ntrading companies, and all the revenues of the king-\\ndom. The object was to employ this vast capital in\\nopening the rich mines of Louisiana, and in cultiva-\\nting its fertile soil, in carrying on the whole com-\\nmerce of the nation, and in managing its revenues.\\nThe company created three hundred thousand shares,\\nat five hundred livres each three hundred thou-\\nsand shares, at five thousand livres each all of\\nwhich were sold in market, and before the comple-\\ntion of the sales they arose to an enormous height.\\nThe amount of stock thus created, without taking the\\nrise into calculation, amounted to sixteen hundred\\nand seventy-seven millions five hundred thousand\\nlivres or three hundred and ten millions six hun-\\ndred and forty-eight thousand, one hundred and\\nforty-eight dollars\\nSuch indeed was the phrenzy of speculation,\\nthat the whole nation, clergy and laity, peers and ple-\\nbeians, princes and statesmen, mechanics and even\\nladies, employed their wealth in purchasing these\\nshares. The scheme was calculated to enrich the\\nnation as well as the holders of the scrip but a per-\\nfidious breach of royal faith destroyed the credit of\\nthe paper, and multitudes were involved in ruin,\\nthougli the public treasury gained by it the annual\\nsum of twenty-three millions of livres. The ene-\\nmies of the financier Law, (and these were the dig-\\nnified clergy, who were ambitious of getting him su-\\nperceded in office by one of their own order,) pre-\\nvailed on the regent to reduce, by an arret, the value\\nof the paper, so as to bring it on a level with the\\ncoin, and other commodities of the kingdom. This\\nreduction destroyed all public confidence it proved\\nfatal to the minister, and to the splendid paper fabric,\\nwhich vanished like a dream, and left the multitude\\nto bewail their credulity, and to execrate the authors-\\nof their ruin.\\nWhatever might have been the immediate cause\\nof the downfall of this splendid and gigantic system\\nof factitious credit, it must be obvious to all reflect-\\ning men, that its ultimate dissolution was inevitable.\\nIts foundation rested on the commerce and metallic\\nwealth of Louisiana. Fancy exhibited the immense\\nmines of gold and silver of the Valley of the Missis-\\nsippi, sought in vain by De Soto, as its basis. The\\ngold and silver remains still undiscovered.\\nDoubtless this Company of the West was of great\\nservice in settling the country, and preserving the col-\\nony from starvation. Under its auspices hundreds\\nof adventurers came out. New Orleans was founded\\nin 1717, tobacco was cultivated. Fort Charlres in Il-\\nlinois built, and the lead mines of Missouri discover-\\ned and worked. Colonies were extended at various\\npoints along the Mississippi river. In 1731, the\\ncompany surrendered the country to the Crown.\\nThe same year the Company of the West was\\ninstituted, the project of an exploration for minerals\\nin Illinois and Missouri was formed. The most\\nliberal inducements to French emigrants, especially\\nminers and mechanics, were held out, and Phillipe\\nFrancis Renault, as agent and manager of the Com-\\npany of St. Phillips, came out. This^company was\\nan association of individuals, formed under the pa-\\ntronage of the Company of the West, for prosecut-\\ning the mining business in Upper Louisiana. Re-\\nnault is supposed to have been a prominent member\\nof the Western Company, and in some documents\\nhe is spoken of as Director- general of the Mines of\\nthe Royal India Company in Illinois. He left.\\nFrance in the year 1719, with two hundred me-\\nchanics, miners and laborers, and provided with all\\nthings necessary to prosecute the objects of the com-\\npany.\\nAt St. Domingo, he purchased five hundred slave?\\nfor working the mines, which he brought to Illinois,\\nwhere he arrived in 1720. These were the progen-\\nitors of those now held to servitude in Illinois, and\\ndistinguished as French slaves. Kaskaskia and\\nCahokia were then mission stations and French trad-\\ning posts. At that period the Indians of Illinois did\\nnot exceed five thousand in number. Those near the", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20\\nFrench settlement, were near Cahokia, and in the vi-\\ncinity of Kaskaskia. The Caoquias and Tamarouas,\\n(according to the French orthography of the period,)\\ntwo Illinois tribes united, had their village near the\\npresent site of Cahokia, and five miles south-east\\nfrom St. Louis. Here was a chapel and two mis-\\nsionaries. At Kaskaskia, as Charlevoix states, the\\nJesuits had a college and a flourishing mission, divid-\\ned and situated in two places. The most numerous\\nwas on the American Bottom, about fifteen miles up\\nthe Mississippi river from Kaskaskia. Still further\\nup was a mission site and a small Indian village.\\nThe whole number of the Indians throughout the\\nValley of the Mississippi, by no means equalled the\\nsuppositions of some of our modern authors. Their\\nvillages were widely dispersed and contained but a\\nfew hundred, men, women and children.\\nRenault established himself and his colony a few\\nmiles above Kaskaskia, in what is now the south-\\nwest corner of Monroe county, and called the village\\nhe founded St. Phillips, and near it planned and built\\nFort Chartres. Some authorities, however, repre-\\nsent this work to have been projected several years\\nearlier, but after a careful examination of the subject,\\nthe evidence is decidedly in favor of Renault. From\\nthis point he sent out his mining and exploring par-\\nties into various sections of Illinois and Upper Lou-\\nisiana, as Missouri was then called. Excavations\\nfor minerals were made along Drewry s creek in Jack-\\nson county, about the St. Mary in Randolph county,\\nin Monroe county, along Silver creek in St. Clair\\ncounty, and in many other places in Illinois, the re-\\nmains of which are still visible. Silver creek took\\nits name from these explorers, and tradition states\\nthat considerable quantities of silver ore was raised\\nand sent over to France. It is thought, however,\\nthat no successful discoveries were made.\\nIn Missouri, the exploring and mining parties\\nwere headed by M. La Motte, an agent said to have\\nbeen well versed in the knowledge of mining. In\\none of his earliest excursions, he discovered the lead\\nmines on the St. Francois, which bear his name.\\nAmongst these early money diggers, was De\\nLochon. He claimed to be a mineralogist, and was\\nsent up the Meremeg, a stream that enters the Mis-\\nsi-ssippi from the west, about eighteen miles below\\nSt. Louis. De Lochon having dug in a place point-\\ned out to him, drew up a large quantity of ore, a\\npound of which employed him four days in smelting\\nand as he pretended, obtained two drams of pure sil\\nvcr. His associates accused him of putting in that\\namount himself. Some months after, having forgot\\nten the place, he hit upon the same digging, with-\\nout being aware of his silver mine he succeeded in\\nobtaining, from about three thousand weight of ore,\\nfourteen pounds of poor lead, which cost him four-\\nteen hundred francs. Others were sent out but with\\nno better success. Renault made various discoveries\\nof lead, and made considerable excavations at the\\nmines north of Potosi, Mo., that still bear his name,\\nbut the company were entirely disappointed in alt\\ntheir high raised expectations of finding gold and\\nsilver.\\nRenault finally turned his whole attention to the\\nsmelting of lead, of which he made considerable\\nquantities. It w^as conveyed from the interior on\\npack horses to the Mississippi river, sent to New\\nOrleans in perogues, and from thence shipped to\\nFrance.\\nThe object of the company having failed, and its\\ninterests retroceded to the crown of France, Renault\\nwas left without the means of prosecuting the min-\\ning business. His eff orts and expenses were not\\noverlooked by the government. He received grants\\nof lands on four occasions. One of these covered\\nthe Mine La Motte. Another grant covered the\\nsite of Peoria, Illinois, and the adjacent country, and\\nis still claimed by purchase from his heirs and repre-\\nsentatives. It has never been confirmed and proba-\\nbly never will be.\\nRenault remained in Illinois till 1742, when he\\nsold off his slaves to his French neighbors, and\\nreturned to France, and the mining business went\\ndown.\\nAmongst the explorers of Louisiana, of the olden\\ntime, we must not overlook the name of Bernard\\nde la Harpe. Major Stoddard, in his Sketches of\\nLouisiana, says he has had access to the man-\\nuscript journal of this gentleman, and that it in a\\ngreat measure comprehends the history of Louisiana\\nfrom its first discovery to 1722. We have already\\nnoticed the exploration of Red river by St. Denys.\\nIn 1716, he again penetrated the interior, with mules,\\nhorses and goods from Nachatoches to Guadaloupe,\\nin Texas, where his goods and men were taken by\\nthe Spaniards and carried to Mexico.\\nIn 1719, La Harpe, with a body of troops, ascend-\\ned Red river to the village of the Cadoques, and built\\na fort which he called St. Louis de Corloretfe. A\\ncorrespondence was opened between him and the\\nSpanish commandant, and also the superior of the\\nmissions in Texas. The Spanish commandant ex-\\npressed desires to be at peace with the French, but\\nclaimed that the post La Harpe occupied was within\\nthe Spanish territory. La Harpe replied that the\\nSpaniards well knew the post on Red river was not\\nwithin the dominions of Spain, that the province they\\ncalled Texas formed a part of Louisiana that La\\nSalle had discovered and taken possession of it in\\n1685, and that this possession had been renewed at\\nvarious times since that period; that the Spanish ad-\\nventurer, Do7i .Antonio die Miroir, who discovered\\nthe northern provinces in 1683, never penetrated east\\nof New Mexico, or the Rio Bravo, that the French\\nwere the first to make alliances with the Indian na-\\ntions that the rivers flowed into the Mississippi, con-\\nsequently the lands between them belonged to France\\nand that if he would do him the pleasure of a visit, he\\nI", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "21\\nwould find that he occupied a post which he knew how\\nto defend. Here are the arguments, as employed by\\nL-o. Harpe, of tiie right of the United States to Texas,\\nin a nut shell. The contest ended with this cor-\\nrespondence, and the post established by La Harpe,\\nwas maintained by the French till Louisiana fell into\\nthe hands of Spain at the treaty of 1762, though the\\ngovernment was not changed until 1769.\\nM. de la Harpe in 1720, with half a dozen soldiers,\\na few Indians, and eleven horses, loaded with goods\\nand provisions, made an excursion from his post on\\nRed river, to the Washita and Arkansas rivers. He\\nmet with a friendly reception from the Indians, took\\npossession of the country, and hoisted the flag of\\nFrance. He sold his goods profitably, and then\\nfloated down the Arkansas in perogues to the Missis-\\nsippi, and reached Biloxi through Boyou Manchac,\\nand lakes Maurepas and Ponchartrain, On the Ar-\\nkansas, La Harpe describes an Indian village of three\\nmiles in extent, containing upwards of four thousand\\ninhabitants. He describes it as situated about one\\nhundred and twenty miles south-west of the Osages.\\nVarious attempts had been made by the French to\\nestablish a colony on the bay of St. Bernard, without\\nsuccess. In 1721, La Harpe, under royal orders,\\nembarked at New Orleans with a detachment of\\ntroops, engineers and draftsmen, to take a more ac-\\ncurate survey of the bay and country than his prede-\\ncessors had done. He found eleven and a half feet\\nof water on the bar at the entrance, and surveyed\\nfour large rivers that entered it. He described the\\nsoil along the coast as extremely fertile, and the\\ncountry beautifully variegated with woods, prairies,\\nand streams of pure water. This bay is now known\\nas Galveston.\\nAnother explorer was named M. Dutisne. He\\nwas sent out to explore the country of the Missouris,\\nOsages, and Panoucas. He ascended the Mississip-\\npi to the mouth of the Saline river, about twenty\\nmiles below St. Genevieve, and from thence traveled\\nwestward, over a rocky, broken and timbered coun-\\ntry, as he reckoned, three hundred and fifty miles, to\\ntlie principal village of the Osages. This village he\\ndescribes as situated on a hill about five miles from\\nthe Osage river, and contained about one hundred\\ncabins, and two hundred warriors. These Indians\\nspent but a small part of their time at their village,\\nbeing engaged in hunting the other part.\\nThe Panoucas were in two villages, about one\\nhundred and twenty miles west of the Osages, in a\\nprairie country, abounding with buffaloes. Near\\nthem were three hundred horses, which the Indians\\nprized exceedingly. The Paonis were at the distance\\nof four hundred and fifty miles. The village of the\\nMissouris was situated three hundred and fifty yards\\nfrom the river that bears their name. M. Dutisne\\ntook formal possession of the country in the name\\nof the king of France, and erected posts with the\\nking s arms as a testimony of ihe claim.\\nA few isolated facts, gleaned from various author-\\nities, will close these sketches.\\nTo encourage compact settlements and the cultiva-\\ntion of the soil, it was imagined that large grants of\\nland, of several miles in front on the large rivers, to\\npowerful and wealthy individuals in France, would\\nbe sound policy. Accordingly a large grant was\\nmade to John Law, the great bank projector, ot\\ntwelve miles square, lying on the Arkansas river.\\nLaw stipulated to bring fifteen hundred German em-\\nigrants to settle this and other tracts. Two hundred\\nGermans came out in 1721, and landed at Biloxi, but\\nnever reached the Arkansas. Amongst these was\\na female adventurer, who had been attached to the\\nwardrobe of the wife of Czarowitz Alexius Petro-\\nwitz, the only son of Peter the Great, emperor of\\nRussia. She put on the airs of a princess, and im-\\nposed on the credulity of many persons, and the re-\\nport soon prevailed that she was the daughter of the\\nDuke of Wolfenbuttle, whom the Czarowitz had\\nmarried, had treated with cruelty, and, as was the\\ncommon report in Europe, had died. The fictitious\\nprincess succeeded in producing the belief that she\\nhad been the real wife of the brutal Czarowitz, that\\ninstead of death and burial, she had fled secretly,\\nhad traveled in France, incognito, and taken passage\\nat L Orient among the German emigrants. Her sto-\\nry gained credit, and especially with the chevalier\\nd Aubant, a Prussian and an officer of the garrison\\nat Mobile, who had been at St. Petersburgh, had\\nseen the real princess, and who in the mingled feel-\\nings of love and chivalry, imagined he recognized\\nher features in those of her servant-maid. In short\\nhe married her, and after a long residence in Louisi-\\nana, returned with her to Paris, with a daughter,\\nwiiere he left her a widow. She went to Bruns-\\nwick, where her imposture was discovered, and she\\nwas ordered to leave the country. She returned to\\nParis, lived in great poverty, and died in 1771.\\nTHE MASSACRE OF THE NATCHEZ.\\nThe Natchez were the most powerful and intelli-\\ngent tribe of Indians in the Valley of the Mississippi.\\nTheir residence is sufficiently indicated by the city\\nthat perpetuates their name, though they spread over\\na considerable portion of the southern part of the\\nstate of Mississippi. According to their own tradi-\\ntions, they had migrated from the south, and their man-\\nners, customs and opinions, in many respects, resem-\\nbled the more civilized Mexicans and Peruvians.\\nThey were idolators, worshipers of the sun, had a\\ntemple, and an altar dedicated to that luminary, on\\nwhich a perpetual fire burned. At first they treated\\nthe French colonists with great kindness. In 1722,\\nthe Chickasaws gave them trouble, and attacked and\\ndestroyed a fort on the Yazous. The friendly ex-\\nertions of the Natchez saved the settlers. The next\\nyear, (1723,) the commandant at Fort Rosalie treat-\\ned them with indignity and injustice. The quarrel", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "22\\nbegan between an old Natchez warrior and a sol-\\ndier about some corn. The Natchez challenged the\\nFrenchman to single combat, who, in alarm, cried\\nmurder! The Natchez turned to depart from the\\ncamp, was fired upon by the guard and was mortally\\nwounded. No punishment was inflicted on the per-\\npetrators, while, in other respects, the commandant\\nrendered himself odious to the Natchez. The mur-\\nder of the warrior aroused up the whole tribe to seek\\nrevenge, and they attacked the French in all quarters\\nand killed many of them. At last the Stung Ser-\\npent, an influential chief, interposed his authority,\\na treaty of peace was made, and former confidence\\nrestored. The peace served to lull the Natchez into\\nsecurity, and gave the French opportunity to medi-\\ntate and execute one of the blackest acts of treachery.\\nThe governor, Bienville, ratified the treaty, and soon\\nafter, in a most cautious and dastardly manner, arriv-\\ned at Fort Rosalie with seven hundred men, and at-\\ntacked and slaughtered the defenceless natives for\\nfour days. From this time the Natchez despaired\\nof living in peace with the French, and secretly and\\nsilently plotted their destruction. By 1729, M. de\\nChopart, the commandant at Fort Rosalie, had been\\nguilty of such repeated acts of injustice, as to render\\nan investigation of his conduct inevitable, and he was\\nordered to appear before M. Perier, who at that time\\nadministered the government at New Orleans. But\\nhe found means to justify himself, and was restored\\nto the command. On his return he continued to in-\\ndulge his malice against the Indians. The act that\\nstung them to madness was his attempt to build a\\ntown on the site of the village of White Apple, a\\nlarge Indian town, situated about twelve miles below\\nthe city of Natchez and three miles from the Missis-\\nsippi, and which they regarded as a sacred place.\\nHe ordered their huts to be removed and the Indians\\nto leave the village. Among the fruitful expedients\\nto gain time, till they could unite the warriors of the\\nnation, and devise means to take vengeance on their\\nenemies, they proposed to give the French command-\\nant each one fowl and one basket of corn for permis-\\nsion to remain till after harvest. They held frequent\\nand S(y;ret councils amongst themselves, and invited\\nthe CHickasaws to join them. Notwithstanding their\\nsecrecy, one of their chief women suspected the plot,\\nand revealed it to a soldier. Still M. Chopart disre-\\ngarded the warning. The plot being matured, on\\nthe 30th of November, 1729, the Grand Sun, with\\nhis warriors, repaired to the fort with the tribute of\\ncorn and fowls. They rushed into the gate, disarm-\\ned the soldiers and commenced an indiscriminate\\nmassacre. The slaves and a few of the women and\\nchildren were saved. All the men were murdered.\\nNot a chief or warrior would stain his hands with\\nthe blood of M. Chopart, and one of the meanest of\\nthe Indians was ordered to kill him with a wooden\\ntomahawk. The settlement contained about seven\\nhundred French, of whom a very few only escaped.\\nThe forts and settlements on the Yazous and Wash-\\nita shared the same fate\\nThe news of this massacre filled New Orleans with\\nalarm and dismay, but M. Perier, the commandant,\\nwas very active in devising the means of redress.\\nThe French gained the Chickasaws to their side,\\nwho furnished fifteen hundred warriors, which were\\nmet in the neighborhood of Natchez with a detach-\\nment of troops from New Orleans, under command\\nof M. Loubois.\\nThe Natchez expected to be attacked, and had\\nstrongly fortified themselves in the fort. They pro-\\nfessed to be desirous of peace, and much finesse was\\nemployed on both sides. At last the Natchez con-\\ntrived to desert the fort in the night, and, loaded\\nwith plunder, they crossed the Mississippi and re-\\nturned to a position on Red river a few miles below\\nNachitoches, Here they erected a fort. M. Pe-\\nrier, having received a reinforcement from France,\\nmarched a strong force, with artillery, against them.\\nThey defended themseles bravely, made several des-\\nperate sallies, but were repulsed with great slaughter.\\nTheir defence and their attempts to negotiate a peace\\nwere all in vain, and they finally surrendered at dis-\\ncretion. The women and children were reduced to\\nslavery, and dispersed among the plantations. The\\nremnants of this once powerful nation were finally\\nsent to St. Domingo. Thus perished the most en-\\nlightened, civilized, and noble tribe of this continent.\\nA few fugitives, who escaped the massacre, fled to\\nthe Chickasaws and Creeks and became amalgama-\\nted with those tribes.\\nWe have already stated the religion of the Nat-\\nchez was idolatrous. One of their customs was bar-\\nbarous. On the death of a chief, or Sun, as they\\nwere called, and on some other occasions, human\\nsacrifices were offered. Their chief Suns were in-\\nvested with absolute power, and there were inferior\\nSuns, that constituted a kind of subordinate nobility.\\nThe Natchez are represented by different authors, as\\njust, generous, humane, and ready to extend relief\\nto objects of distress. They were acquainted with\\nthe virtues of many medicinal plants, and the French\\nrepresent the cures performed by them as almost in-\\ncredible. Charlevoix, who spent some days with\\nthis tribe in December, 1721, gives various details of\\ntheir manners, customs and religion, in which he is\\nsustained by other respectable authorities. He also\\nstates that on the death of a chief, or Sun, his nurse,\\nand frequently his body guards, to the number of\\none hundred or more, were put to death, that he\\nmight be followed to the spirit-land with a reti-\\nnue equal to his rank on earth. Besides the sun\\nand fire, they worshiped little wooden gods in shape\\nof monkies and rattlesnakes, placed on the altar.\\nThe Jesuits had a mission established in their vil-\\nlage, but we find no evidence of much success in the\\nconversion of the Natchez, as amongst more super-\\nstitious tribes.\\ni", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "iiiiiiiiiBJiJ", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "25\\nA TALE OF WESTERN CHIVALRY.\\nThe engraving for this article represents\\none of those scenes which were formerly so frequent\\nin spots which are now densely populated, one of\\nthose brave actions in which the hardy pioneers of\\nthe west, those gallant fellows who fought their way\\ninch by inch against the native redmeu of the forest,\\nwere so frequently engaged.\\nJ he memories of these actions are fast passing\\naway. Would that they might be perpetually re-\\ncorded. That Americans might always have before\\nthem a record of the perils and suflerings of their\\nfathers. The following account of the desperate\\nstruggle of Adam Poe is from M Clung s interesting\\nsketches\\nAbout the middle of July, 1782, seven Wyan-\\ndotts crossed the Ohio a few miles above Wheeling,\\nand committed great depredations upon the southern\\nshore, killing an old man whom they found alone in\\nhis cabin, and spreading terrour throughout the neigh-\\nbourhood. Within a few hours after their retreat,\\neight men assembled from diflerent parts of the small\\nsettlement and pursued the enemy with great expedi-\\ntion. Among the most active and efficient of the\\nparty were two brothers, Adam and Andrew Poe.\\nAdam was particularly popular. In strength, action\\nand hardihood, he had no equal being finely formed\\nand inured to all the perils of the woods.\\nThey had not followed the trail far, before they\\nbecame satisfied that the depredators were conducted\\nby Big Foot, a renowned chief of the Wyandott tribe,\\nwho derived his naine from the immense size of his\\nfeet. His height considerably exceeded six feet,\\nand his strength was represented as Herculean. He\\nbad also five brothers, but little inferior to hiinself in\\nsize and courage, and as they generally went in com-\\npany, they were the terrour of the whole country.\\nAdam Poe was overjoyed at the idea of measuring\\nhis strength with that of so celebrated a chief, and\\nurged the pursuit with a keenness which quickly\\nbrought him into the vicinity of the enemy. For the\\nlast few miles, the trail had led them up the southern\\nbank of the Ohio, where the footprints in the sand\\nwere deep and obvious, but when within a few hun-\\ndred yards of the point at which the whites as well\\nas the Indians were in the habit of crossing, it sud-\\ndenly diverged from the stream, and stretched along\\na rocky ridge, forming an obtuse angle with its former\\ndirection. Here Adam halted for a moment, and\\ndirected his brother and the other young men to fol-\\nlow the trail with proper caution, while he himself\\nstill adhered to the river path, which led through\\nclusters of willows directly to the point Avhere he\\nsupposed the enemy to lie. Having examined the\\npriming of hi-s gun, he crept cautiously through the\\nbushes, until he had a view of the point of embarca-\\ntion. Here lay two canoes, empty and apparently\\ndeserted. Being satisfied, however, that the Indians\\nwere close at hand, he relaxed nothing of his vigi-\\nlance, and quickly gained a jutting cliff, which hung\\nimmediately over the canoes. Hearing a low mur-\\nmur below, he peered cautiously over, and beheld the\\nobject of his search. The gigantick Big Foot, lay\\nSketches of western adventure, containing an account of\\nthe most interesting incidents connected with the settlement of\\nthe west, from 1755 to 1794 together with an appendix, by\\nJohn A. M Clung\\n4*\\nbelow him in the shade of a willow, and was talking-\\nin a low deep tone to another warriour, who seemed\\na mere pigmy by his side. Adam cautiously drew\\nback, and cocked his gun. The mark was fair the\\ndistance did not exceed twenty feet, and his aim was\\nunerring. Raising his rifle slowly and cautiously,\\nhe took a steady aim at Big Fool s breast, and drew\\nthe trigger. His gun flashed. Both Indians sprung\\nto their feet with a deep interjection of surprise, and\\nfor a single second all three stared upon each other.\\nThis inactivity, however, was soon over. Adam\\nwas too much hampered by the bushes to retreat,\\nand setting his life upon a cast of the die, he sprung\\nover the bush which had sheltered him, and summon-\\ning all his powers, leaped boldly down the precipice\\nand alighted upon the breast of Big Foot with a shock\\nwhich bore him to the earth. At the moment of con-\\ntact, Adam had also thrown his right arm around the\\nneck of the smaller Indian, so that all three came to\\nthe earth together.\\nAt that moment a sharp firing was heard among\\nthe bushes above, announcing that the other parties\\nwere engaged, but the trio below were too busy to\\nattend to any thing but themselves. Big Foot was\\nfor an instant stunned by the violence of the shock,\\nand Adam was enabled to keep them both down.\\nBut the exertion necessary for that purpose was so\\ngreat, that he had no leisure to use his knife. Big\\nFoot quickly recovered, and without attempting to\\nrise, wrapped his long arms around Adam s body,\\nand pressed him to his breast with the crushing force\\nof a Boa Constrictor! Adam, as we have already\\nremarked, was a powerful man, and had seldom en-\\ncountered his equal, but never had he yet felt an\\nembrace like that of Big Foot. He instantly relaxed\\nhis hold of the small Indian, who sprung to his feet.\\nBig Foot then ordered him to run for his tomahawk\\nwhich lay within ten steps, and kill the white man,\\nwhile he held him in his arms. Adam, seeing his\\ndanger, struggled manfully to extricate himself from\\nthe folds of the giant, but in vain. The lesser Indian\\napproached with his uplifted tomahawk, but Adam\\nwatched him closely, and as he was about to strike,\\ngave him a kick so sudden and violent, as to knock\\nthe tomahawk from his hand, and send him stagger-\\ning back into the water. Big Foot uttered an excla-\\nmation in a tone of deep contempt at the failure of\\nhis companion, and raising his voice to its highest\\npitch, thundered out several words in the Indian\\ntongue, which Adam could not understand, but sup-\\nposed to be a direction for a second attack. The\\nlesser Indian now again approached, carefully shun-\\nning Adam s heels, and mailing many motions with\\nhis tomahawk, in order to deceive him as to the point\\nwhere the blow would fall. This lasted for several\\nseconds, until a thundering exclamation from Big\\nFoot, compelled his comi)anion to strike. Such was\\nAdam s dexterity and vigilance, however, that hv^\\nmanaged to receive the tomahawk in a glancing direc-\\ntion upon his left wrist, wounding him deeply but\\nnot disabling him. He now made a sudden and des-\\nperate effort to free himself from the arms of the\\ngiant and succeeded. Instantly snatching up a rifle\\n(for the Indian could not venture to shoot for fear of\\nhurting his companion) he shot the lesser Indian\\nthrough the body. But scarcely had he done so\\nwhen Big Foot arose, and placing one hand upon his\\ncollar and the other upon his hip, pitched him ten", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "26\\nfeet into the air, as he himself would have pitched a\\nchild. Adam fell upon his back at the edge of the\\nwater, but before his antagonist could spring upon\\nhim, he was again upon his feet, and stung with rage\\nat the idea of being handled so easily, he attack-\\ned his gigantick antagonist with a fury which for a\\ntime compensated for inferiority of strength. It\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was now a fair fist fight between them, for in the\\nhurry of the struggle neither had leisure to draw their\\nknives. Adam s superior activity and experience as\\na pugilist, gave him great advantage. The Indian\\nstruck awkwardly, and finding himself rapidly drop-\\nping to leeward, he closed with his antagonist, and\\nagain hurled him to the ground. They quickly rol-\\nled into the river, and the struggle continued with\\nunabated fury, each attempting to drown the other.\\nThe Indian being unused to such violent exertion,\\nand having been much injured by the first shock in\\nhis stomach, was unable to exert the same powers\\nwhich had given him such a decided superiority at\\nfirst and Adam, seizing him by the scalp lock, put\\nhis head under water, and held it there, until the faint\\nstruggles of the Indian induced him to believe that\\nhe was drowned, when he relaxed his hold and\\nattempted to draw his knife. The Indian, however,\\nto use Adam s own expression, had only been pos-\\nsuMMiNo! He instantly regained his feet, and in\\nhis turn put his adversary under.\\nIn the struggle, both were carried out into the\\ncurrent, beyond their depth and each was compelled\\nto relax his hold and swim for his life. There was\\nstill one loaded rifle upon the shore, and each swam\\nhard in order to reach it, but the Indian proved the\\nmost expert swimmer, and Adam seeing that he\\nsnould be too late, turned and swam out into the\\nstream, intending to dive and thus frustrate his ene-\\nmy s intention. At this instant, Andrew, having\\nheard that his brother was alone in a struggle with\\ntwo Indians, and in great danger, ran up hastily to\\nthe edge of the bank above, in order to assist him.\\nAnother white man followed him closely, and seeing\\nAdam in the river, covered with blood, and swimming\\nrapidly from shore, mistook him for an Indian and\\nfired upon him, wounding him dangerously in the\\nshoulder. Adam turned, ajid seeing his brother,\\ncalled loudly upon him to shoot the big Indian\\nupon the shore. Andrew s gun, however, was\\nempty, having just been discharged. Fortunately,\\nBig Foot had also seized the gun with which Adam\\nhad shot the lesser Indian, so that both were upon an\\nequality. The contest now was who should load\\nfirst. Big Foot poured in his powder first, and\\ndrawing his ramrod out of its sheath in too great a\\nhurry threw it into the river, and while he ran to re-\\ncover it, Andrew gained an advantage. Still the\\nIndian was but a second too late, for his gun was at\\nhis shoulder, when Andrew s ball entered his breast.\\nThe gun dropped from his hands and he fell forward\\nupon his face upon the very margin of the river.\\nAndrew, now alarmed for his brother, who was\\nscarcely able to swim, threw down his gun and\\nrushed into the river in order to bring him ashore\\nbut Adam, more intent upon securing the scalp of\\nBig Foot as a trophy, than upon his own saietj\\ncalled loudly upon his brother to leave him alone and\\nscalp the big Indian, who was now endeavouring to\\nroll himself into the water, from a romantic desire,\\npeculiar to the Indian warriour, of securing his scalp\\nI from the enemy. Andrew, however, refused to obey,\\nI and insisted upon saving the living, before attending\\nto the dead. Big Foot, in the meantime had suc-\\nceeded in reaching the deep water before he expired,\\nand his body was borne off by the waves, withou:\\nbeing stripped of the ornament and pride of an Indian\\nwarriour.\\nNot a man of the Indians had escaped. Five of\\nBig Foot s brothers, the flower of the Wyandott nation,\\nhad accompanied him in the expedition, and all\\nperished. It is said that the news of this calamity,\\nthrew the whole tribe into mourning. Their remark-\\nable size, their courage, and their superiour intelli-\\ngence, gave them immense influence, which, greatly\\nto their credit, was generally exerted on the side of\\nhumanity. Their powerful interposition, had saved\\nmany prisoners from the stake, and had given a\\nmilder character to the warfare of the Indians in that\\npart of the country. A chief of the same name was\\nalive in that part of the country so late as 1792, but\\nwhether a brother or a son of Big Foot, is not known.\\nAdam Poe recovered of his wounds, and lived many\\nyears after his memorable conflict but never forgot\\nthe tremendous hug which he sustained in the arms\\nof Big Foot.\\nLIFE PRESERVER.\\nThe above cut represents a simple, cheap, yet\\nefficacioos Life Preserver for ice. Fatal acci-\\ndents very often occur from the fracture of this\\nbrittle material for it is very frequently the case\\nthat assistance cannot be rendered without immin-\\nent danger to the second person, even when the\\nvictim is within a few feet of the spectators. This\\ncheap machine is simply a lever, supported by a\\nmoveable frame or carriage, so portable as to be\\neasily conveyed from one point to another. At\\none end of the lever, is attached a large strong\\nhoop, and at the other, a rope. The fulcrum is\\nin such a relative position to each end of the lev-\\ner, as to require but little force to be applied to\\nthe rope, to raise the weight of a man at the op-\\nposite extremity. This apparatus has two ad-\\nvantages the entire safety of those on shore,\\nand the certain relief of the unfortunate if he has\\nstrength to hold on to the hoop, without danger of\\npersonal injury for it raises him perpendicularly\\nfrom the water, and avoids the danger of being cut\\nor bruised by the fractured ice. Such machines\\nshould be kept where there is frequent crossing\\nof rivers, at villages, on the ice in the winter\\nseason, or near mill-ponds, where the sport of\\nskating is much practised.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "29\\nTHE PIONEER.\\nDid we wish to impersonate our young and\\n.growing republic by some graphic symbol by\\nwhich its first and onward progress might be in-\\ndicated, we could not choose one more appropri-\\nate than that furnished by the artist in our en-\\ngraving. There stands the young and vigorous\\npioneer, buoyant with hope and high expectations\\nof the future, stripped for the mighty contest be-\\ntween human strength and the giant forest-sons\\nof nature. With his axe in hand he stands alone\\nin the midst of the vast wilderness, far from the\\nhallowed associations of youth and the charities\\nof home and of neighborhood, prepared to pros-\\ntrate the umbrageous forest and admit the life-\\ngiving sunbeams to the exuberant bosom of mo-\\nther earth. When first he left the teeming shores\\nof the Atlantic, bearing upon his head a parent s\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0blessing and within his heart the glow of pure\\npatriotism, he saw not the dangers and difficuUies\\nhe had to encounter. But when they arose\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0threatening around him when the flood disputed\\nhis progress the towering mountain loomed up\\nlike a giant before him, and the red-man of the\\nforest watched his every movement with a jealous\\neye then the moral courage of his nature expand-\\ned and strengthened, and his soul was elevated\\nwith the thoughts of that mighty. conquest he was\\nabout to aeliieve. His axe was his trusty clay-\\nmore, his young wife his country s honor uni-\\nversal freedom these composed his oriflamme\\nto encourage him in the heat of battle and his\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0cause was the cause of religion, humanity, truth,\\nequity and freedom. With such a weapon, such\\na rallying standard, such a noble incitement, did\\nthe hardy pioneer wrestle with the gnarled oak\\nand towering beech till they were overcome, and\\nluxuriant grainfields like a green oasis in the\\nmidst of the desert, gladdened his heart with the\\nsmiles of abundant prosperity. Where he had re-\\ncently fought his victorious battle, a village up-\\nrose, a monumental trophy of his prowess and\\nfrom eastern lauds lands where his ancestors\\ndwell the commercial marts upon the borders of\\nthe sea\u00e2\u0080\u0094 he hears the echo of his song of triumph,\\n\u00c2\u00abnd beholds a mighty tide of physical and intellec-\\ntual strength flowing on in his track, to populate,\\nbeautify and enrich the domain he has conquered,\\nand to rear and foster there other pioneers to\\npush farther onward toward the sands of the great\\nPacific.\\nSuch has been the onward progress of our\\ncountry. But little more than two hundred years\\nhave elapsed since the first permanent colony\\nfrom Great Britain landed upon the snow-clad\\nrock of Plymouth, to co-operate with others who\\nhad erected a few altars along the more southern\\nregions of the Atlantic shore. Like the young\\npioneer, they came from home with the blessings\\nof millions of their conntrymon upon their heads,\\nthe fire of patriotism and religious zeal warming\\ntheir hearts, while upon their foreheads they\\nwore a broad phylactery on which was inscribed\\nfrom the sacred scriptures of freedom\\nWhere Liberty dwells, there is my couktry.\\nThe forest\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the flood the savage all dispu-\\nted their progress but stout hands and stouter\\nhearts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the encouraging voice of contemporaries\\nand the beckoning hand of posterity the right-\\neousness of their cause and the bright reward\\nthat o-littered upon the distant goal, all combined\\nto make them look upon danger as unworthy of\\nnotice, and to inspire them with that courage\\nwhich makes mountains dwindle into mole-hills\\nwhen intercepting the progress of a mighty move-\\nment. As circle follows circle when a pebble is\\ncast into the qiiiet lake, so did civilization extend\\nits conquering influence from this little nucleus,\\nuntil cities, and villages, and fields of grain spread\\nout like a beauteous panorama, to the very base\\nof the tov.ering AUeganies. But there was one\\nthing yet to be accomplished. The young pio-\\nneer felt his strength, and the new world he had\\ndeveloped presented a far better scope for his en-\\nero-ies than the beaten track pursued by his an-\\ncestors. He felt that parental authority was a\\nruinous restraint, and compliance therewith to be\\nincompatible with the necessary efforts for the\\naccomplishment of his glorious designs; and he\\nresolved to break the fetter. For a time he laid\\nas ide the axe and the plough and battled manful-\\nly for freedom. The contest was long and pain-\\nful, but the star of his destiny lighted his path,\\nthe principles of right were the cloud by day\\nand the pillar of fire by night, and after seven\\nlong years of painful struggle, the eagle of victory\\nperched upon his standard, and the British lion\\nretreated, maimed and aflVighted, to his lair.\\nThus freed, our young republic opened wide\\nits benevolent arms as an asylum for the oppres-\\nsed of all lands. It had changed the wilderness\\ninto a rich and inviting territory, and a vast flood\\nof emigration poured its tributary waters into its\\nbosom till the AUeganies no longer formed an\\nobstructing dyke. Over their raugh battlements\\nthis flood found its way, and through the vast and\\nfertile valley of the Ohio irrigating streams of\\nphysical strength, intelligence and wealth flowed,\\nspreading freshness and beauty wherever they\\npenetrated. Year after year, new pioneers open-\\ned paths farther and farther into the wilderness,\\nand formed new channels for the tide of emigra-\\ntion and population, till now the Mississippi\\nthe father of floods\u00e2\u0080\u0094 flows for hundreds of miles\\namid the fields and dwellings of a busy people.\\nNow, when we speak of our country,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 our do-\\nmain the term is vague and inconclusive. From\\nthe laf^oons of Florida to the farthest verge of the", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "30\\ngrcdt lakes from Eastport to Astoria, our domain\\nis extended, and our little piece of striped bun-\\nting is acknowledged and revered.\\nThe time has been, and that but recently when\\nthe far west was a definite point of boundary.\\nBut now, where is it St. Louis, but a few years\\nsince a town upon our western frontier has now\\nbecome almost the centre of our union. Where,\\nuntil recently, the wolf made his lair a point\\nmore than a thousand miles from the sea\\nwharves are covered with the silks of India, the\\ncutlery of Britain, and the fruits of the islands of\\nOceanica.\\nFollow the Missouri up even to the Yellow\\nStone, and the voices of friends and kindred greet\\nyou on every side. Nay, stand upon the crest\\nof the Rocky mountains and view upon one side\\nthe spurs of the AUeganies, upon the other, the\\nwaters of the Pacific, and around you the vast ex-\\npanse of mountain, prairie, river, city, village, and\\nyou are but looking upon our country the\\nmighty result of the pioneer s energy.\\nSuch the past, such the present, but what is en-\\nshrouded in the dark veil of the future We now\\npresent a family of freemen more than sixteen\\nmillions in number, bound to protect the teraphim\\nof our fathers truth, liberty and justice. To I\\nour care is entrusted the ark of that covenant\\nwhich our fathers made with mankind when they j\\nframed the Declaration of Independence and en- 1\\nveloped it within the sacred folds of the Constitu- j\\ntion. They placed it within the holy of holies of;\\nthe tabernacle of American Liberty, and we are\\nbound by a pledge that must not be broken, to\\ntransmit it to those who succeed us in our right- j\\neous warfare with principles inimical to human j\\nliberty. Ours is a country\\n\\\\\\\\Ticre the men of a natiou stand out oq the sod,\\nAnd tread where their fathers triumphantly trod\\nand we should feel it a sacred duty to guard well\\nour altars from the pollution of sacrifices made by\\nunholy ambition to party idols. We should fos-\\nter education as one of the strongest bulwarks of\\nour liberty, and use every effort to imbue our\\nliterature with a proper national feeling, such as\\narises from the habitual exercise of the pure prin-\\nciples of democracy not that democracy about\\nwhich political parties prate, but that spirit rec-\\nognised by the Declaration of Independence.\\nEternal vigilance is the price of liberty. Let\\nus. therefore, consider ourselves, each a sentinel\\nupon the watch-towers of freedom, and when asked,\\nWatchman, what of the night V be able imme-\\ndiately to respond, All is well\\nSOXG OF THE PRAIEIE.\\nOh fly to the prairie, sweet maiden, with me.\\nAs green, and as wide, and as wild as the sea I\\nIts bosom of velvet the summer winds nde,\\nAnd rank grass is waving in billow\\\\- pride.\\nThe city s a prison too narrow for thee;\\nThen away to the prairies so boundless and free\\nWhere the sight is not checked till the prairie and skiea^\\nIn harmony blending, commingle their dies.\\nThe fawns in the meadow-fields fearlessly play\\nAway to the chase, lovely maiden away I\\nBound, bound to thy courser, the bison is near I\\nAnd list 10 the tramp of the light-footed deer.\\nLet England exult m her dogs and her chase\\nOh I what s a king s park to this Hmitless space?\\nNo fences to leap, and no thickets to turn\\n]S o owners to injure no furrows to spurn.\\nBut softly as thine on the carpeted hall.\\nIs heard the light foot of the coursers to fall;\\nAnd close-matted grass no impression receives,\\nAs ironless hoofs botind aloft from the leaves.\\nOh fly to the prairie I the eagle is there\\nHe gracefully wheels in the cloud-specked air\\nAnd timidly hiding her delicate young.\\nThe prairie-hen hushes her beautiful song.\\nOh, fly to the prairie, sweet maiden, with me\\nThe vine and the prairie-rose blossom for thee\\nAnd hailing the moon in the prairie-propp d sky,\\nThe mockmg-bird echoes the katy-did s cry.\\nLet Mexicans boast of their herds and their steeds\\nThe free prairie-hunter no shepherd-boy needs;\\nThe bison, like clouds, overshadow the place,\\nAnd the wild spotted coursers invite to the chase.\\nThe citizen picks at his turtle and fowls,\\nAnd stomachless over his fricassee growls\\nWe track the wild turkey the rifle supplies\\nThe food for the board, and the stomach to prize.\\nThe farmer may boast of his grass and his grain\\nHe sows them in labor, and reaps them in pain\\nBut here the deep soil no exertion requires\\nEnriched by the ashes, and cleared by the fires.\\nThen fly to the prairie in wonder, and gaze.\\nAs sweeps o er the grass the magnificent blaze\\nThe world cannot boast more romantic a sight\\nA continent flaming and oceans of light I\\nThe woodman delights in his trees and his shade\\nBat see I there s no sun on the cheek of his maid\\nHis flowers are faded, his blossoms are pale,\\nAnd mUdew is riding his vapor) gale.\\nThen fly to the prairie I ^no bush to obscure,\\nNo marsh to exhale and no ague to cure.\\nTranslucent and fresh comes the grass-scented breeze;\\nL nchUled by the mountain unbroken by trees.\\nSublime from the north he descends in his wrath,\\nAnd scatters the reeds in his snow-covered path;\\nOr, loaded with incense, steals in from tne west,\\nAs bees from the prairie-rose fly to their nest.\\nOh, fly to the prairie I for freedom is there\\nLove lights not that home with the torch of despair;\\nNo wretch to entreat, and no lord to deny\\nNo gossip to slander no neighbor to pry.\\nBut struggling not there the heart s impulse to hide,\\nLove leaps like the fount from the crystal-rock side,\\nAnd strong as its adamant, pure as its spring,\\nWaves wildly in sunbeams his rose-colored wing.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "THE EMIGRANT S DAUGHTER.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "33\\nTHE EMIGRANT S DAUGHTER.\\nMy mother s grave T is there beneath the trees.\\nI love to go alone and sit, and think,\\nUpon that grassy mound. My cradle hours\\nCome back again so sweetly, when I woke,\\nAnd lifted up my head, to kiss the cheek\\nThat bowed to meet me. Mrs. Sigourney.\\nAy, there is, indeed, a mournful pleasure in\\nturning aside from the ceaseless bustle of busy\\nlife to leave behind its wearying toils and dis-\\ntracting cares, and steal noiselessly into the city\\nof the dead, and hold sweet converse with de-\\nparted friends who now inhabit its lonely dwel-\\nlings. Even to the stranger from a distant land,\\nwho carelessly deciphers the time-worn memo-\\nrials which mark the name of the indwellers,\\nthere is something soothing and refreshing in\\nmeditations which arise while passing among the\\nhabitations of the graveyard, and seeing eviden-\\nces all around him, not only that infancy, youth,\\nmanhood, and old age, have alike contributed to\\nswell the population of this quiet spot, but that the\\naffections of the living for the dead are yet link-\\ned to departed ones by the outward service of\\nthe sculptor s chisel, as well as the deep graven\\nimpressions upon the heart. He feels as if he\\nwas standing upon the boundary which divides\\nthe past and the present generation, and is hold-\\ning silent yet instructive communion with the\\nsympathies of the living and the dead and this\\nfeeling lulls the storm of passion into repose,\\nsubdues the ardor of ambition, and clothes the\\ntractile spirit with the garment of humility.\\nBut when the parent approaches the grave of\\na darling child, or a child bends over the green\\nsward beneath which a parent sleeps when liv-\\ning friends stand around the tenements of friends\\ndeparted then it is that the fountains of deep\\nfeeling are unsealed, and the warmest sympathies\\nof our nature are brought into action. The cold\\nstoic who may pass along the world s highway,\\nunmoved by the miseries of his fellow-travellers\\nand untouched by the pathetic appeals of suffering\\nbrethren, cannot withstand the melting influence\\nimparted at the sight of the grave of a dear rela-\\ntive or friend, and he involuntarily pays to past\\naffection the purest tribute of a generous heart\\na tear.\\nThere is no temple more holy, wherein we may\\nworship with purer devotion, than the church-\\nyard nor is there an altar more sacred than the\\nsepulchral mound whereat the heart may pour\\nout its holiest aspirations, or whereon affection\\nmay deposite its precious offering, albeit but an\\nevanescent flower of the field. Around such an\\naltar, within such a temple, memory delights to\\nlinger and dwell, and to paint in all the glowing\\ncolors of the halcyon of life the delightful images\\nof the past, when the sleeping one was at our\\nside, shared in our joys and sorrows, and minis-\\n5*\\ntared bounteously to our comfort and happi-\\nness.\\nDeeper still are the feelings of the child when\\nsummoned by circumstances to leave the vicini-\\nty of a mother s grave, forego the soothing pleas-\\nure of a pilgrimage thither, and depart for a\\nstrange land. It is a hard thing to say farewell\\nto living friends, those with whom we may still\\ninterchange words of affection even when sepa-\\nrated by mountains and seas but, when called\\nupon to leave a mother s grave behind, to permit\\nthe flowers we have planted upon it to wither and\\ndie, to break off our holy communings with the\\nhallowed dead, and leave the path to her tomb to\\nbe trodden only by strangers or overgrown with\\nbrambles, then it is that we are forced to sever\\na link in the chain of pure affection, that nothing\\ntemporal can supply. And such is the link broken\\nby thousands of the emigrants who swell the\\nmighty stream of population which is constantly\\nflowing westward from the shores of the Atlantic,\\nand irrigating in every direction the vast wilder-\\nness of the Occident. The brief story of one is\\nthe story of thousands and we give it with the\\nunaffected simplicity of truthful narrative, as it\\nwas told us.\\nDuring the prevalence of the yellow fever in\\nNew York, in 1790, a distinguished merchant,\\nalarmed for the safety of himself and family,\\nclosed his store and retired with his whole house-\\nhold to his paternal estate, on the bank of the\\nHudson, then in possession of his only surviving\\nparent, an aged mother. His family consisted\\nof a wife, three daughters, and a son the latter a\\nyouth of only fourteen summers. But they had\\nhardly reached their rural retreat, joyous with\\nthe thoughts that they were safely beyond the\\nreach of the pestilence, before the painful evi-\\ndence of the presence of the contagion was visi-\\nble in the wife. The miasma of the infected\\ndistrict, had impregnated her life-blood ere she\\nleft the city, and, in less than a week after she\\nreached the abode of apparent health and safety,\\nshe was borne to the family churchyard. Next,\\na daughter who had watched incessantly at the\\nbedside of her dying mother, followed her then\\nthe son, and at last another daughter all, all\\nwere cut down like blooming flowers of the field,\\nand disappeared for ever. One child alone remain-\\ned to the grief-stricken father a blooming girl\\nof seventeen and upon her were all his warmest\\naffections centred. Broken in spirit by the terri-\\nble blows he had suffered, and entirely unnerved\\nfor the arduous duties of commercial life, the\\nmerchant closed his business in the city, and re-\\nsolved to pass the remainder of his days in the\\nquiet seclusion of his paternal home, where all\\nthat was dear to him were now enshrined.\\nTime passed on the aged mother retired to\\nher final resting-place, and the daughter became", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "34\\nto the father the lonely, heart-broken father the\\nonly staff upon which he could lean for support\\nin his affliction. With the true philosophy of\\nwoman s love and woman s courage, she seemed\\nto gain new strength with every shock and that\\nsorrow which bore down the spirits of her father,\\nwas a prompter to her exertions to buoy him up.\\nBut all her efforts were vain for the canker-\\nworm of grief destroyed his health, and gave\\nwarning that ere long he must join his silent\\nhousehold in the sleep of death.\\nAlthough in the presence of her father, the\\ndaughter seldom permitted her tears to flow, yet\\nnot a day passed in summer that she did not\\nstrew fresh flowers upon the graves of her dear\\nlost ones, nor in winter that her scalding tears\\ndid not mingle with the snow that covered them.\\nThe spot where her mother, and sisters, and\\nbrother, were buried, became so hallowed in her\\nmind, that she often fancied that she heard their\\nsweet voices floating upon the evening breeze iu\\nsummer, and their sighs trembling upon the keen\\nwinds of winter. She knew that ere long her\\nonly parent must likewise be a dweller there and\\nthe thought that circumstances might separate\\nher from that holy place, caused anguish most\\nsevere.\\nThe father died and then the feeling of utter\\nloneliness came over the poor girl with its great-\\nest power. Though the comforts of a maternal\\nuncle s home were hers though she became the\\naffianced bride of a wealthy young farmer to\\nwhom she had yielded her heart and all the affec-\\ntions it possessed, and to whom she had been\\ngiven as a precious jewel, by her dying father\\nyet a cloud of deep melancholy cast a shade over\\nher path, and memory chained her affections to\\nthe spot where the dearest treasures of earth, to\\nher, were deposited.\\nYears sped on in their rapid flight three chil-\\ndren, beautiful buds of promise, blessed their\\nunion, and awakened new emotions in her bosom,\\nwhich gradually weaned her thoughts from the\\nsorrowful retrospect of the past. But adverse\\ngales of fortune nearly wrecked the pecuniary\\nprospects of her husband, and he resolved to join\\nthe tide of emigration flowing rapidly into Mich-\\nigan, the then El Dorado of the far west,\\nWilling to be guided by circumstances, even\\nthough they dealt harshly with her feelings, the\\nafiectionate wife gave her willing assent to bid\\nkind friends farewell and seek a new home in\\nthe western wilderness. But one thought the\\nthought of leaving the graves of her beloved\\nones behind gave her the greatest sorrow and\\nwhen the trying hour of departure came, and\\nfriends gathered round to bid them adieu and\\ninvoke blessings upon them and their enterprise,\\nshe exchanged those greetings without much\\nemotion but when for the last time she strewed\\nthe early spring flowers upon the tombs of her\\nparents and sisters, and laved the upspringing\\nherbage upon their graves, with her warm tears,\\nthen it was that a fearful struggle, between duty\\nand affection for the dead, took place She\\nyielded, however, and with a sorrowful heart\\npressed her babes to her bosom and followed\\nher kind husband to the wild regions of the far\\nwest.\\nA few years passed on the almost desert\\nwhere the log-hut of our emigrant was reared\\nbegan to blossom like the rose, and the com-\\nforts of home and of neighborhood clustered\\naround them. The strong feeling of filial affec-\\ntion which embittered the first few months of her\\nresidence in the forest, gradually weakened, and\\nshe became calm and happy in the pleasing duties\\nof educating her children, and soothing her hus-\\nband in his toils. Disease, however, invaded the\\nemigrant s dwelling, and her children were left\\nmotherless. Her fond husband deposited her\\nprecious remains beneath the umbrageous branch-\\nes of a magnolia, and hej- children in their turn\\nplanted wild flowers upon their mother s grave.\\nThe lonely man still ploughed the soil,\\nThough she, Avho long had soothed his toil,\\nNo more partook his care\\nBut in her place a daughter rose,\\nAs from some broken stem there grows\\nA blossom fresh and fair.\\nThoroughly imbued with all the virtue and\\npiety of her mother, this daughter, then just ex-\\npanding into womanhood, became the excellent\\ninstructress of the younger children and a sooth-\\ner of the cares and sorrows of her father. Strong\\nand robust, she endured the labors and many pri-\\nvations of a wilderness-home with cheerfulness;\\nand, when the duties of the day were over, it was\\nher delight to have all drawn around the fireside\\nand listen to her reading and expounding of the\\nWritings of Truth. And Avhen the summer\\ntwilights came on, she might frequently be seeu\\namid her little brothers and sisters, sitting upon\\nher mother s grave, impressing upon their young\\nhearts the beauty of her example, and drying\\ntheir tears of sorrow by pointing to some bril-\\nliant star as it came forth, as the imaginary land\\nof rest where the spirit of their mother was hap-\\npy, and looked down upon them with all a\\nparent s solicitude. Frequently she might be\\nseen Avith basket on her arm, carrying neces-\\nsaries to some unfortunate family in the wilder-\\nness, far away from her own home and then\\nhieing to the spot where her father s axe was\\nheard, to tell him of the blessings she had re- Ml\\nceived while bestowing her gifts. The emigrant s ^1\\ndaughter was indeed a lovely flower, and many\\nwere the sturdy young foresters who sought, but\\nin vain, to pluck her from her parent-stem. She", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "35\\nwas there too closely allied to be easily induced\\nto leave her father s roof, while his comfort de-\\nmanded her service and her little brothers and\\nsisters required her maternal care.\\nAo-ain disease came to their dwelling, and the\\nfather was laid beside his wife. His eldest son\\ntook his place at the plough, while the daughter\\nacted as a guardian spirit to all. The sequel may\\nbe told in a few words. She married a back-\\nwoodsman, a man of stern integrity, strong mind\\nand exemplary honesty and the talented Dr.\\nT 1, a late distinguished, though very young\\nmember of the popular branch of the Indiana\\nlegislature, was ever proud of the privilege of call-\\ning her mother.\\n(From the West. Lit. Journal.)\\nTHE LAST OF THE INDIAN FIGHTERS.\\nDied, at his residence in Logan county, on the\\n29th April last, General Simon Kenton, aged eighty-\\none years, less seventeen days. The deceased is\\nbelieved to have been the last survivor, of that hardy\\nand intrepid band of pioneers, composed of Boon,\\nKenton, Logan, and Crawford, who took so active a\\npart in the first exploration of the western country,\\nduring the closing quarter of the last century.\\nSimon Kenton was a Virginian by birth, and em-\\nigrated to the Avilds of the West in the year 1771.\\nHe was born, according to a manuscript which he\\ndedicated to a gentleman of Kentucky, several years\\nsince,) in Fauquier county, on the 15ih of May,\\n1755, of poor parents. His early life was passed\\nprincipally upon a farm. At the age of sixteen,\\nhaving a quarrel with a rival in a love-afiair, he left\\nhis antagonist upon the ground for dead, and made\\nquick steps for the wilderness. In the course of a\\nfew days, wandering to and fro, he arrived at a smcill\\nsettlement on Cheat creek, one of the forks of the\\nMonongahela, where he called himself Butler.\\nHere, according to Mr. M Clung, whose interesting\\naccount of Kenton, in the Sketches of Western\\nAdventure, we are following, he attached himself\\nto a small company headed by John Mahon and\\nJacob Greathouse, which was about starting farther\\nwest on an exploring expedition. He Avas soon in-\\nduced, however, by a young adventurer of the name\\nof Yager, who had been taken by the western Indi-\\nans when a child, and spent many years among\\nthem, to detach himself from the company, and go\\nwith him to a land which the Indians called Kan-\\ntuc-kee, and which he represented as being a perfect\\nelysium. Accompanied by another young man,\\nnamed Strader, they set off for the backwoods par-\\nadise in high spirits Kenton not doubting that he\\nshould find a country flowing with milk and honey,\\nwhere he would have little to do but to eat, drink,\\nand be merry. Such, however, was not his luck.\\nThey continued wandering through the wilderness\\nfor some weeks, without finding the promised\\nland, and then retraced their steps, and succes-\\nsively explored the land about Salt-Lick, Little and\\nBig Sandy, and Guyandotte. At length, being\\ntotally wearied out, they turned their attention entirely\\nto hunting and trapping, and thus spent nearly two\\nyears. Being discovered by the Indians, and losing\\none of his companions, (Strader,) Kenton was com-\\npelled to abandon his trapping-waters, and hunting-\\ngrounds. After divers hardships, he succeeded in\\nreaching the mouth of the Little Kenhawa, with his\\nremaining companion, where he found and attached\\nhimself to another exploring party. This, however,\\nwas attacked by the Indians, soon after commencing\\nthe descent of the Ohio, compelled to abandon its\\ncanoes, and strike diagonally through the woods lor\\nGreen-briar county. Its members sufiered much in\\naccomplishing this journey, from fatigue, sickness,\\nand famine and on reaching the settlements, sep-\\narated.\\nKenton s rival of the love-affair had long since\\nrecovered from the castigation which he had given\\nhim. But of this, the young hero had not heard.\\nHe therefore did not think proper to venture home\\nbut, instead, built a canoe on the Monongahela, and\\nonce more sought the mouth of the Great Kenhawa,\\nwhere he hunted till the spring of 1774. This year\\nhe descended the Ohio as far as the mouth of Big\\nBone creek, and was engaged in various explorations\\ntill 1778, when he joined Daniel Boon in his expe-\\ndition against the Indian town on Paint creek. Im-\\nmediately upon his return from this, he was de-\\nspatched by Col. Bowman, with two companions, to\\nmake observations upon the Indian towns on the\\nLittle Miami, against which the colonel meditated\\nan expedition. He reached the towns in safety, and\\nmade the necessary surveys without being observed\\nby the Indians and the expedition might have ter-\\nminated much to his credit, and been very useful to\\nthe settlers in Kentucky, had he not before leaving\\nthe towns stolen a number of the Indians horses.\\nThe animals were missed early in the following\\nmorning, the trail of the marauders was discovered,\\nand pursuit instantly commenced. Kenton and his\\ncompanions soon heard cries in their rear, knew that\\nthey had been discovered, and saw the necessity of\\nriding for their lives. They therefore dashed through\\nthe woods at a furious rate, with the hue and cry\\nafter them, until their course was suddenly interrupted\\nby an impenetrable swamp. Here they from neces-\\nsity paused for a few moments, and listened atten-\\ntively. Hearing no sounds of pursuit, they resumed\\ntheir course and skirting the swamp for some dis-\\ntance, in the vain hope of crossing it, they dashed\\noff in a straight line for the Ohio. They continued\\ntheir furious speed for forty-eight hours, halting but\\nonce or twice for a few minutes to take some re-\\nfreshment, and reached the Ohio in safety. The\\nriver was high and rough, and they foimd it impos-\\nsible to urge the jaded horses over. Yarious eflbrts\\nwere made, but all failed. Kenton was never re-\\nmarkable for prudence and on this occasion, his\\nbetter reason seems to have deserted him entirely.\\nBy abandoning the animals, he might yet have\\nescaped, though several hours had been lost in en-\\ndeavouring to get them over. But this he could not\\nmake up his mind to do. He therefore called a\\ncouncil, when it was determined, as they felt satisfied\\nthey must be some twelve hours in advance of their\\npursuers, that they should conceal their horses in a\\nneighbouring ravine, and themselves take stations in\\nan adjoining Avood, in the hope that by sunset, the\\nhigh wind would abate, and the state of the river", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "36\\nbe such as to permit their crossing with the booty.\\nAt the hour waited for, however, the wind was higher\\nand the water rougher than ever. Still, as if com-\\npletely infatuated, they remained in their dangerous\\nposition through the night. The next morning was\\nmild, the Indians had not yet been heard in pursuit,\\nand Kenton again attempted to urge the horses over.\\nBut, recollecting the difficulties of the preceding\\nday, the affrighted animals could not now be induced\\nto enter the water at all. Each of the three men\\ntherefore mounted a horse, abandoning the rest, (they\\nhad stolen quite a drove,) and started down the river\\nwith the intention of keeping the Ohio and Indiana\\nside till they should arrrive opposite Louisville. But\\nthey were slow in making even this movement; and\\nthey had not ridden over a hundred yards when\\nthey heard a loud halloo, proceeding apparently from\\nthe spot which they had just left. They were soon\\nsurrounded by the pursuers. One of Kenton s com-\\npanions effected his escape, the other was killed.\\nKenton was made prisoner falling a victim, says\\nMr. M Clung, to his excessive love of horse-\\nflesh.\\nAfter the Indians had scalped his dead companion,\\nand kicked and cuffed Kenton to their hearts con-\\ntent, they compelled him to lie down upon his back,\\nand stretch out his arms to their full length. They\\nthen passed a stout stick at right angles across his\\nbreast, to each extremity of which, his wrists were\\nfastened by thongs of buffalo-hide. Stakes were\\nnext driven into the earth near his feet, to which\\nthey were fastened in like manner. A halter was\\nthen tied round his neck, and fastened to a sapling\\nwhich grew near. And finally, a strong rope was\\npassed under his body, and wound several times\\nround his arms and at the elbows thus lashing them\\nto the stick which lay across his breast, and to which\\nhis wrists were fastened, in a manner peculiarly\\npainful. He could move neither feet, arms, nor\\nhead and was kept in this position till the next\\nmorning. The Indians then wishing to commence\\ntheir return-journey, unpinioned Kenton, and lashed\\nhim by the feet, to a wild, unbroken colt, (one of the\\nanimals he had stolen from them,) with his hands\\ntied behind him.\\nIn this manner he was driven into a captivity as\\ncruel, singular, and remarkable in other respects, as\\nany in the whole history of Indian warfare upon\\nthis continent. A fatalist, says the author of the\\nSketches of Western Adventure, would recognise\\nthe hand of destiny in every stage of its progress.\\nIn the infatuation with which Kenton refused to\\nadopt proper measures for his safety, while such\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2were practicable in the persevering obstinacy with\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2which he remained on the Ohio shore until flight\\nbecame useless and afterward, in that remarkable\\nsuccession of accidents, by which, without the least\\nexertion on his part, he Avas so often at one hour\\ntantalized with a prospect of safety, and the next\\nplunged into the deepest despair. He was eight\\ntimes exposed to the gauntlet three times tied to\\nthe stake and as often thought himself U{)on the\\neve of a terrible death. All the sentences passed\\nupon him, whether of mercy or condemnation, seem\\nto have been pronounced in one council only to be\\nreversed in another. Every friend that Providence\\nraised up in his favour, was immediately followed\\nby some enemy, who unexpectedly interposed, and\\nturned his short glimpse of sunshine into deeper\\ndarkness than ever. For three weeks he was con-\\nstantly see-sawing between life and death and\\nduring the whole time, he was perfectly passive.\\nNo wisdom, or foresight, or exertion, could have\\nsaved him. Fortune fought his battle from first to\\nlast, and seemed determined to permit nothing else\\nto interfere.\\nHe was eventually liberated from the Indians,\\nwhen about to be bound to the stake for the fourth\\ntime, and burnt, by an Indian agent of the name of\\nDrewyer, who was anxious to obtain intelligence for\\nthe British commander at Detroit, of the strength\\nand condition of the settlements in Kentucky. He\\ngot nothing important out of Kenton but the three\\nweeks Football of Fortune was sent to Detroit, from\\nwhich place he effected his escape in about eight\\nmonths, and returned to Kentucky. Fearless and\\nactive, he soon embarked in new enterprises and\\nwas with George Rogers Clarke, in his celebrated\\nexpedition against Yincennes and Kaskaskia Avith\\nEdwards, in his abortive expedition to the Indian\\ntowns in 1785 and with Wayne, in his decisive\\ncampaign of 1794.\\nSimon Kenton, throughout the struggles of the\\npioneers, had the reputation of being a valuable\\nscout, a hardy woodsman, and a brave Indian-fighter\\nbut in reviewing his eventful career, he appears\\ngreatly to have lacked discretion, and to have evinced\\nfrequently a want of energy. In his afterlife, he\\nwas much respected and he continued to the last,\\nfond of regaling listeners with stories of the early\\ntimes. A friend of ours, who about three years\\nago made a visit to the abode of the venerable patri-\\narch, describes in the following terms, his appearance\\nat that time Kenton s form, even under the weight\\nof seventy-nine years, is striking, and must have\\nbeen a model of manly strength and agility. His\\neye is blue, mild, and yet penetrating in its glance.\\nThe forehead projects very much at the eyebrows\\nwhich are well-defined and then recedes, and is\\nneither very high nor very broad. His hair, which\\nin active life was light, is now quite gray his nose\\nis straight and his mouth before he lost his teeth\\nmust have been expressive and handsome. I ob\\nserved that he had yet one tooth which, in con-\\nnexion with his character and manner of conversa-\\ntion, was continually reminding me of Leatherstock-\\ning. The whole face is remarkably expressive, not\\nof turbulence or excitement, but rather of rumination\\nand self-possession. Simplicity, frankness, honesty,\\nand a strict regard to truth, appeared to be the prom-\\ninent traits of his character. In giving an answer\\nto a question which my friend asked him, I was\\nparticularly struck with his truthfulness and simpli-\\ncity. The question was, Avhether the account of his\\nlife, given in the Sketches of Western Adventure,\\nwas true or not. Well, I ll tell you, said he not\\ntrue. The book says, that whenBlackfish the Injin\\nwarriour asked me, when they had taken me pris-\\noner, if Colonel Boon sent me to steal their horses,\\nI said no, sir Here he looked indignant, and\\nrose from his chair. I tell you I never said sir P\\nto an Injin in my life I scarcely ever say it to a\\nwhite man. Here Mrs. Kenton, who was engaged\\nin some domestick occupation at the table, turned\\nround and remarked, that when they were last in\\nKentucky, some one gave her the book to read to", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "37\\nher husband and that when she came to that part, i\\nhe would not let her read any farther. And 1 tell j\\nyou, continued he, I was never tied to a stake in\\nmy life to be burned. They had me painted black\\nAvhen I saw Girty, but not tied to a stake.\\nWe are inclined to think, notwithstanding this,\\nthat the statement in the Sketches, of his being\\nthree times tied to the stake, is correct for the\\nauthor of that interesting work had before him a\\nmanuscript account of the pioneer s life, which had\\nbeen dictated by Mr. Kenton, to a gentleman of\\nKentucky, a number of years before, when he had\\nno motive to exaggerate, and his memory was com-\\nparatively unimpaired. But he is now beyond the\\nreach of earthly toil, or trouble, or suffering. His\\nold age was as exemplary, as his youth and man-\\nhood had been active and useful. And though his\\nlast years were clouded by poverty, and his eyes\\nclosed in a miserable cabin to the light of life, yet\\nshall he occupy a bright page in our border history,\\naiid his name soon open to the light of fame.\\nOld Rifle.\\nREVOLUTIONARY REMINISCENCES.\\nAn old gentleman, one of the few survivors of\\nLee s celebrated partisan legion, gave me the follow-\\ning account of a charge made by a detachment of\\nthat gallant corps, which he pronounced the most ef-\\nfective it ever made\\nWe were lying near Fort Granby, (said he,) watch-\\ning the movements of the British army, and seeking\\ndaily for opportunities to cut off its supplies, or any\\ndetached parlies that might be pushed out. Early\\none morning, Captain Armstrong, the most dashing,\\nheadlong and gallant fellow of our corps, was detach-\\ned with twelve men, on a reconnoitring expedition,\\nand during the afternoon of the same day, Captain\\nEggleston was sent out with a party of eighteen on\\nthe like errand in a different direction. Towards\\nevening, the parties met, and having formed a junc-\\ntion, retired into a piece of woods which skirted the\\nroad, and which, though prostrated, apparently by a\\ntornado, yet afforded sufficient cover to hide us from\\ncasual observation, when dismounted while at the\\nsame time, it enabled us to ^ee every thing passing\\non the road. We threw ourselves on the ground,\\nunder the broad canopy of heaven, as was our usual\\ncustom, not being possessed of tents, and slept sound-\\nly, having at first fastened the bridles of our horses\\nto our hands. At break of day, having roused our-\\nselves from sleep, while some were idly lounging\\nabout, and others standing chatting, in groups, a wo-\\nman wrapped in a red cloak, and mounted on horse-\\nback, passed by. Some of the men, for want of bet-\\nter employment, kept following her with their eyes\\nas she rode along. Presently she turned into a\\npath which led to the British camp. It was skirted\\nby high fences on either side, terminating at the wood\\nin which we were. As they continued watching her\\nprogress, their eyes fell suddenly upon a party of\\nsixty British dragoons, who were approaching her\\nfrom their camp, on a foraging expedition. They\\nrode up to her, and during their conversation, her\\npointing frequently towards the spot where we were\\nstationed, soon convinced us that she had discovered\\nour position, and was imparting her knowledge to\\nthem. Well aware of what was likely to ensue, we\\nall, without waiting for orders, mounted our horses,\\nin silent expectation. What shall we do said Eg-\\ngleston, turning to Armstrong. Charge them, bold-\\nly, replied the latter, and at the same time mounting\\nhis horse, called out, twelve men follow me, and\\ndashed down the road towards them at_ full speed,\\nwithout stopping a moment to weigh the chances or\\nhazard of an encounter, with a force so vastly supe-\\nriour. The enemy, seeing two bodies of cavalry\\nissue from the road, drew up his line facing us,\\nand sat firmly, pistol in hand, waiting our approach.\\nAs Armstrong rode up, they fired at his party, but so\\nhurriedly that not a shot took effect, and before they\\nhad time to draw their sabres, he burst in upon them,\\nlike a thunderclap, overturning whole ranks, and\\ncutting them down in every direction.\\nEggleston now joined, and the slaughter became\\nterrible for they thinking, in the first instance, that\\nthe fire of their pistols would either check or repulse\\nus, had made no attempt to draw their swords, until\\nwe were hand to hand with them. Such attempts,\\nwhen made, were in most cases rendered of no avail,\\nby the ardour and gallantry of our men, who unhorsed\\nthem before the sabre had left its sheath, or dealt a\\nblow in defence of its wearer. Resistance was soon\\nchanged to flight, and while pressing their flying\\nranks, in the chase, we were forced to cut down\\nmany who had ceased to resist, as a regard to our\\nown safety, and their numerical strength, forbade\\ntheir being left unharmed and capable of doing us\\ninjury, in the rear. Hemmed in on both sides by\\nfences, and mounted on sorry horses, this last re-\\nsource availed them so little that but one of the whole\\nparty escaped capture or death, and so hotly did we\\npursue him, that the outer line of sentinels was pass-\\ned, and one of them captured, before we reined in.\\nThe detachment captured, formed a part of the army\\nunder the command of Lord Rawdon.\\nGen. Lee has mentioned the circumstance in his\\nMemoirs, but is incorrect in the minor details. He\\nsays Eggleston was detached with thirty dragoons,\\nto join Armstrong, who had been previously sent out\\nwith a party, and that forty-five only of the enemy s\\ndragoons were taken. The fact is, we numbered in\\nall but thirty men, and captured or killed sixty of the\\nenemy, including the sentinel. Capt. Eggleston was\\nthanked in general orders but the glory of the\\nachievement belongs manifestly to Armstrong. The\\nformer was of a cautious disposition, and probably\\nnever would have hazarded his command in such an\\nattack, unless compelled, as in the present instance,\\nby the necessity of supporting his more daring com-\\npanion.\\nThus terminated one of the bravest actions which\\nthe history of the Revolution can present, and one\\nwhich reflects credit on those honoured patriots who\\nestablished the independence of the country.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "38\\nAN HISTORICAL SKETCH\\nOf the Early American Settlements in Illinois, from 1780 to\\n1800. Read before the Illinois State Lyceum, at its anni-\\nversary, August 16, 1832. Bt J. M. Peck.\\nThis period exhibited scenes of sufficient impor-\\ntance on these frontiers, to claim special notice in\\nthe early history of Illinois. The period to which I\\nallude, is from 1780 to 1800. The scenes are laid\\nprincipally in what is now called St. Clair and Mon-\\nroe counties.\\nThe military expedition of General George Ro-\\ngers Clarke, in 1778, and the subjugation of the\\nforts of St. Vincent, Kaskaskia, and Fort Chartres,\\nwas the occasion of making known the fertile plains\\nof Illinois to the people of the Atlantic states, and\\nexciting a spirit of emigration to the banks of the\\nMississippi. Some who accompanied him in that\\nexpedition, shortly after returned and took posses-\\nsion of the conquered country.\\nAt the period of which I speak, with the excep-\\ntion of the old French villages of Kaskaskia, Caho-\\nkia, Prairie du Rocher, Fort Chartres, Village a\\nCote, Prairie du Pont, and a few families scattered\\nalong the Wabash and Illinois rivers, the whole ter-\\nritory within the boundaries of Illinois, was the\\nabode of the untamed savage.\\nThis territory appears to have been claimed origi-\\nnally by the nation of Indians known to the early\\nFrench explorers, by the name of Illini, a word\\nPaid to signify, a full groton man. The ancient\\nresidence of this nation was about Green Bay, and\\nthey claimed the country west of lake Michigan, and\\neven west of the Mississippi. Like other nations of\\nIndians, they were divided into tribes. Each tribe\\nmanaged its own internal affairs but in more public\\nmatters, they met around one common council-fire.\\nThey dug up the tomahawk, to make war upon their\\nneighbours, and smoked the calumet of peace in con-\\ncert. The prairies of Illinois were the hunting\\ngrounds of this nation. Within the period of our\\ncontemplated history, the buffalo browsed upon the\\nluxuriant range within our view and till about 1797,\\nthey were tolerably numerous along the Kaskaskia\\nand Illinois rivers.\\nThe names of the tribes that unitedly formed the\\nnation of the Illini, were the Miamies, Mascotins,\\nMichigamies, Cahokias, Peorias, Kaskaskias, and\\nTamarweas. Besides these fragments of what was\\nonce the great nation of the Illini, other tribes inha-\\nbited Illinois, at the period of our history. The\\nKickapoos were numerous and warlike, and had\\ntheir principal towns on the Illinois, and the Vermil-\\nlion of the Wabash. The Piankeshaws, whom some\\nthink were originally a brancli of the Illini, were in\\nthe same region. The Delawares, Shawnees, and\\nother bands, passed over the territory, or were occa-\\nsional occupants of its hunting grounds. The Pota-\\nwatomies were principally north and west of the Illi-\\nnois river, and laid some species of claim to the\\ncountry as far south as Edwardsville and the Sacks,\\nFoxes or Musqnakies, and others, claimed the region\\nfarther north.\\nTradition tells us of many a hard-fought battle\\nbetween the original owners of the country and\\nthese intruders. Battle-ground creek is well known,\\non the road from Kaskaskia to Shawneetown, twen-\\nify-five miles from the former place, where the Kas-\\nkaskias and their allies were dreadfully slaughtered\\nby the united forces of the Kickapoos and Potawa-\\ntomies.\\nOf these Indians, the Kickapoos were the most\\nformidable and most dangerous neighbours to the\\nwhites, and for a number of years kept the American\\nsettlements in continual alarm. At first, they ap-\\npeared friendly but from 1786 to 1796, a period of\\nten years, the settlements were in a continual state\\nof alarm and distress from these and other Indians.\\nThe first settlement formed of emigrants from the\\nUnited States, was made near Bellefontaine, Monroe\\ncounty, in 1781, by James Moore, whose numerous\\ndescendants now reside in the same settlement. Mr.\\nMoore was a native of Maryland, but came to Illi-\\nnois from Western Virginia, with his family, in com-\\npany with James Garrison, Robert Kidd, Shadracli\\nBond, sen. and Larkin Rutherford. They passed\\nthrough the wilderness to the Ohio river, where they\\ntook water, came down that river, and up the Missis-\\nsippi to Kaskaskia. Mr. Moore, and a portion of his\\nparty, planted themselves on the hills near Bellefon-\\ntaine, and Garrison Bond, and the rest, settled in the\\nAmerican bottom, near Harrisonville. This station\\nbecame afterwards known by the name of the Block-\\nhouse Fort.\\nNothing deserving special notice occurred amongst\\nthis litde band of pioneers, till 1785, when they\\nwere joined by Joseph Ogle, Joseph Worley, and\\nJames Andrews, with large families, from Virginia.\\nIn 1786, the settlements were strengthened by the\\narrival of James Lemen, George Atcherson, and Da-\\nvid Waddle, with their families, and several others.\\nThe same year, the Kickapoo Indians commenced\\ntheir course of predatory warfare. A single murder,\\nthat of James Flannery, had been committed in 1783,\\nwhile on a hunting excursion, but it was not regarded\\nas an act of war.\\nBut in 1786, they attacked the setdement, killed\\nJames Andrews, his wife and daughter, James White\\nand Samuel McClure, and took two girls, daughters\\nof Andrews, prisoners. One of these died with the\\nIndians, the other was ransomed by the French tra-\\nders. She is now alive, the mother of a large fami-\\nly, and resides in St. Clair county. The Indians had\\npreviously threatened the setdement, and the people\\nhad built and entered a block-house but this family\\nwas out and defenceless.\\n1787. Early in this year, five families near Belle-\\nfontaine, united and built a block-house, surrounded\\nit with palisades, in which their families resided.\\nWhile labouring in the corn-field, they were obliged\\nto carry their rilles, and often at night had to keep\\nguard. Under these embarrassments, and in daily\\nalarm, they cultivated their corn-fields.\\n1788. This year the war assumed a more threat-\\nening aspect. Early in the spring, William Biggs\\nwas taken prisoner. While himself, John Vallis,\\nand Joseph and Benjamin Ogle, Avere passing from\\nthe station on the hills to the Block-house Fort in the\\nbottom, they were attacked by the Indians. Biggs\\nand Vallis were a few rods in advance of the party.\\nVallis was killed, and Biggs taken prisoner. The\\nothers escaped unhurt. Biggs was taken through\\nthe prairies to the Kickapoo towns on the Wabash,\\nfrom whence he was finally liberated, by means of\\nthe French traders, j The Indians treated him well,\\noffered him the daughter of a brave for a wife, and", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "39\\nproposed to adopt him into their tribe. He after-\\nwards became a resident of St. Clair county, was a\\nmember of the territorial legislature, judge of the\\ncounty court, and wrote and published a narrative of\\nhis captivity among the Indians.\\nOn the 10th of December in the same year, James\\nGarrison and Benjamin Ogle, while hauling hay from\\nthe bottom, were attacked by two Indians Ogle was\\nshot in the shoulder, where the ball remains Garri-\\nson sprang from the load and escaped into the woods.\\nThe horses taking fright, carried Ogle safe to the set-\\ntlement. In stacking the same hay, Samuel Garri-\\nson and a Mr. Riddick were killed and scalped.\\n1789. This was a period of considerable mis-\\nchief. Three boys were attacked by six Indians, a\\nfew yards from the block-house, one of which, Da-\\nvid Waddle, was struck with the tomahawk in three\\nplaces, scalped, and yet recovered the others esca-\\nped unhurt. A short time previous, James Turner,\\na young man, was killed on the American bottom.\\nTwo men were afterwards killed and scalped while\\non their way to St. Louis. In another instance, two\\nmen were attacked on a load of hay one was killed\\noutright, the other was scalped, but recovered. The\\nsame year, John Ferrel was killed, and John Demp-\\nsey was scalped and made his escape. The Indians\\nfrequently stole the horses and killed the catde of the\\nsettlers.\\n1790. The embarrassments of these frontier peo-\\nple greatly increased, and they lived in continual\\nalarm. In the winter, a party of Osage Indians,\\nwho had not molested them hitherto, came across\\nthe Mississippi, stole a number of horses, and at-\\ntempted to recross the river. The Americans fol-\\nlowed and fired upon them. James Worley, an old\\nsettler, having gotten in advance of his party, was\\nshot, scalped, and his head cut off and left on the\\nsand-bar. The same year, James Smith, a Baptist\\npreacher from Kentucky, while on a visit to these\\nfrontiers, was taken prisoner by a party of Kicka-\\npoos. On the 19th of May, in company with Mrs.\\nHough and a Frenchman, he Avas proceeding from\\nthe Block-house to a settlement then known by the\\nname of the Little Village. The Kickapoos fired\\nupon them from an ambuscade near Bellefontaine,\\nkilled the Frenchman s horse, sprang upon the wo-\\nman and her child, whom they despatched with the\\ntomahawk, and took Smith. His horse being shot,\\nhe attempted to flee on foot and having some valu-\\nable papers in his saddle-bags, he threw them into a\\nthicket, where they were found next day by his\\nfriends. Having retreated a few yards down the hill,\\nhe fell on his knees in prayer for the poor woman\\nthey were butchering, and who had been seriously\\ninpressed, for some days, about religion. The\\nFrenchman escaped on foo* v?. the thickets. The In-\\ndians soon had possession of Smith, loaded him with\\npacks of plunder which they had collected, and took\\nup their line of march through the prairies. Smith\\nwas a large, heavy man, and soon became tired\\nunder his heavy load, and with the hot sun. Sever-\\nal consultations were held by the Indians, how to\\ndispose of their prisoner. Some were for despatch-\\ning him outright, being fearful the -whites would fol-\\nlow them from the settlement, and frequently poin-\\nted their guns at his breast. Knowing well the In-\\n.dian character, he would bare his breast as if in de\\nwas his protector. Seeing him in the attitude of\\nprayer, and hearing him sing hymns on his march\\nwhich he did to relieve his own mind from despon-\\ndency, they came to the conclusion that he was a\\ngreat medicine, holding daily intercourse with the\\nGood Spirit, and must not be put to death. After\\nthis, they took off his burdens and treated him kind-\\nly. They took him to the Kickapoo towns on the\\nWabash, from whence, in a few months, he obtained\\nhis deliverance, the inhabitants of New Design pay-\\ning one hundred and seventy dollars for his ran-\\nsom.\\n1791. In the spring of this year, the Indians\\nagain commenced their depredations by stealing hor-\\nses. In May, John Dempsey was attacked, but\\nmade his escape. A party of eight men followed.\\nThe Indians were just double their number. A se-\\nvere running-fight was kept up for several hours,\\nand conducted with great prudence and bravery on\\nthe part of the whites. Each party kept the trees\\nfor shelter the Indians retreating and the Americans\\npursuing, from tree to tree, till night put an end to\\nthe conflict. Five Indians were killed without the\\nloss of a man or of a drop of blood on the other\\nside. This party consisted of Captain N. Hull, who\\ncommanded, Joseph Ogle, sen., Benjamin Ogle,\\nJames Lemen, sen., J. Ryan, William Bryson, John\\nPorter, and D. Raper.\\n1792. This was a season of comparative quiet-\\nness. No Indian fighting; and the only depreda-\\ntions committed, were in stealing a few horses.\\n1793. This was a period of contention and\\nalarm. The little settlements were strengthened\\nthis year by the addition of a band of emigrants from\\nKentucky amongst which was the family of White-\\nside.\\nIn February, an Indian in ambuscade, wounded\\nJoel Whiteside, and was followed by John Moore,\\nAndrew Kinney, Thos. Todd, and others, killed and\\nscalped. Soon after, a party of Kickapoos, suppo-\\nsed to have been headed by the celebrated war-chief.\\nOld Pecan, made a predatory excursion into the\\nAmerican bottom, near the present residence of S.\\nW. Miles, in Monroe county, and stole nine horses\\nfrom the citizens. A number of citizens rallied and\\ncommenced pursuit but many having started with-\\nout preparing for long absence, and being apprehen-\\nsive that an expedition into the Indian country would\\nbe attended with much danger, all returned but eight\\nmen. This little band consisted of Samuel Judy,\\nJohn Whitepide, William L. Whiteside, Uel White-\\nside, William Harrington, John Dempsey, and John\\nPorter, with William Whiteside, a man of great pru-\\ndence and unquestioned bravery in Indian warfare,\\nwhom they chose commander.\\nThey passed on the trail near the present site of\\nBelleville, towards the Indian camps on Shoal creek,\\nwhere they found three of the stolen horses grazing,\\nwhich they secured. The party then, small as it\\nwas, divided into two parts of four men each, and\\napproached the Indian camps from opposite sides.\\nThe signal for attack was the discharge of the cap-\\ntain s gun. One Indian, a son of Old Pecan, was\\nkilled, another mortally, and others slightly woun-\\nded, and the Indians fled, leaving their guns. Such\\na display of courage by the whites, and being attac-\\nhed on two sides^at once, made the Indians believe\\nZU aS^poiru^wari t7sig;if; U,; Grea. Splri.l there was a large force, and the old ehief approached", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "40\\nthe party and begged for quarter. But when he dis\\ncovered his foes to be an insignificant number, and\\nhis own party numerous, he called aloud to his braves\\nto return and retrieve their honour. His own gun he\\ni^d surrendered to the whites, but now he seized the\\ngun of the captain, and exerted all his force to wrest\\njt from him. Captain Whiteside was a powerful\\nman, and a stranger to fear but he compelled the\\nIndian to retire, deeming it dishonourable to destroy\\nan unarmed man, who had previously surrendered.\\nThis intrepid band was now in the heart of the\\nIndian country, where hundreds of warriors could be\\nrallied in a few hours time. In this critical situa-\\ntion, Captain Whiteside, not less distinguished for\\nprudence than bravery, did not long hesitate. With\\nthe horses they had recovered, they immediately\\nstarted for home, without loss of time in hunting the\\nremainder. They travelled night and day, without\\neating or sleeping, till they reached in safety White-\\nside s station, in Monroe county. On the same\\nnight. Old Pecan, with seventy warriors, arrived in\\nthe vicinity of Cahokia. From that time, the very\\nname of Whiteside struck terror amongst the Kicka-\\npoos.\\nHazardous and daring as this expedition was, it\\nmet with great disapprobation from many of the set-\\ntlers. Some alleged, that Old Pecan was decidedly\\nfriendly to the whites that another party had stolen\\nthe horses that the attack upon his camp was clan-\\ndestine and wanton and that it was the cause of much\\nsubsequent mischief. These nice points of casuis-\\ntry are difficult to be settled at this period. It has\\nlong been known, that one portion of a nation or\\ntribe will be on the war-path, while another party\\nwill pretend to be peaceable. Hence it has been\\nfound necessary to hold the tribe responsible for the\\nconduct of its party.\\n1794. The Indians, in revenge for the attack just\\nnarrated, shot Thomas Whiteside, a young man,\\nnear the station, tomahawked a son of William\\nWhiteside, so that he died, and wounded another\\nson that lived, all in revenge for the death of Old\\nPecan s son. In February, of the same year, the\\nIndians killed Mr. Hough, one of the early settlers,\\nwhile on his way to Kaskaskia.\\n1795. Two men at one time, and some French\\nnegroes at another time, were killed on the American\\nbottom, and some prisoners were taken. The same\\nyear, the family of Mr. McMahan was killed and\\nhimself and daughters taken prisoners. This man\\nlived in the outskirts of the settlement. Four In-\\ndians attacked liis house in daylight, killed his wife\\nand four children before his eyes, laid their bodies\\n5n a row on the floor of the cabin, took him and his\\ndaughter, and marched for their towns. On the se-\\ncond night, Mr. McMahan, finding the Indians asleep,\\nput on their moccasins and made his escape. He\\narrived in the settlement just after his neighbours had\\nburied his family. They had enclosed their bodies\\nin rude coffins, and covered them with earth as he\\ncame in sight. He looked upon the newly formed\\nhillock, and raising his eyes to heaven, in pious re-\\nsignation, said, they were lovely and pleasant in\\ntheir lives, and in their death they were not divided.\\nHis daughter, now Mrs. Gaskill, of Ridge prairie,\\nwas afterwards ransomed by the charitable contribu-\\ntions of the people.\\nNot far from this period, the Whitesides and oth-\\ners, to the number of fourteen persons, made an at-\\ntack upon an encampment of Indians, of superior\\nforce, at the foot of the bluffs west of Belleville.\\nOnly one Indian ever returned to his nation to tell\\nthe story of their defeat. The graves of the rest are\\nnow to be seen, in the border of a thicket on the bat-\\ntle-ground. In this skirmish. Captain William White-\\nside was wounded, as he thought, mortally, having\\nreceived a shot in his side. As he fell, he exhorted\\nhis sons to fight valiantly, not to yield an inch of\\nground, nor let the Indians touch his body. Uel\\nWhiteside, who was shot in the arm, and disabled\\nfrom using the rifle, examined the wound, and found\\nthe ball had glanced along the ribs and lodged against\\nthe spine. With that presence of mind, which is\\nsometimes characteristic of our backwoods hunters,\\nhe whipped out his knife, gashed the skin, extracted\\nthe ball, and holding it up, exultingly exclaimed,\\nFather, you are not dead The old man instantly\\njumped on his feet, and renewed the fight, exclaim-\\ning, come on, boys, I can fight them yet Such in-\\nstances of desperate intrepidity and martial energy\\nof character, distinguished the men who defendea\\nthe frontiers of Illinois in those days of peril.\\nThe subjugation of the Indians in the Miami\\ncountry, by General Wayne, in 1794, and the treaty\\nthat grew out of it the following year, brought peace\\nto the borders of Illinois, and the settlers remained\\nunmolested from these daily alarms. A few horses\\nwere stolen from time to time, and in 1802, Joseph\\nVanmeter and Alexander Dennis were killed on the\\nAmerican bottom, but no attack was made upon the\\nsettlements. Families again took up their abodes in\\nthe borders of the prairies emigrants from the states\\nclustered around them, and the cultivation of the soil\\nwas pursued without fear or interruption.\\nDuring most of the period we have gone over,\\nthese people lived under the jurisdiction of the North-\\nwestern Territory. The administration of civil go-\\nvernment was conducted in its most simple form the\\nmorals of the people were pure, and much of rural\\nsimplicity and hospitality was enjoyed.\\nThere was something peculiarly interesting in this\\nprimitive society. The grosser vices were unknown.\\nThere \\\\vas but very little use for the administration\\nof either civil or criminal laws. Ardent spirit, that\\noutrage upon morals, social order, and religion, had\\nbeen introduced but in small quantities thefts and\\nother crimes were extremely rare, and fraud and dis-\\nhonesty in dealings, but seldom practised. The\\nMoores, Ogles, Lcmens, and other families, were of\\nunblemished morals, and were impelled by a love of\\nfreedom to leave the banks of the Potomac, in Vir-\\nginia, for a residence on the prairies of Illinois.\\nThey were opposed to slavery, and took up their\\nlong line of march for these wild regions, that they\\nand their posterity might enjoy uninterrupted, the\\nadvantages of a country unembarrassed with sla-\\nvery.\\nFor the first eight or ten years of the period I\\nhave glanced over, the only professor of religion in\\nthe colony was a female, who had been a member\\nof the Presbyterian church yet the Sabbath was\\nobserved with religious consecration. The people\\nwere accustomed to assemble, sing hymns, and read\\na portion of scripture or a sermon. No one ventur-\\ned to offer a prayer.\\nIn 1778, James Smith, a Baptist preacher from", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "41\\nKentucky, whose captivity with the Indians has been\\nnarrated, visited the settlement and preached to the\\npeople. The influence of the divine Spirit descen-\\nded, and some were converted. This was the first\\nprotestant preaching, and these were the first con-\\nverts, and this the first revival of religion, ever\\nknown on the banks of the father of waters.\\nIn 1790, Smith made his third visit to the country,\\npreached several times, and other persons became\\nanxious about their souls, amongst whom was the\\nwoman who was murdered, when he was captured.\\nOwing to the unsettled state of the country, it was\\nnot deemed expedient to organize a church. Amongst\\nthe converts made under the preaching of Smith,\\nwere Joseph Ogle and some of his children, James\\nLemen, sen., their wives and others.\\nIn 1793, Joseph Lillard, a Methodist preacher.\\nmade a visit to the country, and attended several\\nmeetings. Some of the families embraced Metho-\\ndist principles. The succeeding year, Josiah Dodge,\\na regular Baptist preacher, originally from Connecti-\\ncut, but then from Kentucky, visited Illinois, and\\npreached the gospel with some success. The next\\nyear he returned and baptized James Lemen, sen.\\nand wife, John Gibbons and Isaac Enochs. This\\nwas the first instance of the ordinance of baptism\\nbeing administered by a protestant in these ends of\\nthe earth. During the same year, 1796, elder Da-\\nvid Badgley from Virginia, visited Illinois, and orga-\\nnized the Baptist church at New Design, which was\\nthe first regularly organized protestant community.\\nIt is worthy of note, that the descendants of those\\nearly settlers whose attention was turned to religion,\\nand for whom the Lord spread a table in the wilder-\\nness, are now worthy and respectable members of\\nchristian churches. A large majority of the Moores,\\nLemens and Ogles, are of this description.\\nIn a few years, preachers of the gospel were rais-\\ned up in the country, many of whom are now alive\\nand notwithstanding the difiiculties they had to sur-\\nmount, and the privations to endure, they have been\\ninstrumental in doing much good. In those days, that\\nminister s library was thought to be well supplied,\\nthat contained a complete copy of the Holy Scrip-\\ntures, a copy of Watts Psalms and Hymns, and Rus-\\nsell s seven Sermons. There were preachers then,\\nwho taught the people in the best manner they were\\nable, without possessing, and without the power of\\nobtaining a whole copy of the Word of God.\\nThe opportunity of these pioneers to educate their\\nchildren was extremely small. If the mother could\\nread, while the father was in the cornfield, or with\\nhis rifle upon the range, she would barricade the\\ndoor to keep off the Indians, gather her little ones\\naround her, and by the light that came in from the\\ncrevises in the roof and sides of the cabin, she\\nwould teach them the rudiments of spelling from the\\nfragments of some old book. After schools were\\ntaught, the price of a rough and antiquated copy of\\nDilworth s spelling book was one dollar, and that\\ndollar equal in value io five now.\\nThe first school ever taught for the American set-\\ntlers, was by Samuel Seely, in 1783. Francis\\nClark, an intemperate man, came next. This was\\nnear Bellefontaine, in 1785. After this, an inoffen-\\nsive Irishman of small attainments, by the name of\\nHalfpenny, was employed by the people for several\\nquarters. Spelling, reading, writing, and the ele-\\n6*\\nments of arithmetic, were all the branches attemp-\\nted to be taught, and these in a very imperfect man-\\nner.\\nThe year 1797 was distinguished for a mortal\\nsickness that prevailed in the settlement of New De-\\nsign. A colony of one hundred and twenty-six per-\\nsons, left the south branch of the Potomac, in Virgi-\\nnia, early in the spring, descended the Ohio by wa-\\nter, landed at Fort Massac, bringing their horses and\\nwaggons, with which they crossed the wilderness to\\nNew Design. The season proved uncommonly\\nrainy the mud was excessively deep, and frequently\\nfor miles in extent, they were obliged to wade through\\nsheets of water. They were twenty-one days in\\ntraversing this wilderness, which is mostly a timber-\\ned region. The old settlers had been so long har-\\nrassed with Indian warfare, that agriculture had been\\nneglected, their cattle were few in number, and their\\nstock of provisions very scanty. Their cabins usu-\\nally consisted of a single room, for all domestic pur-\\nposes and though hospitality to strangers is a uni-\\nversal trait in frontier character, it was utterly beyond\\nthe power of the inhabitants to provide accommo-\\ndations in provisions or shelter to these new comers,\\nwho arrived in a famishing, deplorable, and sickly\\ncondition. They did the best they could a single\\ncabin frequently contained three or four families.\\nTheir rifles could procure venison from the prairies\\nbut the extreme rains were followed with unusual\\nheat they had no salt, and their meat was often in\\nspoiling order, before they could pack it from the\\nhunting grounds to the settlement. Medical aid was\\nprocured with the greatest difficulty, and that but\\nseldom. Under such circumstances, need it surprise\\nthe reader, that of the one hundred and twenty-six\\nemigrants who left Virginia in the spring, only sixty-\\nthree remained at the close of summer. A little\\nbluff* had been entirely covered with newly-formed\\ngraves They were swept off by a putrid fever,\\nuncommonly malignant, and which sometimes did\\nits work in a few hours. The inhabitants were\\nhealthy as usual.\\nThe settlers inform me, that no disease like it ever\\nappeared in the country before or since. Intelligence\\nof this fatal sickness reached the Atlantic states,\\nfound its way into the periodical journals, and more\\nthan all other events, has produced an impression\\nabroad, that Illinois is a sickly country; an impres-\\nsion wholly incorrect. Illinois, unquestionably, is\\nas healthy a region as any western state.\\nIn 1798, Turkey Hill setdement, in St. Clair\\ncounty, was made by William Scott. His descen-\\ndants are numerous and respectable in that county.\\nMany other interesting facts of this early period\\nmay yet be gleaned. The facts I have narrated, are\\nof unquestionable authority, having been obtained\\nfrom those who were actors in the scenes.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "42\\nTHE WESTERN MOTHERS.\\nNor was it man alone who boldly adventured\\ninto the untrodden forests of the west, to found new\\nstates and cities. Woman, gentle and confiding\\nwoman, was present, to share the dangers and perils\\nof the lords of creation. The legends of the west,\\nthe tales of chivalry and adventure, which are in-\\ntimately connected with the formation and progress\\nof those members of the confederacy which at some\\nfuture period are destined to exercise an immense\\ninfluence on the fortunes of our country, often pre-\\nsent woman as taking an active part in the perils of\\nIndian warfare and it is by no means unusual, for\\nthe traveller in wandering over the western frontier,\\nto hear a thrilling narrative of a devoted wife, stand-\\ning up at her husband s side, and perilling her life\\nwith a generous devotion which none but woman\\ncan know, and rendering to the beloved of her bo-\\nsom, assistance which was often of vital importance\\nto hitn.\\nM Clung in his interesting Sketches of Western\\nAdventure has recorded among many others of a\\nkindred character, the following sketch.\\nDuring the summer, the house of Mr. John Mer-\\nril, of Nelson county, Ky., was attacked by the In-\\ndians, and defended with singular address and good\\nfortune. Merril was alarmed by the barking of a\\ndog about midnight, and upon opening the door in\\norder to ascertain the cause of the disturbance, he\\nreceived the fire of six or seven Indians, by which\\nhis arm and thigh were both broken. He instantly\\nsunk upon the floor and called upon his Avife to close\\nthe door. This had scarcely been done, when it\\nwas violently assailed by the tomahawks of the\\nenemy, and a large breach soon eflected. Mrs.\\nMerril, however, being a perfect Amazon both in\\nstrength and courage, guarded it Avith an axe, and\\nsuccessively killed or badly wounded four of the\\nenemy as they attempted to force their way into the\\ncabin. The Indians then ascended the roof and at-\\ntempted to enter by way of the chimney, but here,\\nagain, they were met by the same determined en-\\nemy, Mrs. Merril seized the only feather bed,\\nwhich the cabin afforded, and hastily ripping it\\nopen, poured its contents upon the fire. A furious\\nblaze and stifling smoke instantly ascended the\\nchimney, and quickly brought down two of the en-\\nemy, who lay for a few moments at the mercy of\\nthe lady. Seizing the axe, she quickly despatched\\nthem, and was instantly afterward summoned to the\\ndoor, where the only remaining savage now appeared,\\nendeavouring to eftect an entriince while she was\\nengaged at the chimney. He soon received a gash\\nin the cheek, which compelled him with a loud yell\\nto relinquish his purpose. He returned to Chil-\\nicothe, where, from the report of a prisoner, he gave\\nan exaggerated account of the fierceness, strength\\nand courage of the long-knife squaw\\nThe following is another thrilling story from\\nM Clung s book.\\nOn the night of the eleventh of April, 1787, the\\nhouse of a widow, in Bourbon county, became the\\nscene of an adventure, which we think deserves to\\n\u00c2\u00bbe related. She occupied what is generally called\\na double cabin, in a lonely part of the county, one\\nroom of which was tenanted by the old lady herself,\\ntogether with two grown sons, and a widowed daugh-\\nter, at that time suckling an infant, while the other\\nwas occupied by two unmarried daughters from six-\\nteen to twenty years of age, together with a little\\ngirl not more than half grown. The hour was\\neleven o clock at night. One of the unmarried\\ndaughters was still busily engaged at the loom, but\\nthe other members of the family, with the exception\\nof one of the sons, had retired to rest. Some symp-\\ntoms of an alarming nature had engaged the atten-\\ntion of the young man for an hour before any thing\\nof a decided character took place. The cry of\\nowls were heard in the adjoining wood, answering\\neach other in rather an unusual manner. The hor-\\nses, which were inclosed as usual in a pound near\\nthe house, were more than commonly excited, and\\nby repeated snorting and galloping, armounccd the\\npresence of some object of terrour. The young\\nman was often upon the point of awakening his\\nbrother, but was as often restrained by the tear of\\nincurring ridicule and the reproach of timidity, at\\nthat time an unpardonable blemish in the character\\nof a Kentuckian. At length, hasty steps were\\nheard in the yard, and quickly afterward, several\\nloud knocks at the door, accompanied by the usual\\nexclamation, who keeps house in very good En-\\nglish. The young man, supposing from the lan-\\nguage, that some benighted settlers were at the door,\\nhastily arose, and was advancing to withdraw the\\nbar which secured it, when his mother, who had\\nlong lived upon the frontiers, and had probably de-\\ntected the Indian tone in the demand for admission,\\ninstantly sprung out of bed, and ordered her son not\\nto admit them, declaring that they were Indians.\\nShe instantly awakened her other son, and the two\\nyoung men seizing their guns, which were always\\ncharged, prepared to repel the enemy. The In-\\ndians finding it impossible to enter under their as-\\nsumed characters, began to thunder at the door with\\ngreat violence, but a single shot from a loophole,\\ncompelled them to shift the attack to some less ex-\\nposed point and, unfortunately, they discovered the\\ndoor of the other cabin, which contained the three\\ndaughters. The rifles of the brothers could not be\\nbrought to bear upon this point, and by means of\\nseveral rails taken from the yard fence, the door was\\nforced from its hinges and the three girls were at\\nthe mercy of the savages. One was instantly se-\\ncured, but the eldest defended herself desperately\\nwith a knife which she had been using at the loom,\\nand stabbed one of the Indians to the heart, before\\nshe was tomahawked. In the mean time the little\\ngirl, who had been overlooked by the enemy in their\\neagerness to secure the others, ran out into the yard,\\nand might have effected her escape, had she taken\\nadvantage of the darkness and fled, but instead of\\nthat the terrified little creature ran around the house\\nwringing her hands, and crying out that her sisters\\nwere killed. The brothers, unable to hear her cries,\\nwithout risking every thing for her rescue, rushed\\nto the door and were preparing to sally out to her\\nassistance, when their mother threw herself before\\nthem and calmly declared that the child must be\\nabandoned to its fate that the sally would sacrifice\\nthe lives of all the rest without the slightest benefit\\nto the little girl. Just then the child uttered a loud\\nscream, followed by a few faint moans and all was", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "43\\nagain silent. Presently the crackling of flames was\\nheard, accompanied by a triumphant yell from the\\nIndians, announcing that they had set lire to that di-\\nvision of the house which had been occupied by the\\ndaughters, and of which they held undisputed pos-\\nsession. The fire was quickly communicated to\\nthe rest of the building, and it became necessary to\\nabandon it or perish in the flames. In the one case,\\nthere was a possibility that some might escape in\\nthe other, their fate would be equally certain and\\nterrible. The rapid approach of the flames cut\\nshort their momentary suspense. The door was\\nthrown open, and the old lady, supported by her\\neldest son, attempted to cross the fence at one point,\\nwhile her daughter carrying her child in her arms,\\nand attended by the younger of the brothers, ran in\\na different direction. The blazing roof shed a light\\nover the yard but little inferiour to that of day, and\\nthe savages were distinctly seen awaiting the ap-\\nproach of their victims. The old lady was permit-\\nted to reach the style unmolested, but in the act of\\ncrossing, received several balls ia her breast and\\nfell dead. Her son, providentially, remained un-\\nhurt, and by extraordinary agility, eft ected his es-\\ncape. The other party succeeded also in reaching\\nthe fence unhurt, but in the act of crossing, were\\nvigorously assailed by several Indians, who throwing\\ndown their guns, rushed upon them with their toma-\\nhawks. The young man defended his sister gal-\\nlantly, firing upon the enemy as they approached,\\nand then wielding the butt of his rifle with a fury\\nthat drew their whole attention upon himself, and\\ngave his sister an opportunity of effecting her es-\\ncape. He quickly fell, however, under the toma-\\nhawk of his enemies, and was found at daylight,\\nscalped and mangled in a shocking manner. Of\\nthe whole family, consisting of eight persons, when\\nthe attack commenced, only three escaped. Four\\nwere killed upon the spot, and one (the second\\ndaughter) carried olf as a prisoner.\\nThe neighbourhood was quickly alarmed, and by\\ndaylight, about thirty men were assembled under\\nthe command of Colonel Edwards. A light snow\\nhad fallen during the latter part of the night, and\\nthe Indian trail could be pursued at a gallop. It led\\ndirectly into the mountainous country bordering upon\\nLicking, and afforded evidences of great hurry and\\nprecipitation on the part cf the fugitives. Unfortu-\\nnately, a hound had been permitted to accompany\\nthe whites, and as the trail became fresh and the\\nscent warm, she followed it with eagerness, baying\\nloudly, and giving the alarm to the Indians. The\\nconsequences of this imprudence were soon dis-\\nplayed. The enemy finding the pursuit keen, and\\nperceiving that the strength of the prisoner began to\\nfail, instantly sunk their tomahawks in her head and\\nleft her, still warm and bleeding upon the snow.\\nAs the whites came up, she retained strength enough\\nto wave her hand in token of recognition, and ap-\\npeared desirous of giving them some information,\\nwith regard to t\\\\ie enemy, but her strength was too\\nfar gone. Her brother sprung from his horse and\\nknelt by her side, endeavouring to stop the eflusion\\nof blood, but in vain. She gave him her hand, mut-\\ntered some inarticulate words, and expired within\\ntwo minutes after the arrival of the pnrty. The\\npursuit was renewed with additional ardour, and in\\ntwenty minutes the enemy was within view. They\\nhad taken possession of a steep narrow ridge and\\nseemed desirous of magnifying their numbers in the\\neyes of the whites, as they ran rapidly from tree to\\ntree, and maintained a steady yell in their most ap-\\npalling tones. The pursuers, however, were too\\nexperienced to be deceived by so common an arti-\\nfice, and being satisfied that the number of the en-\\nemy must be inferiour to their own, they dismount-\\ned, tied their horses, and flanking out in such a\\nmanner as to inclose the enemy, ascended the ridge\\nas rapidly as was consistent with a due regard to\\nthe shelter of their persons. The firing quickly\\ncommenced, and now ifor the first time they discov-\\nered that only two Indians were opposed to them.\\nThey had voluntarily sacrificed themselves for the\\nsafety of the main body, and had succeeded in de-\\nlaying pursuit until their friends could reach the\\nmountains. One of them was instantly shot dead,\\nand the other was badly wounded, as was evident\\nfrom the blood upon his blanket, as well as that\\nwhich filled his tracks in the snow for a considera-\\nble distance. The pursuit was recommenced, and\\nurged keenly until night, when the trail entered a\\nrurming stream and was lost. On the following\\nmornmg the snow had melted, and every trace of\\nthe enemy was obliterated. This affair must be re-\\ngarded as highly honourable to the skill, address,\\nand activity of the Indians, and the self-devotio-n of\\nthe rear-guard, is a lively instance of that magnan-\\nimity of which they are at times capable, and which\\nis more remarkable in them, from the extreme\\ncaution, and tender regard for their own lives, which\\nusually distinguishes their warriours\\nTHE CORPORAL.\\nDuring the American Revolution, an officer, not\\nhabited in his military costume, was passing by\\nwhere a small company of soldiers were at work\\nmaking some repairs upon a small redoubt. The\\ncommander of the little squad was giving orders\\nto those who were under him, relative to a stick\\nof timber which they were endeavoring to raise\\nto the top of the works. The timber went up\\nhard, and on this account the voice of the little\\ngreat man was often heard in his regular vocif-\\nerations, Heave away! There she goes! Heave\\nho (fee. The officer before spoken of, stopped\\nhis horse when arrived at the place, and seeing\\nthe timber sometimes scarcely move, asked the\\ncommander why he did not take hold and render\\na little aid. The latter appeared to be somewhat\\nastonished, turning to the officer with the pomp\\nof an emperor, said, Sir, I am corporal! You\\nare not though are you V said the officer I was\\nnot aware of it. And taking off his hat and bow-\\ning, I ask your pardon, corporal. Upon this he\\ndismounted his elegant steed, flung the bridle over\\na post, and lifted till the sweat stood in drops\\nupon his forehead. When the timber was eleva-\\nted to its proper station, turning to this man cloth-\\ned in brief authority, Mr, Corporal, said he,\\nwhen you have another such a job, and have not\\nmen enough, send to your Commander-in-Chief\\nand I will come and help you a second time. The\\ncorporal was thunder-struck", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "44\\nTHE PRAIRIE.\\nOn my return from the Upper Mississippi, I found\\nmyself obliged to cross one of the wide Prairies,\\nwhich, in that portion of the United States, vary the\\nappearance of the country. The weather was fine,\\nall around me was as fresh and blooming as if it had\\njust issued from the bosom of nature. My knap-\\nsack, my gim, and my dog, were all I had for bag-\\ngage and company. But, although well moccas-\\nsined, I moved slowly along, attracted by the bril-\\nliancy of the flowers, and the gambols of the fawns\\naround their dams, to all appearance as thoughtless\\nof danger as I felt myself.\\nMy march was of long duration I saw the sun\\nsinking beneath the horizon long before I could per-\\nceive any appearance of woodland, and nothing in\\nthe shape of man had I met with that day. The\\ntrack which I followed was only an old Indian trace,\\nand as darkness overshaded the prairie, I felt some\\ndesire to reach at least a copse, in which I might lie\\ndown to rest. The nighthawks were skimming\\nover and around me, attracted by the buzzing wings\\nof the beetles which form their food, and the dis-\\ntant howling of wolves, gave me some hope that I\\nshould soon arrive at the skirts of some woodland.\\nI did so, and almost at the same instant a fire-\\nlight attracting my eye, I moved towards it, full of\\nconfidence, that it proceeded from the camp of some\\nwandering Indians I was mistaken I discovered\\nby its glare that it was from the hearth of a small\\nlog cabin, and that a tall figure passed and repassed\\nbetween it and me, as if busily engaged in house-\\nhold arrangements.\\nI reached the spot, and presenting myself at the\\ndoor, asked the tall figure, which proved to be a\\nwoman, if I might take shelter under her roof for\\nthe night. Her voice was gruft and her attire\\nnegligently thrown about her. She answered in the\\naffirmative. I walked in, took a wooden stool, and\\nquietly sealed myself by the fire. The next object\\nthat attracted my notice was a finely formed young\\nIndian, resting his head between his hands, with his\\nelbows on his knees. A long bow rested against\\nthe log wall near him, while a quantity of arrows\\nand two or three rackoon skins lay at his feet. He\\nmoved not he apparently breathed not. Accus-\\ntomed to the habits of the Indians, and knowing\\nthat they pay little attention to the approach of civil-\\nized strangers, (a circumstance which in some coun-\\ntries is considered as evincing the apathy of their\\ncharacter,) I addressed him in French, a language\\nnot imfrequently partially known to the people in\\nthat neighbourhood. He raised his head, pointed to\\none of his eyes with his finger, and gave me a sig-\\nnificant glance with the other. His face was cov-\\nered with blood. The fact was, that an hour before\\nthis, as he was in the act of discharging an arrow\\nat a rackoon in the top of a tree, the arrow had split\\nupon the cord, and sprung back with such violence\\ninto his right eye, as to destroy it for ever.\\nFeeling hungry, I inquired what sort of fare I\\nmight expect. Such a thing as a bed was not to be\\nseen, but many large untanned bear and buflalo\\nhides lay piled in a corner. I drew a fine time-\\npiece from my breast, and told the woman that it\\nwas late, and that I was fatigued. She had espyed\\nmy watch, the richness of which seemed to operate\\nupon her feelings with electrick quickness. She\\ntold me that there was plenty of venison and jerked\\nbuffalo meat, and that on removing the ashes I should\\nfind a cake. But my watch had struck her fancy,\\nand her curiosity had to be gratified by an imme-\\ndiate sight of it. I took oft the gold chain that se-\\ncured it from around my neck, and presented it to\\nher. She was all ecstas)^ spoke of its beauty,\\nasked me its value, and put the chain round her\\nbrawny neck, saying how happy the possession of\\nsuch a watch would make her. Thoughtless, and,\\nas I fancied myself, in so retired a spot, secure, I\\npaid little attention to her talk or her movements. I\\nhelped my dog to a good supper of venison, and\\nwas not long in satisfying the demands of my own\\nappetite.\\nThe Indian rose from his seat, as if in extreme\\nsufiering. He passed and repassed me several times,\\nand once pinched me on the side so violently, that\\nthe pain nearly brought forth an exclamation of", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "45\\nanger. I looked at him. His eye met mine but\\nliis look was so forbidding, that it struck a chill into\\nthe more nervous part ot my system. He again\\nseated himself, drew his butcher-knife from its\\ngreasy scabbard, examined its edge, as I would do\\nthat of a razor suspected dull, replaced it, and again\\ntaking his tomahawk from his back, filled the pipe\\nof it with tobacco, and sent me expressive glances\\nwhenever our hostess chanced to have her back\\ntowards us.\\nNever until that moment had my senses been\\nawakened to the danger which I now suspected to\\nbe about me I returned glance for glance to my\\ncompanion, and rested well assured that, whatever\\nenemies I might have, he was not of their number.\\nI asked the woman for my watch, wound it up,\\nand under pretence of wishing to see how the\\nweather might probably be on the morrow, took up\\nmy gun, and walked out of the cabin. I slipped a\\nball into each barrel, scraped the edges of my llints,\\nrenewed the primings, and returning to the hut, gave\\na favourable account of my observations. I took a\\nfew bear-skins, made a pallet of them, and calling\\nmy faithful dog to my side, lay down, with my gun\\nclose to my body, and in a few mirmtes was, to all\\nappearance, fast asleep.\\nA short time had elapsed, when some voices were\\nheard, and from the corner of my eyes I saw two\\nathletick youths making their entrance, bearing a\\ndead stag on a pole. They disposed of their burden,\\nand asking for whiskey, helped themselves freely to\\nit. Observing me and the wounded Indian, they\\nasked who I was, and why the devil that rascal\\n(meaning the Indian, who, they knew, understood\\nnot a word of English) was in the house. The\\nmother for so she proved to be, bade them speak\\nless loudly, made mention of my watch, and took\\nthem to a corner, where a conversation took place,\\nthe purport of which it required little shrewdness in\\nme to guess. I tapped my dog gently. He moved\\nhis tail, and with indescribable pleasure I saw his\\nfine eyes alternately fixed on me and raised towards\\nthe trio in the corner. I felt that he perceived\\ndanger in my situation. The Indian exchanged a\\nlast glance with me.\\nThe lads had eaten and drunk themselves into\\nsuch condition, that I already looked upon them as\\nJiors de combat and the frequent visits of the whis-\\nkey-bottle to the ugly mouth of their dam, I hoped\\nwould soon reduce her to a liice state. Judge of my\\nastonishment, reader, when I saw this incarnate\\nfiend take a large carving-knife, and go to the grind-\\nstone to whet its edge. I saw her pour the water\\non the turning machine, and watched her working\\naway with the dangerous instrument, until the sweat\\ncovered every part of my body, in despite of my de-\\ntermination to defend myself to the last. Her task\\nfinished, she walked to her reeling sons, and said,\\nThere, that ll soon settle him Boys, kill you\\nand then for the watch.\\nI turned, cocked my gun-locks silently, touched\\nmy faithful companion, and lay ready to start up and\\nshoot the first who might attempt my life. The\\nmoment was fast approaching, and that night might\\nhave been my last in this world, had not Providence\\nmade preparations for my rescue. All was ready.\\nThe infernal hag was advancing slowly, probably\\ncontemplating the best way of despatching me,\\nwhilst her sons should be engaged with the Indian.\\nI was several times on the eve of rising and shoot-\\ning her on the spot but she was not to be punished\\nthus. The door was suddenly opened, and there\\nentered two stout travellers, each with a long rifle\\non his shoulder. I bounced up on my feet, and\\nmaking them most heartily welcome, told them how\\nwell it was for me that they should have arrived at\\nthat moment. The tale was told in a minute. The\\ndrunken sons were secured, and the woman, in spite\\nof her defence and vociferations, shared the same fate.\\nThe Indian fairly danced with joy, and gave us to\\nunderstand that, as he could not sleep for pain, he\\nwould watch over us. You may suppose we slept\\nmuch less than we talked. The two strangers gave\\nme an account of their once having been themselves\\nin a somewhat similar situation. Day came, fair and\\nrosy, and with it the punishment of our captives.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "46\\nThey were now quite sobered. Their feet were WONDERFUL ESCAPE FROM INDIANS,\\nunbound, but their arms were still securely tied. James Morgan, a native of Maryland, -married at\\nWe marched them into the woods off the road, and an early age, and soon after settled himself near\\nhaving used them as Regulators were wont to use Bryant s station, in the wilds of Kentucky. Like\\nsuch delinquents, we set fire to the cabin, gave all most pioneers of the west, he had cut down the cane,\\nthe skins and implements to the young Indian war- built a cabin, deadened the timber, enclosed a field\\nriour, and proceeded, well pleased, towards the set- with a worm fence, and planted some corn,\\ntlements. It was on the fifteenth day of August, 1782\\nDuring upwards of twenty-five years, when my the sun had descended; a pleasant breeze was play-\\nwanderings extended to all parts of our country, this ing through the surrounding wood the tall cane\\nwas the only time at which my life was in danger bowed under its influence, and the broad green leaves\\nfrom my fellow-creatures. Indeed, so little risk do of the corn waved in the air Morgan had seated\\ntravellers run in the United States, that no one born himself in the door of his cabin, with his infant on\\nthere ever dreams of any to be encountered on the his knee his young and happy wife had laid aside\\nroad and I can only account for this occurrence by her spinning-wheel, and was busily engaged in pre-\\nsupposmg that the inhabitants of the cabin were not paring the frugal meal. That afternoon Morgan had\\nAmericans. accidentally found a bundle of letters, which he had\\nWill you believe, reader, that not many miles from finished reading to his wife before he had taken his\\nthe place where this adventure happened, and where seat in the door. It was a correspondence in which\\nfifteen years ago, no habitation belonging to civilized they had acknowledged an early and ardent attach-\\nman was expected, and very few ever seen, large ment for each other, and the perusal left evident\\nroads are now laid out, cultivation has converted the traces of joy on the countenance of both the little\\nwoods into fertile fields, taverns have been erected, infant, too, seemed to partake of its parents feelings\\nand much of what we Americans call comfort is to by its cherub smiles, its playful humour, and infantile\\nbe met with. So fast does improvement proceed caresses. While thus agreeably employed, the re-\\nin our abundant and free coimtry. Audubon. port of a rifle was heard, another, and another, follow-\\ned in quick succession. Morgan sprang to his feet,\\nhis wife ran to the door, and they simultaneously\\nWHITE INDIANS. exclaimed Indians\\n1 he door was immediately barred, and the next\\nI PERCEIVE an article is taking the rounds, headed moment all their fears were realized, by a bold and\\nThe White Indians, represented as residing be- spirited attack of a small party of Indians. The\\ntween California and Santa Fe. The writer of this cabin could not be successfully defended, and time\\narticle has been in that section of that country, and was precious. Morgan, cool, brave, and prompt,\\nheardof no such nation as that described as the Maw- soon decided. While he was in the act of con-\\nkees. The Nabahoes, or Navahoes, he has been cealing his wife under the floor, a mother s feel-\\namong, but must represent as far different from the ings overcame her she arose seized her infant^\\ndescription given. Their government is purely re- but was afraid that its cries would betray her place\\npublican the habits of the people pastoral, and ag- of concealment. She hesitated gazed silently up-\\nricultural. They are (for Indians) far advanced in on it\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a momentary struggle between afiection and\\nthe arts, are more industrious, far more ingenious, duty took place. She once more pressed her child\\nc., than their Mexican neighbours, and are much to her agitated bosom again and again kissed it\\nfurther advanced in the arts of civilized life their with impassioned tenderness. The infant, alarmed\\nmechanism appears (sui generis) singular in its kind, at the profusion of tears that fell upon its cheek,\\nand savours more of Chinese or Indian origin. Their looked up in its mother s face, threw its little arms\\nblankets are highly prized by the Mexicans, and around her neck, and wept aloud. In the name\\nsell at a high price. They are very chivalrous, and of Heaven, Eliza, release the child, or we shall be\\nare considered the perpetual enemy of the Mexican- lost, said the distracted husband, in a soft implor-\\nSpaniard, whom they treat with the utmost con- ing tone of voice, as he forced the infant from his\\ntempt. They have 30,000 warriours living in valleys, wife; hastily took up his gun, knife and hatchet;\\nsurrounded by inaccessible mountains, Avith narrow ran up the ladder that led to the garret, and drew\\npasses. They long bid defiance to the combined it after him. In a moment the door was burst open,\\npower of Mexico, making frequent excursions, cap and the savages entered.\\nturing many Mexicans, with their horses. Prison- By this time, Morgan had secured his child in a\\ners, they make slaves of, and in return, the Mexicans bag, and lashed it to his back then throwing oft\\nmake slaves of them, whenever taken captive. They some clapboards from the roof of his cabin, resolute-\\nare very ingenious and careful servants, are very un- jy leaped to the ground. He was instantly assailed\\ncouth\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the structure of their heads gives them a very by two Indians. As the first approached, he knock-\\nhomely appearance they are but little, if any light- ed him down with the butt end of his gun. The\\ner in complexion than any other Indians. Their other advanced with uplifted tomahawk Morgan\\nmountain fastnesses were never penetrated by hostile let fall his gun and closed in. The savage made\\nfeet until a lew years past. The government of a blow\u00e2\u0080\u0094 missed aim, but severed the cord that bound\\nMexico sent General Viscaire, one of their bravest the infant on his back, and it fell. The contest over\\nchieftains, against them; he penetrated to their strong- the child now became warm and fierce, and was\\nest towns, and compelled them to sue for the first carried on with knives only. The robust and ath-\\ntime for peace: still a predatory warfare is carried letick Morgan at length got the ascendency. Both\\non between them and the Mexicans ^vere badly cut, and bled freely, but the stabs of the\\nwhite man were better aimed and deeper, and the", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "47\\nsa\\\\age soon sunk to the earth in death. Morgan\\nhastily took up his child and gun, and hurried off.\\nThe Indians in the house, busily engaged in\\ndrinking and plundering, were not apprized of the\\ncontest in the yard, until the one that had been\\nknocked down gave signs of returning life, and call-\\ned them to the scene of action. Morgan was dis-\\ncovered, immediately pursued, and a dog put on his\\ntrail. Operated upon by all the feelings of a hus-\\nbaiid and a father, he moved on with the speed\\nof a hunted stag, and soon outstripped the Indians,\\nbut the dog kept in close pursuit. Finding it impos-\\nsible to outrun or elude the cuiming animal, trained\\nto hunts of this kind, he halted and waited uruil it\\ncame within a few yards of him, fired and brought\\nhim down reloaded his gun, and again pushed for-\\nward. In a short time he reached the house of his\\nbrother, who resided between Bryant s station and\\nLexington, where he left the child, and the two\\nbrothers immediately set out for his dwelling. As\\nthey approached the clearing, a light broke upon his\\nview his speed quickened, his fears increased, and\\nthe most agonizing apprehensions crowded upon\\nhis mind. He emerged from the cane-brake be-\\nheld his house in flames, and almost burnt to the\\nground. My Wife he exclaimed, as he pressed\\none hand to his forehead, and grasped the fence\\nwith the other, to support his tottering frame. He\\ngazed for some time on the ruin and desolation be-\\nfore him, advanced a few steps, and sunk exhausted\\nto the earth.\\nMorning came the bright luminary of Heaven\\narose and still found him seated near the almost\\nexpiring embers. In his right hand he held a small\\nstick, with which he was tracing the name of Eli-\\nza, on the ground his left was thrown over his\\nfavourite dog, that lay by his side, looking first on\\nthe ruin, and then on his master, with evident signs\\nof grief. Morgan arose. The two brothers now\\nmade a search, and foimd some bones almost burned\\nto ashes, which they carefully gathered, and silently\\nconsigned to their mother earth, beneath the wide-\\nspread branches of a venerable oak, consecrated by\\nthe purest and holiest recollections.\\nSeveral days after this, Morgan was engaged in a\\ndesperate battle at the lower Blue Licks. The In-\\ndians came off victors, and the surviving whites re-\\ntreated across the Licking, but were pursued by the\\nenemy for a distance of six-and-thirty miles.\\nJames Morgan was among the last that crossed\\nthe river, and was in the rear until the hill was de-\\nscended. As soon as he beheld the Indians reap-\\npear on the ridge, he felt anew his wrongs, and re-\\ncollected the lovely object of his early affections.\\nHe urged on his horse and pressed to the front.\\nWhile in the act of leaping from his saddle, he re-\\nceived a rifle ball in his thigh, and fell an Indian\\nsprang upon him, seized him by the hair, and applied\\nthe scalping-knife. At this moment Morgan cast his\\neyes upward and recognized the handkerchief that\\nbound the head of the savage, and which he knew\\nto be his wife s. This added renewed strength to\\nhis body, and increased activity to his fury. He\\nquickly threw his left arm around the Indian, and\\nwith a death-like grasp, hugged him to his bosom,\\nplunged his knife into his side, and he expired in\\nhis arms. Releasing himself from the savage, Mor-\\ngan crawled under a small oak, on an elevated piece\\nof ground, a short distance from him. The scene\\nof action shifted, and he remained undiscovered and\\nunscalped, an anxious spectator of the battle.\\nIt was now midnight. The savage band after ta-\\nking all the scalps they could find, left the battle-\\nground. Morgan was seated at the foot of the oak,\\nits trunk supported his head. The rugged and un-\\neven ground that surrounded him was covered with.\\nthe slain the once white and projecting rocks,\\nbleached with the rain and sun of centuries, were\\ncrimsoned with the blood that had warmed the heart\\nand animated the bosom of the patriot and the sol-\\ndier. The pale glimmering of the moon, occasion-\\nally threw a faint light upon the mangled bodies of\\nthe dead, then a passing cloud enveloped all in dark-\\nness, and gave additional horror to the feeble cries\\nof a few still lingering in the last agonies of protract-\\ned death, rendered doubly appalling the coarse growl\\nof the bear, the loud howl of the w olf, the shrill and\\nvaried notes of the wildcat, and the panther, feeding\\non the dead and dying. Morgan beheld the scene\\nwith heart-rending sensations, and looked forward\\nwith the apathy of despair, to his own end.\\nA large and ferocious looking bear, covered with,\\nblood, now approached him he threw himself on\\nthe ground silently commended his soul to Heaven\\nand in breathless anxiety awaited his fate. The\\nsatiated animal slowly passed on without noticing\\nhim. Morgan raised his head was about offering\\nthanks for his unexpected preservation, when the\\ncry of a pack of wolves opened upon him, and again\\nawakened him to a sense of his danger. He placed\\nhis hands over his eyes fell on his face, and in\\nsilent agony awaited his fate. He now heard a\\nrustling in the bushes steps approached a cold\\nchill ran over him. Imagination creative, busy\\nimagination, was actively employed death the-\\nmost horrible death, awaited him his limbs would,\\nin all probability, be torn from his body, and he be\\ndevoured alive. He felt a touch the vital spark\\nwas almost extinguished another touch, more vio-\\nlent than the first, and he was turned over the\\ncold sweat ran down in torrents his hands were vi-\\nolently forced from his face the moon passed from\\nunder a cloud a faint ray beamed upon him his\\neyes involuntarily opened and he beheld his wife^\\nwho, in scarce audible voice, exclamed My hus-\\nband my husband and fell upon his bosom.\\nMorgan now learned from his wife, that after the\\nIndians had entered the house, they found some\\nspirits and drank freely an altercation soon took\\nplace one of them received a mortal stab and fell\\nhis blood ran through the floor on her. Believing it\\nto be the blood of her husband, she shrieked aloud,\\nand betrayed her place of concealment. She was\\nimmediately taken and boimd. The party, after\\nsetting fire to the house, proceeded to Bryant s sta-\\ntion. On the day of the battle of the Blue Licks,\\na horse, with saddle and bridle, rushed by her, which\\nshe knew to be her husband s. During the action,\\nthe prisoners were left unguarded made their es-\\ncape, and lay concealed beneath some bushes under\\nthe bank of the river. After the Indians had\\nreturned from the pursuit, and left the battle-ground,\\nshe, with some other persons that had escaped with\\nher, determined to make a search for their friends\\nand if on the field, and living, to save them if possi-\\nble from the beasts of prey. After searching for", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "48\\nsome time, and almost despairing of success, she\\nfortunately discovered Ijm.\\nThe paity of Colonel Logan found Morgan and\\nhis wife, and restored them to their friends, their\\nNFANT, and their home.\\nGENERAL FRANCIS MARION.\\nAfter the defeat at Yorktown, General Wash-\\nington invited the English officers to an entertain-\\nment. The officers of each army, gave suitable\\ntoasts, and cheerfulness and good will pervaded the\\nassembly. The late belligerants did each other the\\njustice due their bravery and conduct they drank to\\nthe memory of those who had dislinguislied them-\\nselves during the war. When it came to the turn of\\nLord Cornwallis he lifted high a bumper to the\\nHonour of General Marion. Yes, please your Ex-\\ncellency, continued he, looking at Washington, I\\nhonour Marion. Slender was his force, he yet gave\\nme more alarm than any of your officers. I often\\ndetached my able partisans to surprise him and\\nthey often promised me by express that they had\\ngot him within striking distance, and would soon\\ngive a good account of old swamp fox. But instead\\nof surprising him, it always turned out that he sur-\\nprised them\\nAN INDIAN COUNCIL.\\nNearly opposite to me was a famous Pottowot-\\ntomie chief and conjuror, called the Two Ears.\\nHe was most fantastically dressed and hideously\\npainted, and had two large clusters of swansdown\\ndepending from each ear I suppose, in illustration\\nof his name. There were three men with their\\nfaces blacked with grease and soot, their hair\\ndishevelled, and their whole appearance studiously\\nsqualid and miserable I was told they were in\\nmourning for near relations. With these exceptions,\\nthe dresses were much what I have already descri-\\nbed but the chief, whom I immediately distinguish-\\ned from the rest, even before I knew his name, was\\nmy cousin, young Waub-Objeeg, the son of Wayish-\\nky in height he towered above them all, being\\nabout six feel three or four. His dress was equally\\nsplendid and tasteful he wore a surtout of fine blue\\ncloth, under which was seen a shirt of gay colours,\\nand his father s medal hung on his breast. He had\\na magnificent embroidered belt of wampum, from\\nwhich hung his scalping-knife and pouch. His leg-\\ngmgs (melasses) were of scarlet cloth, beautifully\\nembroidered, with rich bands, or garters, depending\\nto his ankle. Round his head was an embroidered\\nband, or handkerchief, in which were stuck four\\nwing-feathers of the war eagle, two on each side\\nthe testimonies of his prowess as a warriour. He\\nheld a tomahawk in his hand. His features were\\nfine, and his countenance not only mild, but almost\\nfemininely soft. Altogether, he was in dress and\\npersonal appearance, the first specimen of his race I\\nhad yet seen I was quite proud of my adopted kins-\\nman. He was seated at some distance, for, in\\ntruth, they almost touched me, sat a group of crea-\\ntures, human beings I must suppose them such as\\nhad never been seen before within the lines of civil-\\nization. I had remarked them in the morning sur-\\nrounded by a group of Ottawas, among whom they\\nseemed to excite as much wonder and curiosity as\\namong ourselves and when I inquired who and\\nwhat they were, I was told they were cannibals from\\nRed river the title being, I suppose, quite gratui-\\ntous, and merely expressive of the disgust they ex-\\ncited. One man had his hair cut short on the top of\\nhis head, and it looked like a circular blacking-brush,\\nwhile it grew long in a fringe all round, hanging on\\nhis shoulders. The skins thrown round them seem-\\ned on the point of rotting off; and their attitude,\\nwhen squatted on the ground, was precisely that of\\nthe larger apes I have seen in a menagerie. More\\nhideous, more pitiable specimens of humanity in its\\nlowest, most degraded state, can hardly be conceiv-\\ned melancholy, squalid, stupid and yet not fierce.\\nThey had each received a kettle and a gun by way\\nof encouragement. The whole number of chiefs\\nassembled was seventy-five and take notice that\\nthe half of them were smoking, that it was blazing\\nnoontide, and that every door and window was filled\\nup with the eager faces of the crowd without, and\\nthen you may imagine that even a scene like this\\nwas not to be enjoyed without some drawbacks in\\nfact, it was a sort of purgatory to more senses than\\none, but I made up my mind to endure it, and did\\nso. I observed, that although there were many hun-\\ndreds round the house, not one woman, outside or\\ninside, was visible during the whole time the council\\nlasted. Mrs. Jameson.\\nCHIPPEWA MATRIMONY.\\nWhen a young Chippewa of St. Mary s sees a\\nyoung girl who pleases him, and whom he wishes to\\nmarry, he goes and catches a loach, boils it, cuts off\\nthe tail, of which he takes the flat bone, and sticks\\nit in his hair. He paints himself bevvitchingly,\\ntakes a sort of rude flute or pipe, with two or three\\nstops, which seems to be only used on these amato-\\nry occasions, and walks up and down his village,\\nblowing on his flute, and looking, I presume, as sen-\\ntimental as an Indian can look. This is regarded as\\nan indication of his intentions, and all the lodges in\\nwhich there are young marriageable girls are thrown\\ninto a flutter, though probably the fair one who is the\\nsecret choice is pretty well aware of it. The next\\nstep is to make presents to the parents and relatives\\nof the young woman. If these are accepted, and\\nhis suit prospers, he makes presents to his intended\\nand all that now remains is to bring her home to\\nhis lodge. He neither swears before God to love\\nher till death an oath which it depends not on his\\nown will to keep, even if it be not perjury in the mo-\\nment it is pronounced nor to endow her with all\\nhis worldly goods and chattels, when, even by the\\nact of union, she loses all right of property; but,\\napparently, the arrangements answer all purposes to\\ntheir mutual satisfaction. Mrs. Jameson.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "49\\nADVENTURES OF COL. JAMES SMITH.\\nOur engraving represents a scene in the ad-\\nventures of Col. James Smith, who was attached to\\nthe army of Braddock taken prisoner by the Indians\\nand adopted by one of the tribes. He escaped in\\n1789 and removed to Kentucky, and was for many\\nyears a resident of Bourbon county.\\nIn the spring of the year 1755, James Smith,\\nthen a youth of eighteen, accompanied a party of\\nthree hundred men from the frontiers of Pennsyl-\\nvania, who advanced in front of Braddock s army,\\nfor the purpose of opening a road over the mount-\\nain. When within a few miles of the Bedford\\nsprings, he was sent back to the rear, to hasten the\\nprogress of some wagons loaded with provisions and\\nstores for the use of the road-cutters. Having de-\\nlivered his orders, he was returning, in company\\nwith another young man, when they were suddenly\\nfired upon by a party of three Indians, from a cedar\\nthicket, which skirted the road. Smith s companion\\nwas killed on the spot and ahhough he himself was\\nunhurt, yet his horse was so much frightened by the\\nflash and report of the guns, as to become totally\\nlunnanageable, and, after a few plunges, threw him\\nwith violence to the ground. Before he could re-\\ncover his feet, the Indians sprung upon him, and,\\noverpowering his resistance, secured him as a pris-\\noner. One of them demanded, in broken English,\\nwhether more white men were coming up and\\nupon his answering in the negative, he was seized\\nby each arm and compelled to run with great rapidity\\nover the mountain until night, when the small party\\nencamped and cooked their supper. An equal share\\nof their scanty stock of provisions was given to the\\nprisoner, and in other respects, although strictly\\nguarded, he was treated with great kindness. On\\nthe evening of the next day, after a rapid walk of\\nfifty miles, through cedar thickets, and over very\\nrocky ground, they reached the western side of the\\nLaurel mountain, and beheld, at a little distance, the\\nsmoke of an Indian encampment. His captors now\\nfired their guns, and raised the scalp halloo This\\nis a long yell for every scalp that has been taken,\\nfollowed by a rapid succession of shrill, quick,\\npiercing shrieks, somewhat resembling laughter in\\nits most excited tones. They were answered from\\nthe Indian camp below, by a discharge of rifles and\\na long whoop, followed by shrill cries of joy, and all\\nthronged out to meet the party. Smith expected in-\\nstant death at their hands, as they crowded around\\nhim but to his surprise, no one ofiered him any\\nviolence. They belonged to another tribe, and en-\\ntertained the party in their camp with great hospital-\\nity, respecting the prisoner as the property of their\\nguests. On the following morning. Smith s captors\\ncontinued their march, and on the evening of the\\nnext day arrived at fort Du Quesne now Pittsburgh.\\nWhen within half a mile of the fort, they again\\nraised the scalp halloo, and fired their guns as be-\\nfore. Instantly the whole garrison was in commo-\\ntion. The cannon were fired the drums were\\nbeaten, and French and Indians ran out in great\\nnumbers to meet the party, and partake of their\\ntriumph. Smith was again surrounded by a multi-\\n7*\\ntude of savages, painted in various colours, and\\nshouting with delight but their demeanour was by\\nno means as pacifick as that of the last party he had\\nencountered. They rapidly formed in two long\\nlines, and brandishing their hatchets, ramrods,\\nswitches, c., called aloud upon him to run the\\ngauntlet. Never having heard of this Indian cere-\\nmony before, he stood amazed for some time, not\\nknowing what to do but one of his captors ex-\\nplained to him, that he was to run between the two\\nlines, and receive a blow from each Indian as he\\npassed, concluding his explanation by exhorting him\\nto run his best, as the faster he ran the sooner the\\nafiair would be over. This truth was very plain\\nand young Smith entered upon his race with great\\nspirit. He was switched very handsomely along\\nthe lines, for about three fourths of the distance, the\\nstripes only acting as a spur to greater exertions,\\nand he had almost reached the opposite extremity of\\nthe line, when a tall chief struck him a furious blow\\nwith a club upon the back of the head, and instantly\\nfelled him to the ground. Recovering himself in a\\nmoment, he sprung to his feet and started forward\\nagain, when a handful of sand was thrown in his\\neyes, which, in addition to the great pain, completely\\nblinded him. He still attempted to grope his way\\nthrough but was again knocked down and beaten\\nwith merciless severity. He soon became insensi-\\nble under such barbarous treatment, and recollected\\nnothing more, until he found himself in the hospital\\nof the fort, under the hands of a French surgeon,\\nbeaten to a jelly, and unable to move a limb. Here\\nhe was quickly visited by one of his captors the\\nsame who had given him such good advice, when\\nabout to commence his race. He now inquired,\\nwith some interest, if he felt very sore. Young\\nSmith replied, that he had been bruised almost to\\ndeath, and asked what he had done to merit such\\nbarbarity. The Indian replied, that he had done\\nnothing, but that it was the customary greeting of\\nthe Indians to their prisoners that it was something\\nlike the English how d ye do and that now all\\nceremony would be laid aside, and he would be\\ntreated with kindness. Smith inquired if they had\\nany news of General Braddock. The Indian re-\\nplied that their scouts saw him every day from the\\nmountains that he was advancing in close columns\\nthrough the woods (this he indicated by placing a\\nnumber of red sticks parallel to each other, and\\npressed closely together) and that the Indians\\nwould be able to shoot them down like pigeons.\\nSmith rapidly recovered, and was soon able to\\nwalk upon the battlements of the fort, with the aid\\nof a stick. While engaged in this exercise, on the\\nmorning of the 9 he observed an unusual bustle\\nin the fort. The Indians stood in crowds at the\\ngreat gate, armed and painted. Many barrels of\\npowder, ball, flints, c., were brought out to them,\\nfrom which each warriour helped himself to such\\narticles as he required. They were soon joined by\\na small detachment of French regulars, when the\\nwhole party marched oft* together. He had a full\\nview of them as they passed, and was confident\\nthat they could not exceed four hundred men. He\\nsoon learned that it was detached against Braddock,\\nwho was now within a few miles of the fort but\\nfrom their great inferiority in numbers, he regarded\\ntheir destruction as certain, and looked joyfully to", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "50\\nthe arrival of Braddock in the evening, as the hour\\nwhich was to deliver him from the power of the In-\\ndians. In the afternoon, however, an Indj.in runner\\narrived with far different intelligence. The battle\\nhad not yet ended when he left the field but he\\nannounced that the English had been surrounded,\\nand were shot down in heaps by an invisible enemy\\nthat instead of flying at once or rushing upon their\\nconcealed foe. they appeared completely bewildered,\\nhuddled together in the centre of the ring, and be-\\nfore sun-down there would not be a man of them\\nalive. This intelligence fell like a thunderbolt upon\\nSmith, who now saw himself irretrievably in the\\npower of the savages, and could look forward to no-\\nthing but torture or endless captivity. He waited\\nanxiously for further intelligence, still hoping that the\\nfortune of the day might change. But about sun-\\nset, he heard at a distance the well-known scalp\\nhalloo, followed by wild, quick, joyful shrieks, and\\naccompanied by long-continued firing. This too\\nsurely announced the fate of the day. About dusk,\\nthe party returned to the fort, driving before them\\ntwelve British regulars, stripped naked and with\\ntheir faces painted black an evidence that the un-\\nhappy wretches were devoted to death. Next came\\nthe Indians displaying their bloody scalps, of which\\nthey had immense numbers, and dressed in the scar-\\nlet coats, sashes, and military hats of the ofiicers\\nand soldiers. Behind all came a train of baggage-\\nhorses, laden with piles of scalps, canteens, and all\\nthe accoutrements of British soldiers. The savages\\nappeared frantick with joy, and when Smith beheld\\nthem entering the fort, dancing, yelling, brandishing\\ntheir red tomahawks, and waving their scalps in\\nthe air, while the great guns of the fort replied to\\nthe incessant discharge of rifles without, he says,\\nthat it looked as if the lower regions had given a\\nholiday, and turned loose its inhabitants upon the\\nupper world. The most melancholy spectacle was\\nthe band of prisoners. They appeared dejected\\nand anxious. Poor fellows They had but a few\\nmonths before left London, at the command of their\\nBuperiours, and we may easily imagine their feel-\\nings, at the strange and dreadful spectacle around\\nthem. The yells of delight and congratulation were\\nscarcely over, when those of vengeance began.\\nThe devoted prisoners British regulars were led\\nout from the fort to the banks of the Allegany, and\\nto the eternal disgrace of the French commandant,\\nwere there burnt to death one after another, with\\nthe most awful tortures. Smith stood upon the bat-\\ntlements and witnessed the shocking spectacle.\\nThe prisoner was tied to a stake with his hands\\nraised above his head, stripped naked, and surround-\\ned by Indians. They would touch him with redhot\\nirons, and stick his body full of pine splinters and\\nset them on fire drowning the shrieks of the vic-\\ntim in the yells of delight with which they danced\\naround him. His companions in the meantime\\nstood in a group near the stake, and had a foretaste\\nof what was in reserve for each of them. As fast\\nas one prisoner died under his tortures, another\\nfilled his plact., until the whole perished. All this\\ntook place so near the fort, that every scream of the\\nvictims must have rung in the ears of the French\\ncommandant\\nTwo or three days after this shocking spectacle,\\nmost of the Indian tribe* dispersed and returned lO\\ntheir homes, as is usual with them after a great and\\ndecisive battle. Young Smith was demanded of the\\nFrench by the tribe to whom he belonged, and was\\nimmediately surrendered into their hands.\\nThe party embarked in canoes, and ascended the\\nAllegany river, as far as a small Indian town about\\nforty miles above fort Du Quesne. There they\\nabandoned their canoes, and striking into the woods,\\ntravelled in a western direction, until they arrived at\\na considerable Indian town, in what is now the state\\nof Ohio. This illage was called Tullihas and\\nwas situated upon the western branch of the Mus-\\nkingum. During the whole of this period. Smith\\nsufi ered much anxiety, from the uncertainty of his\\nfuture fate, but at this town all doubt was removed.\\nOn the morning of his arrival, the principal members\\nof the tribe gathered around him and one old man\\nwith deep gravity, began to pluck out his hair by the\\nroots, while the others looked on in silence, smoking\\ntheir pipes with great deliberation. Smith did not\\nunderstand the design of this singular ceremony,\\nbut submitted very patiently to the man s labours,\\nwho performed the operation of picking him with\\ngreat dexterity, dipping his fingers in the ashes oc-\\ncasionally, in order to take a better hold. In a very\\nfew moments Smith s head was bald, with the ex-\\nception of a single long tuft upon the centre of his\\ncrown, called the scalp lock. This was carefully\\nplaited in such a manner, as to stand upright, and\\nwas ornamented with several silver brooches. His\\nears and nose were then bored with equal gravity,\\nand ornamented with ear-rings and nose-jewels.\\nHe was then ordered to strip which being done,\\nhis naked body was painted in various fantastick\\ncolours, and a breech-cloth fastened around his loins.\\nA belt of wampum was then placed around his neck,\\nand silver bands around his right arm. To all this\\nSmith submitted with much anxiety, being totally\\nignorant of their customs, and dreading lest, like the\\nBritish prisoners, he had been stripped and painted\\nfor the stake. His alarm was increased, when an\\nold chief arose, took him by the arm, and leading\\nhim out into the open air, gave three shrill whoops,\\nand was instantly surrounded by every inhabitant of\\nthe village warriours, women and children. The\\nchief then addressed the crowd in a long speech,\\nstill holding Smith by the hand. When he had\\nceased speaking, he led Smith forward, and deliver-\\ned him into the hands of three your.g Indian girls,\\nwho grappling him without ceremony, towed him off\\nto the river which ran at the foot of the hill, dragged\\nhim in the water up to his breast, and all three sud-\\ndenly clapping their hands upon his head, attempted\\nto put him under. Utterly desperate at the idea of\\nbeing drowned by these young ladies, Smith made\\na manful resistance the squaws persevered and a\\nprodigious splashing in the water took place, amidst\\nloud peals of laughter from the shore. At length,\\none of the squaws became alarmed at the furious\\nstruggles of the young white man, and cried out\\nearnestly several times, No hurt you no hurt you\\nUpon this agreeable intelligence, Smith s resistance\\nceased, and these gentle creatures plunged him un-\\nder ilie water, and scrubbed him from head to foot\\nwith equal zeal and perseverance. As soon as they\\nwere satisfied, they led him ashore, and presented\\nhim to the chief shivering with cold, and dripping\\nwitl:) water, i he Indians then dressed him in a", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "53\\nruffleJ shirt, leggins, and moccasins, variously orna-\\nmented, seated him upon a bear-skin, and gave him\\na pipe, tomahawk, tobacco, pouch, flint and steel.\\nThe chiefs then took their seats by his side, and\\nsmoked for several minutes in deep silence, when\\nthe eldest delivered a speech, through an interpreter,\\nin the following words My son, you are now\\none of us. Hereafter, you have nothing to fear.\\nBy an ancient custom, you have been adopted in the\\nroom of a brave man, who has fallen and every\\ndrop of white blood has been washed from your\\nveins. We are now your brothers, and are bound by\\nour law to love you, to defend you, and to avenge\\nyour injuries, as much as if you were born in our\\ntribe. He was then introduced to the members of\\nthe family into which he had been adopted, and was\\nreceived by the whole of them with great demon-\\nstrations of regard. In the evening, he received an\\ninvitation to a great feast and was there presented\\nwith a wooden bowl and spoon, and directed to fill\\nthe former from a huge kettle of boiled corn and\\nhashed venison. The evening concluded with a\\nwar-dance, and on the next morning, the warriours\\nof the tribe assembled, and leaving one or two hunt-\\ners, to provide for their families in their absence,\\nthe rest marched oft* for the frontiers of Virginia.\\nFAREWELL OF THE SEMI^X)LE CHIEF.\\nLand of our love, farewell\\nFields, where the palm-grass waves, and thickets green,\\nHomes, lowly huts, where joy, and grief have been,\\nCool springs, sweet waters flowing, silvery lakes,\\nTall trees, with blossoms white as north snow flakes,\\nWild vines, fair flowers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 farewell\\nAll living things, farewell!\\nLearn, faithful dog, the stranger-master s call\\nSuffer thou too, poor steed, the white man s thrall\\nBound on, ye gentle deer rest in your lair,\\nFierce panthers, when shall hunter rouse ye there 7\\nBetween us, peace farewell\\nOur fathers graves, farewell\\nWe long to lay our bones by yours, and know\\nThese forest birds would sing, these spring flowers blow\\nAbove our last low bed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Oh, sweet the earth\\nDenied us, where our little ones had birth\\nGraves of our sires farewell\\nPlace of death-strife, farewell\\nBroken tomahawk the warriour s brow\\nWears not the battle spirit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 silent now\\nThe deep blood stirring war-cry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 bonds around\\nHis hands, and heart, the Seminole s bound\\nFields of the brave farewell\\nWinds, dews, earth, skies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 farewell\\nThe ship floats proudly on our own smooth bay,\\nHer broad sails fluttering long to bear away\\nThe red man from his hon.e no more, no more^\\nReturning to his forest-belted shore.\\nLand of my love farewell\\nWESTERN ANTIQUITIES.\\nFROM THE WESTERN MESSENGER.\\nThere maybe no such ruins in America, as arc to be found in Eu-\\nrope, or in Asia, or in Africa; but other ruins there are of prodigious\\nmagnitude. ^o/in Neat.\\nThe remains of antiquity which are spread over\\nthe great valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, cannot\\nfail to arrest the attention of the intelligent and ob-\\nservant traveller. They carry him back, in imagi-\\nnation, to those remote ages, when this fertile region\\nwas inhabited by a people now extinct, of whom\\ntradition has preserved no account. If he does not\\nbehold the broken columns, and the mouldering ruins\\nof splendid palaces and magnificent temples, like\\nthose which adorned the banks of the Nile, the plains\\nof Greece, and the seven hills of the Eternal City\\nruins which still shadow forth the magnificent\\nwealth and power of the people by whom they were\\nerected his eye, nevertheless, rests upon the works\\nof past ages, which speak in silent but expressive\\nlanguage of extinct nations. They speak of a peo-\\nple who, perhaps, were once mighty in power, and\\nwho proudly rejoiced in their strength who, possil ly,\\ncould boast of warriours and statesmen, of orators and\\npoets. But they have passed away the place that\\nhas known them will know them no more their\\nglory has departed, and their history is lost in the\\noblivion of ages.\\nThese great works, the ruins of which are now\\nonly to be seen, were probably constructed in the\\nproud hope, that the fame of the people by whom\\nthey were erected, would be transmitted to future\\nages, and tell of their glory and renown. How vain\\nthe hope If they ever bore any records of past\\nhistory of the warlike exploits of heroes, or the\\ncivic honours of statesmen, the destroying hand of\\ntime has obliterated the characters, and not all the\\neflTorts and researches of the antiquary have been\\nable to restore them. By what people they were\\nerected, and what were the purposes of their erec-\\ntion, are now matters of speculation or conjecture.\\nA number of able men, who have devoted much time\\nto antiquarian research, have endeavoured to draw\\naside the veil, and penetrate the mystery which sur-\\nrounds them, but their labours in this respect have\\nbeen fruitless. They have laboured zealously, and\\nproduced ingenious theories, but the mystery is al-\\nmost as profound as ever, and is likely to remain so.\\nIn the present article I do not mean to advance a\\nnew theory, nor controvert any theories which have\\nbeen already maintained. To attempt either, did\\nI even consider myself qualified for the task, would\\nlead to a vast field of inquiry and investigation for-\\neign to my present object. That the people by whom\\nthe works before us were erected, were numerous\\nand powerful, and considerably advanced in the\\nknowledge of the useful arts, will scarcely be ques-\\ntioned by any who have at all investigated the sub-\\nject. None but a numerous people who were govern\\ned by established laws, and were under the influence\\nof commanding power, could have constructed\\nmounds, or erected fortifications, of such magnitude\\nand extent. Works which exhibit proofs of immense\\nlabour, and display a considerable degree of skill in\\ntheir construction, are inconsistent with the free and\\nuncontrolled habits, and opposed to the manners,\\ncustoms, and mode of life, of the native tribes who\\nroamed through our forests when this continent was\\ndiscovered by Columbus. Addicted to a wandering\\nlife, divided into small and independent tribes, and\\ncontented with a bare subsistence for the present,\\nwithout reference to the future, such men, under such\\ncircumstances, never could have engaged in worko\\nrequiring so much time and labour in their construc-\\ntion. They are evidently the productions of a peo-\\nple of settled habits, who lived in cities, and congre-\\ngated together for mutual support and defence. The\\nimmense cemeteries which have been discovered at\\nGrave Creek, near Wheeling, at the Big Bone", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "54\\nPaiik on the Wabash, and other places, indicate\\nthat this people lived in cities, or in large communi-\\nties, and that the population of the valley of the Ohio,\\nwas once as dense, if not more so, than it is at pres-\\nent. In some of these cemeteries thousands of\\nbodies have been thrown together, and covered with\\na nioinid of earth in others they include a consider-\\nable sj)ace of ground, and the bodies have been in-\\nterred in graves after our own manner. Near Nash-\\nville, in the state of Tennessee, a cemetery of the\\nlatter description may yet be seen.\\nThe mounds are the most substantial and endur-\\ning monuments of the aborigines, and the most stri-\\nking in their general features. They are of various\\ndimensions, varying from eight or ten feet to one\\nhundred feet in height, and from fifty or sixty to five\\nor six hundred feet in circumference. Some are cir-\\ncular, and form regular cones some are oblong and\\nothers hexagonal, and carried up from the base to\\nthe apex with perfect regularity and geometrical\\nprecision. Mounds of the latter description are of\\nrare occurrence the most remarkable and interest-\\ning monument of this kind, of which I have any\\nknowledge, is situated within the limits of the town\\nof Florence, in the state of Alabama, which will be\\nhereafter described. This monument of ancient skill\\nand labour I have contemplated with admiration al-\\nthough much injured by the hand of time, its original\\nform is perfectly preserved.\\nSome mounds have platforms or pavements, front-\\ning the east, as that within the circular enclosure at\\nCircleville, as described by Atwater in his valuable\\nand interesting meinoir on the Antiquities of Ohio\\nthe greater number, however, have no similar ap-\\npendages. These mounds, so diflerenl in form and\\nsize, were no doubt constructed for diflerent purpo-\\nses, but the purposes to which they were applied are\\nwholly matters of conjecture, and will probably ever\\nremain so. Some may have been erected to com-\\nmemorate some great event in the nation s history\\nothers as monuments to the mighty dead whose re-\\nmains repose beneath, awaiting the assembly of na-\\ntions, when the notes of the last trumpet shall sound.\\nSome may have been intended as watch towers, or\\nplaces of defence others as places for the publick\\nworship of their deities. However doubtful or un-\\ncertain we may be with regard to the design of all,\\nthat some were depositories of the dead is clearly\\nestablished by the number of human bones discover-\\ned on opening them that at Grave Creek was found\\nto contain several thousand human skeletons.\\nThe ancient works which are supposed to have\\noeen originally constructed for fortifications, or places\\nof defence, are extremely numerous, and are to be\\nfound on almost all the rivers of the West, and in\\nthe most eligible positions, and in the midst of exten-\\nsive bodies of fertile land. The most numerous,\\nsays Breckenridge, as well as the most considera-\\nble of these reinains are found precisely in those\\nparts of the country, where the traces of a nuinerous\\npopulation might be looked for, and hence he infers,\\nand not without reason, that in ancient times cities\\nhave existed containing several hundred thousand\\nsouls. To some ininds this may appear like the wild\\nspeculation of an enthusiastick antiquary but, as\\nbefore suggested, the remains themselves clearly in-\\ndicate the existence of a dense and numerous popu-\\nlation.\\nThe fortifications, or places of defence, were plan-\\nned with a skill that would not discredit the most\\nexperienced engineer of the present day. They ap-\\npear to have been aptly fitted to resist the various\\nmodes of attack, which we may suppose to have\\nbeen practised at a period when the use of firearms\\nwas unknown, and when men engaged in battle\\nfighting hand to hand. The most assailable points\\nwere skilfully guarded. The curious reader, by re-\\nferring to Atwater s Antiquities of Ohio, will obtain\\na much more clear and accurate idea of the charac-\\nter and design of these ancient works, than any\\ndescription in mere words.\\nTliese ancient works are not confined to a partic-\\nular section of the Western country they are found\\nthroughout the whole valley, upon almost every river\\nor large water course that empties into the Ohio or\\nMississippi. In Tennessee and Alabama they are\\nas numerous as in Ohio or Kentucky. One of the\\nmost remarkable in the former state, is what is called\\nTHE STONE FORT\\nSituated in Franklin county, on a point of land at\\nthe junction of the east and west branches of the\\nDuck river, and near the main road leading from\\nNashville to Winchester.\\nThis fort includes in its area about thirty-two acres.\\nThe walls are composed of stones of various sizes\\ncollected from the surface of the surrounding coun-\\ntry, and rudely thrown together there is no appear-\\nance of their having been united by cement, nor do\\nthey exhibit any marks of the hammer. The walls\\nE E, which are covered with a coat of earth from\\none to two feet thick, are about sixteen feet in thick-\\nness at the base, about five feet at the top, and from\\neight to ten feet high.\\nAt the northern extremity, near the front wall,\\narc two conical pillars or mounds of stone, designa-\\nted on the annexed plan A A. Each of these mounds\\nis about six feet high, and ten feet in diameter at\\nthe base originally they may have been of some-\\nwhat greater altitude, and being on the exteriour of\\nthe wall may have been intended as watch towers.\\nIn the rear of the mounds is the northern wall, ex-\\ntending to a high bank on both branches of Duck\\nriver, and opposite to a waterfall on each, of ten or\\ntwelve feet in height. In the northern wall is an\\nThe annexed plan of the Stone Fort was drawn by Willidni\\nDonneson, Esq., formerly of Tennessee.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "55\\nentrance oi gateway, and in the rear of the gate-\\nway Hre. what appear to be llie remains of two stone\\nbuildings C C, one about sixteen feet square, the\\nother about ten feet the stones are rough and un-\\nhewn. Stretching south the walls are continued on\\nboth sides until they reach the points D D, at a bold\\nliiuestone blufl which forms a good natural defence.\\nSouth of the blutf the walls are continued of the\\nsame height and thickness until they reach the an-\\ngles of tlu! wall fronting the south, which also ex-\\ntends from the bank of one river to the other, and\\nhas also a gateway nearly opposite to that in the\\nnorthern wall. At the points D D, it is supposed by\\nmany who have examined this work, there were\\nformerly excavated passages leading to each branch\\nof Duck river, with steps cut in the rock. On a close\\nexamination, the writer of this article was unable to\\ndiscover any appearance of an excavated passage, or\\nany evidence that the pathway leading to the river\\nwas a laboured work of art. The ascent and descent\\nare not very difficult the steps appear to be such as\\nnature formed by the projection of the rock and it\\nwas, no doubt, by these passages that the inhabit-\\nants of tlie fort gained access to the river, and were\\nsupplied with water.\\nNear the base of the wall on the south side is a\\nditch from sixteen to twenty feet wide, and six or\\neight deep. A short distance farther from the south-\\nern wall is another and much more extensive ditch\\nor excavation. In some places it is seventy or eighty\\nfeet wide, and from twenty-five to thirty feet deep.\\nThe earth from these ditches was probably removed\\nto cover the walls of the fort, and employed in the\\nerection of the neighbouring mounds, while the ditch-\\nes themselves constituted an additional means of\\ndefence.\\nIt is supposed by some, who are unwilling to ad-\\nmit a very high antiquity, that this Airt was con-\\nstructed by de Soto, who landed in Florida in the\\nyear 1538, and probably explored this part of the\\ncountry but the trees growing on the walls, and on\\nthe area of the fort, indicate an age anterior to the\\nlanding of de Soto they are coeval with trees in\\nthe surrounding country.\\nAbout three quarters of a mile north of the fort is\\na mound of an oblong form, about twenty-five feet\\nhigh, one hundred feet long, and twenty broad. On\\nthe northwest, about half a mile distant is another\\nmound of similar form, twenty feet high, sixty long,\\nand eighteen wide. These mounds are constructed\\nwith the same regularity that distinguishes all the\\nother works of similar character. On both these\\nmounds trees are growing as large as any in the sur-\\nrounding forests.\\nThe stone fort differs in its form, and the materials\\nused in its construction, from every other T have ex-\\namined but it does not exhibit greater evidence of\\nskill. The difiereuce in form was owing to its loca\\ntion on the point of land formed by the junction of\\nthe two rivers, and it was made to conform in all re-\\nspects to the nature of the ground. Stones were\\nemployed because they were readily procured. Al-\\nthough the hammer had nothing to do with the prep-\\naration of the materials, it was nevertheless a work\\nof great labour, and the place of location was select-\\ned with a military eye, more especially as the de\\nsirucuive implements of warfare now in use Avere then\\nunknown. Several years ago, the then proprietor of\\nthe soil, in ploughing the area of the fort, found a\\npiece of flint glass, about an inch thick, which ap-\\npeared to be a part of a bowl he also found a stone\\ncuriously carved, and ornamented in a style superiour\\nto the art of the Indians of the present day. The\\ncarved stone may have had some connexion with the\\nfort, but the glass was probably dropped by some\\ncasual visiter. It has always appeared to me some-\\nwhat singular, that so few specimens of domestick\\nart have been discovered in the neighbourhood of the\\nmounds and other ancient works.: the few which have\\nbeen found serve rather to excite than to gratify cu-\\nriosity.\\nTHE MOUXD AT FLORENCE.\\nIn the preceding part of this article I alluded to\\nan hexagonal mound at Florence. For the annexed\\ndraught and description, I am indebted to Major\\nDavid Hubbard, who politely furnished it at my re-\\nquest.\\nWithin the limits of the town of Florence, in the\\nstate of Alabama, is a remarkable mound partly sur-\\nrounded by a wall. The motmd is situated withia\\ntwo chains of the Tennessee river, on the north side,\\non what is termed bottom, land the base is very lit-\\ntle elevated above high-water mark. Its figure is hex-\\nagonal, and its elevation forty-five feet. It measures\\nsix chains and seventy-five links round the base, and\\ntwo chains and iwenty-five links round the top. It\\nappears to have been formed of the lop of the sur-\\nrounding earth, being of a very dark mo dd mixed\\nwith sand. It has been carried up from the base to\\nthe top with great regularity the only difierence to\\nbe observed is, that the outward angles are more\\nrough, and project farther from a regular line, than\\nthe angles facing the river. As far as it has yet\\nbeen examined there is no appearance of bones of\\nany animal no stone, or other solid substance has\\nbeen employed in its construction. Partly surround-\\ning the moiind is a wall four chains distant from its\\nbase, which extends from the main river below to a\\nbranch formed by Cane Island above, forming a seg-\\nment of a circle, the centre of which would have\\nbeen in the Tennessee river. The wall is about\\nforty feet across the top, and making allowances for\\nthe ravages of time, must have been originally from\\ntwelve to fifteen feet high: it is now pbout eight\\nfeet. The mound and wall bear the same mark of\\nage, both being covered with large timber of the\\nsame age and description of that found growing on", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "56\\n{he surrounding lands. The wall has the appear-\\nance of a breastwork, and the remains of a ditch is\\napj)arent on the outside.\\nThese works are situated on the river bottom, and\\nare half surrounded by a very high ridge, which runs\\nparallel to the Tennessee river, about four hundred\\nyards distant. This ridge, upon which the principal\\npart of the town of Florence is situated, overlooks\\nand entirely commands the whole. The mound, with\\nits surrounding wall, thus situated and exposed to\\nattack, could not have been designed as a place of\\ndefence. It must have been appropriated to another\\npurpose. It was probably a place of worship, a high\\naltar upon which sacrifices were offered to some\\ndeity whom the people ignorantly worshipped. On\\nits summit, perhaps, the blood of the victim flowed,\\nand the smoke of the incense ascended. May not\\nthe circular wall have been the place where these\\npeople assembled to witness the rites and ceremonies\\nof their religion This monument of ancient labour\\nand skill I have contemplated with admiration, and\\nbusy fancy has pictured to the imagination the\\nscenes which were there displayed in bygone ages,\\nthe superstitious rites which were performed,\\nwhen the darkness of idolatry covered the nations of\\nthe earth.\\nANCIENT INSCRIPTION.\\nIn connexion with the ancient remains above de-\\nscribed, and not inapplicable to the subject of the\\npresent article, I will mention another monument of\\na different character, and certainly belonging to an-\\nother race, and to a much more recent period. Near\\nthe Black Warriour river, in the state of Alabama,\\nsome eighteen or twenty years since, a rock was\\ndiscovered on which was an inscription bearing date\\nsix hundred years ago. A copy of the inscription\\nwas taken by an officer of the United States army\\nand from him the writer of this article received it.\\nThis rock is of a triangular shape it measures\\n20^ inches in width at the base from the top to the\\nbase 22 inches 3^ inches wide at the top at the\\nbase lOi inches thick, and at the top 9^ inches. It\\nweighed two hundred and three pounds. On this\\nrock was the following inscription in Roman let-\\nters\\nHISRNEHNDRE V.\\n12 3 2.\\nThis inscription is said to be much defaced by the\\nrude hand of time, but the foregoing letters and fig-\\nures were distinctly ascertained.\\nThis rock was found on what is supposed to have\\nbeen an ancient highway, sixteen feet wide, leading\\nto a mound on McCoun s bluff on the Black Warriour.\\nThe area of the highv/ay is regular, and at the time\\nof the discovery was four or five inches below the\\ncommon level of the earth on either side, and there\\nwere trees growing on it from two to four feet in\\ndiameter. If the above inscription has been accu-\\nrately copied, and if it be truly of the age indicated,\\nit affords ground for curious speculation. If this\\nstone were placed on the highway at llie time the\\ninscription declares, this contiiumt must have been\\nvisited by Europeans, long antecedent to its discov-\\nery by Columbus. I allude to this rock and inscrip-\\ntion, not that I have any great faith in the antiquity\\nof the inscription, but as a subject of curiosity con-\\nnected with the antiquities of the West, and which\\nmay have some connexion with the Roman coins\\nfound in Tennessee, of the reigns of Comniodus and\\nof Antoninus Pins.\\nThe contBmplation of the various monuments of\\nhuman labour to which I have alluded, and attempt-\\ned to describe, involuntarily excite in the mind a\\ntrain of melancholy reflections upon the uncertain\\ntenure by which even nations hold their existence.\\nThe mightiest empires have been dissolved the\\nproudest cities have crumbled into ruins. In this fa-\\nvoured land, where the energies of a free people are\\nnow exerted in building up a system of things which\\nthey hope will be perpetual, a mighty nation once\\nexisted, who little thought their fame woidd be lost\\nin the revolutions of ages. They have disappeared\\ntheir monuments remain, but the events they\\nwere intended to keep in memory, are lost in obliv-\\nion. W. T.\\nCASTLE ROCK,\\nON THE BIO PRAIRIE, UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nA sketch and description of this curious rock,\\nwere found in the Philadelphia Saturday Courier,\\nof October 10.\\nIt is situated, we are informed, on the Big prairie,\\nabout ninety miles southwest of lake Pepin, Upper\\nMississippi. It stands upon a small rise of ground,\\nat the first sight it appears like a castle or a church\\nwithout a cupola, and can be seen twenty or thirty\\nmill s.\\nThe base-rock is about one hundred feet in cir-\\nciunference, and in height about sixty the rock on\\nthe top varies in circumference, from three to fifteen,\\nor, perhaps, twenty feet the height of this rock is,\\nat least, thirty feet, and it appears as if the least\\npuff of wind would blow it over, it stands on so\\nsmall a foundation, a mere pivot, and on so elevated\\nan eminence. The rock is called by the Sioux In-\\ndians, the Standing stone, or Castle rock they\\nhave tried freciuently to get on the top, but have\\nnever succeeded.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "[Buffalo.]\\nLIFE IN THE WEST.\\nThe following vivid description of a buffalo-hunt,\\nis from Washington Irving s tour on the prairies.\\nMr. Irving remarks\\nHaving made two or three ineffectual shots from\\nhorseback, we determined not to seek the camp un-\\ntil we had made one more effort. Casting our eyes\\nabout the surrounding waste, we descried a herd of\\nbuffalo about two miles distant, scattered apart, and\\nquietly grazing near a small strip of trees and\\nbushes. It required but little stretch of fancy to\\npicture them so many cattle grazing on the edge of\\na common, and that the grove might shelter some\\nlowly farmhouse.\\nWe now formed our plan to circumvent the herd,\\nand by getting on the other side of them, to hunt\\nthem in the direction where we knew our camp to\\nbe situated; otherwise, the pursuit might take us\\nto such a distance as to render it impossible for us to\\nfind our way back before nightfall. Taking a wide\\ncircuit therefore, we moved slowly and cautiously,\\npausing occasionally, when we saw any of the herd\\ndesist from grazing. The wind fortunately set from\\nthem, otherwise they might have scented us and have\\ntaken the alarm. In this way, we succeeded in\\ngetting round the herd without disturbing it. It con-\\nsisted of about forty head, bulls, cows and calves.\\nSeparating to some distance from each other, we\\nnow approached slowly in a parallel line, hoping by\\ndegrees to steal near without exciting attention.\\nThey began, however, to move off quietly, stopping\\nat every step or two to graze, when suddenly a bull\\nthat, unobserved by us, had been taking his siesta\\n8*\\nunder a clump of trees to our left, roused himself\\nfrom his lair, and hastened to join his companions.\\nWe were still at a considerable distance, but the\\ngame had taken the alarm. We quickened our pace,\\nthey broke into a gallop, and now commenced a full\\nchase.\\nAs the ground was level, they shouldered along\\nwith great speed, following each other in a line two\\nor three bulls bringing up the rear, the last of whom,\\nfrom his enormous size and venerable frontlet, and\\nbeard of sunburnt hair, looked like the patriarch of\\nthe herd and as if he might long have reigned the\\nmonarch of the prairie.\\nThere is a mixture of the awful and the comick\\nin the look of these huge animals, as they bear their\\ngreat bulk forward, with an up-and-down motion of\\nthe unwieldy head and shoulders their tail cocked\\nup like the queue of Pantaloon in a pantomime, the\\nend whisking about in a fierce yet whimsical style,\\nand their eyes glaring venomously with an expression\\nof fright and fury.\\nFor some time I kept parallel with the line, with-\\nout being able to force my horse within pistol-shot,\\nso much had he been alarmed by the assault of the\\nbuffalo, in the preceding chase. At length, I suc-\\nceeded, but was again balked by my pistols mis-\\nsing fire. My companions, whose horses were\\nless fleet, and more wayworn, could not overtake the\\nherd at length, Mr. L. who was in the rear of the\\nline, and losing ground, levelled his double-barrelled\\ngun, and fired a long raking shot. It struck a buf-\\nfalo just above the loins, broke its backbone, and\\nbrought it to the ground He stopped and alighted", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "to despatch his prey, when borrowing his gun which\\nhad yet a charge remaining in it, I put my horse to\\nhis speed, again overtook the herd which was thun-\\ndering along, pursued by the count. With my pres-\\nent weapon there was no need of urging my horse\\nto such close quarters galloping along parallel^\\ntherefore, I singled out a buffalo, and by a fortuna te\\nshot brought it down on the spot. The balldiad\\nstruck a vital part it coidd not move from the place\\nwhere it fell, but lay there struggling in mortal\\nagony, while the rest of the herd kept on their head-\\nlong career across tlie prairie.\\nDismounting, I iu)w fettered my horse to prevent\\nhis straying, and advanced to contemplate my victim.\\nI am nothing of a sportsman I had been prompted\\nto this unwonted exploit by the magnitude of the\\ngame, and the excitement of an adventurous chase.\\nNow that the excitement was over, I could not but\\nlook with commiseration upon the poor animal that\\nlay struggling and bleeding at my feet. His very\\nsize and importance, which had before inspired me\\nwith eagerness, now increased my compunction. It\\nseemed as if I had inflicted pain in proportion to the\\nbulk of my victim, and as if there were a hundred\\nfold greater waste of life than there would have been\\nin the destruction of an animal of inferiour size.\\nTo add to these after-qualms of conscience, the\\npoor animal lingered in his agony. He had evidently\\nreceived a mortal wound, but death might be long in\\ncoming. It would not do to leave him here to be\\nlorn piecemeal, while yet alive, by the wolves that\\nhad already snuffed his blood, and were skulking\\nand howling at a distance, and waiting for my de-\\nparture, and by the ravens that were flapping about,\\ncroaking dismally in the air. It became now an act\\nof mercy to give him his quietus, and put him out of\\nhis misery. I primed one of the pistols, therefore,\\nand advanced close up to the buflalo. To inflict a\\nwound thus in cool blood, I found a totally different\\nthing from firing in the heat of the chase. Taking\\naim, however, just behhid the fore-shoulder, my pistol\\nfor once proved true the ball must have passed\\nthrough the heart, for the animal gave one convulsive\\nthroe and expired.\\nWhile I stood meditating atid moralizing over the\\nwreck I had so wantoidy produced, with my horse\\ngrazing near me, I was rejoined by my fellow-sports-\\nman, the virtuoso who, being a man of universal\\nadroitness, and withal, more experienced and hardened\\nin the gentle art of venerie, soon managed to\\ncarve out the tongue of the bufi^ilo, and delivered it\\nto me to bear back to the camp as a trophy.\\nBIOGRAPHY.\\nHERNANDO CORTEZ.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Born, 1483\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Died, 1554.\\nHernando Cortkz, a descendant of a noble but\\npoor family, was born at Medellin, in Estremadura,\\nin 1485. The law, to which he was bred at Sala-\\nmanca, he quitted for a military life. In 1504, he\\nwent to St. Domingo, and, in 1511, accompanied\\nVelasquez to Cuba, and received from him a grant\\nof land, as a reward for his services. The conquest\\nof Mexico being resolved upon. Velasquez intrusted\\nhim with the command of the enterprise. The ex-\\npedition, which consisted of ten small vessels, and\\nonly seven hundred men, sailed on the 18lh of No-\\nvember, 1518; and, on his arrival at Tabaco, Cortez\\nset fire to his ships, that his soldiers might have no\\nother resource than their own valour. The Tlasca\\nlans he conquered and converted into allies, and\\nthen advanced towards Mexico, where he was ami-\\ncably received. Jealous of his success, Velasquez\\nnow sent Narvaez to supersede him, but Cortez\\nmarched against the latter, took him prisoner, and\\ngained over the new-come troops. The conduct of\\nCortez to the natives soon produced hostilities, and\\nhe was driven from Mexico. By the decisive victory\\nof Otumba, however, he resumed the ascendency,\\nand, after a long siege, in which perished 100,000\\nMexicans, he regained possession of the capital, and\\nfinally subjugated the whole of the kingdom. In\\n1536, he commanded in person a fleet which dis-\\ncovered California. Charles V., while under the\\nimpulse of gratitude, created him governour and\\ncaptain-general of Mexico, and marquis of Guaxaca;\\nbut he subsequently removed him from the gov-\\nernourship. In order to obtain justice, Cortez, in\\n1540, returned, for the second time, to Spain and\\nhe accompanied the emperour to Algiers, where he\\nhighly distinguished himself. Yet he was unable\\nto procure even an audience. Who are you ex-\\nclaimed Charles, when Cortez had on one occasion,\\nforced his way to the step of the emperour s car-\\nriage. I am one, replied the undaunted warriour,\\nwho has given you more provinces than your an-\\ncestors left vou towns. Cortez died at Seville, in\\ncomparative obscurity, on the 2d of December, 1554.\\nSuch is a brief account of the life of this remark-\\nable man. We shall close our biography of him,\\nwith a description of the city of Mexico, at the time\\nof Cortez s conquest, which will give our readers a\\nslight idea of its magnificence.\\nThe city of Mexico, which contained sixty thou-\\nsand families, was divided into two parts, one of\\nwhich, called Tlatelulco, was inhabited by the\\nmeaner sort, while the court and nobility resided in\\nthe other, which had the appellation of Mexico,\\nwhich from thence was given to the whole city.\\nIt stood in a spacious plain, surrounded by high\\nrocks and mountains, from which many rivulets\\nfalling down into the valley, formed several lakes,\\nand among these were two that extended about thirty\\nleagues in circumference, and were surrounded by\\nfifty towns. These lakes communicated with each\\nother, through openings left in a stone-wall, by\\nwhich they were divided, and over these openings\\nwere wooden bridges, with sluices on each side, by\\nwhich the lower lake was supplied from the other\\nthe water of the uppermost was fresh, while that of\\nthe lower was salt, a circumstance proceeding from\\nthe nature of the soil.\\nIn the middle of the lake, stood the city of Mex-\\nico, in nineteen degrees thirteen minutes north lati-\\ntude, yet the climate was mild and healthy for the\\nnatural moisture of the situation was corrected by\\nfrequent breezes of wind.\\nIt was joined to the main land by three noble\\ncauseways the streets were large and straight, and\\nhad a great number of canals for the convenience of\\nwater carriage, in canoes and barks of various sizes\\nabove fifty thousand of which vessels belonged to\\nthe city.\\nAll the publick buildings and houses of the nobil-\\nity were stone, and even the habitations of the com-\\nI", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "59\\nmon people, though more mean and irregular, were\\ndisposed in such a manner as to form several large\\ncourts, in which their merchandise was exposed for\\nsale.\\nThe square of Tlatelulco, in which thSy kept fairs\\non particular days of the year, though one of the\\nlargest in the world, was, on these occasions, quite\\nfilled with tents, containing a variety of goods, and\\ncovered with coarse cotton cloths, which were proof\\nagainst sun and rain.\\nHere they sold by barter, jewels, chains of gold,\\nand ditlerent utensils of silver curiously wrought,\\ntogether with paintings, landscapes made of feathers\\nbeautifully arranged, different sorts of cloths, drink-\\ning cups of a kind of porcelain, fruit, fish, and all\\nmanner of provisions. Maize or cocoa served as\\nmoney for small value they had no weights, but a\\nvariety of measures and instead of numbers, cer-\\ntain characters, by which they adjusted the prices\\nof goods. There was a house appointed for judges\\nof commerce, who decided all diflerences arising\\namong the merchants, and these appointed inferiour\\nofficers to maintain justice and good order in the\\nfair.\\nTheir temples were magnificent and spacious,\\nparticularly that dedicated to Vitziputzli, their god\\nof war, who was esteemed the supreme of all their\\ndeities. The first part of this edifice was a great\\nsqiiare, enclosed within a wall of hewn stone, on\\nthe outside of which were cut wreaths of serpents.\\nAt a little distance from the principal gate, was a\\nplace of worship, with a fiat roof, in which were\\nfixed many trunks of trees in a row, with holes bored\\nin them at equal distances, through which passed\\nseveral bars run through the heads of men who\\nhad been sacrificed.\\nOn each side of the square, was a gate over which\\nstood four statues of stone, representing inferiour\\ndeities, to whom the people on their entrance paid\\nreverence and though the dwellings of the priests\\nand their attendants were built on the inside of this\\nwall, there was space sufficient for ten thousand\\npeople to dance on their solemn festivals.\\nIn the middle of the square stood a lofty stone\\ntower, having a staircase of one hundred and twenty\\nsteps, by which people ascended to the top, which\\nformed a flat pavement forty feet square, beautifully\\npaved with jasper, and surrounded with rails of a\\nserpentine form. At the top of these stairs stood\\ntwo marble statues well executed, supporting two\\nlarge candlesticks of an extraordinary fashion.\\nA little farther was a green stone, about three feet\\nhigh, and terminating in an angle, on which the\\npriests extended the wretched victim while they\\nopened his breast and plucked out his heart. Be-\\nyond this stone, fronting the staircase, stood a chap-\\nel of admirable workmanship, in which was placed\\nthe idol, upon a high altar, surrounded with curtains.\\nIt was of the figure of a man, sitting in a chair, sus-\\ntained by a bkie globe furnished with four rods\\njetting out from the sides, each terminating in the\\nlikeness of a serpent s head; and these rods the\\npriests placed on their shoulders when they exposed\\nthe idol to the view of the publick. The head of\\nthe figure was covered with a helmet, composed of\\nplumes in the form of a bird with a bill and crest\\nof burnished gf ld.\\nThe countenance of this idol was horrible, the\\n[Hernando Cortez.]\\nnose and forehead being swathed with bands of a\\nblue colour in the right hand it held a curling ser-\\npent, and in the left a shield of four arrows, with\\nfive white plumes placed in the form of a cross, and\\nthe Mexicans related many extravagant stories re-\\nspecting these ornaments.\\nThere was placed on the left hand of this idol,\\nanother of the same size and form, made for Talock,\\nthe supposed brother of the former, and equally re-\\nvered by the Mexicans. The ornaments of these\\nchapels were of inestimable value, and there were\\nin the city, eight temples built nearly in the same\\nmanner, and almost as rich those of a similar size\\namounted to two thousand, dedicated to as many\\nidols of difl erent names.\\nBesides the palace in VT hich Montezuma kept his\\ncourt, he had several magnificent pleasure houses,\\nin one of which, a most elegant building supported\\nby pillars of jasper, he kept an aviary of birds,\\nremarkable either for their singing or plumage, so\\nnumerous, that three himdrcd men were employed\\nin attending thein.\\nNot far from this was another vast edifice, where\\nthe etnperour s fowlers resided, and took care of the\\nbirds of prey, among which were some bred to the\\ngame like our hawks, and in the same place were\\nvoracious eagles of a very extraordinary size. In\\nthe second square of this house his wild beasts were\\nkept, consisting of bears, tigers, lions, and Mexican\\nbulls, which are extremely strong, nimble and fierce\\nand over their dens was a large apartment for buffoons\\nand monsters, who were kept nnd instructed for the\\nentertainment of the einperour.\\n?vIontzeuma s grandeur w^as equally conspicuous in\\nhis armories. In one building a number of workmen\\nwere employed in making shafts for arrows, grinding\\nflints for the points, and forming all sorts of arms,\\noffensive and defensive in another building the\\narms were laid up in great order these consisted\\nof bows, arrows and quivers, two-handed swords,\\nedged with flints, darts and javelins, head-pieces,\\nbreastplates, quilted jackets, and bucklers made ot", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "60\\nimpenetrable skins to cover the whole body, which\\nthey carried rolled upon their shoulders till they\\nwere ready to engage. To all these buildings there\\nwere large gardens well cultivated, producing a\\ngreat variety of fragrant flowers and medicinal herbs\\nset in squares, and adorned with beautiful summer-\\nhouses and fountains of water.\\nBut of all Montezuma s buildings, the most remark-\\nable was his house of sorrow, to which he retired\\non the death of any favourite relation, or in case of\\npublick calamity this place was very well adapted\\nto prouiote gloomy sentiments the walls, roofs, and\\nornaments were black instead of windows, it had\\nonly narrow openings in the walls, which admitted\\nno more light, than was just sufficient to make the\\nwhole place appear more dismal.\\nThe emperour had also several pleasaiit country-\\nseats, with large forests for the chase of lions and\\ntigers, in which he took great deligVit. In these\\nsports a number of men were employed to surround\\nthe game, and contract the circle into a certain space,\\nwhere he beheld the combats of his huntsmen with\\nthe wild beasts, in which exercise the Mexicans\\nwere not less daring than dexterous.\\nMontezuma had two sorts of guards, one of com-\\nmon soldiers who filled the courts of the palace, and\\nwere posted in bodies at the principal gates the\\nother consisted of two hundred nobles of distinguished\\nrank, who were obliged to attend every day at the\\npalace, to guard his person.\\nThis attendance of the nobility was divided be-\\neen two bodies, who were upon duty by turns,\\nnprehending the lords of the whole empire, who\\nre obliged to repair to court from the most distant\\nivinces a scheme contrived by Montezuma, who\\nreby kept the nobility in dependauce, and had an\\n(ortunity of becoming acquainted with their pcr-\\ns, capacities, and dispositions.\\nle very seldom granted audience, and when any\\nwas so far honoured, he entered barefoot, and\\nle three reverences, saying at first, lord, at the\\nDnd, my lord, and at the third, great lord.\\nappeared in great state on these occasions, being\\nounded by his courtiers he listened attentively,\\nanswered with severity, seeming delighted with\\nconfusion of the speaker.\\n[ontezuma frequently dined in publick, but always\\nilone at the table, which was usually covered\\nupward of two hundred dishes of difl erent\\nts out of which he fixed on a certain number\\nlis own use, and ordered the rest to be divided\\nig the nobility. He sat on a little stool at a\\nlow table, which was covered with napkins\\ncloths of fine cotton. His dining-room was\\ned in the middle by a rail, which, without ob- 1\\nting the view, kept the domesticks and crowd at j\\nGlance. Within tlie rails he was attended by j\\nor four old favourite servants: the dishes were\\nht in by twenty women, richly dressed, who\\nd up the meat, and presented him with the cup:\\nishes, which were of fine earthen ware, as well\\ni cloths and napkins, having been once used,\\ndistributed among the servants he had cups j\\nalvers of gold, and sometimes drank out of co-\\nnd other shells, richly ornamented with jewels,\\ndrank several sorts of liquors, one of which\\nkind of beer made of maize others were per-\\nl with rich odours, and a third sort mixed with 1\\nthe juice of salutiferous herbs. After eating, he\\ndrank a kind of chocolate, and used to smoke a sort\\nof tobacco perfumed with liquid amber indeed the\\njuice of this herb was one of the ingredients with\\nwhich the priests wrought themselves up to a fit of\\nenthusiasm, whenever they were obliged to deliver\\nan oracular answer.\\nAmong other attendants at his table, were gener-\\nally three or four buftbons, who diverted him with\\ntheir ludicrous talents, and at proper intervals he\\nwas entertained with musick produced by pipes and\\nseashells, accompanied by voices that formed an\\nagreeable concert. The subject of these songs was\\ngenerally the exploits of their ancestors, and the\\nmemorable actions of their kings. They had also\\nmerry songs used in dancing, accompanied with the\\nmusick of two little drums, made of hollow pieces\\nof wood of different sizes and sounds these were\\nmost commonly used in a dance called Mitates,\\npractised at festivals, in which the nobility and the\\nvulgar, mingling without distinction, used to shout,\\nmake odd gesticulations, and drink to each other till\\nthey were drunk.\\nThe people, at other times assembling in the\\nsquares and porches of the temple, made matches\\nfor wrestling, shooting at the mark, and running\\nraces. Here were also rope-dancers, performing in\\nan astonishing manner, without the assistance of\\npoles, and numbers of people playing at ball, near\\nthe statue of an idol, which the priests brought out,\\nas the superintendant of that diversion. In a word\\nthe inhabitants of Mexico were almost every day\\nentertained with shows and amusements, contrived\\nby Montezuma, to divert their imaginations, which\\nmight otherwise have been employed to his disad-\\nvantage.\\nThe prodigious wealth of Montezuma, which ena-\\nbled him to support the expense of his court, and to\\nkeep two large armies always in the field, arose\\nfrom the salt-works and other taxes, established from\\ntime immemorial, from the produce of the gold and\\nsilver mines, and from the contributions levied on\\nthe subject, amounting to one third of the annual\\nproduce of that vast and populous empire. These\\ntaxes were collected by officers depending on the\\ntribunal of the royal revenue, that resided in the\\ncourt, and punished the least neglect or fraud with\\nthe loss of life. A\\nAll the towns in the neighbourhood of Mexico-\\nfurnished fuel for the royal palace, and men for the\\nemperour s works. The nobility were obliged to\\nguard his person, to serve in his army with a stipu-\\nlated number of vassals, and to make him many\\npresents, which though he received as gifts, they\\ndurst not neglect to offer. He had different treasu-\\nrers for the several kinds of contributions and the\\ntribunal of the crown-revenue, having issued out\\nwhat was wanted for the expenses of the war, and\\nthe royal palaces, converted the rest into ingots of\\ngold.\\nBesides this tribunal, there was a council of jus-\\ntice, which received appeals from inferiour courts\\na council of state, a council of war, judges of com-\\nmerce, and other officers, each of whom carried a\\nstaff as a badge of distinction.\\nAs the Mexicans had no written laws, but were\\ngoverned by the customs and institutions of their\\nancestors, their trials were short and verbal; murder.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "61\\ntheft, adultery, and any disrespect, even the slight-\\nest, towards the emperour, were capital crimes, and\\npunished with death but all other misdemeanors\\nfound an easy pardon.\\nThe children of the common people were instruct-\\ned in publick schools, and those of the noble in well-\\nendowed colleges, where they passed through three\\nclasses in the first of which they were taught to\\ndecipher the characters and hieroglyphicks, and to\\nrepeat the historical songs in the second they\\nlearned to acquire a modest, civil, and polite deport-\\nment and in the third they were employed in robust\\nexercises, as wrestling, managing their arms, and\\ncarrying weights and inured to the hardships of\\nsuffering hunger and thirst, and bearing the inclem-\\nencies of the weather. These qualifications being\\nacquired, the young noblemen who were designed\\nfor war, were sent as volunteers to the army, to\\naccustom themselves to the dangers and hardships\\nof a campaign, and were often placed among the\\nbaggage-men, and loaded with provisions, to mortify\\ntheir pride and inure their bodies to fatigue, before\\nthey were enrolled as soldiers, an honour to which\\nnone were admitted, who had not given proofs of\\ntheir intrepidity.\\nIn every town there was a regular militia, so that\\ntheir armies were formed with ease for the princes,\\ncaciques, and governours, were obliged to repair to\\nthe rendezvous, with a certain number of soldiers.\\nTheir troops were better disciplined than those of\\nthe other Indian nations and the emperour, with a\\nview to reward acts of valour, instituted several or-\\nders of knighthood.\\nIt has been asserted, as a proof of the grandeur\\nof the Mexican empire, that Montezuma had thirty\\nvassals, each of whom could bring one hundred\\nthousand armed men into the field.\\nThe Mexican year, like ours, consists of three\\nhundred and sixty-five days, but was divided into\\neighteen months, of twenty days each, and at the\\nend of the year five days were added to make it an-\\nswer the course of the sun. and these were entirely\\nappropriated to pleasures and diversions. They\\nhad likewise weeks of thirteen days, to which were\\ngiven different names and a longer period, called\\nages, which consisted of four weeks of years.\\nThis period of lime was represented in a very\\nsingular manner in the centre of a large circle,\\ndivided into fifty two degrees, allowing a year for\\nevery degree, they painted the sun, from whose rays\\nproceeded four lines of different colours, which\\nequally divided the circumference, leaving thirteen\\ndegrees to each semi-diameter and these divisions\\nserved as signs of their zodiack, upon which the\\nages had their revolutions, and the sun his aspects,\\nadverse or prosperous, according to the colour of\\nthe line. In a larger circle which enclosed the\\nother, they marked with their characters the princi-\\npal occurrences of the age, and these secular annals\\nwere considered Ss publick instruments, serving for\\nproofs of their histor,v.\\nThe Mexican marriages were celebrated in the\\nfollowing manner: the contract being settled,. the\\nparties appeared in the temple, and the priest having\\nexamined them respecting their nnitual passion, tied\\nthe tip of the woman s veil, and the corner of the\\nbridegroom s garment together, and accompanied\\nthem, joined in this manner, to heir dwelling, where\\nthey went round the fire seven times, and then\\nsitting down to receive a share of the heat, the\\nmarriage was accomplished. Then the husband\\ndemanded the bride s portion, which he was obliged\\nto return in case of separation, which often took\\nplace by mutual consent in that case the father\\ntook care of the boys, and the mother of the girls\\nand the marriage being thus dissolved, the parties\\nwere forbidden to join again on pain of death an\\ninstitution wisely calculated to check the natural\\nlevity of the people.\\nFancy, in her picturesque rovings, may tune\\nher lay in favor of solitude may boast of her lit-\\ntle empire within, and the sweet converse with\\ninanimate creation but reason interrupts these\\nideal joys, and says, the mind cannot long be its\\nown companion without becoming its own enemy.\\nTrees and brambles are but poor society we will\\npine for one who will think as we think, or induce\\nus to forsake our own opinions for his.\\nAvarice in old age, says Cicero, is foolish for\\nwhat can be more absurd, than to increase our\\nprovisions for the road, the nearer we approach to\\nour journey s end.\\nSAILING DOWN THE OHIO.\\nBY AUDUBOK.\\nThe natural features of North America are j\\nless remarkable than the moral character of her\\nhabitants and I cannot find a better subject t.:\\none of those magnificent rivers that roll the colle*\\nwaters of her extensive territories to the ocean.\\nWhen my wife, my eldest son (then an inf;\\nand myself, were returning from Pennsylvani\\nKentucky, we found it expedient, the waters b\\nunusually low, to provide ourselves with a skij\\nenable us to proceed to our abode at Hendersor\\npurchased a large, commodious, and light bo\\nthat denomination. We procured a mattress,\\nour friends furnished us with ready-prepared vi\\nWe had two stout negro rowers, and in this tri\\nleft the village of Shippingport, in expectati\\nreaching the place of our destination in a ver\\ndays.\\nIt was in the month of October. The aut\\nteints already decorated the shores of that qu(\\nrivers, the Ohio. Every tree was hung wit\\nand flowing festoons of different species of\\nmany loaded with clustered fruits of varied bi\\ncy, their rich bronzed carmine mingling beat\\nwith the yellow foliage, which now predonr\\nover the yet green leaves reflecting more livelj\\nfrom the clear stream than ever landscape\\nportrayed or poet imagined.\\nThe days were yet warm. The sun had a:\\nthe rich and glowing hue which at that seas\\nduces the singular phenomenon called th(\\nIndian summer. The moon had rather pas\\nmeridian of her grandeur. We glided do\\nriver, meeting no other ripple of the water tl\\nformed by the propulsion of our boat. L", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "62\\nwe moved along, gazing all day on the grandeur and\\nbeauty of the wild scenery around us.\\nNow and then a large cat-fish rose to the surface\\nof the water in pursuit of a shoal of fry, which, start-\\ning simultaneously from the liquid element, like so\\nmany silvery arrows, produced a shower of light,\\nwhile the pursuer with open jaws seized the strag-\\nglers, and with a splash of his tail, disappeared from\\nour view. Other fishes we heard uttering beneath\\nour bark a rumbling noise, the strange sounds of\\nwhich we discovered to proceed from the white\\nperch, for on casting our net from the bow, we\\ncaught several of that species, when the noise ceas-\\ned for a time.\\nNature, in her varied arrangements, seems to have\\nfelt a partiality towards this portion of our country.\\nAs the traveller ascends or descends the Ohio, he\\ncannot help remarking, that, alternately, nearly the\\nwhole length of the river, the margin, on one side,\\nIS bounded by lofty hills and a rolling surface while,\\non the other, extensive plains of the richest alluvial\\nland are seen as far as the eye can command the\\nview. Islands of varied size and form rise here and\\nthere from the bosom of the water, and the winding\\ncourse of the stream frequently brings you to places\\nwhere the idea of being on a river of great length\\nchanges to that of floating on a lake of moderate ex-\\ntent. Some of these islands are of considerable\\nsize and value while others, small and insignificant,\\nseem as if intended for contrast, and as serving to\\nenhance the general interest of the scenery. These\\nlittle islands are frequently overflowed during great\\nfreshets or floods, and receive at their heads pro-\\ndigious heaps of drifted timber. We foresaw with\\ngreat concern the alterations that cultivation would\\nsoon produce along those delightful banks.\\nAs night came, sinking in darkness the broader\\nportions of the river, our minds became aflected by\\nstrong emotions, and wandered far beyond the present\\nmoments. The tinkling of bells told us that the\\ncattle which bore them were gently roving from\\nvalley to valley in search of food, or returning to\\ntheir distant homes. The hooting of the great\\nowl, or the muffled noise of its wings as it sailed\\nsmoothly over the stream, were matters of interest\\nto us; so was the sound of the boatman s horn, as\\nit came winding more and more softly from afar.\\nWhen daylight returned, many songsters burst forth\\nwith echoing notes, more and more mellow to the\\nlistening ear. Here and there the lonely cabin of a\\nsquatter met the eye, giving note of commencing civ-\\nilization. The crossing of the stream by a deer fore-\\ntold how soon the hills would be covered with snow.\\nMany sluggish flat-boats we overtook and passed\\nsome laden with produce from the diflerent head-\\nwaters of the small rivers that pour their tributary\\nistreams into the Ohio others, of less dimensions,\\n\u00c2\u00bb:;rowded with emigrants from distant parts, in search\\nc)f a new home. Purer pleasures I never felt nor\\nhiave you, reader, I ween, unless indeed you have\\nf(jlt the like, and in such company.\\nThe margins of the shores and of the rivers were\\nat this season amply supplied with game. A wild\\nturkey, a grouse, or a blue-winged teal, could be pro-\\ncured in a few moments; and we fared well, for\\nwUenever we pleased, we landed, struck up a fire,\\nani-l provided as we were with the necessary uten-\\nsilsM procured a good repast.\\nSeveral of these happy days passed, and we\\nneared our home, when, one evening, not far from\\nPigeon Creek (a small stream which runs into the\\nOhio, from the state of Indiana), a loud and strange\\nnoise was heard, so like the yells of Indian warfare,\\nthat we pulled at our oars, and made for the opposite\\nside as fast as possible. The sounds increased we\\nimagined we heard cries of murder and as we\\nknew that some depredations had lately been com-\\nmitted in the country by dissatisfied parties of abo-\\nrigines, we felt fur a while extremely uncomfortable.\\nEre long, however, our minds became more calmed,\\nand we plainly discovered that the singular uproar\\nwas produced by an enthusiastick set of Methodists,\\nwho had wandered thus far out of the common way,\\nfor the purpose of holding one of their annual camp-\\nmeetings, under the shade of a beech forest. With\\nout meeting with any other interruption, we reached\\nHenderson, distant from Shippingport by water about\\ntwo hundred miles.\\nWhen I think of these times, and call back to my\\nmind the grandeur and beauty of those almost unin-\\nhabited shores when I picture to myself the dense\\nand lofty summits of the forest, that everywhere\\nspread along the hills, and overhung the margins of\\nthe stream, unmolested by the axe of the settler; when\\nI know how dearly purchased the safe navigation of\\nthat river has been by the blood of many worthy Vir-\\nginians when I see that no longer any aborigines\\nare to be found there, and that the vast herds of\\nelks, deer and buffaloes, which once pastured on these\\nhills and in these valleys, making for themselves\\ngreat roads to the several salt springs, have ceased to\\nexist when I reflect that all this grand portion of\\nour Union, instead of being in a state of nature, is\\nnow more or less covered with villages, farms, and\\ntowns, where the din of hammers and machinery is\\nconstantly heard that the woods are fast disappear-\\ning under the axe by day, and the fire by night that\\nhundreds of steam-boats are gliding to and fro, over\\nthe whole length of the majestick river, forcing com-\\nmerce to take root and to prosper at every spot\\nwhen I see the surplus population of Europe com\\ning to assist in the destruction of the forest, and\\ntransplanting civilization into its dark recesses\\nwhen I remember that these extraordinary changes\\nwhich have all taken place in the short period of\\ntwenty years, I pause, wonder, and although I know\\nall to be the fact, can scarcely believe its reality.\\nPOWER OF VIRTUE.\\nIf a yoimg man would win to himself the hearts\\nof the wise and brave, and is ambitious of being\\nthe guide and leader of them, let him be assured\\nthat his virtue will give power, and power will con-\\nsolidate and maintain his virtue. Let him never\\nthen squander away the inestimable powers of\\nyouth in tangled or trifling disquisitions, with such\\nas perhaps have an interest in perverting or un-\\nsettling his opinions, aiul who speculate into his\\nsleeping thoughts and dandle his nascent pas-\\nsions but let him start from them with alacrity\\nand walk forth with firmness let him early take\\nan interest in the business and concerns of men\\nand let him as he goes along look steadfastly on\\nthe statues of those who have benefitted his coun-\\ntry, and make with himself a solemn compact to\\nstand hereafter among them.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "65\\nCATCHING WILD HORSES ON A PRAIRIE.\\nImmensely variegated as is the surface of the globe,\\nihere are still but few of its features that present an\\naspect of more surpassing interest and beauty than the\\nfar-lengthening, widq-expanding prairie. The oceans,\\nthe mountains, the hills, the valleys, the torrents and\\nrivers, afford thousands of most admirable scenes, but\\nthe face of a prairie smiles with surpassing charms,\\nwith indescribable loveliness.\\nLo they stretch\\nIn airy undulations, far away,\\nAs if an ocean in its gentlest swell\\nStood still, with all its rounded billows fixed\\nAnd motionless for ever. Motionless 1\\nNo, they are all unchained again. The clouds\\nSweep over with their shadows, and beneath\\nThe surface rolls and fluctuates to the eye\\nDark hollows seem to glide along and chase\\nThe sunny ridges. Breezes of the South\\nWho toss the golden and the flame-like flowers,\\nAnd pass the prairie hawk, that, poised on high,\\nFlaps his broad wings, yet moves not ye have played\\nAmong the palms of Mexico, and vines\\nOf Texas, and have crisped the limpid brooks\\nThat from the fountains of Sonora glide\\nInto the calm Pacific have ye fanned\\nA nobler or a lovelier scene than this 1\\nMan hath no part in all this glorious work\\nThe hand that built the firmament hath heaved\\nAnd smoothed these verdant swells, and sown their slopes\\nWith herbage, planted them with island groves,\\nAnd hedged them round with forests. Fitting floor\\nFor this magnificent temple of the sky\\nWith flowers whose glory and whose multitude\\nRival the constellations The great heavens\\nSeem to stoop down upon the scene in love\\nA nearer vault, and of more tender hue.\\nThan that which bends above the eastern hills.\\nStretching far away with indistinct boundaries, or\\nmerging into the horizon, the southern prairie ap-\\npears like a vast sea; its undulations, the seeming\\nswells, its clumps of trees, the islands. Whether the\\ntall, luxuriant grass, mingled with an innumerable va-\\nriety of flowers loaded with perfume, waves upon its\\nsurface, or is shorn close like a pasture, it always ex-\\nhibits the aspect of unequalled fertility and beauty,\\nAnd the heart swells, while the dilated sight\\nTakes in the encircling vastness.\\nThe rich clumps of fine trees, collected together\\nhere and there in every possible form, and of every\\nspecies, and some of them planted with the nice reg-\\nularity of art, add the charm of variety to the lovely\\nscene, while they aflbrd a grateful shelter to the wan-\\ndering herds and the weary hunter.\\nIt is a rapturous vision to gaze upon these gar-\\ndens of the desert but how few ever enjoy the lux-\\nury Few countries are adorned with these beautiful\\nscenes, and none more bountifully than America. In\\nno portions of America do they exhibit more beauti-\\nful or more varied aspects than in Mexico and Texas,\\nThe prairies of Texas especially, are as wonderful\\nin their vast extent, as they are peculiar in beauty\\n9*\\nand singular in fertility. The adventurous colonist,\\nattracted by the paradisiacal scene, who is, perhaps,\\nthe first\\nof that advancing multitude.\\nWhich soon shall fill these deserts,\\nfinds himself not in this great solitude alone. It is\\nthickly peopled with myriads of gaudy insects that\\nflutter over the flowers, with sliding reptiles, beauti-\\nful birds, graceful deer, bounding bufi aloes, and nu-\\nmerous troops of fine and noble wild horses. The\\nsettler selects his spot, builds himself a dwelling in a\\nshady island, and by conforming to certain requisi-\\ntions of the government, becomes at once the rightful\\nproprietor of nearly as much territory as his eye can\\nat once survey, and when he finds time to enclose it\\nwith substantial landmarks, he feels secure against in-\\ntrusion. He plants his sugar and his cotton, and what-\\never else he may choose to cultivate, and the benig-\\nnant climate and prolific soil shortly yield him the\\nmost abundant crop, and he reaps more than a hun-\\ndred fold. The soil is easily subdued, and with little\\ncare whole herds of cattle grow up to enliven the\\nwide domain, where they roam throughout the year\\nwithout barns and without the northern haystacks or\\ngranaries. If he wishes a horse, or a drove of horses,\\nto ride, to travel, to hunt, or to work, he has only to\\nride into the prairie, and the animals cost him only the\\ntrouble of catching them. The horses of Texas are\\nsmall, run wild in numerous droves over the prairies,\\nand are easily taken and rendered serviceable. They\\nwere probably originally introduced by the Spaniards,\\nand are called mustangs.\\nTo illustrate the manner of taking these animals,\\nis the object of the engraving and the present article.\\nThe pursuer provides himself with a strong noosed\\ncord, made of twisted strips of green hide, which,\\nthus prepared, is called a lazo, the Spanish word for\\na band or bond. He mounts a fleet horse, and fas-\\ntens one end of his lazo to the animal, coils it in his\\nleft hand, leaving the extended noose to flourish in\\nthe air over his head. Selecting his game, he gives\\nit chase and as soon as he approaches the animal he\\nintends to seize, he takes the first opportunity to\\nwhirl the lazo over his head, and immediately checks\\nhis own charger. The noose instantly contracts\\naround the neck of the fugitive mustang, and the\\ncreature is thrown violently down, sometimes unable\\nto move, and generally, for the moment, deprived of\\nbreath. This violent method of arrest frequently in-\\njures the poor animal, and sometimes even kills him.\\nIf he escapes, however, with his life, he becomes of\\ngreat service to his master, always remembering with\\ngreat respect the rude instrument of his capture, and\\never afterwards yielding immediately whenever he\\nfeels the lazo upon his neck.\\nBeing thus secured, the lazoed horse is blindfolded\\nterrible lever, jaw-breaking bits are put into his mouth,\\nand he is mounted by a rider armed with most barba-\\nrous spurs. If the animal runs, he is spurred on t\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "66\\nthe top of his speed, until he tumbles down with ex-\\nhaustion. Then he is turned about and spurred back\\nagain and if he is found able to run back to the point\\nwhence he started, he is credited with having bottom\\nenough to make a good horse otherwise he is turned\\noff as of little or no value. This process of bre-aking\\nmustangs to the bridle is a brutal one, and the poor\\nanimals often carry the evidence of it as long as they\\nlive. After service, during the day, they are hoppled\\nby fastening their fore legs together with a cord, and\\nturned out to feed. To fasten them to one spot in\\nthe midst of a prairie, where neither tree, nor shrub,\\nnor rock is to be found, is quite a problem. But\\ntliat is accomplished by putting on a halter, tying a\\nknot at the end, digging a hole about a foot deep in\\nthe earth thrusting in the knot, and pressing the\\nearth down around it. As the horse generally pulls\\nnearly in a horizontal direction, he is unable to draw\\nit out.\\nThe mustangs are small, generally about thirteen\\nhands high, strong, well-formed, and of various co-\\nlors. They have a most malicious expression, and\\nare very crafty and mischievous. When a number\\nare caught, they are generally driven to market,\\nwhere they are purchased for three or four dollars,\\nbranded, hoppled, then turned out and abandoned to\\nthemselves until needed. At some future time they\\nwill doubtless become a valuable article of export.\\nThe following graphic description of the wild\\nhorse of the prairie, is from an Orleans paper. It\\nappears in a series entitled Prairie Sketches.\\nWe were water-bound at Walnut Creek. The\\nwater was too high to admit of our crossing, and for\\nthree days we had remained lisdess and idle on the\\nbanks of the stream. The fourth day came, and still\\nthe water continued rising: and as we could not\\nproceed on our travel, three of us, Aveary of idleness,\\ndetermined to start in pursuit of buffalo. We dis-\\ncharged the old charges from our fire-arms, and having\\ncarefully loaded again, we mounted and rode off. As\\nyet we had seen but one buffalo, and that was an old\\nbull, with flesh as tough as leather. We started at\\neight in the morning, and rode two hours and a half\\nwithout seeing a thing that had life, except the innu-\\nmerable musquitoes, flies, and ground insects. We\\nrode through beds of sun-flowers miles in extent,\\nwith their dark seedy centers and radiating yellow\\nleaves following the sun through the day from east\\nto west, and drooping when the shadows close over\\nthem, as though they were things of sense and senti-\\nment. These buds are sometimes beautifully varied\\nwith a delicate flower of an azure tint, yielding no\\nperfume, but forming a pleasing contrast to the bright\\nyellow of the sun-flower.\\nAbout half past ten we discovered a creature in\\nmotion at an immense distance, and we instantly\\nstarted in pursuit. Fifteen minutes riding brought\\nus near enough to discover by its fleetness it could\\nnot be a buffalo, yet it was too large for an antelope\\nor a deer. On we went, and soon distinguished the\\nerected head, the flowing mane, and the beautiful pro-\\nportions of the wild horse of the prairie. He saw us,\\nand sped away with an arrowy fleetness till he gain-\\ned a distant eminence, when he turned to gaze at us,,\\nand suffered us to approach within four hundred\\nyards, when he bounded away again in another di-\\nrection, with a graceful velocity delightful to behold.\\nWe paused for to pursue him with a view of catch-\\ning him, was clearly impossible. AVhen he discov-\\nered we were not following him, he also paused and\\nnow he seemed to be inspired with as great a curiosi-\\nty as ourselves experienced for, after making a slight\\nturn, he came nearer, till we could distinguish the\\ninquiring expression of his clear bright eye, and the\\nquick curl of liis inflated nostrils.\\nAVe had no hopes of catching, and did not wish to\\nkill him; but our curiosity led us to approach him\\nslowly, for the purpose of scanning him more nearly.\\nWe had not advanced far, however, before be moved\\naway, and circling round, approached us on the oth-\\ner side. Twas a beautiful animal a sorrel, with a\\njet black mane and tail. We could see the muscles\\nquiver in his glossy limbs as he moved and when,\\nhalf playfully and half in fright, he tossed his flowing\\nmane in the air, and flourished his long silky tail, our\\nadmiration knew no bounds, and we longed ^hope-\\nlessly, vexatiously longed to possess him.\\nOf all the brute creation the horse is the most ad-\\nmired by man. Combining beauty with usefulness,\\nall countries and all ages yield it their admiration.\\nBut, though the finest specimen of its kind, a domes-\\ntic horse will ever lack that magic and indescribable\\ncharm that beams like a halo around the simple name\\nof freedom. The wild horse, roving the prairie wil-\\nderness, knows no master has never felt the whip\\nnever clasped in its teeth the bit to curb its native\\nfreedom, but gambols unmolested over its grassy\\nhome, where nature has given it a bountiful supply\\nof provender. Lordly man has never sat upon its\\nback; the spur and bridle are unknown to it: and\\nwhen the Spaniard comes on his fleet trained steed,\\nwith noose in hand to ensnare him, he bounds away\\nover the velvet carpet of the prairie, swift as the ar-\\nrow from the Indian s bow, or even the lightning\\ndarting from the cloud. We might have shot him\\nfrom where we stood, but had we been starving we\\nwould scarcely have done it. He was free, and we\\nloved him for the very possession of that liberty we\\nlonged to take from him, but we would not kill him.\\nWe fired a rifle over his head he heard the shot and\\nthe whiz of the ball, and away he went, disappear-\\ning in the next hollow, showing himself again as he\\ncrossed the distant rolls, still seeming smaller, until\\nhe faded away in a speck on the far horizon s verge.\\nJust as he vanished we perceived two dark spots\\non a hill about three miles distant. We knew them\\nto be buffalo, and immediately set off in pursuit.\\nOur youth is like the dream of the hunter on the\\nhill of heath. He sleeps in the mild beams of the\\nsun he awakes amidst a storm the red lightning\\nflies around trees shake their heads to the wind\\nHe looks back with joy on the day of the sun, and\\nthe pleasant dreams of his rest When shall Os-\\nsian s youth return AVhen his ear delight in the\\nsound of arms AA ^hen shall I, like Oscar, travel in\\nthe light of my steel? Come, with your streams,\\nye hills of Cona listen to the voice of Ossian.\\nOssiau.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "iJ jJelO", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "71\\nEARLY HABITS, CUSTOMS c. OF THE WEST.\\nDRESS.\\nOn the frontiers, and particularly amongst those\\nwho were much in the habit of hunting, and going on\\nscouts, and campaigns, the (h-ess of the men was part-\\nly Indian, and partly that of civilized nations.\\nThe huuting shirt was universally worn. This\\nwas a kind of loose frock, reaching half way down\\nthe thighs, with large sleeves, open before, and so\\nwide as to flap over a foot or more when belted. The\\ncape was large, and sometimes handsomely fringed\\nwith a ravelled piece of cloth of a different color from\\nthat of the hunting shirt itself. The bosom of this\\ndress served as a wallet to hold a chunk of bread,\\ncakes, jirk, tow for wiping the barrel of the rifle, or\\nany other necessary, for the hunter or warrior. The\\nbelt, which was always tied behind, answered several\\npurposes, besides that of holding the dress together.\\nIn cold weather the mitlens, and sometimes the bul-\\nlet-bag, occupied the front part of it. To the right\\nside was suspended the tomahawk and to the left the\\nseal ping-knife, in its leathern sheath. The hunting-\\nshirt was generally made of linsey, sometimes of\\ncoarse linen, and a few of dressed deer skins. These\\nlast were very cold :nid uncomfortable in wet weath-\\ner. The shirt and jacket were of the common fash-\\nion. A pair of drawers or breeches and leggins, were\\nthe dress of the thighs and legs, a pair of moccasons\\nanswered for the feet much better than shoes. These\\nwere made of dressed deer skin. They were mostly\\nmade of a single piece with a gathering seam along\\nthe top of the foot, and another from the bottom of\\nthe heel, without gathers, as high as the ankle joint\\nor a little higher. Flaps were left on each side to\\nreach some distance up the legs. These were nice-\\nly adapted to the ankles and lower part of the leg, by\\nthongs of deer skin, so that no dust, gravel, or snow\\ncould get within the moccason.\\nThe moccasons in ordinary use cost but a few hours\\nlabor to make them. This was done by an instru-\\nment denominated a moccason awl, which was made\\nof the backspr ing of an old claspknife. This awl with\\nits buckhorn handle, was an appendage of every shot\\npouch strap, together with a roll of buckskin for mend-\\ning the moccasons. This was the labor of almost eve-\\nry evening. They were sewed together and patched\\nwith deer skin thongs, or whangs as they were com-\\nmonly called.\\nIn cold weather the moccasons were well stuffed\\nwith deer s hair or dry leaves, so as to keep the feet\\ncomfortably warm but in wet weather it was usual-\\nly said that wearing them was a decent Avay of going\\nbarefooted and such was the fact, owing to the spon-\\ngy texture of the leather of which they were made.\\nOwing to this defective covering of the feet, more\\nthan to any other circumstance, the greater number of\\nour hunters and warriors were afflicted with the rheu-\\nmatism in their limbs. Of this disease they were all\\napprehensive in cold or wet weather, and therefore al-\\nways slept with their feet to the fire to prevent or cure\\nit as well as they could. This practice unquestiona-\\nbly had a very salutary effect, and prevented many\\nof them from becoming confirmed cripples in early\\nlife.\\nIn the latter years of the Indian war our young men\\nbecame more enamored of the Indian dress through-\\nout, with the exception of the matchcoat. The draw-\\ners were laid aside and the leggins made longer, so as\\nto reach the upper part of the thigh. The Indian\\nbreech-clout was adopted. This was a piece of linen\\nnearly a yard long, and eight or nine inches broad.\\nThis passed under the belt before and behind, leaving\\nthe ends for flaps hangincr before and behind over the\\nbelt. These flaps were sometimes ornamented with\\nsome coarse kind of embroidery work. To the same\\nbelts which secured the breech-clout, strings which\\nsupported the long leggins were attached. When\\nthis belt, as Avas often the case, passed over the hunt-\\ning-shirt, the upper part of the thighs and part of the\\nhips were naked.\\nThe young warrior instead of being abashed by this\\nnudity, was proud of his Indian-like dress. In some\\nfew instances I have seen them go into places of pub-\\nlic worship in this dress.\\nThe linsey petticoat and bed-gown which were the\\nuniversal dress of our women in early times, would\\nmake a strange figure in our days. A small home-\\nmade handkerchief in point of elegance would ill sup-\\nply the place of that profusion of ruffles with which\\nthe necks of our ladies are now ornamented.\\nThey went barefooted in warm weather, and in cold,\\ntheir feet were covered with moccasons, coarse shoes,\\nor shoepacks, which would make but a sorry picture\\nbeside the elegant morocco slippers often embossed\\nwith bullion, which at present ornament the feet of\\ntheir daughters and grand-daughters.\\nThe coats and bed-gowns of the women as well as\\nthe hunting-shirts of the men, were hung in full dis-\\nplay on wooden pegs around the walls of their cab-\\nins, so that while they answered in some degree the\\nplace of paper hangings, or tapestry, they announced\\nto the stranger as well as neighbor the wealth or pov-\\nerty of the family in the articles of clothing. This\\npractice has not yet been wholly laid aside amongst\\nthe backwoods families.\\nThe historian would say to the ladies of the pres-\\nent time our ancestors of your sex knew nothing\\nof the ruffles, leghorns, curls, combs, rings and other\\njewels with which their fair daughters now decorate\\nthemselves. Such things were not then to be had.\\nMany of the younger part of them were pretty well\\ngrown up before they saw the inside of a store room,\\nor even knew there wa such a thing in the world, un-\\nless by hearsay, and indeed scarcely that.\\nInstead of the toilet, they had to handle the distaff\\nor shuttle, the sickle or weeding hoe, contented if\\nthey could obtain their linsey clothing and cover their\\nheads with a sun bonnet made of six or seven hun-\\ndred linen Doddridge s Notes.\\nBoiling Potatoes. An Irish Journal gives the\\nfollowing directions for cooking potatoes. Put them\\nin a pot or kettle without a lid, with water just suffi-\\ncient to cover them. After the water has come near-\\nly to boil, pour it off, replace it with cold water, into\\nwhich throw a good portion of salt. The cold water\\nsends the heat from the surface to the heart, and makes\\nthe potatoes meal5\\\\ After they are boiled and the\\nwater is poured off, let them stand on the fire 10 or\\n15 minutes to dry.\\nIt is the ornament, and, as if the soul, of history,\\nthat the relation of events is illustrated by an exposi-\\ntion of the causes which produced them Bacon.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "72\\nAMERICAN ANTIQUITIES,\\ni\\nV\\nWe regret that we are unable to furnish a com-\\nplete history of the remarkable curiosity, a figure of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0which is presented above. The following descrip-\\ntion of it, is from the pen of an attentive correspon-\\ndent, to whom the proprietors of the present vol-\\nume are under many obligations, for his polite atten-\\ntion. He remarks, There is now before me a silver\\nfrontlet, obviously I think part of a crown. The en-\\ngraving upon it is first the crest, a crown surmounted\\nby a lion passant. The escutcheon as delineated,\\nfield argent. Beneath this is a scroll containing the\\nwords THE QUEENE OF PAMUNKEY.\\nThose non descript things in the dexter chief and\\nsinister base quarters are a passant, and the whole\\nis bordered with a wreath. Just within the wreath,\\nyou will see inscribed, Charles the second, king of\\nEngland, Scotland, P rance, Ireland and Virginia.\\nThe ornament was purchased of some Indians many\\nyears ago by Alexander Marson,of Falmouth, the\\ngrandfather of the present proprietor.\\nYou know that the Pamunkey tribe still occupies\\nits old ground in King William County, exercising\\nto a certain extent its own laws, an imperium in\\nimperio.^ J. M.\\nFredericsburg, Va.", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "BOOKS PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE\\nB Y J. A. U. P. J AMES\\nWALNUT STREET, BETWEEN FOURTH AND FIFTH\\nOlbbon 8 Rome, witU Gttizot s Koteg. HiBTOBT OF\\nTHE Di Fail of the Roman Empihb. By Ed-\\nward A New Edition, Revised and Corrected\\nthroiiL a Preface, and accompanied by Notes,\\n.ling principally to the\\nirizoT, Minister of V\\n.ce. The Preface, IS\\nilcJ from the French expressly for tliis Edition.\\nr of the Life and Character of Gibbon, and Wat-\\nGibbon. Two vols., imp. 8vo., 1073 pages.\\nJ^lbiur^ of Amci lcan History Containing Selections,\\nfrom the bost Authors, on American History, Biography, Tra-\\nvels, Comiiiorce, Statistics, Indians, Revolutionary Battles, c.,\\nc., c. Also, Anecdotes, Poetrj and Miscellaneous Articles.\\nIllustrated with more than 500 Engravings. One vol., Impe-\\nrial Octavo.\\nThe Family Metlical Library. A Theatise os the\\nPuEVESTiox A -D CuuE OF DISEASES, by Regimen and Simple\\nMedicines. New Editiox, Revised and enlarged, with the\\naddition of a Vegetable Materia Medica, pointing out the\\nVirtues, Preparations, and Doses of our most valuable Native\\nMedical Plants, and an outline of Anatomy and Physiology.\\nIllustrated with one hundred Engravings, six of which are\\ncolored. By J. G. Norwood, M. D. 864 pages, 8vo.\\nUul-versal Pictorial L.lbrary Containing Valuable\\nPapers on various Subjects, comprising Natural History, Natu-\\nral Sciences, Agriculture, Rural Economy, Biography, Fine\\nArts, the Orientals, Travels, Geography, Botany, MisceUaneous\\nRcKlinRs, vVc, c. One vol., imperial 8vo.\\n,1EFI EI S()N S WORKS. Memoir, Correspondence and\\ntVoni the Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Edited\\nlersoii Randolph. With a fine Portrait on Steel,\\nvid Fac Simile of the original draft of the Decla-\\nration ol liidi pendencfi. 4 vols., 8vo.\\nTHE FAMILY MAGAZINE, or Moxthet Abstract or\\nGexerai, KsowtEDRE; l\\\\\\\\\\\\xstra.\\\\ai!L WVih fifteen hundred and\\nsixty Engravings. Six volumes, imperial 8vo., 560 pages in\\na volume; each complete within itself.\\nHALLAM S MIDDLE AGES Chambers Rebellion in\\nScotland Robertson s Virginia and New England Russell s\\nFrench and English War in America, and Ramsay s American\\nRevolution. One vol. Quarto.\\nNAPIER S PENINSULAR WAR. Complete in one voL\\nImperial \u00c2\u00bbS\\\\\\nA GIIDE TO POLISHERS of Wood, Varnishers, Paint-\\ners, Jyp:iuiiirs, (Src; ni, Kiil- s and In tructions iii the Art of\\nVarnishin j, Dyeini;, Staininu. Ji.junnin-,. Polisliini^r, Larkcring\\nand Beautitying WDod, Iv. rv, Tortoise Shell and Metal.\\nCINCINNATI IN ISli Its early Annals and Future\\nProspects. By Charles Cist.\\nTHE GEM; A handsome and useful Present, for all Sea-\\nsons. Illustrated with line Enirravings and Colored Plates.\\nAMERICAN FLOWER GARDEN COMPANION,\\nadapted to the United States. By Edward Savers, Landscape\\nand Ornamental Gardener. 12mo., Third Edition, revised, en-\\nlarged, and illustrated.\\nGREEN ON GAMBLING. An Exposure of the Arts\\nand Miseries of Ganiblinp:. By J. H. Green.\\nD AUBIGNE S REFORMATION. History of the Great\\nReformation of the Sixteenth Century in Germany, Switzer-\\nland, c. By J. H. Merle D Aubigne. Complete, in 4 vols.\\nAlso, 4 vols, in One.\\nRICE PINGREE S DEBATE ON UJNTVERSALISM.\\n^GERMAN AND ENGLISH SPELLING a i Reading\\nBook Arranged on a simple plan for Schools and .self instruction.\\nTlie Pictorial Uible Being the Old and New Tes-\\ntaments, according to the authorized Version, with more than\\nOne Thousand Engravings.\\nFamily Testament, Octavo, with and without David s\\nPs,, hns HI Metre.\\nPoiysfiot Testament, Notes in Centre Column, with and\\nwiiliiiiit Diivid s Psalms in Metre.\\nUroivn s Two Catechisms.\\nStUoul Itlble.\\nl^lff of Ren. Harrison. Sketches of i,.^ 1 Mili-\\ntary Servici-s of Wm. Henry Harrison. By Todd and Drake.\\nRevised E(;itJon.\\nPolitical Text-Book Containing the Declaration of\\nIndependence, Articles of Confederation, Constitution of the\\nUnitetl States, and Washington s Farewell Address.\\nCINCINNATI, OHIO.\\nReady Reclcouer or Federal Calculator, giving the\\nAmount, in Dollars and Cents, of any number of articles, fi-om\\nOne to Ten Thousand, at any price and equally applicable\\ntn many other sr)ecies of calculation. With useful Tables and\\niinah niore 8 Private De-rotlom.\\nBook of Psalms, in Metre, with a General Index,\\nr ::iining the first Line of each Verse, in Alphabetical order.\\nPrinted from the Glasgow Edition.\\nAHlIennium of the Apocalypfle. By George Bush. 2nd\\nEdition.\\nBurns Worlcs, Complete edited by Allan Cunningham.\\nOctavo with a Steel Plate.\\nBums Poetical Works, with Explanatory and Glossary\\nNotes and a Life of the Author, by James Currie, M. D. With\\na Steel Plate.\\nLady of the Lake. By Sir Walter Scott.\\nLalla Rookh. By Thomas Moore.\\nSelections from the Poetical Literature of the\\nWeet. By Wm. D. Gallagher. One vol., 12mo.\\nUnited States Songster A choice Collection of Popular\\nSongs.\\nBooks for Children.\\nRamble s Stories from the History of Rome.\\nRamble s Stories from the History of Greece.\\nRamble s Book of Heroes.\\nYoung Ornithologist.\\nBoy s and Gii-l s liibrary.\\nLessons for Children. By Mrs. Barbauld.\\nPicket s Series of School Books, viz\\nPicket s Primer or. First Book for Children, designed\\nto precede the Spelling Book.\\nPicket s SpeUlug Book; designed for teaching the Ele-\\nments of the English Language Class Book No. 1.\\nPicket s Juvenile Reader designed for the y ounger\\nClasses in Elcmcntan, School*\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lass Book No. 2.\\nPicket s Reader and Defiiter containing pieces in prose\\nand verse lles^^Mled for the higher Classes Class Book No. 3.\\nj Picket s Introduction to Expositor containing Exer-\\nI cises in English Etymologv, Definition and Reading Class\\nj Book No, 4.\\nI Picket s PrSneiplcs of English Grammar, Class\\nI Book No. 5.\\nj Cheap Editions Famphlet Form.\\n1 THE GEM Nos. 1 and 2. Paper covers. Price each, 25 cts.\\nI ALPS BRIDE; A Tale, from the Persian; by Thomas\\nMoore and other Tales. Paper covers. Price 25 cts.\\nPICTORIAL MISCELLANY; with numerous Engrav-\\nuigs Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Paper embers. Price, each, 25 cts.\\nINCIDENTS AND SKETCHES, connected with the\\nEahi-y Hisronv Axii Setti.e.mkst oftheWest; with nu-\\nmeroiH ions. Paper covers. Price 25 cts.\\nTH ;()N; containing a Histort of Music;\\nIllustr;i giavings, and a choice Selection of Music.\\nPaper covers. Price 25 cts.\\nLast days of PUMPEII. By sir E. L. Bulwer.\\nPaper covers. 8vo. Price 25 cts.\\nThe Same. 32mo 2 vols. Paper covers. Price 25 cts.\\nEUGENE ARAM. By Sir E. L. Bulwer. 8vo. Paper\\ncovers. Price 25 cts.\\nThe Same. 32mo 2 vols. Paper covers. Price 25 cts.\\nPELHAM. By Sir E. L. Bulwer. 32mo; 2 vols. Paper\\ncovers. Price 25 cts.\\nERNEST MALTRAVERS. By Sir E. L. Bulwer. 32mo.\\nPaper covers. Price 25 cts.\\nALICE. By Su: E. L. Bulwer. 32mo. Paper covers.\\nPrice 25 cts.\\nLADY OF LYONS. By Sir E. L. Bulwer. 32mo. Paper\\ncovers. Price 10 cts.\\nHISTORY OF.TOHNA.MUREL. Stitched. Price 10 cts.\\nJAPHET in search of a father. ByMarryatt.\\n2 vols. Papn- covers. Price 40 cts.\\nFODL or gUALITY; or History of the Earl of More-\\nland. 2 vols. Paper covers. Price 35 cts.\\nPRINTING INK.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J- Ar^TiTprjAMSr^i^\\nfnciiirc Printing Ink, at from ZS cta. to 9!3 per pound.\\nAVarr;iiHi-iJ a superior article.\\nSTKREOTYPING, or books, pamphlets,\\nand JOBS, of ait descriptions, in superior style, and at sliort notice", "height": "4029", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process.\\nNeutralizing Agent; Magnesium Oxide\\nTreatment Date:\\nI JUL \u00c2\u00ab8\\nPRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES, L.P.\\n1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive\\nCranberry Township, PA 16066\\n(724)779-2111\\ntJ-", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2493", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4024", "width": "2545", "jp2-path": "incidentssketche00cin_0088.jp2"}}