{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THB\\nPIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nMISSISSIPPI VALLEY.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE\\nPIOIfEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nMISSISSIPPI VALLEY.\\nBY\\nWILLIAM HENRY MILBURN,\\nAUTHOR OF THE RIFLE, AXB AND SADDLE-BAGS, AND TEN TEARS OF PREACHER LIFE.\\nNEW YORK:\\nDERBY JACKSON.\\n1860.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Ektkred according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, by\\nWILLIAM HENRY MILBURN,\\nIn the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern\\nDistrict of New York.\\nW. H. T1N8ON. Stereotyper. |p- I Geo. Rusbkli. Co., Printeri.\\nMWV-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "i4 7^\\n3 L\\nTHIS BOOK\\n18 DEDICATED TO\\nFLETCHER H^RFER, ESQ.,\\nWHO HAS BEEN\\nA TRUE FRIEND TO ME AND MINE\\nFOR MANT TEARS.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nIt is now nearly two and twenty years since my\\nfather pitched his tent in Prairie-land. I was then\\na lad. The broad savannas, clad with flowers;\\nthe emerald groves, that seemed like islands of the\\ndeep the Father of Waters the Mother of Floods;\\nthe Beautiful River; the fierce, ostrich-like Piasau,\\nwhose outline on the bluffs of the Mississippi above\\nAlton commemorates the Indian s dread of the terri-\\nble being these soon took a strong hold of my\\nimagination. From that day to this, the West has\\nbeen to me a land half of dream and half of\\nreality. To read and hear everything connected\\nwith its history became a passion.\\nI have sought in this book to set in order the\\nresults of this reading and hearing. It would be\\nalmost impossible for me to say what parts came to\\nme from tradition and what from the written page.", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Vlll PREFACE.\\nOnly I must be allowed to mention two books\\nwhich have been particularly serviceable. The one\\nis the work of my friend, Francis G. Parkman, Esq.,\\nthe History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac, one of\\nthe most picturesque and vivid books of history\\nthat has ever fallen in my way the second is the\\nwork of another of my friends, Albert J. Pickett,\\nEsq., the History of Alabama, naive as it is\\nentertaining.\\nI have sought to follow the pilgrimage of the\\nplumed cavaliers of De Soto in their quest of the\\nGreat River, and the gold which they fondly hoped\\nwas to be found upon its banks; I have floated\\nwith Marquette in his bark canoe as he went upon\\nhis gentle embassy to the Indians; I have wan-\\ndered with La Salle as he vainly strove to found\\na French Empire in the West, and mourned by the\\nTexan grave of one of the most unfortunate but\\nheroic of men; I have sat down with the kindly\\nFrench in their Paradise of Kaskaskia, and enjoyed\\nthe spell of their idyllic life I have trudged with our\\nown pioneers, as with stout hearts they crossed the\\nCumberland Gap and entered the Dark and Bloody\\nGround; I have stood with them at their guns\\nin their blockhouses, have slept on their raw-hide", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PKEFACE. IX\\nbeds, and shared their jerked meat and dodger\\nand I have sought to appreciate the development of\\nSaxon sense under the tuition of the wilderness,\\nand to trace the schooling of the mind under the\\nauspices of social life, in application to the needs\\nof self-govemment. I have travelled the circuit\\nwith the first preachers, sat in the congregation\\nas they expounded the doctrines of eternal life, and\\nwelcomed them for their works sake and last, I\\nhave summed up in a few words what has been\\ndone, since the acquisition of Louisiana in 1803, in\\nthe way of exploration and development, on the\\nother side of the Great River.\\nTo me it has been a pleasant labor I hope that\\nthe reading will be as pleasant.\\nBrooklyn, February, i860.\\n1*", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nLECTURE I.\\nPAGE\\nDe Soto, 13\\nLECTURE n.\\nMarquette and La Salle, 67\\nLECTURE IIL\\nThe French in Illinois, 127\\nLECTURE IV.\\nThe Red Men and the War of Pontiac, .163\\nLECTURE V.\\nThe Cabin Homes of the Wilderness, at the beginning\\nof the Revolution, 203", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "301 CONTENTS.\\nLECTURE VI.\\nPAGE\\nThe Cabin Homes of the Wilderness during the Ame-\\nrican Revolution, .251\\nLECTURE Vn.\\nSketches of Character and Adventure in the West, to\\nthe Failure of Burr s Expedition, 1 806, 303\\nLECTURE Vm.\\nManna in the Wilderness or, the old Preachers and\\ntheir Preaching, 345\\nLECTURE IX.\\nWestern Mind its Manifestations, Eloquence and Humor, 3 89\\nLECTURE X.\\nThe Great Valley its Past, its Present, and its Future, 429", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "Lecture I.\\nDE SOTO", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "DE SOTO.\\nThe contrast is most striking between the Span-\\niard of to-daj, and the Spaniard of three hundred\\nyears ago. ItTow, he is indolent, often apathetic,\\ngrave, reserved, and whatever his inward capacity\\nof passion or of exertion, an inefficient and idle man.\\nBut in those old days, the Spanish race was filled\\nand inspired with a wild and tireless fourfold energy\\nof avarice, religion, ambition and adventure, which\\nswept them round and round the world in a long\\nresistless bloody storm of conquest, conversion and\\nslaughter, gained them their vast colonial realms and\\nwealth, and brought to pass a panorama of achieve-\\nments, miseries, cruelties and crimes whose very\\nrepresentations, in the antique wood-cuts of De Bry,\\nare horrible to look upon. Governor Galvano\\nquaintly says, speaking of the craze which fell upon\\nSpain in consequence of the early American dis-\\ncoveries, that they were ready to leap into the sea\\nto swim, if it had been possible, into those new-found\\nparts.\\nThere is no stronger or stranger exemplification of\\ntlie steady obstinacy with which this insane chase\\n15", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nafter riches and glory was pursued than the long\\nchapter of disastrous Spanish inroads upon the terri-\\ntory of the southern half of the United States, then\\ncalled Florida, which took place between 1512 and\\nthe foundation of St. Augustine in 1565.\\nThe earliest European name associated with the\\nsouthern coast of tlie United States is that of Juan\\nPonce de Leon, a brave old warrior, whose early\\nmanhood had been passed in hunting the Moors\\nfrom Granada and in acquiring that inflexibility of\\npurpose and hardiness of character, which enabled\\nhim to play his distinguished part as a conqueror in\\nthe New World. Sailing with Columbus on his\\nsecond voyage, spending most of his remaining life in\\nthe West Indies, subjugating Porto Hico, where he\\nruled with an iron sway as governor, superseded in\\nhis command, thirsting ever for gold and glory, and\\nyearning for a renewed life in which to enjoy the\\nfruits of his valor, he turned his prow to the north-\\nward, in search of the land wliere the crystal waters\\nof the fountain of youth washed those yellow sands\\nof price, the discovery and possession of which would\\ngive the happy voyager the realization of the twin\\ndream of Alchemy gold and immortality. Fables\\nwere the faith of the time. Why not Could cre-\\ndulity cherish a wilder phantasy than the Genoese\\nmariner s Yet this had been fulfilled. Might not\\nDe Leon s, too So the stout old cavalier took his", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 17\\nway to tlie north. Aged Indians had told him that\\nin that direction lay the objects of his search. His\\nmany fights had left him full of wounds and scars\\nage was bending his manly form, weakness was\\ncreeping on apace. No matter, for the Fountain\\nshall give him immortal youth, and with it, health\\nand beauty.\\nLand was made Palm Sunday Pascua Florida\\n1512, near St. Augustine. Beautiful enough for the\\nshore of the Immortals was this which now rose\\nbefore his eyes, covered with rich greensward, dap-\\npled with flowers of unnumbered dyes, over-\\nshadowed by giant trees clad with summer leaves,\\nglorious with a rainbow garniture of tropic blossoms,\\nover which hung long pendulous veils as if of silver\\ntissue spectral veils like Mokanna s, hiding the\\nhideous face of the swamp miasma veils which a\\nsad experience has taught men now to call the Cur-\\ntains of Death. Softly came the land breeze\\nfreighted with the breath of flowers, upon that tri-\\numphal Sabbath morning, and it came so thought\\nthe Spaniard straight from that fabled spring, and\\nwith the fever of excitement in his veins, and the\\nthrob of rapture at his heart, Florida, he cried, is\\nit not the land of flowers In honor of the festival,\\nand in honor of the blossom-clad coast, he named a\\nname which it bears to this day.\\nBut alas for the hopes of Ponce de Leon It was", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nno morning land of immortality to him, save as tlie\\nname he bestowed preserves for ns and after-times\\nthe dim shadow of his antique renown. Upon his\\nsecond voyage, a poisonous arrow from an Indian s\\nbow brought him his message of doom. Hastening\\nto Cuba, he breathed his last, leaving his Flower-\\nland a fatal legacy to Spain for many a sad year to\\ncome.\\nIn those old days of Spanish rule, there was but\\none step from the Quixotic to the Satanic, and that\\nstep w^as taken by Yasquez De Ayllon, the next\\nadventurer whose keels furrowed the waves of our\\ncoast. This monster came for slaves to work the\\nmines of the West Indies, where the atrocities of the\\nSpaniards had in less than thirty years well-nigh\\nexterminated a numerous and happy people.\\nEeaching the coast of South Carolina, De Ayllon\\nentered a river, called, in honor of the captain who\\ndiscovered it, the Jordan known to us by its Indian\\nname, the Cumbahee. Landing on a pleasant shore,\\nwhich the natives called Chicora Mocking-bird\\nthey were hospitably welcomed and entertained.\\nBut the Christian white man s return for the red\\nheathen s courtesy was betrayal, outrage, and death.\\nHaving laid in his supplies, De Ayllon invited the\\nIndians aboard his vessels; an invitation gladly\\naccepted by the unsuspecting red men. While\\ncrowds of them were below, the hatches were closed,", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 19\\nall sail made, and away oyer the blue waters sped\\nthe winged monsters with their prey. But did not\\nthat wild, despairing cry from ship and shore, of\\nhusbands and wives, parents and children, thus ruth-\\nlessly torn from each other, reach the ear of God\\nHe heard and he avenged. One of the ships foun-\\ndered, and all on board perished. The remaining\\nIndians refused food, and thus died. The aborigines\\nof this country could not be reduced to slavery.\\nAgain De Ay lion came with three vessels and many\\nmen to conquer Chicora. The natives masked their\\npurpose of revenge, received him kindly, lulled his\\nsuspicions into fatal security, and he dreamed the\\ngoodly land already his own. They made a great\\nfeast for their guests some leagues in the interior.\\nTwo hundred of De Ayllon s men attended ^he with\\na small party remaining to guard the ships. Three\\ndays the banquet lasted. The third night the\\nIndians arose and smote their treacherous invaders\\nand slew them, so that not one of the two hundred\\nwas left to tell the terrible tale to his companions on\\nthe beach. But the Indians themselves bore the\\ntidings, for they fell upon the guard, killed some,\\nand wounded others, so that but a handful reached\\ntheir ships and bore away for St. Domingo. De Ayl-\\nlon himself seems to have died, either of his wounds,\\nor shame, or both, at the port in Chicora.\\nA few years later Pamphilo de Narvaez, in com", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20 PIONEEES, PKEACHEftS AND PEOPLE\\nmand of a splendid armament, undertook the subjuga-\\ntion of Florida. At an earlier date he had been sent\\nby the governor of Cuba to arrest the victorious\\nprogress of Hernan Cortez in Mexico. Losing an eje,\\nand failing in the attempt, he was conducted to the\\npresence of Cortez, whom he complimented by\\ninforming that he must be a remarkable man, as he\\nhad succeeded in vanquishing him. That, replied\\nthe redoubtable conqueror of the Montezumas, is\\nthe least thing I have done in Mexico.\\nLanding at Tampa Bay, 12th April, 1528, witli\\nfour hundred men and forty-five horses, Narvaez\\nimmediately dispatched his vessels to Cuba for fresh\\nsupplies, paying no regard to the prudent entreaties\\nof the treasurer of the expedition, Alvar E ufiez.\\nThey soon roused the relentless hostility of the valiant\\nSeminoles by their gi-atuitous barbarities, and e^ ery\\nrood of their toilsome march, through tangled forests\\nand endless quagmii-es, was rendered doubly difficult\\nby ambuscades and attacks. Inspirited, however, by\\nthe stories of some captives, acting as guides, to the\\nefi ect that in Appalache they would find a fertile\\nprovince, abounding with gold, the object of their\\neager quest, they urged their way onward. On\\nreaching the land of promise, ISTarvaez, who had pic-\\ntured to himself another Mexico, was bitterly unde-\\nceived, finding only a rude village of two hundred\\nand fifty cabins. Tliey took possession unopposed,", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 21\\nfor tlie inhabitants had fled to the woods. Twenty-\\nfive days were passed here but the army, now more\\nclamorous for bread than for gold, learning that the\\nsea lay nine days march to the southward, bent its\\nweary steps toward the village of Ante, where, it\\nwas said, were plenty of provisions and a harmless\\npeople. Their path, however, was beset by yet\\ngreater natural obstacles, and by the implacable fury\\nof the savages. At length reaching Ante, not far\\nfrom the present St. Marks, they found the village\\nburned by the retreating inhabitants, but esteemed\\nthe discovery of a plentiful supply of maize, ample\\ncompensation.\\nWhat was to be done Their hopes of conquest\\nand treasure were gone to remain in the land was\\nimpossible to traverse the shore in search of their\\nships might be fruitless, and would needlessly expose\\nthem to the sleepless ferocity of the Indians. Many\\nof their horses were slain so were not a few of their\\nbravest companions.\\nA day s march brought them to the banks of the\\nriver, which widened into a bay. Here they resolved\\nto build them such boats as they might, and in them\\nseek their ships or attempt a return to Cuba. Right\\nvigorously did they ply their work and at length Rye\\nfrail barks were launched, in each of which on the\\n20th of September, 1528, were crowded from forty to\\nfifty miserable souls crowded so that the gunwales", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nwere almost even witli the water. Thus along that\\ntropic shore did they hope to coast in the season of\\nstorms. J^arvaez, remaining one day in one of his\\nboats with a sailor and a sick page as a guard, while\\nhis crew went ashore to pillage for food, was driven\\nout to sea by a tempest and never heard of more.\\nThe only survivors of this ill-starred expedition were\\nAlvar !Nunez and four companions, who, after\\nincredible wanderings along the northern shore of the\\nGulf of Mexico, westward through Texas to the\\nEocky Mountains, and thence to Mexico, exposed to\\nevery species of hardship and peril after passing\\nfrom tribe to tribe of Indians, sometimes starved as\\nslaves, sometimes, we may believe, worshipped as\\ndemi-gods, in 1537 nearly ten years from the time\\nof their sailing, finally reached Spain.\\nSuch experiences and failures might have caused\\nreflection. The adventurous Spaniards even might\\nhave questioned themselves what would be the pro-\\nbable best result even of success. Old Governor\\nGalvano, in his history of the discoveries of the world,\\nsays, with rare good sense for that day, I cannot\\ntell how it commeth to passe, except it be by the iust\\njudgement of God, that of so much gold and precious\\nstones as haue been gotten in the Antiles by so manny\\nSpaniards, little or none remaineth, but the most part\\nIS spent and consumed, and no good thing done. It\\nseems as if these chivalrous aspirants for wealth and", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 23\\nglory must have observed the same. And if not, still\\nthe sad fate of the pioneers in Florida, one would think,\\nwere enough to dishearten and deter any who might\\nthereafter dream of its exploration and conquest.\\nNot so.\\nA little before this time, in 1537, there had\\nappeared at the court of Charles Y. a renowned cap-\\ntain, adorned with laurels from the conquest of Peru,\\nand enriched by 180,000 golden crowns, his share of\\nthe plundered treasure of Atahualpa. A gentleman\\nby four descents, and therefore entitled to member-\\nship of the noble order of Santiago, he had neverthe-\\nless commenced life as a private soldier of fortune\\nhis sword and target his only possessions. And thus\\nfar fortune and deeds of prowess had won him great\\nsuccess. His lance was said to have been equal to\\nany ten in the army of Pizarro. In the saddle his\\nmatch was not to be found. Prudent in counsel as\\nhe was brave in the field, he was no less knightly\\nin denouncing what he esteemed the wrong boldly\\nwithstanding his commander to the face, and charging\\nhome upon him the wickedness as well as bad policy\\nof the Inca s murder.\\nHe was proud, determined and reserved as the\\nPortuguese narrator describes him, a sterne man\\nand of few words though he was glad to sift and\\nknow the opinion of all men, yet after hee had\\ndelivered his owne hee would not be contraried. A", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nrecently publislied fac-simile of his signature, a large\\nand strong autograph, as by a powerful hand more\\nused to wield sword and spear than the pen of the\\nwriter, corresponds well with his stately and haughty\\ncharacter. Although not naturally liberal, he was\\nprofuse and magnificent in his expenditure in this\\nhis first appearance at court, and was attended by a\\ntroop of gallant knights wdio had fought under him\\nin Peru, and had brought back each a fortune from\\nthe treasure of the Incas. Luis de Moscoso de\\nAlvarado, John Danusco, and a long list of others,\\nwith names equally claiming attention, did their\\nhistories come within our design, spent their\\nwealth, acquired in soldierly wise, upon soldier s\\nluxuries, mettled barbs and splendid armor but\\nHernando de Soto surpassed in magnificence all the\\ncourtiers of the Emperor. Only five and thirt}^ years\\nof age, tall, handsome, commanding in presence and\\naction, was it marvellous that Donna Isabella de\\nBobadilla, though the daughter of the very earl\\nunder whose banner he had first enlisted in the\\nranks, one of the fairest ladies of Spain, of one of the\\nproudest and most powerful families, should yield\\nher heart to the irresistible soldier So fortune and\\nhis merit won him his best alas, that it was also his\\nlatest boon a loving, prudent and faithful wife.\\nAnd now could he not rest in that pleasant palace\\nat Seville, and buy him cornfields and vineyards and", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\n25\\nolive plantations, and become a great lord? With\\nhouses and lands and servants, friends and honor,\\ngreat connections and a good and noble wife, had he\\nnot wherewith to be content But when did the lust\\nof fame or power or gold ever allow a man to be\\ncontent Here they united their spells, and De Soto\\nmust find new worlds to conquer. Find them he did\\nbut finding and conquering are two things. So he\\nsought for and obtained the magnificent appointment\\nof captain-general for life of Cuba, Adelantado (civil\\nand military governor) of Florida and a marquisate\\nof thirty leagues by fifteen, in any part of the to-be-\\nconquered country. He is to imdertake the conquest\\nat his own expense, and to pay to the crown one fifth\\nof the treasure found.\\nAnd now comes the wonderful story of Alvar\\nIsTunez Cabeca de Yaca, like an additional demoniac\\nspell, to tempt this goodly knight. To be sure, the\\ntreasurer of IS arvaez brought home no treasure but\\nhe threw out dark hints of the great wealth of the\\nland he had explored, and had indeed intended to\\napply for the very adelantadoship which De Soto\\nhad obtained. In default of this, he asked and\\nreceived the government of La Plata.\\nThe imagination of De Soto, and of Spain, took\\nnew fire.\\nThe triumphs and trophies of Cortez and Pizarro\\nehall be as nothing to his for what are Mexico and", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nPeru to Florida! Poor Ponce de Leon thy fatal\\nlegacy liatli fallen to another heir\\nFlorida at that day embraced all the country lying\\nnorth of Mexico, extending upon its eastern coast\\nfrom Key West to the banks of Newfoundland so\\nthat it embraced what we know as the United States\\nof America. E eed we be sad that it was a woeful\\nheritage to the sons of Spain This land was held\\nin reserve for the scions of a nobler stock than\\nCharles Y. g0YerR.ed, and for a sublimer civilization\\nthan Castile and Arragon were able to bestow upon\\nthe world.\\nIn fourteen months the armament is ready to\\nweigh anchor. Nine hundred and fifty men, the\\nbest blood and chivalry of Spain, gay young knights\\nthirsting for distinction and wealth, well tried war-\\nriors from the fields of Africa and Peru, stout men at\\narms, halberdiers, cross-bow men and arquebusiers\\nmore have come than the general can take. Men\\nhave sold their patrimonial acres to furnish them-\\nselves for the campaign. Shall not every such\\nreceive a hundred fold? One disposed of 60,000\\nreals of rent one of a town of vassals Baltasar de\\nGallegos, of houses, and vineyards, and rent corne,\\nand ninetie rankes of Olive trees in the Xarafe of\\nSiuil.- The usual difficulty in fitting out an expedi-\\nReal, the Spanish silver coin, worth an eighth of a dollar.", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 27\\ntion to well-known and rich countries was to find\\nmen. De Soto, bound to an unknown wilderness,\\nwas unable to find vessels for the multitude of volun-\\nteers, and many of those who had sold their estates\\nfor the sake of joining him, unable to find room on\\nboard the fleet, w^ere forced to stay behind.\\nAmid the braying of trumpets and the roar of\\nartillery, the vivas of the beholders and the shouts of\\nthe campaigners, the fleet of ten sail left the port of\\nSan Lucar de Barrameda, April 6th, 1538. They\\nreached Cuba about the last of May, and here De\\nSoto spent a year in organizing the government,\\nand making preparations for his enterprise.\\nCuba was noted for its noble breed of horses,\\nwherewith our gay cavaliers supplied themselves\\namply and by way of putting themselves in trim for\\nthe work before them, spent much time in tourna-\\nments and bull-fights. The inhabitants of the island,\\nwell-nigh crazed by excitement and the brave show,\\nflocked in throngs to the standard of De Soto. At\\ntheir head was Don Yasco Porcallo de Figueroa, a\\ndoughty old warrior wdio had seen much severe ser-\\nvice in many parts of the world, and had now settled\\ndown as a wealthy proprietor in the Queen of the\\nAntilles. As the horse smelleth the battle from afar,\\nso did this veteran. To show him due honor, the\\nAdelantado appointed him his lieutenant general.\\nThe Portuguese narrator states that Don Yasco s", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "23 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nobject was not glory, but Indians; whom he desired\\nto obtain in order to supply the places of those\\nwhom toil and cruelty had slain in his mines and\\nupon his estates in Cuba. This purpose seems,\\nat least, consonant with the character of a Spanish\\nCuban proprietor; and that his treatment of his\\nslaves was such as to require reinforcements to their\\nnumbers, may appear from a quaint old story of his\\nsteward. This steward, it seems, discovered that\\ncertain of the Indian slaves, as was the sad custom of\\ntheir race, had agreed to meet at an appointed place\\nand kill themselves, to escape from their tormenting\\ntaskmasters. So he repaired with a cudgel to the\\nrendezvous, and when the miserable heathen had\\nassembled, suddenly stepped among them and told\\nthem that they could neither plan nor do anything\\nwhich he did not know before and that he had now\\ncome to kill himself with them, in order that, in the\\nnext world, he might treat them worse than in this.\\nThe poor wretches believed him, and returned quietly\\nto their labor.\\nAll things were at last settled, and leaving his\\nnoble wife Donna Isabel to govern the island, De\\nSoto sailed from Havana, with mirthful pomp. May\\n18th, 1539. Already Juan de Anasco had made two\\ncruises, to discover an harbor in which to land. A\\npoint was selected, and thither the fleet sailed. It\\nconsisted of eight large vessels, a caravel, and two", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 29\\nbrigantines, and contained a thousand men, besides\\nthe sailors. Whitsunday, May 25th, they made a\\nconvenient bay on the western or Gulf coast of\\nFlorida, which, in honor of the day, was named\\nEspiritu Santo it is now called Tampa Bay. ]N o\\nsooner had they neared the shore than bale-fires\\nwere seen blazing, far as the eye could reach vast\\ncolumns of black smoke ascending, in token that the\\nIndians were preparing to receive them. Eight days\\nwere taken to sound the bay, and then the debarka-\\ntion commenced. A slight sku-mish, in which the\\nnatives were soon dispersed, was all that occurred to\\nimpede them.\\nA march of two leagues brought them to the\\ndeserted village of a chief named Hirrihigua, where,\\non the capture of some of the natives, De Soto was\\nmade acquainted with the horrible atrocities prac-\\ntised by his predecessor, K arvaez. That worthy hav-\\ning entered into solemn covenant with the cacique,\\nsuddenly became enraged, at what no one could tell,\\nordered the dogs to be let loose on the mother of\\nHirrihigua, who was soon torn to pieces, and then\\ncommanded the nose of the chief to be cut off. This\\nbrutality had implanted in the breast of the Semi-\\nnole an undying hatred toward the Spaniard. To\\nall of De Soto s overtures he returned at first disdain\\nand then evasion. At this village, the stores for the\\ncampaign were landed, and at the gathering of the", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30 PIOXEEES,\\nforces a strange medley did the muster show. A\\nthousand knights and soldiers, twelve priests, eight\\nother ecclesiastics, and four monks workers in wood\\nand iron, miners and assajers then three hundred\\nand fifty thorough-bred horses, three hundred hpgs\\nto stock the country, and packs of bloodhounds to\\nhunt the natives. There were matchlocks and cross-\\nbows, pikes, lances, and swords one piece of ord-\\nnance manacles and iron collars for their prisoners\\nand a store of baubles, as presents for those whom\\nthey might wish to proj)itiate. Wine, bread, and\\nflour for the mass, were there and, lastly, cards for\\ngambling which, by the way, was carried to excess,\\nmen often losing the last article they possessed.\\nStately knights, clad cap-d-jyie in burnished armor,\\nbestrode their prancing steeds, while all the com-\\nmonalty were well protected with breast-plates,\\nbucklers, and helmets. There had been no stint of\\nmoney to supply all that experience could suggest or\\nthat taste could hint as necessaries or luxuries in the\\nenterprise of conquest and colonization.\\nRumors having reached the camp that a Spaniard\\nwas living in a neighboring village, Baltazar Gal-\\nlegos, a dauntless officer, was dispatched at the head\\nof sixty horsemen to secure him for an interpreter\\nand guide. As Baltazar and his troopers were\\nrapidly pushing on, they espied a company of In-\\ndians on the verge of a plain. The Spaniards,", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 31\\nanxious for a brush with the natives, manoeuvred to\\nattack them but all save two fled to the forest.\\nOne of these two w^as wounded the other, at whom\\nAlvaro Nieto, one of the boldest troopers, was spur-\\nring, danced from side to side, seeking to parry\\nNieto s thrust with his bow, shouting the while,\\nSeville, Seville hearing which, the trooper cried,\\nIs your name Juan Ortiz Yes, was the\\nreply. Eeining up his horse, Alvaro caught the\\nother by the arm, raised him to the croup of his\\nsaddle, and hurried in triumph to Baltazar.\\nTlie story of Ortiz deserves a brief recital. Born\\nat Seville, of worshipful parentage, he had joined\\nthe expedition of E arvaez, had returned to Cuba\\nwith his vessels^, and had accompanied the expedition\\nwhich, ten years before, had put in at the bay of\\nEspiritu Santo, in search of his commander. It was\\nnot long after the departure of that barbarian, and\\nwhile Hirrihigua was in the agony of his recent\\nwrongs, that, as the expedition was coasting along\\nthe shore, a few Indians appeared, pointing to a let-\\nter in a cleft reed, evidently left by N^arvaez. The\\nSpanirads invited them to bring it aboard. This\\nthey refused but four of them, entering a canoe,\\ncame off as hostages for any of the crew who might\\ngo to fetch it. Four of the whites accordingly landed,\\nand were instantly set upon by a crowd of savages\\nwho had been concealed in the thicket. The four", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "82 PIONEEES, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nhostages sprang into the sea, and swam ashore. The\\ncrew, anticipating the fate of their companions, and\\nfearing the like for themselves, made sail w^ith all\\nspeed. The captives were conveyed to the village,\\nand condemned to be shot, one at a time. Tlu ce\\nwere thus dealt with, and the fourth, Juan Ortiz, was\\nbeing led forth, when the wife and daughters of the\\ncacique, touched witli compassion at sight of his\\nyouth and comeliness, interceded with Hirrihigua,\\nand gained a respite. His life was still a wretched\\none, softened only by the watchful kindness of the\\nwomen, who once even rescued him after he had\\nbeen half burnt alive by order of his implacable\\ncaptor. At length, through their aid, he succeeded\\nin escaping to the village of Mocoso, a neighboring\\nchief, who treated him as if he had been a brother,\\nand protected him from all danger. Here he had\\nremained ever since, and was now residing nearly\\nnaked, browned, painted, with a headdress of fea-\\nthers, so that one might not know him from a savage,\\non an embassy from Mocoso to the camp of De Soto.\\nGreat was the joy of the camj^ at the recovery of\\nOrtiz. The Adelantado received him as a son, gave\\nhim all tliat heart could wish, and thenceforth he\\nbecame the interpreter of the expedition.\\nMeanwhile, Lieuten ant-General Don Yasco Por-\\ncallo, whom we picked up in Cuba, testy and withal\\nvain-glorious, yet longing to distinguish himself, en-", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 33\\ntreats to be sent in pursuit of Hirriliigua, that lie\\nmay ferret him out of his swampy fastness, and\\nbring him, friend or prisoner, to camp. Despite\\nmonitions, he sets off, dashes forward, and is only\\narrested by a quagmire, where himself and horse are\\nin imminent jeopardy of being smothered. Con-\\nquered by the mire, he returns crestfallen to head-\\nquarters, venting curses upon the country, natives\\nand expedition. May the devil fly away with the\\ncountry where they have such names! quoth he.\\nLet those fight in this accursed place for fame and\\nwealth who will. As for me, I have enough of both\\nto last me. So I will back to Cuba, and let the hot\\nbloods see it out. Thus does Don Yasco Porcallo\\nde Figueroa disappear from this story for, at his\\nrequest, De Soto sent him home. The prudent\\nman foreseeth the danger, and hideth himself.\\nA strong garrison was left to protect the stores,\\nand the march commenced toward the northeast.\\nAs they left the coast, the country improved, and\\ntheir way lay by pleasant cornfields, over grassy\\nplains, and through forests where the eye detected\\nmany a tree familiar to them in the sunny groves of\\ndear old Castile. The wild grapes, too, whose clam-\\nbering vines festooned the branches, were grateful to\\nmen who had grown u]3 among vineyards. Fifty\\nleagues brought them, however, to the marge of a\\nmorass a league in width, and apparently impassable\\n2*", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 PIONEEES, PKEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nand hereabouts the natives, although not attacking,\\nhad concealed themselves, and were waiting o]3por-\\ntnnities for opening the war. A pass was at length\\ndiscovered, and after immense trouble, the army was\\nconveyed across. But here they were effectually\\nchecked by deep lagoons and bayous that seemed\\ninterminable.\\nRecrossing the swamp, in order to find a better\\nline of march for the army, De Soto, who was ever in\\nthe van when difficulty pressed or danger threat-\\nened, at the head of a picked corps made an exten-\\nsive tour of observation, and found what he sought.\\nBut himself and men were near starving for three\\ndays and nights they had little rest and less food.\\nSupplies must be had, and the army brought up.\\nCalling to him Gonzalo Silvestre, a bold young sol-\\ndier, To you, he said, belongs the best horse,\\ntherefore the harder work. Away, and hold not\\nbridle until you have reached the camp. Bring us\\nwhat we need and order the forces to join us. Be\\nback by to-morrow night. Without a word Silvestre\\nmounted and spurred away, calling to Juan Lopez,\\nDe Soto s page, to follow. Neither of these stout\\nyouths was one and twenty. Away over the twilight\\nplain they sped. Fifteen leagues, tired as they and\\ntheir steeds were, must be ridden that night. If\\nmorning found them in the swamp, almost certain\\ndeath awaited them. Trusting more to the sagacity", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 35\\nof their horses than to their own management to find\\nthe way on, throngh the thickening night rode onr\\ntired cavaliers the silence broken by the moan of\\nthe cypress woods, the whir of a startled bird, the\\ncroaking of the monstrous frogs, and the plash of\\ntheir horses feet and every now and then, as some\\ncamp-fire blazed on an island in the mire, revealing\\na party of savages engaged in feast or dance, a din as\\nof an infernal orchestra broke npon their ears. The\\npassage of a southern swamp is no easy feat at any\\ntime but at night, by tw^o youths, surrounded by\\nhundreds of savage foes, it w^as an exploit worthy the\\nhardiest. I mention it here to show the mettle of\\nDe Soto s troops.\\nUndismayed by sight or sound, they still pressed\\nforward until Lopez, grown reckless through fatigue\\nand want of sleep, threw himself upon the ground,\\nswearing he would go not a rood further until he had\\nslept. Silvestre had nothing for it but to submit.\\nFalling asleep himself in the saddle, he awoke to find\\nit broad day. Hastily rousing his companion they\\nstarted, but there was yet a league before them,\\nand the Indians were not long in descrying the two\\nhorsemen and sounding the alarm. Forthwith the\\nwoods swarmed with painted furies. Knowing there\\nwas no resource left them but resolution and their\\nhorses, they pushed on at a gallop, their mail defend-\\nin f]j them from the shafts of their enemies. The yells", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36 PIONEERS, PEEACIIERS AND PEOPLE\\nand war-cries of tlie savages at length readied tlie\\ncamp, and thirty troopers rushed to their aid. Thus\\ndid these brave youtlis reach their goal in safety.\\nTaking scarce an hour for rest, Silvestre was again\\nin the saddle at the head of thirty lancers conveying\\ntwo horseloads of supplies to the general; and not\\nlong after nightfall had reached the spot where he\\nhad left his commander the evenino; before. When\\nthe main body came up, they found the commandant\\nencamped in the plain of Aguera, where maize was\\ngrowing in abundance. Here they rested after their\\nlate privations.\\nThe Seminoles had now commenced hostilities in\\ngood earnest not indeed by pitched battle in the\\nopen field, but by ambuscades lurking in every\\nthicket, picking off every little knot of Spaniards\\nincautious enough to stray from the camp or line of\\nmarch. ]N evertheless they were all ardor to proceed,\\nfor some natives whom they had captured, in reply\\nto their eager questions concerning the precious me-\\ntals, assured them that in Ocali, a country to the\\nnorthward, gold was so plenty that in war the people\\nwore head-pieces of it.\\nBut Ocali is reached, and no gold is found only\\na poor small town, empty of people. The main body\\nof the troops here came up with the commander, after\\na difficult and hungry march making up for their\\nfailing provisions by boiling a few beets which they", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 37\\nfound here and there in the lields, and chewing the\\nyoung stems of the growing Indian corn.\\nAfter brief delay, they press forward to the domi-\\nnions of Yitachuco, a powerful chieftain, whose terri-\\ntories are fifty leagues across. After some days of\\namity the Spaniards discover a perfidious plot to\\ndestroy them. Yitachuco has ordered a grand review\\nof his warriors, ten thousand strong. At a signal\\ntwelve of his braves are to seize De Soto and the\\nmassacre is to commence. Trusting to take the Span-\\niards unaware, they deem their destruction easy.\\nBut forewarned, forearmed. Yitachuco is seized and\\nthe Spaniards charge the hordes of natives with head-\\nlong valor, mowing hundreds of them down upon the\\nplain, whilst masses fly to adjoining lakes to swim for\\ntheir lives. One of these lakes, wherein is the flower\\nof Yitachuco s army, is surrounded by the troops, and\\nalthough they ofi er quarter, not a savage will submit.\\nI^ight comes on the lake shore is vigilantly patrolled.\\nBy daylight flfty have yielded and at ten o clock of\\nthe morning, after they had been in the water twenty-\\nfour hours, all the rest save seven come ashore.\\nThese hold out until three o clock, when De Soto, un-\\nwilling that such steadfast valor should find a watery\\ngrave, sends twenty expert swimmers after them,\\nwho drag them to land more dead than alive. When\\nquestioned, after their recovery, by the Adelantado,\\nwhy they held out so stubbornly, four of them replied", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nthat they were captains, and that such should never\\nsurrender. The other three, neither of whom was\\nover eighteen years of age, replied that they were\\nsons of neighboring caciques, and would be caciques\\nthemselves some day, and that it did not behoove\\nsuch to be guilty of cowardice. This was the\\nindomitable spirit of the men De Soto came to con-\\nquer.\\nThe warriors of Yitachuco were reduced to slavery\\nstill the untamed spirit of that chief revolved a plan\\nfor the extermination of the hated invaders. Com-\\nmunicating his scheme secretly, it was soon known to\\nall his braves. On the third day, while the Indians\\nwere waiting on their masters at dinner, at the sound\\nof his war-whoop they were to attack their oppressors\\nwith whatever they could lay hands on, and at once\\ndestroy them. At the aj)pointed time, Yitachuco,\\nwho was seated near De Soto, sjDrang upon him\\nand bore him to the earth, dealing him such a blow\\nin the face as brought the blood in streams from\\nnose, mouth, and eyes. Eaising his arm for another\\nblow, w^hich would have been death to the Adelan-\\ntado, he gav^e the whoop, which could be heard for a\\nquarter of a league. At that critical moment a dozen\\nswords and lances pierced him, and he fell lifeless to\\nthe earth. At the signal, his warriors fell upon their\\nmasters with pots, kettles, pestles and stools, and\\nsuch arms as they could seize. But they were soon", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 39\\noverpowered, for they fought in chains. Thns per-\\nished Yitachuco, and with him, in all, thirteen hundred\\nof his brave warriors. Some of those slain performed\\nextraordinary feats of valor. One, who was being led\\nto the market-place to be murdered after the fight,\\nfirst lifted up his master above his head and fiung\\nhim down so that he was stunned, then seized his\\nsword, and, in the words of the Portuguese narrative,\\nthough inclosed between fifteen or twenty footmen,\\nmade way like a bull, with the sword in his hand,\\nuntil certain halberdiers of the governor came, which\\nkilled liim. Of the Indians who remained alive\\nafter the strife was over, about two hundred in num-\\nber, some were given as slaves to those w^ho had the\\nbest claim, and the rest were shot to death in cold\\nblood, by the archers of De Soto s guard, or by the\\nIndian allies.\\nAnd here it may be well to say a word, once for\\nall, of the treatment of the Indians by De Soto and\\nhis men. This was such as excuses these high-spi-\\nrited barbarians a thousand times over for their con-\\nstant and unflinching enmity to the Spaniards, and\\nfor all the savage arts used to oppose the invaders.\\nAs De Soto went from nation to nation, he was ac-\\ncustomed to demand the services of large numbers of\\nIndians as porters. Four thousand at one time were\\nthus employed in transporting the baggage. This\\nservile drudgery was sufiiciently intolerable to the", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "4:0 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nwarriors of the woods. But the Christians were ac-\\ncustomed to make occasional expeditions for the ex-\\npress purpose of procuring, not friendly porters, hut\\nslaves to labor in chains. A hundred, including men\\nand women, were thus talvcn in a single expedition, a\\nlittle after the death of Yitachuco. These were led by\\nirons about their necks, and were made to carry bag-\\ngage, grind maize, and serve their Spanish masters in\\nall things which a captive might do. Although the\\nsuperior arms of the Spaniards enabled them to retain\\nmany of these captives, of whom some even accom-\\npanied the remains of the expedition to Mexico, yet\\ntheir stubborn and revengeful spirit gave their cap-\\ntors constant annoyance. Sometimes, as one was led\\nin chains to labor, he slew the Christian who led him\\nand ran away with his gyves others filed their fet-\\nters through by night with a stone, and thus escaped.\\nThey undoubtedly gave all the information in their\\npower to their countrymen in the woods, which must\\nhave aided them materially in their desperate attacks\\nupon the Spaniards.\\nDe Soto, after the death of Yitachuco, bent his\\nsteps westward through the province of Osachile,\\nwhere they still found their path infested by hostile\\nsavages, who stoutly contested every step of the way.\\nAt one broad morass, in particular, probably that at\\nthe head of the Estauhatchee Eiver, in the middle of\\nwhich was a lagoon half a league wide, the Indians", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 41\\nmade a resolute stand. The path downward through\\nthe tangled, swampy forest, would admit of but two\\nabreast, and was cleared under water to the same\\nbreadth, until the lagoon w^as too deep to be forded.\\nThis deep centre was passed by a slender and perilous\\nbridge of logs tied together, and on the other side\\nthe same narrow, dangerous path ascended through\\nanother tangled, swampy forest. Just beyond this\\nmorass, the Indians had impeded a large extent of\\nwoods by felling logs and tying and interlacing them\\namong the standing trees, upon a piece of ground\\nvery near where, ten years before, they had defeated\\nNarvaez. After three days of dangerous and most\\nfatiguing fighting, up to their waists in water, and\\nafterward in the barricaded forests filled with their\\nyelling, invisible foes, the wearied Spaniards forced a\\nway through into a region less beset, and at length\\nreached the chief village in the fertile and populous\\nprovince of Appalache, near Tallahassee, where they\\ntook up their winter quarters. A scouting party dis-\\ncovered the sea at no great distance, and found the\\nbay of Ante, from which the unfortunate I^arvaez\\nhad embarked. On the solitary coast were yet to be\\nseen the coals of his forges, the skulls of his horses,\\nand the troughs where he had fed them. The intre-\\npid Juan de Aiiasco was now dispatched, with thirty\\ntroopers, to Pedro Calderon, who had been left in\\ncommand at the village of Hirrihigua, to order Jiim", "height": "3358", "width": "2063", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42\\nto join the general with his men and supplies. The\\nenterprise was beset with difficulties from which\\nthe boldest might shrink. To traverse a country\\npeopled by a warlike race, whose undying antipathy\\nto the Spaniards had been aroused, to thread a maze\\nwhich had w^ell-nigh proved fatal to the main army,\\nwas a task which might well have made the stout-\\nest quail. But, notwithstanding incredible hard-\\nships and ]3eril, the dauntless Juan succeeded. Pe-\\ndro Calderon joined the army, and the two brigan-\\ntines were brought around from Espiritu Santo to\\nthe Bay of Ante. These, exploring the coast west-\\nward, discovered the bay of Achusi, now Pensacola.\\nAppointing this as a rendezvous, De Soto ordered\\nMaldinado to sail for Cuba, and to return with\\nsupplies.\\nAt Appalache, or as it is also named, Anaica Appa-\\nlache, not far from Tallahassee, De Soto went into\\nquart- rs for the winter. The number of his men,\\nhis careful strengthening of his defences, and the pre-\\ncautions which he took, enabled him to repel the in-\\ncessant attacks of the natives, who, however, kept\\nhim in constant watchfulness, and picked off every\\nSpaniard who strayed from the camp. As a means\\nof preventing these attacks, he succeeded in obtain-\\ning possession of Capaii, the chief of Appalache, a\\nman so fat that he could not walk; but after a short\\ntime, the cunning old chief crawled away on his", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\n43\\nhands and knees from his guards while they were\\nsleeping, and was never retaken. The hardy and\\nfearless Spaniards, however, now well experienced in\\nIndian warfare, kept watch and ward, repelled all\\nattacks, and maintained themselves through the\\nwinter in comparative comfort.\\nAnd now the second year of the expedition opens\\nupon them. The land is in the bloom of spring. The\\nnew-born leaves seem to clap their hands in joy, as\\nthey dally with the soft south breeze the sward is tuft-\\ned with flowers of every hue the air is flooded with\\nthe mocking-bird s rich and ever changeful song the\\ntender blade cleaves the mold and all the land is\\ngay in the garments of the opening tropic year. Will\\nnot this man take her as a bride from God Kay\\nunless she has yellow treasure on her breast. A yel-\\nlow grave shalt thou have, Hernando de Soto but no\\ngold\\nThe captives tell them of Cofachiqui, a region to the\\nnortheast, where the precious earth can be had in\\nplenty; their reports, doubtless, referring to the Geor-\\ngia and South Carolina gold fields, which other au-\\nthorities prove to have been early worked by the In-\\ndians.\\nAccompanied on part of their route by four thou-\\nsand friendly Indians sent by the chief of Cofaqui to\\ncarry the baggage, and by as many more, under\\nPatofa, the war-chief of Cofaqui, as escort with vari-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nous lot of hospitable welcome from friendly natives,\\nand threatened starvation in immense pine barrens\\nnow in lonely devouring bogs, and then in fertile and\\ncultivated tracts here feasting in the midst of plenty,\\nthere famishing in deserts of sand under the pine\\ntrees, that ofier them nothing but a tomb thus they\\ncross the present State of Georgia diagonally from\\nsouthwest to northeast, until they strike the Savan-\\nnah Eiver at Silver Bluff. On the opposite side was\\nthe town of Cofachiqiii, where ruled a youthful\\nqueen of rare grace and beauty. Gliding across the\\nriver in a canoe, attended by her principal men, she\\ngave the strangers a courteous welcome, presenting\\nto De Soto a j)earl necklace a yard and a half in\\nlength. Commanding her subjects to provide canoes\\nand rafts, the army was transported across the\\nriver.\\nHere the host remained encamped for some weeks,\\nin friendly intercourse with this peaceful and hospit-\\nable nation. In the tombs of their ancestors the\\nIndians showed them vast treasures of pearls, com-\\nputed to be not less than fourteen bushels, of which\\nDe Soto, though invited to take them all, preferred to\\nselect only a small number, leaving the remainder for\\na subsequent expedition. Here also, in a depository\\nof Indian weapons annexed to a place of burial, they\\nfound a Spanish dagger and coat of mail, evidently\\nthe relics of the expedition of Lucas Yasquez", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 4:5\\nDe Ayllon, which had come to an end so sorrowful\\nand so well deserved, fifteen years before.\\nAfter a time, there came rumors of gold from the\\nwest; and bearing their specimen pearls, and inhos-\\npitably rewarding good with evil by seizing their\\nbeautiful and generous young hostess, in order that\\nher authority might secure them good treatment and\\nsafety on the road, they march across the southern\\nend of the Alleghany range to northwestern Georgia.\\nOn the road, the princess of Cofachiqui escaped,\\ncarrying a little treasure of valuable pearls. Travel-\\nling onward, they arrive at Chiaha, where they find\\na pot of honey, the first and last seen by the expedi-\\ntion, and the only honey mentioned, it is believed, as\\nexisting within the limits of the United States before\\nits settlement by the whites, who are usually sup-\\nposed to have introduced the bee.* Questioning the\\nchief of Chiaha, if he had notice of any rich coun-\\ntrie, the Indian said that at Chisca, toward the north,\\nthere was copper, and another finer and softer metal.\\nDe Soto sends two envoys with Indian guides to find\\nthe place but they return with no gold, and with\\nnews of none, bearing a bufi alo hide for their only\\nprize, l^ext they travel through the great province\\nof Cosa, supplied by the inhabitants with porters for\\nthe baggage, and with provisions. Resting in one\\nPeter Martyr says that the Mexicans had both honey and way.\\n(Decades of the Ocean, Dec. 5, cap. 10.)", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nplace twentj days, and twenty-five in another, tliey\\npass througli this, the goodliest land they have yet\\nseen, and bending southward, march by Talli e,\\nthrough the territory now called Alabama, toward\\nthe capital of a great chief called Tuscaloosa, whom\\nthey meet upon the border of his dominions, near the\\npresent city of Montgomery. Tuscaloosa, or Black\\nWarrior, a chieftain of a tribe probably the Choctaws,\\nwas the mightiest cacique in all this region ruling\\napparently over a great part of the present States of\\nAlabama and Mississippi. He was so tall that when\\nmounted upon the largest horse in the army, his feet\\nnearly touched the ground. He was eminently\\nhandsome, although grave, stern, haughty and repel-\\nlant in demeanor. This magnificent chief, who was\\nborn to rule, received De Soto, sitting upon a simple\\nwooden throne, and shaded by the broad round\\nstandard of painted deerskin which was his ensign in\\nwar. With a laconic welcome, he set out to guide\\nthe Spanish commander to his capital, Mauvila, or\\nMaubila, situated ten days march to the southward\\na reminiscence of whose name exists in that of the\\ncity of Mobile. To insure good treatment from the\\nnatives, after his custom, De Soto surrounded the\\nBlack Warrior w^ith a guard, professedly of honor,\\nbut really to hold him as a hostage. This the proud\\nchief at once discovered; but betrayed no sign of dis-\\npleasure. At length, within a day s march of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 47\\nMaubila, De Soto with a hundred horse and a hun-\\ndred foot, accompanied by Tuscaloosa, pushed for-\\nward to the capital, leaving the remainder of the\\nforce to be brought up by Luis de Moscoso, master\\nof the camp. The Adelantado apprehended that\\ndanger threatened at Mauvila, and was in haste to\\nresolve his doubt. Reaching the town early in the\\nmorning, he found it a walled place. A stockade of\\ngreat tree trunks had been formed, transverse beams\\nhad been lashed to these by means of vines, and over\\nall was a stucco of mud hardened in the sun. At\\nevery fifty paces were towers on the walls, capable\\nof holding eight bowmen. Many of the trees in the\\nstockade had survived transplanting, and were in full\\nleaf, giving to the fortification a strange beauty. The\\nhouses were built on broad streets, and although but\\neighty in number were yet so large that each would\\nhold a thousand persons. In the centre was a great\\npublic square. The town was built in the midst of a\\nplain, finely situated upon a noble blufi* of the Ala-\\nbama River, whose peaceful current was seen in the\\ndistance gliding between beautiful banks. The\\nother margin of the plain was skirted by a forest.\\n!N ear the western wall was a beautiful limpid lake.\\nIn obedience to the orders of Tuscaloosa, booths\\nhad been erected outside the walls for the accommo-\\ndation of the army, while the chief house of the town\\nhad been set apart for De Soto and his oflicers.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nAlighting, the proud chief moved haughtily off\\ntoward his peoj^le, to see, as he said, that all was in\\nreadiness for his guests. ]^ot returning, and the\\nhouses seeming to be filled with warriors and young\\ngirls many of whom were exceedingly beautiful\\nbut no old people or children appearing, De Soto s\\napprehensions were quickened. Desirous of regain-\\ning the person of Tuscaloosa, he sent Juan Ortiz to\\nannounce that the Adelantado was waiting breakfast\\nfor the chief. Thrice was the message sent, but no\\nchief appeared. At last a w^arrior, quitting one of\\nthe houses, shouted a threatening defiance to the\\nSpaniards. Baltazar de Gallegos, who was near at\\nhand, cut him down. The warrior s son attempting\\nto avenge him, shared his fate. And now began the\\nfierht in frigihtful earnest. Indians swarmed from\\nevery lodge, and the earth seemed suddenly covered\\nwith. them. De Soto and his men, fighting despe-\\nrately, fell back outside the walls to where the horses\\nwere picketed. Gaining these, they flung themselves\\ninto the saddle and fiercely charged the foe. Back-\\nward and forward swept the tide of battle. Some-\\ntimes, driven by flights of deadly arrows, the Span-\\niards retreat to the edge of the forest. Then rallying,\\nthey come thundering down, with the war cry San-\\ntiago and our Lady, upon the hordes of naked\\nsavages awaiting them. These, borne down by the\\nterrible shock, retreat to the walls and close the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 49\\nponderous gates, but send clouds of deadly missiles\\nagainst their enemies. Hour after hour does the bat-\\ntle rage. The mail, the weapons and the discipline\\nof the Spaniards give them a fearful advantage\\nagainst the naked bodies and undrilled array of the\\nsavages but the odds of numbers are overwhelming,\\ntwo hundred against thousands for Moscoso has not\\narrived. He and his men loiter in the shady glades,\\npicking grapes and flowers, singing songs of dear old\\nCastile, light of heart that they shall soon hear ncAvs\\nfrom Cuba and receive abundant supplies for it is\\nnow October, the month in which Maldinado is to be\\nat Pensacola, and hence to that place is less than\\nthirty leagues. As thus they loiter through the plea-\\nsant woods, the sunny river peeping every now and\\nthen between the branches, the land seemed as\\nlovely as the valley of the Xenil, outspread beneath\\nthe towers of the Alhambra.\\nBut suddenly the distant sound of trumpet-calls,\\nand shouts and savage war-cries are faintly heard, far\\nin front and soon they discern a column of smoke\\nslowly rising into the air in the distance. There is a\\nbattle\\nThe word is passed along the line stragglers fall\\nin, and at a rapid pace come up the reinforcements.\\nThe battle rages with redoubled fury the Spaniards\\ndash at the gates and force them. The streets and\\nthe square are filled with combatants and corpses.\\n3", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50 PIONEEES, PKEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nThe Christian s war-cry joins with the deafening\\nshout of the Indians. They fall like grain before the\\nmower s scythe nnder the swords and lances of their\\nfoemen yet no one cries for quarter. The only tar-\\ngets which the steel clad Spaniards offer the Indian\\narchers is mouth and eyes and the joints of the\\narmor. The Indian women join their husbands and\\nlovers in the fight, and are the fiercest of the throng.\\nEverywhere De Soto is seen in the thickest of the\\nmelee. Kising in his stirrups to deal a fatal blow, an\\narrow strikes him in the thigh through the openings of\\nhis armor. Tlienceforth he fights standing in his stir-\\nrups. But the Spaniards have fired the town, and the\\nflames spread fearfully, enwrapping every dwelling.\\nAs their forked tongues lapped^up Maubila and\\nits brave people, the sun, hidden by clouds of\\nsmoke, was casting a sickly glare from behind\\nthe tree-tops. The tragedy is finished, l^ine hours\\ndid the battle rage. At least five thousand Indians\\nare slain. Nov is the plight of the Spaniards envi-\\nable. Eighty-two of their best w^arriors have fallen,\\nwhile among the survivors seventeen hundred griev-\\nous wounds are distributed, and there is but one\\nsurgeon in the camp, and he unskilled. Forty-two\\nhorses, mourned as companions and friends, are slain.\\nAll the camp furniture, baggage and supplies, the\\npearls and trophies of savage wealth which had\\nbeen placed in the houses or carelessly cast down", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 51\\nabout the walls, are consumed and worst of all, the\\nwlieaten flour and wine, preserved with sedulous\\ncare for the Eucharist, are burned also.\\nA dismal night, indeed, was that after the battle\\nof Maubila. Numbers of the wounded died before\\ntheir hurts could be attended to. Eight days they\\nremained, attending on the disabled, in wretched\\nsheds within the town; and then, carrying them to\\nhuts constructed on the open ground without, they\\nremained twenty days longer, ere the troops are in\\nmarching order, having recovered from the wounds\\nof the battle, and measurably from a strange disease,\\noccasioned by want of salt. This commenced with\\nfever and speedily corrupted the whole body, end-\\ning, after three or four days, in a fatal mortification\\nof the intestines. The use of the ashes of a certain\\nplant was a preventive of this disorder yet it de-\\nstroyed, says Garcilasso de la Yega, as many as sixty\\nof the Spaniards in one year.\\nBut whither shall they go Intelligence has\\nreached the camp that Arias and Maldinado are\\narrived at Ochus, their appointed rendezvous, but\\nseven days march to the southeast, with provisions\\nand supplies for founding a colony. At first, De\\nSoto is filled with joy, for he sees at hand the means\\nof establishing the settlement which he has always\\ndesigned to make the headquarters for his further\\nsearch after gold. But he is told that the army is", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "62 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nfull of murmurs at their endless and profitless hard-\\nships, and that his leaders and men are proposing to\\nseize the opportunity, and sail for Mexico or Peru.\\nThere is gold for him who can win it here are only\\ntoil, wounds, danger, disease, death. The Adelantado\\nsees that, once at the seacoast, his army will desert\\nhim. ITo new troops will undertake an enterprise\\nalready branded with failure and he has no second\\nvast fortune to embark in the undertaking. He has\\nstaked his all on this one throw ^fortune, fame,\\nhope, honor, life. Shall he now slink back to Cuba,\\na hundred of his brave companions dead, poor in\\npurse, vanquished by the poverty and the savage-\\nness of these wild forests and grassy savannas?\\nThese bitter reflections drive him to a desperate\\nresolution, which he seems here deliberately to have\\nformed, and silently to have adhered to until just\\nbefore his death namely, to send home no news of\\nhimself until he had found the rich regions which he\\nhad set out to seek. And, as if he had at the same\\ntime been hopeless of success, and acted merely in\\nshame and desperation, his demeanor was thence-\\nforth changed. Always stern and reserved, he grows\\nnow moody, silent, savage. The word of command\\nis given, and the line of march resumed to the north-\\nwest, back into the wild forests, away from ships and\\nhome. And none dare demand a reason from the\\ngloomy and severe commander", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 63\\nThey resumed their march Sunday, Nov. 18, 1540.\\nCrossing the Black Warrior and Tombigbee rivers,\\nthey at length reached the heart of the Chickasaw\\ncountry, in the northwestern part of Mississippi,\\nwhere it was determined to winter in a village called\\nChicasa. De Soto, on one occasion, treated the\\nnatives to hog meat, whereupon they acquired such\\na taste for it that his pig-pens were constantly\\ninvaded. He punished some of the hog-thieves\\nseverely, and this, together with the robberies and\\nassaults committed upon the persons and property\\nof the Chickasaws, kindled the wrath of that warlike\\npeople, and they determined upon summary revenge.\\nThey attacked the village at night, firing the houses,\\nand succeeded for a time in throwing the Spaniards\\ninto confusion. Many of the latter were slain,\\ntogether with a number of horses, which were more\\ndreaded than the Spaniards themselves. But the\\nnatives were routed, with great loss, before daylight.\\nIt was, however, a victory dearly purchased, for the\\nSpaniards lost forty men, fifty horses, and three\\nhundred of their four hundred swine, besides nearly\\nall their remaining clothes and effects and were left\\nin such evil plight, that, had the Indians attacked\\nthem again the next night, they must have won an\\neasy victory. Attributing this damaging surprise to\\nthe negligence of the camp-master, Luis de Moscoso,\\nwho had already been so dilatory at the battle of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "64 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nManbila, De Soto deposed him, and appointed Bal-\\ntasar de Gallegos in his stead. Removing to Chic-\\nkasilla, a league distant, the Spaniards erected a\\nforge, and re-tempered their swords which had been\\nmuch injured by the fire, made saddles, horse-furni-\\nture, and lances, and wove mats of the long grass to\\nshield them from the cold, which in March was still\\npiercing. These mats, in their future wayfarings,\\nserved a valuable purpose, as bucklers, to protect\\nthem from the arrows of their enemies. At Chicka-\\nsilla they wintered, amid cold and snow, and in great\\nwant of clothing.\\nAs the spring of the third year of the expedition\\nopened, the fierce Chickasaws renewed their attacks,\\nbut were repulsed and on the 25th of April, the\\narmy set forward for a third summer of wandering\\nafter gold, marching northwestward. At the for-\\ntress of Alibamo, on one of the head branches of the\\nYazoo, the Indians made a resolute stand. But the\\ninvincible Spaniards took it by storm, and put to the\\nBword all who fell into their hands. Hence to the\\nnorthwestern corner of Mississippi, or the south-\\nwestern of Tennessee, they journeyed, through dark\\nforests and deep swamps, until they struck a mighty\\nriver, which they named Rio Grande. Alvar Nunez\\nand the survivors of the expedition of JSTarvaez must\\nhave crossed it much lower down but we are accus-\\ntomed to name De Soto as the first European who", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 55\\nset foot on tlie banks of tlie Mississippi for this was\\ntheir Eio Grande.\\nIn April, 1541, they stood npon the bluffs which\\noverlook that sublime stream, rushing from the icy\\nregions of the north to a summer sea. This was the\\npioneer pilgrimage of European civilization to its\\nbanks, the advanced guard of that innumerable mul-\\ntitude which was here to be gathered together to\\nmake another attempt at solving the problem of\\nman s relation to the earth, his neighbor and his\\nGod.\\nBuilding boats, they crossed the river, and after\\nfour days march into the wilderness beyond, came\\nto the village of Casqui, or Casquin, supposed to\\nhave been inhabited by the Kaskaskias Indians,\\nafterward settled in Illinois. This village was in a\\nprovince also called Casqui, and governed by a\\ncacique of the same name. The chief inhabited a\\nvillage about seven leagues further on, whei e he\\nhospitably received the army, and provided it with\\nprovisions and quarters.\\nDuring the encampment here, the chief suppli-\\ncated De Soto to pray to his God for rain, which was\\nmuch needed. Hereupon the Spanish commander\\ncaused a vast cross to be erected, in a commanding\\nsituation, on a lofty hill near the river, and conse-\\ncrated it by a solemn religious ceremony, in which\\nboth Spaniards and Indians joined. Then De Soto", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "66 PIONEERS, PEEACHEE8 AND PEOPLE\\nendeavored to make Casqui understand how prayers\\nshould be offered to the one invisible God, and\\nrelated to him the life and sufferings of Christ.\\nAs the intonations of the Litany, and the solemn\\nstrains of Te Deum laudamus rose upon the air, the\\nchildren of the forest took up the strain, with plain-\\ntive voice and uplifted eyes, invoking the white\\nman s God. Here, then, upon the shore of the\\nFather of Waters, in the northeastern corner of Ar-\\nkansas, was the symbol of our religion first planted,\\neighty years before a Puritan had touched the rock at\\nPlymouth. And as if to substantiate the instructions\\nof the Spanish commander, a plenteous shower of\\nrain came down that very night.\\nDe Soto delayed some days in the village of Cas-\\nqui, and then set out northward, for the village of\\nPacaha or Capaha, who was at feud with Casqui, and\\nwhom the latter trusted to destroy by means of the\\nSpaniards. He accompanied the latter, with his\\nwarriors, for that purpose and did actually destroy\\nnumbers of his people, and laid waste his town.\\nBut De Soto, on his arrival, at once put a stop to\\nthese proceedings, and, after considerable difficulty,\\ninduced Pacaha to return home, and issued orders\\nthat none should do any injury to the inhabitants of\\nthe province or to their possessions. In this place he\\nrested forty days, during which he sent two men to a\\nhill country, forty leagues westward, where, the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 67\\nIndians said, tliere was mncTi salt, and much yellow\\nmetal. Tliej retm^ned, in eleven days, with a quan-\\ntity of rock salt and some copper, but no gold. The\\nLidians also said that northward, and beyond the line\\nof their exploring trip, the country was cold, barren\\nand overrun with buffaloes.\\nDe Soto, therefore, resolved to return to the village\\nof Casqui, and thence to strike southward for a coun-\\ntry which the Indians called Quigaute, and repre-\\nsented as extensive and wealthy. Here he remained\\na little time, and then, turning westward, entered\\nupon that long and dreary circuit in the regions of\\nthe Arkansas and Eed Elvers, which at last brought\\nhim back to the shores of the Mississippi, to die.\\nHe passed through Coligoa, at the foot of a moun-\\ntain, beyond which he fancied there might be gold\\ncame to Palisema, in the country of Cay as to Tunica,\\nwhere were found salt lakes, from which the army\\nfurnished itself with a quantity of good salt to Tula\\nor Tulla, whose inhabitants, differing from all they\\nhad met before, were exceedingly ill-looking, hav-\\ning immense heads, artificially narrowed at the top,\\nand faces horribly tattooed whose ferocity was\\nmore brutal and untamable than that of any race\\nthey had met before, and who could not be ter-\\nrified by threats and slaughter, nor cajoled by gifts.\\nThence they marched to Utiangue or Autiamque,\\nwhere, fortifying part of a large village, the forlorn\\n3*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nSpanish liost went into winter-qnarters for the third\\ntime. The cold was severe, the snow deep, and the\\nattacks of the savages incessant but as food and\\nfuel were plentiful, the condition of the troops was\\non the whole quite comfortable.\\nIn Autiamque died Juan Ortiz, the interpreter\\nan irreparable loss to De Soto, who thenceforth\\nfound very great difficulties in maintaining even a\\ncircuitous and obscure intercourse with the natives.\\nWhen the spring returned, there remained, of the\\nmagnificent host of a thousand men, only three hun-\\ndred soldiers, besides non-combatants and of three\\nhundred and fifty horses, only forty, and many of\\nthese lame and useless, and all unshod during the\\nyear past, for want of iron. Fatigue, sickness, priva-\\ntion, and the weapons of the fierce savages of theMo-\\nbilian and Muscogee races, had destroyed the rest.\\nAnd even this scanty remainder were destitute and\\ndiscouraged. The disastrous fires of Maubila and\\nChicasa had devoured clothing, arms, and wealth.\\nThey were now dressed in skins, and their weapons\\nwere, in many cases, such as they had wrought out\\nthemselves. His goodly armament thus worn out\\nand wasted in endless hostilities with the savages,\\nand thus rapidly diminishing, and his hopes of gold\\nso long disappointed, even the obstinate and perse-\\nvering courage and hopefulness of De Soto began to\\nfail and he at length decided to return to the Mis-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 69\\nsissippi, fortify himself there, build vessels, and send\\nto Cuba for snj)plies and men.\\nThe troops accordingfy set forward from Auti-\\namqne on Monday, March 6, 1542, being now the\\nfourth year of their wanderings and going through\\nAyas, or Ayays, and Tultelpina, reached Amilco, capi-\\ntal of the province of that name, and standing in the\\nmidst of a country more fertile and populous than\\nany they had yet seen, except Cosa and Appalache.\\nHence they proceeded to Guachoya, on the Missis-\\nsippi, apparently at the mouth of the Arkansas,\\nwhere De Soto proposed to establish himself and\\nbuild his vessels.\\nSetting the necessary preparations on foot, De Soto,\\nhaving heard of a certain powerful chieftain called\\nQuigalta, or Quigaltanqui, ruling a vast province on\\nthe opposite side of the Great River, sent an embassy\\nto him, to say that he, De Soto, was the child of the\\nsun that all men along his road had hitherto obeyed\\nand served him and requiring Quigalta to accept\\nhis friendship and come to him, bringing something\\nvaluable in token of love and obedience. But the\\nchief dryly and sourly answered, that if De Soto\\nwere the child of the sun, he might dry up the river,\\nand he would believe him and as to the rest of the\\nmessage, that he was wont to visit nobody, but that\\nall were wont to visit him, and pay tribute to him.\\nTliat, therefore, if De Soto desired to see him, it was", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "60 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nbest that he should cross the river himself and come\\nthat if he came in peace, he should be received with\\nspecial good will but if in war, he, Quigalta, would\\nwait for him in the same place, and would not shrink\\none foot back for him or any other.\\nBut when the messenger came back with this keen\\nand haughty reply, the Adelantado was already on a\\nsick-bed, confined with a slow fever. Ill as he was,\\nhe was irritated at the bold savage, and still more\\nthat he was unable to cross the river and seek him,\\nto abate his pride. But the Indians were so nume-\\nrous and so fierce, his own forces now so reduced, and\\nthe current of the vast river so furious and dangerous^\\nthat he was fain to think upon fair means, instead of\\nfoul.\\nAnd even while lying here, sick and discouraged,\\nwhile the fever grew upon him, De Soto performed\\nan action most characteristic of the deliberate, bloody-\\nminded, brutal carelessness with which the Spaniards\\nof that day regarded the Indians. Many reports\\ncame in of proposed attacks upon the camp, some-\\ntimes from one side of the river, sometimes from the\\nother. In order, therefore, to intimidate the tribes\\nabout him, De Soto determined to devote one of\\nthem to destruction, and accordingly, sending a suffi-\\ncient force, surprised the town of Amilco. The fierce\\ntroopers burst into this j)eaceful and unsuspecting\\nvillage, with orders not to spare the life of any male", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 61\\nand not only was tins cruel order fulfilled, but sun-\\ndry of the soldiers slew all wlio came in their way,\\nthough the surprise was so complete that not an\\narrow was shot at any Christian. This savage butch-\\nery was an astonishment even to the Indian allies\\nwho accompanied the troops, and served no good\\nturn and it was afterward noticed that those most\\nactive in it showed themselves cowards where true\\nvalor was needed, and that shameful deaths were\\nvisited on them in retribution.\\nBut all the earthly projects of De Soto now\\ndrew to a close. Deeply feeling his fatal error in\\nwandering so far from the sea, grieved at the losses\\nand sufferings of his men, harassed with anxious fore-\\nbodings as to the future, and his powerful frame at\\nlast undermined and shattered by the destructive cli-\\nmatic fever, he now sinks rapidly and helpless and\\nliopeless, one of the noblest cavaliers of the age lies\\ndying in a rude Indian wigwam. Instead of gaining\\nvast treasures, he has lost them, and found no more.\\nInstead of founding an empire, he has exterminated a\\nsavage tribe or two, but has scarcely retained his au-\\nthority over the relics of his small and shattered army.\\nInstead of winning world-wide renown, he has dis-\\nappeared from view in those vast western wilder-\\nnesses, and for years has not even been heard of by\\nChristian men. A sad and disastrous close for an expe-\\ndition whose outset was so splendid and so hopeful I", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62\\nAnd now liis last hour draws nigh, and with the\\nsteady courage of a soldier and a Christian, for such\\nhe was to the best of his ability, whatever were his\\nfaults, Hernando de Soto calmly prepares to close up\\nall worldly transactions, and to die. He makes his\\nwill requests his officers to elect a captain to suc-\\nceed him, and when they, in turn, desire him to\\nchoose, appoints Luis Moscoso de Alvarado, remem-\\nbering only the virtues and ability of that captain,\\nand no longer preserving anger for the errors for\\nwhich he had removed him from his place of camp-\\nmaster. He causes the officers and troops to swear\\nobedience to their new leader, and then, calling them\\nto him by twos and threes, and the soldiers by twen-\\nties and thirties, thanks them for their love and loy-\\nalty to him, expressing his regret at leaving them\\nunremunerated for all their toils charges them to\\nremain at peace with each other, and asks pardon for\\nany wrong or offence of which he may have been\\nguilty toward them and so, with tenderness, he bids\\nthem all farewell. Thus, resigning his soul to God,\\nand confessing his sins, three years absent from Donna\\nIsabella, and in the forty-third year of his age, on the\\n21st of May, 1542, perished in the wilderness, Her-\\nnando de Soto.\\nAnxious to conceal his death from the natives, and\\nthus to preserve the spell of his name, his companions,\\nwith whispered prayers, and silent but fast-falling", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 63\\ntears, buried him in tlie darkness in a pit, near tlie\\nvillage of Gnaclioya, where they were encamped.\\nBut fearing lest the body should be discovered by the\\nsavages, and subjected to inhuman outrage, they dis-\\ninterred it the following night, and, having prepared\\na coffin of evergreen oak, bore it to the middle of the\\nGreat River and sank it in a hundred feet of water.\\nA sullen plunge, a murmured Itequiescat in jpace\\nfrom priest and cavalier, and the canoes return to land.\\nThe army mourned as if every man had lost a\\nfather.\\nl!Tevertheless, they resolved to abandon his plans\\nand strike westward, thus hoping to reach Mexico\\nnot seeming to know that their latitude was far north\\nof that. Westward for months they wandered\\nthrough swamp and canebrake, now in luxuriant\\nmeadows and again in waste howling wildernesses.\\nWaylaid by savages, famishing, nearly naked, they\\nkept on until the eye was filled with mountains tow-\\nerins: to heaven. Back in haste no Mexico is here.\\nReturning, they are overtaken by fall rains, and winter\\nrigors. Jaded, dispirited, miserable, their numbers\\nreduced to thrfee hundred and fifty, they reach Minoya,\\non the Mississippi, late in the year. Here they\\nsummon all their remaining energies and resources,\\nand gird themselves for a last desperate struggle with\\nfate. By spring they have built seven brigantines,\\nof short and thin planks, insufficiently nailed together,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64: PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nundecked, and calked only with, bark and grass. In\\nthese, on the second day of July, 1543, they de]3art,\\nthree hundred and twenty-two Spaniards all told,\\ntaking twenty-two of the horses alive, and the rest\\nsalted for provisions and leaving the wretched inha-\\nbitants of Minoya starving to death for want of the\\nmaize which the Spaniards had used for subsistence\\nand for provisioning their vessels. They also leave\\nat their place of embarkation ^ve hundred Indian\\nslaves, retaining a number, including twenty or thirty\\nwomen. Committing themselves to the current, they\\nfloat down the river for nineteen days and nights, beset\\na great part of the way by a flotilla of canoes filled\\nwith hostile Indians who kept up incessant assaults\\nupon them, by which they lost all their surviving\\nhorses and over fifty men having now no weapons\\nleft except a few swords and shields, and being thus\\nhelpless against the arrows of the savages. This voy-\\nage down the river w^as subsequently computed at\\nfive hundred leagues.\\nThey reach the Gulf, and here trusting themselves\\nin their frail brigantines to the treacherous deep,\\nafter a painful and eventful voyage, they reach the\\nriver and village of Panuco in Mexico. They are\\nkindly received, and Mendoza, the viceroy, causes\\nthem to be brought to Mexico, where they are treated\\nwith much attention and honor. Less than three\\nhundred survivors of that gallant expedition which", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 65\\nfour years before had set out from Cuba witli much\\nmusic and rejoicing, now apppeared, haggard, black-\\nened, with tangled hair, skins of wild beasts almost\\ntheir only covering, a wretched band of wrecked,\\ndespairing men. And even now, the hearts of nearly\\nall lust for Florida again. Each curses his fellow as\\nthe cause of his leaving that land, which they aver to\\nbe the goodliest on which the sun shines. Fierce\\nwords and fiercer blows are given, and thus amid\\nexecrations and contentions these worthies disappear\\nfrom history.\\nA word of Donna Isabel, fair hapless lady. Faith-\\nfully had she sent Captains Maldinado and Gomez\\nArias with ships and plentiful supplies in the fall of\\n1540. Waiting for a long time, they then coasted\\neast and west in search of intelligence concerning the\\nAdelantado. The next spring they came again, and\\nthe next, and the next, spending each summer in\\nsearching for some traces of the ill-fated party. At\\nlength in 154:3 the tireless captains touched at Yera\\nCruz, and heard the sad tidings. Hastening to\\nHavana, they broke the news to the Donna Isabel.\\nHaving thus long borne up against racking suspense\\nand torturing doubt, hoping against hope, she now\\nyielded, and died in the prime of her glorious beauty,\\nthe victim of ill-fated love and man s wild ambition.\\nOh, river of the future thy discovery was made\\nat heavy cost, of gallant lives and a broken heart I", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66 PIONEEKS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nThy yellow waves are the enduring sepulchre of Her-\\nnando de Soto, and the murmur of thy floods the\\never-chanted du-ge of the lady Isabel, the noble and\\nfaithful wife", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "Lecture II.\\nMARQUETTE LA SALLE,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE XNJ) LA SALLE.\\nWhatever else Jesuitism may have done, it has\\ngiven to History one of the noblest of those armies of\\nHeroes and Martyrs, with the record of whose deeds\\nand sufferings its pages are glorified. N owhere\\ndoes the love of souls, the contempt of danger and\\ndeath, patient endurance of hunger, cold, nakedness\\nand bonds, serene self-possession under stripes, and\\nthe joyful welcome of martyrdom, stand out in more\\nillustrious contrast to the ordinary sordid and selfish\\nphases of our nature, than in the early mission story\\nof one region of this continent.\\nIn the first settlement of Canada the two classes\\nwhich most enlist our interest are the missionaries\\nand the voyageurs the one giving themselves to\\nthe service of the Church, and man s salvation the\\nother, almost equally energetic and hardy, opening\\nthe resources of the Fur-trade, and thus connecting,\\nby the ties of commerce, the kings and nobles of the\\nold world with the hunting-grounds and wigwams\\nof the Algonquins and Dacotahs, by the banks of\\nSuperior and on the headwaters of the Mississippi.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nTrade carried its votaries far into the wilderness,\\nover pathless snows, through interminable forests,\\nlip mighty rivers, over the bosom of lakes that seemed\\nlike seas. The spell of gold was mighty then, as\\nnow bnt for once Traffic was outdone by Keligion,\\nand the Cross inspired men with a daring enterprise\\nand lofty resolution, such as the world has seldom\\nwitnessed.\\nFather Dreuillettes penetrated the forest lying\\nbetween the St. Lawrence and the Kennebec, down\\nwhich he floated to the sea. Sojourning with the\\nsavages ten months, bearing them company in their\\nhunts, suffering hardships like a good soldier, every-\\nwhere showing fortitude and courage, patience and\\nstrength equal to their own, he completely won their\\nlove and reverence. Youges, taken prisoner by the\\nrelentless Iroquois, was made to run the gaimtlet\\nthree times, suffered torment of many kinds, saw his\\nconverts inhumanly butchered, cheered them by his\\nministrations of pitying love, although by so doing\\nhe exposed himself to their fate and raising the\\nchaunt in his captive journeyings, provoking the\\nbrutality of his persecutors by steadfastness, carving\\nthe cross on the trees near Albany, he showed him-\\nself faithful in all things. At length liberated by the\\nDutch of New York, he sailed for France, as the only\\nway by which he could reach Canada again,\\nreturned thither, went upon an embassy of peace to", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 71\\nhis old tormentors the Mohawks, and there he met\\nthe death of which he had had presentiment.\\nDaniel fell beneath the remorseless blows of the\\nsame barbarians, as he knelt in pious ministry to the\\nspiritual needs of his Huron converts. Breboeuf, a\\ngreat strong man whose brawny courage knew no\\nfear, whose ruling passion was a cupidity for martyr-\\ndom, could yet in humble patience bide his Master s\\ntime. Employing himself the while in uninterrupted\\nmissionary labors, he is taken with his associate L Alle-\\nmand, a man of delicate frame, but dauntless cour-\\nage, by the Iroquois, in the midst of their neophytes.\\nThey refuse to save themselves by flight, lest the\\noffices of the Church should thereby be lost to the\\ndying around them. Breboeuf is tied to a stake, and\\nexhorting his tormentors to repentance, and his con-\\nverts to be faithful even until death, his brother\\npriest is led before him robed in a garment of bark\\nfilled with rosin. As the torch is applied the\\nunshrinking L Allemand exclaims, We are made a\\nspectacle this day unto men and angels. Breboeuf s\\nholy counsels are checked, as his upper lip is cut off,\\nand hot irons thrust down his throat. He too is set\\non fire, and then boiling water is poured over both\\nto extinguish the flames. Breboeuf entered through\\nthe gates into the City above, Jerusalem, the Mother\\nof us all, in three hours. L Allemand lingered\\nseventeen then he too joined that company which", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nno man can number, that liave come up out of great\\ntribulation. When we hear of faith and love like\\ntheirs, can we say, contemptuously, they were\\nJesuits, and forget that they were also Christians\\nsealing their testimony with their blood\\nAs the ranks were thus thinned, they were filled\\nby others, who pressed forward, coveting to wear the\\nthorny crown, persuaded that in due time it would\\nbecome a crown of glory. Among these was Jaines\\nMarquette, a young Frenchman. Born in the small\\nbat stately city of Laon, perched upon a hill-side\\nin the provence of Aisne, his family name was a lus-\\ntrous one in the annals of France before his time,\\nand has been since. Our own land is indebted to\\nothers, bearmg it, besides himself. Three Marquettes\\nfell in the French army which aided in our Kevolu-\\ntionary struggle.\\nBorn in 1637, our young Frenchman s early years\\nwere blessed by the care of a devout, godly mother,\\nwho infused into his mind a reverent simplicity and\\nan ardent love which kept him pure unto the end.\\nFrom our mothers we borrow our best treasures.\\nThey lend in gladness, not dreaming of return. But\\nthey receive a hundred fold in this world, and in\\nthe world to come life everlasting.\\nAt seventeen Marquette renounced the world and\\nbecame a Jesuit. Twelve years were spent in teach-\\ning, and then, burning with a holy zeal to do good to", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 73\\nthe heathen, his mind inflamed by the devotion of\\nFrancisco Xavier, the model he had chosen for imita-\\ntion and emulation, he embarked for Canada in 1666.\\nBuoyant with health and hopes of usefulness, the\\nyoung missionary touched the shores of the new\\nworld. Behind him rolled the sea which separated\\nhim from home, friends and mother. Before him lay\\na wilderness continent, with its mighty lakes and\\nrivers, its inaccessible forests and endless plains, now\\nclad in tufted verdure and then garmented in snow\\nand ice. The roving tribes that peopled the land were\\nsavages but they had souls to be saved. True, their\\ntomahawks had drank the blood of his brethren, and\\ntheir scalping knives were yet red with the gore of\\nmartyrs. Still they had immortal souls which might\\nbe won for Christ. Wa s it not work for an angel\\nSurely it was for a Christian disciple. But he might\\nperish No matter. Would he not fall with his face\\ntoward Zion, die where he might So he girded up\\nhis loins and betook him to his labor.\\nNot in haste are life s great achievements\\nwrought but slowly, and by sure degrees. So Mar-\\nquette first patiently studied the Indian dialects, be-\\ncoming a learner that he might fitly teach.\\nHe was at first destined to a mission far to the\\nnorthward, and we find him in 1667 at Three Elvers,\\npreparing himself under Father Dreuillettes. But\\nthis design was abandoned and he was next ap-\\n4", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74 PIONEERS, PREACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\npointed to the Ottawa Mission as that of Lake\\nSuperior was then called to labor with Father\\nAllouez. Quebec had been founded by Champlain\\nin 1608. Le Barron, a RecoUet missionary who\\ncame with him, had ascended the Ottawa River, and\\nreached Lake Huron. In 1629 Canada fell into the\\nhands of the English, but in 1631 it was restored to\\nFrance. In 1639 Nicolet, interpreter of the colony,\\nhad descended the Wisconsin to within three days\\nsail of the Mississippi, or sea^ as he understood the\\nIndian name Great Water, to mean. Two years\\nlater Isaac Yonges and Charles Rambout, Jesuits,\\nstood upon Sault Ste. Marie, looking down upon the\\nland of the Sioux and the basin of the Mississippi,\\nwith hearts longing to enter it. But an Iroquois war,\\nthe next year, frustrated their design. Thus, while\\nthe Dutch of IsTew Netherlands were huddled around\\nFort Orange, five years before Eliot addressed his\\nfirst Indian audience six miles from Boston, and\\nwhile the country between Massachusetts Bay and\\nConnecticut was almost a pathless wilderness, Jesuit\\nFathers stood upon the water-shed dividing the\\nstreams of the Atlantic from those of the Gulf.\\nHonor to whom honor is due There is nothing\\nnew under the sun is a well-worn adage which\\ncomes to us from a man of many experiences. And\\nas our knowledge increases, the same cry is more\\nthan once forced from our lips. You will pardon me", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 75\\nI trust, for diverging from mj narrative to furnisli\\nyou another example of its truth. Two of the chief\\nmovements of our time were antedated on this Con-\\ntinent, nearly two centuries. I refer to the Ivnow\\nN othing and the Maine Law parties. About 1670 it\\nwas made death, by a statute of New York, for a\\nJesuit to plant foot on soil of that colony and\\nabout the same period there arose a formidable dis-\\npute in Canada between the civil and clerical\\nauthorities, as to whether the vending of ardent\\nspirits to the Indians should be allowed. Tlie ques-\\ntion embroiled the colony, and was hotly contested\\nfor a long time. It even served to discolor the his-\\ntoric page of the time. At length the church side\\nof the case was shown to be unconstitutional, or\\nsomething of that sort, and the Indians were mur-\\ndered the same as before, public opinion settling\\ndown into what is now the verdict of juries in rail-\\nroad accidents ISTobody to blame.\\nBut to return to our young missionary, whom we\\nleft in Canada, a little over thirty years of age, about\\nto embark for his field of labor, the Ottawa Mission.\\nHis ultimate destination was the founding an estab-\\nlishment among the Illinois but the novice must be\\ntried in a vineyard already opened, before he\\nattempts to plant one himself.\\nThe south shore of S aperior near Ste. Marie, and then\\nLa Pointe, are the centres of his operations. Allouez", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nhas gone to Green Bay, and so up Fox Eiver, and he\\nis alone with the savages. But nol the less faithfully\\ndoes he labor, that he has no superior to overlook\\nhim, nor brother to give him sympathy. On him, as\\non all, the Master s eye is fixed, always on ns, never\\noff ns and the exceeding great reward, does it not\\nawait the faithful workman s toils And fellowship\\nhas he not one ever near him, in his lonely lodge,\\nwho is touched with the feelings of his infirmities,\\nwho was tempted in all points even as he\\nIt is pleasant and helpful too, to read the unvar-\\nnished tale of this simple minded man s efforts to do\\ngood to the untutored children of the forest how he\\ntaught the lessons of virtue and chastity, of forbear-\\nance and forgiveness of injuries how he strove to win\\nthem from their idle superstitions to the worship of\\nthe living and true God; to go with him as he\\nadministers the holy rite of baptism to a dying child,\\nor speaks kind words to sick and suffering men and\\nwomen to be near him as he devoutly performs the\\noffices of the church or expounds the mysteries of the\\nfaith in his little thatched chapel of bark. He with-\\nstands the proud and willful to their face the way-\\nward he admonishes firmly but gently he cheers the\\npenitent and encourages the desponding everywhere\\nhe seems striving to possess his soul in patience,\\nto do the work of an evangelist, and make full proof\\nof his ministry. Ever and anon news of the great", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 77\\nriver and tlie miglitj tribes inhabiting its banks\\nreadies him, and he longs to discover it and them.\\nHis heart yearns for the Illinois for are they not his\\npeople But the time has not come yet. The dis-\\ncoverer of the age must wait as who must not?\\nHistory were indeed a dead letter were less service-\\nable by half than the debris of perished races,\\nwhereon the geologist reads the autograph of every\\nseparate cycle did we not gather from it words and\\nthoughts to inspire ourselves with strength. From the\\nfields of the almost silent Past there comes a whisper\\nwhich is yet mightier than thunder, a word for all the\\nlowly and great, the striving and despairing, but\\nmost of all to the impetuous, easily discouraged\\nyoung, who need it most Haste not, Host not\\nTime, Faith, Energy, these conquer the world. This\\nlesson do I learn from Marquette s lodge in the\\nwilderness. Therefore is his life, as that of all truly\\nnoble souls, of perennial interest to mankind.\\nNext year he will go to the Illinois. He has\\nbeen studying their language from a young Indian\\nof that tribe, and is already pretty well master of the\\ntongue. But his hope is defeated, for a war breaks\\nout between the Sioux and the people among whom\\nhe lives. With them he must voyage eastward, with\\nhis back upon the land of promise. But at length he\\nis with his Hurons at Mackinaw, and his glance wan-\\nders over the lake to the west and southwest it jour-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78\\nneys wMtlier his feet would go, his moutli filled with\\nglad tidings to the people of the Illinois and the\\nriver Mississippi.\\nLong, as men count it, must he yet wait. Never-\\ntheless, humbly but fervently does he pray that, if it\\nbe Heaven s will, he may go whither his heart leads.\\nAt last, on the eve of the festival of the Immaculate\\nConception, tlie feast of all the year to him, a canoe\\nfrom Canada comes up the glassy plain. Its occu-\\npant is the Lieutenant Joliet, an old fur-trader, and\\nhe brings important letters to Father Marquette.\\nThe minister of France has written to Talon, Inten-\\ndant of Canada, to cause the South Sea to be disco-\\nvered. This was the vision of the time, as the short\\nroute to China and the East is of ours. Then, they\\nthought a river might bear them on its brimming\\nflood to the South Sea now, we opine the iron road\\nwill take us thither. M. do Talon, the retiring gov-\\nernor, suggests to Frontenac, the newly appointed,\\nthat Joliet is the best man for the purpose, and tlie\\necclesiastical authorities appoint Father Marquette.\\nHere are the letters. The winter is spent at Mackhiaw\\nin preparation.. With crowds of Indians around them,\\nthe trader and the priest, kneeling on the ground,\\ndrew maps of such countries as the savages knew,\\nlying toward the setting sun. After much study and\\nprayer, with great hopes, yet lowly hearts, our friends\\nset out for their long journey in the spring of 1673.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 79\\nAcross the lake to Green Bay tlien to the head of\\nFox River, where is an Indian village, in the centre\\nof which stands a great cross planted by the zeal of\\nAllouez, and crowned by the Indians with wampum\\nand peltries of the choicest kind. The Indians, with\\nhearts warmed toward the French, throng aronnd\\nMarquette and Joliet with proffers of hospitality and\\nkindness but when told the object of their expedition,\\ntheir faces express great solicitude, and their mouths\\nare filled with dismal tales of the dangers of the way.\\nThe land of the Great River and the vast stream\\nitself are filled with frightful monsters and terrible\\nmen. Every effort was made to dissuade the good\\nfather and his party from their mad enterprise. But\\nthey were not to be moved. A party of Indians\\nhelped them across the portage to the Wisconsin\\nRiver, where, launching their canoe, they were quit-\\nted by their guides, commended their way to God,\\nand committed themselves to the stream of the sky-\\ncolored water. Floating upon its tranquil bosom\\nseven days, they passed through a country of marvel-\\nlous beauty and fertility. It w^as the month of June,\\nand IN ature had donned her gayest colors. Yines\\nclambered among the trees. Sometimes from a bold\\nbank the grassy plain stretched as far as the eye\\ncould reach, without a mound or grove to obstruct\\nthe view ^the green land at last melting into the\\nblue-rimmed horizon. Tlien the bottom land meeting", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AJiTD PEOPLE\\nthem with verdant freshness at the river s edge was\\nterminated ere long in a noble bluff, whose sides and\\nsummit were crowned with stately trunks and branch-\\ning foliage, casting lines of grateful shadow on the\\nsward. The unHecked blue above them painted\\nitself in the flood, seeming to create an azure vault\\nbeneath their birch pirogue. The breezy stillness\\nwas only broken by the river s lapse, the paddle s dip,\\nor their own low murmurs of delight at the fairy-land\\nscene around them. Thus for a week they floated,\\nuntil, on June 17th, their placid stream swept them\\nwith its parting wave into the swifter current of the\\nGreat River, whose affluence makes glad a continent.\\nStreams with broader openings to the sea there are,\\nwith grander historic associations, with more roman-\\ntic memories thronging their banks but what one of\\nall earth s watercourses can vie with this in its majes-\\ntic appeal to the imagination and the hope of man-\\nkind 2 Oh, James Marquette, can the rivers of thy\\ngoodly land of France, the Oise, by whose sedgy\\nmarge thy childish feet so often wandered, the Seine,\\ntraversing the great town of Paris, the Rhone, the\\narrowy Rhone, the Rhine, burdened with its pur-\\nple hills clad in vines and crowned with castles\\ncan any bear comparison with this? They flow\\nthrough the dreamy lands of the Past its realms\\nare the Future s. Like some great royal conqueror\\nit leaps from its almost unnoted birth-place, Itasca", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 81\\nLake, rushes forward to exact the tribute brought\\nfrom far provinces, east and west, and after its tri-\\numphal procession of two thousand five hundred\\nmiles, freely receiving, freelj giving in many a belt-\\ning zone, hurls broad and far its accumulated trea-\\nsure, that thereby a world may be enriched.\\nA great silent joy is in Marquette s heart, and as\\ngrateful tears wet his eyes, he offers a fervent thanks-\\ngiving that he has been permitted to look upon this\\nwonder. The devout spirit thinks of the greatest birth\\nof Time, and in commemoration of it he names the\\nriver The Conception. This is the 17th June,\\n1673.\\nFor eight days they glided over the crystal pave-\\nment between shores widening to the distance of a\\nhalf league, and then approaching in rocky bluffs, as\\nif they were the towers and battlements of hostile\\ncities, to within a few hundred yards. In vernal pas-\\nture lands they beheld the moose and elk and deer\\ncropping the herbage and lower down vast herds of\\nbuffalo grazed in the meadows, and the woods weru\\nfilled with flocks of wild turkeys. But for fifteen days\\nthey had not come in sight of trace or habitation of\\nhuman beings. At length they discern a well-\\nmarked trail on the west bank of the river, and land\\nto seek the men whose feet have left this trace. Si-\\nlently, with minds moved alternately by hopes and\\nfears, Marquette and Joliet proceed six miles, wher\\n4*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "82 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nthey descry three Indian villages. Uttering a loud\\ncry, they rapidly approach them. A company of old\\nmen came forth to meet them, and when asked by\\nMarquette who they are, replied, we are Illinois.\\nGreat was the good father s joy. He explained who\\nhe and his companion were whereupon they were\\njoyfully welcomed with the peace-pipe. Then fol-\\nlowed a six days feast. Heartily did the simple natives\\nurge the Frenchmen to tarry with them. But their\\ntask was not half performed, and they must up and\\naway. Taking an affectionate leave of their kind\\nhosts, they were escorted to their canoe and pre-\\nsented with a calumet magnificently adorned, than\\nwhich no more valuable gift could have been made\\nthem.\\nPassing the mouth of the Illinois, our voyagers\\nsighted the Piasau bluff, where frightful monsters were\\ntraced high up on stupendous rocks, and the relics of a\\nrude limning are still to be seen. Soon after there\\narose upon the air a roar as from a distant cataract.\\nAs they drew nearer they found it to be the rush of\\nthe Pekitanonie (the muddy river, as the Algonquins\\nhad named the Missouri), which rushed like some\\nuntamed monster upon the peaceful Mississippi, hurl-\\ning it with tremendous violence w^on the opposite\\nshore. In the boiling muddy tide, seething and\\ntumultuous, were borne great trees which it had\\nuprooted in its wild career. Already had the Father", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 83\\nheard of a western river wliich flowed downward to\\nthe sea, and by this one, he hoped some day to reach\\nit. ]^ow his course was southward. Passing an\\neddy which the natives held to be a demon, they\\nreached the Ohio, then called the Oubachi or river of\\nthe Shawnees. Still descending, they came to the\\nwarm lands of the cane, where the mosquitoes\\nseemed to be holding a carnival. Wrapping them-\\nselves in their sails as a protection against the pesti-\\nferous insects, they were after a time hailed from the\\nshore by a party of wild wanderers, who were armed\\nwith guns and knives, obtained they said by trading\\nwith Christians to the eastward. Further on they\\nwere threatened by a hostile demonstration from a\\nlarge party of natives, who advanced with menaces\\nand brandished arms to meet them. It was a trying\\nmoment. But Marquette was equal to it. Invoking\\nthe protection of the Yirgin Mother, he calmly stood\\nin the prow of his bark, holding aloft the calumet.\\nIt saved their lives. The warriors were pacified,\\nreceived the strangers kindly, and entertained them\\nwith great courtesy. This was about the thirty-\\nthird parallel of latitude. Below this our little party\\nonly ventured ten leagues. They learned that the\\nsea was ten days sail to the south and that there\\nwere many tribes near it, who traded with Europeans\\nand who were at war among themselves. Satisfying\\nthemselves that the river emptied between Florida", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84 PIONEEES, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nand Tampico, and fearing to fall into the hands of the\\nSpaniards, they determined to return. The main\\nobject of the enterprise was accomplished. Until\\nthis time it had been a vexed question whether the\\ngreat river emptied into the sea near Virginia, into\\nthe Gulf of Mexico, or into that of California. Hav-\\ning discovered the river, learned the location of its\\nmouth and above all else in the mind of the good\\nMarqnette, preached the religion of the Cross to the\\nheathen, opening the way for other missionaries, they\\nreascended to the mouth of the Illinois, to the head\\nof which they went, passing through the most delec-\\ntable land they had yet looked upon. Here\\nthey were met by the Kaskaskias, who hailed them\\nwith great joy, and conducted them in triumph\\nacross the portage to the Lake for Marquette pro-\\nmised to return and preach to them.\\nFour months from the time of setting out, they\\nreached the mission of St. Francis Xavier and\\nthus these seven men five boatmen bore them\\ncompany ^performed one of the notable feats of\\nhistory. The following spring Joliet embarked for\\nQuebec, but as he was attempting to shoot a rapid\\nin the St. Lawrence, not far from his destination, his\\ncanoe upset, causing the loss of his journal and maps\\nand nearly of his life. We catch one more look at\\nthis worthy on the island of Anticosti, in the Gulf\\nof St. Lawrence, which was granted him for his ser-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 85\\nvices; and then tlie shadow Joliet joins his fellow\\nshades and vanishes forever.\\nMarquette, without thought of worldly fame or\\nhonors, or reward of any kind, studies only how he\\nmay recruit his health, which has been sadly shat-\\ntered, and thereby be able to redeem his pledge to\\nthe Kaskaskias. This is his only earthly wish to\\npreach to his beloved Illinois. He shall not die\\nuntil it be fulfilled.\\nSpending the winter of 1674-5 near Chicago, in\\ngreat feebleness, suffering from cold and want, but\\ncheered by a peaceful, loving heart, he is able to\\nreach his Indians in the spring, and solemnize among\\nthem the Easter ceremonies. But his old malady\\nreturns. jN othing is left him now but to die. And\\nwith the mighty instinct of the human heart, long\\ning to breathe his last among his brethren, he bids\\nfarewell to his sorrowing neophytes, and takes his\\nway to Mackinaw. His three faithful boatmen\\naccompany him, tending him with all gentle care,\\nlifting him in and out of the canoe, for the wasted\\nman is too weak to walk. As they reach the outlet\\nof a small stream in Michigan, Avhich now bears his\\nname, he can go no further. A rude lodge is reared\\non the edge of the stream, with an altar before which\\nthe dying saint is laid. He calmly gives directions\\nto his sobbing attendants concerning his burial.\\nThey take his crucifix from the breast, where it has", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nlain through all these years of self renouncing toils,\\nand hold it up before him. His face glows with a\\nholy transport, as if it were an angel s one word,\\nJesus, is on his lips, and then he is dead.\\nTis well. J^ine years of untiring labor for the sal-\\nvation of the heathen, a life of perfect self-abnega-\\ntion, a discovery rivalling in magnificence any ever\\nmade, are thus terminated by a lonely death on a\\ndesolate shore. Thus died Xavier, his elected model,\\nafter living as he had lived. Two years after, in\\n1677, a flotilla of canoes from Mackinaw came to\\nthat dark wood at the mouth of the little river the\\nIndians among whom he had long and faithfully\\nlabored exhumed his remains and bore them to Mac-\\nkinaw. A fleet advancing from the shore met them,\\nwith tearful eyes, and amid the slow solemn strains\\nof De Profundis, chanted by priests and Indians,\\nthe remains were borne to the shore and finally depo-\\nsited beneath the church, on whose site he had so\\noften led their worship.\\nFor many a long year after, when the forest\\nrangers abroad upon the stormy lake were endan-\\ngered by sudden tempest or wild billows, their\\npiteous cries were heard, and Marquette was the\\nname they cried, asking his intercession, as of an all-\\npowerful and undoubted saint.\\nImportant as his discovery was, it is certain that it\\nwould have been of slight advantage to France, but", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 87\\nfor the exertions of a young adventurer, whose story\\nwe h^ve next to trace.\\nWhen Joliet was on his way to Quebec, after quit-\\nting Marquette, he stopped at Fort Frontenac, on\\nLake Ontario, where the town of Kingston now\\nstands. The commandant of this post drank in with\\ngreedy ears the trader s recital of his voyage. He\\nwas one of the few that ever saw the Journal and\\nmap of Joliet. The trader went his way and the\\nyoung soldier of fortune remained to dream in the\\nwilderness and work his way to renown.\\nRobert Cavelier de la Salle was born of an ancient\\nand honorable family in Rouen. Renouncing his\\npatrimony, or in some way deprived of it by unjust\\nlaws, he became a Jesuit, and received in a college\\nof that order a thorough education. But finding the\\nlife of a priest incompatible with his tastes, he\\nquitted the fraternity, receiving high testimonials of\\ncapacity and fidelity, and embarked as an adventurer\\nfor Canada, where he arrived between 1665 and 1670.\\nHere the force of his character soon displayed itself\\nby his successful prosecution of various difficult\\nenterprises. In 1674 we find him commanding at\\nthe fort named in honor of Frontenac, governor of\\nthe province. The confidence of this functionary he\\nseems to have completely gained. The next year he\\nvisited France with strong recommendations from\\nthe governor to the ministry. Colbert was then at", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "88 PIONEEES, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nthe head of the cabinet of Louis XIV. This great\\nstatesman listened attentively to the plans of the\\nyoung soldier, and induced his royal master to grant\\nhis request. To La Salle was accordingly given a\\ntitle of nobility, a monopoly in the fur-trade around\\nLake Ontario, the command and ownership of Fort\\nFrontenac, and the lands in its neighborhood, on\\ncondition of his erecting a stone fortress, and estab-\\nlishing a mission for to overawe and convert the\\nL oquois, was the double object of the establishment.\\nWhile engaged in this undertaking, he showed him-\\nself an able politician, by his skillful management of\\nthe tribes around him. On the completion of his\\ntask, he found himself ruined. To while away the\\nlong winter evenings in his frontier post, and to ban-\\nish the demon of anxiety, he betook himself to the\\nstudy of the Spanish accounts of America and its con-\\nquest. His mind now reverted to the narrative\\nof Joliet, little heeded at the time, and he seems to\\nhave been the first to identify the river which De\\nSoto had discovered, with that explored by Mar-\\nquette. To the Mississippi and its valley, the heart\\nof our adventurer now turned in his extremity.\\nThere his failure might be retrieved, and fortune be\\nsecured. If he can obtain a monopoly of the fur-\\ntrade in that vast region, extend a line of posts from\\nCanada to the Gulf, found a colony at the mouth of\\nthe great river, and ship his peltries thence to", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 89\\nFrance, what easier Gigantic enterprise, yon will\\nsaj. But what can not one strong will do\\nHastening again to France in 1677, he readily\\nobtained, through the friendship of the great Colbert,\\nand of his son, the Duke de Seignelai, minister of the\\nmarine, the sanction and authority he needed from\\nthe crown. His patent confirmed the previous one,\\nempowered him to construct forts wherever necessary\\nin the western part of New France, and gave him a\\nvast monopoly of the fur-trade, including, with some\\nexcejDtions, the whole Mississippi valley. Recruiting\\na company of mechanics and mariners, he starts a\\na third time for Canada, and September of the next\\nyear, 1678, found him once more at his seigniory of\\nFort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, with sixty men,\\nprepared and resolved to carry out his great scheme\\nof discovery, trade and settlement. He brought with\\nhim one Henry de Tonty as his lieutenant. This\\nTonty, said to have been the son of the inventor of\\nthose life insurance schemes called Tontines, was an\\nItalian, who had been highly recommended to La\\nSalle by a great noble of the French court and he\\nthenceforth ever proved himself an unswerving ally,\\na faithful and able officer, and a trusty friend. He\\nhad been a soldier seven years in the French wars,\\nand having lost a hand by a grenade in Sicily, had\\nsupplied its place with a rude claw of iron.\\nWith liis vast plans revolving in his mind, shaping", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90 PIONEEKS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nout tlie conception of that belt of forts and missions\\nand settlements twelve hundred miles long, which\\nwas at once to secure the great continent for the\\nGrand Monarch, to gird in and overawe the English\\nand Spanish seaboards, to gather the Indians into\\nthe Catholic church, and to give himself imbounded\\nriches and a mighty lordship with all these magni-\\nficent dreams in his soul, La Salle nevertheless applied\\nhimself diligently to the details and drudgery of their\\nsmall mercantile beginnings, sending forward traders\\nto gather furs, and organizing matters at and about\\nthe Fort.\\nHis design was to build a vessel above Niagara, to\\nsail in it as far on his way as the upper lakes would\\nadmit, and then to cross by land to the Mississippi,\\nand proceed down the great river in another vessel.\\nHe therefore sent Tonty in a small craft of ten tons\\nwhich had been built at Fort Frontenac the year\\nbefore, with workmen, tools, materials, and provisions,\\nto select a proper spot for building his brigantine, and\\nalso for erecting a fort.\\nThey arrived at the mouth of the Magara River in\\nthe beginning of January, 1679, and leaving their\\nvessel and going round the falls, chose their dock-\\nyard but finding the Indians dissatisfied with the\\nplan of erecting a fort, they pacified them, not with-\\nout dlfiiculty, and confined themselves to palisading\\nthe cabins in which they passed the winter.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 91\\nLa Salle embarked from Fort Frontenac, a short\\ntime after their departure, in another small vessel with\\nmerchandise, provisions, and rigging for the new ship,\\ndelaying, as he came, to conciliate the Senecas. He\\nreached Niagara on the 20th of January and already\\nthere began to lower over him the dark clouds of that\\nlong series of misfortunes against which he bore up\\nfor so many years, with such heroic but unsuccessful\\nstrength and resolution. All at once he was assaulted\\nwith all the evils which afterward pursued him timi-\\ndity or dislike or senseless obstinacy in his men, bitter\\nand unscrupulous enmity from the traders with whom\\nhis monopoly interfered, and rapacious severity from\\nhis creditors. Tlie two pilots of his vessel quarrelled\\nabout the route, and wrecked her on the south shore\\nof Lake Ontario. The anchors and the rigging were\\nsecured with great difficulty; but the goods and pro-\\nvisions were lost. The Indian traders too, with whom\\nhis monopoly interfered, and those connected with\\nthem in business, had begun to poison the minds of the\\nLidians, by representing that his forts and ships were\\nintended, not for trade, but to subdue the tribes.\\nBut La Salle, with the able diplomacy of the\\nFrench, conciliated the Senecas in his one short visit.\\nDeferring his fort at ISliagara to please them, and\\nurging on his main expedition to the West, he at once\\nchose, from among the sites which had been explored\\nfor a dock-yard, a locality about six miles above the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92 PIONEEES, PEEACHEE8 AND PEOPLE\\nfalls, on the English side, at the mouth of a creek, and\\nhimself drove the first bolt in the frame of his in-\\ntended vessel, a week after his arrival. Then, leav-\\ning Tonty in charge of the ship-building, he hastened\\nback again to Fort Frontenac by land, almost three\\nhundred miles through snowy forests, with a bag\\nof parched corn to eat, and with two men and a boy\\nas guides and baggage-train. His errand now was to\\ncomplete his arrangements for raising money, and for\\nthe management of his property during his absence.\\nFor nearly six months he was thus industriously at\\nwork in preparation, and struggling against the busy\\nand unscrupulous intrigues of his enemies. His\\ncreditors too, in Montreal and Quebec, frightened at\\nthe stories which they heard of his wild schemes and\\nmonstrous expenses, seized and sold at ruinous sacri-\\nfice whatever of his property they could lay hands on.\\nBut he could not stop to set these things right\\nthat would have been precisely what his enemies\\ndesigned so letting his peltries and merchandise go,\\nand making a farewell grant out of his estate at Fort\\nFrontenac to the Franciscans, of a hundred and eigh-\\nteen acres of land ^he had already erected for them\\ndwellings and a chapel he set off again for IN iagara,\\nhearing that his new ship was launched and ready.\\nCoasting the southern shore of the lake in a canoe, he\\nrenewed his friendship with the Indians by the way.\\nHe found his vessel already launched, and towed up", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 93\\nthe river to within a mile or two of Lake Erie. She\\nwas named the Griffin, was of sixty tons burden,\\narmed with two brass guns and three arquebuses, and\\nadorned with a wooden griffin for a figure-head.\\nAfter some delay the expedition, of thirty-four\\nsouls, including three Franciscan missionaries, em-\\nbarked on the 7th of August, 1679, amid shouts and\\nsalvoes of artillery, upon the untried waters of Lake\\nErie, westward bound. They steered boldly into the\\nunknown depths of the lake, confident in their com-\\npasses and in the skill of their pilot crossed the lake\\nin less than three days threaded the shallows of the\\nstraits of Detroit and St. Clair, and the lake between\\nthem, to which they gave its present name in honor\\nof the day then entered the broad expanse of Lake\\nHuron. In crossing this, th^y encountered a tempest\\nso terrible that they gave themselves up for lost, La\\nSalle himself even crying out that they were undone,\\nand offering fervent vows to the great St. Anthony\\nof Padua, in case they should escape alive. Only\\nthe tough old sea-dog of a pilot would neither fear\\nnor pray, but, Hennepin says, did nothing all that\\nwhile but curse and swear against M. de la Salle,\\nwho had brought him thither to make him perish in\\na nasty lake, and lose the glory he had acquired by\\nhis long and happy navigation on the ocean. They\\nescaped, however, and arrived safe at Mackinaw.\\nHere La Salle found that the influence of his ene\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94: PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nmies, the traders, had gone before him. They had\\nmade the Indians believe that he intended both\\nto restrict to himself all trade in skins, and also\\nto subject them to the crown of France; and thej\\nreceived him coldly and suspiciously, though with\\nceremonious politeness. They had also tampered\\nwith his advanced guard, most of whom had been\\nindolent and unfaithful in their task of gathering furs\\nand provisions. Still, the energetic leader was not to\\nbe diverted from his purpose. He left his faithful\\nlieutenant, Tonty, to collect some of the deserters, and\\nhimself pushed on again in the Griffin for Green Bay.\\nAt the entrance of this arm of Lake Michigan, on a\\nsmall island occupied by Pottawatomie Indians, lie\\nfound some of his missing fur-traders, with great\\nstore of peltries, the proceeds of their barter with the\\nIndians.\\nLa Salle here takes a sudden and singular resolu-\\ntion and one not pleasing to his men. But he is not\\nwont to ask counsel at their hands, or indeed at the\\nhands of any. Of few words, and of reserved and\\neven harsh manners, he evolves his plans in silence\\nand alone within his own soul, and sets himself to\\naccomplish them with a will seemingly incapable of\\ndiversion or discouragement but he asks no man s\\nadvice, talks things over with no one only\\nresolves, and then orders. Strange character for a\\nFrenchman and not only strange, but unfortunate,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 95\\nat least so far as popularity was important to him.\\nFor a chief impediment to his plans, and the cause\\nof his own untimely end, was the insubordination\\nand enmity of his own men. In truth, there seems\\nto have been not one faithful and thoroughgoing\\nhelper among them all, except Henry de Tonty the\\niron-handed Itahan, and one poor Indian of some\\ndistant eastern tribe, called Mka, a hunter of exqui-\\nsite skill, who followed his fortune hither and thither\\nas closely and steadily as a dog, often the sole sup-\\nport of La Salle himself and all his party for days\\nand days together, and finally murdered with his mas-\\nter, for his faithfulness to him. Peace to the poor\\nforgotten shade of that brave and faithful red man\\nThis strange resolution was, to send the Griffin,\\nladen with the furs at Green Bay and what others\\ncould be gathered on the road, back again to\\nNiagara, that her cargo might pay his debts. All\\nthe rest would much prefer the stanch and hitherto\\nfortunate brigantine, for the remainder of the peril-\\nous navigation through Lake Michigan, to the frail\\nslender canoes, exposed to furious tempests and\\nthievish or hostile savages. But none thinks it best\\nto remonstrate and with a prosperous westerly wind,\\nthe Griffin sets sail on the 18th of July, manned with\\nfive men and the swearing unterrified pilot, firing a\\nfarewell gun as she departs.\\nShe was never heard of more. Somewhere in the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96 PIONEERS, PREACHEES AND PEOPLE\\ndepths of the north end of Lake Michigan, between\\nGreen Bay and Mackinaw, her decayed timbers, and\\nthe rusty relics of the two brass guns and three\\narquebuses, her vaunted armament, yet repose.\\nAll else must long since have disappeared. Father\\nHennepin, with unclerical, careless disregard for the\\nsix unfortunate souls, her ship s company, dismisses\\nthe subject by saying, This was a great loss for M.\\nde la Salle and other adventurers, for that ship with\\nits cargo cost above sixty thousand livres, twelve\\nthousand dollars.\\nBut La Salle, hopeful and cheery, as trusting in\\nspeedy freedom from debts behind, and speedy glory\\nof great discoveries before, now pushes on southward\\nin four canoes, burdened disproportionately with\\nweighty property, even including a blacksmith s\\nforge, and with a party now reduced by detachment\\nand desertion, to fourteen. After a most toilsome\\nand dangerous journey along the western side of the\\nlake, sometimes entertained generously by friendly\\nIndians, once embroiled with a roving squad of\\nOutagamies or Foxes on a thieving expedition, on\\nthe first of ITovember they safely entered the\\nMiami River, now called the St. Josephs, the\\nappointed rendezvous for Tonty and for the Griffin.\\nAll that winter was spent in waiting for the\\nexpected comers. The men, weary of living by the\\nuncertain fruits of the chase, dreading the winter", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 97\\nand its famine, dreading the dangers of this vast\\nunknown region into which they were to be led,\\nmurmured and complained, and desired to proceed\\ninto the Illinois country, where there was corn. But\\nLa Salle refused, gave them good reasons, and kept\\nthem busy in building Fort Miamis on a hill at the\\nmouth of the river, while he sounded and staked out\\nthe channel, and sent two men to Mackinaw to\\nhasten the coming of his ship.\\nAfter long delay, Tonty appeared, gladdening the\\nhearts of the party by the reinforcement and the\\ntwo canoe-loads of venison he brought, but also\\nbringing to his commander the heavy tidings that\\nthe Griffin had not been heard from. La Salle had\\nalready become apprehensive respecting her, since\\nnearly twice the time had elapsed which should have\\nbrought her to the Miamis. And thus disappeared\\na large part of his means, and his hopes of promptly\\npaying his debts. But the strong-hearted man\\nwasted no useless grief over misfortunes now past.\\nDelaying yet a little longer, until it became neces-\\nsary to depart to escape from the winter, the expedi-\\ntion left Fort Miamis on the 3d of December, in\\neight canoes, leaving instructions for the captain of\\nthe Griffin, in letters conspicuously fixed on branches\\nof trees. Ascending the Miami about seventy miles,\\nthey make a portage across to the head of the Kan-\\nkakee, follow that slow and crooked stream through a", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98 PIONEEES, PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nhundred miles of desolate frozen marsli, then emerge\\ninto a prairie country, and after two hundred miles\\nmore of voyaging, enter the river Illinois.\\nThus they navigate southward, descending the two\\nrivers, during the whole of December, supplying\\nthemselves with corn from the caches of a large\\nIndian town whose inhabitants had departed to the\\nhunt, leaving their cabins empty. Floating onward\\nthrough Lake Peoria, they come suddenly, at its\\nsouthern end, into the midst of a great camp of the\\nIllinois tribe, occupying both sides of the river. But,\\nputting on a bold face, and forming in order of battle,\\nthe brave commander of the little band meets the\\nIndians as their superior in force, and only holds out\\nthe calumet of peace in answer to their signals satis-\\nfies them for the abstraction of their supplies of corn,\\nexplains his designs, and concludes a solemn alliance.\\nThat same night came an emissary of his busy foes\\nthe private traders, a Mascouten chief named Monso,\\nand poisoned the minds of all the Illinois a fickle,\\ncowardly, suspicious, thievish and lascivious race\\nw^ith the same old story that his plan was to exter-\\nminate their nation, and that an army of the terrible\\nIroquois would soon be upon them. This he indus-\\ntriously told to one and another all night long, con-\\ntirmed the tale by valuable presents of knives and\\nhatchets and such coveted goods, and fled away\\nbefore morning, that the unsuspecting Frenchman", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 99\\nmight be ruined without knowing whence came the\\nblow. La Salle saw at once, when next day he went\\namong his savage hosts, that their yesterday s jovial\\nfriendship was quite changed into suspicion and fears.\\nBut discovering the trick by means of an Illinois\\nchief who had imbibed a strong liking for him, his\\nfrank and judicious explanations soon dispersed this\\nthreatening cloud, in appearance at least. Yet the\\nminds of the Illinois were not entirely at rest, and an\\neminent chief, one Kikanape, took occasion, at a great\\nfeast which he gave the French, in along speech filled\\nwith flaming descriptions of terrible savages on the\\nland, and vast monsters and hideous whirlpools in\\nthe great river, to dissuade them from going further.\\nIt may easily be supposed that the steadfast leader\\nof the French was not moved by this savage rhetoric,\\nwhose plain meaning he saw clearly to be, We do\\nnot want you travelling about our country at all so\\nplease go straight back by the way you came. He\\ncalmly rebuked the oratorical Indian for the veiled\\nunfriendliness of his purpose, and the feast proceeded.\\nYet the infection worked among his men, as usual,\\nand six of them, including two sawyers upon whom\\nhe depended to build the vessel in which to descend\\nthe Mississippi, ran away, like faint hearts as they\\nwere. It is even said that they basely planned\\na cruel death for their bold commander, and that he\\nonly escaped the effect of the poison they gave him,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "100 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nby a stroDg dose of treacle^ a sovereign antidote in\\nthat day, and which, as well as orvietan^ another\\nancient antidote, La Salle seems always to have had\\nin his medicine chest.\\nTo prevent the rest from further dwelling npon\\nfuture dangers, he explained to them the peril of\\nleaving him in the winter, promised that those who\\ndesired it should be permitted and aided to depart in\\nthe sj^ring, showed them how unsafe was their unde-\\nfended condition, and proposed to build another fort.\\nTo this they agreed, and he at once laid out the\\nground, and employed part of them in erecting a\\nstout stockade, and the rest in building the vessel in\\nwhich he proposed to descend the Great River.\\nWhen the fort was completed, and it only remained\\nto give it a n^^me, La Salle for once took counsel of\\nhis sorrows. He remembered the virulent pursuit of\\nthe revengelul traders the disappearance of the\\nGriffin, with its rich freight of furs, and its richer\\nfreight of human souls the wasteful seizure of his\\ngoods by the creditors at Montreal and Quebec the\\nlong, weary journeys to and fro across stormy lakes\\nand wintry forests; the base desertions, and vile,\\nmurderous schemes of coward followers and named\\nhis little stockade Crhvecceur^ The Fort of the\\nBroken Heart.\\nBut this first and last access of discouragement was\\nsoon repelled, and the clear, strong mind of the great", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 101\\ndiscoverer regained its steady balance. Having\\ncompleted tlie bark on the stocks so far as was pos-\\nsible without the rigging and other materials in the\\nGriffin, and having given np hopes of seeing her, he\\nrecognizes the fact that his means for proceeding are\\nexhausted, and qnickly and quietly prepares for an-\\nother winter s trip to Fort Frontenac, to refit, recruit,\\nand return. He sends Father Hennepin, one of his\\nFranciscans, with two stout French canoe-men, to\\nexplore the upper Mississippi during his own absence\\ntakes with him three Frenchmen and his faithful In-\\ndian hunter, and departing, passes over the twelve\\nhundred miles between Forts Crevecoeur and Fronte-\\nnac, taking the route along the south shore of lakes\\nOntario and Erie, either near their coasts or upon the\\nhighlands dividing their afi[luents from those of the\\nOhio, deterred now no more than before, by the deep\\nmelting snow of the forests, or the floods and floating\\nice of so many rivers. Sending word back to Tonty\\nto build another fort on the strong site afterward\\noccupied by the French, Fort St. Louis, and even\\nnow called Rock Fort, on a bluff two hundred feet\\nabove the Illinois Eiver, he disappeared in the path-\\nless woods and neither of his adventures nor of his\\nsolitary thoughts during the weeks of that long, toil-\\nsome way, have we any record. But experienced\\nwoodcraft, a hardy frame, and a strong will, brought\\nhim safely through.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102 PIONEERS, PREACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nOf course, misfortune and Lis enemies liave played\\ninto each other s hands and against him all the time\\nof his absence. Besides the loss of the Griffin, he\\nhas been heavily swindled by his agents in trade on\\nOntario has lost a whole cargo of merchandise in the\\nlower St. Lawrence several valuable canoe-loads in\\nthe rapids above Montreal a quantity more by other\\nemployees, who stole them and ran away to the Dutch\\nat Nouvelle Jorck and still another large quan-\\ntity by forced sales at the instance of creditors, who\\nhad heard (or wished they had) that he and all his\\nparty were drowned.\\nPenniless, deeply in debt, all Canada full of his\\nenemies, all his plans crushed, is he helpless, too, and\\nwill he succumb and disappear from Canada and from\\nhistory IN^ever He has still one powerful and\\ntrusty friend Count de Frontenac, the governor\\nand one more, yet more powerful and more trusty\\nhimself. With the aid of these two he bestirs him\\nwith such energy and success, that he again secures\\nmen and means, and only varying his scheme by\\ngiving up the idea of navigating the Mississippi in a\\nlarge boat or brigantine, and trusting to canoes in-\\nstead, he departs again, July 23d, 1680. After a long\\njourney, delayed by contrary winds on the lakes, he\\narrives, by way of Fort Miami s, at the chief village\\nof the Illinois. It is burned and empty. In surprise,\\nhe proceeds to the site where he had directed Tonty", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "OF THE ivnssrssippi. 103\\nto build his second fort. There is not a vestige left\\nof human labor or human presence. He turns about,\\nwithout going further down the river, and returns to\\nthe Miamis, where he remains during that winter,\\noccupied in negotiating peace among the Indians.\\nIn the course of this season he learns, from some\\nwandering Illinois, a sad story of the disasters of\\ntheir nation, but gains no news of Tontj or his\\nmen.\\nBut without them, his party is not large enough to\\nproceed down the Great River. In the end of May,\\n1681, therefore, he returns again toward Canada for\\nfurther reinforcements, and at Mackinaw, to their\\nmutual surprise and joy, finds Tonty and his men.\\nTliey exchange the stories of their separate experi-\\nence. Tonty related how mutiny had obliged him\\nto give up both Fort St. Louis and Fort Crevecoeur,\\nand had driven him to take shelter with the Illinois\\nhow an L oquois army had invaded and scattered that\\ntribe, and destroyed the villages and how, after long\\nendeavors to avert the destructive purposes of the\\nsavage Iroquois, he and his few men had been forced\\nto flee for their lives to Green Bay, some scouting\\nKickapoos murdering Father Gabriel de la Eibourde\\non the road. If he had taken the south road at Lake\\nDauphin, instead of that to the north, Tonty would\\nhave met his commander, on his last outward expe-\\ndition, with a well furnished little fleet of canoes.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nThen La Salle, with a steady countenance, as in-\\ndifferently as if they had been the mishaps of\\nanother, in turn related a still longer and heavier ca-\\ntalogue of misfortunes and disappointments. Father\\nMembre says, in admiration, that though any one\\nbut he would have renoimced the enterprise, he was\\nmore resolute than ever to continue his work and\\ncomplete his discovery.\\nWe must here advert for a moment to the liar\\nHennepin, who had, during La Salle s absence, made\\nan exploring voyage on the upper Mississippi, and\\nendured a short captivity among the Indians. From\\nthis he had escaped, and a few weeks after La Salle s\\nmeeting with Tonty at Mackinaw, he passed that\\npost, made the best of his way to Canada, and thence\\nto Europe, where he afterward published an account\\nof a pretended voyage down the Great Eiver, in\\nwhich he endeavored to rob La Salle of the glory of\\ndiscovering: its outlet.\\n]^othing could be done at Mackinaw for the great\\nobject of the persevering La Salle, so he and his\\nparty soon returned to Fort Frontenac. Here he\\nrearranged all his finances, selected a strong body of\\nFrenchmen and of New England Lodians, Abenakis\\nor Mohegans, with these returned to Niagara, and in\\nAugust, 1681, embarked thence once more for the\\nmysterious mouth of the Hidden Eiver, as the\\nSpaniards named it at last, after undaunted and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 105\\nindescribable exertions, this third time destined to\\nsucceed.\\nWith fiftj-four souls in all, including ten Indian\\nwomen to cook, and three children, the expedition\\npassed from the Miamis to the Chicago Eiver, up\\nthis on the ice to the portage, down the Elinois to\\nLake Peoria, and thence by water, the river being\\nopen, toward the Mississippi. They swept past the\\nFort of the Broken Heart, barely delaying to look in\\nupon the garrison now reestablished there, and press-\\ning forward with happier auguries, glided down a\\ndeserted river\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Indians being at their distant\\nwinter hunting-grounds\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and on the 6th of February,\\n1682, floated upon the long-desired stream, which\\nLa Salle now named the Colbert, after his staunch\\npatron, the great French statesman.\\nThey swept downward, with various adventure;\\nfishing or hunting holding peaceful intercourse with\\nmany a savage tribe erecting a splendid cross, bear-\\ning the arms of France, near the mouth of the Ar-\\nkansas Eiver, in token of the proprietorship of the\\nFrench king, and amid the ignorant rejoicing of the\\nsavages, who took the ceremony to be a show for\\ntheir amusement, instead of a formal theft of their\\nland, and after their departure carefully inclosed with\\npalisades the ornamented cross.\\nOnv/ard still; past the sun- worshipping Tensas\\nwhose ceremonies, large canoes, and profound reve-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "106 PIONEERS,\\nrence for tlieir chiefs, seemed to indicate that they\\nwere of kin to the brave and interesting tribe of the\\nISTatchez. Onward still, past the Katchez themselves;\\npast the Koroas and the Quinipissas, and sundry\\nother tribes past a village jnst plundered, and ten-\\nanted by the corpses of the slain and now, all at\\nonce, the vast stream divides before them into three\\nmighty channels. The brave commander s heart\\nbeats high, for he nmst be near the southern sea\\nand sending detachments down the eastern and mid-\\ndle channels, under Tonty and Dautray, he himself\\npursues the western, the largest. The muddy waves\\nof the broad flood are gradually found to become\\nbrackish, and then quite salt and now the measure-\\nless expanse of the Gulf of Mexico lies wide before\\nthem. The mouth of the Great Eiver, the Hidden\\nRiver, is found.\\nOf the emotions of the stern and lofty-minded La\\nSalle, as he thus floated out toward the goal of his\\nvast and long-pursued enterprise, no record exists.\\nWhatever they were, his high and resolved features\\ngave small trace of them and speedily returning\\nto the prosaic duties of the mere discoverer, he spends\\none day in exploring and sounding the river s mouths\\nand the neighboring shores, and another in finding a\\nspot dry and firm enough, amidst those dreary ex-\\npanses of fat alluvium, all overgrown with rank sedge\\nand reeds, to afford a site for a memorial column and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 107\\nits attendant cross, tokens of the empire of Christ,\\nand of the great French king. Henceforth, saith\\nLa Salle, my God and my king are supreme forever\\nover the innumerable souls and the immeasurable\\nlands of this great continent.\\nHaving selected a suitable place, on the 9th of\\nApril, 16S2, La Salle draws up his whole party un-\\nder arms they sing the Te Deum^ the Exaudiat^ and\\nthe Doinine salvum fac Begem thanking God, im-\\nploring his continued help for themselves, and then\\nloyally asking it for their king, by the three sonorous\\nold Latin chants. They fire a formal salute of ijius-\\nketry, and shout Vive le Boi Tlien the column is\\nerected, and with a long enumeration of nations, and\\nrivers, and lands, he formally proclaims that all the\\nlands and waters of Louisiana, along the Kiver Col-\\nbert or Mississippi, and rivers which discharge them-\\nselves therein, from its source beyond the country of\\nthe Elious or ]N adouessions, and this with their con-\\nsent, and with the consent of the Motantees, Illi-\\nnois, Mesigameas, [N atchez, and Koroas, as far as\\nits mouth at the sea, are henceforth part of the\\nrealms of the king of France. And he demands of\\nJacques de la Metairie, the notary, his ofiicial certifi-\\ncate of the transaction. The scribe draws up the in-\\nstrument, and it is signed by the notary himself,\\nand by La Salle, Father Zenobius Membre, the\\nmissionary, Henry de Tonty, and the other French*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108 PIONEEKSj\\nmen of the party, and delivered to the com-\\nmander.\\nThen they erect a cross bury at the foot of the\\ntree to which it is attached a leaden plate, with an\\ninscription commemorating their discovery and their\\nclaim chant more Latin hymns shont again Vive le\\nEoi and thus the Mississippi valley is made French\\nfor almost a centnry until the peace of 1763.\\nBut they are hard pressed for food and barely de-\\nlaying to finish the ceremony, must push rapidly up\\nthe river. This they do and after a combat with\\nthe Quinipissas the first into which La Salle had\\never been driven with the Indians, so wise and skill-\\nful had been all his actions toward them and after\\nsome suifering from hunger, the party proceeds safely\\non its return. At Fort Frudhomme, however, the in-\\ntrepid chief is stricken down by a wasting fever. He\\nsends his faithful lieutenant, Tonty, with an account\\nof his voyage and discovery, to Count de Frontenac,\\nwith orders to return at once and himself remains\\nforty days on his sick-bed, under the care of the good\\npriest Father Zenobius Membre, and was even then\\nso worn down by illness that it was almost the end of\\nSeptember before he reached his establishment at\\nthe Miamis.\\nLa Salle now purposes to return down the Missis-\\nsippi during the next spring, and to establish a strong\\ncolony near its mouth. He sends Father Zenobius to", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 109\\nFrance with full accounts of his doings hitherto but\\nfor nearly a year he is occupied probably, for he\\nhas left no record of his deeds in trading, travelling,\\nand keeping up his influence and connections with\\nthe Indians, the plan of the colony being postponed\\nor modified by circumstances, or, more probably, by\\nhis own thoughts.\\nFor during the long months of that sojourn in the\\nwilderness, the scheme of his Mississippi colony has\\ngrown and expanded within his mind. Twice has he\\nproved his influence upon the rich and magnificent\\ngovernment of Louis the Fourteenth. Why should\\nhe not a third time look to a mighty empire for the\\nassistance he needs, rather than to his small indivi-\\ndual resources and cross the ocean with a strong\\ncompany in great ships, instead of boating obscurely\\ndow^n the vast wilderness river in frail canoes\\nHe resolves to try and leaving the Chevalier de\\nTonty his financial agent and lieutenant command-\\ning, he departs down the St. Lawrence, takes ship at\\nQuebec, and lands at Eochelle, December 13th, 1683.\\nAs usual, he find that his enemies have been ac-\\ntive, and that fortune has aided them. His munifi-\\ncent patron, Colbert, is dead. De la Barre, now go-\\nvernor of Canada, has written to the home govern-\\nment^that La Salle stirs up Indian wars that all his\\ntales of discoveries are lies that he has acted the\\npart of a petty tyrant among those far-off wilder-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 PIONEEKS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nn esses, with a small band of vagabond followers, steal-\\ning and figliting. But it was not sncli an attack as\\nthis which could obstruct La Salle. Aided by his\\nfriends, Father Zenobius Membre, and Count Fronte-\\nnac, now returned to France, by the inherited pre-\\npossessions of Colbert s son, the Duke de Seignelai,\\nnow high in office, and by his own inexhaustible en-\\nergy and strange power over the court, he goes\\nstraight on with his plans. The absurd slanders of\\nthe spiteful De la Barre die in silence and the au-\\nthority and means now confided to him were far\\ngreater than before.\\nThe king gives him a free gift of a ship of six guns,\\nand the use of three more, a thirty-six gun frigate, a\\ntransport of three himdred tons, and a ketch; and\\nfm^nishes supplies, sea and land forces, colonists in\\nshort, the whole personal and material constituents\\nof a colony. And not only has La Salle the supreme\\ncommand of this great expedition, but territorial ju-\\nrisdiction over all the great valley whither he is\\nbound, and over all colonies established therein.\\nThe reputation of the enterprise and its leader\\ndraw to him a number of volunteers, all respectable,\\nand including several families, a brother of La Salle s,\\nwho was a priest, two of his nephews, and another\\nrelative, also a priest.\\nAnd even now, at this very moment, when the im-\\npregnable, steady energies and inexhaustible wise", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. Ill\\nperseverance of this man seem at last to have brought\\nhim to a point promising the full reward of so many\\nyears of labor and incessant wanderings even now\\nopens the longest and saddest of all tlie long sad\\nchapters of his fateful life. On the very point of em-\\nbarking, the careful chief, who had been forced to\\nenlist his soldiers, mechanics, and laborers by means\\nof others, found that these faithless hirelings had\\nraked together the very scum of the sea-ports giv-\\ning him for soldiers beggars, vagabonds, and cripples\\nso deformed that they could not handle a musket\\nfor skilled artisans, men perfectly ignorant of their\\npretended trades. In urgent haste, he partly reme-\\ndies the evil, but, as usual, must let much of it pass\\ntrusting, not without reason, to the calm and ready\\nstrength w^hich has made head against so many trou-\\nbles before. But another evil he cannot remedy.\\nThe generous king has appointed to the naval com-\\nmand a l^orman, M. de Beaujeu and it would be\\nungracious, and is now too late to endeavor to dis-\\nplace him a little-minded, obstinate, quarrelsome,\\npompous man, ridiculously vain of his rank of cap-\\ntain, snappish and irritable, of all men on earth the\\nvery one to be vexed at the silent, self-reliant, haughty\\nreserve of La Salle. Even before sailing, this un-\\nhappy captain writes peevish and dissatisfied letters to\\nthe marine department. How fatally and bitterly the\\nfool vented his spite afterward, will quickly appear.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nLet US hasten the narrative is painful who would\\nprotract the sorrowful story They had to return\\none hundred and fifty miles to replace a broken bow-\\nsprit then sailing again. La Salle, with wise and\\ncautious speed, refused to stop uselessly at Madeira,\\nand the wretched ITorman, Beaujeu, and all the lazy\\nships companies, murmured and were enraged.\\nThen he positively forbade the sailors to subject his\\nfollowers to the brutal abuses usual at crossing the\\ntropic line, and they grumbled and complained still\\nmore. As the fleet approached St. Domingo, a storm\\nscattered it and eagerly seizing the opportunity of\\nmaking trouble, the mean Beaujeu, instead of enter-\\ning Port de Paix, the rendezvous agreed upon, and\\nwhere were the royal officers whom La Salle was to\\nmeet and who were ordered to aid and promote his\\ndesigns, passed round the island and landed at Petit\\nGoave, far to the southwest. And now, also, the in-\\nscrutable purposes of God add to fierce tempests and\\nhatefully perverse unfriends aboard, two other ene-\\nmies. Tlie Spaniards, now at war with Prance, sur-\\nprise and seize his ketch, the St. Francis, with thirty\\ntons of merchandise and military stores a grievous\\nloss, which would not have happened had Beaujeu\\nput in at Port de Paix, as he should have done. But\\nLa Salle calmly adds the item to that long list of\\nshipwrecks in Canada, and dismisses it from his\\nmind. A wasting disease, however, is the second and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 113\\nworst of these added foes and under the furious\\nassault of a tropical fever, his life even is despaired\\nof. But he is not yet to die we may even suppose\\nthat that powerful will urges him through this peril\\nof disease that he will not die unless God so de-\\ncree. And in three weeks, though yet feeble, he\\nconsults with the governor and intendant, who came\\nto Petit Goave to meet him takes on board provi-\\nsions and domestic animals obtains sailing direc-\\ntions, and hastens away for his miserable band of\\nvagabond soldiers, living in licentious disorder, are\\ndiseased and dying, or desert the jangling and\\nill-omened fleet for the luxurious ease of St. Do-\\nmingo.\\nEmbarking in the slowest sailer, and taking the\\nlead in her, he sets sail again coasts the southern\\nshore of Cuba stops three days at the Isle of Pines\\nweathers Cape Corientes, and then Cape San Anto-\\nnio, and after being once driven back, steers north\\nwest into the great Gulf of Mexico, straight for the\\nmouth of the Mississippi. They sail eight days, and\\nnow the soundings tell of land not far off. In two\\ndays more they discern it. Where are they? Con-\\nsulting and hesitating, they conclude that they are\\nin the great Bay of Appalache for the pilots at\\nSt. Domingo told them of strong currents, which\\nthey accordingly believe have carried them east-\\nward. Fatal error They were, doubtless, already", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114: PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nfar west of that strangely-hidden river, in one of the\\nbays of the coast of Texas.\\nBut thus they judge and coasting further west to\\nfind the Mississippi, they leave it yet further behind\\nthem. Sailing a whole week, they still imagine\\nthemselves in the Bay of Appalache. Sailing two\\nweeks more, they become convinced of their error\\nthe coast trends southward they are approaching\\nMexico. They turn about, and it is proposed to find\\nthe Mississippi by coasting eastward again. But\\nBeaujeu flatly refuses, without a supply of provisions,\\nwhich La Salle will not give, lest the wicked captain\\nshould sail away to France.\\nReturning, however, a little way up the coast,\\nthey enter Matagorda Bay, which La Salle names\\nthe Bay of St. Louis, and which he vainly hopes to\\nfind one of the mouths of the Mississippi. It is de-\\ncided to disembark, and all the emigrants go ashore,\\nleaving the crews only on board the ships. The\\nneighborhood is ex]3lored, the harbor sounded, and\\nthe Aimable, the transport, ordered in. Her captain,\\na brute or a villain, or more probably both, refuses\\na pilot, and running his vessel ashore, slie bilges\\nsome one takes pains to destroy her boat and the\\ngreater part of her cargo the very sustenance of the\\ncolony is lost. The Lidians take some goods whicli\\nfloat ashore; and a party of Frenchmen, sent to\\nreclaim them, seizing some canoes and skins in repri-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 115\\nsalj the enraged savages make a night attack upon\\nthem, kill two and womid two more.\\nThe demoniac cunning and ferocity of the red men\\nthus cooperates with these devouring shipwrecks.\\nAnd the colonists already begin to lament, to mur-\\nmur, and to talk of returning to France. But their\\nleader, though cruelly grieved, is not discouraged nor\\nmoved his fearless resolution is a tower of strength\\nto all the band, and the enterprise proceeds.\\nBeaujeu departs, still angry and venomous, carry-\\ning away all the cannon balls for the eight great guns\\nof the colony, because, forsooth, he would have had\\nto move part of his cargo to get at them leaving on\\nthat wild and distant shore about two hundred souls,\\nthe small vessel, La Belle, and that portion of provi-\\nsions and goods saved from the Spaniards and the\\nsea.\\nThis is in the middle of March, 1685. The com-\\nmander orders a temporary fort to be constructed, and\\nthen explores the coast. Finding a pleasant site\\nsome distance west, he moves his colony thither, and\\nin the course of July they are all there, their only\\nmisfortunes by the way, one death from the bite of a\\nrattlesnake, and a conspiracy among the soldiers to\\nmurder their officers and run away, this last detected\\nin time to crush it. On this new site are erected,\\nwith terrific labor, even fatal to some of the colonists,\\ndwellings and a fort, named Fort St. Louis and La", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116 PI0NEEE8, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nSalle, having thus provided for the security of his\\ncolony, prepares to make a journey by land for the\\nhidden fateful river. In October, having been de-\\nlayed by his brother s sickness, he sets out, the Belle\\naccompanying him part of the way by sea. On the\\nfirst night six men, detached to take soundings, keep-\\nmg careless watch, are murdered by the savages.\\nThe commander marches on eastward, discovers the\\nColorado, examines the eastern part of Matagorda\\nBay, and returns, after an absence of more than four\\nmonths, with but eight of the twenty men who set\\nout with him. Six are dead one, a quarrelsome,\\nvindictive villain, named Duhaut, deserted, and has\\nreturned alone some time before and the others are\\nsearching for the Belle, of which no news has been\\nreceived. They came in next day nothing could be\\nseen of her she was doubtless lost, and with her dis-\\nappeared their last means of communicating with\\ncivilized men, unless by journeys scarcely less than\\nsure to be fatal.\\nBut such communication must be had. The neces-\\nsity of it being recognized, the strong and calm com-\\nmander quietly and quickly prej)ares for it, as coolly\\nas if he were only intending to stej) across the fort\\ngathering resolution if, indeed, that indomitable\\nwill ever looked for encourao-ement at all from the\\nevident alternative of swift destruction. His journey\\nshall be to the Illinois, where, in his strong hill fort,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 117\\nthe valiant and faithful Tonty is sure to be at his\\npost, waiting orders as directed unless orders which\\ncannot be disobeyed have summoned him away from\\nall earthly obligations. Once in Illinois, he can ob-\\ntain assistance there, and can send or go to Quebec\\nor to France. Taking twenty men again, he sets out\\nby land, in the end of April, 1686, leaving M. Joutel,\\nas before, in command of the fort.\\nHe returns in August, having travelled far up into\\nthe interior, and having there been delayed for two\\nmonths and more by a violent fever. Their ammu-\\nnition becoming exhausted, during this time, and\\nbeing entirely dependent on hunting for provisions,\\nthey had no alternative but to turn back. Of this\\nsecond company of twenty, but eight returned four\\nhad deserted to the Indians, one was lost, one de-\\nvoured by an alligator, and the rest, being unable to\\nendure the fatigue of the journey, had set out to\\nreturn and were never heard of.\\nThese failures cast a deep gloom over the little\\ncompany in the fort, now reduced, by death and\\ndesertion, from about two hundred to forty; but.\\nBays Joutel in his journal, the even temper of our\\nchief made all men easy, and he found, by his great\\nvivacity of spirit, expedients which revived the low-\\nest ebb of hope. He had given up the Belle for\\nlost, and therefore rejoiced exceedingly to find that\\nhis kinsman, M. Chefdeville, and some others of her", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ncrew, had escaped, and had saved his own clothes\\nand part of his papers, although the little vessel her-\\nself, as he had concluded, had j)erished.\\nLa Salle at once set about building a storehouse,\\nto keep his men employed and still retaining his in-\\ntention of proceeding to the Illinois, they talked\\ndaily about the journey. Being taken ill, however,\\nhis stout-hearted lieutenant, Joutel, offered to go\\ninstead, if he might take fifteen men and the faithful\\nIndian hunter, who had followed his chief to France\\nand back to Mexico. But the commander recovers\\nhis health, and again as he would have done a\\nhundredth time, had he failed ninety-nine makes\\nhis arrangements and sets out, taking with him a\\nthird twenty men, and leaving thirteen men and\\nseven women in the fort, wdth a considerable stock\\nof provisions and arms.\\nThus, on the 12th of January, 1687, departs Eobert\\nde la Salle, for the third time, from his little colony,\\nas resolute and cool as ever but the parting was\\nsaddened as if by presentiments of evil. We took\\nour leaves, says the veteran man of war, Joutel,\\nwith so much tenderness and sorrow, as if we had\\nall presaged that we should never see each other\\nmore.\\nAnd now the long, brave struggle with fate and\\nwith enemies, draws to its melancholy close. The\\nlittle party, with their JiYe horse-loads of provisions,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 119\\ndisappears from the eyes of tlie Sieur Barbier, left\\ncommander of the scanty colony in the fort and\\nplunging into the woods, marches northeastward,\\nacross the pleasant prairies and through the open\\nwoods of Texas. They ford rivers and pass through\\nswamps, often easing their progress by following\\nbuffalo paths negotiate, as they go, with the In-\\ndians, always friendly, but always on their guard;\\nand Nika, the hunter, ever purveys for them abun-\\ndance of game.\\nOn the 15th of March, La Salle sends Duhaut,\\nthe mutinous wretch before mentioned, Hiens, a\\nGerman buccaneer, Liotot the surgeon, ]S ika the\\nIndian, and his own footman, Saget, to bring in\\nsome provisions which he had concealed a few miles\\naway, on his last journey. These they found spoiled\\nby wet, and as they returned, Nika killed two buf-\\nfalo, and they sent the footman on to advise their\\ncommander to have the meat dried, and send horses\\nfor it. He does so, sending his nephew, Moranget,\\na violent and reckless young man, with several\\nmore of the party.\\nMoranget comes, and finds that Duhaut and the\\nrest are smoking the buffalo meat, and that, by the\\ncommon right of hunters, they have laid by some\\nmarrow-bones and choice bits for themselves. In a\\nsudden burst of unreasonable and inexplicable pas-\\nsion, he reproves and threatens them, and seizes not", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nonly all the smoked meat, but all the tidbits which\\nthe J had saved according to custom. This last\\noffence filled up the cup of their anger, even to run-\\nning over for these three, the surgeon Liotot, Hiens,\\nand Duhaut, fancied they had and most probably\\nhad other causes of complaint against the unhapj)y\\nyoung man. With black looks, their hearts all boil-\\ning with hot wrath, but still withheld for the moment\\nby lack of concert from wreaking the revenge for\\nwhich they all thirst, they silently draw off, and con-\\nsult apart upon the matter. Seared and hardened by\\ncrime, the inhuman wretches easily agree upon their\\nmeasures. They will murder Moranget in his sleep,\\nand so square their account with him. Eut, one of\\nthem suggests, the Indian and the footman are faith-\\nful they will avenge the deed, or inform upon us.\\nThe answer is easy they, too, will be asleep we\\nhave only to kill them too. Accordingly, taking\\ninto their plot Teissier and Larcheveque, two more\\nof the party, they wait, revelling in the devilish satis-\\nfaction of anticipated revenge, until their unsuspecting\\nvictims have eaten, and are peacefully asleep, dream-\\ning, doubtless, of distant homes and loving hearts\\nin sunny France. Liotot, the surgeon, arises, takes\\nan axe, and strikes Moranget many blows on the\\nhead then leaving him, dispatches the Indian and\\nthe footman, who never stirred. But such was the\\nvitality of the young officer, that, though mangled", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 121\\nand speechlesSj lie sat up, alive, a horrible spectacle\\nof misery. The murderers oblige his fellow, De Marie,\\nthough not a conspirator, to put him out of his pain.\\nCrimes are seldom single. It needs not long reflec-\\ntion to show them that they must do yet another mur-\\nder, or suffer for those already done. They must kill\\nLa Salle too. And they will the more readily do\\nthis, because they have some harshness of his to\\npunish. They would at once have set out to attack\\nhim, had not the river between them risen too high.\\nBut he comes to them, as if impelled upon his fate.\\nUneasy at the delay of his nephew, and, as if under\\nsome presage of misfortune, or consciousness of fault\\nin his own or his nephew s conduct, he asks his men\\nif Liotot, Hiens, and Duhaut have not expressed some\\ndiscontent. No one seems to know of it, and, his\\napprehensions increasing, he sets out on the third\\nday to find his nephew.\\nApproaching the tragic scene, he sees some eagles,\\nand thinking carrion near, he fires a shot, as a signal\\nto his friends, in case they have killed game and are\\nwithin hearing. Silent in death, they are beyond all\\nhuman summons. The doomed commander s signal\\nserves only to insure and hasten his own fate. The\\nconspirators hear it Duhaut and Larcheveque cross\\nthe river Duhaut hides in the reeds, and Larche-\\nveque shows himself at a little distance. La Salle\\ncalls out to him, asking after Moranget. The man\\n6", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "122 PIONEEES, PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nanswers, vaguely, rudely, and omitting the usual ges-\\nture of respect, that lie is along the river. The\\npunctilious and severe chief advances, as if to reprove\\nor chastise the impertinent manner of his follower\\nDuhaut takes fatal aim from his lair, and fires. His\\nball passes through the head of La Salle, and he falls\\nwithout speaking a word.\\nFather Anastasius Douay, who was with his leader,\\nprepares to share his fate, but on their telling him\\nthat he is safe, endeavors to do the last priestly offices\\nfor him. But the dying man can only feebly press\\nthe hand of the good father, in token that he under-\\nstands him, and his spirit quickly passes. The death\\nshot brings up the other conspirators and they strip\\nand insult the poor corpse. The surgeon, Liotot,\\nlaughs and mocks at it, and, in the excess of his bru-\\ntal glee, cries out over and over again, There thou\\nliest, grand bashaw there thou liest! And they\\nfling the naked body aside among the bushes, a prey\\nto wild beasts though they do not prevent the sor-\\nrowing priest from burying it afterward, and erecting\\na rude cross over it.\\nThus died Kobert Cavelier de la Salle, at a time\\nwhen a fairer prospect than ever of some permanent\\nsuccess was opening before him. His faithful fol-\\nlower, Joutel, who was one of the party, but not pre-\\nsent at his death, thus delivers his funeral oration,\\nwith terse military frankness, mingled of praise and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 123\\nblame Ilis constancy and courage, and his extra-\\nordinary knowledge in arts and sciences, wliich ren-\\ndered liim fit for anything, together with an indefati-\\ngable body, which made him surmount all difB.cul-\\nties, would have procured a glorious issue to his un-\\ndertaking, had not all those excellent qualities been\\ncounterbalanced by too haughty a behavior, which\\nsometimes made him insupportable, and by a seve-\\nrity toward those under his command, wdiich at last\\ndrew on him implacable hatred, and was the occasion\\nof his death.\\nFew words may close this sad story. A swift re-\\ntribution overtook Liotot and Duhaut, who were a\\nlittle after slain in a quarrel, by Hiens, who remained\\namong the Indians. Six of the party, all the conspi-\\nrators having left them, reached, in July, a post esta-\\nblished by Tonty at the mouth of the Arkansas, and\\nproceeding onward, reached Fort St. Louis, thence\\nwent to Quebec, and thence to France hiding, with\\ndifficulty and equivocation, their heavy burden of\\nsad news, until they first revealed it to the French\\nking.\\nLa Salle s little colony vanished away. The In-\\ndians assaulted and took it, slaj ing all but four\\nyouths and a young girl, who were afterward rescued\\nby a Spanish force from Mexico, sent to observe the\\nFrench establishment.\\nTonty had descended the Mississippi while LaBalJo", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124 PIONEERS, PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nwas in Texas, but not finding him, left a letter for\\nhim with the Indians, who delivered it safe to Iber-\\nville, fourteen years after, when he entered the river.\\nThen returning, he resumed the duties of his lieuten-\\nancy in Illinois and spent the remainder of his life,\\nas far as is known, in military services in various\\nparts of North America: a stout and faithful soldier\\nto the last.\\nISTot one written word from La Salle s pen has\\nreached us. His papers perished in the lonely fort\\non Matagorda Bay. Nov liave we even reports of his\\nstatements as to his views or motives for it was not\\nhis custom to speak of what he intended, but only to\\norder what he desired, and thus it happens that our\\nestimate of him must be based upon our scanty infor-\\nmation of his actual achievements, preserved either\\nby ill-informed or unappreciative friends, or unscru-\\npulous and cunning enemies.\\nWe need not elaborate a description of his charac-\\nter our story has sufficiently exhibited it. The les-\\nsons of his life are easily read. It is true, that that\\nhaughty silence, that harsh, peremptory manner, were\\nfaults but how manifold the excuses ^liow terribly\\ncomplete the expiation Tenderly we would touch\\nupon those errors, and would rather enlarge upon the\\nunspotted honor, the far-seeing plans, the wise prac-\\ntical sense, the tact and skill in governing and nego-\\ntiating, and organizing, the stainless, impregnable", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 125\\ncourage, and, aboTc all, that calm, colossal power of\\nwill wliicli impelled liim so resistlessly through and\\nover the opposition of so many foes, so many misfor-\\ntunes, with an inscrutable, gigantic momentum, like\\nthat by which the vast icebergs of the Arctic ride\\ncrashing through the thick fields of ironbound ice,\\nwith a force beyond human admeasurement, but\\ncalmly and steadily, as if floating in a summer sea.\\nITo grander model of superiority to the vicissitudes of\\nhuman life is to be found in history.\\nFarewell, strong and brave man From thee may\\nwe well learn a lesson of courage, of perseverance,\\nof patient endurance and undying hope and if the\\nperplexing question should arise within us. How\\ncan it be just that such heroic struggles should at last\\nso utterly fail why could not this noble life at last\\nbe crowned with peace and honor and happiness let\\nFaith answer, from behind the mysterious veil of\\ndeath ^Ye shall know all, when ye come hither", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "Lecture III.\\nTHE\\nFRENCH IN ILLINOIS.\\n12J", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH IN ILLmOIS.\\nTHE IDYL OF AMERICA.\\nIn the history of the exploration and settlement of\\nthe great valley of the Mississippi, as far as we have\\nhitherto examined it, the four predominant influences\\nmay be named as Eomance, Religion, Ambition, and\\nGreed, each conjoined with the others in varying pro-\\nportions.\\nThe early history of New England is a manifesta-\\ntion of a stalwart courage that dared to face cold,\\nhunger, peril, nakedness, and barbarism, solely for\\nthe maintenance of a faith dearer than life itself.\\nBut this unrelaxing sinewy exertion, this undaunted\\ncourage, this determined and irreversible resolve to\\nlive out the principles of religious belief, in things\\npolitical and social as well as in things ecclesiastical\\nall these powerful and noble and lofty characteris-\\ntics are combined with and colored by a certain de-\\ngree of severity. The Puritan social life was rugged\\nto hardness stern, uninviting. None of its features\\nwere refined, delicate, genial. Sentiment was un-\\nknown to the majority, and ruled out for all. Tho\\ng* 129", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130\\ntemporal exigencies of the place and tlie time were\\ntoo terrible and too pressing the requisitions of the\\ncurrent Calvinism were too serious too gloomy\\nto encourage or even to permit the expansion and\\ndevelopment and cultivation of the more beautiful\\nsocial faculties.\\nNor did the origin, the process and the progress of\\nthe settlement of other parts of the continent, afford\\nmore space for the growth or exercise of these facul-\\nties. Further south, on the Atlantic coast, we see\\nthe workings of the European mercantile system, as\\nmodified by the colonial monopolies of the respective\\ngovernments who sent or protected the settlers. ISTew\\nYork was a depot and agency for the traffic of the\\nDutch West India Company. The spirit of the early\\nlords of Yirginia is well illustrated by the brutal ex-\\nhortation of that nobleman who replied to the colo-\\nnial representations of the wants of their souls, and\\ntheir need of mental and spiritual improvement, by\\nsaying, Damn your souls make tobacco Caro-\\nlina was an endeavor to realize the fantastic political\\ndream of the philosopher Locke. In Florida and\\nLouisiana, the predominating influences were the\\nprominent traits of the rulers and people of the parent\\nnations, reproduced with bad fidelity in the Ameri\\ncan settlements which sprang up under their colonial\\nmonopolies greed of gold, lust of landed property,\\npride of conquest, fanatical zeal. The transatlantic", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 131\\nplantations were primarily to serve as distant gar-\\ndens to tlie royal palaces of Europe, and secondarily,\\nto spread tlie dominion of the Koman Catholic faitli.\\nBut we are, at this point, brought to the consider-\\nation of one beautiful exception to the remainder of\\nall the broad continent, l^ot to a perfect Paradise\\nnot to a true and ideal Eden but yet to such a\\npeaceful sunny spot, such a benign and kindly social\\nlife, such a scene of universal heartfelt instinctive\\ncourtesy, of patriarchal subordination, of mild and\\nblessed neigliborly virtue and forbearance, of harm-\\nless, simple, sufficing pleasure, of perfect health,\\nblooming, happy youth, unambitious, industrious\\nmanhood, quiet old age, as is nowhere else to be\\nfound throughout all tlie broad page of American\\nhistory.\\nThe conduct of the French toward the aborigines\\nof this continent was far more humane and generous,\\nwise and successful, than the policy of any other\\nEuropean nation. The Spaniards treated the Indians\\nlike slaves and beasts of burden, and with a cold-\\nblooded, selfish, blind brutality, which, by extermi-\\nnating the unhappy race, exhausted its own materials\\nand disappointed its own objects. The Anglo-Saxon,\\na man of higher grade, but not less self-contained,\\nself-satisfied, exclusive, and resolute than the Span-\\niard, did not prove himself brutally bigoted and ava-\\nricious like him, in his intercourse with the red", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132 PIONEEIiS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nmen, but only unconciliating, severe, exacting, and\\nstrangely inconsiderate of the defects and misfortunes\\nof savage nature and savage education. Planting\\nhimself in the Avilderness with all his institutions, his\\ncommon law and statutory code, wdth the Mosaic in-\\ntensifications which obscurity and distance allowed,\\nhe did what was fair, just, lawful and right, by his\\nlaws and according to his principles. And if the In-\\ndians transgressed these, instead of inquiring under\\nwhat code, or upon what violation of savage prin-\\nciples it was done, he stolidly inflicted a statutory\\nEnglish penalty and if this roused retaliation, the\\nunited colony, with the same stolid ignorance, re-\\ntorted by judicial and military devastations and mur-\\nders that might, it is true, temporarily quell opposi-\\ntion by the death of their enemies or the intimidation\\nof the survivors, but which always left alive the\\nsmoldering embers which kept up the constant and\\nfiendish border warfare, and ever and anon blazed\\nout into one of the frightful and perilous Indian\\nwars.\\nThe French were no whit less zealous for their re-\\nligion than the Spaniards beyond all comparison\\nmore so, as missionaries, than the English, l^or were\\nthey less eager than either for gain, for adventure,\\nor for empire. But the genial social qualities, the\\ninborn national adaptability and courtesy, even the\\nless stringent sense of moral obligation, their greater", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 133\\nhabitude to feudal law, and their patient sub-\\njection to seignorial rights, which may be called\\nfaults or defects, gave them incalculable advantages\\nin founding, maintaining, and cementing the public\\nand individual intercourse which they so long main-\\ntained with the Indians. In truth, had it depended\\nalone on the success of alliances and cooperation with\\nIndian tribes, instead of the fortunes of civilized war\\nand the exigencies of European politics, it is well-\\nnigh certain that the vast French belt of fortresses\\nand settlements which so perilously girded in the\\nAtlantic seaboard, would have fulfilled its purpose\\nthat the English settlers would have been driven\\ninto the sea, exterminated, or reduced under the\\nFrench power and that the lilies of France, instead\\nof the lion of England, would have waved over the\\nwhole vast domain of central !N orth America during\\nthe latter half of the eighteenth century.\\nThere is no more striking exemplification of the\\nadvantages in point of personal character thus as-\\ncribed to the French, than the history of those set-\\ntlements founded in Illinois by the successors of\\nLa Salle, during the period from about 1680 until the\\nremoval of so many of the French at the transfer of\\nauthority to British hands in 1Y65.\\nThe way to the prairie land, it will be remembered,\\nwas pioneered by the saintly Marquette. Next came\\ntlie indefatigable and far-seeing La Salle, and his", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "13 J: PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nfaithful and no less indefatigable lieutenant, Henry\\nde Tonty. These able leaders and skillful negotiators,\\nand many more of like character and less renown,\\ndiffused among all the numerous tribes from the St.\\nLawrence to the upper waters of the distant Missouri,\\nwhere the stout sieur Juchereau maintained his\\nlonely trading-post, a spirit of friendly regard for the\\nFrench, and of deep reverence for the great French\\nking. And in the footsteps of trappers and traders\\nthere followed Jesuit missionaries of zeal as fervent\\nand character as beautiful as the holy Marquette him-\\nself: Allouez, his predecessor on Lake Superior, his\\nsuccessor on the alluvial lands that border the rivers\\nof Illinois, and good Father Gravier, who founded\\nthe oldest permanent settlement in the great Missis-\\nsippi Yalley, the Yillage of the Immaculate Concep-\\ntion of Our Lady, afterward named Kaskaskia. The\\ntime of the foundation of this ancient town is not\\npositively ascertained but such data as have been\\ndetermined seem to justify the belief that Philadel-\\nphia, Detroit, Mobile, and Kaskaskia, were all founded\\nin about the same year. Then came Father Pinet\\nand Father Marest, preaching in like manner to the\\nunsophisticated but most discouragingly vicious deni-\\nzens of the woods, the doctrines of Jesus and of the\\nPesurrection. These holy fathers built them little\\nunpretending chapels of bark, and their humble\\nsanctuaries were crowded with such numbers of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 135\\nnatives that many were obliged to stand witliout the\\nthreshold.\\nThen, enticed by the stories that reached them, un-\\nder the inclement sky and the strict feudal system of\\nLower Canada, of the good livers of this distant land,\\nthe mildness of its climate, the richness of its soil,\\nthe fruitfulness of its pastures and its groves, one\\nstraggler after another descended from those rigorous\\nregions, navigating the vast circuit of the great lakes,\\nand passing by Lake Michigan, across the portage from\\nthe Miamis to the Kankakee, or from the Chicago to\\nthe Illinois, and erected a humble home within that\\ngreat expanse of low-lying, fertile soil now called the\\nAmerican Bottom. This region, beginning on the\\neastern bank of the Mississippi River, nearly opposite\\nto where its mild and placid stream is joined by the\\nturbid waters of the Missouri, extending from this\\npoint sixty miles southward, and in width, from the\\nriver s bank to the bluff beyond, frOm five to eight\\nmiles formed a tract of such fertility as is scarcely\\nelsewhere to be found on earth. Here, surrounded\\nby the exuberant products of nature, the French\\nraised their half-wigwams, half-cabins, by driving\\ncorner posts into the ground, and then transverse\\nlaths for they scarce deserved the name of beams\\n^from one to another of these posts; plastering\\nover these with the hand, a coating of cat-and-\\nclay, as the American settlers called it soft clay", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136 PIONEERS, PKEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nworked up with prairie grass and Spanish moss. With\\nthis stucco upon the outside and the inside of the\\nlatticed walls, and neatly whitewashed, with roofs\\nthatched with long grass carefully woven and matted\\ntogether, and lasting, it is said, longer than shingles\\nwith spacious piazzas all around the house there\\npresently arose picturesque villages, bordering a sin-\\ngle street, so narrow that the settler might sit, smok-\\ning his pipe, beneath the shade of his piazza, and talk\\nto his neighbor across the street in his ordinary tone\\nof voice.\\nBut let us orderly describe this simple and happy\\ncommunity in its prime perhaps about the year\\n1750 their laws, their religion, their social organiza-\\ntion, their manners, their occupations, their charac-\\nters. For the whole texture and character ^the gross\\nand the detail are so utterly and diametrically op-\\nposed to the ideas and conceptions of the descendants\\nof English settlers, that the amplest delineation which\\nthe occasion admits may well fail to communicate a\\nfull comprehension of them.\\nThe laws of the French settlements in Illinois were\\nbased upon the same great Eoman code which under-\\nlay the jurisprudence of all the south of Europe. But\\nsome considerations, either of expediency or libe-\\nrality, caused the substitution of allodial titles to land\\nfor the feudal tenures of Canada that is, the settlers\\nwere permitted to own land very much as a New", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 137\\nEngland farmer owns it, instead of being obliged to\\nhold it at the pleasure of the feudal lord, in whom\\nwas vested the real ownership. Thus the villagers of\\nKaskaskia, and the other neighboring settlements of\\nour terrestrial paradise, as La Salle aptly termed\\nthese regions, possessed, at the time to which we refer,\\neach his parcel of land, granted bj government to all\\nthe village in common one great tract for tillage,\\nand one for pasture, separated b j a fence, and stretch-\\ning back from the river bank to the limestone bluff.\\nIn this each family had a portion set apart for itself,\\nand sacred from all intrusion. The village authori-\\nties, the senate of the settlement, enacted regulations\\nrequii ing every family to commence planting, culti-\\nvating and harvesting on certain fixed days. The\\nconsent of this same body, as representing the whole\\nsettlement, was required for the admission of any new\\nsettler to a share in the common field.\\nOf statute and common law, courts and attorneys,\\nfees and pleadings, these fortunate people knew no-\\nthing. Quarrels were as rare among them as in an af-\\nfectionate family. N o courts of law were established\\nthere until after the country passedinto the possession\\nof the British and after they were established, no ac-\\ntions were brought before them until after the Anglo-\\nAmericans possessed the land. The sour, pugnacious\\nlitigations, as well as that much vaunted but very\\ndoubtful institution, the trial by jury, of the English,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nwere an evil and a remedy equally foreign and terri-\\nble to tlie kindly disposition of the Frencli. K any\\ndifferences arose wliicli the parties could not settle,\\nthey were referred to the arbitration of the priest, or,\\nin the last resort, to that of the commandant at Fort\\nChartres, a mighty potentate, ruling, in name at least,\\nterritories vaster than most kingdoms, representing\\nall the power and wisdom of the French king, and\\nlooked up to by the simple settlers as the perfection\\nof all human strength and judgment.\\nThe religion of this far-off prairie settlement was\\nCatholic. A reverend Jesuit father, head of the col-\\nlege established in Kaskaskia, and superior of all the\\nmissions in the valley, and the curate of the village,\\nwho received a small salary from the government,\\neked out by marriage and burial fees, and the gifts\\nof his parishioners, were the highest ecclesiastical\\ndignitaries in Illinois. Pomp and pride they had\\nnone devoted, poor and humble, it was the purity\\nand goodness of their lives which gave them\\ntheir powerful influence among their little flock.\\nThe people were sincerely religious after their kind\\nand with the characteristic laxity of practice so ab-\\nhorred by tlie stricter followers of Calvin, after the\\nservices of the Sabbath were over, they devoted to\\nquiet amusements and pleasures the remainder of the\\nholy day.\\nThey were ignorant of letters, and happy in their", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 139\\nignorance. The Jesuits established a few little\\nschools, where were taught the elements of reading\\nand writing and this was learning enough for the\\nFrenchman of Illinois. The great world and its\\nweighty affairs troubled him not. He supposed that\\nthe Pope managed all spiritual concerns, and Louis\\nof France all temporal concerns. With their wisdom\\nand power at the helm, represented by those two reve-\\nrend and awful dignitaries, the curate and monsieur\\nle commandant^ he, the French settler in Illinois, was\\nperfectly certain that all would go well he let the\\nworld wag on, and made himself happy with the tri-\\nvial enjoyments brought by each peaceful day. He\\ncould read enough, and write enough, to draw, under-\\nstand, and sign the simple instruments, which were\\nall he needed, and to spell out the stories of the\\nsaints, or a tale of the crusaders and more he needed\\nnot.\\nEach family held from one to three acres of land\\nin the central part of the village. This was the pro-\\nperty of the first settler of the name. Here the pa-\\ntriarch built his lowly cabin and as son or daughter\\nmarried, another mud-walled and grass-roofed cabin\\narose near his own, and within the same inclosure.\\nWith each new marriage appeared a new home.\\nTliese peaceful, easy lives, the pure, sweet air, the\\nhealthful out-door manners, and plain nutritious fo-\\nrest food, prolonged life to a remarkable degree and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nthus around the house of the patriarch there gathered\\na dozen or a score, nay, forty or fifty dwellings of\\nchildren and grandchildren and great-grandchildren,\\neven to the fourth and fifth generations.\\nThese communities were, perhaps, chiefly agricul-\\ntural. Each family carefully tilled its separate\\nallowance of the common field, and that wealthy soil\\nrepaid their neat though homely husbandry with\\nplenteous and more than sufficient crops. Six hun-\\ndred barrels of flour were shipped to ITew Orleans\\nfrom the Wabash country alone, in 1Y46, besides\\nhides, furs, tallow, wax, and honey.\\nBut the first settlers had been the daring coureurs\\nde hois, the runners of the woods, who had found\\ntheir wild pleasures and their j)erilous profits in van-\\nquishing the hardships and dangers of the pathless\\nforest, the roaring rapid, the toilsome portage in the\\nskillful but laborious occupation of the hunt and in\\ntrading with the fickle, treacherous and savage In-\\ndians of those remote regions, from the Abenakis of\\n!N ew England and the Outaouacs, or Ottawas, of the\\nSt. Lawrence and Lake Huron, to the distant Sioux,\\nor, as they were then termed, !N adouessions. And\\nhowever quietly and easily the sons and grandsons of\\nthese roving men lived in the shaded cabin or the\\nnarrow, sunny street of Kaskaskia, or among the lux-\\nuriant fields without however gaily their hours might\\npass amid the light labors of the day and the jovial", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 141\\ndances of tlie evening there was scarce a young man\\nin whom the wild longing for the forest and rivers\\ndid not at some time wake np. Then, in his frail ca-\\nnoe, he passed far np into the region of lakes at the\\nhead of the Mississippi, or the rugged, desolate plains\\nupon the upper waters of the Missouri traversing\\nthe distant Sioux country, or even the rugged ranges\\nof the Rocky Mountains. Hunting and trading, he\\nreturned with a canoe-load of furs floated afar off\\ndown to that great capital, ISTew Orleans, or round by\\nthe bayous and creeks of the coast, to the distant city\\nof Mobile exchanged his wild commodities for what-\\never civilized merchandise seemed good unto him,\\nand returned up the rapid river to his quiet prairie\\nhome, perhaps to refit and depart upon another ex-\\npedition to the Indian country perhaps to trado\\naway the goods from below for produce, and return\\nagain to barter at the southern cities or perhaps to\\nbury a bag of French livres and louis-d ors, or Span-\\nish doubloons or dollars, beneath the floor of his\\nhome, and resume his labors in the fields.\\nWhether the young wanderer returned richer or\\npoorer in purse, he brought home one certain and\\nlasting treasure a great store of wild tales of inci-\\ndents by flood and field, his own strange and varied\\nexperiences, and many more, told him by the trap-\\npers of the mountains, the canoe-men of the river,\\nand the various men he met in the cities of the south..", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "142 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nThe return of these travellers, after their long voy-\\nage of twelve or twenty months, was like every fes-\\ntive occasion celebrated by a ball for here, as eve-\\nrywhere, dancing was a peculiar and prominent\\namusement of the light-hearted, social and active\\nFrench. Word passed through all the settlement, of\\nthe return of the wanderers, and at once the place of\\nentertainment was fitted up, and the arrangements\\nmade. Young and old, grandfather and grandchild,\\nnegro slave and fair maiden, all came to join in\\nthe festive scene. The entertainment was regu-\\nlated with the same quaint municipal orderliness that\\ncontrolled the operations of tillage and pasturage.\\nProvosts were appointed, male and female usually\\nsome well-respected grandsire and grandam had\\ncharge of the ceremonial, saw that every lady was\\ndanced with and that every gentleman had his part-\\nner, that the negro slaves enjoyed their rightful equal\\nshare of liberty within the room, that even the little\\nchildren had opportunity to frisk through their share\\nof the dance among the rest and thus all passed in-\\nnocently and gaily. At a given hour the company\\nseparated, and, joyous and satisfied, all went home.\\nThe ball-room was often graced by the reverend pre-\\nsence of the priest of the village for his simple pa-\\nrishioners had no social amusements which he could\\nnot approve and witness and in these rustic gaieties\\nthere was a degree of propriety and dignity I might", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 143\\nalmost say of decency wliicli it would be hard to\\nmatcli, I fancy, in the ball-room of our own more in-\\ntelligently Christian and more elaborately civilized\\nsociety.\\nOther balls they had, with somewhat more of cere-\\nmonious observance. On !N ew Year s Eve, the young\\nmen of the village patrolled the town in the costume\\nof beggars, and entering the cottages in which dwelt\\nthe fairest maidens, petitioned for bread. Being well\\nfeasted and entertained, they then extended an invi-\\ntation to each hospitable damsel for the dance to-mor-\\nrow evening. This was the inauguration of the festi-\\nval of the coming year. About the 8th of that\\nmonth, great cakes were baked, and in these were\\ncarefully deposited four beans. The cakes were cut,\\nand the gentlemen to whose share fell the pieces with\\nbeans in them, were called kings. These four bean-\\nkings selected four queens, and the queens then se-\\nlected the kings of the next ball that was to be given.\\nAt its close, the lady queens of the occasion selected\\nfour other gentlemen, whom they elected to the honor\\nof this shadowy kingship, inaugurating them with all\\ndue solemnity, by the granting of a kiss. These gen-\\ntlemen inaugurated other ladies by the same interest-\\ning process, and they became the regulators and go-\\nvernors of the following ball. And this, the King-\\nBall, as it has been called, has been kept up, and\\nstill is, through all these years and if you ever travel", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144: PIONEERS, PREACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nin the State of Indiana, and stop at the ancient town\\nof Yincennes, and there have a friend or acquaint-\\nance who can introduce you to the French society of\\nthe place, you may, on a given evening of almost any\\nweek in the calendar year, have an opportunity of\\nattending the king ball for it has never been allowed\\nto pass out of fashion from the early settlement of\\nIllinois down to the present writing.\\nThese people, with their kind and simple habits,\\neasily fraternized with the Indians, and although\\nthere was great difference between them and those\\noriginal owners of the soil, by reason of physical,\\nmental, and moral condition, their differences seemed\\nto relate and ally them more intimately to each other\\nthan white and red men were ever allied on this con-\\ntinent before. To the honor of both parties let it be\\nsaid, there was scarce ever a fraud, a quarrel, or a\\nmurder between the French and Indians upon the\\nsoil of Illinois and it constitutes, in this particular,\\nthe one only grand exception, saving the enterprise\\nof Friend William Penn in the establishment of his\\nCity of Brotherly Love. And there, even, as soon as\\nthe good Penn himself had passed away, and the\\nequally good, if not better, James Logan, who after\\nhim came into the dignity of Secretary of the Colony\\nof Pennsylvania so soon as their official sway and\\nauthoritative influence was gone, the Quakers were\\nfound to the full as overbearing, unjust, avaricious,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 145\\ncareless, and regardless of the good of the natives,\\nas the Puritan Fathers of ISTew England. But these\\nFrenchmen of Illinois, singularly enough it seems to\\nthe student of American history, in all their inter-\\ncourse with the Indians treated them like human\\nbeings and equals in every respect, and received the\\nkind and faithful treatment which was the natural\\nresult, in turn. The friendly and trustful reciprocity\\nof benefits, the intimate neighborly communion, be-\\ntween these forest Frenchmen and forest Indians,\\nconstitutes one of the few beautiful pages in the\\nrecord of American colonization, usually so dry and\\nbarren, or so blood-stained and full of miseries.\\nAnd thus, in that pleasant untroubled far-off land,\\nand except for their happy family relation and the\\nwise separate ownership of their lands, holding their\\nproperty in common, sheltered almost like children\\nunder the mild influence of the good priests to\\nwhom, as to a father, they told all their sweet confi-\\ndences of love, or their little sorrows and troubles,\\nresting in sunshine, and far from wars and disturb\\nance, beneath the broad banner with the lilies that\\nstreamed from the battlements of the old fort thus\\nwas enacted this brief poem of the ages, this Idyl of\\nAmerica. This atmosphere of rural freshness, of de-\\nlightful confidence, of unrestrained liberty, free fi-om\\nthe sordid, troubled, eager haste of trade, the harden-\\ning touch of avarice, the gnawing tooth of care\\n1", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\npassed so far backward toward tliat lovely dream,\\ntlie Golden Age, that in truth and reality it began to\\nreproduce the lengthening of days, always a feature\\nin the limning of that ancient legend. These people,\\nit seemed, would have come to live forever, if forever\\nwere a possible term on earth.\\nAnd why should they grow old It is care that\\nwears us all out. We struggle beneath burdens in-\\nexpressible. Anxiety, with terrific plough, scars\\ndreadful furrows over brow and cheek worn out and\\nweary, the springs of life exhausted, and desire even\\nall but dead, we tremble on the verge of the grave\\nat the age of fifty or sixty. Yet the French in Illi-\\nnois retained good spirits, physical elasticity, and\\nexceeding animation, to the age of ninety, one hun-\\ndred, one hundred and ten, and one hundred and\\ntwenty and such cases you may find even now in\\nAttakapas, Opelousas, or Bayou Lafourche, the\\nFrench Creole regions of Louisiana.\\nThus went their lives kindly and cheerily by,\\nthough with no impulse, little enterprise, no inspira-\\ntions and though it was perhaps but a droning\\nlife no contribution to the accumulated treasures of\\nthe ages, no exem^^lification of a stern struggle for\\nprinciple, nor of a mighty aspiration and efi ort for\\nthe ideals of the race jet it was such a sunny, peace-\\nful life, so quietly, brightly joyous with the genial\\nplay of benign feelings, of the kindly social faculties", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 147\\nof our nature, as gladdens us to look upon. We\\nmust long, sometimes, to escape out of the mighty\\nrusliing current of our civilized life, and to rest\\nawhile upon some green island like this, where God s\\nheaven hath not a cloud, where storm and tempest\\nare unknown, where the still waters around us have\\nnot a ripple on their surface.\\nThus were they living, missionaries, fur-traders,\\nvojageurs, farmers, simply and innocently, in honest\\nlabor and harmless enjoyments, in the year 1719\\nor 1720. A sort of border war was then carried\\non between the French in Louisiana under their\\ngreat leader, Bienville, and the Spanish viceroyalty\\nof ]\\\\Iexico. Offended at the rapid daring with which\\nthe French were pushing their explorations and\\nplanting their outposts west of the Mississippi, and\\ntoward the great Santa Fe trail, which had even\\nthen been opened by traders, they secretly organ-\\nized a great expedition at Santa Fe, for the pur-\\npose of exterminating such of the French settlements\\non the upper Mississippi as they could reach, and\\nsubstituting Spanish colonies instead to which end\\nwere sent priests, artificers and women, property\\nand domestic animals, all the materials for a new\\nestablishment. Their plan of operations was to join\\nforces with the Osage Indians, and in concert with\\nthem, first to exterminate their enemies the Mis-\\nsouries, the allies of the French, and then to quench", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "14:8 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nthe light of the flourishing settlements in a storm\\nof blood and fire, and plant instead the standard\\nof Spain.\\nAfter a long desert march of nine hundred miles\\nacross the plains which have of late years become\\nso familiar to us, they reached that recent battle-\\nground of politics, the upland prairie country of\\nKansas, the supposed abode of their expected allies,\\nthe Osages. By a strange fortune, they fell in\\nwith their intended victims, the Missouries, instead,\\nwho spoke the same language with the Osages and\\nconfident of their men, at once revealed to them\\nthe plan for the total destruction of their tribe.\\nThe imperturbable savages received the startling\\nnews with no sign of surprise, signified their appro-\\nbation of the scheme, requested two days to assemble\\ntheir warriors, and took their measures in savage\\nsecrecy. They drew from the Spaniards full details\\nof the plan, and in character of the Osages received\\nthe ample supplies of ammunition and more than a\\nhundred guns, destined for their own slaughter.\\nAnd now the next morning was to witness the\\nsetting forth of the joint expedition. But to the\\ntreacherous and self-deluded Spaniards that morning\\nnever came. In the night the Missouries rose up and\\nsmote their invaders and slew them, until but one\\nliving soul was left a Jesuit priest, whom they sent\\nback to Santa Fe with the doleful tidings.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 149\\nThough thus providentially preserved, this nine\\nhundred miles march awakened the apprehensions of\\nthe French for their distant settlements in Illinois\\nand on the upper Mississippi and they promptly\\nerected Fort Orleans, on an island in the Missouri\\nahove the mouth of the Osage Kiver and for the\\nimmediate defence of the Illinois settlements, that\\ndignified and famous stronghold already mentioned,\\nFort Chartres. This fortress was completed during\\nthe year 1720. It was placed about a mile and a\\nhalf from the Mississippi River, within the great\\nAmerican Bottom which we have already described,\\nnear the five chief villages of the Illinois country\\nKaskaskia, Cahokia, Prairie de Kocher, St. Philip,\\nand St. Genevieve, which last alone was west of\\nthe Great Eiver. To these was soon added the vil-\\nlage of Fort Chartres, which grew up under the\\nwalls of the fort.\\nThis redoubted fortress, long the strongest garrison\\non the !N orth American continent, occupied an irre-\\ngular square of about three hundred and fifty feet to\\nthe side. Its walls were of solid masonry, three feet\\nthick and fifteen feet high. Its ramparts were de-\\nfended by twenty great guns; and such was its\\nstrength and armament, that it was impregnable to\\nany force then available against it. Here, for forty\\nyears, was the centre of the French power in Illinois,\\nthe key of all the land, an important link of the great", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "160 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nchain of fortresses between Quebec and New Orleans;\\nthe residence of the French commandant the metro-\\npolis of the gaiety and fashion of all the country\\nround as an old Illinois chronicler, with pardonable\\nlocal entlmsiasm, calls it, the Paris of America.\\nBut, alas for the brief duration of human prosperity\\nIn 17G5, the last French commandant of the Illinois,\\nM. St. Ange de Bellerive, formally gave up the fort\\nand his authority into the hands of the British captain,\\nSterling. And all this time, the capricious, mighty\\nflood of the Mississippi was silently marching across\\nfrom the westward, arraying against its strong walls\\npowers not to be opposed by great guns nor by regi-\\nments of armed men. Steadily the eating flood\\nswept nearer and nearer, and presently in 1772\\ntwo bastions were undermined. The English disman-\\ntled and deserted the old fort. Fifty years ago, part\\nof its site had been swept away by the devouring\\nriver, and it was a venerable ruin, solitary and over-\\ngrown with w^ild vines and with trees, some a foot in\\ndiameter.\\nThe Spanish invasion had long passed by and under\\nthe kindly despotic patriarchate of the commandant in\\nFort Chartres, and of the little village senates of old\\nmen, in the beauteous prairie land where the land\\nlies rolling like the billows of the sea, heaved in gen-\\ntle undulations beneath the summer sun, studded\\nwith groves like islands far out on the deep, carpeted", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 151\\nwith flowers that lend their rich fragrance to the air\\nuntil for sweetness you seem to be walking in Para-\\ndise, where all that is around gladdens the senses and\\nrejoices the heart the French colonists lie down and\\nrise up without fear or guile, thinking no evil against\\nany, and themselyes without apprehension of incur-\\nsion of savage, attack from hostile army, or any rob-\\nbery or theft or fraud. Here life is serene as if man\\nwere never driven out of Eden, and the flaming che-\\nrubim stationed at the gate with his terrific sword.\\nBut far away beyond the mountains is gathering\\nthe storm of war, which is to transfer all this vast val-\\nley from French to English hands, and to substitute\\nfor the bright, peaceful happiness which I have striven\\nto depict, the rough and passionate cupidity of the\\nAnglo-American backwoodsman the violent sway of\\narms. The English settlers, eager after the magnifi-\\ncent lands beyond the Alleghanies, are slowly steal-\\ning over the ridge and military detachments, and\\nfamilies, and single hunters, push westward into the\\ngreat valley. Tlie French have long been steadfastly\\nadvancing the design conceived by La Salle almost a\\nhundred years before and from Quebec to JSTew Or-\\nleans the vast gh dle of fortresses and confederate na-\\ntions, at once held together and made accessible by\\nthe wondrous highway of the Great Lakes and the\\nGreat Eiver, is almost complete, keyed by the great\\nmetropolitan stronghold of Fort Chartres, and lack*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nino; but one or two more fortresses between that and\\n;New Orleans.\\nThat mighty and terrible confederation, the Six\\nITations, has long resisted the furious attacks of\\nOnondio, the great French captain, and governor of\\nCanada has kept the yallej of the Ohio unknown\\nand inaccessible to their missionaries, their traders,\\nand their settlers and has, for the most part, nega-\\ntively or positively, been ranged on the side of the\\nEnglish. Some of their young men, on distant scout-\\ning parties, have seen large bodies of French troops\\nmoving up the rapids of the St. LawTcnce. They\\nbring the news home and in the great confederate\\nsenate-house at Onondaga a council of the Six liga-\\ntions is held, to consider the important information.\\nIt is resolved to send the tidings to the Governors of\\nMassachusetts, E ew York, and Yirginia, and it is\\ndone. But these great men are little inclined to be-\\nstir themselves they are busied in squabbling with\\nthe provincial assemblies, or they are at ease, and\\nwould fain be left in their lazy dignities all but\\nGovernor Dinwiddle, of Yirginia, an able, shrewd,\\nstirring Scotchman, wdio sees at once the importance\\nof the juncture. The troops now pushing up the St.\\nLawrence, are destined to occupy and hold for the\\nFrench king the valley of the Ohio for notwith-\\nstanding the Mississippi had been explored a hundred\\nyears before, and routes had long been open between", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 153\\nQuebec and New Orleans, by way of the Illinois and\\nWabash, it was not until about 1740 that the Ohio,\\nabove the Wabash, had been even explored by the\\nFrench. The present scheme is to move by way of\\nI^iagara across to the headwaters of the Alleghany,\\nto occupy thence downward all the valley of the\\nOhio, and in course of time to secure the whole land\\nclose west of the AUeghanies, and confine the grow-\\ning English settlements to the narrow belt between\\nthe AUeghanies and the sea.\\nThe Six Nations send the French commander a\\nmessage of entreaty, remonstrance, and threats. But\\nthese are treated with contempt, and the standard of\\nFrance moves forward. Governor Dinwiddle sends\\na messenger to ask the French what is their design in\\nthus entering the valley of the Ohio of the Beauti-\\nful River, as the French boatmen call it. For,\\nsay the English, all the land is ours, from the stormy\\nAtlantic across to the peaceful sea on the west be-\\ncause admirable logic our countrymen first\\nsettled the eastern shore. We deny the claim of the\\nFrench to the Mississippi valley, founded on the de-\\nscent of its chief water-course, the river, by one\\n-La Salle, as Washington called him.\\nYet the title by which the English held the Atlan-\\ntic slope was no better, if even as good, as that of the\\nFrench to the great inland valley. The only Eng-\\nlishman who had entered that valley before 1740 was", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154\\nCaptain Barre, the agent of Dr. Daniel Coxe, proprie-\\ntor of New Jersey, wlio entered the Mississippi Eiver\\nfrom its month in a corvette of twelve gnns. Stem-\\nming the deep and mnddy current, all at once the\\nEnglish captain is hailed from a small boat that meets\\nhim in one of the reaches of the river. A lad of\\ntwenty-one, in command of the skiff it is Bienville,\\nthen and long after the Governor of Louisiana for the\\nFrench king stands up and addresses Captain Barr^.\\nThe truth is, that his army is with him in that little\\nboat, and he has scarce a better weapon than his\\nnaked hand, for he is on an exploring expedition, not\\na conquering one. Yet he hails as sternly as if the\\ncommander of regiments and embattled forts. Turn\\nabout, he orders, and go down the river I am\\nloth to harm you, but if you go beyond the next\\nbend, I have guns enough in position there to blow\\nyou out of the water, and I will do it The daunted\\nEnglishman, believing every w^ord, obeys, and es-\\ncapes with his sloop-of-war, as fast as he can, from\\nthe boy and his boat s crew and to this day the point\\nin the river where he retreated is called the English\\nTurn. This was the only entrance of the English\\ninto the Mississippi Yalley until Dr. Walker s first\\nexploring expedition over the Cumberland Mountains,\\nabout 1748.\\nWhat right had either nation to these lands Said\\nan old Delaware to an English partisan, The king", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 155\\nof France claims all the lands one side of tlie Oliio,\\nand tlie king of England all on the other side. J^ow,\\nVjlieTe are the Indian s lands And the confounded\\nbackwoodsman was speechless. The red men owned\\nthe lands. ]S either Onondio nor Corlear neither\\nEnglishman nor Frenchman, had the shadow of any\\nclaim to a foot of land in the valley of the Missis-\\nsippi.\\nBut of all this the shrewd Scotch governor of Yir-\\nginia neither thinks nor cares. He rests satisfied\\nupon the usual claim by discovery, and is the more\\ncertain of the justice of his country s pretensions\\nbecause his own estates in forest lands depend thereon.\\nSo be inquires by the m-outh of his messenger, one\\nMajor Washington of the Virginia provincial forces,\\nwhat does the king of France mean, and what do his\\nservants of Canada mean, by thus presuming to in-\\ntrude upon undoubted English territory in the Ohio\\nvalley? The young major of course receives a curt\\nthough courteous reply, and carries it back to those\\nwho sent him.\\nNot, however, to let the affair rest for their glow-\\ning zeal for the pretensions of his Britannic majesty\\nis intensified and made practical by their own. For\\nthe Ohio Company of Yirginia has received a gift\\nno matter though the king who gave it did not own\\nit of six hundred thousand acres of the best land\\nwest of the mountains and in this company, two", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nelder brothers of our youthful provincial major, and\\nGovernor Dinwiddle, are principal shareholders. If\\nthe French hold the Ohio valley, these present broad\\ndomains on earth, and still fairer future castles in tlie\\nair, will alike disappear, and great prospective gains\\nwill be lost. This, I hasten to add, is said without\\nmeaning to impute any sinister motives to George\\nWashington. He sincerely believed in the English\\nclaim, and in his own and his friends property and\\nhe would have been more than human if these pecu-\\nniary interests had not reinforced the alacrity which\\nhe would, no doubt, have shown in the cause if he\\nhad never owned a foot of Ohio land, nor expected to.\\nHe returns, at any rate, in 1754, now promoted to\\nthe rank of lieutenant-colonel, and in command of a\\nsmall body of troops, to arrest the progress of the\\nFrench, who have commenced actual hostilities by\\ntaking from the English (in April, 1754) a small\\nstockade fort in the forks of the Alleghany and Mo-\\nnongahela Elvers, and by beginning a stronger and\\nmore serviceable fortress in its place, which they call\\nFort Duquesne, in honor of the governor-general of\\nCanada. Washington crosses Laurel E,idge, and\\ngains the Great Meadows, a pleasant open spot some\\nfifty miles southeast of the new French stronghold.\\nHere he learns from an old friend and companion in\\nforest journeys, one Christopher Gist, settled near by,\\nand from the half-king of the Delawares, Tanachari-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 157\\nson, that a party of French are in his neighborhood,\\nwith warlike intentions. His Indian allies search\\nthem ont, and about sunrise he discovers them en-\\ncamped in a retired and secret place among the\\nrocks. Discerning the tall form of the Yirginian\\nadvancing from among the trees, and the troops\\nbehind him, they spring to arms, and at once\\ncommence a vigorous fire upon the English. But\\nbeing surrounded and outnumbered, ten of them,\\nincluding their commander, M. de Jumonville, are\\nkilled, and the remainder made prisoners.\\nThat brief command, Fire echoed all over the\\nearth. That scattering blaze of musketry among an\\nobscure pile of wild rocks beneath the western Alle-\\nghanies, kindled a conflagration that spread through-\\nout the continent of Europe, as fire runs through the\\ndry prairie-grass in autumn time and burned even\\non the far shores of Asia. It was the beginning of\\nthe Seven Years War, a struggle which called forth\\nthe genius of Pitt as a minister and parliamentarian,\\nand of Frederic the Great as a warrior which crushed\\nthe doctrine of legitimacy in France and which,\\nunder the over-ruling of Him who sees the end from\\nthe beginning, not as man ordereth, but who maketh\\nthe wrath of man to praise Him, did more to elevate\\nthe masses of the population of Europe, and to pre-\\npare the way for the freedom and independence of\\nour own country, than all other causes together.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "It^S PIONEEKS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nTlie war thus fairly commenced, Jumonville s\\nbrother, De Yilliers, commandant at Fort Chartres,\\nhastens eastward to revenge his brother s death, and\\nfinds Lieutenant-Colonel Washington still in the\\nneighborhood, opening a military road for troops ex-\\npected from Yirginia. The Frenchman came upon\\nhim with double his forces, but declining the battle\\nwhich the bold young commander offered in the open\\nground before the fort which he had constructed, he\\nlaid siege to the small and ill-provisioned stockade,\\nwhich, with a judgment giving little promise of his\\nafter wisdom, Washington had planted in low ground,\\nwhere it was commanded and almost thoroughly\\nraked from the secure covert of the wooded ridges on\\neither side. An attack was soon commenced, and\\nafter nine hours of sharp firing, during which thirty\\nof the garrison were killed and three wounded, the\\nFrench commander, afraid that his ammunition would\\nfail, allowed Washington to capitulate and retire east\\nof the mountains with all the honors of war; the\\narticles of capitulation, which were in French, by\\nmeans of the ignorance or treachery of the inter-\\npreter, admitting the death of Jumonville to be an\\nassassination, and promising that no further estab-\\nlishments should be attempted west of the mountains\\nfor the term of one year. This obligation was not\\ntaken to be binding.\\nThen comes the expedition of General Edward", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 169\\nBraddock, whose hot-headed valor, absurd routinism,\\nand arrogant conceit, we all know as well as the in-\\nconceivable obstinate folly with which he persisted\\nin trying to dress ranks, and form by platoons, there\\namong the forests, as if manoeuvring his troops upon\\nthe plains of Flanders and the genuine English\\npride and stubbornness with which he refused to take\\nadvice from the provincials, experienced in bush-\\nranging and Indian fighting; and how the hard-\\nheaded fool thus threw away his own life, and the lives\\nof three hundred better men, great treasures wasted\\nto no purpose, with the certain prospect of taking\\nFort Duquesne for nothing was further from the\\nminds of the French and Indians than a victory, and\\nthey were on the point of evacuating the fort.\\nAnd now, in good season, the Great Commoner,\\nWilliam Pitt, takes the helm of English affairs.\\nWhat are we to do cries Chesterfield abroad\\nreverses and disgrace at home, poverty and bank-\\nruptcy what are we to do In America, the\\nFrench line of midland forts was steadily and rapidly\\nclosing in behind the belt of English settlements\\nalong the sea. In India, the other side of the world,\\nDupleix had laid at Pondicherry the foundations of a\\npower which promised quicky to exterminate the timid\\ntraders of the East India Company, and to bring the\\noriental wealth and the swarming millions of Hindos-\\ntan beneath the power of France. In the Mediterra-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "160 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\niiean, Minorca was taken by the French forces under\\nthe Duke de Eichelieii. On the continent of Europe,\\nthe single ally of England, of any power, Frederic of\\nPrussia, was attacked at once by the three vast em-\\npires of Austria, France, and Russia, and that in a\\nquarrel where he was flagrantly in the wrong and\\nthe English king s own hereditary dominions of Ha-\\nnover were overrun by French troops. The tremen-\\ndous energy, the i)ride, the rapid decision and daring\\nof the great minister, inspired fleets, armies, the whole\\nnation. From being sullen, gloomy, discouraged,\\nfearful, they became, in a year or two, daring, high-\\nspirited, fearless, and enterprising, almost beyond the\\nbounds of human belief or human capacity. Under\\nhis strong, haughty, and energetic direction, the stout\\nPrussian king is brought safely through his terrific\\nwar Hanover is cleared of the French the coalition\\nbetween Russia, Austria, and France is shattered\\nthe victories of Olive and Lawrence eradicate the\\nvery foundations of the French empire in Hindostan,\\nand lay the corner stone of the vast dominion of\\nBritish India. In America, the brave New England\\nhosts take the stronghold of Louisbourg, and the gal-\\nlant Wolfe, scaling the heights of Abraham, as it were\\nbuys with his heart s blood the victory over Mont-\\ncalm and the surrender of the great French citadel of\\nQuebec. An irresistible flood of British conquest\\nsweeps round and round the world and the humbled", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 161\\nmonarcli of France, making peace in the year 1763,\\nyields up to Great Britain all Canada, and all Louis-\\niana east of the Mississippi, excepting only the dis-\\ntrict and city of E ew Orleans, which, with all the\\nrest of Louisiana, is given to the Spaniards, by a pri-\\nvate treaty made with Spain the year before.\\nThus this great garden land, this granary for the\\nnations, this home for that better time coming, tc\\nwhich we all look forward with such longings and\\nsuch love, passes from the grasp of hereditary mon-\\narchy, of the ancient French divine-right rulers, from\\nunder the heavy shadow of dead mediseval law and\\ndying feudal tenures, into the hands of England and\\nof Spain. ISTot, however, into their hands as in fee\\nnot in permanent proprietorship but in trust, for the\\nfuture use and behoof of a people whose career, as\\nwe hope, shall fulfill in the near future the dreams of\\nthe long past, and realize that golden time of the\\nworld s history which the prophets saw in shadow,\\nwhich the poets have told in broken words and vain\\naspirations after adequate expression, which all good\\nmen pray for and look for the period when the trust-\\nworthiness of the people shall be vindicated by their\\nrighteousness when the true equality of the nation\\nshall be found, not in levelling those above, but in the\\nrising of those below, by a celestial gravitation, to\\nthe level of the highest when humanity, free, edu-\\ncated, justified, the Bible in its hand and the love of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162 PIONEEES, PREACHEE8 AND PEOPLE.\\nGod in its heart, and led hj His Holy Spirit, shall\\nstand as upon a lofty mountain summit of attainment,\\nnot upon a ghastly peak of cold sterility and eternal\\nice, but where the smile of God makes summer sun-\\nshine, and God s love makes all the air benign;\\nwhere all humanity is bound up together in the bun-\\ndle of God, in bonds of brotherly love and kindness.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "Lecture IV.\\nTHE RED M:EIS5^;\\nWAK OF PONTIAC.\\n163", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "THE RED MEN, AND WAE OF PONTIAC.\\nAt the commencement of Europe s acquaintance\\nwith the Indians this side the Mississippi, so far as we\\ncan calculate, from 180,000 to 300,000 of the red\\nmen occupied that tract of country now included\\nwithin the limits of our republic, and lying between\\nthe Atlantic and the Father of Waters. These abo-\\nriginal tribes were divided into three families the\\nAlgonquins, the Iroquois, and the Mobilian races.\\nThe Mobilians occupied the region of country lying\\nsouth of the Ohio Eiver and east of the Mississippi,\\nincluding the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, western\\nGeorgia, western South Carolina, Florida, Alabama,\\nMississippi, and Louisiana. The L oquois, or Five\\niNTations, subsequently increased to six by the addi-\\ntion of the Tuscaroras, who migrated from western\\nCarolina, dwelt in the western part of New York.\\nThe remainder of the country was occupied by the\\ntribes of that great family known as the Algonquins.\\nWhilst there were certain tribal peculiarities, certain\\ndistinctive features, marking and separating these\\ntribes, they yet shared traits and features in common,\\nshowing them to belong, all of them, to one great\\n165", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nparent stock. Their manners and customs, their\\nviews and opinions, modes of action and forms of\\nspeech, afford ns perfectly reliable evidences of this.\\nThe Indian is the child of the wilderness, born\\namidst its rugged grandeurs, cradled amidst its\\nstorms, surrounded with its vastness, schooled by it\\nfrom his earliest infancy in the development of his per-\\nceptive faculties, almost to the exclusion of his rea-\\nsoning powers employed in those occupations which\\ndevelop athletic strength of body, the chase, war, pre-\\ndatory incursions upon his neighbors seeking his\\nfood from boundless hunting-grounds. K urtured in\\na school like this, the delicacy of his senses has\\npassed into a proverb and he acquired such fineness\\nof eye, such exquisiteness of ear, as is scarce paral-\\nleled or approximated in the records of history.\\nThe relation between the parent and the child\\namong the Indians constitutes, it seems to me, a pe-\\nculiar feature, and one marking them among the na-\\ntions of the earth, distinct from all others. What is\\ncalled parental authority, was hardly known among\\nthem. Tlie child was brought up in the wigwam of\\nits parents but they never expected, so it seems, to\\nimpose on it their authority, their will, their command.\\nThe child grew up his own master, basking and sport-\\ning around the door of the bark lodge, enjoying the\\ncare of the mother, the notice of the father, until,\\nattaining nearly our own age of majority, he was pre", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 167\\npared by vigil, fast, seclusion among rugged rocks in\\nthe depths of inaccessible forests tried by visions and\\ndreams, and communings with what he thought the\\nGreat Spirit ^for his future career of heroism and\\nconquest. American children, carried in their early\\nyears, as captives, to the homes of the Indians, nur-\\ntm*ed and trained by their adopted red fathers and\\nmothers, asseverate, and their evidence is conclusive,\\nthat they have never seen a hand raised by a parent\\nagainst a child and yet, so far as the conditions of\\ntheir iron nature would permit, such tractableness,\\nsuch docility, such loyalty, such glad and willing\\nobedience from children to parents, is rarely to be\\nfound even in the highest stages of civilized society.\\nThat opposite beliefs are current in the popular mind,\\nI well know and that there are examples of barba-\\nrous desertion, of inhuman cruelty from children to-\\nward their aged parents, when the latter have grown\\nto be an incumbrance, this I know but these are the\\nexceptions ^the other is the rule.\\nOne of the primal elements of the Indian character\\nis hero worship, and if Mr. Carlyle is intent upon con-\\nsolidating and organizing his Utopian society upon\\nthis basis, I know of no realm or clime to which he\\nmay resort with such hopes of success as to the Eocky\\nMountains of our own continent, where, among the\\nBlackfeet, the Sioux, the Apaches, and all those wan-\\ndering tribes, he will find this element in the full", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "168 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ngrandeur of its supremacy. The child is taught it\\nfrom his earliest infancy. When iirst he can inter-\\npret the words spoken around the watch-fire, in the\\nsombre lodge of his people when the grey-haired\\nfathers of the tribe, in the long evenings of the win-\\nter time, when the chase is no longer open to them,\\nand the war-path ceases to invite them, over the blaze\\nof their household fires, relate the deeds of the fore-\\nfathers of the tribe, and tell the traditions of the olden\\ntime then the children are wont to listen with eager\\ninterest to all these recitals, to cherish in their memo-\\nries and in their hearts the admiration of this older\\ntime, and to resolve to emulate their ancestors, and\\nto surpass, if possible, their deeds of prowess and\\nhardihood.\\nAnd these old chief and sachems, wise men, held\\nin universal reverence, to whom is paid a sort of ho-\\nmage, not only of the intellect, but of the heart\\nthese old men, by this kindly and genial influence\\nupon the juvenile character, while that character is\\nyet plastic in their hands, do much to determine its\\nstrength and scope. Hence the reverent loyalty to\\nwhich I have referred, from the younger members of\\nthe tribe to the older, first in the relation of child to\\nparent, and then, more generally, in that of junior to\\nsenior. And I fancy that in these times of ours, of ex-\\ncitement and turmoil, of self-conceit, arrogance and\\npresumption, when the young exaggerate their powers", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 169\\nand capabilities, when juvenility is set in, or usurps,\\nevery liigli place, when the young man takes grey\\nhairs for the tokens of a dotard, and a wrinkled face\\nfor the sign of a driveller feels that he is the great\\nobject on whom the gaze of the world, and in whom\\nthe hope of the future, is concentrated in these wild\\ntimes of ours, with their rash enterprises, their fury\\nand folly, filibustering, factions and seditions I\\nfancy that in this age of Young America, many good\\nlessons might be learned from the Indian ancestors\\nof the soil, the red aborigines who, whatever of the\\nnoblest manhood they lacked, had, at least, respect\\nfor the aged, and reverence for those wiser than\\nthemselves.\\nIn that wdld, unfettered, disjointed democracy,\\nwhere the will of the people but even that com-\\npletely subordinate to the will of the minority or the\\nindividual, for itself or himself was the prominent\\nsource of power, men were exalted for their wisdom.\\nThe aged were the repositories of tradition, the re-\\npertories of good counsel, the vehicles of instruction\\nthey could not only tell of times long past, of ances-\\ntors long departed, but they could tell the pathways\\nof the woods, the old feuds of the tribes, the manner\\nof leading the young men to combat and to triumj)h\\nand this attribute of abstract and practical wisdom\\nexalted men to chieftainship. Their sachems or\\nwise men were their leaders in all matters of coimsol\\n8", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "170\\nind debate, and the young men deferentially listened,\\nstanding around, their swarthy figures leaning against\\nthe door-posts of their cabins, or against some no-\\nble tree. While the father spoke, the sons listened\\nin silence, and the words of the aged fell upon their\\nears and their hearts like the dew from the brow of\\nthe evening.\\nThere was another kind of chieftainship, however\\nanother sort of authority besides this of wisdom in\\nmatters of counsel and debate. Those who were en-\\nterprising and dauntless, who burned to lead their\\nbrethren to war, could nominate themselves to a sort\\nof temporary chieftainship a war chieftainship.\\nThese, if they had any quarrel to settle, any wrong\\nto avenge, any hope of success in some foray, were\\naccustomed, after vigil, fast, incantation after dwell-\\ning apart until their features w^ere harsh, their bodies\\nshrunken, and they were reduced halfway to inani-\\ntion, coming back to the wigwams of the nation,\\nto send invitations through the tribe, to all the young\\nmen to meet them at a festival. Here abundant pro-\\nvision was spread before the guests, the chief dainty\\nbeing commonly dc s meat and all must be dis-\\npatched before they were allowed to depart. He who\\nhad summoned them, meanwhile, sat in silence, ab-\\nstaining from all gratification of appetite, albeit nearly\\nfamished. When the festival was ended, his body\\npainted black, he springs into a ring prepared for the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 171\\npurpose, ill the centre of whicli stands a blackened\\npost around this he marches, singing a sort of reci-\\ntative, a monotonous cadence, in which he recounts\\nthe deeds of his forefathers and his own heroic\\nachievements, every now and then brandishing his\\ntomahawk and furiously striking it into the post in\\nthe centre. Thus he inflames the passions and imagi-\\nnation of his audience, till warrior after warrior\\nsprings into the ring like himself, and in like manner\\nchants, recites, raves and strikes. Then rises a fierce\\ntumultuous clamor of voices from all, and when they\\nhave aroused themselves to the highest pitch of frenzy,\\nthe war-path is prepared. Decorated with fanciful\\npaints, and with all the ornaments they can com-\\nmand, and marching, in single file, one, two, or three\\nmiles from the village, if there be a convenient camp-\\ning ground near a brook, here they pause, and dis-\\ncharge their guns slowly, one at a time. Here tliey\\nencamp, and now the ornaments and trinkets are ga-\\nthered and sent back to the squaws at the village, to be\\nkept till their return. Then, in silence, in single file,\\nunder the lead of this self-nominated chieftain, they\\nproceed upon their errand of destruction and blood.\\nWhatever the result, when they return great rejoic-\\nings are had in the village, or in the wigwams of the\\nnation and if any have fallen, their manes are ap-\\npeased by the sacrifice of such victims as have been\\ncaptured, their torture being considered a lawful and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "172 PIONEERS J PREACHEES AND PEOPLE\\neven obligatory offering, that sliall satisfy the spirits\\nof the dead.\\nBut this portraiture of Indian character, intended\\nas a sort of introduction to the theme of the occasion,\\nis drawing me on too far. I must hasten to com-\\nplete the rough outline, though with the omission of\\nmany interesting j)oints. The leading and most re-\\nmarkable peculiarities of the Indians are, indomitable\\nresolution and endurance, haughty pride, daring and\\narrogance toward an enemy, a calm and unmoved\\nexterior, that hides impenetrably all secrets of\\nthought and feeling, as a mantle of ice and snow the\\nblazing fires of the volcano beneath and a natural\\nwild independence, nourished and confirmed by their\\nsolitary perilous lives which, although they may act\\nvoluntarily under the guidance of these self-appointed\\nchieftains, preserves them unconstrained by any law,\\nsubject to no authority, bound to none by fealty, and\\nsubordinating themselves only to the heroic virtues\\nand preeminent abilities of their few great states-\\nmen and w^arriors. Such salient peculiarities, exem-\\nplified, too, in such endless displays of savage hero-\\nism and skill and strength, cannot but open to the\\nstudent of human nature a chapter of absorbing in-\\nterest.\\nAll three of the great families, Mobilians, Iroquois,\\nand Algonquins, though the innumerable battles be-\\ntween and among themselves sprinkled the vrhoie", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 173\\ncontinent with blood, were iinited by one singular\\nand wide-extended bond of friendship, which well\\ndeserves a short consideration. This was that sort\\nof free-masonry, or association into fraternities, which\\nmay be called the Totemic, as depending upon the\\nsigns or emblems of these families, called their\\nTotems. Such emblems were the Hawk, the Eagle,\\nthe Tortoise, the Bear, the Wolf, the Snake. And as\\nthese associations were limited neither to one nation\\nnor set of nations, so we find, for instance, a family\\nof the Wind, among both Mobilians and Iroquois\\na family of the Tortoise, both among the Iroquois\\nand the Algonquins.\\nThe brotherhood of the totem bound its mem-\\nbers, whether in peace or war, to aid and comfort\\neach other in whatever need. The lonely wanderer,\\nweary and starving after a long and unsuccessful\\nchase, could never ask in vain for relief and ad-\\nmitance at the cabin of one of his brethren of the\\ntotem, however far removed his language, tribe, or\\nblood. This singular association a little alleviated\\nthe many horrors of the constant warfare of the\\nhunters of the woods. Another of its rules was,\\nthat members of one family or clan should not in-\\ntermarry with each other but that the young man\\nof the totem of the Tortoise must choose his wife\\nfrom the family of the Bear or the Hawk, or of\\nany totem but the Tortoise. This provision, in strict", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nconformity witli j)liysiological trutli, was well calcu-\\nlated to perpetuate the physical vigor and hardi-\\nhood, the integrity and individuality of the race.\\nHereditary distinctions, so far as they existed\\namong the Indians, descended not directly, in the\\nmale line, but collaterally, through the female.\\nThus, it was not the son of the chief V\\\\dio inherited\\nhis chieftainship after him, but the son of the sis-\\nter, or some female relative of the cliief. ISTor was\\neven this inheritance sure or necessary. No mantle\\nfell by any law of succession upon unworthy\\nshoulders. Tlie candidate for the autnority of his un-\\ncle received and retained his power, if he did receive\\nit, because he also was preeminently wise in council,\\npowerful in debate, sagacious in planning, and heroic\\nin strife. Wanting these merits, he fell unresistingly\\ninto a private station, and the poorest and obscurest\\nyouth of the tribe, if his abilities entitled him, as-\\nsumed the power of sachem. Insignia the ofiice had\\nnone.\\nHaving thus hastily sketched out some j)rominent\\ntraits of Indian character, I now come to the more\\nimmediate subject of this lecture the great conspi-\\nracy organized against the encroaching whites, by\\none of the greatest, if not the very first of Indian\\nstatesmen and warriors and to the life and character\\nof its leader the AVar of Pontiac, tlie Ottawa.\\nIn 1760, near the close of the old Frencn war.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 175\\nwhen the three victorious armies of England had met,\\nconverging at Montreal; when Canada had been\\nsubjugated, and the French empire was about to\\ncease over the new continent, Sir Jeffrey Amherst,\\ncommander-in-chief of the English forces in this\\ncountry, dispatched a E ew Hampshire ranger. Ma-\\njor Eobert Eogers, with a party of his men, to take\\npossession of the French forts west of the lakes. This\\nMajor Eogers was a companion in arms of old Israel\\nPutnam; an experienced and successful Indian\\nfighter, of desperate courage, yet of the coolest and\\nmost sly and cautious prudence. A tall, strong man,\\nof a somewhat evil countenance, he was little trou-\\nbled with conscience, was strongly suspected of\\ntreachery during the Eevolutionary war, and, indeed,\\nbecame a colonel in the British service and last\u00e2\u0080\u0094 an\\nodd feature in the character of a backwoodsman he\\npossessed no inconsiderable tincture of good litera-\\nture, having published a well-written journal of his\\nadventures as a ranger, and even\u00e2\u0080\u0094 it is believed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 all\\nor part of The Tragedy of Ponteach, a drama of\\nthe fortunes of the very chieftain of whom I am about\\nto speak.\\nThis hardy adventurer, at the head of tvro hundred\\nmen, in a fleet of whaleboats, proceeded as far as to\\nthe site of the present city of Cleveland, which he\\nreached in JSTovember, 1760. Here his advance was\\narrested by a party of Indians, who met hini, sayioo-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ntliat they were the envoys of one Pontiac, the mo-\\nnarch of all that realm, and who bade him halt there\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0until a conference should he had with him.\\nThus steps forth, for the first time within the light\\nof history, from the obscurity of his small tribe the\\nOttawas, fugitives among the great Algonquin na-\\ntion, the Ojibwas of Lake Superior, from the destroy-\\ning fury of the terrible Iroquois the great chief, Pon-\\ntiac, sometimes even called the Emperor of the Ottawa\\nIndians, so extensive was his sway, and so vast his\\npower.\\nBefore nightfall, the great chief made his appear-\\nance, and proudly demanded wherefore the English\\nwere in his country Pogers made answer, tliat the\\nEnglish, having conquered the French, were now\\ntaking possession of the forts of the vanquished, and\\nthat this was his errand to Detroit. Takins: until the\\nnext day to answer, the Indian chieftain concluded\\nwith prompt decisive wisdom that the English power\\nwas, in truth, becoming uppermost, and that he would\\nworship the rising sun. He returned and made a\\ncorresponding reply and on the journey, v/hich the\\nEnglish party completed successfully, averted at least\\none intended attack by the Detroit Indians.\\nWhile with Pogers, Pontiac was very inquisitive\\nto learn how the Eno^lish manufactured sucli 2:uns of\\nthe black rock called iron how cloth was woven, aud\\npo^^ der made how they drilled and disciplined their", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "OS THE MISSISSIPPI. 177\\ntroops and asked a tliousand otlier questions about\\nEuropean matters. This man was the head chief of\\nall the Ottawas, and high in the esteem of all the\\nneighboring tribes on the peninsula which projects\\nfrom the main base of the continent, and is surrounded\\nby lakes Michigan, Huron, St. Clair and Erie. The\\nOjibwas, TVjandots, Pottawatomies, and other neigh-\\nboring tribes entertained for him a sort of reverence,\\nsimilar in kind, and even greater in degree, than that\\nafterward commanded by Tecum seh, nimself as were\\nKing Philij) and Pontiac of Algonquin blood.\\nA year or two passed away, and British troops and\\nBritish influences had replaced those of France\\nthrough all the vast belt of inland possessions which\\nhad for nearly a century owned the power of the\\nFrench king. It is not necessary here to describe\\nthe difference, so often enlarged upon, between the\\nlight-hearted, social and plastic Frencli, and the\\nhaughty, gruff, and arrogant English, in their inter-\\ncourse with the punctilious and irritable sons of the\\nforest. Instead of the generous and easy hospitality,\\nthe careful, courteous, and indulgent observance, with\\nwhich the French officers and traders had so judi-\\nciously and successfully treated the Indians, they\\nwere suddenly everywhere used with rude overbear-\\ning insolence, neglected, driven off with curses, and\\neven with blov\\\\ s the last indignity to which an In^\\ndian could be subjected.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "178 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nAnd wliile this imliappj, invariable course on the\\npart of the English, together with the brutal swindling\\nof their traders, the rapid advance of tlieir settle-\\nments, the ruin of their hunting-grounds, and the\\nswift and steady circumscription of their territories\\nkindled all along the vast extent of the Indian fron-\\ntier the smoldering exasperation and bitter enmity\\nthat ever and anon flamed out into murders and de-\\nvastating inroads by individuals and war-parties of the\\nyoung men of one and another tribe the chiefs them-\\nselves, long accustomed to the special distinctions and\\nvaluable presents which formed so agreeable a part of\\nthe French system of colonial administration, were\\nstill more bitterly mortified and enraged at the neg-\\nlects and insults which they received from the coarse\\nand proud men with whom the British forces were\\nalmost always ofiicered.\\nPontiac felt all this, and felt it the more pro-\\nfoundly, by as much as the depth of his intellect and\\nthe strength of his passions and his pride surpassed\\nthose of his savage contemporaries. But his wrath,\\nand sorrow, and mortification, were yet a thousand-\\nfold more inflamed by disappointments of a charac-\\nter which very few of the tribesmen under his com-\\nmand could even comprehend, much less sympathize\\nwith.\\nThe dream and desire of his life was, the progresy\\nand improvement of his people, and their advance ir.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 179\\npower and in hapj^iness. And so just and far-reacli-\\ning were the views of this wild Ottawa sachem, that\\nhe comjDrehended the necessity of the mannfactures\\nof civilized races, and would fain have rendered the\\ntribes independent of both English and French, in\\nthis respect, by enabling them to su^Dply all their own\\nwants. He neither loved nor feared the English or\\nthe French and his alliance with each, and his pre-\\nference of either, was decided singly by the advan-\\ntage which he hoped thus to secure to his race. So\\nlong as the French held much territory and many\\nfortresses in America, he remained in alliance with\\nthem. When they were conquered, and the places\\nof their troops filled by the red-coated soldiery of\\nEngland, he as promptly made friends with the\\nEnglish.\\nBut the hopes of elevating and bettering his race,\\nwhich, though delusive, had been long maintained\\nby the fair professions and careful external obser-\\nvances of the Frenchmen, were quickly quenched\\nby the more honest rudeness, neglects and insults,\\nwhich the British officers inflicted upon the Indians\\nand Pontiac soon perceived that the Ottawa nation,\\nand all the Indian tribes, would perish, unless their\\nwhite invaders should be destroyed, or their progress\\narrested. This design he at once set about accom-\\nplishing; and forthwith he organized a conspiracy,\\nfar the most gigantic ever originated bv an Indian on", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "180 PIONEEES, PKEACHEE8 AND PEOPLE\\nthis continent, and which, for extent, secrecy, and\\nability of conception and execution, will vie with\\nany plot in history.\\nHis own personal qualifications, and the circum-\\nstances of the time, made the opportunity a perfect\\none. In the prime of a leader s life being about\\nfifty years old despotic ruler of the confederated\\ntribes of the Ottawas, Pottawatomies, and their third\\nally, the great tribe of the Ojibwas long possessed\\nof a paramount influence over all the Indians of Illi-\\nnois, and known and honored throughout all the wide\\nterritories of the Algonquin race no other chieftain\\ncould have aroused such hosts as he, or could have\\nsustained or controlled their wrath so long nor were\\nthe Indians at any other time ever so extensively and\\nfiercely hostile to their white aggressors. From the\\ndistant trading-stations in the cold regions beyond\\nLake Superior, to the far southern tribes back of the\\nsettlements in Carolina and Georgia, the savages were\\nall yet hot with their anger of the recent strife in\\nwhich they had fought for the French and this\\nwrath was still more vehemently enkindled by the\\ninsulting treatment of which I have spoken, by the\\nbrutal conduct and enormous impositions of the Eng-\\nlish fur-traders, and still more by the ominous rapid-\\nity with which the white frontier marched westward,\\ndestroying one hunting-ground after another, covering\\nthe lands, and annihilating or expelling the tribes.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 181\\nIn the latter portion of the year 1762, therefore,\\nthere went ont from the Ottawa village, which stood\\njnst below Lake St. Clair and above Fort Detroit,\\non the Canada side of the river, many messengers.\\nThey sped into the distant forests of the northern\\nAlgonqnins beyond the great lakes to the banded\\nnations of the L oqnois to the pacific Delawares in\\nPennsylvania; to the savage Tuscaroras, and the\\nwarlike Mobilians, west of Carolina and along the\\nGulf coast to the various tribes all along the Mis-\\nsissippi and to the nations of the Illinois country.\\nEverywhere they carried the great red war-belt and\\nthe words of the great Pontiac and everywhere, in re-\\nsponse to the wild call of the savage envoys, the\\nyoung men rose up and prepared for war. To all\\nwas appointed a certain time in the next May, when\\nevery tribe was to exterminate the garrison nearest\\nit, and the whole wild host were then to break in\\nupon the settlements. And all the savage confede-\\nrates, and Pontiac himself\u00e2\u0080\u0094 who was in this deluded\\nwith all the rest expected decisive succor from the\\narmies of the French king, which they believed to be\\non the march to recover their great Canadian posses-\\nsions. This expectation was kept up by the reports\\nof the Canadian French, and even by forged letters,\\ngiving advice of the march of French troops up the\\nSt. Lawrence.\\nTlie spring arrives and in all the long range of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "182 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nEnglish/orts, from Micliilimackinac and Sault Ste. Ma-\\nrie, to the northwestward, to Fort Niagara, and all\\nalong the line of lake forts, Detroit, Sandusky and\\nPresqu Isle, and south by Yenango and Fort Pitt to\\nthe frontier posts in the west of Virginia, all is safe\\nand secure. Here and there have been heard or seen\\nindistinct signs of irritation or disturbance among the\\nsavages and in one instance at Fort Miami the\\ncommander had even heard of the war-belt, held a\\ncouncil with the Indians about it, reproved them, and\\nsent the news, and their cunning disclaimers, to Ma-\\njor Gladwyn, at Detroit, and he to Sir Jeffrey Am-\\nherst, at New York. But none dreams of anything\\nworse than a temporary state of uneasiness among\\nthe tribes and the English forces in his majesty s\\ncolonies in North America remain dispersed and fee-\\nble, and all the royal posts careless and almost unre-\\nstrainedly open to the Indians.\\nPontiac himself determined to commence the war\\nby attacking Fort Detroit, the strongest of all the\\nEnglish posts in the Indian country, except Fort Pitt.\\nAfter the Indian fashion, he at first tried stratagem.\\nHaving unsuspectedly made a satisfactory reconnois-\\nsance of the interior of the post, he entered it some\\ndays afterward, on pretence of a council, with three\\nhundred chosen w^arriors, all armed for war, and witli\\ntheir guns cut short and hidden under their blankets.\\nBut Major Gladwyn, the English commander, a cool", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 183\\nand brave man, had been put on his guard only the\\nnight before bj his Indian favorite, a beautiful\\nOjibwa girl named Catharine. Making all the ne-\\ncessary preparations, therefore, he deliberately ad-\\nmitted this savage host. They saw with dismay the\\nmilitary array of the garrison, and only after\\nuneasy delay would they seat themselves and go\\nthrough the deceitful ceremonies under cover of which\\nthey had intended to murder the commandant and his\\nforce, and to throw open the gates to the Indian army\\nwithout. Pontiac made a speech, as usual on such\\noccasions, professing friendship and peaceful inten-\\ntions as if he had as heretofore come only for rum\\nor for presents. He even raised his hand with\\nthe peace-belt of wampum, the giving of which\\nwas to have signalled the onset of his braves,\\nbut paused in s]3eechless amazement when, at that\\nvery moment, in obedience to Gladwyn s command,\\nthe rattle and clash of weapons and the roll of the\\ndrum sounded from without the room. After a short\\nand somewhat stern reply from Gladwyn, the Indi-\\nans departed in disappointment and anger, but yet\\nquite sure that the English were either utterly ignorant\\nof their scheme, or arrant cowards if not, for letting\\nthem escape alive. And accordingly, Pontiac visited\\nGladwyn with a few companions next day, to endea-\\nvor to confirm him in a belief in their peaceful inten-\\ntions, and one da}^ afterward, tried to obtain admis", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "184 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nsion into the fort witli a large number of his warriors.\\nBeing now briefly and sternly refused, the savages,\\nbursting at once into all the fiendish rage of Lidian war-\\nfare, murdered two English families who lived at a\\nshort distance, and the next day closely invested the\\nfort a mixed and numerous swarm of four nations, Otta-\\nwas, Pottawatomies, Wyandots and Ojibwas, all under\\nthe command of the great Ottawa war-chief Pontiac.\\nAnd now all along the far-stretching frontier, the\\ndark forests swarm with war-parties. All the\\nEnglish posts west of the mountains were attacked.\\nTraders, travellers and emigrants, the forlorn hope of\\nthe advancing invasion of the wdiite settlements,\\nwere killed. Every secluded farm or lonely hamlet,\\nof all those that fringed the interval between\\nhunting-grounds and farms, w^as burned. Hundreds\\nand himdreds of families were exterminated, oi\\ndriven back within the area of the denser settle-\\nments scared and penniless, and too often with the\\nloss of some of the beloved circle.\\nSuch was the perfection of this gigantic project,\\nand the secrecy of its thousands of confidants for\\nmonths together, that the savage outbreak was\\nnowhere expected except for those few hours of\\nwarning at Detroit and even there it was many\\ndays before Gladwyn would believe it to be more\\nthan a temporary outbreak of anger, or that all the\\nposts were assaulted so nearly together that none", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 185\\ncould assist any other. One after anotlier, in rapid\\nsuccession, eight of them fell. On the 16th of May,\\nFort Sandusky was surprised by a body of Indians,\\nwho gained admittance as friends, and murdered all\\nbut the commander and two or three of the garrison.\\nOn the 25th, St. Joseph s, at the south end of Lake\\nMichigan, was seized in a similar manner, eleven\\nmen of the little garrison having been killec the\\nother four made prisoners, and the fort plundered all\\nwithin less than two minutes after the signal yell\\nwas given. Two days afterward. Fort Miami, on the\\nMaumee, was surrendered to the savages. Ensign\\nHolmes, the commander, having been enticed out\\nand shot dead, and the sergeant taken prisoner. On\\nthe 1st of June, a similar stratagem made the Indians\\nmasters of Fort Ouatanon on the Wabash, the garri-\\nson, however, being all preserved alive, and sent\\nprisoners to the Illinois country. On the 4:th, the\\nOjibwas, by means of a game of ball called lagga-\\ntiway^ surprised Fort Michilimackinac, massacred\\nnearly all of the garrison, made prisoners of the rest,\\nand seized the large quantities of liquor, stores and\\nmerchandise, public and private, accumulated in\\nthat important depot of the Indian trade. On the\\n15th, after a siege of twenty-four hours, eighteen of\\nthem of incessant furious attacks, with the aid of\\nintrenchments and mines, and of desperate hardihood\\nin defence. Fort Presqu Isle was surrendered, and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "186 PIONEERS, PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nthe garrison, despite a capitulation providing that\\nthey might retire to the nearest post, were sent\\nprisoners to the camp of Pontiac at Detroit. On the\\n18th, Fort Le Boeuf, a few miles south of Presqu\\nIsle, on a branch of the Alleghany, was attacked\\ntoward nightfall by a large body of Indians, and set\\non fire by fire-arrows but the commander and his\\nlittle squad of thirteen men, desperate with their\\nhorrible peril, cut a way ont through the rear of the\\nblockhouse while the Indians were waiting to see\\nthem driven out through the door by the flames, and\\nfled away to Fort Pitt; six of them, utterly exhausted,\\nbeing left behind in the woods. And lastly, Fort\\nYenango, still further south, at the junction of the\\nsame stream with the Alleghany, was about the same\\ntime surprised by a large force of Senecas, wdio,\\nadmitted as friends, murdered all the garrison except\\nthe commander, tortured him for several nights over\\na slow flre until he died, burnt down the works,\\nand departed. Fort Pitt, Fort Ligonier, some\\ndistance southwest of it, and Fort Augusta, on the\\nSusquehanna, w^ere also attacked, but the Indians\\nwere repulsed.\\nAnd now the English held not one fortified post\\nwest of Fort Pitt, save Detroit alone, where the\\nundismayed Gladwyn still maintained himself,\\nthough closely beleaguered by the great confederate\\nhost under Pontiac. The vigor and constancy of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 187\\nthis siege are without precedent or parallel in Indian\\nhistory. From the beginning of May until the end\\nof October did the power and influence of their\\nindomitable leader hold the- savao-e host in watcliful\\narray against the fort; wearying the scanty garrison\\nwith a fire of musketry that left them no rest day or\\nnight; contriving plan after plan to destroy the two\\nsmall vessels which remained under the protection\\nof the works, and served to guard the water-front to\\nrake the north and south sides of the walls, and\\nto make an occasional attack upon the enemy s\\ncamj).\\nNo other Indian chieftain at least none of pure\\nblood, for an exception must be made in favor of\\nGeneral Alexander McGillivray, the chief of the\\nCreeks ever showed such breadth and quickness of\\nmind in comprehending and practising the arts of\\ncivilized life, a characteristic not less indicative of the\\nlofty rank of his intellect, than was that vast mag-\\nnetic power which enabled him so long to concen-\\ntrate and wield the forces of those flitting and\\nunstable warriors of the woods. Unable to read or\\nwrite, he employed one secretary to write letters and\\nanother to interpret those received, and with diplo-\\nmatic shrewdness, kept each ignorant of the business\\nof the other. To satisfy until he could pay them,\\nthe French Canadians from whose live stock he was\\nforced to support his army, he issued securities, of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "188 PIONEEES, PKEACHEE8 AND PEOPLE\\ntlie nature of notes of hand, drawn on bircli bark\\nand signed with his totem, the otter, which were all\\npunctually redeemed. He organized a regular com-\\nmissariat department, gathering into one stock the\\nprovisions thus collected, and which he levied after a\\nfixed rate from the Canadians in the neighborhood,\\nand distributing them again to his forces rigidly\\nprotecting the farms from depredation, and even\\nmaking his followers avoid trampling on growing\\ncrops.\\nISTot less remarkable were the bravery and versa-\\ntile skill employed in the operations for attack. All\\nthe slender means of Indian warfare were exhausted\\nin assaulting the palisades of the fort. Eepeated\\nattempts w^ere made to burn the two vessels, by\\nfire-rafts sent down the river. A detachment ol\\nnearly a hundred men, sent to relieve the fort, was\\nsurprised by a party of Wyandots when within thirty\\nmiles of their destination, sixty of them taken or\\nslain, and the rest driven back to the eastward in but\\ntwo of their eighteen boats and the ample stock of\\nprovisions and ammunition intended for the besieged,\\nall fell into the hands of the Indians. The schooner\\nGladwyn, one of the two vessels attached to the fort,\\nwas fiercely attacked by the Indians while in the river\\nbelow, on her way np with a small reinforcement,\\nand was driven back to the lake, though a second\\nattempt carried her up to the fortress in safety, witli", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 189\\nher men and supplies. Captain Dalzell, a com-\\npanion in arms of General Pntnam, arrived at the\\nfort toward the end of July, with a second rein-\\nforcement of nearly three hundred men, and obtained\\nwith difficulty from the cautious Gladwyn, permis-\\nsion to lead a party to endeavor to surprise Pontiac s\\ncamp. But the wary chief, informed by some\\nCanadians of the intended attack, ambuscaded them\\non their way, and they were only able to return to\\nthe fort by the exercise of great skill and coolness in\\nmanoeuvring, and with the loss of fifty-nine killed\\nand wounded. One of the English schooners was\\nattacked again, while returning from Magara, and\\nin spite of cannon and small-arms, and a most heroic\\ndefence by her little crew of twelve men, would have\\nbeen taken, had not the Indians been scared at the\\nsudden order of the mate to blow up the schooner,\\nand all jumped overboard to escape.\\nBut the obstinate resolution of Major Gladwyn;\\nthe reinforcements from the ea^^; the weariness of\\nthis long siege, now severely felt by the Indian host\\nthe failure of their ammunition the receipt of a letter\\nwhich the French commander at Fort Chartres had\\nreluctantly dispatched at the demand of Sir Jeflrey\\nAmherst, and which informed Pontiac that the\\nFrench were at peace with the English, and that he\\ncould expect no aid from them and the approach of\\nwinter, when the Indians must of necessitv pc^itter", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "190\\nPIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nthemselves abroad in the forests to keep themselves\\nalive by hunting all these causes conspired to dis-\\nappoint this central portion of the great design of\\nPontiac. The Wyandots and Pottawatomies had\\nmade a peace during July, which, however, they\\nafterward broke but in October they sought,\\ntogether with the Ojibwas, to make a regular treaty.\\nGladwyn consented to a truce, and instantly taking\\nadvantage of the opportunity, soon had his garrison\\nprovisioned for the whole winter. And Pontiac,\\ncruelly enraged and disappointed, with no forces left\\nbut his own Ottawas, and now at last giving up his\\nhopes of French aid, left Detroit, and departing to\\nwhat is now the northwest part of Ohio, set about\\nstirring up the Indians of that region intending to\\nresume the siege of Detroit in the spring.\\nThe brief sequel of his war and end of his life are\\nsoon told. In the spring of 1764, the English govern-\\nment resolved upon a judicious scheme for the\\norganization of trade and intei course with the\\nIndians.\\nAs a necessary preliminary, however, they sent two\\narmies, one under Col. Bradstreet, along the lakes, and\\nanother under Col. Bouquet, through Pennsylvania\\ninto the heart of tlie Indian country, to bring the\\ntribes to submission. Of this latter commander and\\nthis expedition, it is fit that some account should hero\\nbe given.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 191\\nCol. Heniy Boiiqnet was a native of the Swiss can-\\nton of Berne, was a soldier from liis boyhood, and\\nhad served nnder Sardinia and Holland, before he\\nbecame lientenant-colonel of the Eojal Americans,\\na corps raised in America, chiefly of Germans, and\\nofficered by foreigners. It is now the 60th Rifles.\\nIn this command. Bouquet had already gained a\\nhigh reputation in Pennsylvania, as a noble and ac-\\ncomplished man and soldier. During the previous\\nyear, while in charge of a small force and a convoy\\nfor the relief of forts Bedford, Ligonier and Pitt, he\\nhad commanded at the desperate battle of Bushy\\nRun, one of the hardest fought fields ever contested\\nbetween whites and Indians. This was on August\\n5th, 1763, when Bouquet s little army, of only about\\nfive hundred men, many of them invalids from the\\nunhealthy service in the West Indies, was suddenly\\nattacked while on the march, about twenty-five\\nmiles from Fort Pitt, by a force of Indians about\\nas numerous as the English, but having the great\\nadvantages of complete knowledge of the forest and\\nits warfare. Bouquet, with ready skill, formed his\\nmen into a circle round his horses and baggage, and\\nfrom one o clock until eight sustained a furious and in-\\ncessant attack. The yelling savages, with a boldness\\nvery rare in their system of fighting, rushed against\\nthe slender line of English, with a close and heavy fire\\nand then, when the Highlanders, after one sharp vol-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "193 PIONEEESj\\nlej, cliarged with tlie bayonetj they leaped back out\\nof reach, and a moment afterward dashed at another\\nportion of the ring. At nightfall they drew off, having\\nlost very few, while 60 of the soldiers, besides offi-\\ncers, were killed or disabled. Bouquet made his men\\nencamp in their order of battle, upon their arms, mak-\\ning every preparation against a night attack and thus,\\nin momentary expectation of the foe, weary and thirsty\\nfor the hill on which they were afforded no water,\\nand none dared seek it and without fire, lest the light\\nshould guide the forest marksmen, the beleagured lit-\\ntle army awaited daylight, the wounded being depo-\\nsited within a sort of little breastwork of flour-bags. At\\nearly dawn next morning the Indians resumed the\\nbattle in the same manner, attacking furiously, firing,\\nand vanishing into the forest whenever the English\\ncharged forward from their narrow ring. Thus they\\nfought until about ten o clock, sufi ering actual agonies\\nof thirst, their little force gradually thinning under\\nthe fire of the Indian rifles and now the weary ranks\\nbegan to lose strength and courage. Perseverance\\nin their cunning tactics must infallibly have given\\nthe savages the victory but at the moment when\\nthis became evident, the cool and shrewd Eouquet\\nsnatched it from them by a well-planned stratagem.\\nHe caused two companies to withdraw from the line\\nof defence, as if retreating, toward the centre of the\\ncircle. The Indians, perceiving this, charged with", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "OF THE ]SnSSISSIPPI. 193\\nredoubled fuiy upon the weakened line, and were on\\nthe point of breaking through, when the two compa-\\nnies, who had taken advantage of some low and\\nwooded ground for their manoeuvre, and had passed\\nout of the circle and made a short circuit in the forest,\\nburst upon the flank of the Indians, and delivered a\\nheavy and deadly volley. The savages, though taken\\nentirely by surprise, faced about and intrepidly re-\\nturned the fire but fled, when these new opponents\\ncharged violently with fixed bayonets. Two other\\ncompanies, j)laced in ambush for the purpose, as the\\nrouted savages fled across their front, rose and gave\\nthem another destructive volley, and then all the four\\ncharging again together, the savage foe fled, routed\\nand entirely broken and discouraged, leaving about\\nsixty of their number dead on the ground an enor-\\nmous loss for them. Tlie command, setting out again\\nnext day, reached Fort Pitt in safety and Col. Bou-\\nquet received for his courage and conduct in this im-\\nportant battle, the thanks of the Pennsylvania Assem-\\nbly, and of the king.\\nCol. Bouquet was thus naturally selected to head\\nthe southern of the two expeditions of 1764 against\\nthe Indians, as he had proved his judgment and skill\\nupon the very ground now to be traversed again and\\naccordingly, a force of about eighteen hundred men,\\nregulars, Pennsylvania provincials, and Virginia rifle-\\nmen, having been mustered at Carlisle on tlie 5th of\\n9", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194: PIONEERS, TEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nAugust, Bouquet assumed tlie command, after the\\ntroops had been addressed by Governor Penn, and in\\na few days the army marched for Fort Loudon.\\nTheir commander, well aware of the danger of the\\nenter^^rise, used every precaution that experience and\\nforesight could suggest. He established the strictest\\ndiscipline, shooting a couj^le of deserters at Fort Lou-\\ndon before he could enforce it to his mind allowed\\nnot one woman to accomj^any the army except one\\nto each corps, and two nurses and arranged a care-\\nful and well -protected order of marching, in open or-\\nder, in a parallelogram, the baggage and cattle in\\nthe centre, and with many outlying parties and scouts\\nin the woods in advance. When he reached Fort\\nLoudon, three hundred of the Ponnsylvanians had\\ndeserted, and he remained here some weeks to re-\\ncruit. Bradstreet, commanding the northern expedi-\\ntion, had now reached Presqu Isle on Lake Erie,\\nwhere a pretended Lidian embassy met him and\\nfooled him into negotiations, intending on their part\\nmerely to prevent his advance, while all the time\\ntheir warriors were murderiug and burning on the\\nfrontier. But Bouquet disregarded the j)eace thus\\nmade, and Gage annulled it.\\nSetting forward again from Fort Loudon, Bouquet\\nreadied Fort Pitt in September, and there delayed\\nagain until October 3d, when, leaving the fore, lie\\npluuged into the untraversed forest, inarching to", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 195\\nward the Indian towns on the pleasant banks of the\\nMuskingum. In the same cai eful order, ready at\\nany moment to form in a defensive ring around the\\nbaggage if attacked, and filling the woods far in ad-\\nvance and on the flanks with the Virginia scouts, he\\nproceeded, unable to advance more than from five to\\ntwelve miles a day; until after ten days difficult pro-\\ngress, he fixed himself in the heart of the Indian\\ncountry, and within striking distance of all their vil-\\nlages except the Shawanee towns on the Scioto.\\nHere the fierce tribes, dismayed at the presence of\\nwhat was to them a mighty host, and conscious that\\nthey could offer no adequate resistance to Bouquet\\nand Bradstreet, met the former; and after some nego-\\ntiations, in the course of which their mortification and\\nsullen pride, mingled with an evident fear almost ab-\\nject, rendered their speeches, usually so figurative\\nand vivid, even dull, spiritless, and common-place,\\nthe Indians complied with Bouquet s demands, deli-\\nvered up more than two hundred prisoners, and faith-\\nfully promised to send in the rest in the sj)ring. Af-\\nter deposing a contumacious Delaware chief, and\\ncausing a successor to be appointed, exacting hostages\\nfor good behavior, and prescribing the immediate\\nsending of a deputation to Sir William Johnson to\\nagree upon terms of peace, Bouquet, who had hitherto\\ntreated the terrified savages with chilling and over-\\nawing sternness, relaxed his demeanor, and held au-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "196 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\notlier council, in wliich he treated tliem in a friendly\\nmanner.\\nMany accounts have been given of the extraordi-\\nnary scenes at the delivery of the Indian prisoners.\\nE umbers of the frontiersmen who had accompanied\\nthe expedition, had done so in the hope of regaining\\nwives, children, or relatives, in captivity in the wild-\\nerness. The whole annals of human history could\\nscarcely furnish a record of another scene so moving\\nand so wonderful as this for the exhibition of varied\\nand violent human passions. Day by day the lost white\\npeople came back in troops, many of them, power-\\nfully held by the strange love of the wilderness, com-\\ning with reluctance, and even bound as prisoners to\\nprevent them from fleeing back into the forest. Wo-\\nmen, even, would fain have remained in the cabins\\nof the dusky husbands of their ca^Dtivity, to train their\\nyoung half-breeds in forest nurture. In truth, the\\nstrangest feature of the scene was the comparative in-\\ndifference of the rescued captives, contrasting so\\nstrongly with the overwhelming agitation of the friends\\nwho sought them. Husbands sought wives, and pa-\\nrents children, trembling and weeping, doubtful of\\nthem when found, changed as they were by the\\ngrowth of years and the exposures of forest life.; and\\nthe strange magnetism of human passion, seizing\\nupon all around, even infected the rudest of the sol-\\ndiers, who sympathized in the sorrows or the joys of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 197\\ntlie occasion many of them not even able to refrain\\nfrom tears.\\nOne of the most affecting occurrences of the occa-\\nsion was the recognition by an aged mother of her\\ndaughter, who, carried away nine years before, was\\namong the captives. The eyes of the parent, sharp-\\nened by natural affection, discerned the features of\\nher lost child in those of a swarthv and sunburnt\\nyoung female but her long captivity had deprived\\nthe girl of almost every word of the English which\\nshe had acquired at the early age when she was\\nstolen, and she quite failed to recognize her old mo-\\nther, who lamented with rude, affecting sorrow, that\\nthe daughter whom she had so often sung to sleep,\\nhad so utterly forgotten her. Eouquet, a man of\\nkind feelings as well as ready intellect, seized the\\nhint which the sorrowing mother did not perceive,\\nand told her to try the experiment of singing the\\nsong with which she had put her child to sleep. She\\ndid so and the long-forgotten, simple strain unsealed\\nthe daughter s memory and awoke her affections at\\nonce and weeping and rejoicing, she fell upon her\\nmother s neck.\\nBut the wondrous magic of the wilderness, the in-\\nnate savagery that is somewhere hidden in almost ev-\\nery heart, were singularly proved by the actions of\\nsome of the captives this day redeemed. Of all the\\nwhite women who had taken Indian husbands, not one,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "198 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\neven tlioiigli her children came with her, returned\\nwillingly to civilized life and several of them after-\\nward actually escaped back to tlieir red lords, their\\nwigwams, and the forest.\\nThe business of the expedition thus prosperously\\naccomplished, Bouquet and his little army returned\\nupon their footsteps, and safely regained the settle-\\nments. The successful leader received a vote of\\ntlianks, most flatteringly worded, from the Pennsyl-\\nvania Assembly, and another from that of Yirginia\\nand also a more substantial token of the appreciation\\nof his services, in his appointment by the king to the\\nrank of brigadier-general, with the command of the\\nsouthern department in ISTorth America. Col. Bou-\\nquet did not, however, long survive to fulfill the\\nhopes inspired by his remarkable excellences and\\nsuccess for he was carried off by a fever at Pensa-\\ncola, only three years afterward.\\nColonel Bradstreet, permitting himself to be de-\\nluded by the Indians as I have stated, accomplished\\nbut a small part of his intended purposes but he\\neffectually relieved Detroit, which had now been be-\\nsieged more or less closely for fifteen months for\\nPontiac had recommenced the siege in the S23ring.\\nShut out from hopes of success elsewhere, Pontiac\\nnow passed into the Illinois country, whither the Eng-\\nlish forces had not yet penetrated, and with untiring\\nactivity began to organize a new league of those", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 199\\ntribes tliat inhabited Illinois and dwelt along the\\nbanks of the Mississippi River. His design was to\\nkeep closed to the English the rich country of the\\nIllinois, by guarding the two approaches to it, by the\\nMississippi and by the Ohio. But although two\\nattempts to ascend the Mississippi with detachments\\nof British troops were unsuccessful, this last plan of\\nthe great Indian leader was frustrated by the negotia-\\ntion of an English envoy, the fur-trader George Crog-\\nhan, who moved westward to prepare a path for the\\ntroops which Gage, Amherst s successor, proposed to\\nsend to take possession of the ancient French strong-\\nhold of Fort Chartres. Finding himself deserted by\\none discouraged tribe after another, and failing to ob-\\ntain any aid from the French, either in Illinois or at\\njN ew Orleans, he at last resolved to seek peace with\\nthe English and meeting Croghan at Fort Ouatanon\\non the Wabash, he concluded an alliance with him,\\nwhich he confirmed at a great council of the northern\\ntribes held a short time afterward at Detroit ending\\nhis speech as any other Indian would, by begging for\\nrum.\\nE ext spring the great chief proceeded eastward to\\nOswego, where he again confirmed his alliance with\\nthe English, and gave up the vast plans which\\nhe had conceived for the preservation of the Indian\\nrace. Carrying many valuable gifts, he returned\\nwestward to the Maumee. Here we lose sight of him", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "200 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nfor four years, which he doubtless spent in hunting\\nor in feud, like his warrior brethren.\\nIn April, 1769, he suddenly and for the last time\\nreappears, coming out of his woods into the Illinois\\ncountry, to the great uneasiness of the English\\ntraders in those parts. He crosses the great river\\nand visits his old friend St. Ange de Bellerive, now\\ncommanding at St. Louis for the Spaniards. After a\\ntime he hears of some meeting of Lidians across\\nthe river at Cahokia, assembled there for pleasure\\nand in spite of the persuasions of St. Ange, who\\nknew the enmity of the brutal British fur-traders, he\\npersists in going; expressing his contempt for the\\nEnglish. At Cahokia, he receives invitation after\\ninvitation from one friend and another, and accepts\\nall. Drinking himself drunk, he goes out of the\\nvillage into the woods, singing magic songs. An\\nEnglish fur-trader, seeing him, promptly gives a\\nmiserable Kaskaskia Indian a barrel of liquor to kill\\nhim, and promises him something more. Tlie wretch\\nfollowed Pontiac, crept up behind him, and clove his\\nhead with his hatchet.\\nThe few followers of the murdered chieftain who\\nwould have avenged his death, were driven out of\\nthe village. But the news of the death of the great\\nwar-chief spread quickly and far and his Ottawas\\nand their confederate tribes, gathering together,\\ncame down upon the treacherous and cowardly", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 201\\nniinois, exterminated all but tliirtj families of them,\\nand a few years afterward cut off all this wretched\\nremnant, utterly extinguishing the tribe by the\\nadoption of the few children who alone were saved\\nalive.\\nSt. Ange caused the body of the slain warrior to\\nbe brought across the Mississippi and buried. No\\nman knows the place of his grave but it is some-\\nwhere beneath the multitudinous tread of the busy\\ncrowds that throng the city of St. Louis. There he\\nsleeps; and far away to the northward still are\\nvanishing into further wildernesses, into the spirit\\nland, the decreasing bands of the Algonquins, who\\nyet retain the memory of their greatest chieftain.\\nOver them is rushing, as it already rushes over\\nhis forgotten bones, the vast irresistible ocean of the\\npower of the white race. And as most of them are\\nalready laid, so their scattered remainder soon shall\\nlie, trodden under foot, unknown, unremembered\\nexisting, even in history, only as a legend and a\\ntradition. Pontiac, sleeping beneath the lofty,\\ncrowded houses of St. Louis, lies there, the symbol\\nand the prophecy of his race, and of its doom.\\nBesides Pontiac himself, there are perhaps none\\nof the actors in this story whom we need follow\\nfurther, unless it be the beautiful Ojibwa girl,\\nCatharine, whose warning saved Detroit. She was,\\n8*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "202 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nit is said, severely whipped by Pontiac himself.\\nAnd there is a further tradition that she grew old,\\nhaggish, and drunken, as the Indian women do and\\nthat in a drunken fit, she fell into a great kettle\\nof boiling maple sap, and died miserably.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "Lecture V.\\nTHE\\nOF THE WILDERNESS,\\nAT THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CABIN HOMES OF THE WILDERISTESS\\nAT THE OPENING OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nIn the year 1768, there was assembled at Fort\\nStanwix, in central JSTew York, on the site of the pre-\\nsent city of Eome, a council of the confederated Six\\nl^ations, or Iroquois, under the supervision and influ-\\nence of Sir William Johnson, the British agent for\\nIndian affairs. It was much desired by sundry par-\\nties interested, that a title to an immense region of\\ncountry lying west of the mountains should, in some\\nway or other, be secured from the Indians and as\\nthese bold adventurers, the Iroquois, the wild rovers,\\nwho laid under contribution their red brethren from\\nthe seaboard coasts of Maine upon the east, to the\\nfast-rushing flood of the Father of Waters upon the\\nwest, exacting taxes paid equally by the Shawnees\\nand Illinois, and by the Delawares and the Hurons\\nas these wild rovers claimed large districts of country\\nbesides those which they themselves occupied, the\\nagents of the British government thought it well to\\nsecure this title from them. They claimed, in virtue\\nof their conquests, the whole region of country lying", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "206 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nupon the south of the Ohio, running from that river\\non the north through the whole extent of the country\\ntraversed hy the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers.\\nAt this council, assembled about the 1st of I^ovem-\\nber, 1768, Sir William Johnson, who had arranged\\nthe details and particulars beforehand, with an un-\\nscrupulous skill worthy of a modern politician, and by\\nmeans of a series of gifts and presents to these hardy\\nwarriors, made the purchase, securing, in the first\\nplace, that whole region lying between the mouth of\\nthe Cherokee or Tennessee River upon the westward,\\nand the Kanawha at the east, for the crown of Great\\nBritain and the lands from the Kanawha on the\\nwest to the Monongahela on the east, for such tra-\\nders as had been defrauded or injured during the war\\nof Pontiac. Let it be remembered that these Indians\\nhad, in truth, no more right and title to that land\\nthan you and yet, by the action of its agents and\\nofficers, the British government executed this agree-\\nment, and by virtue of it, henceforth claimed all that\\ndistrict of country lying west of the Monongahela\\nand south of the Ohio river.\\nUnder this treaty it was determined to make a\\ngrant of 200,000 acres to such officers and soldiers as\\nhad been engaged in the old French war, and to lo-\\ncate it just west of the Kanawha River, within the\\nlimits of the present State of Kentucky.\\nAnd now casting a rapid glance to another por-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 20T\\ntion of our present vast territory about the year\\n1770 we shall find coasting along the borders of Lake\\nSuperior upon the northward, ascertaining particu-\\nlars and gaining information regarding the copper\\nmines of that district, passing thence westward across\\nthe Mississippi River, and making a long and perilous\\njourney into the country of the Dacotah or Sioux\\nIndians, a bold and hardy captain from Connecticut,\\none Jonathan Carver. He called the attention of the\\nBritish government and of the eastern colonists to the\\nboundless mineral and agricultural wealth within the\\ndistrict he had traversed, and bore the first intel-\\nligence of a credible and authentic character in re-\\ngard to the Oregon or Columbia River, and the\\ncountry lying west of the Rocky Mountains.\\nWe shall find at the same time floating down the\\nBeautiful River of the French the Ohio a person\\nto whom we have had occasion before to allude, the\\nyoung athletic Virginian, George Washington hav-\\ning, in common with his brethren, that American\\npeculiarity, a powerful instinct for good land, a\\nstrong desire after real estate. Pursuing his meander-\\ning course, in flat-boat or canoe, down the peaceful\\ncurrent of this river, comes this oung Virginian, to\\nlocate his own right as an officer in the French war,\\nand ako the claims of his brother soldiers and officers.\\nHis eye having been early disciplined in his pursuits\\nas a surveyor, and long accustomed to wander as fo-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "208 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nrester and woodman, lie became familiar with all\\nforms and phases of nature, a lover of beautiful scen-\\nery, and at the same time skilled in estimating and\\nselecting good lands. He revels in the panorama of\\nmagnificence outspread before him. Here a stately\\ndeer is browsing upon the river bluff, and yonder an-\\nother of his brethren steps proudly down to slake his\\nthirst in the peaceful stream. Here herds of buffalo\\nai e quietly wandering and grazing at their will. The\\nwoods are crowded with flocks of wild turkeys and\\neverywhere around him, in the beautiful summer sea-\\nson of the year, everything on earth wears the bright-\\nest smile of benignity and beauty and heart and eye\\nof our Virginian gladden and are ravished with de-\\nlight. He forms the purpose of becoming a settler of\\nthe West, and but for the near outbreak of the Ame-\\nrican Bevolution, no doubt George Washington would\\nhave been a great pioneer of western civilization,\\nleaving his impress upon its grateful and virgin soil,\\nas durably and lastingly as he has now left it upon\\nour whole continent.\\nJust before this period, a long series of outrageous\\nand oppressive proceedings by the government offi-\\ncers of iN orth Carolina, supported and encouraged by\\nthe royal governor himself, the rigid, overbearing\\nand haughty Try on, had thoroughly alienated the\\naffections of that colony from the English govern-\\nment. The sheriffs, as collectors, had levied enor-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 209\\nmous illegal taxes, for their own private gain and\\nthe courts were courts of anything but justice. In\\ntheir well-founded indignation, all the inland inhabi-\\ntants formed themselves into bodies of so-called\\nEegulators, and while they administered a rude\\nbut honest justice among themselves, broke up and\\nprohibited the sitting of the oppressive regular\\ncourts. These hardy men violently and successfully\\nopposed the stamp act and Governor Tryon, irritated\\nby their continued resistance to the tyranny of him-\\nself and his creatures, issuing from the executive pa-\\nlace, headed a levy of the militia, and on the river\\nAlamance, gave battle to the forces of the Eegula-\\ntors, in the year 1771. The brave countrymen, like\\ntheir fellows at Bunker Hill, fought until their pow-\\nder was all expended, and then sullenly fled, having\\nlost nine of their own number, and killed just thrice\\nas many of their foes.\\nExpecting no justice while under the sway of the\\nBritish lion, and exasperated beyond all patience at\\nthe oppressions, the official injustice and social in-\\ndignities they had vainly opposed, these bold and de-\\ntermined men resolved to flee to the wilderness from\\nancient times the refuge of the oppressed and the\\npoor. Deserting their homesteads and the hearth-\\nstones by which their children had been nursed, and\\nwhere their fondest memories were garnered, with their\\nteams, their flocks, their wives and little ones, they", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "210 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\ntoil up the steep ascents of the Alleghany Mountains,\\nand pass westward till they find the broad alluvial\\nlands of the river Watauga. Here, entering into a\\nleasrue with the chief men of the Cherokee nation,\\nwhich held possession of this country, they make just\\nand legitimate purchase of a sufiicient extent of terri-\\ntory to answer their purpose of agricultural pursuits.\\nAnd here, under leadership of Col. James Robert-\\nson, one of the noblest pioneers our history speaks of,\\nthey establish the first Eepublic ever founded upon the\\nsoil of the American continent despising and eschew-\\ning the authority of England, from which tliey had\\nonly received wrong, outrage, betrayal, and their\\ncompatriots deaths. Surrounded by the grandeur of\\nthe great primitive forms of nature, the towering moun-\\ntain lifting its great peak to the clouds, the plains all\\nbeautiful with the white of the abounding strawberry\\nblossom, or the rich red of its fruit the rhododen-\\ndron, with its bright and genial hues, and the azalea,\\nmaking all the forests crimson with a touch of fire\\nhere these hardy men plant themselves, and begin to\\ncarry their explorations and surveys far to the west-\\nward. This is the germ and the birth-place of the\\npresent State of Tennessee.\\nStill further to the southwest, we find strange events\\ntranspiring upon the banks of the Mississippi River,\\nin the neighborhood of the present city of E atchez,\\nwhere stood the old French Fort Rosalie, named after", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 211\\nthe fair dame of the great French noblemai], Count\\nPontchartrain. During the old French war, in\\n1755-6, General Phineas Ljman, of Durham, in Con-\\nnecticut, had buckled on the harness of war, and had\\napproved himself a valiant and noble leader, doing\\nfaithful service in behalf of the colonies until the con-\\nclusion of the war. His valor and constancy, his\\nrare power of combination, masterful accuracy in de-\\ntails, and able generalship, had gained him a place so\\nhigh in the confidence of his countrymen, that the\\nreputation which he won so well in his office of ma-\\njor-general and commander-in-chief of the Connecti-\\ncut forces, and as commander of the expedition to\\nHavana, in 1TG2, was second to that of no man in\\nAmerica. Meu high in place in England had also\\nrepeatedly invited the able, eminent and accom-\\nplished provincial soldier to visit the mother country.\\nOrganizing an association under the name of the\\nMilitary Adventurers, of the soldiers and officers\\nof the war just ended, he accordingly proceeded to\\nEngland as its agent, to solicit for it a grant of the\\ndesert lands lying on the Yazoo and Mississippi\\nrivers. For these associates had heard marvellous\\nstories of the richness of the land in the Southwest,\\nand desired to settle upon so fair a domain; judging\\nthat they had a right to claim the grant in return for\\ntheir services to the British government. Gen. Lyman\\narrived in England but instead of meeting a kind", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "212 PIONEERS, PEEACHEE8 AND PEOPLE\\nreception and a cordial acknowledgment of his ser-\\nvices, was treated witli coldness and contempt, and\\nwith mean and cruel ingratitude. He w^as deluded\\nwith promise after promise, and delay after delay,\\neven for years; until the discovery of this long series of\\ncheatings came upon him with such crushing violence\\nthat he fell into absolute listless despondency. The\\nnoble soldier whose spirit had passed undismayed\\nthrough perils of sea and land, Indian ambuscade and\\npitched battle, unable to bear the thought of return-\\ning, deluded, to his deluded friends, sadly determined\\nto bear his fancied ignominy as best he might, in\\ndistant England, and to lay his dishonored bones\\nthere.\\nThus the unhappy General Lyman wasted eleven\\nyears of the prime of life, absent from that home\\nwhich he had left in the flush of present success, and\\nwith still more radiant hopes beaming from the fu-\\nture a home made sacred and beautiful, and happy,\\nby a lovely wife, by beloved, intelligent, refined and\\nhighly educated children. And when the faithful\\nand patient wife could endure the long heart-break\\nno more, she sent her eldest-born to England to bring\\nback his father.\\nThe unhappy father, his paternal affection awak-\\nened at the sight of his boy, consents to return and\\nthe more readily, as the British government has, with\\na liberality too late exercised, at last made the de-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 213\\neired grant, at the intended spot, within the limits of\\nthe present State of Mississippi, and in what was then\\ncalled western Florida. To General Lyman himself\\nwas given a special grant of lands broad enough\\nfor future wealtk; and a promise never fulfilled\\nof a pension of \u00c2\u00a3200 a year. Bat many of the\\ngrantees were now hoary old men, and all were\\naged beyond the period of life when men remove\\ninto wildernesses to undertake the rude, exhausting\\nlabors of founding new communities. But Gen. Ly-\\nman came home, with his grant. His oldest son, a\\nyouth of brilliant promise, had completed his studies,\\nreceived and held a commission in the armj^, and\\ngiven it up for the practice of law had felt to the\\nfall the effects of all these high hopes so long de-\\nferred, which prevented him from earnest devotion\\nto the law. Tlie long weary suspense and doubt\\nhanging over his own prospects, had destroyed health\\nof body and mind together, and when the wretched\\nfather met him, he had sunk from brokenheartedness\\ninto lanacy. But he carried the hapless youth away,\\nhoping that new atmospheres and new scenes might\\ngive him back his health and with a few friends\\nproceeded to West Florida, and located his grant.\\nScarcely had he done so, when his son died. In the\\nnext year, 1775, the desolate father followed him\\nto the grave. In 1776, Mrs. Lyman came to this\\nfatal country, with her only brother and all lier child", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "214 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nren except one son. She died in a few months and\\nnext summer her brother died.\\nThis expedition, which sailed from Middletown, May\\n1st, 1776, passed through a battle with misfortune so\\nlong, so varied, and so terrible, that it deserves some-\\nthing more than a mere reference. Let us briefly\\ntrace the affecting story. Reaching JS ew Orleans,\\nAugust 1st, 1776, they begin to ascend the Missis-\\nsippi in open boats. Day after day passes and they\\nare yet dragging their heavily-laden craft against the\\nfurious current, tlirough sickly airs, and under the ex-\\nhausting southern sun. The malaria of the swamps\\nbegins its fearful work, and one and another of the\\nhardy emigrants sicken and die while the fated sur-\\nvivors, with diminished strength, more slowly drag\\nthe heavy boats up stream. Boat after boat is left the\\ncrew too feeble to draw it fastened to the willows or\\nanchored in the current among them that of Captain\\nMatthew Phelps. Eeaching Katchez, tlie minister\\nof the party, Mr. Smith, who, in genuine Puritan\\nstyle, had accompanied them from Connecticut, falls\\na victim to the fever. The remainder of the party at\\nlast reaches the site of the intended settlement, where\\nGeneral Lyman had, before his death, made some\\nsmall improvements and here it is that Madam Ly-\\nman follows her hapless husband to another world.\\nCaptain Phelps, who was left below on the river\\nstill remained there, his family so reduced bv fevcj", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 215\\nand-ague that they could only, at intervals, wait on\\neach other at all. His daughter Abigail soon died,\\nand the mourning father buried her on the bank, dig-\\nging her grave with his own hands. This was in the\\nearly part of Sept., 1776. On the 16th, an infant\\nson, born at sea on the voyage out, died, and the fa-\\nther again dug a grave and buried his boy by the\\nside of his daughter. A companion in misery, named\\nFlowers, who had lost all his family, now overtook\\nPlielps, and joining forces, they put the ]3roperty of\\nboth in a larger boat, and worn down almost to skele-\\ntons, began again the ascent of tlie river. They were\\nstill toiling upward on the 12th of October, when, a\\nlittle above Katchez, Mrs. Phelps died, at the house\\nof a hospitable planter named Alston, who gave her\\na decent burial. Moving onward again, Capt. Phelps\\nreached the mouth of the Big Black, on which river\\nh^ s lands lay, on the S-lth of i^ov.; having been almost\\na hundred days in making the trip from New Orleans,\\nwhich now occupies a few hours. Weakened by dis-\\nease beyond the power of labor, Phelps here hired a\\nman and boy to help him up the river, and himself,\\nwith the boy, labored at the tow-line, leaving the man\\non board to steer. The boat glides into an eddy, or\\nsuck, and her stern catching under a willow, the\\nsteers\u00c2\u00abnan is thrown out, but being a sturdy swim-\\nmer, escapes to the shore. Phelps s two remaining\\nchildren, a boy of five and a girl of ten years oi age^", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "216 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nworn down by their long and clinging sickness, are\\nsitting listlessly upon the bed where they have suf-\\nfered so much. The father, from whose arms one\\nafter another of his beloved has been wrested so ter-\\nribly, in a transport of agony, seeing the boat cir-\\ncling in the whirlpool, hastily ties the line to a tree,\\nand not being able to swim, creeps out on the willow\\nthat holds down the boat, hoping to rescue the child-\\nren and carry them ashore. He reaches tlie boat,\\nand liis added weight bears down the treacherous\\nwillow, and the stern under it. But begging the sis-\\nter to sit still while he saves her brother, the fright-\\nened man calls his boy the little fellow is wading\\nthrough the water in the boat toward his father, when\\na high wave strikes the bow, it is carried instantly\\nunder, and the two children are swept almost out of\\nhis very arms into the devouring whirl of the river.\\nStanding helplessly upon the dangerous tree, the mis-\\nerable man sees them rise once, clasped in each\\nother s arms, and then they disappear forever beneath\\nthe boiling muddy water and bereft before of wife,\\ndaughter, infant, and now of all his little ones every\\ntie to earth thus rudely severed, and, though it is\\nscarcely worth the naming in addition, his little\\nproj)erty swept into the gulf, too the lonely, desolate\\nman sadly escapes to the shore and ascends slowly to\\nthe place of his proposed settlement. A brutal squat-\\nter has usurped his claim, and under the protection", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 217\\nof the custom of the land, defies him. Thus left ab-\\nsolutely alone and penniless, he turns his face again\\nto his distant native State and there, it is pleasant to\\nknow, after so many bitter sorrows, he passed the re-\\nmainder of his days in peace and comfort and saw\\nanother wife, and other little children, within a happy\\nhome. He often told the story of his sufferings to\\nfriend or neighbor, narrating one disaster after an-\\nother with the steady resignation of a Christian all\\nbut one terrible sight. He could not speak of the\\nmoment when the flood swallowed down his two\\nyoungest close before his eyes.\\nThe survivors of this sturdy band of Connecticut\\nfarmers, after struggling through so many obstacles,\\nbecame thrifty and successful planters in the country\\nround ]N atchez, with handsome dwellings, large\\nestates, and scores of slaves.\\nBut time passed on, and the American Revolution\\nbroke out. All these Connecticut people were ardent\\nloyalists. The contagion of independence had not\\nbeen carried so far as their distant dwellings. An\\nagent of the American Congress, Oliver Pollock, ]iad\\ndescended from Pittsburg to New Orleans, then in\\nthe possession of the Spaniards, and made arrange-\\nments with the Spanish authorities to supply the set-\\ntlements upon the Kentucky, the Cumberland, Ten-\\nnessee, and other whig American settlements, with\\nammunition to carry on the war. And a little after,\\n10", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "218 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nin 1779, there descends the river one John Willing,\\na citizen of Philadelphia, with an American commis-\\nsion as colonel. He is plansible of speech and of\\nwinning address he visits these loyal settlers in the\\nneighborhood of I^atchez and in other parts of Mis-\\nsissippi, gathers them together, makes them many ora-\\ntions, wins their confidence, and binds them by oath\\nto strict neutrality. They are unwilling wholly to\\nrenounce allegiance to the British crown, but promise\\nnot to interfere in the struggle then going on. Wil-\\nling then, ascending the river with a small force,\\nseizes, by stratagem, a British war vessel lying there,\\ncarries her to J^ew Orleans, sells her to the Spanish\\nauthorities, and with the proceeds spends his time,\\nwith his companions, in riotous living and debauch-\\nery, instead of apjDlying the money to the pur]30se for\\nwhich it was intended the purchase of arms. Hav-\\ning wasted the whole, he reascends the river, ravages\\nand pillages the estates in the neighborhood of Baton\\nRouge, then in the possession of the English, and\\ncommences the reascent of the Mississippi to do the\\nsame at the settlements of ISTatchez. Our Connecti-\\ncut settlers in that region, and their neighbors, valor-\\nous men, hearing of the conduct of the desperado,\\nand all faith in him and, unfortunately, in the Ame-\\nrican cause ^thus destroyed, collect themselves to-\\ngether, armed and equipped, to punisli him, or at\\nleast to prevent his piratical designs. He readies", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 219\\nthe neigliborhood of tlie spot where they are fortified,\\ncrosses to the other side of the river, and then, by\\nmeans of his artillery, treacherously opens fire on\\nthem under cover of a flag of truce. This they re-\\nturn with such hearty good will that some of his men\\nare killed and some taken prisoners. He and the re-\\nmainder of them return to New Orleans, and from\\nthere he escapes into the country on the banks of the\\nAlabama River. The conduct of this desperado\\nshook all confidence and faith, on the part of the set-\\ntlers, in the integrity and character of the American\\nstruggle for independence and very justly consider-\\ning themselves absolved from their oath of neutrality,\\nthey resolved to remain loyal to the crown of England.\\nAbout this period France gave evidence of its lean-\\ning to the American cause of independence where-\\nupon the English government, in anger, declared war\\nagainst France. Spain, also, which had been the\\nfirm ally of France, gave favorable consideration to\\nthe designs of the revolutionists and England, includ-\\ning her within the ban, declared war against Spain.\\nThe Spanish government decided to attack the British\\nin Louisiana and Don Galvez, governor of New\\nOrleans, ascended the river, took all the British posts\\nas far as IS^atchez, and then returned to capture Mo-\\nbile and Pensacola. The loyalists, including Col.\\nPhilip Austin, John Austin, Col. Hutchins, Mr. Ly-\\nman, Dr. Dwight, and various other of the Conuecti-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "220 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ncut emigrants before named, now large holders of\\nreal estate, were unwilling to submit to the autho-\\nrity of Spain. Arming themselves, thej attacked the\\nweak garrison left in Fort Panmure, formerly Fort\\nKosalie, at l^atchez, and succeeded, by stratagem and\\nother means, in dispossessing the Spanish. They\\nheard, furthermore, that a large British fleet was\\ncoming to chastise the Spanish upon the Gulf; but,\\nsorrowful to tell, just after their success in ejecting\\nthe Spanish from the fort, they learned that these ac-\\ncoimts of coming fleets were all deceptive and untrue.\\nAnd now Don Galvez, having taken Mobile and Pen-\\nsacola, invested with great honors and powers, is\\nabout to come and punish these disobedient British\\nsubjects of Spain. But they, well knowing the\\ntreacherous and cruel nature of the Spaniards, re-\\nsolve, rather than to await their coming and to abide\\ntheir revenge, to abandon their homes and undertake\\nthe long and adventurous journey to the settlements\\nin Georgia. Before them is a trackless wilderness, then\\nlyin^ between the Mississippi River on the west and\\nthe Ogeechee upon the east a tract of country inha-\\nbited only by wild beasts and wilder savages. With\\nthe bloodhounds of Spain upon their track, more\\nthan one hundred of these people set out, mounted\\nupon horses with their wives and little ones, some of\\nthe children in arms, with their servants and move-\\nables upon pack-horses, and proceed norteastwardly,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. ^21\\nin hopes to reacli the prairie region of Mississippi.\\nThis is the month of May, 1781. It is an unusually\\ndiy spring. They gain the prairie country, and no\\nwater is to be found. Far in the distance before\\nthem, as the mariner at sea beholds what he supposes\\nislands near the blue horizon, so rise upon the level\\nprairie clumps of trees, and here they hope for water.\\nToward that they press, only to be disappointed. Thir-\\nty-six hours have passed, yet no drop of cooling liquid\\nhas touched their lips or tongues. At length a camp\\nis formed. Tlie women and children are deposited\\nhere, and the men start out in parties to search for\\nthe precious liquid. Tlie whole day is passed they\\nreturn, faint, weary, and despairing, their tongues\\nhanging out of their mouths, and fall upon the ground\\nutterly dejected and brokenhearted. In this emer-\\ngency, when man s hardihood and courage has failed,\\nfemale instinct and energy step forward. Mrs.\\nDwight, wife of Dr. Dwight, sallies from the camp,\\nattended by several women and one or two men.\\nThey reach a tract of ground at the foot of a couj)le\\nof hills, where, in a spongy spot, she bids the men to\\ndig. The spades are stoutly handled they come to\\nmoist earth, to trickling drops, and after a little they\\nstay their hands for a pure and beautiful fountain\\nof water gushes up. Thank God is the universal\\nexclamation. The news is borne backward to the\\ncamp, and now all the party, men, women, and child-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "222 PIONEEKS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nren, and their patient, suffering beasts, rusli wildly to\\nthe fountain a fountain of life in a parched and\\nthirsty land. Dr. Dwiglit stations guards about the\\nspring, to prevent an intemperate use of the pure ele-\\nment; and all through the livelong night, men and\\nwomen, and jaded horses, allowed to slake their\\nthirst quietly and by slow degrees, drink and drink,\\nwith a thirst almost unquenchable. And now tliey\\nturn to the northwestward to avoid the Indians, the\\nChickasaws on the one side and tlie Choctaws on\\nthe other, who, it is feared, are in league with tlie\\nSpanish.\\nTheir compass is lost, and they have no guide\\nexcept the sun in heaven, which is often concealed\\nby clouds, for now the weather becomes rainy and\\ninclement. Ever and anon a prowling party of\\nIndians, under the shadow of the night, creep into\\ncamp and run off horses or plunder baggage. And\\nworse than all, a loathsome disease infects tiie\\nworn-out company. Having wandered northward,\\nnearly to the Tennessee River, they turn about and\\nmarch nearly straight south again to near the present\\ncity of Aberdeen, Mississippi, wliere tliey cross the\\nTombigbee on rafts of logs. Thence they struggle\\nthrough the wilderness to the Black Warrior River,\\nwhich they cross at Tuscaloosa Falls and thence,\\nafraid to follow any trail for fear of enemies, they\\ngo wandering up and down in their helpless misery,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 223\\nuntil they find themselves in the mountainous\\nregions of the upper part of Alabama. Then they\\ndirect their steps toward the Georgian settlements,\\nhoping to reach them by way of the Cherokee\\nnation. One day, to their terror for a human form\\ninspires them with nameless fears of Indian ambus-\\ncades and savage tortures they see three men\\nadvancing on the rude path which they are pursuing,\\nto meet them. The strangers advance, and are\\nfound to be an old trader among the Indians, and\\ntwo Chickasaws with him. The rugged frontiersman,\\nshocked at the wretched appearance of the forlorn\\nand famine-stricken troop, served out to them all\\nhis provisions, and his last gallon of tafia or trading-\\nrum. He added to his kind gifts, kind advice,\\nadmonishing them to avoid the Tennessee mountains,\\nand the Cherokees, who were mostly whiggish in\\nalliance and feeling, and rather to turn southward\\nand venture themselves among the Creeks, trusting\\nto their loyalist attitude, and to the influence and\\nwell-known humanity of their chief, the celebrated\\nColonel Alexander McGillivray.\\nThis advice they implicitly followed turned south-\\nward once more once more crossed the intervening\\nranges of mountains, for two hundred miles, often\\nwalking with feet bare, torn and bleeding obliged\\nto lead their laden horses along the perilous and\\npathless rocks. And now they reach the Coosa", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "224 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nKiver, in Antauga County, in central Alabama.\\nExliansted and feeble, the deep, strong and rapid\\ncurrent and the dangerous obstructing rocks of the\\nnoble river are obstacles which they have not\\nstrength remaining to overcome, and they lie down\\nupon the banks in listless desj)air, unable even to\\nbuild a raft. They might all have perished in their\\nstupid discouragement, had it not been for the\\ncourage and resolution of the same Mrs. Dwight\\nwho discovered the fountain that saved their lives\\nbefore. She declared that if there was even one\\nman bold enough to go with her, she Avould at least\\ntry to cross the river, and find a canoe or some better\\nford. Her husband and one other man, ins]3ired by\\nher brave spirit, swore she should not risk her life\\nalone, and all three swam their horses across the\\nstream carried down by the current, and at least\\nonce plunged completely under water, by leaping\\nfrom a ledge. On the other side they found, a mile\\nabove, a large canoe, stove on the rocks. They\\nrepaired it as well as tliey could, and leaving\\nMrs. Dwight with the horses, the two men took it\\ndown to their friends and by the end of the next\\nday they were all safely across.\\nResuming their march, after proceeding about\\ntwenty miles they approach a Creek town, known as\\nthe Hickory Ground, at the present town of We-\\ntumpka. Colonel McGillivray, the celebrated Creek", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 225\\nruler, has a residence there, but is absent. Afraid\\nto enter the village, the trembling loyalists send in\\nthree deputies to explain their condition and ask\\nrelief. The ambassadors ride into the Indian town,\\nalong the path, amongst squaws hoeing corn, and\\nbetween pleasant cabins, and lazy warriors, basking\\nin the sun. But at the sight of strangers the fierce\\nsavages quickly gather about them in a dissatisfied\\nand increasingly angry crowd, for they see that the\\nsaddles are not Spanish, like those of their allies, but\\nEnglish, like those of their unscrupulous and bitter\\nfoes, the Georgians. The wretched deputies in vain\\nset forth the truth, tliat they are royalists, friends of\\nKing George and of the Creek nation in vain\\nexplain whence and why they have come, and urge\\ntheir helpless state, the misery of their company, and\\ntheir frank and confiding application. The savages\\nconverse and argue together their tones grow fero-\\ncious, their eyes begin to gleam with fury, and they\\nhandle their weapons. The unhappy men see death\\nclose before them they and their hapless friends will\\nend their long desperate journey under the toma-\\nhawks and knives of these fierce Indians.\\nA negro rides up, and with some seeming authority\\ndemands the cause of the excitement. It is Paro,\\nbody-servant to Col. McGillivray, this moment re-\\nturned from a journey. The Indians answer that\\nthese are some Georgians whom they propose to\\n10*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "226 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nkill. But the deputies quickly tell liim tlieir sad and\\ntruthful stoiy, and he believes it, and tries to con-\\nvince the warriors. But though he adds violent\\nrej)roaches to persuasions and arguments, they simply\\nanswer that all the company must die. An ignorant\\nbut fair-minded warrior, now bethinking himself of\\nthe strange custom which he takes it for granted is\\nuniversal among all the whites of putting talk on\\npaper, all at once calls out for he would be just,\\nand appeals to the records If you tell the truth,\\nmake the paper talk The quick-witted negro\\ntakes a hint from their demand and asks them for a\\njournal of their trip. They kej^t none. Then have\\nthey any paper with writing on it They search in\\nterror. At last, one of them finds an old letter in his\\npocket. Paro tells him what to do, and how and\\naccordingly he reads as if from the letter, in a slow\\nand solemn manner it may be believed he would\\nnot lack earnestness a full and detailed account of\\ntheir journey, and of its causes, Paro interpreting\\nwith much sj)irit and many gestures. As the reader\\nproceeds, the wild faces of his audience soften and\\nlight up, and putting aside their weapons, they all\\ncome up to the deputies, at the end of the account,\\nshake hands all round, welcome them to the town,\\nand presently bringing in the whole company, furnish\\nthem good lodging and bounteous entertainment.\\nAfter abundant rest and refreshment, the arty", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 227\\nproceeded eastward, separating into two divisions.\\nOne reached Savannah, and the other was taken bj\\nthe whigs, though soon released. During the whole\\nof this terrible journey of one hundred and forty -nine\\ndays from Is^atchez, not one of the party lost his\\nlife.\\nThe fatigues and dangers of the way, however, had\\nundermined the health of some of the travellers and\\ntwo daughters of Gen. Lyman died after reaching\\nSavannah. Three of their brothers were also mem-\\nbers of the expedition; of whom, when the British\\nleft Georgia, one went to JSTova Scotia, one to New\\nYork, and one to ISTew Providence in the island of\\nISTassau. It is said that all these sons died of broken\\nhearts and as Dr. Dwight observes, in his account\\nof General Lyman s misfortunes, this may well be\\ntermed the Unhappy Family so long and uninter-\\nrupted was the series of crushing misfortunes which\\nbore them, one after another, down into obscure\\ngraves.\\nLi western Pennsylvania had settled, in the early\\npart of the century, a stout Englishman and his wife,\\nwhose lands had increased, and his children had mul-\\ntiplied around his board. To him Avas born, in 1735,\\nhis son Daniel Boone. The boy, a hunter by birth\\nand nature, early became a daring and skillful woods-\\nman, strong, fleet and active, and unrivalled in the\\nuse of the rifle. He was but eigliteen when his father", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "228\\nremoved to the upper country on the Yadkin, among\\nthe mountains in the west of IN orth Carolina rejoicing\\nin the wild and noble scenery, the primeval forest,\\nthe richness of the virgin soil and the abounding game.\\nHere Boone married, while yet young, and lived for\\nsome time, hunting and farming loving and beloved\\nby wife and children but yet essentially a wild and\\nsolitary man, spending his happiest hours alone in the\\nwoods, hunting sometimes, and often enjoying with a\\nstrange delight, for a man so rude and unlettered, the\\nnumberless beauties of the mountain and river land-\\nscapes.\\nIn the spring of 1769 he had already become un-\\neasy at the approach of other men for other settlers\\nAvere planting themselves along the strean:is, other\\nhunters w^ere wandering in the woods so he medi-\\ntates an expedition into the unknown forest world\\nbeyond the mountains. The handles of the plough\\nare dropped in the furrow, he hastens to his house,\\ngathers his rifle and accoutrements, and starts in com-\\npany with an old Indian trader and hunter named\\nFinlay, and four other men. They commence their\\njourney on the 1st of May, 1760. A long, toilsome\\nway they follow for six weeks. Crossing the Alle-\\nghany, the iron mountain, to the Cumberland Pass,\\nthey come out upon the headwaters of the Kanawha,\\nand now have reached the goodly land. And truly, is\\nit not an Eden During a sojourn of six and a half", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 229\\nmonths, feasting his eyes with the glories which he\\ncan enjoy there without end herds of buffalo which\\nno man can number, beautiful springs gushing from\\nevery hill-side, wide, wealthy savannas, broad tree-\\nfringed rivers, noble forests, and all the unimaginable,\\nsolitary splendors of a rich land, witJiout human inha-\\nbitant. At the expiration of this time, Boone and\\nWilliam Stewart are taken captive by the Indians.\\nThe remainder of the company are frightened, and\\nhurry homeward. Boone and his companion remain\\nin the hands of their captors, pretending quiet satis-\\nfaction, for a week then easily escape. I^ot a great\\nwhile thereafter, William Stewart is shot by the In-\\ndians and now Daniel Boone remains alone. The\\nspring of the year comes to this lonely hunter, wan-\\ndering here through all these wide and pleasant lands\\nof forest and prairie and canebrake, which the Indians\\ncall Tlie Dark and Bloody Ground. Now he is\\njoined by his brother. Squire Boone, a man who\\nshares many peculiarities with himself. For a year and\\na half longer do these intrepid men remain in Ken-\\ntucky, when Squire Boone returns to the settlements\\nfor a fresh supply of powder and lead, while Daniel\\nremains alone in the wilderness, surrounded by savage\\nfoes seeking his trail yet unfearing and defiant. They\\ngo in groups he without an associate, without even\\na dog to bear him company. This strange safety was\\nassured by a weed a thistle which grew in abund-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "230 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nance tlirougliout Kentucky, as if Providence had\\nspread a carpet of safety over the land for this solitary\\nWcinderer. On this humble herb the foot of the tra-\\nveller leaves a peculiar impress, which remains long\\nand distinctly and the Indians, the lords of the soil,\\nnumerous and bold, tread carelessly as they rove\\nacross their hereditary forests and prairies, and leave\\npatent to the trained unerring eye of the solitary\\nwhite man the record of their number and their jour-\\nney while he, avoiding the tell-tale herb, moves un-\\nknown and safe from one hunting-ground to another.\\nThus, to his eyes, the ground is covered as if with a\\nsheet of snow, bearing the impression of his enemies\\ntrails while, for their eyes, no snow is on the ground,\\nand his step has left no trace. Thus wanders this one\\nsolitary Anglo-Saxon, glad at heart in the revelation\\nof a new apocalypse of earthly beauty a man untaught\\nin books and erudition, but whose eyes often overflow\\nw4th happy, grateful tears as he looks abroad upon\\nthe loveliness of nature, tasting the sweetest and pro-\\nfoundest things of God reading, with clear, keen\\neye, the open secret which nature reveals to all\\nher children, and pursuing his way of peril to find it\\na way of delight and joy. Having fully explored the\\ncountry in company with his brother, he returns to\\nthe settlements. The tidings he brings are hailed\\nwith rapture by the people but two years are allowed\\nto pass before active measures are taken to assume", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 231\\nthe occupancy of the new soil. At length Boone de-\\nparts with his family, having first shaken hands with\\nall his neighbors twice round for, notwithstanding\\nhis silent ways, he is much beloved, because he never\\nomitted an o]3portunity to do a kindly office to his\\nbrother man, at whatever inconvenience to himself.\\nWith five more families he sets out, with wife and\\nchildren; is joined, in Powell s Yalley, by forty well-\\narmed men and advances prosperously, until just as\\nthe last mountain pass is before them. Even as they\\nare ascending the rugged way, the rear of the party\\nis attacked by the Indians, and at the first fire, Boone s\\noldest son, a promising youth of about twenty, falls\\nthe second victim. William Stewart was the first and\\nthey two are the precious first-fruits of that fearful\\nhecatomb offered so cheerfully by those dauntless\\nand uncompromising men, the heroic forefathers of\\nthe Mississippi Yalley.\\nAfter the Indians are vanquished and driven from\\ntheir coverts, a halt is called and though the parley\\nwhich ensues is attended only by the men, the women\\nand children are represented. The company deter-\\nmine to fall back upon Powell s Yalley. Here they\\ntake up a position, put themselves in a defensive atti-\\ntude, and month after month is passed av\\\\^ay in hunt-\\ning or dreaming. Boone si Is one day in the porch of\\nhis humble cabin, when down the valley comes, all\\nfoaming with his haste, an express messenger from", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "232 PIONEERS, PfiEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nLord Dunmore, the Governor of Yirginia, looking for\\nDaniel Boone. This is in 1774. He is wanted by\\nLord Dunmore to go westward four hundred miles,\\nto the falls on the Ohio River, at what is now Louis-\\nville, to bear tidings to a party of surveyors and land\\njobbers there, that the Indians are about to break in-\\nto hostility and then safely to convoy these men home\\nagain. One furtive glance at Mrs. Boone, who nods\\nassent, and his rifle is grasj^ed, and Daniel, with a\\nquiet and easy heart, starts alone upon his wild and\\nterrible journey. He reaches the Falls, surprises the\\nsurveyors and speculators, and brings them back in\\nsafety, performing the journey of 800 miles in six\\nweeks and receives not only the thanks of the men\\nthus rescued from the clutches of tlie savages, but\\nalso of the lordly Governor of Yirginia.\\nAnd now it is not needful for me to stop to detail\\nthe peculiar transactions of Logan s War, or that\\nother war of Lord Dunmore, whose scene was the\\nwestern border in 1774. The Indians, wronged and\\noutraged by the conduct of the squatter settlers, who\\nhad grasped their land without remunerating them,\\nhad again risen but after a brief cam2)aign, were\\novercome, and forced to yield their lands to the\\nwhites and Lord Dunmore hastened back to uphold\\nand maintain the tottering authority of the British\\nCrown within the territories of Yiro^inia.\\nAnd now, in 1774, there has penetrated the interior", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "OF THE mssissippi. 233\\nof Kentucky another lone hunter, James Harrod.\\nJames Logan also has come. Daniel Boone is en-\\ngaged as superintendent by one Col. Henderson,\\nwho purposes to be a great land-jobber in the west\\na man who taught himself to read and write after at-\\ntaining adult years, and who began life in the province\\nof Carolina. He was a man of strong sense, and of\\nmuch practical skill and enterprise. He ran for and\\nobtained the lofty office of constable, next became a\\nmagistrate, and afterward lived to reach the bench\\nof the Supreme Court of K orth Carolina. He was\\nnot a cross-grained ascetic, not a studious scholar, but\\na free, bold, dashing, spirited fellow, who had made\\nhis money easily, and spent it yet more easily gene-\\nrous and jovial to all, and exj)ending in good living\\nand speculation all that he earned. At this time he\\nwas bankrupt and casting his eye about the world\\nto see from what quarter he could gather new sup-\\nplies, he thought of western lands. He would found\\nan empire in the West. He makes a treaty with the\\nCherokees for some land which did not belong to\\nthem but that is a small matter his title is as good\\nas that of the British government to American lands.\\nHe buys the vast region of country lying between the\\nKanawha and Cherokee rivers. Here he proposes to\\nestablish the Republic of Transylvania and Boone is\\nsent out as a pioneer, to found the first settlement.\\nAnd now, in conjunction with the settlements of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "234 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nHarrod and Logan, Boonesborougli is established, and\\ninto this new home comes Mrs. Boone, with three\\nother women. These were the pioneer women of the\\nWest the women who, with their children, braved\\nthe perils of the way, the dangers of the forest, and\\nthe more fearful wiles of the bloodthirsty, insidious\\nfoes who lurk in every thicket, and ambuscade every\\nravine.\\nAs the war of the Eevolution broke out in the\\neastern colonies, the aristocratic ministry of England\\ncontrived a grand coujp Wetat^ to arm the Indian sa-\\nvages against the western settlements that, having\\ndestroyed these, they might sweep eastward over the\\nmountains. The colonists, thus attacked at once in\\nfront and rear, it was imagined must quickly suc-\\ncumb and in truth, had it not been for these infant\\nsettlements in the land of the canebrake these three\\nlittle forts of Boonesborough, Harrodsburg and Lo-\\ngansport manned altogether by not more than one\\nhundred fighting-men, which stood, a slender but im-\\npregnable breakwater, against the wild, tempestuous\\nrush of the forest tribes of the !N orthwest there is\\nreason for believing that the onset of those fierce war-\\nriors might have turned the wavering balance of the\\nwar, and given the victory, in the bitter struggle of\\nthe Bevolution, to the British.\\nBut there is another life, less known than Daniel\\nBoone s, but, if possible, still more hardily adventurous,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 235\\nand certainly more closely characteristic of the men\\nand times of which I am speaking. Let us follow it,\\nand see w^hat were the deeds and the dangers of one\\nwhom we may well call tlie ideal man the represen-\\ntative man of ante-Revolutionary Kentucky. I mean\\nthe life of General Simon Kenton, the refugee, hunter,\\nspy, horse-stealer, Indian-fighter, soldier and ofiicer\\nand withal the perfect hero, true friend and brave\\nprotector of the scattered, imperilled outposts of civili-\\nzation that scantily dotted the blood-stained forests\\nof Kentucky.\\nSimon Kenton was born in Fauquier County, Yir-\\nginia, in 1755. He was of the wild and insubordinate,\\nbut cool, adventurous and daring Scotch-Irish blood\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nhis mother Scotch and his father Irish. The parents\\nwere so poor that the boy s education, to his lasting\\ndisadvantage in life, was quite neglected. In those\\nwild days, and in the hardy, healthy life of the moun-\\ntains, marriages were early made. Kenton was only\\nabout sixteen when he was in love and lost his sweet-\\nheart, too, by the success of a preferred rival, his own\\nmost intimate friend, one Yeach, who was, for all\\nthat appears, as young as he. Desperate with disap-\\npointment, he recklessly, as the old song says, came\\nto the wedding without any bidding, and finding the\\nhappy couple among their friends, seated on a bed,\\nhe seems to have quite lost his wits, and crazily and\\nrudely thrust himself between them. Upon this,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "236 PIOJJEERS, PBEACHEES AND PEOPLE.\\nYeacli and his brothers pounced upon him, gave him\\na sound thrashing and turned him out of the house.\\nBut meeting Yeach alone in the woods, soon after-\\nward, Kenton intimating that he was still dissatisfied,\\nthey had a long and severe pitched battle, which\\nended in Kenton s thoroughly squaring accounts by\\nbeating his adversary to helplessness, and leaving\\nhim on the ground for dead. Frightened at his work,\\nfearing the revenge of friends and the rude penalties\\nof border law, his friend and his love both lost, a sud-\\nden mighty sense of loneliness and hate for civilized\\nlife came upon him, and he fled to the mountains and\\nthe woods. Journeying by night, and hiding by day,\\nhe pushes westward, and in April, 1771, reaches Cheat\\nEiver works for hire until he earns a good rifle\\ngoes on to Fort Pitt engages himself to hunt for the\\ngarrison and forms a strong friendship with that Simon\\nGirty who stands amidst the blood and flre of the\\nfearful Indian wars of those times, a figure infernal\\nwith murder and treason, a renegade among the\\nsavages, and yet as if to prove that the worst\\nmen are not all bad more than once proving him-\\nself an eminently faithful and unflinching protector\\nof the very few to whom he felt gratitude or aftection.\\nIn the autumn of 1771, with two hunters named\\nYeager and Strader, the first of whom had excited\\nhis fancy with wonderful stories of the cane-lands of\\nKentucky, he went down the Ohio to find them. Not", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "OF THE LHSSISSIPPI. 237\\nsucceeding, they returned to tlie woods of the great\\nKanawha, and hunted for a year and a half. In the\\nspring of 1T73 the Indians, then becoming excited\\nagainst the settlements, suddenly fired upon the\\nthree hunters while asleep in their camp, and killed\\nYeager Strader and Kenton fled into the woods naked,\\nas they lay in their shirts only, without arms or food,\\nand after wandering six days, torn, bleeding, and\\nfamished, so footsore that their last day s journey\\nwas but six miles, and so exhausted that on that\\nsame day they repeatedly lay down to die, they\\nmet som.e hunters, obtained food and clothes, and\\nreturned to a settlement. Kenton now went to work\\nagain, until he had obtained another rifle and\\nhunter s outfit; accompanied a party searching for\\nCapt. Bullitt, who had gone down the Ohio on a sur-\\nveying expedition guided it, when unsuccessful, back\\nto Yirginia; volunteered into Dunmore s army in\\n1774, doing good service as a sj)y and being dis-\\ncharged in the fall, hunted on the Big Sandy that\\nwinter and the next summer made a second trip\\nwith a hunter named Williams, in search of the\\ncane-lands of Kentucky, the glowing descriptions\\nof his dead friend Yeager still dwelling in his\\nmind. He discovered the long-wished-for cane by\\naccident, not far from Maysville, in Mason County\\ncleared some land and planted an acre of corn upon\\none of the richest and loveliest spots in Kentucky,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "238 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AXD PEOPLE\\nand that season ate the first corn raised by a white\\nman in the Dark and Bloody Ground.\\nKenton now passed two or three years in a series\\nof Jiunting and fighting adventures, ahnost mono-\\ntonous for daring, and the extremest and most in-\\ncessant peril from the savages, who haunted every\\ncovert of the beloved land into which the whites\\nwere crowding with increased rapidity. In the\\nspring of 1777, while he was residing at Ilarrods-\\nburg, ho was sent out with a small party, and\\ndriven back by the Indians. Sending his men into\\nthe station, he went off alone to warn the garrison of\\nBoonesborough delayed entering until dark, to avoid\\nthe ambushes which the Indians frequently laid to\\nshoot any persons coming or going and on his en-\\ntrance found the garrison bringing home the corpses\\nof two men who had ignorantly or carelessly violated\\nthis prudent rule, and would have entered in day-\\nlight on the path he had followed.\\nThe Indians were now becoming more and more\\nenraged at the occuj^ation of the beautiful land of\\nKentucky, and made incessant and furious incursions\\nito the settlements, closely besieging every station.\\nBoonesborough was thus assaulted three times.\\nGen. George Kogers Clark, then a major, was in\\nchief command of the settlements and with his con-\\ncurrence six spies were appointed as a scouting force\\nto watch the Indian frontier, two for each of the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 239\\nthree cliief stations, Boonesborougli, llaiTodsburg,\\nand Logansport. Of tliese Kenton was chosen from\\nB on esbo rough, by Boone himself. These fearless and\\nwily woodsmen for a whole year gave timely notice\\nof every attack, going out by twos, each party in\\nits week except once. Kenton and two more were\\nabout going out of Boonesborougli to hunt, when two\\nmen at work outside the fort were fired at by\\nIndians, and fled unhurt toward the fort. One\\nescaped, but a bold warrior tomahawked the other\\nwithin seventy yards of the fort, and was scalping\\nhim when Kenton shot him, and with his two com-\\npanions sallied out upon the others of the savage\\nparty. Boone himself also quickly came out with\\nten men to support the attack. Kenton, turning\\nround, saw an Indian aiming at Boone s men, and\\ntaking a quick aim, shot him. Boone now discovered\\nthat his company was cut off from the fort by a\\nlarge force of Indians who had thrown themselves\\nbetween. There was but one resource, a prompt\\nattack. Right about he cried, fire charge\\nand the little band sprang desperately at their red\\nfoes, whose first volley wounded seven of the four-\\nteen, and breaking Boone s leg, brought him down.\\nAn Indian leaped on him, hatchet in hand, but the\\nkeen-eyed Kenton, cool as ice but quick as light-\\nning, shot him through the heart, lifted the old\\nleader in his arms, and carried him into the fort.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "24:0 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nThe rest all got in too, and after the gate was shut,\\nBoone, a silent man, and much more chary of words\\nand praises than a conqueror of crowns, sent for\\nKenton to give him his meed of praise for having\\nsaved his own life and killed three Indians without\\ngetting hurt himself; though the urgency of the\\ncase had prevented him from taking the scalp of any\\nof them. This was the eulogy of the veteran Indian-\\nfighter\\nWell, Sam, you have behaved yourself like a\\nman, to-day indeed you are a fine fellow\\nKenton continued in this little force of spies until\\nJune of the next year, when he accompanied Gen.\\nClarke s remarkable expedition against Kaskaskia\\nand Yincennes and at his return, joined Boone, who\\nwas about marching against an Indian town on Point\\nCreek, with nineteen men. He was in advance of\\nthe party when he heard loud laughter in the woods,\\nand had barely time to tree, when a pony\\napproached, carrying two Indians, one facing the tail\\nand the other the head, and in high spirits. Instantly\\nfiring, Kenton s bullet killed one and dangerously\\nwound the other. Springing fortli to scalp them,\\nabout forty savages attacked him, and he commenced\\ndodging about among the trees, feeling exceedingly\\nhurried and very unsafe imtil Boone s force came up,\\ncharged furiously, and drove the enemy. But having\\nlearned that a large war-party had gone out against", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPL 241\\nKis own station, Boone now turned short round, and\\nhastened homeward. Kenton, and a fellow-woods-\\nman named Montgomery, however, remained, lay\\nwithin rifle shot of the Indian town two days, stole\\neach a good horse, and rode into Boonesborough the\\nday after the Indians, who had been besieging it, had\\ndisappeared.\\nA few weeks afterward they set off to steal more\\nhorses, taking one Clarke with them. They secured\\nseven near Chillicothe, and got away the Indians,\\nhowever, being close behind. Eeaching the Ohio,\\nthe three men tried in vain to drive their prizes across\\nthe river, roughened under a high wind. After\\ndelaying, with the most astounding recklessness, for\\na lmost a day, waiting for a calm, they decided once\\nto leave four of their beasts and ride home on the\\nother three. While trying to catch them again (hav-\\ning changed their minds), the Indians came up, shot\\nMontgomery and took Kenton prisoner even then\\nonly in consequence of the very extremest folly on his\\npart, in turning back to get a shot at them* Clarke\\nalone, who fled as fast as possible, escaped.\\nThe Indians, themselves most thorv-^nghgoing of-\\nfenders in the same line,- professed the most violent\\nindignation at Kenton s offence, and reproached him\\nfor a boss steal, beat him until they could not beat\\nhim longer, and then secured him for the night, flat\\non the ground, his legs stretched out and tied tight\\n11", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "242 PIONEERS, PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nto two saplings, liis arms lashed at length to a strong-\\npole tied across his breast, and a stout thong, so tight\\nas barely to permit him to breathe, strained back to\\na stake. He remained a captive eight months, ran\\nthe gauntlet eight times, was once nearly killed by a\\nblow from an axe, and was three times tied to a stake\\nto be burnt, being twice saved by the renegade Si-\\nmon Girty, his early friend who, in this, showed\\nhimself caj^able of the strongest attachment and the\\nmost energetic and disinterested efforts for another\\nand once by Logan, the Mingo chief, who induced a\\nCanadian trader to buy him. His owner finally took\\nhim to Detroit, where he remained, laboring for\\nsmall wages, until the summer of 1779.\\nBeing in the flower of his youth he was now\\ntwenty-four an exceedingly handsome man, tall,\\nstraight and graceful, dignified and manly in deport-\\nment and speech, already famous for his bravery and\\nskill in Indian warfare, with a soft and pleasant voice,\\nand alwajs a favorite with females, he was so fortu-\\nnate as to excite a deep interest in the bosom of a\\nMrs. Harvey, wife of an English trader. Conceiving\\nhopes of escape by her means, he intrusted her, after\\nlong doubt, and with great circumspection, with his\\nscheme. After a little hesitation she consented to\\naid him, and procured and concealed for him and the\\ntwo fellow-prisoners with whom he proposed to es-\\ncape, provisions and ammunition. During a grand", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 243\\ndrunken frolic of tlie Indians, she also stole for tliem\\nthree good rifles, and on the 3d June, 1779, they set\\nout, and reached Louisville after thirty-three days of\\ngreat hardship.\\nAfter resting a little while, he went alone through\\nthe forest to visit Gen. Clark, at Yincennes; then\\nreturned to Harrodsburg; and the next spring accom-\\npanied Clark on his expedition against the Indian\\ntowns, commanding a company and, being now the\\nbest woodsman and forest spy in the western country,\\nhe was the principal guide to the expedition. During\\ntwo years after the return of these troops, Kenton\\nwas occupied, as usual, in spying, hunting, or sur-\\nveying; and in the autumn of 1782, after eleven years\\nof exile and remorse for supposed murder, he learned\\nat the same time that his father was yet alive, and\\nthat Yeach was not dead, but living and well. Hith-\\nerto, since his flight, he had always been known as\\nSimon Butler but now he gladly resumed his own\\nname, and with the weight of shame, banishment and\\nguilt removed from his mind, felt like a new man.\\nIn this same autumn, Kenton again commanded a\\ncompany and acted as guide for the army on Clark s\\nsecond expedition against the Indian towns. After\\nhis return, he made a clearing on one of the many\\ntracts of valuable land of which he had become the\\nowner, and a year afterward, having raised a good\\ncrop of corn, returned home, visiting his friends, m Iio", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "244 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nhad supposed him dead, and Mr. and Mrs. Yeach,\\nwho received him without any remains of rancor for\\nhis ancient misdoings. He took his father with liim\\non his return, but the old man died and was buried\\non the way.\\nDuring the subsequent years, Kenton, now at the\\nhead of a thriving frontier settlement and a large land-\\nowner, led a company in two more expeditions into\\nthe Indian country, and in 1793, with a party, ambus-\\ncaded a troop of savages at their crossing-place on\\nthe Ohio, and, as they came up on their return, killed\\nsix and drove the rest away. This was the last in-\\ncursion they ever made into Kentucky. The whites\\nwere now too strong for them, and, discouraged and\\nbeaten, they confined themselves within the territories\\nnorth of the Ohio. All this time that is, from about\\n1Y84: until the end of the century Kenton was the\\nforemost man on the Kentucky frontier. His landed\\nproperty was large ^he even gave away at one time\\none thousand acres of land, upon which was founded\\nthe town of Washington and his noble and kindly\\ncharacter, as well as his preeminent skill and valor\\nas a woodsman and forest soldier, rendered him be-\\nloved and esteemed by all.\\nAfter the expedition of Wayne had given a final\\nblow to the power of the Indians, and the infant com-\\nmonwealth of Kentucky was beginning to stride for-\\nward toward wealth and power with tlie long, rapid", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 245\\nsteps of the young giant States of the West, a sad\\nseries of reverses, disgraceful to tlie State for which\\nhe had fought so bravely, overtook Kenton. True as\\nsteel, and confiding and unsuspicious to a degree al-\\nmost incredible and quite unknown except as the\\ncompanion quality of such crystal honesty and child-\\nlike sincerity as his, and a rude and imlettered man\\nwithal, what should the heroic wanderer of the woods\\nknow of the details of legal formularies How could\\nhe, spending thirty years in incessant, exhausting\\nperils and combats, exposed to a thousand deaths and\\nto tortures unutterable, worse than death, in the long\\ndefence of tbe infant settlements of Kentucky how\\ncould he dream that any one would rob him of the\\nland he had bought with his blood that the com-\\nmonwealth he had done so much to establish would\\nsuffer him to be beggared within her own limits by\\nspeculating knaves, engineering him out of his right-\\nful property by the shrewd villainies of laws mis-\\napplied, and principles of justice perverted into in-\\nstruments of oppression But those who rushed so\\nrapidly into Kentucky, after her borders were freed\\nfrom the Indians, gave small heed to the men who\\nhad secured them peace. Kenton, like Boone and\\nso many more of the pioneers of the forest, had igno-\\nrantly omitted one and another form, or entry, or\\nitem of description, in the proceedings taken to\\nsecure the lands selected in so much peril, and de-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "24:6\\nserved by sucli inexpressible hardships and toils. One\\nknave after another brought suit, founded on subse-\\nquent and more formal proceedings, for clearing\\nwoodland or prairie. Kenton s estate was wrenched\\npiece-meal from him liis body was taken for debt,\\non covenants in the deeds to those very lands which\\nlie had substantially given away and he was im-\\nprisoned for a year on the very spot where he had\\nplanted the first corn raised by a white man in the\\nnorth of Kentucky, and had afterward built his fron-\\ntier station.\\nKeduced almost to beggary, he moved out of his\\nungrateful adopted State in 1802, and settled at Ilr-\\nbana, now no longer young, and with the cheerless\\nprospect of an old age of penury among strangers.\\nIn 1805, he was cliosen brigadier-general in the Ohio\\nmilitia. Five years afterward, being at a camp-\\nmeeting, under the influence of the rude but effective\\npreaching of a strong, simple-hearted man of God,\\nhe became convicted of sin, and would fain rancre\\nhimself within the church of God. With a natural\\nreluctance to expose his spiritual moods and exercises\\nto the observation of others, he requested a minister\\npresent to accompany him into the woods and pray\\nwith him, saying at the same time, But don t make\\na noise about it! The plain and sincere clergyman\\nknelt down with the old frontiersman and wrestled\\nwith God in prayer for him restraining his fervor", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 24:7\\nhowever, as required. And now the powerful ap-\\npeals and sympathies of the wise, though homely,\\npreacher, and the influences of Him that answereth\\nprayer, worked mightily within the honest, simple\\nsoul of the old man and in a great whirlwind of\\nfears and terrors, and mingled joy and pain, in the\\nnew feelings and perceptions that break in upon his\\nsoul, he rises almost distracted and hastens back\\ntoward the crowded meeting, crying aloud in his\\ntrouble, and borne far beyond any regard to human\\ncriticism or human presence while the quaint old\\npreacher, with that wonderful mingling of profound\\nadmonition ^nd comicality, so strangely characteristic\\nof his class, and so eminently effective upon their\\npeculiar people, halloed after him, retorting his late\\nrequest, Look here don t make a noise about it!\\nBut Kenton found peace in believing, and became a\\nsincere member of the Methodist church.\\nIn 1813, when Shelby and the Kentucky volun-\\nteers so bravely marched to the aid of Harrison,\\nagainst the banded tribes of the ITorthwest, Kenton\\naccompanied the army, and was present as a privi-\\nleged member of Gov. Shelby s family, at the battle\\nof the Thames, his last fight. Eeturning home, he\\nlived on in obscure poverty, in his hut in the woods,\\nuntil 1820, when he removed to near the head of\\nMad Kiver, in Logan County; within sight of\\nWapatomika, where, forty-two years before, the In-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "248 PIONEERS, PEEACHER3 AND PEOPLE\\ndians had tied liim to the stake to burn liim to\\ndeath.\\nIn this distant spot he was still plagued with law-\\nsuits and executions in Kentucky and in 1824,\\nbeing seventy years old, in rags, and on a wretched\\nhorse, he journeyed to Frankfort, to petition the\\nState of Kentucky to release from forfeiture for taxes\\nsome poor tracts of mountain land still left to him.\\nRambling up and down the city, which had grown\\nup where he had wandered in primeval woods, a\\nspectacle to boys and a stranger to men, he was\\nrecognized by an old friend or acquaintance, well\\nclothed and hospitably entertained. And soon, when\\nthe news went out that General Simon Kenton was\\nin the town, the fame that such noble and ancient\\nmen get in their old age, as if they were dead,\\ngathered many to see the renowned hunter and\\nwarrior of two generations back. They carried the\\nold man to the capitol, placed him in the sj)eaker s\\nchair, and introduced him to a great multitude of\\nmen, after our wonderful American fashion which\\nthus gratifies the curiosity of a multitude under the\\nshallow pretence of doing homage to one. And the\\nsimple-hearted old man, believing in every word and\\nevery smile and indeed, doubtless no small share of\\nthat inexpensive admiration was sincere enough as\\nfar as it went was wondrously lifted up, and was\\nafterward wont to say, that that was the proudest", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 249\\nday of his life. His petition was granted, however,\\nat once. Judge Burnet and Governor Yance, of\\nOhio, then in Congress, a little afterward also ob-\\ntained for him a pension of twenty dollars a month,\\nwhich preserved him for the rest of his life from\\nextreme want. Living twelve years longer, loved\\nand respected by all who knew him, quiet and ob-\\nscure, Simon Kenton died in April, 1836 in fullness\\nof years, for he was eighty-one.\\nI have ventured upon all this detail, and have\\nfollowed the life of this famous old pioneer so far be-\\nyond the period described by the title of this lecture,\\nbecause that life is such a full and vivid picture\\nsuch a complete epitome and type of a life which\\nwas led by so many of those who dwelt in the cabin\\nhomes of the wilderness in that wild and perilous\\nperiod. Nor do my contracted limits suffice for\\nmore than a swift and shadowy outline of the story.\\nThe multiplied details of Kenton s life of hardships,\\nenterprise, battle, peril and escape, would fill vol-\\numes. And the full history of all the startling\\ndangers, the bold and wild exploits, the desperate\\nescapes, the fearful miseries of those times, would\\nmake a library of strangest adventure.\\n11*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "Lecture VI.\\nTHE\\nC^Bi:iSr HOMES\\nOF THE ^YILDERNESS\\nDUEING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.\\n351", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "CABIN HOMES OF THE WILDERNESS,\\nDURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.\\nThe wilderness hath a schooling all its own, and\\nits tuition is not one destitute of profit or compensa-\\ntion. I would not undervalue the worth of litera-\\nture, the acquisition of science, or the training im-\\nparted in colleges. Perhaps few men have paid a\\nhigher price for these. And yet there is a majesty, a\\nsplendor, in a lonely forest, a boundless prairie, in\\nthe great primeval forms of nature while they are\\nyet untainted and undesecrated by the play of human\\npassions and human appetites, fresh as a virgin\\nworld from the hand of the Creator, which imparts\\nto the human soul a grandeur and nobility of charac-\\nter rarely acquired in the pursuits of trade or com-\\nmerce, or in the common, fixed and plodding occupa-\\ntions of every-day life. A peculiar muscularity is\\ngiven to the form, a vigor to the step, a freshness to\\nthe thought the will is untrammelled, scarcely even\\nlimited by the thought of any impossibility self-\\nreliance is developed to the very highest point an\\nindependence of action and of being that leans only\\non the Everlasting arms that are around and under-\\n253", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "254: PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\niieath us all. Here, in the spring or early summer,\\nwhen the grove perfumes the atmosphere, and loads\\nit as with fragrance from on high when the prairie\\nstretches its illimitable ocean-like surface before the\\neje when the tall and rustling grass is interspersed\\nand interwoven with flowers of a thousand hues and\\na thousand aromas here, where the buffalo roams at\\nhis own wild will, and the deer stalks proudly on,\\nclad in his red summer garment where the stately\\nelk, with his spreading antlers, seems the monarch of\\nthe forest, and where the low growl of the bear is\\nheard ever and anon, and at nightfall comes upon the\\nbreeze the howl of a pack of wolves from the far dis-\\ntance here, where man is surrounded by nature in\\nher simplest, and sternest, and most inviting forms,\\ndoes he cultivate to the very utmost all the vast self-\\nsupporting powers of humanity; his gun, his own\\nsagacity, an unerring and unblenching eye, an un-\\nquivering muscle, his only suj^ports this side of\\nProvidence. If he is wanting to himself in the wil-\\nderness, he is lost indeed.\\nSuch a wilderness as this was the boundless West\\nat the commencement of our Revolution. Here was\\nthe great normal school for western character, and\\nadmirably were the pupils that came to receive the\\ninstruction of this university qualified to enter it.\\nMen for the most part destitute of the culture of the\\nschools, unblessed with the tuition of art, or science.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 255\\nor literature, accustomed to battle with the storm in\\nthe wild mountains and wilder woods of the western\\nskirts of the colonies, trained in the fierce sports of\\nthe border, now rush like a tide down the western\\nslopes of the Alleghany Mountains, to take possession\\nof these illimitable and magnificent regions to trans-\\nfer them from the sway of barbarism and solitude,\\nand transform them into busy and peopled haunts of\\nliving and working men. These new^-comers were\\nmen strong of frame, compact and muscular, Hercu-\\nlean of stature, of dauntless courage, of determina-\\ntion incapable of discouragement or fear, carrying\\ntheir lives in their hands, ready, if necessary, to crim-\\nson the soil of that new world with their heart s\\nblood. Tliere is hardly a more striking commentary\\nupon, or interpretation of, the pristine radical ele-\\nments of Anglo-Saxon character in the whole range\\nof the records of our race, than is to be found in the\\nhistory of its occupancy of Kentucky and the Nortli-\\nwestern Territory.\\nThese men thus came to take possession just at the\\nperiod when tlie Revolutionary struggle was begin-\\nning when the whole firmament of the political sky\\nof America was overcast and darkened by lowering\\nand thunderous clouds when the might of the mo-\\nther country was lifting itself in all its majesty to\\nchastise the rebellious colonies when w^hite men in\\nred coats, with epaulettes upon their shoulders and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "256 PIONEERS, PKEACHEBS AND PEOPLE\\ncommissions from the third George in their j)oekets\\nmen who claimed and acknowledged the ties of\\nhuman kindred with the colonists upon this side the\\nwater were absolutely suborning the red savages of\\nthe West to deeds of unparalleled cruelty and blood-\\nthirstiness when these servants of the third George\\nactually set a price upon the scalps of their bre-\\nthren, and not only this, but upon the scalps of\\nwomen and children of Anglo-Saxon blood. Col.\\nHamilton, commandant at Detroit, acting, as he af-\\nfirmed, under the authoritj^, the advice and consent,\\nof the government of England, absolutely offered a\\nprice for the scalps of women and children, torn from\\ntheir bleeding skulls by the ruthless savages of the\\nborder. Thenceforth and forever, as long as that\\nman s name finds a place in history, let him be called\\nby the homely but terrible name given him by the\\nheroic General Clark, who took him prisoner at Yin-\\ncennes, Hamilton the hair-buyer.\\nAnd now, when to the dangers of the wild, dark\\nwoods, the perils of those lurking savages, to whom\\nthe perpetration of the most treacherous murders,\\nand of the most horrible cruelties, is as the breath of\\ntheir nostrils, are added the intensifications and re-\\ninforcements of that gloomy time; when the wild\\ninvading fury of the red men, already savage and\\ndevastating enough, was stimulated by these inhuman\\npromises of gain, and by the prospect of immediate", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 257\\nand powerful foreign aid when tlie forces of Eng-\\nland were mustering all along the borders of the\\nlakes when the British commanders and agents were\\nsubsidizing, and enrolling and equipping, the half-\\nsavage Canadians of Montreal and Detroit, and the\\nsavages of so many boundless forests from Niagara\\nto distant Chicago, from the headwaters of the Sus-\\nquehanna and the great Council House of Onondaga\\nto the distant shores of Huron and Superior when\\nthis furious and redoubled tide of desolation and\\nslaughter was gathering, to be poured out upon these\\ninfant and seemingly helpless settlements of the West,\\nwere not these pioneers, who, daring to take tlieir\\nlives in their hands jeR, and the lives of their wives\\nand young children and trusting in nothing besides\\ntheir God, except their woodcraft and their rifles,\\nplunged far beyond the mountain boundaries of\\ncivilization into that blood-stained borderland and\\nwho maintained and protected the infant settlements\\nso long, so well, against such overwhelming and des-\\nperate odds were not these of heroic mold, of even\\ngigantic resolution and valor, and most justly entitled\\nto our admiration and our love\\nSuch were Boone, Kenton, Logan, Harrod, Callo-\\nway, McGary, Todd, and many more than I can even\\nname here all the leading settlers of Kentucky. In\\nthe preceding lecture were presented sketches of one\\nor two lives among them, in the account of which I", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "258 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nsomewhat transgressed the limits of the period strictly\\nunder consideration, but no further than was neces-\\nsary to complete the picture of the men, which is that\\nof the times. The present lecture is in its nature\\nnecessarily a continuation of that and in it I shall\\naim to aiford such glimpses of some of the more im-\\nportant of the varied movements and adventures\\nwhich took place in the great valley during the Revo-\\nlution, as may enable the student to gain a broad and\\nconnected view of the complexion and progress of\\nthis stirring chapter in our history.\\nPerhaps almost enough has already been said for\\nmy purpose, so far as regards the territory of Ken-\\ntucky. But it will not be inapj)ropriate to afford the\\nmeans of a still fuller apprehension of the perils\\nand the bravery of the times, by a brief account of\\nsome of its innumerable adventures.\\nIn the year 1Y76 there were but about one hun\\ndred fighting men in Kentucky. Of these from thirty\\nto fifty were usually in garrison at Boonesborough, or\\nabsent on expeditions thence.\\nLet me delay a moment to describe this famous old\\nfort, whose site is now occupied by an obscure and\\ndecaying village of the same name. Boonesborough\\nwas the first fort built in Kentucky, and was estab-\\nlished by Daniel Boone in 1775. It stood in a small\\ncleared space on the bank of the Kentucky River\\nand occupied a parallelogram about two hundred", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 259\\nand sixty by one hundred and fifty feet, one\\nangle resting on the river bank. Its rude but\\nsufficient fortifications consisted of two cabins on a\\nside, with a gate between, one at each end, and at\\nthe corners block-houses, which were merely houses\\nbuilt with larger logs than a common cabin, and\\nmore carefully and closely constructed for defence.\\nThese cabins and block-houses were connected by\\nhigh strong fences of large pickets or timbers driven\\nclose together into the ground. All the outer walls\\nwere loopholed for musketry and this wooden fort,\\nthat could not have resisted a six-pound field bat-\\ntery, was to the children of the forest an impregnable\\nstronghold, proved by many a desperate assault\\nurged on by the bitter sorrow and anger they felt at\\neach successive extension of the wliite man s hold on\\ntheir favorite forests and savannas.\\nOne of the men employed on the work was killed\\na few days after the foundations were laid. The fort\\nwas incessantly beleaguered for years, and sustained\\nthree furious sieges by large bodies of Indians the\\nlast time in September, 177S, under the command\\nof British officers. The settlement had grown so\\ndense and spread so far by this time, that the sava-\\nges could no longer penetrate to the walls of the\\nfort without leaving too many enemies in their\\nrear.\\nThe following incident well illustrates the clangers", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "260\\nto wliicli the inhabitants of these little fortresses were\\ndaily exposed.\\nOjie fine summer afternoon, while the garrison was\\nnot dreaming of danger, some of the men lounging\\nidly around the gate, or under the shadow of the\\nstockade, were looking upon three girls, two of them\\ndaughters of Col. Kichard Calloway, the other of\\nDaniel Boone the oldest fourteen years of age, the\\nyoungest nine or ten. The three girls were playing\\nin a liglit canoe upon the placid bosom of the stream,\\ndancing, and seemingly in danger of upsetting the\\nlight bark, but yet with practised skill preserving its\\nbalance their sweet and merry peals of laughter\\nringing far, far away, through the silent air. By the\\nmovements of the girls the canoe is driven further\\nand further from the southern bank, imtil they are\\ntwo-tliirds of the way across the stream when sud-\\ndenly, by an unseen yet irresistible impulse, it be-\\ngins to move directly toward the northern shore,\\nwhile the girls, surprised and wondering, look all\\naround to see what may be the cause of the motion.\\nJust as they are gaining the edge of the northern\\nshore, the hand of a savage, and then his eye, fierce\\nand glaring as that of a panther about to leap upon\\nits prey, is seen within the shade of the bushes that\\nfringe the stream, and as the boat is pulled within\\nthe same dark covert, they see other fierce eyeballs\\ngleaming there, and strong arms inclose them. One", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSIS6IPPI. 261\\nshriek from the poor affrighted girls, and their mouths\\nare closed, and they are hurried off in the grasp of\\ntheir Indian captors. That scream had been heard\\nat the fort the men had seen the motion of the boat,\\nand quickly understood what had happened. No\\nother canoes were in the neighborhood, and there\\nwas every reason to aj^prehend that other savages\\nwere still lurking in the bushes to pick off any men\\nwho might seek to pursue. How they finally suc-\\nceeded in getting across, whether by swimming or\\ntlie rescue of their canoe, is not known. Those in the\\nfort waited the return of Boone, who was away on\\nbusiness. After several hours he returned but as it\\nwas near nightfall, he waited until morning, and by\\ndaylight set out in pursuit, with seven men. They\\nhad made a march of but a few miles when they\\nreached a cane-brake where the savages had entered,\\nand had taken such special pains to obliterate their\\ntraces that to follow the trail through the brake\\nwould consume time most critically precious, and\\nmight probably allow the Indians to escape.\\nIn this emergency, Boone strikes on a happy device,\\nto circumvent the savages, to use a favorite word\\nin western parlance by making a detour around\\nthe entire brake, so as to strike the trail of the\\nsavages on the other side, wherever it might be.\\nThe plan is fortunately successful, and after travelling\\nthirty miles with incredible speed, they find a bnf-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "262 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nfalo path where the trail is quite fresh. Hastening\\nten miles further, they come suddenly upon the\\nsavages lying down or preparing a meal, and little\\nthinking of danger, supposing that they had dis-\\ntanced pursuit; but having the girls in close and\\ncareful custody.\\nThe two parties saw each other at the same time\\nbut the whites, firing a volley, charged so furiously\\nupon the Indians, that they fled, leaving packs, am-\\nmunition, and weapons, except one empty shot-gun.\\nThe girls were uninjured, except by excessive fright\\nand fatigue and their rescuers were so rejoiced at\\ntheir recovery that, without pursuing the Indians\\nfurther, they returned at once to the fort.\\nIn this same summer, one or two other feats were\\nperformed which merit our notice. Harrod s, Logan s\\nand Boone s stations were this year attacked by\\nIndians at the same time large numbers of them\\nbesieging each fort, and innumerable parties prowl-\\ning through the wilderness for the purpose of cutting\\noff isolated settlers. Harrod s fort w^as attacked by\\na large body of Indians, who were determined to\\nstarve the garrison out. Their cornfields were des-\\ntroyed. The body of savages attacking them was\\nsome five or six hundred in numbe.r, while there\\nwere only about forty men inside the stockade. The\\nwoods for many miles were infested by the Indians,\\nso that the crack of a white man s gun, if heard", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 263\\nwithin them, would have secured his instant death.\\n^Nevertheless, a lad sixteen or seventeen years of age,\\nnamed James Ray several older hunters having\\ntried in vain to supply the fort with provisions\\nvolunteered his services. He was a married man,\\nfor they married early then; a son-in-law of Coh\\nMcGary. Taking the only horse of his father-in-law,\\nall the others, of forty, having been stolen or des-\\ntroyed by the Indians an old, worn-down beast\\nand leaving the stockade between midnight and day-\\nlight, taking his pathway in running brooks of water\\nso as to leave no trace thus the shrewd bold boy\\npursued his way for many miles, till far beyond the\\nsavages hunted the remainder of the day, slept a\\nportion of the evening, and then came back as he\\nhad gone, his horse loaded with provisions. Thus for\\nmonths, did this gallant young Yirginian maintain\\nthe fort by his single rifle.\\nOne other instance. All the stations, as I have\\nsaid, were attacked and Logan s, containing fifteen\\nmen, shared the fate of the others. Early in the\\nmorning, a small guard of men are outside the gates,\\nguarding a party of women milking the cows. This\\nparty is saluted by a sudden hail of bullets. Three of\\nthe men are killed the women all succeed in mak-\\ning their escape. The entire party rush into the\\ngate of the fort, and enter in safety but the bodies\\nof the three slain men and one poor wounded fellow", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "264 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nare still outside tlie gate. The wounded man, Harri-\\nson by name, runs a few steps and falls, in sight of\\nboth attackers and defenders. Here he lies, and un-\\nless rescued must quickly be scalped. The Indians re-\\nfrain from firing upon him further, hoping to lure\\nother of his friends to his help. The cries of the\\nwounded man for aid, the frantic grief of his wife,\\nseem to fall upon deaf ears. The men say Tliere\\nare only twelve of us, and not one can be spared for\\nless than a hundred red-skins, at least. No man s life\\ncan be given, and it will cost any man s life to at-\\ntempt the rescue. But his wife, with terrible urgency,\\nwith cries and implorations of heartbreaking inten-\\nsity, solicits all in turn. Col. Logan, the command-\\nant of the station, cannot withstand such entreaty\\nand helplessness. He says, Boys, are there none of\\nyou will go with me John Martin rallies his cour-\\nage, and says, I am as ready to die now as I ever\\nshall be I will go with you. The gates are oj)ened,\\nand out they rush. A storm of leaden hail greets\\nthem. Martin finds he is not as ready to die as he\\nthought, and runs back again. But out among the\\nrifle balls rushes Logan bends over the wounded\\nman raises him in his arms as if he were an infant\\nand while the bullets are flying all around him, and\\nmore than one lock of his hair is cut off as by scissors,\\nsucceeds in entering the gates again, and delivers the\\nwounded Harrison into the arms of liis rejoicing wife.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 265\\nStill the Indians maintain the siege. There are\\nonly twelve men left their powder and ball are rnn-\\nning low; a fresh supply must be had, or all the hor-\\nrors of Indian captivity must be the consequence.\\nNone can be had nearer than at the settlements on\\nthe Holston Kiver, two hundred miles distant. Tliere\\nwas scarcely a chance that any messenger could pass\\nthe Indians, or that if he could, the fort could hold\\nout until his return. Rash and desperate as the bold\\nwoodsmen were, they all hesitated to make this fear-\\nful experiment. Col. Logan himself, with that reflec-\\ntive, resolute, deliberate bravery which carries the\\nnobler sort of men, in time of need, so much further\\nthan the animal impulses of common hardihood, then\\nvolunteers, and selecting two companions, creeps out\\nat night, and the three bold men noiselessly pass the\\nIndian lines. Avoiding the usual road, he strikes off\\ninto the forest, pushes at almost superhuman speed\\nover trackless mountain and valley, reaches Holston,\\nsecures the ammunition, puts it into the hands of\\nhis two companions, and himself preceding them,\\nthat his little garrison may the sooner receive the\\ngood news and strengthen their hearts, returns again,\\narriving in ten dsijs after his departure thus making\\nthis trip of four hundred miles through a rugged\\nwilderness at the rate of forty miles a day, on foot,\\nand with scarce aught to live upon. The powder and\\n12", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "266 PIONEEKS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nball is successfully brought in, and tlie Indians are\\ndriven away.\\nAbout this same time, or just before it, there\\ncomes to Kentucky a young man. Born in 1752,\\nwhen he enters Kentucky in 1775 he is twenty-three-\\nyears of age a fine soldier-like fellow, who has been\\nin Lord Dunmore s war, who commenced life as did\\nmost of the young men in Yirginia and thereabouts,\\nas a surveyor, this being the surest highway to for-\\ntune and distinction. He had been in Losran s war\\nas a volunteer in the personal stafi of Lord Dunmore,\\nand now comes to Kentucky to see what manner of\\npersons are there, and if the country be fit to settle\\nin. Of stalwart bearing, noble in person, winning in\\nmanners, yet commanding, this man s courage and\\nconduct through all the subsequent struggles of the\\npioneers of the West well entitle him to the lofty ap-\\npellation of the Washington of the West. His name\\nis George Rogers Clark, a man, singularly enough,\\nas yet without a biography and yet, excepting\\nWashington, Franklin, and a few others, there is\\nnot a man in all the annals of our country who so\\nwell deserves the tribute of the biographer, the pane-\\ngyric of the historian, and the applause of his coun-\\ntrymen. He came to Kentucky, examined the con-\\ndition of the province, returned to Yirginia in the\\nfall, and came back to Kentucky in early spring for\\nthe purpose of making it his home, and taking part", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 267\\nwith his brothers of the frontier in their arduous de-\\nfence of their lands and lives. He spent much of his\\ntime, alone, hunting or wandering through the woods\\nvisiting all the stations and easily making himself\\nacquainted with the pioneers, from the smallest child-\\nren upward. And now, having acquainted himself\\nwith all the features of their life and needs, he recom-\\nmends their calling a convention for the purpose of\\nacquiring for themselves some political rights and\\nposition. He is appointed by this convention, with\\none Gabriel Jones, a representative or delegate to the\\nlegislature of Yirginia; and proceeding to Williams-\\nburg, then the capital of Yirginia, finds the legisla-\\nture adjourned. He submits his credentials and\\nclaims to Governor Patrick Henry, who is lying ill\\nurges upon the governor the pressing needs of Ken-\\ntucky and claims the protection of Virginia s strong\\narm. Yirginia has nearly as much as she can do to\\ncare for herself; but the heart of Henry is touched by\\nthe representations of the chivalric young man, and\\nhe gives him a letter to the Representative Council\\nof the State. These gentlemen say they can do no-\\nthing for him, because the Iventuckians are not yet\\nrecognized by the legislature as citizens. They, how-\\never say, You shall have five hundred pounds of\\ngunpowder for the Kentuckians, as a loan from\\nfriends, provided you will enter into personal recog-\\nnizances for the value of the same. Ko, he re-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "268 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nplies, I cannot accept it. It is unjust to demand\\nindividual security from me, when I ask the powder\\nfor the service of the country. But, they say,\\nit cannot be had otherwise. Yery well, he\\nsays, a country that is not worth defending is not\\nworth claiming. Kentucky will take care of itself.\\nMr. Jefferson, Mr. Wye, and other members of the\\nCouncil, much impressed by the lofty, decided tone\\nof the young man, at last procure him an order foi\\nthe powder, to be delivered to him at Pittsburg.\\nHeceiving it there, he embarks it in a keel-boat, and,\\nwith the little guard of seven men, they hasten down\\nthe river, hotly pursued by the Indians until, gain-\\ning the mouth of Limestone Creek, the site of Mays-\\nville, they ascend it a little way, scatter the precious\\ncargo in various places of concealment in the woods,\\nset their boat adrift, hasten to Harrod s station, and\\nreturning with a sufficient escort, bring the ammuni-\\ntion in safety home, and supply the scattered forts\\nwith the means of defence against the now increasing-\\nwaves of Indian incursion from north of the Ohio.\\n]^or is the powder the only good gift he brings.\\nAgainst the strenuous opposition of Col. Campbell\\nand the great land speculator Col. Henderson, he and\\nhis colleague succeeded in inducing the Virginia\\nlegislature to erect Kentucky into a county and thus\\nhe brought back to his adopted home its first politi-\\ncal organization, entitling it to representation in tlio", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 260\\nYirginia Assembly, and to the benefits of a regular\\njudicial and military establisliment.\\nAnd now is in full activity that fearful torrent of\\nsavage invasion which surged so furiously in npon\\nthe scattered stations and settlements of Kentucky\\nduring the revolutionary years. British soldiers,\\nFrench Canadians, Indian warriors, either in separate\\nor allied hosts, beleaguer the rude log forts, haunt\\nthe settlements, waylay hunter and woodsman, peace-\\nful laborer, and innocent child. One after another,\\nthe best and bravest of the Kentuckians are picked off\\nby the lurking foe blood flows like water and this\\ninfernal league of pretended Christians with savages\\nlittle less than fiends in ferocity and cruelty, seems\\nlikely to waste away the sparse and feeble white set-\\ntlements, by a slow and bloody but sure process of\\nexhaustion. For a year and more, George Kogers\\nClark ranges the woods, commonly alone in the\\nmidst of all the war and all the danger, keenly\\nenjoying a long series of desperate adventures, and\\nparticipating in many hardy frontier fights, of which\\nno detailed record remains. But his profound and\\npenetrating genius soon awoke to the important\\ntruth which the Yirginian authorities had not ap-\\nprehended that the true field for opposing this\\nbitter, cruel contest, was not so much within the\\ndevastated fields and haunted forests of bleeding\\nKentucky, as afar within the distant forests of the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "270 PIONEEES, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\n[N orth at the great Indian towns where the warriors\\nrecruited their forces, where their squaws labored\\nand their children played and still more, at the\\nBritish posts of Detroit, Yincenncs and Ivaskaskia,\\nthe unfailing fountain of succor to the tribes where\\narms and clothing and gay ornaments were sold by\\nBritish officers with w^hite skins, but hearts black\\nand vile with inhuman, supcrsavage ferocity, to the\\nred warriors for scal23s or given freely away to them,\\nif only they would earn them by a foray in the\\nAmerican settlements.\\nClark resolves to attack these posts, profoundly\\nconvinced that thus he will strike a fatal stroke at\\nthe heart of the war; aud in 1TT7, he already sends\\ntwo spies to examine the gronnd, whose report of the\\nactivity and efficiency of the English garrisons in\\nmaintaining the savage war stimulate his resolve\\nstill more. In December of the same year, he lays\\nbefore Governor Henry the plan of a bold, sudden\\nand secret blow at the enemy, which that officer and\\nhis council quickly approve. With two sets of in-\\nstructions, a public one authorizing him to go and\\ndefend Kentucky, and a secret one directing him to\\norganize a force and take Kaskaskia, he returns,\\nraises four companies instead of the authorized num-\\nber of seven for the women will not let so many\\nmen leave their homes nndefended then sifts these,\\nafter the fashion of Gideon, until he has a hundred", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 271\\nand fiftj-tliree men and with a military chest con-\\ntaining twelve hundred pounds in depreciated paper\\nmoney, and reinforcing this small amount by a\\nbonntj of three hundred acres of land for each sol-\\ndier, he sets out. They descend the Ohio until\\nwithin forty miles of its mouth, disembark, sink their\\nboats to hide them, and then, each man carrying his:^\\nbaggage and stores, liimself foremost in the march\\nand partaking of every exposure, they plunge into\\nthe howling wilderness of marshes and forests a\\ntangled, hopeless labyrinth in which their veteran\\nguides even lose their way. After a most toilsome\\nmarch of one hundred and twenty miles, they reach\\nthe neighborhood of the fort unperceived, on the\\nevening of July 4th, 1778. Waiting until midnight,\\nClark makes a brief, stirring address to his men,\\nthen sends Capt. Helm with a detachment across the\\nKaskaskia River to secure and guard the town, and\\nhimself advances against the fort. A lonely light\\nburns in a small house outside the stockade. A cor-\\nporal s guard silently secures the party within and a\\nPennsylvanian among them, not much a lover of\\nEngland, willingly volunteers to guide the assault,\\nand shows them an entrance through a postern gate.\\nColonel Clark, with his main body, takes possession\\nof the various defences of the fort and the fearless\\nSimon Kenton, with a file of men, stepping softly\\ninto the bedroom of the commander. Lieutenant", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "272 PIONEEKS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nKoclieblaiic, governor of the Ulinois country, quietly\\nasleep by the side of his wife, touches him. He\\nwakes, is informed that he is a prisoner, and is forced\\nto make unconditional surrender of the fort and gar-\\nrison. But Mrs. Rocheblanc, a bold and shrewish\\ndame, springs out of bed in her night-gear, seizes her\\nhusband s papers and disposes them about her person,\\nrailing in good set terms at the ungallant intrusion\\ninto a lady s bed-chamber. And so delicately over-\\npolite are the rough sons of the woods that they will\\nnot lay hands on a woman and thus the scold gains\\ntime to secrete or destroy all the documents. Clark\\nnow proceed to strike a wholesome fear of the\\nBostonais, as the French called all the American\\ncolonists into the bosoms of the simple Frenchmen\\nand the measures he takes for a day or two are well\\ncalculated to maintain the horrible apprehensions\\nwhich the British have diligently instilled into them\\nof the ferocious and bloodthirsty brutality of the\\nLong-Knives. Surrounding the town, he orders\\nthe troops to whooj) and yell all night, as the In-\\ndians do sends runners throughout the toAvn to pro-\\nclaim in French that any enemy found in the streets\\nwill be instantly shot down that all the inhabit-\\nants must observe profound silence and that no\\nintercourse will be permitted between houses. Then\\nhe sends a sergeant s guard, who completely disarm\\nthe town in a couple of hours. When daylight", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 273\\nreturns, having gained abundant intelligence respect-\\ning tlie posts and defences in the vicinity, and having\\nsecured his prisoners and sundry suspicious persons,\\nand even ironed certain militia officers in the British\\nservice, he draws off his troops behind a hill, pro-\\nhibits all intercourse between them and any doubtful\\ncharacters, and places the town under martial law.\\nIn all things he acts with an air of stern promptness\\nand cold severity, using but few words, and those\\nof a menacing character.\\nThis threatening demeanor soon becomes intolera-\\nbly fearful to the simple-minded French. Tliey\\ndeputed six principal citizens, with the priest, Father\\nGibault, at their head, to beg this terrible com-\\nmander to mitigate a little the mysterious vengeance\\nthus delaying to fall. The priest and his fellows are\\nadmitted to the quarters of the American general,\\nand find him seated wdth his officers. The almost\\ngigantic forms of the dreaded Bostonais, their sordid\\napparel, all torn and begrimed from thicket and\\nswamp, their rough, grim features and wild fierce\\nlooks, appall the very souls of the unwarlike French,\\nand for a short season they stand speechless in their\\nterror. At length the priest finds voice to prefer,\\nhe says, one small request. Evidently the townsmen\\nwere expecting a repetition of the inhuman Acadian\\ntragedy. He says, that as his jDCople expect to be\\ntorn from each other probably forever, they beg\\n12*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "274 PIONEERS, PKEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nleave to assembly once more in tlieir little cliurch, to\\ntake leave of each other. Colonel Clark briefly and\\nausterely grants the request, but warns them against\\nattempting to leave the town. Something more t]ie\\ndeputies would have said, but Clark, with a stern\\ngesture, intimates that he has no time for further\\nconversation, and they retire. Tlie sad congregation\\nassembles at church, and indulges in the melancholy\\npleasure of a last farewell and again the little em-\\nbassy waits on the conqueror. They humbly thank\\nhim for the favor received and add, that although\\nthey know they must submit to the fate of war, and\\ncan endure the loss of their pro23erty, they w^ould\\npray not to be separated from their wives and chil-\\ndren, and to be allowed some small means of\\nsupport and they say something further of the\\nsubmissive ignorance in which they have obeyed\\ntheir commandants of their total unacquaintance\\nwith the causes of the w^ar; and hint at good i.~2clina-\\ntion toward the United States.\\nClark turns sternly to the priestly spokesman\\nDo you take us for savages and cannibals? he\\nasks. We disdain to war upon the innocent and\\nthe helpless. We are defending ourselves against\\nthe Indians not attacking you. The French king is\\nleagued with us the victory will soon be ours w^e\\nonly desire to transfer your allegiance from Great\\nBritain to the United States and, to prove m,v", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 275\\nvrords, take home the news that your friends shall be\\nreleased. Yonr townsmen may go where they please,\\nsafe m persons and property.\\nThe astounded deputies would now have apolo-\\ngized for their mistaken estimate of American cha-\\nracter, but are prevented, and desired to communi-\\ncate their information to the inhabitants. The most\\nunbounded joy instantly takes the place of the terri-\\nfied gloom that had darked the town the bells ring\\nout; and crowding into their well-beloved church\\nagain, the devout little flock offer heartfelt thanks to\\nGod for this unexpected release.\\nClark now sent a detachment which secured\\nCahokia and the inhabitants of Yincennes, a little\\nafterward, themselves expelled the British garrison,\\nand declared themselves citizens of the United States\\nand of the State of Yirginia. After considerable\\nnegotiation, in which he exhibited great judgment\\nand still more remarkable knowledge of the Indian\\ncharacter, he succeeded, before the end of September\\nof the same year, in impressing all the tribes of tlie\\nIllinois and upper Mississippi with a great respect\\nfor the American character and name, and in con-\\ncluding treaties with all of them.\\nBefore the end of the year, however, Hamilton\\nthe hair-buyer, governor at Detroit, both alarmed\\nand ashamed at the brilliant success of Clark, learn-\\ning that many of the Yirginian? hud returned liome,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "276 PIONEERS, PllEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nmustered a force of eiglity soldiers, together with\\nsome Canadian militia, and, making a rapid march\\ndown the Wabash, reached Yincennes, now garri-\\nsoned by Capt. Helm with one soldier and a little\\nsqnad of volunteer militia. Hamilton, informed that\\nthe garrison was feeble, w^as already advancing to\\nthe attack at the head of his forces, when Helm,\\nspringing upon a bastion, near a six-pounder trained\\nupon the British column, and waving his lighted\\nmatch in the air, hailed them with the stern com-\\nmand, Halt or I will blow you to atoms A\\nlittle doubtful whether this bold defender would\\nnot fulfill his threat, Hamilton actually obeyed the\\norder, beat a parley, and made a formal demand for\\nthe surrender of the fort to which Helm replied that\\nhe would capitulate if allowed all the honors of war,\\nbut otherwise he would hold out the fort as Ions: as a\\nman was left alive to shoulder a rifle. Hamilton\\nconsented to the terms, and was violently disgusted\\nwhen, the gates being thrown open, the bold Ken-\\ntuckian marched out with all possible formalities,\\nand laid down his arms, together with a force of five\\nmen, all told The lateness of the season preventing\\nhim from further movements, Hamilton occupied the\\nfort at Yincennes, and while he prepared to comj)lete\\nhis re-conquest of Illinois in the spring, launched\\nwar-party after war-party upon the frontiers of Yir-\\nginia and Pennsylvania, thus keeping his Indian", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 277\\nallies em23loyed uKtil Lis projected combination of\\nmovements in the spring.\\nCol. Clark was informed, in the end of January,\\n1779, that Hamilton had now but eighty soldiers at\\nYincennes and preferring to take him rather than be\\ntaken by him, prepared for a winter march against Yin-\\ncennes. He set out on the 7th of February, with one\\nhundred and thirty men having S snt a detachment\\nin an armed keel-boat, to await orders in the Wabash\\nbelow the mouth of White Eiver, and to permit no\\npassage upon that stream. For one Imndred and fifty\\nmiles the little army pursued an Indian trail, through\\ndense forests and low prairies, soaked and flooded\\nwith the long rains of an uncommonly wet season\\nacross creeks commonly fordable with care, but now\\npresenting lagoons miles broad, knee-deep, waist-\\ndeep, even arm-pit deej), so that ^hey must carry\\nprovisions, arms, and ammunition on their heads, to\\nkeep them dry. Thus they labor on, through forest\\nand low land, through mud and mire, through flood\\nstream and falling rain, and in six days have ad-\\nvanced a hundred miles, to the crossing of the Little\\nWabash. Wading two feet deep, and often over\\nfour, they proceed through a similar dreadful coun-\\ntry seventeen days more, and on the ISth encamp at\\nevening on Embarrass Kiver, within nine miles of\\nthe fort, and within hearing of the morning and\\nevening gun. After waiting two days, they succeed", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "278 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nin capturing a boat and getting across tlie river.\\nTliere however still remains a broad and deep sheet\\nof water, upon reaching which the detachment\\nwhich indeed could not possibly have sustained the\\nhardships of this extraordinary march so long, liad\\nnot the weather been remarkably mild showed evi-\\ndent signs of alarm and despair. Col. Clark, ob-\\nserving this, quietly put some powder in his hand,\\nwet it with water, blacked his face, raised an Indian\\nwar-whoop, and marched into the Avater. Electrified\\nand amused, the weary troops forgot their discour-\\nagement, plunged in after their stout-hearted leader,\\nand, singing in chorus, waded, most of the time up\\nto their arm-pits, for miles and miles, until at last\\nthey reached the oj^posite highlands, so utterly worn\\nout that many of the men fell as they touched the\\nshore, letting their bodies lie half in the water, rather\\nthan take the two or three additional steps to higher\\nground.\\nHaving sent a message to the inhabitants of the\\ntown, who thought the expedition was from Ken-\\ntucky and never dreamed of it coming from Illinois,\\nClark, after resting a day or two, set out for Yin-\\ncennes; marched up and down among some hills,\\nshowing different colors, that his force might look\\nthree or four times as large as it was drew up his\\nmen back of the village, and sent fourteen riflemen\\nto pepper the fort. So complete was the surprise.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 279\\nthat the crack of the rifle was Hair-buyer Hamilton s\\nfirst intimation of the siege. He was at the moment\\nit was evening amnsing himself sociably with his\\nprisoner Capt. Helm, over a game at cards and a\\nglass of apple-toddy. As the report struck his ear,\\nHelm sprang up, as if inspired, and cried out, in his\\nrough delight, It s Clark, by and we shall all\\nbe his prisoners Tlie town at once surrendered.\\nThe riflemen gathered about the fort, and shot down\\nevery man who showed himself over the wall. After\\nthe moon went down, Clark had a deep ditch dug\\nwithin ninety feet of the fort and early next day\\nthe marksmen, posting themselves in it and thus\\nsheltered from the guns of the fort, blazed away by\\ndozens at every port-hole, silencing two pieces of\\ncannon in fifteen minutes, by shooting every man\\nwho touched them, until the terrified gunners re-\\nfused to man the batteries, and the fort lay silent and\\nunresisting beneath the unerring aim of the hunters.\\nAfter eighteen hours firing Clark summoned the\\nfort, which Hamilton, after considerable negotiation,\\nsurrendered. Clark lost only one man before the\\nwalls and during the siege, he also surprised and\\nrouted a party of Indians, just returned from an\\nattack on Kentucky, and took a convoy of goods and\\nmilitary supplies sent from Detroit, w^orth about fifty\\nthousand dollars. He sent Hamilton and some of his\\nofficers to Virginia, w^here, along with Rochebhmc", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "280 PIONEERS, PIIEACHEK8 AND TKOPLE\\nfrom Kaskaskia, tliey were, with extreme propriety,\\nput in close prison in irons, in retaliation for tlie\\nhorrid cruelties perpetrated under their command on\\nthe frontier, and for their barbarous treatment of the\\nAmerican prisoners.\\nIn 1780 Col. Clark called on Kentucky for volun-\\nteers for an inroad into the Indian country, to reta-\\nliate for Byrd s expedition. So ready was the\\nresponse that in a short time he found himself at the\\nhead of a noble force of a thousand riflemen, with\\nwhom, using the speed and secrecy so characteristic\\nof his military movements, he surprised an Indian\\ntown in Ohio, slew seventeen of the savages, burned\\ntheir dwellings, and destroyed their crops. The\\nIndians were thus obliged to hunt for a living all\\nsummer, and could not send their accustomed war-\\nparties against the settlements.\\nWith his usual penetrating breadth of view, Clark\\nhad long considered a scheme for taking the British\\npost at Detroit and in December, 1780, he induced\\nthe government of Virginia to cooperate witli him in\\nhis design. But the invasion of Arnold interrupting\\nthe plan, he served under Steuben against him and\\nthen resuming it, succeeded so far that two thousand\\ntroops were to rendezvous at Louisville for the expe-\\ndition, in March, 1T81, and he himself was commis-\\nsioned brigadier-general.\\nBut many unforeseen difficulties prevented the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 281\\narmy from marching and the bold and active Clark,\\nwho had dreamed so long of extirpating the British\\npower in the E orthwest hj thus striking at its centre,\\nwas obliged to remain almost in idleness, defending\\nthe frontier against a few scattered bands of Indian\\nmarauders. Thus chafing in unwelcome restraint,\\nhe grew discontented and then, resorting to a\\ngreater evil to cure the less, fell into habits of drink-\\ning and as thus his high spirit preyed uj)on itself,\\nand his unhappy vice sapped strength of mind and\\nbody together, his great powers showed signs of\\nfailure. The shrewd, observant backwoodsman, who\\nthen, as now, judged men as men, and thought them\\nneither less nor more for titles, prerogatives, or\\npretensions, saw his lack of that passive endurance\\nwhich marks the loftiest grade of heroism saw that\\nhe was less a soldier and less a man and as mind\\nand body failed, his influence went down too.\\nYet, in that period of stupid, terrified dejection,\\nwhich followed the great calamity of the defeat at\\nBlue Licks in 1782, where the furious, reckless rash-\\nness of one man Hugh McGary cost Kentucky a\\nconfounding defeat, and the lives of sixty of her best\\nand bravest men. Gen. Clark showed himself still a\\nready and active soldier. He proclaimed that he\\nwould lead his regiment upon a retaliatory expedi-\\ntion into Ohio, and called again for volunteers, o\\ngathered to his standard with the old-time prompti", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "282 PIONEEES, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\ntude. Again a thousand riflemen assembled on the\\nOhio, and marched npon the Indian towns. The\\nsavages fled so fast before this powerful and vengeful\\nforce, that not only did they nowhere ofl er to resist,\\nbut only twelve in all were either killed or taken.\\nFive of their towns were burned, and a vast quantity\\nof their provisions, being all their crops, were de-\\nstroyed; and so severe w^as this lesson to the Indians,\\nthat from that time they dared no longer invade\\nKentucky, except in sly, small war-parties.\\nOnce more, in 1786, General Clark headed an\\narmy destined against the Lidian towns on the\\nWabash River but the expedition was unsuccessful,\\nand returned without reaching its destination. After\\nthis, Clark s name appears no more in public transac-\\ntions, except as temporary holder of a major-general s\\ncommission from France in that force wdiicli the\\nfrantic visionary and revolutionary democrat, Genet,\\nwould fain have raised in Kentucky to bring Spanish\\nLouisiana under the dominion of the French repub-\\nlic. After long suffering from infirmities, his power-\\nful frame succumbed to a paralysis growing out of\\nrheumatic disorders. He died at Locust Grove,\\nnear Louisville, in February, 1818, and was buried\\nthere.\\nThis brief and unsatisfactory sketch is all that my\\nspace allows me to devote to the great qualities and\\nbold deeds of the Washington of the West", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 283\\nunquestionably the greatest military genius ever\\nproduced by Virginia, notwitlistanding that the only\\narea for his operations was tlic pathless wilderness\\nbeyond the mountain; and unequalled among all the\\nwestern pioneers, not only for military ability and\\ndaring, speed and secrecy, but for practical states-\\nmanship, political foresight, judgment in combining\\nplans, and energy in executing them and a quality\\nstill higher, which points him out yet more clearly as\\na born ruler and a statesman, namely, the power of\\ncontrolling men. His genius was sufficiently shown\\nin the success with which he led his hardy little\\nband, through unparalleled sufferings, against Yin cen-\\nnes, and in the complete obedience and subordination\\nwhich he so easily obtained from the rude, reckless,\\nand utterly independent hunters and fighters of the\\nforest but it appears still more in the influence and\\nadmiration which he gained among the wild savage\\ntribes of the !N orthwest, who feared and wondered at\\nhim almost as at a superhuman being.\\nTo give one more touch to the sketch I have\\nattempted to draw, of life in the cabin homes of the\\nwilderness during the JRevolution for no single lec-\\nture gives space for more than a sketch let me\\nbriefly narrate a single achievement, which story has\\nbeen often told before, but which has not yet lost its\\nromantic freshness a story which nobly illustrates\\nthe generous daring and military abilities of the sons", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "284 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nof the western woods the story of the battle of\\nKing s Mountain.\\nI will first briefly sketch the deeds of the mountain\\nmen before their gallant attack on Ferguson. Col.\\nJohn Sevier, chief militia officer of the eastern part\\nof the State of Tennessee then Washington County in\\nNorth Carolina received in March, 1T80, a requisi-\\ntion from General Rutherford, of North Carolina, for\\none hundred men to be sent to the aid of South\\nCarolina. Colonel Isaac Shelby, of Sullivan County,\\nalso then in North Carolina, received a similar requi-\\nsition. They each raised two hundred mounted rifle-\\nmen but were fortunately too late to reach Huther-\\nford, and sufler in the fatal battle of Camden. They,\\nhowever, reached the camp of Colonel McDowell,\\nRutherford s second in command, in July, and were\\npresently sent to attack Colonel Moore, who had\\nbeen raising the tories in the western Caroliuas for\\nthe king, and now occupied a strong fort on the\\nPacolet River. With six hundred men more under\\nColonel Clark of Georgia, the riflemen, a thousand\\nin all, set off at sunset, marched twenty miles that\\nnight, and at dawn had surrounded the fort, which,\\nafter some parley, surrendered.\\nCornwallis, irritated at this bold stroke, detached\\nCol. Patrick Ferguson with one hundred picked men,\\nto gather and train the tories of the western counties\\nof South Carolina, and to take and hold the strongest", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 285\\npositions there. Ferguson was a bold, experienced\\nand successful soldier, himself a trained and skillful\\nrifle shot, and a ready and ingenious man. He had\\nalready invented, to oppose the fatal skill of the\\nmountain rifles so much feared by regulars and low-\\nland tories, a breech-loading rifle, capable of being\\ndischarged seven times in a minute. He soon raised\\nso many loyalists as put him at the head of two\\nthousand men, and a small body of horse. Col.\\nMcDowell detached Shelby and Col. Clark with six\\nhundred men to watch his movements and cut oflT his\\nforagers. These Ferguson repeatedly but vainly\\nendeavored to surprise. It would have been strange\\nindeed if the regulars could have surprised those sly\\nIndian-fighters He did once, it is true, come up\\nwith them but when he did come up, the Ameri-\\ncans, who were sharply engaged with his advanced\\nguard, rode ofl^ with twenty prisoners, two of them\\nofficers, whom they had just taken so that Col. Fer-\\nguson only lost by his haste.\\nCol. McDowell soon sent Shelby and Clark, to-\\ngether with Col. Williams of South Carolina and six\\nhundred men, to surprise a party of some five hun-\\ndred tories at Musgrove s Mill on the Ennoree, about\\nforty miles distant, and in a line directly beyond Fer-\\nguson s camp. Again the hardy riders, setting out\\nat dusk, riding hard all night long, and skirting round\\nFerguson s camp four or five miles oft met at dawn", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "286 PIONEEKS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\na strong patrol, about half a mile from the tory\\ncamp. These they drove in, and at the same time\\nlearned that instead of five hundred, the enemy in\\nfront numbered more than twice as many, having just\\nreceived a reinforcement of six hundred regulars.\\nEvidently they could neither attack double their\\nnumber, wearied as they were by their long night\\nride nor could they for the same reason safely re-\\ntreat. They therefore determined to hold their\\nground and receive the enemy s attack. Sending\\nforward an advanced party to skirmish, fire and\\nretire at discretion, they speedily threw up a slight\\nbreastwork of logs and brushwood, and lay down\\nbehind it. The tory drums and bugles soon an-\\nnounced their advance with horse and foot; they\\ndrove in the scattered advanced guard, and thinking\\nthat all the Americans w^ere retreating, advanced\\nhastily and in disorderly array, until they w^ere\\ngreeted, at seventy yards from the breastwork, with\\na destructive fire. Undismayed, they attacked with\\nspirit, but for a whole hour could make no impres-\\nsion upon the feeble but stoutly defended line of the\\nriflemen. Just as part of the Americans were be-\\nginning to give way, Col. Innes, the British com-\\nmander, was wounded. Every one of his subalterns\\nbut one was already killed or wounded Captain\\nHawsey, a notorious tory leader, in command of the\\nloyalists, was shot the whole British line wavered,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 287\\nand a furious charge from the riflemen drove them\\nin disorder over the Ennoree. The tories fled lirst,\\nand of the regulars, who fought like brave men, more\\nthan two hundred were made prisoners.\\nThe indefatigable mountain men, withont waiting\\nto rest, remounted their horses, which had been re-\\nposing during the battle, and prepared to swoop\\ndown upon the British fort at ]S[ inetv-Six, thirty\\nmiles further. As thej were in the act of starting,\\nan express came np with a letter which lie gave to\\nCol. Shelby. It was forwarded by McDowell was\\nfrom Governor Caswell of Xorth Carolina, dated on\\nthe battle-field of Camden, bringing the news of that\\nfatal field and advised McDowell to get out of the\\nway, for that the enemy would now endeavor to cut\\noff in detail all detached parties of Americans. So\\nmuch false and erroneous intelligence w^as abroad in\\nthose days of treachery and peril that none would\\nhave known whether to believe this sad letter, had\\nnot Col. Shelby been familiar with Gov. Caswell s\\nhand-writing. Instant decision was necessary, and\\nwas made. It was probable that Ferguson was now\\ninformed of the defeat on the Ennoree, and would\\ninstantly push to cnt them ofi from McDowell. Nor\\nwonld their weary horses and wearier selves admit\\nof the further advance on Ninety-Six, through\\nregions swarming with tories now encouraged by\\nthe British successes over Gates and Sumptei It", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "288 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nwas not safe to delay even an hour, lest the energetic\\nFerguson should be upon them. The prisoners were\\ninstantly distributed, one to each three horsemen, to\\ntake turns in riding behind them; and the whole\\nforce, facing westward, rode straight for the moun-\\ntains. Weary as they were, they pushed on all that\\nday, all the night, and all the next day until late in\\nthe evening, without a single halt. This prompt\\nretreat and desperate speed saved them for it after-\\nward appeared that Ferguson s second in command.\\nCaptain Dupoister, had ridden hard after them with\\na strong force of horse, until at the end of the second\\nday his men broke down under the fatigue and heat.\\nShelby passed the mountain Clark and Williams\\ncarried the prisoners northward. McDowell s army\\ndisbanded, and he and many of his men also crossed\\nthe mountain to the hospitable settlements of Wata-\\nuga and Nollichucky, w^hence had come many of the\\nbold riflemen who fought so well against Moore and\\nInnes.\\nThus disappeared the last remnant of an American\\narmy south of the Potomac, except the dispirited and\\nbroken band that remained with Gates at Hills-\\nboro Congress was penniless and bankrupt the\\nStates were little better the army unfed, unpaid,\\nand miserable the whole country distressed and dis-\\ncouraged the British triumphant, their forces rava-\\nging and rioting at will up and down the land, and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 289\\ntlieir torj allies waging an inliumaii and monstrous\\nwarfare upon tlieir whig neiglibors and countrymen.\\nLarge nmnbers of the Carolina wliigs sent their families\\nacross the momitains for safety, themselves remain-\\ning in the extremest peril to protect their property.\\nEarl Cornwallis, having occupied his time until the\\narrival of provisions from Charleston, in putting into\\noperation a rigorous system of military tyranny not\\nhesitating to murder and banish the whigs and rob\\nthem of their j)roperty, to uphold his authority in\\nSouth Carolina advanced from Camden toward\\nYirginia, on the 18th of September, 1780.\\nCol. Ferguson, at the head of his force of regulars\\nand loyalists, had been diligently at work among the\\ntories in the western counties. He had followed close\\nafter Dupoister in tlie fruitless chase of Shelby and\\nhis mountain men but failing in this, had now\\nposted himself at Gilbert Town, near Rutherfordton,\\nin E orth Carolina, not far from the foot of the moun-\\ntains. Here he delivered to one Phillips, a prisoner\\non parole, a haughty message to the people Vv est of\\nthe mountains that if they did not cease opposing\\nthe British arms, he would come across, lay the\\ncountry waste, and hang their chiefs.\\nThis message Phillips brought to Shelby in the end\\nof August. That leader, mounting in haste, rode\\nfifty miles and more to his brother colonel, Sevier,\\nand on consulting, they determined to raise as large\\n13", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "290 PIONEERS, PKEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\na force of riflemen as possible, make a forced march\\nthrougli the mountain, and surprise Ferguson, or, at\\nleast, weaken him and render him unable to fulfill\\nhis threat.\\nThe rendezvous was fixed for the twenty-fifth of\\nSeptember, at Sycamore Shoals, in Watauga. Here,\\non the appointed day, gathered more than a thousand\\nmen, many of them armed and equipped with money\\nobtained on the personal security of Shelby and\\nSevier; all well mounted almost every man carrying\\na Deckhard rifle a choice weapon for true aim and\\nlong range, named from its maker, a famous gun-\\nsmith of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania. I^early all\\nwore the hunting-shirt of the backwoods, leggins and\\nmoccasins a few appearing in their usual citizens\\ndress. Yolunteers for the defence of their hearth-\\nstones, they needed neither uniform nor esjprit de\\ncorps^ except what common danger and common\\npatriotism inspired.\\nEarly next morning, after prayer by a clergyman\\npresent, the riflemen mounted and took up the line\\nof march, following trading and pioneer paths. Un-\\nencumbered with the staft and baggage of a regular\\narmy, they moved so rapidly that on the second day\\nthey abandoned some cattle which they had under-\\ntaken to drive along for provisions. Light-armed,\\nwith rifle, shot-pouch, knife, tomahawk, knapsack\\nand blanket, they hunted as they went, for food, and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "OF THE :Rnssissippi. 291\\ndrank the water of tlie mountain streams, until after\\npassing the mountains, when thej quartered them-\\nselves on the tories.\\nOn the day after starting, two men were missing.\\nThej had deserted to the enemy. To render their\\ninformation useless, the army descended the eastern\\nslope of the Alleghany by remote and unfrequented\\npaths and on reaching the foot, fell in with a party\\nof several himdred whigs, waiting there in the woods\\nfor an opportunity to act against the British. These\\ngladly joined them. And from all the settlements\\nsmall daily additions were made to the force of brave\\nmen eager to reach the foe.\\nOctober 3d a council was held, within eighteen\\nmiles of Ferguson s post at Gilbert Town. After\\nsome discussion, a messenger was sent to Gates for a\\ngeneral officer to command the force, and Colonel\\nCampbell, who had led four hundred men to the\\nrendezvous at TVatauga, was chosen commander in\\nthe interim. Next day the mountain army advanced\\nto Gilbert Town but Ferguson was gone. He had\\nheard of the vengeful storm gathering along the\\nwestern mountains, and after exhausting the lan-\\nguage of entreaty and reproach upon the intimidated\\nloyalists who feared it too in endeavors to assemble\\nthem about his standard, he unwillingly retreated\\ntoward Cornwallis, sending him an urgent request\\nfor a reinforcement, and marcliing hi several dii cc-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "292 PIONEEES, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\ntions among loyalist neigliborlioods, to keep out of\\nthe way of the riflemen.\\nBut Col. Campbell and his hardy riders understand\\nFerguson s movements. A council is held, and a\\nstill more rapid pursuit resolved on. All that night\\nthe commanders pick the best men, horses and rifles,\\nand at dawn set out again with nine hundred and\\nten of the flower of the army, leaving the rest to fol-\\nlow more leisurely. They hear, as they hasten along,\\nof one and another large gathering of tories, but on\\nthey go; they are striking for Ferguson, and will\\nturn aside for no meaner game. Four hundred and\\nsixty more men, under Col. Hambright and Col.\\nWilliams, join them at the Cow Pens, where they\\nhalt and alight for an hour to refresh. Except this\\ndelay, the indefatigable riflemen never once stopped\\nduring the last thirty-six hours of the pursuit.\\nIt is the morning of the Yth of October, 1780. The\\ndetermined mountain men are still sternly hastening\\nupon the hourly freshening traces of the fleeing Fer-\\nguson. They ride on through a rain so heavy that\\nthey are fain to keep the locks of their rifles dr^^ by\\nwrapping them with blankets and hunting shirts,\\neven at the expense of exposing themselves to the\\nstorm. The advanced guard comes up w^ith some\\nunarmed men, who report themselves just from Fer-\\nguson s camp. A brief halt is made, and a close ex-\\namination discovers the facts, that Ferguson is in", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 293\\ncamp three miles in front; that next day he proposes\\nto march to Cornwallis s headquarters and that cer-\\ntain roads will lead directly to his camp, which is\\npitched on ground which Col. Williams declares, on\\ndescription, that he and some of his men know well.\\nBrief consultation suffices. Ferguson must never\\nreach the camp of the haughty British earl. The\\nstorm has cleared away. They resolve to march at\\nonce, to complete their work first, and rest and re-\\nfresh afterward. The command is at once given to\\nput the rifles in fighting condition and prime anew\\nthe order of battle is the well-known hereditary ma-\\nnoeuvre of the Indians and of these veteran Indian\\nfighters to surround the enemy and attack him at\\nonce from all sides and remounting, the little army\\nis again in motion. Within one mile of the enemy\\nan express to Cornwallis is taken on his 2:)erson is\\nfound an urgent letter to the earl, stating Ferguson s\\nforce the numher of which, eleven hundred and\\ntwenty-five men, is prudently concealed from the\\nAmericans by their officers demanding instant re-\\ninforcements, and informing his commander-in-chief\\nthat he is securely encamped on the top of a hill\\nwhich he had named King s Mountain, in honor of\\nhis majesty; and that if all the rebels out of hell\\nshould attack him, they could not drive him from it.\\nAll these items, except his force, are communicated\\nto the Americans; and spurring on, they advance at", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "294\\na gallop to a point within sight of Ferguson s strong-\\nhold. Arriving within view of the field of battle, it\\nis at once evident that the right phan has been\\nadopted. Ferguson and his regulars and tories hold\\nthe crest of the mountain, in a line about a quarter\\nof a mile long an isolated height rising from the\\ngeneral level of the country, and covered and crowned\\nw^ith open woods. The final orders for tlie battle are\\ngiven, while yet out of rifle-shot Campbell, Shelby,\\nSevier, McDowell and Winston, with their men, are\\nto file to the right, round the miountain Hambright\\nand Chronicle are to pass round the other wa}^ and\\nmeet them and Cleveland and Williams to fill tlie\\nremainder of the line in front. When in position,\\neach division is to front face, raise the war-whoop\\nand charge. They advance again, dismount about a\\nthird of a mile from the hilltop, tie their horses, and\\nthe detachments separate for their places. Before\\nthey are quite ready, the enemy, hitherto silent and\\nv/atchful, open fire and wound some of Shelby s men.\\nShelby and McDowell, on this, face at once toward\\nthe foe, and return their fire with eftect while Cani})-\\nbell s column, coming np, charges fiercely up the\\nmountain and commences a fatal fire on the tories\\nwho hold that end of the line. Ferguson, hearing\\nthe firing, sends a force of regulars from the other\\nend of his line, and with levelled bayonets tliey\\ncharge upon ^he advancing columns of McDowell,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 295\\nShelby and Sevier. So furious is their assault, that\\nthose three columns are driven headlong down the\\nhill. But at this very moment, the four columns on\\nthe left, having, pushed np the hill and driven in the\\npickets, begin a close and heavy fire upon the regu-\\nlars, v^ho have liere a slight breastwork of wagons,\\nand are under the command of Ferguson himself.\\nCapt. Dupoister, who had headed the charge on\\nShelby, is at once recalled, receiving as he comes a\\nsevere fire from Col. Williams column, and is or-\\ndered to charge again with all the regulars upon\\ntheir new adversaries. Again the bayonets are\\nlevelled, and a desperate attack drives the riflemen\\nto the foot of the hill. Major Chronicle being killed\\nin the struggle.\\nIt is of course, impossible for riflemen to withstand\\nthe shock of a bayonet charge. But the resolute\\nmountain men, though they retreat, do it only to re-\\nnew the flght for the enemy dared not advance\\nmany rods from his vantage-ground above. As\\nDupoister returns from his charge on Shelby, to\\ncharge again on Cleveland and Chronicle, the columns\\nof Shelby, Campbell and McDowell follow him up,\\nrallying readily to the shout that the British are re-\\ntreating and j)ushing up almost to the British camp,\\nthey exchange a deadly fire with the tory riflemen at\\nthat end of the height. Again the bayonet is tried\\nbut already the fatal rifle-bullet has thinned tlio", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "296 PIONEEES, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nranks of Ferguson s scanty band of regulars until the\\nBritish colonel is forced to have his tories butcher-\\nknives stuck into the muzzles of their rifles, for\\nbayonets, before he can muster a line strong enough\\nfor the charge. Down they come, however, and\\nagain the riflemen retreat before them but this time\\nnot so far, and after a comparatively feeble attack,\\nDupoister retired within his lines.\\nAnd now the American columns have surrounded\\nthe mountain, and closing in, a fatal ring of fire\\ndraws slowly and sternly up around the stubborn\\nBritish colonel and his bold troops. While a fierce\\ndischarge is kept up at each end of the British posi-\\ntion, Sevier s column now makes a powerful attack\\nupon their centre. The British forces are partly\\nconcentrated to repel these obstinate assaults and\\nwhile a stubborn contest is maintained here, Shelby\\nand Campbell, with one bold charge, reach the crest\\nof the mountain at the end held by the tories, efl ect\\na lodgment, and slowly but surely drive their traitor-\\nous foes in toward the other extremity of the line.\\nHotter and closer grows the ring of the fire and\\nstill the levelled bayonets gleam on this side and\\non that, and the light-footed mountain men, vanish-\\ning before them, swarm back upon their footsteps\\nthe moment they halt, while the Americans on the\\nopposite side seize the opportunity to advance again\\nin their turn. But the charo-es of the wearied and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 297\\nfearfully diminislied band of regulars grow less\\nfurious and shorter. And all the time Shelby and\\nCampbell are creeping along the crest of the hill,\\ndriving the tories before them, crowding them in\\nupon the regulars, the deadly mountain rifles pick-\\ning them off with fearful rapidity. Ferguson, cool\\nand daring as ever, still rides up and down his line,\\nencouraging his men, supporting the weakest places,\\nexposing himself to every danger, and carrying in\\none hand, which has been wounded, a silver whistle,\\nwhose loud and piercing sound, heard over the whole\\nbattle-field, enables him to signal instantaneously to\\nall his men. He sends Dupoister with the regulars\\nto reinforce a weak position. It is but one hundred\\nyards away; but before he reaches it, the fatal\\nDeckhard rifles have left him so few men that their\\naid is not worth counting.\\nFerguson now orders his cavalry to mount; in-\\ntending to head them, and sweep down in a resistless\\nattack upon the Americans. But they cannot mount,\\nor if they do, they fall out of their saddles as fast as\\nthey reach them for lifted on the horses, they pre-\\nsent a fairer mark for the rifles.\\nAnd still the ring of fire contracts and now,\\ndriven in disorder, far in from the British left, the\\ntories, who always blenched first when they fought\\nbeside the regulars, dismayed and hopeless, raise the\\nwhite flag of surrender. But Ferguson gallops up\\n13*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "298 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nand tears it down. Then tlie regulars at tlie otliei\\nend of the line raise another, and the heroic con\\nmander, seeminglj the onlj man left in the host^\\nrides back again through the iire and cuts it down\\nwith his sabre. This second time his brave subor-\\ndinate Dupoister, who had admonished him before\\nthat further resistance was hopeless, and that he ought\\nto surrender, admonishes him again. But he de-\\nclares in the bitterness of his soul that he will\\nnever surrender to such a damned set of banditti.\\nAnd still riding desperately to and fro, he encourages\\nand strengthens the wavering ranks, and alone\\nrestores the battle for w^henever his voice or his\\nwhistle is heard, the enemy rallies again, and figlits\\nbravely. But the riflemen, seeing that his resistance\\nwdll end only with his life, after having seemingly\\nspared him for his bravery for a long time, now\\nforced to make an end of the contest, aim their fatal\\nweapons at him. He falls, and dies at once.\\nDupoister, now left in command, seeing that his\\nmen, few in number, crowded in disorder together,\\nand falling rapidly under the dreadful concentrated\\nfire of the Americans, could no longer hope for suc-\\ncess or safety, almost immediately raised the white\\nflag again, and called out for quarter. The fire of the\\nAmericans ceased, except from a few young men,\\nwho either did not know what the flag meant, or sup-\\nposed it would come down again as before. Shelby", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 299\\ncalled out to the British to throw down their arms,\\nwhich they did when all firing ceased, and the Ame-\\nricans, after one hour s hard fighting, were com-\\npletely victorious.\\nFerguson s force was annihilated for two hundred\\nand twenty-five were killed, nearly two hundred more\\ndisabled, and all the rest, more than seven hundred,\\nprisoners, l^ot one man escaped. Tlie Americans\\nhad lost about thirty killed, and sixty wounded. En-\\ncamping on the battle-field that night, they rose\\nearly, and at dawn a peaceful Sabbath dawn went\\nforth and buried their dead. Then they burned the\\nwagons of the enemy, and prepared to return to the\\nmountains, with their seven hundred prisoners, fifteen\\nhundred stands of arms, many horses, and a great\\nmass of supplies and booty. In the midst of a tory\\nneighborhood, near Cornwallis, and with more pri-\\nsoners than they could saiely spare guards to watch,\\nthe mountaineers were seriously embarrassed with\\ntheir success. Taking the flints out of the captured\\narms, however, they made the strongest of the pri-\\nsoners carry them marched all day at a present,\\nkeeping close watch on the prisoners, and at sundown\\nmet the remainder of their own force, with whom\\nthey kept on westward until the fourteenth. Then,\\nhalting near the foot of the mountains, they held a\\ncourt-martial upon sundry of the tory prisoners, atro-\\ncious violators of the laws of their country and of hu-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "300 PIONEEESj PEEACIIEKS AND TEOPLE\\ninanity condemned thirty of them to the death\\nwhich they had a thousand times richly deserved\\nbut liung only nine of the worst, respiting the re-\\nmainder. Justice thus executed, Sevier and his force\\ncrossed the mountains, and put themselve in readi-\\nness to defend their homes, if necessary while Camp-\\nbell, Shelby and Cleveland guarded their prisoners\\nnorthward to secure captivity.\\nThis bold and splendid achievement was the turn of\\nthe tide in the affairs of the war. Without it, it is\\ndifficult to see what limits could have been set to\\nCornwallis s victorious progress northward, imop-\\nposed as he was by any embodied force, and daily\\nreinforced in camp by tory levies, while other gangs\\nof those ignoble banditti, starting up everywhere,\\nwere daily riveting the chains of the hateful Britisli\\nauthority over all the South behind them.\\nBut the destruction of Ferguson and his host ex-\\nploded in the midst of Earl Cornwallis s plans like a\\nthunderbolt in a powder magazine. It scattered\\nthem to the four winds of heaven the few fragments\\nleft for reconstruction formed only a frustrated and\\nstrengthless plan and the pause of astonished terror\\nthat followed afforded time for the dispirited Ameri-\\ncans to rally again, and enter upon that series of ope-\\nrations so gloriously consummated at Yorktown.\\nWhen Cornwallis heard the news, magnified by its\\njourney into the startling story that the victorious", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 301\\nhost of riflemen, three thousand strong, were in full\\nmarch toward his camp, he instantly gave up, for\\nthe time, his northward march, struck his tents,\\nmarched back toward the south ail night in the\\ngreatest confusion, crossed the Catawba, and never\\nstopped until he reached Winnsboro a hundred\\nmiles away, where he remained, quiet and frightened,\\nfor three months. During this respite, the ISTorth\\nCarolina whigs rallied and gathered in considerable\\nforce. General Smallwood, with his veteran and\\ncelebrated Maryland corps, and Morgan s riflemen,\\nstrengthened them. Gates soon joined them, with\\nthe sad remains of the Southern army. From Hills-\\nboro a thousand Yirginians came down. General\\n!N athaniel Greene assumed the command of this new\\nforce in December, and America was again in a con-\\ndition at least to face the foe, and maintain, with re-\\nnewed courage, the contest which seemed to have\\nbeen decided upon the terrible field of Camden. To\\nthose hardy sons of the wilderness, the mountain men\\nof eastern Tennessee and western Yirginia, in all\\nprobability, is due the glory and the praise of having\\ndecided the question of the acquirement of our na-\\ntional independence.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "Lecture VII.\\nSKETCHES OF\\nCHARACTER AND ADVENTURE\\nm THE WEST,\\nTO THE FAILURE OF BURR S EXPEDITION, 1806.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "SKETCHES OF\\nCHAHACTER AND ADVENTURE\\nIX THE WEST,\\nTO THE FAILURE OF BURR S EXPEDITION, 1806.\\nThe close of the Revolutionary struggle left our\\nancestors weak and well-nigli disabled by tlieir long,\\nunequal contest, and torn by internal dissensions and\\nbroils. Threatened by external force, the govern-\\nment impoverished to the last degree and as credit-\\nless as a notorious spendthrift, the currency depre-\\nciated as far as depreciation was possible, all things\\nseemed to portend dismemberment and anarchy a\\nstate far worse than that in which the commence-\\nment of the struggle found them. But the bound-\\nless recuperative energies peculiar to our people,\\ncame to their rescue, and out of the wild chaos of\\ninharmonious elements, there arose in course of time\\nthe magnificent fabric of civic order, symmetry, and\\nsplendor, beneath whose protection we and our\\nchildren sit.\\nI have spoken of the depreciation of the cur-\\nrency. In Yirginia, at the close of the Revolu-\\n305", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "306 PIONEERS, TEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\ntion, a bowl of rum punch cost five hundred dol-\\nlars, in the ordinary currency of the time in New\\nEngland, a mug of cider was once bought for one\\nhundred dollars. Part of an old shirt was valued,\\nin an inventory of an estate, at three pounds. Gen.\\nGreen Clay, an eminent surveyor and citizen of the\\nState or rather, at that time, the District of Ken-\\ntucky, riding a spirited horse from the west side of\\nthe mountains to the east, disposed of him to one of\\nthe French officers attached to the army which aided\\nWashington in the taking of Cornwallis, for the\\nmoderate sum of twenty-seven thousand dollars,\\nwhich he invested in wild western lands and these,\\nforty years ago, were worth half a million of dollars.\\nThe bond which held the colonies together was of the\\nslightest imaginable description. The old Congress\\nhad limited powers, and was afraid to use what it\\nhad rarely daring to assume any responsibility.\\nWhat was to be done How should the treasury be\\nreplenished How should the credit of the country\\nbe established Virginia, always the readiest of the\\nsisters of the confederacy to do what in her lay to\\nspeed any good work, assigned to the general govern-\\nment that mao^nificent domain which belonored to her\\nin virtue of conquest which the perseverance and\\nheroism of her sons, inspired and guided by the indo-\\nmitable energy of George Kogers Clark, had wrested\\nfrom the power of Britain and made her own property.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. SOT\\nAll that vast and splendid country, afterward\\nJvnowu as the E orthwestern Territory, was thus given\\nfieely to the general government, in order that bj\\nthe sale of its lands to emigrants and settlers at such\\na moderate price as their resources would justity, the\\ncoffers of the Republic might be filled. Massachusetts\\nhad a partial claim to what is now the State of Ohio\\nbut always desiring to look before she leaj)ed, always\\nkeeping a sharp eye on the main chance, she waited\\nto see what should be the end of the matter so that\\nit was not until 1786, two years after Virginia had\\ngiven to the United States what formed afterward\\nthe States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and the\\ngreater portion of Ohio, that Massachusetts surren-\\ndered her claim to the western country, by cession to\\nthe general government. Last of all, old Connecti-\\ncut, who held with a still more unrelaxing gras^D to\\nher reserved territory in the northeastern corner of\\nOhio, at length became convinced of the propriety\\nand justice of ceding her claim, and did so.\\nThus, the whole of that wide domain passed into\\npossession of the federal government. At first, how-\\never, it was of comparatively slight use to the people.\\nThe Indians held most of it and although hostilities\\nupon their part were suspended for a short time\\nimmediately after the close of the Eevolution, yet, as\\ntheir late ally, the government of Great Britain, made\\nno terms for them in the treaty of 1783, but left them t,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "308 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ncare for themselves, and as the United States claimed\\nthat territory by right of conquest, without stipula-\\ntion or provision for compensation to them, granting\\nthem only slight reserves for residence and hunting-\\ngrounds, their ire was again awakened, and their ven-\\ngeance was ready to descend uj)on the frontiers.\\nFurther, Spain and France had aided our country\\nin the struggle against our mother; but after that\\nstruggle was ended, and we had achieved our inde-\\npendence, they asked to be remembered and com^^en-\\nsated for their exj^enditure in our behalf Both were\\nin quest of territory. Both were jealous of the\\npredicted power and greatness of the new nation.\\nBoth desired, in common with Great Britain, to\\nrestrict our fathers within certain predetermined\\nlimits. France and England joining, desired to\\nmake the Ohio Biver onr northern boundary. Spain,\\non another side, desired to keep them east of the\\nMississippi and north of the Yazoo, that she might\\nremain in possession of all the district lying south\\nand west of those rivers, for her own occupancy.\\nOne difficulty after another was thrown in the way\\nof our national diplomacy. The old confederated\\nCongress found itself incapable of the task it had\\nshouldered unequal to the difficulties of the emer-\\ngency. It is not my province to detail to you the\\nhistory of the convention for the formation of the\\nConstitution; the theory or powers of the new gov-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 309\\neminent; nor the policy of the cabmet of George\\nWashington, with its t^Yo poles of dissimilar charac-\\nter and creed, hy way of equipoise Thomas\\nJefferson representing the Republican or Democratic,\\nand Alexander Hamilton the Federal principle. The\\ngreat diplomatist of this administration was John\\nJay for intellect, patriotism, clear-sighted subtlety,\\nnobility of purpose and force of character, and lofty\\npurity of morals, one of the proudest names which\\nour annals can boast. Jay, at this time, charged\\nwith the duty of negotiating treaties with England\\nand Spain, found himself in a most perplexing situa-\\ntion. Spain claimed the right of ownership to the\\nMississippi River; denied the right of the western\\npeople to navigate that river, and was about to close\\nall the ports upon the Gulf against our commerce,\\nand thus cut off the people w^est of the mountai]is\\nfrom all opportunity for foreign exchanges. Enor-\\nmous croj^s of all kinds grew up in their fertile and\\nexuberant fields, but there was no market in which\\nthey could sell. Tliey had pressing needs, but there\\nwas no market where they could buy. Their only\\nopportunities for obtaining the most necessary mer-\\nchandise were by mule tracks and pathways across\\nthe Alleghany Mountains, from Baltimore and Fre-\\nderick. Long trains of these animals, with pack-\\nsaddles laden with salt, iron, and lead, and whatever\\nelse was in demand among the emigrants and settlers", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "310 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nof the West, were daily trayelling the mountain\\nroads, at all seasons of the year.\\nBut this meagre system of exchange offered no\\nprospect either of speedy wealth to those engaged in\\nit, or of present or future adequacy to the wants of\\nthe western settlements, now beginning to increase so\\nvigorously.\\nAlready the feeling had become definite and uni-\\nversal among the w^estern settlers, that the free\\nnavigation of the Mississippi must be secured when,\\nin 1784, an assembly of the peoj)le of Kentucky was\\nsummoned at Danville, by Col. Logan, one of their\\noldest and ablest pioneers, to consult upon measures\\nfor opposing an invasion by the southern Indians,\\nwhich he had learned was in contemplation. This\\nrumor proved to be incorrect but the assembly,\\nwhich contained a large number of influential and\\nIntelligent citizens, who had come together under the\\nimpression that it was intended to wage an energetic\\nwarfare upon the northwestern Indians, took occasion\\nto examine the existing laws applicable to the raising\\nof a military force when, to the common surprise\\nand chagrin, it plainly appeared that since the end\\nof the war, there was no existing authority to call\\nout men for any expedition against Indians or any\\nother enemy, nor even to assemble volunteers or\\nmilitia for the defence of their own homes and\\nhearths. Open on three sides to the incursions of a", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "OF THE ivnssissippi. 31 1\\nferocious and active enemy, their hands were efi ectu-\\nallj tied, and no defence left them except such purely\\nvoluntary aid as might be given without the counte-\\nnance of laws. Such a state of things was unendura-\\nble and even in time of safety, the growing and\\nhigh-spirited District of Kentucky, now composed\\nof three large counties, could not but be restive\\nunder the tardy and difficult administration of a\\ngovernment acting at Kichmond, and separated from\\nthe western settlements by so many hundred miles\\nof monntain and forest. The assembly was unani-\\nmously and earnestly of opinion that Kentucky should\\nhave a government independent of Virginia; but\\nhaving no legal authority, recommended a conven-\\ntion of delegates, one to be chosen from each militia\\ncompany, to assemble in December of the same\\nyear, to consider the question of separation from\\nYirginia.\\nTliis convention assembled, and was the first of a\\nseries of nine, successively called by the Kentuck-\\nians unused to the management of representative\\nmachinery or required by the Assembly of Yirginia\\nor by Congress, in the course of the long series of\\nlegislation and negotiation that lasted for seven\\ntedious and wearisome years, before the final act\\nof 1791 constituted Kentucky a State. During all\\nthis long period, the feeble and disorganized com-\\nmnnity beyond the mountains Vv^as vexed by a seem-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "312 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ningly interminable series of conventions by uncer-\\ntainty and fear respecting its fate by incessant and\\ncruel hostilities from Indians and English by party\\nspirit of the violent and reckless type which so com-\\nmonly curses newly-settled States and by the artful\\nand secret intrigues of agents and partisans of the\\ncourt of Spain.\\nIn 1784, while all these disturbing influences were\\nactively at work, there crossed the mountains, from\\nMaryland, a distinguished citizen and soldier of that\\nState, who had played a conspicuous part in the\\nRevolution, General James Wilkinson a man long-\\nafterward intimately connected with all the princi-\\npal political movements in the West. He had been\\naid-de-camp to General Gates had figured, with\\nconsiderable credit, in many of the struggles of the\\nRevolution; and, at the conclusion, finding his for-\\ntunes impaired and his finances in so complicated a\\ncondition that, with his present means, there were\\nno hopes of remedy, he directed a sagacious eye to\\nthe growing West and deciding promptly upon a\\nremoval, came with a stock of goods to w^hat is now\\nLexington, in Kentucky, for the purpose of establish-\\ning himself in trade. His fine personal appearance,\\nwinning manners, agreeable and dignified address\\nhis tact and ingenuity, knowledge of and adaptation to\\nhuman nature, and subtlety of speech his powers of\\ninsinuation, and plausibilit}^ his elonuence, whetlier", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 313\\nspoken or written, equally adapted to the popular\\nlevel all tliese endowments placed liim at once in\\nthe highest position in the country. He was elected\\na member of several of the organizing conventions;\\nbecame a prominent political character at once and\\nwhen the question of the navigation of the Missis-\\nsippi absorbed a large portion of the attention of the\\nlientuckians, this bold man embarked upon a haz-\\nardous adventure. He procured a flat-boat, loaded\\nit with tobacco, descended the Ohio, and then the\\nMississippi, and depositing his cargo in ^ew Orleans,\\nopened negotiations with the Spanish government.\\nThe secret portion of his correspondence with Baron\\nde Carondelet, the Spanish governor at N ew Orleans,\\nhas never been made public but General Wilkinson\\nreturned to Kentucky and informed the inhabitants\\nthat he had made certain overtures to Carondelet;\\nthat he had acquired for himself, by judicious nego-\\ntiation, the right of deposit for all his merchandise,\\nbe it of what sort soever, in the government ware-\\nhouses of the capital of Louisiana and that he had\\nsecured a permission to trade there for a given num-\\nber of years. He began at once to purchase all the\\nproducts of Kentucky for the pur]30se of prosecuting\\nthis trade. He hinted furthermore that Carondelet\\nhad informed him, under proper instructions from the\\nSpanish government, that if the people of Kentucky,\\nwould sever their relations with the older States and\\n14", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "314:\\nerect themselves into an independent territory oi\\nState, Sj)ain would treat or negotiate with them\\nmaking such treaties as should be most desirable and\\nagreeable to them, relative to outlets for trade or\\notherwise.\\nThis Vv as the first hint the people of Kentucky\\nreceived in regard to this matter. Wilkinson for\\nsome time continued his trade with iN ew Orleans,\\nand began to lay the foundation of an immense for-\\ntune. Carondelet, not satisfied with his negotiations\\nwith Wilkinson, sent one Power to approach some of\\nthe other distinguished citizens of the District for a\\ndistrict it still remained. This man came to Benjamin\\nSebastian, a prominent lawyer, and afterward a dis-\\ntinguished judge, and laid before him certain schemes\\nfor the furtherance of the plan which had been\\nalready submitted to Wilkinson and which insured\\nto the people of Kentucky the free navigation of the\\nMississippi, and the right of deposit at ITew Orleans\\nfor any number of years that they might desire. At\\nthe same time? Mr. Guardoqui, the Spanish minister\\naccredited to our government, then in New York,\\nentered into treaty stipulations, with a similar object,\\nand in a secret manner, with Mr. Brown, territorial\\ndelegate to Congress from Kentucky and subse-\\nquently its representative when admitted as a State.\\nAnd while the uneasy excitement about the secret\\nplans of Spain is spreading in Kentucky, and the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "OF THE J^nSSISSIPPI. 315\\nmore open propositions of Guardoqui are almost pub-\\nlished. by Brown Avliile the people are also vexed\\nand harassed with their interminable series of con-\\nventions to no purpose the object of the Spanish\\ncourt is nearly gained by Mr. Jay. This negotiator\\nlays before the confederate Congress a proposal, not\\nto give up the principle of the right to navigate\\nthe Mississippi, but to cede the exercise of it for\\ntwenty years, in consideration of certain advantages\\noffered in return. The seven northeastern States\\nearnestly favor the scheme but nine States being\\nrequired to adopt it, it fails. While it is in agitation,\\nhowever, the wrath of the Kentuckians becomes so\\nhot against the I^ew Englanders, for this selfish dis-\\nregard of the interests of the West, that they become\\nalmost ready to sever all connection with the Union,\\nand to set up an independent sovereignty within\\nthe great valley.\\nHad this project prevailed in Congress, it is ex-\\nceedingly probable that the after-progress of this\\ncountry would have been much hampered and entan-\\ngled by the indefinite complications which would\\nhave sprung from the establishment of a rival\\ncommonwealth beyond the mountains. As it was,\\nthe bitter feelings which the scheme engendered\\ntoward I^cav England remained strong for many\\nyears, and the name of Jay was for a long time\\nalmost infamous in the popular mind of Kentucky,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "316 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nas having been connected with what they appre-\\nhended to be a treacherous and unscrupulously selfish\\nscheme to sacrifice them and their future for the\\nadvantage of a distant section of the country. Yet\\nJay had never for a moment contemplated the re-\\nsignation of tlie right to navigate the Mississippi.\\nIndeed he would have been the very last man in the\\nnation to yield a single jot of principle or of justice,\\nto infiict a wrong, or to distribute benefits unfairly.\\nHis sole error was the universal one of under-esti-\\nmating the j^rospective growth of the common-\\nwealtlis of the Yalley. So far was he from any\\nimproper pliancy on this point, that he had stead-\\nfastly supported the right to the river navigation,\\nboth during the war and after it, in defiance of all\\nthe tortuosities and intrigues which European diplo-\\nmacy could bring to bear upon him, and of tlie large\\noffers of pecuniary assistance and threats of alterna-\\ntive desertion which were constantly presented by\\nthe court of Spain as inducements toward the grant-\\ning of what we sought. But the m-asses of the\\npeople, however sure their sober second thought,\\nare little competent to judge of the conduct of a\\nnegotiator in a foreign land, in difficult times, who\\nmust look at the needs and rights, not of one section\\nof his country, but of all and though Jay, now a\\nhistorical character, has long justly held a lofty and\\nhonored place am^ong our Revolutionary heroes, in", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. g-j^T\\nthe hearts of Kei^tuckians, as well as all others of his\\ncountrymen, Ins spotless name was long a by-word\\nand a hissing among them.\\nSo guarded were the words and actions of the\\nadvocates of an independent government in Zen-\\ntuckj, that even now it cannot be demonstratively\\nproved that they bad actually agreed with Spain to\\nestablish it. Still it is known that one or two of\\nthem received Spanish pensions; and there can be\\nno reasonable doubt that Wilkinson, Brown, Sebas-\\ntian, Innis, and a few more, did earnestly desire such\\nan independent government, probably from the\\ndouble desire for political power and position for\\nthemselves, and whatever pecuniary gains they could\\ne^ctort from the Spanish government. It is certain\\nthat they pushed their plan to the furthest point pos-\\nsible, without instant ruin to their own prospects in\\ni^entuckj.\\nI proceed with the story of the Spanish intric\u00e2\u0080\u009ees\\nthough out of strict chronological order. Caron-\\ndelet s negotiation with Judge Sebastian throuo-b\\nThomas Power, was brought to an end in n95 by\\nthe treaty of October of tkat year, with Spain, which\\nsecured the navigation of the Mississippi. Two years\\nafterward Power came again to Kentucky with a\\nplan from Carondelet for forming an independent\\ngovernment west of the mountains. ITie public\\nmind was to be prepared by newspaper articles the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": ":18\\nsclieme aided by Spain witli men and arms. Tliis\\nproposition was submitted to Sebastian, to Tnnis, to\\nI^icliolas, and to Wilkinson, and was decidedly dis-\\ncouraged by all not as treasonable or unpatriotic,\\nbut merely as impracticable under the circumstances.\\nWilkinson, however, intimated that if lie should be\\nappointed governor of Natchez, for Spain, lie might\\nbe able to proceed in some plan of the kind. Power\\nreturned to ISTcav Orleans with this answer and thus\\nended, as lar as is now known, any actual attempts\\nby Spain to dismember our Union. Sebastian, how-\\never, received a Spanish pension of two thousand\\ndollars a year, until 1800.\\nThe story of the West after the Revolution would\\nnot be complete without some reference to the med-\\ndlesome and impertinent endeavors of revolutionary\\nFrance to reap in her turn some advantage among\\nthe hardy and excitable population of the new trans-\\nAUeghanian State. There was no part of the United\\nStates where the French nation received more love or\\nsympathy than in Kentucky. Her generous aid in the\\ndark days of our own contest with England were\\ngratefully remembered and her magnificent attitude\\nof successful defiance to the banded powers of\\nEurope who sought to beat down her newly-estab-\\nlished republican government, was enthusiastically\\nadmired. That crazy democat Genet, the French\\nambassador, deluded by tlie triumphant progress", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 6VJ\\nwliicli he made througli the country, believing that\\nhe conld wield the moral and physical power of the\\nUnited States in aid of France in the contest be-\\ntween herself and England and Spain, sent four emis-\\nsaries into Kentucky, to raise two thousand men,\\nand aj)point a general, descend the Ohio and Missis-\\nsippi in boats, attack the Spaniards in Louisiana, and\\nbring them under French authority. General George\\nEogers Clark, the hero of Kaskaskia and Yincennes,\\nnow considerably fallen in social and political posi-\\ntion, was so imprudent as to consent to receive the\\nsupreme command of this chimerical army, with the\\nlong-tailed title of Major General in the armies of\\nFrance, and Commander-in-Chief of the French\\nRevolutionary Legions on the Mississippi. The\\nwork of enlistment went vigorously forward. Demo-\\ncratic clubs, humble imitations of the Jacobin clubs\\nof France, were established over Kentucky, and\\ngrew rampant with denunciations of the federal gov-\\nernment of the Spanish treachery in closing the\\nMississippi of tlie vile tricks which Washington and\\nJay were contriving to unite this country and Eng-\\nland again t France of the tyrannical excise act.\\nThe new State was in a perfect ferment of disloyal\\nand fanatic excitement. There was much con-es-\\npondence amongst the Federal and State officers\\nrespecting these military schemes. President Wasli-\\nington. Governor Shelby, and General Wayne wrote", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "320 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nbackward and forward. Depeau, one of the French\\nagents, wrote an extraordinary letter to Gov. Shelby,\\nin very French English, intended as a courteous\\nannouncement of his business, and an invitation to\\njoin in it. Shelby was even so much swayed from\\nhis usual straight-forward common-sense as to write\\nto Gen. \\\\Yayne, in substance, that he had great\\ndoubts whether he could consistently endeavor to\\nstop any Kentuckian or Kentuckians who should\\nmerely set out to leave the State with arms and pro-\\nvisions. Washmgton, who could not see the force of\\nsuch reasoning, laconically ordered Yfayne to garri-\\nson Fort Massac, on the Ohio, and to do what else\\nmight be necessary to stop this muster of fools. The\\nDemocrats, on this, grew more excited than ever.\\nThey called a convention and passed some resolutions\\nfull of bitter enmity to the general government and\\nthis convention took measures to call another, whicli\\nsquinted hard in the old direction of separation from\\nthe Union. But just in the nick of time the news\\ncame that the French Republic had recalled Genet,\\nand disapproved and disavowed his acts. This pricked\\nthe bubble. Lachaise and Depeau, the chief French\\nagents, instantly lost their authority, and disap-\\npeared. Gen. Clark lost his long title and liis mili-\\ntary command. The officers and soldiers of the in-\\ntended army lost the generous grants which their\\nFrench friends had lavishly promised them, of lands", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 321\\nwliicli tliey did not own. And tlie public mind,\\nlosing so many and promising subjects for excite-\\nment, grew at once quite calm.\\nWhile Carondelet s intrigues were still proceed-\\ning, and while the democratic and federal quarrel\\nw^as yet hot and fierce in Kentucky, the unpopular\\nadministration of Washington was succeeded by the\\nactually hateful one of Adams. In the new govern-\\nment the people of Kentucky had little confidence,\\nand entertained for it still less respect for they w^ere\\nconvinced that it w^as unfriendly to them. ISTever-\\ntheless, Kentucky had been admitted as a State and\\na treaty had been formed with Spain, by which tlie\\nright of navigating the Mississippi for tliree years liad\\nbeen obtained, as well as the right to deposit mer-\\nchandise in I^ew Orleans for j)urposes of commerce.\\nBut before this period expired, the Spanish governor\\nof Kew Orleans shut the port, and refused the -pcv-\\nmission agreed upon by the treaty. For even after\\nthe organization of the new^ State, the scheme of\\nwooing her from her attachment to the confederacy\\nwas still contemplated. Then came the alien and\\nsedition laws, ill-judged and oppressive enactments,\\nwhich awakened tumult and confusion throughout\\nthe country, especially in Kentucky and Yirginia.\\nThe former, irritated by their enactment, took the\\nfirst step in that system of nullification, afterward so\\nstrangely put forward again by South Carolina. By\\n14*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "322\\na series of resolutions passed by lier legislature, iu\\n1798-9, she denied the right of the general govern-\\nment to interfere in matters of private State rights\\nand authority. No State of all the country was so\\naddicted to the principles of Jefferson, perhaps it\\nmight be said, no people ever worshipped a dema-\\ngogue in the form of a politician as did the Iventuck-\\nians Jefferson. And accordingly, they repudiated\\nthe doctrine of Adams and his congress, and passed a\\nset of resolutions, drawn up by Jefferson with his\\nown hand for the purpose. Tlius did Kentucky de-\\nfile its statute book with a direful blot a stain which\\nit has taken long years of fealty to the Union, to the\\nfederal authority, the united central power of the\\nRepublic, to wipe out. And no lapse of time will\\nremove the spot from her history. The written vrord\\nremaineth. The resolution in the book will forever\\ntell of the folly that placed it there. Let us hope\\nthat the lesson will not be lost upon her sister States.\\nThus goes on the muddy, crooked stream of poli-\\ntics Spain intriguing still England dispatching her\\nemissaries from the I^orth with the hope of harassing\\nthe Kentucky people and they yet retaining, though\\nnot without doubt and difficulty, integrity toward the\\nconfederacy. It is time for me now to j)ass from this\\npolitical part of my subject, and to return and trace\\ndownward another line of history.\\nAs I have said, the Indians suspended their liostili-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 323\\nties for a brief period after tlie close of the Eevolu-\\ntionaiy struggle. Finding that England had made\\nno j)ro vision for them in her treaty with the colonies,\\nthey resumed hostilities after a more fearful sort than\\nhad ever been seen before. By the treaty between\\nEngland and the United States, the former was to\\nrelinquish all fortresses within our territory after the\\nboundary line had been run the line which is now\\nthe northern boundary of the Union. But there v\\\\^as\\nalso another stipulation that English merchants were\\nto be allowed to collect their dues and debts in this\\ncountry precisely as before the Revolution. Vir-\\nginia, indignant at the carrying away of slaves by\\nthe British fleet, nullified this provision of the\\ntreaty, and prohibited by law the collection of British\\ndebts. England seized upon this pretext to retain\\nher hold of the fortresses upon the northern border.\\nSo that her troops were yet stationed in certain forts\\nin Michigan, northern Ohio, and Indiana and from\\nthese centres of operation and influence, the Indians\\nwere constantly supplied with arms and provisions,\\nsometimes with advice and encouragement and were\\ncontinually making descents upon the border settle-\\nments, hindering and almost absolutely preventing\\nthe settlement of the N orthwestern Territory.\\nThus the people of Kentucky must be still on the\\nwar-path their cabins and block-houses burned their\\nwives and children tomahawked and butchered as be-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "324 PIONEERS, niEAClIEKS AND PEOPLE\\nfore. Let ns pause a moment to recount some of the\\nincidents of this period, wliicli may be said to reach\\nfrom about 1784 to the battle of the Fallen Timber,\\nin lT9i.\\nA man named Davis walks out one morning, and\\nhas only got a few steps from the door, when he turns\\nround and finds an Indian between him and the\\nthreshold. Thinking to elude the savage, he runs\\nround the house so as to enter before him but on re-\\nturning finds that the cabin is filled with Indians,\\nand he himself is hotly pursued by the one whom he\\nhad first seen. He rushes to a cornfield and suc-\\nceeds in concealing himself. Hearing no noise, and\\nno shouts or screams from the cabin, and knowing that\\nwithout arms he can do nothing for the rescue of his\\nfamily, he runs at the top of his speed for -Q.Ye miles\\nto a block-house occupied by his brother and some\\nother settlers. These quickly sally out, return to Da-\\nvis s house, find that no blood has been spilled and\\nafter great difficulty for the Indians have taken every\\nmeans to obliterate their traces succeed in getting\\nupon the trail. Following this with all speed, after\\na number of hours they succeed in overtaking the\\nsavages, who have still the wife and children of Da-\\nvis with them. One of the children, a boy of eleven,\\nis instantly thrown to the ground, as the Indians see\\nhis father and friends approaching, and the hair and\\nskin from the top of his head skillfully removed hy", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 325\\nthat surgical process called scalping. The rest of the\\nIndians, frightened at the crack of the rifles, take to\\ntheir heels, leaving the remainder of the family in a\\nsink hole by the side of the trail. The boy, spring-\\nup, his head streaming with blood, cries out at the top\\nof his voice Father after them. Cuss those red-\\nskins they ve got my liar P This is an illustration\\nof the spirit of the boys of that period.\\nThere was a redoubtable hunter and Indian-fighter\\nof the name of Hart, whose quickness and keenness\\nin the warfare of the woods had obtained him the\\nname of Sharp-Eye from his Indian enemies. This\\nman had performed a number of feats which had\\nwon him the unenviable distinction of the special\\nhatred of these red people. Making a descent upon\\nhis neighborhood, secreting themselves over night,\\nthey attack his family as they are sitting at their\\nbreakfast one morning. An Indian levels his rifle\\nand shoots Hart dead. The son, a boy of twelve\\nyears of age, grasps his father s rifle and sends a\\nbullet through the Indian s heart. The other savages\\nrush at the door in a body. The brave boy hurls a\\ntomahawk and splits the skull of a second; drives\\nhis scalping-knife to the hilt in the heart of a third,\\nand then the party is a large one, and the contest is\\ntoo imequal they carry him off with his mother,\\nrather proud of the achievements of the lad. A\\nsister was killed on the journey but the boy and his", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "326 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nmother, after being captives for some time, were ran-\\nsomed, and returned home.\\nThe spirit of the women of the country was of the\\nsame indomitable sort. The house of a settler was\\nattacked just before the break of day. Hearing a\\nnoise outside, he incautiously opened the door and\\nstepped out on the threshold, when he received the\\ncontents of six or seven Indian rifles. Falling across\\nthe entry, mortally wounded, his wife hastily pulled\\nthe body in, and closed the door, just in season to\\nprevent the Indians from entering. They immedi-\\nately, with clubs and tomahawks, commenced to cut\\naway the door. There were no firearms in the house,\\nthe settler having been so reckless as to be without\\nthem. They succeeded in breaking down one of the\\npuncheons of the door and were pressing in. The\\nbold wife had nothing but an axe but as one savage\\nafter another crawled through, she hewed him down\\nwith the axe, and drew him inside until four were\\ndispatched. The other three, thinking almost any\\nother plan more promising, now climb the roof and\\nseek to descend the chimney. But female ingenuity\\nis fertile in resources. There is only one feather bed\\nin the house, and quick as thought she empties it into\\nthe bed of glowing coals in the fireplace. Two more\\nof the Indians, suffocated by the pungent fumes, fall\\ninto the fire, and as they grovel in the live coals, she\\nsplits their skulls with her axe. The last of the party", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "OF TnE MISSISSIPPI. o27\\ntries the broken door again. As he is crawling\\nthrough, the valiant woman gives him also a cleath-\\nw^ound with her heavy weapon, and is left safe for a\\ntime and alone w^itli her great sorrow and her brave\\nrevenge, and with a ghastly company of eight bloody\\ncorpses her husband and his seven murderers.\\nThere was for many years resident in the E^ortli-\\nwestern Territory, in what became afterward the\\nState of Illinois, a French Creole woman, born at the\\npost of St. Joseph s, upon Lake Michigan. She was\\nfortunate enough, during her singular life, to have\\nthree husbands, two of them Frenchmen and one\\nAmerican. She w^as known as Madame Lecompte,\\nthe name of her second husband, for that of the\\nthird she did not choose to keep a very vigorous,\\nclear-minded person, capable of adajjting herself to\\ncircumstances, and well experienced in the customs\\nof her Indian neighbors. Born in 1Y35, she so-\\njourned some time in Michigan, and afterward\\ndescended to the French settlements in Illinois, and\\nhere took up her residence at Kahohia. Many times,\\nwhen the Indians were making descents upon the\\nFrench at the instigation of the English, this woman,\\nwho w^as much beloved by the savages, received pre-\\nvious information from them that they were about to\\nattack the settlements, in order that she might escape\\nbefore the onslaught. The message alw^ays came in\\nthe night-time but instead of escaping, the bold-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "328\\nhearted woman would instantly set out for tlie Indian\\ncamp, approach as day was breaking, and freely\\nenter amongst their host, secure of respectful treat-\\nment. Sometimes she would stop with them one,\\ntwo, or three days protesting, urging, reasoning with\\nthem, and inducing them at length to give up their\\nforay. Returning to the settlement, with three or\\nfour hundred savage warriors, who had come out to\\nburn and slay, she brought them, in friendly guise, to\\nmake their humble acknowledgments to the settlers,\\nand to partake of their hospitality. Thus, in a dozen\\ncases at least, did this brave woman, at Kahokia and\\nKaskaskia, prevent the destruction of the French and\\nAmerican inhabitants. She lived till 184:3, reaching\\nthe astonishing age of a hundred and nine years\\nand the old chronicler. Governor Reynolds, whom I\\nam so fortunate as to number among my personal\\nfriends, says, that to the last she was active in body\\nand mind, and possessed her faculties and functions,\\nintellectual and physical, at that advanced period,\\nbetter than women of forty or fifty do now. She\\nwas accustomed to go out in all weathers, walking on\\nthe ice and snow, and in tlie open air, and health,\\nlongevity, beauty of complexion, were more certainly\\nsecured by this means, says Governor Reynolds, than\\nby making pilgrimages on fine, rich carpets, be-\\ntween the piano and the air-tight stove.\\nWilliam Whiteside, a soldier of the Revolution,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 329\\nwlio had fought bravely and well at the battle of\\nElng s Mountain, a strong athletic woodsman, of\\nIrish blood, was in 1795 settled in the American\\nBottom, between Ivashaskia and Kahokia. Getting\\nintelligence that a party of Indians was encamped in\\nthe neighborhood, with the design of stealing his\\nhorses, the fiery old warrior summoned a little band\\nof fourteen men, his tried companions in many a\\ncombat with the savages, and set out to surprise\\nthem in camp. Surrounding them just before day, a\\nfurious charge was made, and after a severe combat,\\nall the Indians were killed but one, who fled, and who\\nwas killed when he got home, by his tribesmen, for\\nhis cowardice. In this battle, Capt. Whiteside re-\\nceived a wound which he thought mortal, and which\\nbrought him to the ground. But he neither flinched\\nnor feared and he lay there exhorting his men to\\nfight bravely, not to retreat an inch, and never to\\npermit the enemy to touch him after he was dead.\\nOne of his sons, who was unable to use his gun, being\\nwounded in the arm, now came up, and on examin-\\ning his father s wound, discovered that the ball had\\nmerely glanced from a rib, and passing round, had\\nlodged under the skin near the spine. He quietly\\ndrew his butcher-knife and cut out the ball, as he\\nwould out of a tree, merely remarking in a dry way,\\nFather, you re not dead yet The old man, on\\nreflection, thought so too and jumping to his feet.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "330 PIONEEES, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\ncried out, Boys, I can fight the Indians yet and\\nrushed again into the figlit.\\nI shall not delay to give details of the incessant\\nborder barbarities of the Indians nor of the expedi-\\ntions which, one after another, went forth against\\nthem. After a considerable jDcriod, the general\\ngovernment undertook the defence of the western set-\\ntlements. I need not detail the adventures, the suffer-\\nings, the defeats and degradation of the hapless hosts\\nof Harmor and St. Clair nor the splendid triumphal\\nprogress of Anthony Wayne nor the decisive vic-\\ntory gained by him in the great battle of the Fallen\\nTimber, which reduced the belligerent tribes to a\\ncondition of humble, though unwilling submission.\\nBut I will take time to narrate a few circumstances\\nof individual adventure in Wayne s army, which\\nwill serve as additional illustrations of the character\\nof western woodsmen of that day.\\nAttached to Wayne s army w^as a small body of\\nscouts, whose business it was to range up and down\\nthe woods in front and flank of the line of march,\\nfamiliarize themselves wdth the movements of the\\nsavages, and every now and then to arrest some\\nIndian and bring him to the camp, that the general\\nmight get his news at first hand. The head of these\\nscouts was Captain William Wells, who had asso-\\nciated with him a man named Miller, another named\\nMcLennan, and three otheji s. These, while in camp.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 331\\nwere gentlemen at large, and no duties devolved\\nupon tliem but when tliey were on tlie war-patli\\ntheir occupations were of a sufficiently hazardous\\ndescription to make np for former ease. In 1793,\\nWayne had sent out Wells, with Miller and McLen-\\nnan, for the purpose of catching an Indian. They\\nproceeded northward in the direction of some Indian\\ntowns. When yet at a distance, they heard a sound\\nof merry-making and approaching an open glade in\\nthe wood, found three Indians seated near its centre,\\ncooking venison, laughing and talking at leisure.\\nThe three spies were too distant to rush in upon\\nthem and it was necessary to take one of them alive.\\nThey therefore skirted along the timber till they\\ncame opposite to the point from which they Iiad first\\ndiscovered the savao:es. Here there was a fallen\\ntree and creeping along this mitil they were safely\\nensconced between the branches, it was arranged\\nthat the spy on the right should shoot the Indian on\\nthe right he on the left should pick his man in the\\nsame way, w^hile McLennan, who was in the middle,\\nand the fleetest man in the party, w^as to run after\\nthe third Indian, and seize him. The fire was given,\\nthe two Indians fell dead, and, as was expected, the\\nmiddle one took to his heels with all dispatch,\\nMcLennan after him. The smoke had not cleared\\naway before the two men w^ere seen bounding along\\nat tlie top of their speed. ISTear at hand was a", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "332 PIONEEES, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nstream of water. The Indian, seeing McLennan\\ngaining on liim, ran to the river, and plunging over\\na bluff, twenty feet high, landed in a deep quagmire.\\nMcLennan, without pausing, sprang over him and\\nup to their breasts, as they stood, both mired fast,\\nbut within reach of each other, a desperate struggle\\nensued. The knife and tomahawk were drawn, and\\nthe two foes were on the point of a bloody conflict,\\nwhen the other two spies came up, and burst into a\\nhearty laugh at the absurd phase of the spectacle.\\nThe Lidian, seeing that there was no chance for him,\\ndropped his weapons and surrendered. The others\\nextricated them from their embarrassing attitude;\\nand while the two who had been in the morass were\\nwashing off the dirt, it was discovered that the man\\nwho had thus been seized, was not really an Lidian,\\nthough burned and browned so as to be almost of\\ntheir tawny complexion but that he bore indubit-\\nable marks of white origin. Miller liad himself been\\na prisoner with the Lidians many years, having been\\ncaptured in his early youth and had left a brother,\\nChristopher Miller, in their hands. A strange sus-\\npicion flashed upon him. It was years since he had\\nseen his brother. The white Indian, however, was\\nsulky, and refused to answer any questions, until\\nMiller, riding up for they had placed him upon a\\nhorse called him by his Indian name. The man\\nflushed, turned crimson, and asked, How do you", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 333\\nknow my name Here was the trutli revealed as\\nby a mii-acle. The brothers hands had been provi-\\ndentially stayed from shedding each other s blood\\nand after long and urgent entreaty, pleading even\\nwith tears in his eyes, Miller succeeded in winning\\nChristopher from his w^ld Indian ways and at\\nlength induced him to join their scouting and forag-\\ning party, of Avhich he became one of the most reso\\nlute and indomitable members.\\nThus reinforced, and with two other men, they\\nwere sent on a subsequent occasion, by General\\nWayne, to take other prisoners. They had pro-\\nceeded thirty-five miles from Fort Defiance, in the\\ndirection of Maumee. This was in the year 1794,\\njust before the great battle in wdiich Wayne was vic-\\ntorious. Arriving within two miles of the English\\npost, they rode boldly into an Lidian town near to\\nwhere Fort Meigs was afterward built, as if they\\nhad come from the British fort and being painted\\nand decorated with feathers in Indian style, although\\nthey met Indians constantly, as some of them could\\nspeak the language, they were supposed to be none\\nother than a party of Indians. In an out-of-the-way\\nplace, beyond the town, they seize an Indian warrior\\nwith his squaw, gag and handcufi them, tie them\\nupon the saddle, and turn toward the American\\ncamp. Presently they reach the neighborhood of a\\nlarge Indian encampment; and now^ these seven", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "334: PIONEERS, PF.EACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nreckless men make a detour, and gain tlie brush at\\nsome distance, where they conceal their prisoners,\\nand then resolve to return and have a bout with the\\nIndians in camp. It is understood by previous\\narrangement that they are to ride in as if they were\\nall Indians, and enter into an amicable conversation\\nw^ith any parties about the fires, in order that they\\nmay gain all the information possible. Sitting quietly\\non their saddles, every man with his hand on the\\ntrigger of his rifle, they coolly ride into the camj) as\\nagreed. They have an agreeable chat of fifteen or\\ntwenty minutes with the Indian warriors, who are\\nloitering around the fires when an old chief sitting\\nupon a log, whispers to his friends that there is\\nsomething suspicious about these men they don t\\nseem Indians. Wells overhears the remark the\\nspies discharge their rifles each into the breast of an\\nIndian, and then putting spurs to their horses, and\\nlying down on their necks so as to present less mark\\nfor their enemy s fire, they ride full speed into the\\nforest, whooping and hallooing as if they were\\ndemons. The Indians however, grasp their rifies\\n.and deliver their fire, in confusion and bewilder-\\nment. Yet before the spies have got beyond the\\ncircle of the firelioht McLennan is shot shrousrh the\\nshoulder, and Wells, receiving a bullet in his arm,\\nloses his rifle. May, a third man, was taken prisoner\\nthe others, after a dangerous and fatiguing journey,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSirPI. 335\\narrived safely at camp. And this was a fanny freak\\nan amusing adventure a specimen of tiie sport\\nrelislied by the rugged Borderers of that old day.\\nMcLennan was the fleetest runner in Wayne s army\\ndoubtless one of the fleetest that ever lived. It is\\ntold of him on good authority, that when tlie\\narmy was encamped at Greenville, he took a short\\nrun, and sprang over a camp wagon which rose, with\\nits cover on, just nine feet from the ground.\\nCaptain Wells, the chief of this band of daj-ing\\nmen, met an appropriate fate in a characteristic\\nmanner. Long after Wayne s expedition, during\\nthe Indian hostilities in 1S12, he held the official\\nposition of interpreter to the Miami nation. The\\nPottawatomies had surrounded the American garrison\\nof Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands; and\\nWells, whose niece was wife to the commander,\\nMajor Heald, had gone thither with the intention\\nof aiding the troops to escape to Fort Wayne. But\\nhe was excessively obnoxious to the Pottawatomies,\\nwho were also much enraged at finding that the gar-\\nrison of Fort Dearborn had destroyed their powder,\\ninstead of delivering it up as was agreed. A little\\nafter the garrison, according to a sort of capitula-\\ntion between the officers and chiefs, had set out on\\ntheir journey to Fort Wayne, the irritated Potta-\\nwatomies attacked them. Wells, seeing instantly\\nthat there was no hope, and knowing that if", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "336 nONEEKS, PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nlie were taken prisoner, he would be subjected to\\nlong and dreadful tortures, wetted powder and\\nblackened his face in token of defiance, and mount-\\ning his horse, began to pour out on the Indians all\\nthe abusive and insulting terms he was master of.\\nThis, as he had intended, soon irritated them to such\\na pitch that one of them shot him down from his\\nhorse, and then springing upon him like a beast, cut\\nhim open, tore out his heart and ate it.\\nAnd now I come to the last portion of my subject.\\nIn the early years of the present century there sud-\\ndenly arose from the midst of peace and security, a\\ndanger that threatened anew the existence of the\\ncountry, by aiming at the disruption of its territory.\\nThis was the result of certain plans of a man who\\nhad served with credit in the Revolutionary war,\\nrising to the rank of colonel of a singularly acute,\\nand shrewd intellect, fascinating address, perfect\\ncourtesy of manner, profoundly acquainted with\\nhuman nature, a quick reader of the faults and follies\\nof all about him, as haughtily and imscrupulously\\nambitious as Lucifer himself; long a most able and\\nsuccessful politician once Yice-President, after failing\\nof the Presidency itself only by a few votes fallen\\nhowever, in consequence of that failure in the esteem\\nof his party the deliberate and delighted murderer\\nof the greatest statesman our country ever boasted\\nbut now an outlaw by proclammation, quite bank-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 337\\nrupt in fortune and in political hopes, and ready for\\nany design, how bad or desperate soever, which ex-\\nhibited any chance of regaining wealth and power.\\nFor between fame and notoriety, Aaron Burr seems\\nto have no choice.\\nBurr s plans were masked by a pretended enter-\\nprise for colonizing a large tract of wild lands among\\nthe distant rivers and marshes of upper Louisiana, in\\nwhich he held a nominal interest under the Spanish\\ngrant to the Baron de Bastrop. His actual design he\\nmost probably never fully revealed to any person.\\nBut the common belief is well founded that he in-\\ntended to attack the Spanish possessions, and to carve\\nout for himself some principality or magnificent\\nestate somewhere in the West, between the Missis-\\nsippi River and the Isthmus of Darien. Whether\\nhis empire was to be Mexico, Texas, or Louisiana,\\nand how far his scheme included the territory of the\\nUnited States, will probably never be known.\\nBurr visited the West in two successive years,\\n1805 and 1806 winning friends and partisans every-\\nwhere, and by that strange personal magnetism\\nwhich was, perhaps, his most remarkable character-\\nistic, becoming especially a favorite among the\\nladies. Upon his second visit, however, he was\\narrested at the suit of Col. Joseph Hamilton Daviess,\\nthen U. S. attorney who, almost alone among the\\nwhole population of Kentuclv)^, was profoundly con-\\n15", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "338 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nvinced of the treasonableness of Burr s designs.\\nDaviess is famous as an orator but far more deserv-\\ning of renown, it seems to me, is the impregnable\\nmoral courage and lofty rock-like steadfastness to liis\\nconvictions which he showed in the series of vigorous\\nendeavors he made under circumstances the most\\ndiscouraging, to insure the trial of a man whom he be-\\nlieved a criminal. He was one of the very few federal-\\nists in Kentucky; and as such, all his public acts\\nwere of course bitterly censured, and his motives\\ncontinually questioned. In the present instance,\\nhowever, the bold attorney had not only to stand up\\nunder the weight of this political odium, whicli his\\npowerful shoulders had already easily supported for\\nyears, but under the accumulated storm of obloquy,\\nindignation, and ridicule, wdiich was liberally hurled\\nagainst him from all sides, for his persevering attacks\\nupon a man of national reputation, whose personal\\nand political friends filled Kentucky, and wdio num-\\nbered among those who were either his very j)artners\\nin crime, or his zealous followers in a supposed jus-\\ntifiable political enterj)rise, numbers of the influential\\ncitizens of the District.\\nDid the occasion permit, an interesting account\\nmight be given of the exciting legal contest which\\nbegan on the third of J^ovember, 1806, before the\\nUnited States District Court, of which Harry Innis,\\npreviously a fellow-intriguer of Benjamin Sebastian", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 339\\nwith the Spaniards, was judge. A motion by Daviess,\\nfor process to bring Burr up to answer a charge of\\nmisdemeanor in organizing a military expedition\\nwithin the United States, against a friendly power,\\nopened the case. The motion was denied, but was\\ngranted a short time afterward, at Burr s own re-\\nquest. Twice, a day was fixed for the trial, and\\neach time the resolute attorney found himself, to his\\nkeen mortification, obliged to ask an adjournment on\\naccount of the absence of an essential witness. The\\nsecond time Daviess requested the Court to keep the\\njury impannelled until he could bring up the recusant\\nby cajpias and while Burr, who had, on the former\\noccasion made a dignified and most telling address\\nto the Court, remained silent, Daviess was opj)osed\\nby Henry Clay, Burr s counsel and for hours to-\\ngether these celebrated orators battled with each\\nother upon the legal question, but illuminated and\\npointed their arguments with brilliant rhetoric and\\nsharp and personal assaults and rejoinders, which\\nheld the crowded court-room in the profoundest\\nsilence.\\nInnis refused to keep the jury without business\\nand Daviess, to gain a little time, sent to them an in\\ndictment against the absent witness, John Adair,\\nwhich they found not a true bill. He then moved\\nto compel his attendance by attachment, but was\\nagain bafiled and the case going to the grand jury,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "340 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nwith the witnesses then present, Burr was triumph-\\nantly acquitted by the throwing out of Daviess bilL\\nThe friends of the victorious plotter gave a splendid\\nball in Franhfort in honor of the occasion, and\\nDaviess friends, rallying, followed it by another in\\nhis honor.\\nBurr had only secured the services of Clay by a\\nmost sweeping and enormous falsehood. He assured\\nhim in the strongest and broadest terms that he\\nneither entertained views, nor possessed friends nor\\nmeans intended or calculated to disturb the govern-\\nment in any manner whatever and that he had\\nsigned no military commission, and owned no mili-\\ntary stores or weapons; and to this vast lie he\\npledged his honor. The tremendous impudence of\\nthe fabrication will appear, when it is remembered\\nthat his military preparations had begun four months\\nbefore, and that at the very moment of making it,\\nthe advance of his army, organized, armed, and pro-\\nvisioned, was on Blennerhassett s island, on the\\nfrontiers of Kentucky or even descending the Ohio.\\nIt was not long before the delusion which had so\\nlong obscured the Kentuckians, was thoroughly dis-\\npelled, and they did justice to the penetration and\\nresolute perseverance of Daviess, whose reputation\\nthroughout the West rose to a higher pitch than ever.\\nThere are few public men who are not, at some\\nperiod of life, called to pass through a similar ordeal", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 341\\nof misunderstanding, perhaps almost ignominy. But\\nto him who is in the right, the time of recompense\\nalways comes. The clouds do not always tarry about\\nthe mountain s side. They roll themselves up and\\nshrink away in the sunshine, and the everlasting\\nj)eak stands out in its grandeur, lifted high in the\\nheavens, uninjured by the darkness that is past, and\\nseeming even more magnificent at the withdrawal of\\nits transient veil.\\nBurr, leaving Frankfort at the conclusion of the\\ntrial, joined his forces, descended the Ohio and Mis-\\nsissippi, and was arrested and his men dispersed\\nnear JSTatchez. He was taken to Washington, the\\ncapital of the Mississippi Territory, and without diflS.-\\nculty found friends who gave bail in ten thousand\\ndollars for his appearance at court. He appeared,\\nmoved unsuccessfully for a discharge, and apprehen-\\nsive of the consequences of a removal before a higher\\ncourt, fled away eastward by night.\\nOn the 18th of February, 1807, late at night,\\nNicholas Perkins, register, and Thomas Malone, clerk\\nof the court, are playing backgammon in their cabin,\\nin the little village of Wakefield, on the western\\nverge of Alabama, when a knock is heard at the\\ndoor, and on opening it, two travellers inquire of\\nPerkins the route to Col. Hinson s. While he\\nanswers that it is seven miles away, by a difficult\\npath and over a dangerous creek, his companion", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "34:2 PIONEERS, PKKACnERS AND PEOPLE\\nthrows more j)Ine-wood on the fire, and the blaze\\nnow enables the inquisitive register to observe that\\nthe speaker has a keen, striking face, and ejes that\\nflash and sparkle with wonderful brilliancy; that lie\\nwears an old hat and coarse clothes, but remarkably\\nhandsome boots. The travellers ride on, and Perkins\\ninstantly assures his companion that the inquirer is\\nAaron Burr, and urges him to go with himself at\\nonce to Ilinson s and procure his arrest. Malone\\ndeclines. The register, hurrying off to the sherifi*, one\\nBrightwell, awakens him and they set out at once\\nfor Ilinson s, which they reach after a severe jour-\\nney. Perkins thinks best to stay in the woods, lest\\nBurr should recognize him, and sends Brightwell\\ninto the house, who satisfies himself that they are\\nright, but, for some reason, delays to take any steps\\nfor the capture. Perkins, after waiting shivering in\\nthe woods until he is tired, and hearing nothing of\\nthe sherifi now makes the best of his way to Fort\\nStoddart, on the Tombigbee, commanded by Captain\\nEdmund P. Gaines, where he arrives at sunrise.\\nGaines, on learning the news, at once sets out with a\\nfile of men, and about nine o clock meets Burr, with\\nhis companion, together with Brightwell, the recreant\\nsheriff, who seems to have been fascinated by Burr,\\nand now to have been guiding him on the road to\\nPensacola from which port he would have sailed for\\nEurope, to endeavor there to obtain new means foi", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 343\\nliis intended expedition. Notwithstanding the vehe-\\nment eloquence with which Burr denounced the\\nproclamations and proceedings for his arrest, and the\\ningenious mode in which he enlarged upon the\\nresponsibility of stopping travellers, the straightfor-\\nward young soldier marches him to the fort, and\\nretains him there for some time, while he prepares to\\nsend him prisoner to Yirginia. During this time,\\nBurr makes himself a favorite with an invalid bro-\\nther of the commander, with Mrs. Captain Gaines,\\nan accomplished and lovely woman, daughter of\\nJudge Harry Toulmin, and with every one he meets.\\nAfter some weeks, Gaines succeeds in forming an\\nescort to his mind, consisting of Colonel JSTicholas\\nPerkins, wdio had caused the arrest, two United\\nStates soldiers, and seven or eight men chosen by\\nPerkins as especially reliable, energetic, and unse-\\nducible and after a long and most fatiguing journey,\\nall the hardships and dangers of which Burr endured\\nwithout a complaint, they reached the settled country\\nof the Atlantic seaboard. While passing through\\nSouth Carolina, where Burr was still popular, and of\\nwhich his son-in-law, Alston, was governor, he\\nattempted to escape, leaping from his horse and\\nappealing to the citizens whom he found assembled\\nat a merry-making at one of the towns on the road.\\nBut Perkins, a tall and athletic man, seized Burr and\\nflung him bodily into the saddle, and with one guard", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "844 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE.\\nholding his horse s bridle, and others urging the\\nbeast from behind, they hurried him onward ont of\\nreiicli. In the revulsion of his disappointment at this\\nfailure. Burr, ordinarily so inaccessible to fear or sor-\\nrow, for once gave way to a violent outburst of grief,\\nand even wept like a child and one of his guards, a\\nkind-hearted man, wept with him. Burr was safely\\nconveyed the remainder of the distance to Rich-\\nmond; the story of his trial there, and his subse-\\nquent varying fortunes, his obscure and evil life, his\\nunhappy death, is sufficiently familiar to you. Tlie\\nmoral of his career has often been recited, but it wHl\\nbear a repetition. The lesson is simple, but fearfully\\nimportant and its weight is not lessened by any cii\\ncumstance in the manners or the morals of our times.\\nBurr was a man of splendid intellect, and of power-\\nful passions. He had both the magnificent machine,\\nand vast motive power. But he was destitute of\\nmoral sentiment, or of religious feeling. He lacked\\nthe guiding and controlling hand that must measure\\nthe application of the force, and direct the working\\nof the enginery. And without this, without the wise\\nand just hand on engine and on helm, the magnifi-\\ncence of the vessel only makes her ruin the sadder\\nthe power and speed of her movements only drive\\nher with a more fearful crash u]3on the fatal rocks.\\nHead without heart tends straight and fast to de-\\nstruction, and brings the awful fate of Aaron Burr.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "Lecture VIII.\\nMANM m THE WILDERNESS;\\nOK,\\nTHE OLD PREACHERS AND THEIR PREACHLXG.\\n15^", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "MANNA m THE WILDERNESS\\nTHE OLD PREACHERS AND THEIR PREACHING.\\nAfter the defeat of tlie English forces before\\nFort Duqiiesne Tinder the ill-fated Braddock, it was\\ndesired still to wrest that strong position from the\\ngrasp of the French, and General Forbes was placed\\nat the head of an expedition to effect that object. It\\nwas thought fit, however, that he should be preceded\\nby some person snfficientlj able and experienced to\\nbring over the minds of the indomitable inhabitants\\nof the wilderness from the canse of the French to\\nthat of the English. The person selected for this\\nhazardous enterprise was a Moravian missionary,\\nChristian Frederick Post. He had long been labor-\\ning among the Delawares on the Susquehanna, and\\nhad acquired a thorough knowledge of the Indian\\nlanguages, and of their habits and customs. He was\\ncalm, simple-hearted, intrepid, and accustomed to all\\nthe perils he had now to face. Confiding himself\\nand his cause to the hands of his Great Master, he\\n84T", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "348 PIONEEKS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nbetook himself to tlie forest, attended by a little com-\\npany of savages. His negotiation was eminently\\nsuccessful and though his life was threatened again\\nand again, he succeeded in returning safely to the\\nsettlements. By the wise and skillful efforts of this\\nman, the Indians were completely won over to the\\ncause of the English. The fall of Fort Duquesne\\nwas the consequence and the arms of the English\\nwere crowned with triumph.\\nAfter the close of the war, in 1761, Post re-\\nturned to his labor among the Indians, crossed the\\nAlleghany Eiver, and found himself upon the\\nMuskingum, in the now State of Ohio. Here he\\nsettled among the Delawares, whose language he\\nknew, and among whose brethren he had already\\nlabored for many years. But the tribe among whom\\nhe now found himself, while a part of them were\\ninclined to a peacable disposition toward the Eng-\\nlish, were still in part exceedingly hostile and he\\nfound great difficulties in his way. These, however,\\nhe serenely met and overcame. Having taken pos-\\nsession of a piece of ground allotted him, he proposed\\nto erect a cabin, for the double purpose of a home\\nand a school-house, that he might instruct the savages\\nand their children. As he commenced clearing the\\ntimber from this ground, some of the Indians in-\\nquired his intentions. He told them that a mission-\\nary must live, and in order to eat, he must raise corn.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 349\\nNay, said the Indians the French priests with\\nwhom we are acquainted, to whose labors we have\\nbeen accustomed, look fat and comely, and they raise\\nno corn and if you be the servant of God, as you\\nsay you are, and as they say they are, your God will\\nfeed you, as he feeds them you can therefore have\\nno large tract of ground to till. If you have a farm,\\nother English will come and open farms, and then a\\nfort must be built to defend you and then our lands\\nwill be taken away from us, and we shall be driven\\ntoward the setting sun. The logic of the Indians\\nwas excellent, and their power sufficient to sustain\\nit, if it was not; Post had, therefore, to content\\nhimself with a small patch sufficient for a vegetable\\ngarden. Here, then, in company with the cele-\\nbrated Heckewelder, he commenced his labors.\\nThe war of Pontiac beginning in the following\\nyear, the two missionaries, warned of their danger\\nby the simple-hearted Indian children of the forest,\\nreturned east of the mountains, and there remained for\\nsix years, when, together with David Zeisberger, they\\ncame back to the Muskingum, and laid the foundations\\nof the town of Gnadenhutten, a memorable settle-\\nment of the good Moravians and their Indians. This\\nwas the first establishment of those devout and\\nuseful missionaries west of the mountains. Many an\\nIndian s heart was won to the cause of the truth by\\ntheir patience, constancy, and judicious humble", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "350 PIONKEES, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ninstructions; and flourishing out-stations began to\\ngrow np all around them. During all the Revolu-\\ntionary struggle, the Moravians were successfully\\nlaboring toward the conversion of the Delaware\\nIndians. But the towns they occupied were unfor-\\ntunately just upon the frontier, between the whites\\nupon the one side, and the Indians upon the other.\\nThe Wyandots and Shawnees, fiercest of all the\\nhostile tribes of the ITorthwest, in making incursions\\nupon the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania,\\nmust needs pass through the settlements of these\\nChristian Indians; and the settlers in the western\\nparts of those States, in attempting to make reprisals\\nfor the outrages perpetrated upon them, must also\\ntake the same road. They were thus feared and sus-\\npected by both parties and the British in the neigh-\\nborhood of Detroit, at length determined that their\\nsettlements should be broken up, and, with or\\nagainst their will, they must now be removed to the\\nneighborhood of Sandusky. This they were loath to\\ndo, and would not voluntarily abandon their peaceful\\nhomes and firesides, their pleasant maize fields, and\\nthe sunny clearings around their comfortable resi-\\ndences. But they were forcibly taken away by\\ncommand of the British ofiicers. ^N early a hundred\\nof them perished in the winter of 1781-2, in the\\nneighborhood of Sandusky and the survivors re-\\nsolved to return to their old settlements, and there", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. oOl\\ngather in tlieir corn, wliicli had been allowed to\\nremain out during the winter.\\nA. company of settlers from the western part of\\nPennsylvania about this time resolved on an excur-\\nsion into the Indian territory for the purpose of\\npunishing the Wyandots, who had been committing\\noutrages within that State. About ninety of these\\nmen, under the command of one Col. Williamson, after\\ntwo or three days march from Fort Pitt, reached the\\npeaceful settlements of our Christian Indians. The\\nconverts were abroad in the fields, men, women, and\\nchildren, gathering in their corn. Seeing the white\\nmen approaching, and supposing them friendly, they\\ncame forward to meet them courteously, and cor-\\ndially invited them to their homes. The whites told\\nthem that they had come for the purpose of convey-\\ning them for safe keeping to Fort Pitt. Some of the\\nIndians had been there the preceding year, and had\\nbeen treated with remarkable kindness by the com-\\nmandant. To this proposition of the whites they\\ntherefore readily acceded, and collected themselves\\nin the village. All the remaining Indians, who were\\nscattered in various localities within a circuit of four\\nor five miles, were also brouglit in. When they\\nwere all gathered together, they were put under a\\nguard, and the question was then put by the colonel,\\nShall these Indians be put to death or marched to\\nPittsburg? All in favor of sparing their lives", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "352 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nwere ordered to stej) out two paces in advance of tlie\\nline as the detachment stood. Only sixteen men\\nof the whole ninety took the requisite step. The\\nvote was for death. The intelligence was communi-\\ncated to those humble and simple-minded people,\\nnow imprisoned and helpless within their own dwell-\\nings, and they were told that with the morrow s\\ndawn they must all perish. They begged for life,\\nbut their prayer was unheeded, save by that Ear\\nwhich is ever open to the prayers of all. The white\\nmen were deaf to their pleadings, and even to the\\nwailings of women and the innocent entreaties of\\nlittle children. And on the morrow that company\\nof men, with your blood and mine in their veins,\\nAnglo-Saxon men, took those people, five and thirty\\nmen, four and thirty women, five and forty little\\nchildren, laid them out on blocks of wood, and stand-\\nins: over them with their axes, clove their skulls in\\nsunder one of the most atrocious, horrible, devilish\\ndeeds that was ever perpetrated upon the face of God\\nAlmighty s earth\\nFearfully enough was this black-hearted murder\\navenged by Him who watches the deeds of his recre-\\nant children. ISText year these same volunteers fitted\\nout another expedition. They marched this time five\\nhundred strong, intending not only to burn and lay\\nwaste the territory of the hostile Indians, but also to\\ndestroy those of the inoffensive Christian Indians who", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\n353\\nyet remained. 1 am glad to say tliat most of them,\\ndiabolical miscreants as tliey were, fell victims either\\nto the tomahawks of the hostile savages, or to the\\nsilent and nnrelenting power of the wilderness. Col.\\nCrawford, who had been an old friend and agent of\\nGeorge Washington, and was unwillingly and unwit-\\ntingly made commandant of this last party, was burnt\\nalive with peculiarly frightful torments, by the Wjan-\\ndots, by whom he was taken prisoner.\\nThe Moravian brethren were the first to bring the\\nWord of Life and Truth into the vast region of the\\nMississippi Yalley always of course excepting the\\nold Jesuit Fathers and other Catholic missionaries\\nwho came with the French. There are yet, in\\nthe western country, and have been ever since the\\ntime of those atrocious murders, descendants of the\\nChristian Indians, the converts of the Moravian\\nbrethren and I believe there are yet some white\\nMoravians in the eastern part of the State of Ohio.\\nSouth of the Ohio, the earliest Christian denomina-\\ntion to enter Kentucky as a field of labor, were the\\nBaptists a large and exceedingly influential sect in\\nVirginia and Isovth. Carolina, from which States\\nmost of the early settlers of Kentucky came. While\\nthere were few preachers who came with the single\\npurpose of preaching the Word, there were a good\\nmany who were licensed to administer the sacra-\\nments, or whose object was to instruct the young, or", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "35i PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nlike their secular companions, to take possession of\\nthe country, and to secure for themselves farms and\\nestates. These were not long after followed by\\nPresbyterian ministers and missionaries, who came\\nhere expressly for the purpose of preaching the Gos-\\npel. It is not my desire here to assume a sectional\\nor denominational position. JSTevertheless, it is neces-\\nsary to call special attention to the characteristics,\\npeculiarities, lives, manners, customs, names, and\\nreputations of some of the preachers of my own\\nchurch, the Methodist. I am not to detract in the\\nslightest degree from either the Baptists or Presby-\\nterians, the two other pioneer churches in the wil-\\nderness. Their case has been presented in literature.\\nBut the Methodist church has had comparatively\\nlittle advocacy before the people at large. But little\\nis known, outside of its own limits, of its operations,\\nmovements, or men or of their agency in the pro-\\nmotion of civilization and Christianity. And it is\\nwith these men that I am more familiarly acquainted,\\nand as, for the major part of this lecture, I am to\\nrely upon my own personal observation and acquaint-\\nance with living men, and with and of those who\\nliave passed away from the scene of action within the\\nlast twenty years, it is both natural and necessary\\nthat I should principally speak of them.\\nThe Baptists did a noble and excellent work, as\\ndid also the Presbyterians, in the early times of the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 355\\nWest. Tlie Methodist cliurcli was a younger cliurcli\\nthan these its first reguhir preachers having hmded\\non this continent in 1770. Fourteen years after their\\nfirst teacher, sent out by Wesley, set foot in America\\nseven years after the first Baptist minister in Ken-\\ntucky and three years after the first Presbyterian\\nthey commenced penetrating the wilds of the Far\\nWest, and tlieir pioneer missionaries, James Haw\\nand Benjamin Ogden, crossed the Alleghanies and\\nentered the boundless tracts of Kentucky. Others\\nrapidly followed him. At first there was much an-\\ntagonism a sort of pugnacious rivalry or free\\nfight between these various denominations out in\\nthe West nor has this yet quite passed away. There\\nis an active, rough, resolute courage, independence,\\nand pluck about the western people, which inclines\\nthem to close scufiiing and grappling, a sort of knock-\\ndown attitude visible through all the moods of their\\nlife and their clergy are not free from the same pe-\\nculiarities. They were therefore great controversial-\\nists and there was an immense din about Baptism\\nand Pedobaptism Free Grace and Predestination\\nFalling from Grace and the Perseverance of the\\nSaints, etc., etc. Brethren of difi erent denominations\\noften held what they called discussions or debates\\nwhere one of one denomination challenged one of\\nanotlier. Meeting together before the people, occu-\\npying a temporary pulpit in a grove, they would", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "356 PIONEERS, PREACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nthus treat and maltreat the doctrines and viewa\\nof each other, to the eminent edification, and often-\\ntimes the entertainment of the assembled multitude.\\nThe people, nevertheless, were somewhat insensible\\nto the preached Word during the first twenty years\\nof its dispensation. They were absorbed by Indian\\nwars, and by the pressing demands upon their labor,\\nnecessary to maintain pliysical existence in a new\\ncountry. Soon afterward came in French infidelity\\nwith French politics and deism and atheism were\\nopenly avowed on every hand. Many of the principal\\ncitizens of the West were not afraid or ashamed to own\\nthemselves skeptical or infidels in regard to the old\\nsystem of Eevelation. Thus the field which these pio-\\nneer preachers were called to till was a hard and stony\\none; and they had much difl3.culty in pushing their way.\\nThe Presbyterians and Methodists found it neces-\\nsary, toward the close of the last century, to conjoin\\ntheir efforts and unite for the furtherance of the com-\\nmon cause. This was in the southern part of the\\nState of Kentucky. They held union meetings\\nsacramental meetings, where the two denominations\\nworked together, kindly and efficient yoke-fellows.\\nUnder these efforts the people at length became much\\nexcited on the subject of religion, and there then broke\\nout, in the spring of 1800, the most extraordinary re-\\nvival of religion that ever happened on this conti-\\nnent, or perhaps in the history the church since the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 357\\nDay of Pentecost. It was called the Cumberland\\nRevival, or the Great Revival. It broke out at one\\nof these sacramental occasions, when the Methodist\\nand Presbyterian ministers were holding a two or\\nthree days meeting, for the purpose of stimulating\\nthe attention of the people to the all-important sub-\\nject of personal holiness. At this, there were strange\\nmanifestations. The people were seized as by a sort\\nof superhuman power their physical energy was\\nlost; their senses refused to j)erform their functions\\nall forms of manifesting consciousness were for the\\ntime annulled. Strong men fell upon the ground,\\nutterly helpless women were taken with a strange\\nspasmodic motion, so that they were heaved to and\\nfro, sometimes falling at length upon the floor, their\\nhair dishevelled, and throwing their heads about\\nwith a quickness and violence so great as to make\\ntheir hair crack against the floor as if it were a team-\\nster s whip. Then they would rise up again under\\nthis strange power, fall on their faces, and the same\\nviolent movements and cracking noise would ensue.\\nSuch peculiarities characterized this first meeting.\\nThe meetings went on, and at length there was a\\ngrand convocation at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, where\\nthe leading Presbyterian minister was Barton W,\\nStone, afterward renowned in the ecclesiastical\\nannals of the West, as the father and head of those\\nNew Lights who became subsequently followers", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "358 PIONEEES, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nof Alexander Campbell, and a section of that body\\nnow called Christian. Stone was then tlie Pres-\\nbyterian minister of Concord and Cane Kidge meet-\\ning-liouse. He appointed a sacramental meeting.\\nThe report of these peculiar doings spread so rapidly\\nthrough Tennessee, Kentucky, Yirginia, and what is\\nnoAV Indiana, that peoj)le came sixty, seventy, a hun-\\ndred, even tliree hundred miles to attend this meet-\\ning, and it is said that on one night there were not\\nless than thirty thousand people present at the Cane\\nKidge ground. There were ]3i esent eight or ten\\npreachers of different denominations, standing up on\\nthe stumps of trees, fallen logs, or temporary pul-\\npits, all of them holding forth in their loudest tone\\nand that was a very loud tone, for the lungs of the\\nbackwoods preachers w^ere of the strongest. They\\nroared like lions their tones were absolutely like\\npeals of thunder. The celebrated William Burke,\\nwho died in Cincinnati only a short time ago, was\\none of the principal orators on that occasion. He\\nhad not been treated, he thought, with courtesy by\\nhis Presbyterian brethren. He had arrived on the\\nground on Friday night, and was not asked to par-\\nticipate in any of the exercises on Saturday. Sunday\\nmorning came, and many friends crowded around\\nhim to know if he w^ere going to preach. He said\\nthat if he were invited he would, but that\\nhe had not been invited. Brother Stone wanted", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 359\\nhim to get up, and make an exj^ose of his doctrines.\\nMy doctrines, said Burke, I preach every day,\\nthis he said with a good deal of vim they are in\\nthe books ^go and read. If I am to make an expose\\nof Methodist vicM^s, then you might be called upon\\nfor yours. Mr. Stone said he was satisfied; that\\nthat would do. Burke, however, was not satisfied,\\nand as he was not asked to preach by the authorities\\nof the ground, he took a stand on his own hook, a\\nfallen log, and here, having rigged up an umbrella\\nas a temporary shelter, a brother standing by to see\\nthat it performed its functions j)roperly,.he gave out\\na hymn, and by the time that he had mentioned his\\ntext, there were some ten thousand persons about\\nhim. Although his voice when he began was like a\\ncrash of thunder, after three-quarters of an hour or\\nan hour, it was like an infant s.\\nIt is said that all these people, the whole ten thou-\\nsand of men and women standing about the preacher,\\nwere from time to time shaken as a forest by a tor-\\nnado, and five hundred were at once prostrated to\\ntlie earth, like the trees in a windfall, by some\\ninvisible agency. Some were agitated by violent\\nwhirling motions, some by fearful contortions and\\nthen came the jerks. Scoffers, doubters, deniers,\\nmen who came to ridicule and sneer at the superna-\\ntural agency, were taken up in the air, w^hirled over\\nupon their heads, coiled up so as to spin about like", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "360\\ncart-wheels, catcliing liold, meantime, of saplings,\\nendeavoring to clasp tlie trunks of trees in their arms,\\nbut still going headlong and helplessly on. These\\nmotions were called the jerks a name which was\\ncurrent in the West for many a year after; and many\\nan old preacher has described these things accurately\\nto me. It was not the men who w^ere already mem-\\nbers of the church, but the scoffing, the blasphemous,\\nthe 2: rofane, who were taken in this way. Here is\\none example A man rode into what was called the\\nEing Circle, where five hundred people were\\nstanding in a ring, and another set inside. Those\\ninside were on their knees, crying, shouting, praying,\\nall mixed up in heterogeneous style. This man comes\\nriding up at the top of his speed, yelling like a\\ndemon, cursing and blaspheming. On reaching the\\nedge of the ring, he falls from his horse, seemingly\\nlifeless, and lies in an apparently unconscious con-\\ndition for thirty hours his j)ulse at about forty, or\\nless. When he opens his eyes and recovers his\\nsenses, he says he has retained his consciousness all\\nthe time that he has been aware of what has been\\npassing around but was seized with some agency\\nwhich he could not define. I fancy that neither\\n})hysiology, nor pyschology, nor biology, nor any of\\ntlie ologies or isms, have, thus far, given any satisfac-\\ntory explanation of the singular manifestations that\\nattended this great revival.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 3G1\\nThese meetings taking place in open woods, and\\nattracting such immense multitudes, no provision\\ncould possibly be made for tliem by the surrounding\\nneighborhood. People came in their carriages, in\\nwagons, in ox-carts, on horses, and, themselves accus-\\ntome l to pioneer habits and lives, they brought\\ntheir own food, commonly jerked meat and corn\\ndodgers, and pitched their tents upon the ground.\\nSuch was the origin of camp-meetings. The first\\ncamp-meeting ever seen, after the Feast of Taber-\\nnacles, was that upon the Cane Eidge, where the\\npeople came without the design of encamping, but\\nwhere necessity required it. These meetings pro-\\nceeded for two or three years, and great was the\\noverthrow which resulted to all forms of infidelity.\\nOf course there also ensued great divisions and\\nheart-burnings among the difi erent denominations.\\nThe Baptist, as well as the Presbyterian and Method-\\nist churches largely participated and all these\\nchurches were split up more or less after the abate-\\nment of the first great excitement. A good many\\nof the people converted in these meetings became\\nShakers. A body of Shakers who came from Phila-\\ndelphia and settled in Kentucky, received large\\nrecruits. One man, who had gathered about him\\nwhat he call the twelve apostles, set off in search of\\nthe Holy Land, and died miserably of starvation on\\nan island in the Mississippi. And various were the\\nIG", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "362 PIONEEESj PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nother fancies. One said lie held converse with the\\nangels and spirits, not after the modern use of rap-\\nping on tables, but orally and immediately and that\\nphysical food was not absolutely indispensable to\\nsustain his life. He also starved to death and then\\nhis church broke up. As I say, there were various\\nopinions as to these fruits and consequences but I\\nhave been told by old men who have watched the\\ncurrent of affairs since then, for these fifty-five years,\\nthat the good results of that meeting were not to be\\ncalculated.\\nI now come to a more particular consideration of\\nsome of the men concerned in this movement. The\\nministry of the Methodist church of the wilderness\\nassumed the position and the responsibility of their\\ncalling, under the confident belief that each man of\\nthem was specially called, designated, and sent forth\\nby the Holy Spirit of peace and power as an ambassa-\\ndor for Christ. The churches decided upon the gifts\\nand graces of the men settled, according to their\\nbest belief and conviction, whether the call be a\\nreal call. If their opinion coincided with his, he was\\nthen set apart for the sacred ofiice of the ministry,\\nand sent forth. At the time of which I speak, he\\nwas sent forth to an office which was no sinecure.\\nHis field of labor was the world. The allowance,\\nthe limit of the salary which the discipline of the\\nchurch allowed him to receive, was sixty-four dollars", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "OF THE Mississipn. 363\\nper annum, and that was to include all presents he\\nmight receive of yarn stockings, woollen vests, and\\nhomespun coats, together with wedding-fees. What-\\never he might receive, from whatsoever quarter, was\\nto be counted up in this allowance of four-and-sixty\\ndollars, and if the amount exceeded this, the sur-\\nplus must be handed over to the church authorities\\nfor the use of the poorer brethren. Out of these\\nsixty-four dollars, he must provide a horse, saddle,\\nwearing apparel, and books. West of the mountains\\nsixty-four dollars was a sum hardly to be expected,\\neither in silver coin of the realm, or in presents of\\nany description. E^othing more was allowed a man\\nwith a wife than without a wife, for it was under-\\nstood among the ministers of the old church, that a\\npreacher had no business with a wife, and that he\\nwas a deal better without one. The practice in that\\nrespect has sadly changed. Mr. Wesley had such an\\nexperience of his own in the wife line, that he discou-\\nraged marrying among the brethren; and Francis\\nAsbury, who was the master-spirit of Methodism on\\nthis continent, was so absorbed in his work,^so en-\\ngrossed by it, that he discountenanced matrimony.\\nHe said, nevertheless, that it was the business of\\nevery living man, to support a living woman. He\\ntherefore gave one-half or two-thirds of his entire\\nincome, which was very small, to the support of an\\nold woman, a distant cousin in England and when", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "364 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nslie died, lie appropriated the sum to the support of\\nsome other woman. Further than that, in the direc-\\ntion of matrimony, he never went. When one of the\\nyoung brethren was so unfortunate or so absurd as to\\nlink himself in matrimonial bonds, it was understood\\nthat he had better locate, in the language of the\\nchurch, still retaining authority to preach, but pursu-\\ning some other calling as a means of support, and\\nderiving none from the church. He retired from\\nregular itinerant work, and became a local preacher.\\nThus did brother Asbury set the example to the\\nyounger brethren. McKendree, who was his succes-\\nsor in the episcopate, in the same way discounte-\\nnanced all interesting relations with the sisterhood.\\nThere was thus small encouragement, indeed, in\\nthe way of pecuniary support, w^iich these men had\\nto look forward to. They were coming to the wilder-\\nness to face perils, want, weariness, unkindness, cold,\\nand hunger; to hear the crack of the Indian rifle\\nfrom some neighboring thicket, to feel the ball cut-\\nting the air as it whizzed past their ear, and perhaps\\nto fall from the unerring shot of some skillful\\nredskin. And if their lives were spared, by the\\nguardianship of a good Providence, or the interposi-\\ntion of his sjDecial care in their behalf, the bare earth\\nin winter and summer was three-fourths of the time\\nto be tlieir bed, their saddle their pillow, and the sky\\ntheir coverlet. They labored without pecuniary", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 365\\ncompensation or support, preacliing the Gospel often\\nat their own cost and charges and when applying for\\nvictuals or a shelter, often and often were they sternly\\nor rudely denied it by a brother of some other deno-\\nmination, so bitter were the prevailing feelings of\\nparty denominationalism. Thus they worked on,\\nwith no provision for their advancing years except\\nthe guardianship of the Master who had called them\\nwdth no prospective sunshine of affluence to cheer\\ntheir downward path to the grave with none of the\\ncomforts of this world, save the approval of their\\nown consciences and the indwelling testimony of\\nGod s Spirit. Surely such an office was not a sine-\\ncure and men who could make a respectable living\\nin the craft of blacksmithing, farming, carpentry,\\nor masonry, could hardly have gone into this work,\\nif they had not felt the irresistible impulse of a spe-\\ncial call. They were not, as a general thing, men of\\nwhat we now call education. Book knowledge was\\nvery scant with them. They were thorough students\\nof their Bibles and their Bibles they generally read\\nupon their knees. It was a common habit with them\\nto read the Good Book in the shelter of a thicket, or\\nout upon the lonely prairie. When the snow was on\\nthe ground, the travelling preacher, awaking from\\nhis night s slumber as the first rays of daylight were\\nbreaking through the eastern sky, giving just enough\\nlight to see the page of the Sacred Book, would sel-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "366 PIONEERS. PREACHERS AND PEOPL tf,\\nclom saddle and mount his liorse till lie had per-\\nformed his private devotions, kneeling there in the\\nmidst of the snow and ice where he had been sleep-\\ning would seldom proceed upon his journey till he\\nhad committed his w^ay and commended his soul to\\nGod, and had studied, at least three or four chapters\\nof his constant companion and manual. They were\\ndiligent students of the holy Scriptures, and they\\nwere learned in hymns. They studied tlie hymn-\\nbook nearly as devoutly and constantly as the Bible\\nand with these two, they had an arsenal from which\\nthey could bring forth weapons adapted to every\\nemergency. There was another supplement to their\\nScriptures. This third volume, one which they con-\\nstantly, carefully, devoutly perused, profoundly stu-\\ndied, w^as the ever-open volume of Human I^ature.\\nThey were well acquainted with men; they read\\ntheir eyes, their countenances, their hearts, their con-\\nsciences.\\nFrom this analysis, you will readily conclude what\\nwas their style of preaching. They were earnest and\\nforcible speakers. They felt that great issues were\\nat stake, standing, as tliey so often did, before a con-\\ngregation of three or four thousand. They felt that\\nall this great company of men and women in a little\\ntime must be dead that perhaps this was the last\\ntime tliey should ever have the opportunity of speak-\\ning to them. The weight of souls was on them;", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 367\\nthey felt that the blood of these people might rest on\\ntheir own souls, unless their full and immediate duty-\\nwas done to them therefore, most earnestly, and\\neven passionately to warn, to counsel, to entreat, to\\nadmonish, to reprove, to win them by the love of\\nChrist to be reconciled to God this was the burden\\nof their preaching. They were men of quick, intense,\\nand profound emotions, of lively fancy, and vivid\\nimaginations and before their inward eye was ever\\nclearly pictured their expected final haven of repose\\nand joy, the antithesis to this their present painful\\nlife of weariness and labor. And, upon the other\\nhand, the dark and unfathomable abyss of perdition\\nwas open to them.\\nThey w^ere thorough students of other books than\\nthe Bible, when they had opportunity; and these\\nwere frequently, and even generally, of an imagina-\\ntive description. Young and Milton were singularly\\nintimate companions of these old wayfarers. Mil-\\ntonic descriptions of perdition abounded in their\\npreaching and the Judgment, with all the solemn\\narray of the last Assize, was vividly delineated before\\nthem. And w^hile to our sober, cold, and calculating\\ncriticism, it might seem that their descriptions of the\\nthe good and bad world savored too much of a topo-\\ngraphical character as if they had been travelling\\nthrough certain countries, and were nov\\\\^ giving a\\nvivid detail of all they had experienced\u00e2\u0080\u0094 while it", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "368 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nmiglit seem so to us, it did not to the people wlio\\nlistened to them. They were rude and ignorant like\\nthem unversed in books. They were stern in their\\ndenunciation of what they did not believe and rose-\\nwater sentimentalism, agreeable metaphysical disqui-\\nsitions, a profoundly elaborate exegesis upon particu-\\nlar passages of Scripture, would have gone but little\\nway in influencing those congregations of back-\\nwoodsmen. I have read of a certain bishop who,\\non a text concerning the miracles at the Pool of\\nBethesda, said My beloved hearers, I shall in the\\nfirst place speak to you of the things whicb you\\nknow, and I do not know second, of what I know,\\nand you do not know third, of the things that\\nneither of us know. There was another eminent\\nprelate, who, upon reading his text, said I shall\\nfirst speak of the chronology of the subject, then its\\ntopography, and then its psychology. ITeither of\\nthese styles of preaching would have gone far with\\nthe backwoods people. Their earnest life, filled with\\nnecessities, and arduous struggles to supply them,\\nmust have appropriate religious food and these\\nsimple-hearted, firmly-believing preachers Avere just\\nthe ones to give it to them. And give it they did,\\nwitli right liearty good will.\\nTliere was an immense deal of vim and stamina in\\ntheir method. They spoke loudly and with their\\nwhole body their feet and hands were put in requi-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 869\\nsition as well as tlieir tongues and eyes. It was a\\nvery fierce, cutting, and demonstrative style of\\npreaching, as you may fancy. With little opportu-\\nnities to get u]) splendid discourses for they had no\\nstudies but the woods, and no libraries but those of\\nwhich I have told you ^they had to make their ser-\\nmons as they were travelling along the way and a\\nhard and rugged way it often was.\\nSuch a man was Bishop Asbury, to my mind one\\nof the most important, if not the most important per-\\nsonage in the ecclesiastical history of this continent.\\nWith all respect to Jonathan Edwards, Dr. Dwight,\\nDr. Channing, and all the other eminent and pre-\\neminent men of New England I have read them,\\nand knew some of them I think that Francis As-\\nbury, that first superintendent and bishop of our\\nMethodist church, was the most renowned and re-\\ndoubtable soldier of the cross that ever advanced\\nthe standard of the Lord upon this continent.\\nYet you will not find his name in a single history of\\nthe United States that I know of and it is a burning\\nshame that it is so. He travelled for fifty years, on\\nhorseback, from Maine to Georgia, and from Massa-\\nchusetts to the Far West, as population extended;\\njourneying in that time, as was computed, about\\nthree hundred thousand miles. He had the care of\\nall the churches was preaching instant in season\\nand out of season was laboring indefatigably with\\n16*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "870 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ntlie yoiiDg men to inspire and stimulate them winning\\nback the lost and bringing amorphous elements into\\nharmony, in a church which, when he began witli it,\\nin 1771, numbered probably not fifty members and\\nwhich, when he was an old man he died in 1816\\nmimbered, white and black, from Maine to California,\\nand from far northwestern Oregon to sunny southern\\nFlorida, nearly a million of members. So vast a\\nchurch did Francis Asbury build, almost solely by\\nhis own profound wisdom, untiring effort, and cease-\\nless devotion and he did as much for building school-\\nhouses and colleges, erecting churches, establishing\\nsound views of morality, and lofty purity in the forms\\nof life for gathering and establishing in doctrine and\\ndiscipline this immense body of Christians, now\\nthe most numerous in the country, having more by\\none-third of stated ministers, and more colleges; than\\nany other two denominations in the land. That one\\nwho has done this should not have had his name\\neven so much as named in a single school history in\\nthe United States, I say is a shame.\\nThis man was surrounded by men much akin to\\nhim for he seemed to infuse his spirit into all with\\nwhom he came in contact. One of his associates and\\nfriends, one of the young men w^hom he raised up,\\nwas afterward a famous preacher of eastern Ten-\\nnessee James Axley, a very renowned man in his\\ndav; and another was James Craven. Many of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 371\\nthose old preachers were bitterly opposed to whisky\\nand slavery. Old brother Craven, when once preach-\\ning in the heart of Yirginia, said, I^ow here are a\\ngreat many of you professors of religion; yon are\\nsleek, fit, good-looking, yet there is something the\\nmatter with you you are not the thing you ought to\\nbe. Now you have seen wheat most of his\\nhearri3 were farmers wheat which was very\\nplunp, round, and good-looking to the eye; but when\\nyou weighed it you found it only came to forty-five\\nor fo: ty-eight pounds to the bushel. There was\\nsomeJiing the matter. It should be from sixty to\\nsixty three pounds. Take a grain of that wheat\\nbetween your thumb and your finger; squeeze it,\\nand out pops a weevil. E ow, you good-looking\\nChristian people only weigh, like the wheat, forty-\\nfive or forty-eight pounds to the bushel. What is\\nthe matter When you are squeezed between the\\nthnmb of the law and the finger of the Gospel, out\\npops the negro and the whisky bottle. Old father\\nAxley, preaching on one occasion, cried out, Ah,\\nyes you sisters here at church look as sweet and\\nsmiling as if you were angels and one of you says to\\nme, Come to dinner, and I go and when I go, you\\nsay Sit down, brother Axley awhile, while I go about\\nthe dinner and you go to the kitchen, and I hear\\nsomething crying out, Don t, Missus, and I hear\\nthe sound of slaj^s, and the poor girl screaming, and", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "372 PIONEEES, PBEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ntlie sister whaling and trouncing Sally in tlie kitclien\\nas hard as she can. And when she has performed\\nthis office, she comes back looking as sweet .and\\nsmiling as a summer s day, as if she had been saying\\nher prayers. That is what you call Christianity, is\\nit? It was in this way that these old preachers\\npreached. The style was adapted to the people.\\nThey understood this, where they could not have im-\\nderstood profound disquisitions respecting original\\nsin. Tliis old brother Axley was sent in 1806-7 into\\nAttakapas County, Louisiana, to travel there as a\\nmissionary. He was about five feet eight inches\\nin height, strong and sinewy, accustomed to all man-\\nner of exposure and suffering. Among this rude\\nborder populace, of whom a large component are\\nFrench Catholics, he had not much to expect in the\\nway of comfort. He had no money, was very hungry,\\nand indeed reduced nearly to starvation, when he\\ncame riding up to a plantation. They knew him by\\nhis coat to be a preacher, and they wanted none such\\nin their houses. The old gentleman entered and\\nasked if he could have a dinner and supper and\\nnight s lodging.\\nNo.\\nThe only persons present were a widow lady and\\nsome children and black j^eople.\\nNo, said the w^oman, you cannot we don t\\nwant any such cattle here.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 373\\nHere, then, was a prospect of sleeping another\\nnight out in the cold. He had nothing to eat, and\\nperhaps he ran an actual risk of perishing by starva-\\ntion. He thought of the lonely journey, and of the\\nperils that compassed it. Then his faith lifted him\\nto the better, brighter world of heaven, its rest and\\nreward for the wayfarer and he thought of the good\\nFather, and of the angels that are sent to succor and\\nminister, and his heart presently filled with overflow-\\ning gladness and he struck up a hymn, for he was\\na great singer. These men were all great singers,\\nand when they could not carry a point by speech,\\nthey often fell back upon a song\\nPeace, my soul Thou needst not fear\\nThy great Provider still is near,\\nWho fed thee last will feed thee still\\nBe still, and sink into his will.\\nHe went on with his song, and, looking about him,\\nsaw that he was gaining ground. He sang three\\nhymns, and by that time the woman and all the chil-\\ndren and negroes were crowding to hear him, with\\ntears in their eyes.\\nAs he concluded, the old lady shouted, Pete, put\\nup the gentleman s horse Girls, have a good sup-\\nper for the preacher And thus the preacher was\\nlodged and fed for a song.\\nAxiey came to Baltimore to attend a general con-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "374 PIONEEES, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nference in 1820. There was a dispute about a tecli-\\nnical question wliether presiding elders should be\\nelected by preachers or not and there had been a\\ngreat deal of warm, not to say hot discussion about\\nit. Brother Axley was silent. He did not say a\\nword, until at the end of the session, the bishop\\ncalled upon him to offer a prayer. He knelt to lead\\nthe devotions, and began thus ]^ow, O Lord, thou\\nknowest what a time we have had discussing, argu-\\ning, about this elder question and thou knowest\\nwhat our feelings are we do not care what becomes\\nof the team it is only who drives the oxen.\\nHe used the directest mode of getting to the centre\\nof a subject. He preached among a people who were\\nsharpshooters, and who practised driving a nail with\\ntheir rifles at fifty yards. And as they practised\\nclose and sharp-shooting with the rifle, so did he with\\nhis tongue.\\nThere is an old friend of mine, my first presiding\\nelder, yet living in Illinois Peter Cartwright who\\nwas one of those old preachers in the West, and has\\nmany of their peculiarities. I may give you one\\nincident of this man s life, as a specimen of their\\nphysical courage and prowess for it was sometimes\\nnecessary for them to fight with carnal weapons, and\\nmany of them had obstinate combats with the rough\\npioneer people and commonly came off victorious.\\nCartwright, in common with most of those early old", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 375\\npreachers, was a strong opponent of slavery. E ow\\nthe question was being canvassed in Illinois, between\\n1S18 and 1823, whether this institution should be\\ningrafted upon the Constitution, when the State was\\napplying for admission into the Union. The old\\ngentleman resolved to remove to Illinois, and take a\\nhand in the quarrel. He had been living in Ken-\\ntucky and Tennessee, and had preached there for a\\nquarter of a century, when he was appointed to Illi-\\nnois as presiding elder, and had a circuit from\\nGalena on the northwest, to Shawnee-town on the\\nsouth a district nearly as great as the entire country\\nof England. Around this lie was to travel once in\\nthree months, at a time when there were no roads,\\nscarcely a bridge or ferry and keep his regular\\nappointments to preach, Sunday after Sunday, besides\\nattending love-feasts, and administering the sacra-\\nments. Then, after preaching on the Sunday, he\\nwould generally announce a stump speech for the\\nMonday, and call upon his fellow-citizens to come\\nand hear the question discussed, whether slavery\\nshould be admitted or not. Of course, taking a poli-\\ntical side, he was regarded as a politician, and there\\nwas a good deal of angry feeling about the old\\npreacher. On one occasion, he rode to a ferry upon\\nthe Sangamon Itivcr the country about was rather\\nthickly populated, and he found a crowd of people\\nabout the ferry, which seemed to be a sort of gather", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "6ib PI0NEEK8, PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\ning place for discussing politics. Tlie ferryman, a great\\nherculean fellow, was holding forth at the top of his\\nvoice about an old renegade, one Peter Cartwright,\\nprefixing a good many adjectives to his name and\\ndeclaring that if he ever came that way he would\\ndrown him in the river.\\nCartwright, w^ho w^as unknown to any one there,\\nnow coming up, said I want you to put me across.\\nYou can wait till I am ready, said the ferry-\\nman.\\nCartwright knew it w^as of no use to complain and\\nthe ferryman, when he had got through his speech,\\nsignified his readiness to take him over. The\\npreacher rode his horse into the boat, and the ferry-\\nman commenced to row across. All Cartwiight\\nwanted was fair play he wished to make a public ex-\\nhibition of this man, and, moreover, was glad of an\\nopportunity to state his principles. About half way\\nover, therefore, throwing his bridle over the stake on\\none side of the boat, he told the ferryman to lay\\ndown his pole.\\nWhat s the matter asked the man.\\nWell, said he, you have just been using my\\nname improper, and saying that if I ever came this\\nway, you wT)uld drown me in the river. I m going\\nto give you a chance.\\nAre you Peter Cartwright\\nYes.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 377\\nAnd tlie ferryman, nothing loatli, pulls in his pole,\\nand at it thej go. Thej grapple in a minute, and\\nCartwright being very agile as well as athletic, suc-\\nceeds in catching him by the nape of the neck and\\nthe slack of the breeches, and whirls him over. He\\nsouses him down under the tide, while the compa-\\nnions of the vanquished ferryman look on, the dis-\\ntance insuring fair play. Cartwright souses him\\nunder again, and raising him, says I baptize thee\\nin the name of the Devil, whose child thou art.\\nHe thus immerses him thrice, and then drawing him\\nup again, inquires Did you ever pray\\nITo, answered the ferryman, strangling and\\nchoking and dripping in a pitiful manner.\\nThen it s time you did, says Cartwright I ll\\nteach you say Our Father who art in Heaven.\\nI won t, says the ferryman.\\nDown he goes under water again, for quite a time.\\nThen lifting him out, Will you pray, now\\nThe poor ferryman, nearly strangled to death,\\nwanted to gain time, and to consider the terrors.\\nLet me breathe and think, he said.\\nKo, answers the relentless preacher, I won t\\nI ll make you, and he immerses him again. At\\nlength he draws him out, and asks a third time,\\nWill you pray now\\nI will do anything, was the subservient answer.\\nSo Cartwright made him repeat the Lord s Prayer.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "378 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nl^ow let me up, demanded this unwilling convert.\\n1^0, sajs Cartwright, not yet. Make me three\\npromises that you will repeat that prayer every\\nmorning and night that you wdll put every Metho-\\ndist preacher across this ferry free of expense and\\nthat you will go to hear every one that preaches\\nwithin five miles, henceforth.\\nThe ferryman, all helpless, barely alive and tho-\\nroughly cowed, promised and Cartwright went on\\nhis way.\\nThat ferryman joined the church afterward, and\\nbecame quite an eminent and useful member.\\nPeter Cartwright, I say, was my own presiding\\nelder. This is a veracious story and I might go on\\nfor pages giving you anecdotes of these Methodists,\\ntheir j)eculiar powers, their odd original ways, their\\nmethods, their perils, and their success. They were\\nan urgent sort of people very pressing, deadly in\\nearnest their souls were firmly convinced of the\\ntruth of what they were saying there was no eva-\\nsion, equivocation, or doubt about it they therefore\\nspoke straight to the mark, and did what they had to\\ndo. They had their faults and their defects, no\\ndoubt. Who has not Doubtless they may have\\nbeen lacking in niceties and elegances the refine-\\nments and beauties of civilized society but they\\nwere adapted to their condition and exactly filled\\ntheir station. It is much the practice to ridicule", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 3Y9\\nministers of tiie Gospel to treat them decently as it\\nwere out of pity, as debilitated beings, lialf-way be-\\ntween women and children with a kind of conde-\\nscension and patronage. And the question is often\\nasked, with what is meant to be tremendous em-\\nphasis and overpowering sarcasm, What have the\\nministers done and what are they doing now I\\nbeg leave to say in their behalf that they ask neither\\npatronage nor condescension neither compassion nor\\npity. They are able to do their own work, and have\\ndone it and if your country along this Atlantic sea-\\nboard fails to furnish abundant and superabundant\\nevidence of their possession of the noblest elements\\nof the ministerial character sublime courage, indo-\\nmitable energy, daring self-forgetfulness, lofty, ar-\\ndent, absorbing, and efficient Christian piety then I\\nsay go west of the mountains, and in those noble\\npioneers who bore to the starving and perishing mul-\\ntitudes in the wilderness the means of grace who\\nhastened when most need was, not waiting for mere\\nhuman helps, bringing manna, such as was at hand,\\nand amply sufficient for spiritual food, here and here-\\nafter go and find among them some of the sublimest\\nelements of human character that this or any other\\ncountry ever furnished. These constitute a most com-\\nplete and unanswerable refutation of the mean, and\\nbase, and slanderous insinuations which are so unhap-\\npily current throughout a large portion of our society.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "380\\nPerhaps I cannot more appropriately conclude this\\nlecture than by giving a hasty summary of the life\\nand character of one of the more prominent of the\\nearly western preachers and for the same natural\\nreason already alleged, my instance will be taken\\nfrom among those of the Methodist denomination.\\nOf Bishop Asbury I have barely spoken, and of\\nhis abundant labors. That mere mention must on\\nthis occasion suffice.\\nPeter Cartwright, also already alluded to, a man\\nyet enjoying a green and vigorous and useful old age,\\nand one of the most characteristic and efficient of the\\nwestern pioneer preachers, was born in Amherst\\nCounty, Yirginia, in 1785, the son of a Kevolutionary\\nsoldier; was taken to Kentucky by his parents a\\nfew years afterward, when they settled there; and\\nwas brought up in Logan County, a district so wild,\\nwicked, and infested with desperadoes and refugee\\ncriminals, as to be popularly known in that region as\\nKogues Harbor. A strong, active, sharp-witted,\\njovial young fellow, he grew up a horse-racer and\\ngambler, in embryo at least, and went on until he\\nwas sixteen, in the high road to all the vices of that\\nrude and lawless period and community. Then he\\nwas suddenly converted, with one of the inexplicable\\nconvulsive changes which we hardly dare consider or\\nseek to analyze, lest on one hand we find delusion, or\\non the other prove deficient in reverence for the ope-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 381\\nrations of the Holy Spirit. He sold his race-horse,\\nburned his cards, fasted and prayed, read the Bible,\\nand after laboring under fearful anguish for months,\\nat last, at one of the numerous camp-meetings held\\nin consequence of the great gathering at Cane Eidge,\\nfound peace in believing, by another revulsion as sud-\\nden as that which had plunged him into an agony of\\nremorse and dread three months before. He joined\\nthe Methodist church in 1801 that body then num-\\nbering, in the Mississippi Yalley, about two thousand\\nfive hundred souls, all told. It contained in 178T\\njust about ninety-five souls. ITow it contains, within\\nthe same territorial limits, not less than three quar-\\nters of a million.\\nCartwright was licensed as an exhorter in 1802,\\nand as a preacher six years afterward. From that\\ntime until this, for more than fifty years, he has been\\na steadfast and most efficient laborer in his chosen\\nfield. The brief summary which he gives in his auto-\\nbiography one of the most entertaining books ever\\nwritten of the totals of his work, may be condensed\\nsomewhat as follows His entire loss by non-receipt\\nof the regular Methodist allowance formerly eighty\\ndollars a year, all over that sum to be handed over\\nto the church and by robbery, casualties, etc.,\\n$6,000 extras received to ofiset against this, $2,000\\namount of money given in charity, etc., $2,300\\nnumber received into the church, 10,000 number", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "baptized, cliildren and adults, 12,000; funeral ser-\\nmons preached, 500 total number of sermons\\npreached, at least 14,600.\\nThe crowded years of this long and busy life were\\nmarked from week to week wdth the strangest occur-\\nrences, the natural results of the wild unfettered\\nthoughts and life of the West often most grotesque\\nand at first sight coarse, and even ridiculous, silly\\nor absurd to an eastern man and yet requiring but\\na brief consideration to discover how peculiarly fit\\nand proper were the rough repartees and even the\\ncomical tricks, practical jokes, and ready physical\\nforce with which this hardy soldier of the church\\nmilitant upheld his authority, or silenced his oppo-\\nnents at camp-meetings, or in controversy with the\\nignorant fanatics, the deceivers, and the rabid secta-\\nrians of his rugged field.\\nWhen a Baptist preacher was drawing off his con-\\nverts, he drove him away by joining his band of\\nbelievers in character of a Christian, and then at the\\nplace of immersion confounding him by suddenly\\nleaving him the alternative of admitting him into\\nthe church unimmersed, or taking the responsibility\\nof denying him Christian fellowship unless rebaptized.\\nHis old-fashioned Methodist liatred for fashionable\\nornaments comes quaintly out in his story of a rich\\nman, who could not find peace in believing until he\\nhad torn off his shirt-ruffles and thrown them down", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 383\\nin the straw at the camp-meeting after which, in\\nless than two minutes God blessed his soul, and he\\nsprang to his feet, loudly praising God\\nA book-learned minister once tried to confound\\nhim bj addressing him in Greek. With ready wit\\nhe listened, as if intelligently, and replied at some\\nlength in the backwoods German, which he had\\nlearned in his youth, which the other took for\\nHebrew, and was confounded. And the old man\\nproceeds to compare the educated preachers he had\\nseen to a gosling with the straddles.\\nThe camp-meetings were almost always infested by\\nrowdies, who often organized under a captain and\\ndid all in their power to break up the exercises by\\nnoise, personal violence, liquor-selling and drinking,\\nriotous conduct, stealing horses and wagons, and all\\nmaimer of annoyances. Once Cartwright blocked\\ntheir game by appointing their captain himself to the\\nbusiness of preserving order. Again, the captain of\\nthe rowdies was struck down among the mourners\\njust as he had come quietly up to hang a string\\nof frogs round the preacher s neck. Once he con-\\nfronted their chief with a club, knocked him off his\\nhorse, and as his discouraged companions fled, se-\\ncured him and had him fined fifty dollars. Once he\\ncaptured the whisky which the rowdies were drink-\\ning, and when they came up at night to stone the\\nthe preacher s tent, he had ah-eady been among them", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "384 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nin disguise and learned their plan, and singly drove\\nthem all oil* with a sudden sharp volley of pebbles.\\nAgain, he sent a liquor-seller to jail for selling on the\\ncamp-ground, had himself and four bold friends sum-\\nmoned by the timid officer as a posse, and never left\\nthe culprit until he had j)aid fine and costs; and\\nwhen the enraged rowdies undertook to beat up the\\npreacher s quarters at night, he drove off one of their\\nleaders by hitting him a violent blow with a chunk\\nof fire, and another with a smart stroke on the head\\nwith a club, which drove out his dispensation of\\nmischief. At another time, he had himself and ^yq\\nstout men summoned by a frightened peace-officer,\\nsecured a whisky-seller who had been rescued by his\\nfellows, then took the deputy-sheriff, who would\\nhave ordered the prisoner released, and seizing thir-\\nteen more of the mob, had them all fined, or made\\nto give security on an appeal. One more whisky-\\ndealer, who kept a loaded musket by him, the\\nshrewd and fearless Cartwright secured by night in\\nhis own wagon, scared him handsomely, fired off his\\nmusket, threw away his powder, and drove him\\naway, beaten and ashamed.\\nDiscussing doctrines with a boastful Baptist pres-\\nbyter, he silenced him with a question witty and inge-\\nnious, whether its implication is true or not, viz.\\nIf there are no children in hell, and all 3 oung\\nchildren who die go to heaven, is not that church", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 385\\nwhich has no children in it more like hell than\\nheaven\\nCoining to a new circuit, he found at his first\\nappointment but one solitary hearer, and he a one-\\neyed man but preached his very best to him for\\nthree-qnarters of an honr. At his next coming, this\\nhearer had so sounded his praises that he had a large\\nattendance, and a great reyival followed.\\nWhen a certain woman used to disturb his class-\\nmeetings, he hoisted her out of doors by main force,\\nand then held the door shut by standing inside with\\nhis back to it, while he went on with the exercises.\\nWhen a fat and unbelieving old lady troubled him\\nat camp-meeting by kicking her daughters as they\\nknelt to pray among the mourners, he caught her\\ndexterously by the foot and tipped her over back-\\nward among the benches, where she bustled about a\\nlong time to get up, because of her size, while the\\nvictorious preacher went straight on with his exhort-\\ning. There was a dance at an inn where he stoj)ped,\\nand no room to sit in but the ball-room. A young\\ngirl politely asked him to dance with her. He led\\nher out on the floor, and as the fiddler was about to\\nstrike up, said to the company that it was his custom\\nto ask God s blessing on all undertakings, and he\\nwould do this now. Instantly dropping on his knees,\\nhe pulled his partner down too, and prayed until\\nthe fiddler fled in fright, and some of the dancers\\n17", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "386 PIONEERS, TEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\vept or cried for mercy then proceeded to exhort\\nand sing hymns, and did not cease his labors until he\\nhe had organized a Methodist church of thirty-two\\nmembers, and made the landlord class-leader.\\nA grey-haired old man, a Baptist, whose custom it\\nwas to do so, once interrupted the amusing stories he\\nwas dealing out to his congregation, by calling out\\nsternly, Make us cry, make us cry don t make us\\nlaugh VYith equal sternness, and turning short\\nand sharp upon him, Cartwright instantly answered,\\nI don t hold the puckering strings of your mouths,\\nand I want you to mind the negro s eleventh com-\\nmandment, and that is, Every man mind his own\\nbusiness. The abashed old man was silent.\\nWhile Cartwright was candidate for the Legisla-\\nture of Illinois, he sought out a man who had spread\\na slanderous story that he had tried to escape paying\\na note, by perjury. Finding him in a public place in\\na crowd, he told him to acknowledge his falsehood\\nthere and then, or he would sweep the streets with\\nhim to his heart s content. The coward acknow-\\nledged his lie and if he had not, the feai less preacher\\nwould surely have chastised him as he promised.\\nWhile he was in the House, afterward, an enraged\\nopponent threatened to knock him down if he finished\\na certain course of remark. Cartwright finished it,\\nand when the House adjourned, marched straight up\\nto him and asked him if he was for peace or war", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 387\\nOh, for peace, was the answer come home and\\ntake tea with me. So they went, arm in arm and\\nwhen the company, including the governor and his\\nwife, were about to eat without asking a blessing,\\nCartwright said plainly, Governor, ask a blessing.\\nThe official blushed, apologized, and requested the\\npreacher to do it, which he did.\\nHe once had a discussion with an infidel, who\\nruled the Bible out of evidence to which Cartwright\\nsubmitted, and in his turn would have ruled Tom\\nPaine out. And when his adversary flew into a rage\\nat this, and cursed and blasphemed, the preacher in\\nhis turn filled with righteous wrath, seized him by\\nthe head and jaw, and rattled his teeth together like\\nso many pebbles. The angry man would have struck\\nhim, but was prevented, and afterward became his\\nfriend.\\nBut the time would fail me to relate the innumer-\\nable singular experiences of this wonderful old man.\\nSuch as he are the real pioneers of Methodism in the\\nMississippi Valley; strong, fearless, active, ready,\\nquick-witted, jovial, even humorous and jocular,\\nrough, as able as the best in a free fight, yet kindly,\\npure, sensible, fatherly, benevolent, unwearied in\\nself-sacrifice and well-doing; wise in counsel, tho-\\nroughly practical, yet the personification of idealists\\nin their prompt appreciation of whatever was proper\\nfor their use, whether fashionable or not often set in", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "388 PIONEERS,\\nsome narrow prejudice and bitterly sectarian, yet\\nbroad and liberal in views of church government,\\nand showing and wielding with effect all the quali-\\nties which constitute rulers of men. And above all,\\nfilled and overflowing with the love of Christ and the\\nardent desire to save sonls. Such were Peter Cart-\\nwright and his noble brethren of the early church of\\nthe wilderness.\\nI might occupy pages in commemorating the noble\\nand admirable qualities of others of the great Metho-\\ndist leaders of Henry B. Bascom, the yonng Apollo\\nof the West, the lofty orator, and noble useful Christ-\\nian and minister of the veteran preacher James B.\\nFinley of many others of the great army of devoted\\nmen, some now gone to their last account, some yet\\nliving and laboring among ns still at work within\\nmy own beloved church. But I mnst close. Whole\\nvolumes have already been written npon the lives of\\nCartwright, Bascom, Finley, and others. It would\\nbe presumptuous and useless to attempt more in this\\nplace than this passing allusion.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "Lecture IX.\\nITS MANIFESTATIONS,\\nELOQUENCE AND HUMOR.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "WESTERN MIND:\\nITS MANIFESTATIONS, ELOQUENCE AND HUMOE.\\nThe query was propounded in the EdinbiirgliEe-\\nview more than a quarter of a century ago, Who\\nreads an American book The question has been\\noften asked, both on this and on the other side of\\nthe Atlantic, why have we not an American litera-\\nture I should now hardly be willing to concede\\nthat we have not. It would be a strangely ignorant\\nor prejudiced Englishman who would pretend that\\nwe had not. And yet it would not be strange if we\\nhad not. The demands upon American mind have\\nbeen of too pressing and urgent a character to allow\\nit to devote much time or attention to the specific\\npursuit of letters. Here was a continent to subdue\\na wilderness to be reclaimed mountains to be\\nscaled lakes, oceans and gulfs to be joined together\\nand meantime the supplies for daily necessity and\\ndaily consumption to be raised, and conveyed to mar-\\nket. Men must have bread before books. Men\\nmust build barns before they establish colleges. Men\\nmust learn the language of the rifle, the axe and the\\n391", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "plough, before they learn the lessons of Grecian and\\nEoman philosophy and history and to those pur-\\nsuits was the early American intellect obliged to\\ndevote itself, by a sort of simple and hearty and con-\\nstant consecration. There was no possibility of\\nescape no freedom or exemption from this obliga-\\ntion. The early settlers had to solve the imperative\\ninstant questions of present want; problems that\\nwere urging themselves upon their attention with\\nevery day, and with every recurring season. When\\nthe forest is felled, and the soil is turned, and the\\ngranaries are established, and the mouths of wives\\nand little ones filled, and their bodies clad, then may\\nAmerican intellect betake itself to the study and mak-\\ning of books.\\nThese remarks aj^ply to the sea-board here, as much\\nas to the interior. We are comparatively a young peo-\\nple. Agriculture, commerce, manufactures the earli-\\nest practical problems of society though now in some-\\nwhat more developed forms, must still be studied.\\nAnd if this is true of the country east of the moun-\\ntains, how much more emphatically and peculiarly\\nis it true of that west of the mountains Tlie for-\\nmer is an old country in comparison with the latter.\\nThe earliest settlers of our race established them-\\nselves there only in 17T0 only ninety years ago a\\nbrief space in a nation s life. And how vast and vari-\\nous were the tasks which at once presented them-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 393\\nselves to the few settlers, demanding instant and\\nconstant fulfillment, and threatening death if ne-\\nglected. A boundless territory, to which the land\\nlying east of the mountains is scarce more than a drop\\nin the bucket, was to be wrested by sturdy and long-\\ncontinued labor from the dominion of nature, freed\\nfrom savage beasts, and made the cultivated fruitful\\nhome of civilized society. Tillable and arable fields,\\nhomes, gardens, towns, were all to be acquired by a\\nseries of laborious victories over the unresisting, yet\\nopposing forces of nature.\\nAgain the men who did this must also maintain\\nand cultivate and protect the structure of social life,\\nby framing something whether rude or elaborate\\nmatters not so much but something in the nature of\\na body of laws, and a system of ^government. The\\ncrude and scanty means of educating the young and\\npreaching the Gospel were also to be afibrded but I\\nneed only mention them.\\nAnd still further all this had to be done in the\\npresence of a class of perils dreadful beyond anything\\nconceivable by the citizens who now dwelt so securely\\nunder the shadow of strong municipal and State or-\\nganizations, and whose very recital makes the flesh\\ncreep, and the blood run cold. I mean the Indian\\nand British hostilities, which were so long such a ter-\\nrible and incessant drain upon the vigor and the\\nvery life-blood of the infant western common-\\nly*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "394 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nwealths. Such requirements drew heavily tipon all\\nthe functions of body, mind and heart chiefly how-\\never upon the first. For the first task of a new na-\\ntion, as I have shown, is for the muscles and sinews.\\nOnly when this is fulfilled conies the demand upon the\\nbrain and upon the soul.\\nBut the western people have been steadily rising\\nin the path thus indicated, for many years. In com-\\nmon with tlie older communities east of the moun-\\ntains, they have been rising and advancing in the\\npilgrimage of humanity, up from the region of mus-\\ncular development and animal activity, to that of\\nintellectual and moral culture. Such progress can\\nnever be raj^id. Life s great tasks are not achieved\\nin a hurry. Personal culture is the work of time\\nand it is only in. him who descends from a line of\\ncultivated ancestors, that the highest exhibition of\\nhuman attainments, ordinarily speaking, is possible.\\nMuch more is this true of a race of a nation.\\nAround the early settler lay the broad shadows\\nof the primeval forests. Beneath him was the rich\\nturf that had never been disturbed by a coulter and\\naround him the solemn primeval groves that had\\nnever reverberated to the sound of the axe where\\nonly the deafening yell of the savage war-whoop had\\ndisturbed the silence, and where only the dreadful\\ncarnage of savage warfare had discolored the soil. He\\npossessed broad streams, matchless in beauty, and a", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 395\\nsoil rich beyond measure vacant only awaiting\\noccupancy; and returning the largest product and\\nprofit to the tiller s energy and industry. In this\\nlovely country, cabin homes were to be erected, and\\nthe forms of social and civil organization to be esta-\\nblished.\\nTliese things were rapidly done. And is this a little\\nthing Do you call this an insignificant product of\\na nation s brains a trifling net result of a nation s\\nactivity? The erection of such a government as\\nthat whose blessings we now enjoy, where every\\nman, the humblest, the poorest where every\\nchild, though an outcast and alien, sits secure be-\\nneath the broad and certain sggis of our national\\nliberties, our national freedom, our national juris-\\nprudence and police do you call this, indeed, a\\nsmall result? We have whittled out, amongst us,\\nconstitutions for one-and-thirty confederated States.\\nThe vast genius and learning, the still vaster skill\\nand talent, all the combined energies of France,\\nmonth after month, and year after year, endeavored\\nto construct a constitution and how has it failed\\nIt failed first, a little after our own Constitution\\nwent into successful operation and it has been fail-\\ning almost ever since. But what we have to show\\nis a noble result of the labor of a nation s brains. If\\nwe had never written a book, if we had never penned\\na line save those which are found in our Congres-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "396\\nBional debates, and statute-books and Constitutions, 1\\ntake it that we liave nevertheless built one of the\\ngrandest intellectual pyramids the sun ever yet\\nshone upon. This is not a tribute to national vanity\\nit is a just statement of a nation s claims.\\nAnd now these settlers, hardy, intrepid, unkempt,\\nunwashed backwoodsmen, betake themselves to their\\nbusiness as law-makers. And in this, as in every other\\nbusiness they proceed with a certain eager earnestness,\\na kind of rapt enthusiasm. If they are to be law-\\nmakers, they will be law-makers in deed and in truth\\nand there shall be no shilly-shally, no child s play, no\\ntrifling about it. The laws may be simple, and even\\nseasoned with a spice of grim comicality but they\\nare stringent, direct, and effective. There was one,\\nfor example, at an early day in the West, that no\\nman should be allowed to remain in that region who\\nhad not some visible and honorable means of supj)ort.\\nEvery man must have work to do, and must be doing\\nit, sufficient to procure him the money, or the\\nmoney s worth, which is necessary in order to live.\\nThere came into one of the new States where this law\\nwas in force, a young man who seemed to have no\\nemployment. His hands were in his pockets, and\\nhis mouth puckered to a whistle, and that seemed his\\nbusiness in this life. Some of the old gentlemen of\\nthe vicinity informed him that they had a statute of\\nthis description on their books, and that he must find", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 397\\nsome occupation, or he had better go to some other\\nand idler country. But he fancied, as some of our\\nyoung folks to-day are apt to do, that they were a\\nset of incapable old fogies, who set an absurd over-\\nvalue upon their laws and constitution, and that\\nthey were not to be heeded. In his coat pocket was\\nthe secret of his living a pack of greasy cards, into\\nthe mystery of the manipulation of which he pro-\\nposed to initiate all the young men of the place\\nwinning their money, corrupting their morals, and\\ndebauching their dispositions and then to gang his\\ngate as a missionary of the devil, onward to other\\nregions, to repeat the same operation. At the expir-\\nation, however, of the notice served by the old fogy\\ngentlemen, a writ was, to his astonishment, served\\nupon him by an officer, and he was carried to the\\njug, as they metaphorically called the jail, putting\\nthe end for the means, I fancy, because they saw\\nclearly enough that the jug generally brings people\\nthere. Having deposited him here for safe keeping,\\ndue advertisement was made, and the young man, in\\npursuance of the quaint penalty attached to this law,\\nwas marched out into the middle of the public square,\\nand set up on the horse block, where the sheriff, as\\nauctioneer, knocked him down to the highest bidder.\\nThis fortunate person was the village blacksmith, who\\nforthwith put a chain round his leg and took him to\\nhis smithy, where for three months, from six o clock", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "398 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nin the morning till six in the evening our young\\nfriend was inducted, with some exertion on the black-\\nsmith s part, and much more on his own, into the\\nwhole art and mystery of blowing and striking and\\nwas deposited for safe keeping every night in the\\njail. At the expiration of his time, the young man,\\nliberated from his confinement, shook off the dust of\\nthat town from his shoes, and as he turned his back\\nto the place, swore it was the meanest coimtry that\\na white man ever got into.\\nTheir laws, I say, may have been strict, and the\\nexecution of them may have been stringent and swift\\nenough for oftentimes the only sheriff was the ready\\nrifle, resting upon the pummel of the saddle, and the\\nonly judge, the awful Judge Lynch, who held his\\ndread tribunal under the shadow of the first tree,\\nand whose decrees were executed without appeal,\\nbill of exceptions, new trial, recommitment, respite\\nor pardon, by stalwart men, who swung the culprit\\nup by a rope led over the branch of a tree, instantly\\nafter j udgment given.\\nThe law of these new countries, whether codified\\nand written by select wise men, or dictated by the\\nclear but rough conclusions of the untutored shrewd\\nconscience and commonsense of the community,\\nmust be enforced, and judgments under it executed.\\nFor laws not enforced are hotbeds of crime. The\\ncase here was urgent, the pressure instant and the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 899^\\nconduct of STicli courts of Eegulators as very com-\\nmonly administered this prompt rude justice, though\\nit seems, compared to our civilized and refined no-\\ntions, harsh and barbarous in the extreme, was, in\\ntruth, the only possible means of securing any legal\\nsanctions, any punishment for guilt or protection for\\ninnocence. For these new settlements woi^e an Al-\\nsatia to which there gathered all the vagabonds,\\nrufiians, swindlers, thieves, criminals of every name,\\nwhose evil deeds had made the older settlements too\\nhot to hold them, and who trusted to renew a safer\\ncourse of guilt among the wild forests and thinly\\nscattered settlements. Society must and will protect\\nitself; and until better means are provided, it will\\nuse those which are at hand. It has always been so\\nsince Cain, the murderer, felt that every man that\\nfound him would slay him, and since the hand of\\nevery man was against the first outlaw, Ishmael. It\\nhas always been so, dovrn to the day when we have\\nseen great cities rid, only by such rude and lament-\\nable means, of bands of villians impregnable to their\\nlaws. It will be well for our own great Republic to\\nremember this for precisely as our voters cease\\nto consider thoughtfully, decide carefully, vote\\nwisely, and act decisively precisely as they shall\\nfail in their great political duty of making good laws,\\nchoosing good men to enforce them, and then watch-\\ning sharply over the good laws and the good raen", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "4:00 PIONEERS, PEEACIIEES AND PEOPLE\\ntoo jnst in that same measure, for every neglect do\\nwe take a step backward toward the law of the\\nstrong hand, social dismemberment, and barbarism.\\nBesides the law-making or law-enforcing assem-\\nolies of these rude foresters, whether more or less\\nformal, the militia musters afforded another favorite\\nopportunity for these social and genial people to\\ngather themselves together. There was fighting,\\nand desperate fighting too, in their midst or on their\\nborders, for half a century and more after their first\\nsettlements. This long experience resulted in a\\ndecided tendency to military organizations and\\namusements and these drills and gatherings W ere\\npunctually attended, and all the exercises of the oc-\\ncasion strictly and earnestly obeyed, both on account\\nof their vast practical importance, and as a gratifica-\\ntion of their military instincts. Such public\\nbandings, as they were called by a local synonym\\nof the trainings and musters of other States\\nand all similar gatherings, were eagerly made use of\\nby politicians a class of men wdio very early be-\\ncame numerous and active in the West.\\nPerhaps this circumstance may be said to have\\nproduced the first manifestations of western mind, and\\none of its most prominent and characteristic ones,\\nviz. oral political addresses stump speeches, so\\ncalled. This name was derived from the platform\\nmost commonly used by the orators of the back", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 401\\nwoods, whose actual or intended constituents, as tlie\\ncase might be, coald not be troubled with the elabo-\\nrate niceties of desks or boarded rostrums, and who,\\nby a most natural ascent, usually occupied a stump,\\nthe convenient Pnyx of every country square or\\ncourt-house green. These ambitious aspirants, com-\\nmonly not much if at all more learned than their\\nragged auditory, and superior to them only in\\nshrewdness, or desire of office, or impudence, or all,\\nneither needed nor could use any subtle trains of\\nreasoning or lofty sublimities of thought. Any\\nexcesdvQ tumefactions of sjDeech often collapsed\\nignominiously at the prick of some stinging joke,\\nprobably bearing no particular relation to the speak-\\ner s speech, and applicable only because successful.\\nThus, a well-known anecdote of one of these windy\\ngentlemen relates that he was quite overthrown\\nat the summit of a gorgeous flight of eloquence,\\nand left to slink dumbfounded from the stage, be-\\ncause an unscrupulous adversary of tropes and\\nfigures bawled out at his back, Guess he wouldn t\\ntalk quite so hifalutenatin if he knowed how his\\nbreeches was torn out behind! The horrified\\norator, deceived for an instant, clapped a hand to\\nthe part indicated, and was destroyed overwhelmed\\nin inextinguishable laughter.\\nBut a trifling misadventure did not always upset\\nthe speaker. Tlius, one of them who had let fly that", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "402 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nfavorite fowl of orators, the American eagle, was\\ntracing his magnificent flight into the uppermost\\nem23yrean. He followed the wondrous bird with\\necstatic eje and finger raised and as he cried out,\\nDon t jon see him, fellow-citizens, a risin higher\\nand higher? an unsophisticated fellow-citizen,\\nin his immense simplicity, confiding that there was a\\nreal eagle, and gazing intently in vain to behold\\nhim, sung out, Well, d d if I can see him\\nIIoss exclaimed the s]3eaker, transfixing the\\nmatter-of-fact man with his gaze and his gesture,\\nand sx^eaking in the same oratorical magnificence of\\ntone Hoss I was a speakin in a figger And\\nofi he wxnt again wdtli his eagle his promptness\\nand seriousness in the two transitions effectually\\nshutting out any ridicule.\\nThis audience was of men whose physique had been\\ncultivated at the expense of much of their intellect\\nwhose sense was not proper but common whose\\nknowledge had not come from books, but from the\\nhard necessities and incessant exertions of a la-\\nborious and perilous life. The speaker, then, must\\nuse their vernacular a vernacular which we should\\nthink vulgar and his metaphors and similes, if he\\nused them at all, must be such as would readily pene-\\ntrate beneath their tangled hair, and find lodgment\\nin their intellects. And he must, at the same time,\\nappeal to their feelings for the feelings exercise a", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 403\\nmuch quicker and surer power over the intellect,\\nthan the intellect over the feelings. He could not,\\naccordingly, stand still and merely emit his words as\\na fountain passively pours out water, for he who\\nwould move his audience must be moved himself.\\nIt would never do for him to stand and read off a\\nwritten paper, first looking at the audience and then\\nback to his manuscript. It is the eye which wields\\nthe speaker s power over an assembly. If you\\nwould affect any man, your eyes must meet his. If\\nyou would transfuse into him your thought, your\\nfeeling, your passion, your imagination, your poetry,\\nif, in a word, you would transfuse your life into\\nhim, your eye must meet his in the forcible old\\nScripture phrase, you must see eye to eye. And,\\nas it is with one man, so it is with many. For the\\nmanner of the word is powerful, much more than\\nthe word itself. It is not the brains which produce\\nresults, it is the individual, the being, the self, the I,\\nbehind them the manner of the speaking clothes\\nthe spoken words with whatever of power or beauty\\nis exerted or shown by the speaker. It is the power\\nof the orator accordingly, his earnestness, his pro-\\nfound conviction, his intense realization of his truth,\\nhis yearning desire to transfer his conciousness of it\\nto the hearers, which, as it were, throws it red-hot\\ninto their minds and hearts. They receive it and\\nthe sensation or emotion which spreads among them", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "404: PIONEEES, PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nas lie speaks, flashes back to liim from their kindling\\neyes and Lis strength, which he has sent out to\\nthem, comes back to him, grown gigantic with the\\nstrength of thousands and now he speaks in the\\npower of a thousand souls instead of one and the\\nflux and reflux of mutual influence, as managed for his\\npurposes by the intellect of the speaker, thus become\\nthe means and the measure of his power over\\nhimself and them. Thus it is, that the rude fellow\\nupon the barbarous backwoods hustings, who over-\\nflows with language ungrammatical and unrhetorical,\\nwhose address fairly bristles with odd phrases and\\nborder lingo, becomes a prophet clothed in garments\\nof supernatural power, and leads his audience, wil-\\nling captives, whithersoever he lists, till, like the\\nancient Franks when they made a king, they bear\\nhim on their shoulders to his triumph.\\nSuch a people, not trained to logic nor disciplined\\nin reasoning who proceed by common sense, practi-\\ncal prudence, ordinary business forecast, and acquaint-\\nance with the men and things and principles of every-\\nday life, yet of excitable passions and feelings, and\\nwho are only to be efiectully appealed to by a speaker\\nof the kind I have attempted to describe, and who is,\\nin their phrase, dead in earnest, are passing\\nthrough a mental discipline preliminary to the higher\\nwalks of literature, and to the development of the\\nnobler moral faculties.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 405\\nAnd this first manifestation of western mind in\\ntheir peculiar spoken eloquence, is always the same\\nwhether before a jmy, on the stump, at the camp-\\nmeeting, at a militia muster, a barbacue, a corn-\\nhusking, a house-raising, a log-rolling, a wedding or\\na quilting for the constituency is always the same\\nis unvarying and universal. The man who would\\nmove them, would fuse their minds into one homo-\\ngeneous subjection to his will, no matter what his\\nother subordinate or collateral attainments, must al-\\nways have these elementary primal powers; the\\npower to say whatever he has to say clearly and\\nforcibly and the power of saying it with the strength\\nof conviction, earnestness *and intense enthusiasm.\\nThe men of the East, trained to a colder style of\\nspeech, who demand a reason for every thought sub-\\nmitted to them who have had the discipline of two\\nstudious and orderly centuries this side the Atlantic\\nwho are under the organic influence of so many\\ngenerations dwelling among churches and school-\\nhouses and printing-presses a discipline which is\\na great privilege, a benign heritage, yea, even a\\nbenediction from above upon them can scarcely\\nconceive and could not at all comprehend the in-\\nfluence which one of these western orators exerts\\nupon his audience, or its gladdening and rejoicing\\nefl ect upon his own nature nor how the people gather\\nand throng around him and revel in his speech as an", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "406 nONEERS, PEEACHEE8 AND PEOPLE\\nunbouglit, iinpurcliaseable pleasure, one of the rarest\\nof life.\\nThis rough people, born and bred in the wilderness,\\nhas, after the universal human fashion, expressed a\\ncharacteristic and interesting representation of its\\ntraits and tendencies in its language. For there is,\\nso to speak, a western Anglo- American language,\\ncorresj^onding singularly and strictly with the west-\\nern style of thought, and the character of western\\nmen. This language is thickly studded with rude\\nproverbial forms, all redundant with wild untrained\\nmetaphors, some of which, if you please, we will call\\ncant and slang. But all these phrases have a mean-\\ning, often quaintly and curicfasly expressed and they\\nhave usually sprung spontaneously out of the associa-\\ntions or necessities of the speakers lives. Or, again,\\nthey are as freely and naturally the outgrowth of the\\nminds that produce them, as is the luxuriant cane of\\nthe strong deep rich soil of the brakes; not drawn or\\npressed forth by forces from outside, but the free\\nfantastic blossoms of untaught spontaneous thoughts.\\nTo this western language, as well as to the thought\\nthat threw it out, fun and humor gave a color almost\\npredominant. Even in the hardest and sternest\\nperiods of their history, when the crack of the rifle\\nand whiz of the tomahawk were constantly in their\\nears, they relished fun to the last and most exquisite\\ndegree. A vein of humor runs through all the nature", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI, 407\\nof this people. They may seem stern, even savage\\nsombre, and even sorrowful self-possessed and quiet\\nand all these they are, at times, perhaps often. But\\nnot constantly they are moved by the influence of\\nthe occasion, and carried out from these serious\\nframes of mind. Eut they are jovial and fun-loving,\\nalways and whatever their circumstances, they will\\nhave, from time to time, a season of such utter heart-\\nfelt relaxation as sometimes to border on license;\\nwhere the most uproarious jollity and glee is the\\norder of the day. There is a curious entry in the\\ndiary of George Rogers Clark, made during a visit\\nto Kentucky at a time when the whites were suffering\\ngreatly from the attacks of the savages, showing how\\nthis characteristic struck the hardy soldier; 25th\\nJuly, 1776. Lieut. Lynn was married this day at\\nHarrod s Station remember that in all that year\\nthere was not a day when the neighborhood of Har-\\nrod s Station was free from the presence of hostile\\nsavages and the merry-making was absolutely\\nmarvellous. Old Bishop Asbury, who made a jour-\\nney into the same region in 1783 or 1784, while the\\nIndian fighting was still going on, and the people\\nwere pressed to the uttermost, says, It is marvellous\\nto see hosv the desire for matrimony reigneth in this\\ncountry. The entrances upon these matrimonial\\nspeculations, so heartily ventured upon by the young\\npeople by the girls generally at fifteen and the boys", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "408 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nat seventeen were invariably made tlie occasions for\\nthe j oiliest and most thorongligoing fun.\\nThe negroes were ex officio, as ever, lovers of jokes\\nand fun, and even in time of war were as cool and\\nas inclined to jollity as their reckless masters. One\\nof them, who was out along with his master and a\\nband of foresters in hot pursuit of a party of Indians,\\nwho had committed an outrage uj)on some lonely\\ncabin or blockhouse, made an observation which still\\nremains on record; a simple speech enough, but\\nwhich may serve to illustrate my point. The pursu-\\ners gained sight of the Indians while descending a\\nhill. As the foremost of the whites was hastening\\nforward, closely followed by the warlike Sambo, the\\ncaptain of the whites, observing that the Indians\\ngreatly outnumbered his force, gave the low whistle\\nwhich was the signal of retreat. Sambo, however,\\nheedless of the unwelcome order of recall, pressed on\\nclown the hill with his white companion, and taking\\nshelter in a thicket, observed an immense Indian peer-\\ning above the hill beyond, to reconnoitre the position\\nof the pursuers, his head just visible from behind the\\ntrunk of a tree. Sambo raises his rifle and blazes\\naway at him, singing out at the top of his voice,\\nDar 1 Take dat to remember Sambo the black white\\nman and then retraces his steps.\\nEven the Indians, usually reckoned so sombre and\\nsaturnine a race, were by no means destitute of a", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 409\\nveiy peculiar dry and quaint liumor. Indeed, it is\\nbeyond doubt tliat in the social security of their far\\nand peaceful homes in the wilderness, they laughed\\nand chatted and joked, and sung and told stories\\nwith as much glee, and careless, hap]3y delight, as\\nany civilized circles. But though the indications of\\ntheir possession of wit and humor are equally well\\nauthenticated, they are much rarer. A good speci-\\nmen of Indian humor, without any such intention on\\nthe part of the savage, was a remark made by one of\\nthem while the fearful earthquakes of 1811-12 were\\n-devastating the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio,\\nand the wildest and most terrific freaks of nature\\nwere being exhibited in many portions of that vast\\narea. While New Madrid seemed sinking bodily\\ninto the abyss, and the bed of the vast Mississippi\\nRiver was undergoing an absolute change of location,\\nits great floods rushing through the monstrous chasms\\nwhich opened a new and strange path for the waters,\\nwhile the great trees were rocking to and fro, trem-\\nbling and falling, and the earth gaped in bottomless\\nrents, the savage stood cool and stoical, his arms\\nfolded upon his breast, gazing upon the scene. A\\nwhite man addressed him with the inquiry What\\ndo you make of all this? What do these things\\nmean The Indian, sorrowfully enough, and as if\\nthe last prop of all his hopes here and hereafter were\\ngone, thus delivered a most original and aboriginal\\n18", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "410 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ntlieoiy of earthquakes Great Spirit got whisky\\ntoo miicli\\nThe wild life of the borderers naturally occasioned\\ndie coining of many singular words and phrases.\\nThese, like many of the idioms and modes of speech\\npeculiar to the Indians, were the result not of imagi-\\nnation, but of a paucity of language. It is common\\nto descant upon the poetry and eloquence of the In-\\ndians and the celebrated speech of Logan is often\\nmentioned as Jefferson mentioned it as almost un-\\nparalleled in the records of ancient or modern ora-\\ntory. Yet, in the first place, it may well be ques-\\ntioned whether those words ever passed Logan s lips.\\nAnd if they did, although it is very true that they\\nare preeminent among specimens of Indian oratory,\\nit is still true of that oratory in general, that its poet-\\nical phrases and ever recurring formulas and figures\\nand personifications are singularly few in number,\\nand monotonously repeated, and this for the reason\\nthat these wild and unreflecting and thoughtless peo-\\nple, ignorant of abstract thinking, destitute of\\nabstract ideas, and circumscribed within a very nar-\\nrow circle of mental action, are unable to convey any\\nexcept a very small number of very ordinary and\\nevery-day ideas, without employing terms borrowed\\nfrom material nature. Their language possessed no\\nwords or almost none for the expression of abstract\\nideas nor did it contain words of high intellectual", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 411\\nsignificance, or deep ethical meaning. Even for\\nconcej)tions as ordinary among ns as prosperous\\ncircumstances, affluence, or a season of remark-\\nable enjoyment, they had no better form of expres-\\nsion than a sunshiny day or a day as placid as the\\nbosom of a lake. Such terms as these, or, for in-\\nstance, those well-known figurative expressions of\\nburying the hatchet, brightening the chain of\\nfriendship, and the like, although to those unac-\\nquainted with them seeming poetic enough, are in\\ntruth the meagre products of the barest and barren-\\nest poverty.\\nIt was this dry and meagre form of language which\\ndrove both Indians and Anglo-American borderers\\nto the use of analogous terms, whose inappropriate-\\nness often renders them quaint or even witty, where\\nno such effect was intended. There is in print a well-\\nknoY/n writ, issued by an Indian justice of the peace,\\nlong ago in Massachusetts, which illustrates my point.\\nIt ran thus I, Hihoudi, You, Peter Waterman.\\nJeremy Wicket. Quick you take him, fast you hold\\nhim, straight you bring him before me. Hihoudi.\\nA singularly close parallel to this was the proclama-\\ntion of the western sheriff, at the beginning and\\nending of court. As the ermined judge ascended\\nthe tribunal, this matter-of-fact functionary bawled\\nout, O yes, O yes, court am open! and when the\\nlabors of the day were over, he proclaimed again", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "412 PIONEERS, PEEACHER8 AND PEOPLE\\nwith genuine western adherence to sense and logic,\\nand disregard of form, the substance of the fact, thus\\nO yes, O yes, court am shet\\nThus, I repeat, many of the expressions of the wes-\\ntern borderers which seem to us imaginative, humor-\\nous, or ludicrous, though in some cases, perhaps, de-\\nrived from ancestors or ancestral peculiarities, were\\nusually adopted as the first which came to hand\\nwhen the new idea to be expressed came up asking\\nfor a word. The foresters had no training in lan-\\nguage, and no habitude in abstract thought, or in\\nmodifying and distinguishing notions. But they had\\nabundant readiness and self-reliance, and when they\\nwanted a new word they either took an old one and\\nmodified it into a new one, much on the principle\\nwhich forced their wives to make one utensil serve\\nas wash-basin, kettle, dish, dish-pan, and swill-pail\\nor they manufactured one out of whole cloth, often\\nin ridiculous exemplification of that figure of speech\\nto which the grammarians have given the clumsy\\nname of onomatopoeia namely, making the sound\\nsuggest the sense.\\nThe former of these two methods made words like\\nspontanaceous for spontaneous obfusticate for\\nobfuscate cantankerous for cankerous rampa-\\ngious or rampunctious for rampant hifalutin\\nor hifalutin atin for high-flying; tetotaciously\\nfor totally; and the like. The latter resulted in", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 413\\nterms Laving often a ludicrous general similarity to\\nproper English words of the long Latin kind, but\\nutterly unfounded in fact the merest phantoms of a\\nraw, absurd and unconscious fancy. Such are sock-\\ndolager for a knock-down blow; Explatterate,\\nto crush or smash explunctify, for the same\\nhoney-fuggle, to hang about one and flatter him for\\nmean purposes and so on.\\nMany of the figures of speech and forms of rheto-\\nric which characterize western eloquence, partake of\\nthe same bombastic and unsound character this,\\nhowever, of course not being true of the best of the\\nwestern orators. And all these, words and figures\\nand sentences, while they possess a show of poetical\\nor imaginative character, with more or less of its\\nactual essence, are nevertheless as a whole the pro-\\nducts of deplorable and extreme barrenness of mind\\nand poverty of thought.\\nBut with the gradual growth of population, wealth,\\nrefinement and education, there is of course a gra-\\ndual change in these respects the phraseology and\\nthe intellect of the people improve and develop to-\\ngether. This change is brought about at the West,\\nin great measure, by means of the increasing fre-\\nquency of public speaking. And we must not judge\\nof the power exerted upon the people, nor the good\\ndone them, merely by estimating the amount of posi-\\ntive information furnished by the speaker, and his", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "414 PIONEEES, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ngrade of intelligence. It is from the stimulation\\nwliicli tlieir natures experience, from his pouring out\\nand rendering up to them of the treasures of his own\\nlife and soul, that the abiding profit of his work is\\nderived. Now the rude speeches and sermons of the\\nWest task and stimulate the intellects of the people,\\nand set their minds in motion. The steam is turned\\non and when that is done, the engine must move\\nforward or backward, or else explode. It may be\\nadmitted to carry out the figure that an explosion\\nhas sometimes happened, but on the whole, the gene-\\nral result has been a movement ahead. As was na-\\nturally to be expected, there was undue emphasis,\\nexaggeration, violence, and exceeding heat. All this\\nWas perfectly natural, and to be expected but from\\nthis noisy fermentation has come out, after all, a style\\nof eloquence which has become distinctively and em-\\nphatically American eloquence. The spoken elo-\\nquence of New England is for the most part from\\nmanuscript. Her first settlers brought old world\\nforms and fashions from the old world with them.\\nTheir preachers were set at an appalling distance\\nfrom their congregations. Between the pulj)it,\\nperched far up toward the ceiling, and the seats, was\\nan awful abysmal depth. Above the lofty desk was\\ndimly seen the white cravat, and above that the head\\nof the preacher. His eye was averted and fastened\\ndownward upon his manuscript, and his discoui se,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 415\\nor exercitation, or whatever it might be, was de-\\nlivered in a monotonous, regular cadence, probably\\nrelieved from time to time by some quaint blunder,\\nthe result of indistinct penmanship, or dim religious\\nlight. It was not this preacher s business to arouse\\nhis audience. The theory of the worship of the\\nperiod was opposed to that. His^ people did not wish\\nexcitement or stimulus, or astonishment, or agitation.\\nThey simply desired information they wished to be\\ninstructed to have their judgment informed, or their\\nreason enlightened. Thus the preacher might safely\\nremain perched up in his far distant unimpassioned\\neyrie.\\nBut how would such a style of eloquence if, in-\\ndeed truth will permit the name of eloquence to be\\napplied to the reading of matter from a preconcerted\\nmanuscript how would such a style of delivery be\\nreceived out in the wild West Place your textual\\nspeaker out in the backwoods, on the stump, where a\\nsurging tide of humanity streams strongly around\\nhim, where the people press up toward him on every\\nside, their keen eyes intently perusing his to see if\\nhe be in real earnest dead in earnest and where,\\nas with a thousand darts, their contemptuous scorn\\nwould pierce him through if he were found playing\\na false game, trying to pump up tears by mere act-\\ning, or arousing an excitement without feeling it.\\nWould such a style of oratory succeed there By no", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "416 PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nmeans. The place is different, tlie hearers are differ-\\nent the time, the thing required, all the circum-\\nstances are totally different. Here, in the vast nn-\\nwalled church of nature, with the leafy tree-tops for a\\nceiling, their massy stems for columns with the end-\\nless mysterious cadences of the forest for a choir with\\nthe distant or nearer music and murmur of streams,\\nand the ever-returning voice of birds sounding in\\ntheir ears for the made-up music of a picked band of\\nexclusive singers: here stand men whose ears are\\ntrained to catch the faintest foot-fall of the distant\\ndeer, or the rustle of their antlers against branch or\\nbough of the forest track whose eyes are skilled\\nto discern the trail of savages, who leave scarce a\\ntrack behind them and who will follow upon that\\ntrail, utterly invisible to the untrained eye, as surely\\nas a bloodhound follows the scent, ten or twenty, or\\na hundred miles whose eye and hand are so well\\npractised that they can drive a nail or snuff a candle\\nwith the long, heavy western rifle. Such men, edu-\\ncated for years, or even generations, in that hard\\nscliool of necessity, where ev6ry one s hand and wood-\\nman s skill must keep his head where incessant\\npressing necessities required ever a prompt and suffi-\\ncient answer in deeds and where words needed to be\\nbut few, and those the plainest and directest, required\\nno delay nor preparation, nor oratorical coquetting,\\nnor elaborate preliminary scribble no hesitation nor", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 417\\ndoubts in deeds no circumlocution in words. To\\nrestrain, influence, direct, govern, such a surging\\nsea of life as tliis, required something very different\\nfrom a written address. The effect of the ISTew\\nEngland manner of preaching upon a western man\\nis illustrated by the broad and random criticism of\\nthat same rough old Peter Cartwright, of whom I\\nhave already written. All that he thought it worth\\nwhile to say of the young clergyman who delivered\\na written sermon somewhere along his western track,\\nwas, that it made him think of a gosling that had\\ngot the straddles by wading in the dew. What that\\neloquence is which can and does control such a con-\\nstituency, can scarce be conceived, except by those\\nwho have heard it. Yet there is is, and of a lofty\\ngrade of power and beauty and it has become dis-\\ntinctively American in method and style.\\nIt would not be difficult to fill volumes with quo-\\ntations illustrative of the eloquence and wit and\\nhumor of the West. But such quotations are too\\nplentiful in our contemporary literature to make any\\nsuch selection at all necessary and I have preferred\\naccordingly to present such an imperfect analysis as\\nI might of the shaping causes which have waited on\\nits birth and growth. The causes of the character of\\nwestern mind, the nature and derivation of its con-\\nstituents, have been too little examined to be under\\nstood or appreciated.\\n18*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "418 PIONEERS, PKEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nAs I already quoted a negro as affording an\\ninstance of the grim and cool humor characteristic\\nof his western home, if not of his own tropical\\nblood, so I desire to cite another as having, in\\na brief and homely description, exemplified a very\\nhigh order of rude natural eloquence. This was\\na preacher, who was endeavoring to set forth the\\nattributes of the Almighty and who summed up the\\nmysterious and awful powers of the Unknown God\\ni-n a single sentence, which, for terseness and telling\\nforce and beauty, it would be difficult to match.\\nUsing a common western and southern idiom, he\\nthus said He totes the thunder in his fist, and\\nflings the lightning from his fingers.\\nI well remember the impression produced upon\\nme a boy of twenty-two years of age, educated\\nin the woods and prairies of the West when I attended\\nfor the first time the session of Congress at Wash-\\nington. I imagined that whatever eloquence I might\\nhave heard was, at least in some sense, deficient in\\nthe higher and sublimer qualities of oratory. I had\\nheard and read much of the great men of our\\nnational legislature, and fully expected to be\\ncharmed beyond measure, in House and Senate,\\nwith new revelations of majesty and beauty to be\\neducated into a j)erfect passion for eloquence to sit\\nlong happy days and nights in the halls of Congress,\\nlistening, a humble scholar, to those great men as", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 419\\nthey expounded or enforced the principles of tlie\\nlaws and the statesmanship of the land. The disap-\\npointment I experienced was inconceivable. I had\\nexpected a new kind of speech, something loftier\\nand nobler than I had heard before bnt, after hear-\\nino; the most famous debaters, the world-renowned\\nchampions of that great arena, I went home to my\\nboarding-house every evening with the mental ex-\\nclamation, Can it be possible that all these men\\nhave taken lessons in eloquence from the old Metho-\\ndist preachers and exhorters of the West The\\nmost effective and successful of them were those who\\nspoke loudest and with most passion, and thumped\\nthe desks the hardest, just as it was at the West. I\\nhave seen Adams and Webster thumping on the\\ndesks in front of them as if they had no knuckles\\nat all, or wanted to knock them off. The western\\nstyle of oratory has become American it is extem-\\npore, the thoughts suggested by the occasion, and\\nthe words such as mustered upon the hasty call of\\nthe thoughts; often harsh, or rude, or ill-sounding\\nwords but, nevertheless, words of force, every one\\neffective in performing the service of the occasion.\\nA western writer, in a sketch of a trip into the\\nState of Kentucky about 1806, has occasion to\\ndescribe one who was an early and splendid master\\nof the style of eloquence of which I have spoken.\\nThis writer had occasion to visit the lower or Green", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "420 PIONEERS, PEEACHEKS AND PEOPLE\\nKiver counties, and on arriving at a county town\\nfound the court just assembling, and a great con-\\ncourse of people from all tlie region round, gathered\\ntogether in expectation of a trial which had excited\\nvery great interest in all the neighborhood. He\\nentered the court-house, an extempore affair ^for all\\nthe appurtenances of justice, like the speeches of\\nthat day and place, were improvised. The abode of\\njustice was a log-cabin. On one side sat the judge,\\nand the sheriff, shouting out Oyez, oyez, proclaimed\\nthe opening of the court. Business was begun, and\\nthe docket regularly called and in process of time\\nthis case, so eagerly looked forward to, was put\\nin course of trial the witnesses were called and\\nexamined, and the pleadings commenced. The case\\nwas a civil suit for damages for slander, brought by\\na poor orphan girl, whose fair name, her only posses-\\nsion, had been defamed by the defendant, a wealthy\\nman in that region. She had no kinsmen who could\\nrevenge this great wrong by personal prowess, by\\nthe strong hand, as the custom of the country would\\nordinarily have required and the spirited young\\ngirl found herself perforce left to the slow resource\\nof the law. The counsel for the plaintiff, as he ap-\\npeared to my authority, was tall, straight, and rather\\nslender of dark, or at least, swarthy features. Long\\nblack locks fell over his face, an eagle-eye looked\\nkeenly from beneath his forehead, and his costume,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 421\\nas imjuridical a dress as could well be conceived,\\nwas that of a Imnter in those woods: buckskin\\nhunting-shirt, with fringed border leggins and\\nmoccasins. He rose and commenced his speech.\\nAs he proceeded, the wild backwoodsmen, who had\\ngatliered from their sports and antics about the\\ncourt-house green, crowded around, and now breath-\\nless, their attention riveted by the eloquence of the\\nspeaker. Every niche of the little building was\\ncrowded, and every window and doorway filled with\\nabsorbed listeners. As with imperative and heart-\\ntouching power the speaker described the helpless\\nloneliness of the orphaned maiden his client, her sad\\nisolation within the broad and busy world, judge,\\nand clerk, and jury, and audience, were subdued\\nwith irrepressible emotion. And again, as he as-\\nsailed the man who attempted to defile her reputa-\\ntion, it seemed as if a tornado of fire were drying up\\nall the streams. As the hot and scorching wind\\nof his sarcasm and invective swept through the\\naudience, their eyes flashed and their bosoms heaved\\nhe carried their very souls captive, and every man of\\nthem made the orphan s cause his own. So utterly\\ndid the assembly pass beneath the influence and into\\nthe spirit of that indignant and terrible denunciation,\\nthat had the slanderer been on the spot it is very\\ndoubtful whether he would have left the place alive.\\nAnd when the words of this backwoods counsel", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "422 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nwere ended, the jury, without retiring from their\\nseats, brought in a verdict for heavy damages.\\nSome years thereafter, and jnst subsequently to the\\nwar of 1812, this same writer had occasion to be in\\nthe State of Indiana, and was near one of Harrison s\\nbattle-grounds. Early in the morning he rose and\\nrode out to see the scene of the fight and fiist\\nlie repaired to a S23ot where, underneath a broad and\\nnoble tree, was a little mound of earth without\\npaling or defence, and with no stone to mark the\\nhead of him who rested there for he had come\\nto visit the grave of the eloquent advocate whom he\\nhad heard in southern Kentucky. Here lay the\\nsuccessful lawyer, the all-powerful orator, the brave\\nsoldier, the noble and upright man, the husband\\nof the sister of Chief Justice Marshall, the man who\\nhad held Aaron Burr at bay, and who opposed and\\nexposed the plots with which that arch seducer was\\nwiling away honest citizens to treason and death\\nthe equal antagonist of Henry Clay, and who, if in-\\nstead of falling at the battle of Tippecanoe, he had\\nlived as long as Clay, would have won as high, if not\\na higher place, than did even that great orator of\\nthe West. Such was he who is yet familiarly s]3oken\\nof and cherished in memory throughout all the West\\nas Jo Hamilton Daviess, one of the noblest, most lofty\\nminded, loftily and daringly ambitious, and yet one\\nof the most simple-hearted and truthful of all the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 4:23\\neminent men tliat the fruitful border land has\\nyet produced.\\nI have mentioned the name of him who was then\\nthe rival of Daviess. No two men are more perfect\\nrepresentatives and ideals of that western mind whose\\nqualities and productions I have feebly endeavored\\nto describe. They came from the people, and were\\nrocked in the cradle of adversity. Their eyes were\\ndisciplined in the rights, and their ears to the sounds\\nof the forest. They were the ready and sensitive and\\ndiligent students of nature, in all her stern and harsh\\nand rugged forms, and in all her sweet sylvan bean-\\nties. Waterfalls and the quiet voice of placid streams,\\nthe vivid verdure of the spring and the warm luxu-\\nrious breath of summer the cold and the rigid frosts,\\nthe white still snow and the bitter furious storms of\\nwinter the sound of the battle too, and the alarms\\nand perils of war all these had trained them. They\\nbore throbbing fiery hearts, often vivid with excite-\\nment and wild with passion; and their audiences\\nwere men of like mold and hearts, and like passions\\nwith themselves. Thus they found congenial mate-\\nrials to be worked upon; free, open, sensitive and\\ntruthful souls, ready to receive the imj^ress of their\\nburning genius and for men like them, starting in\\nany professional career, either as lawyer, states-\\nman or divine, no nobler or fitter materials could\\nhave been found.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "424 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nTlius did Henry Clay embark upon the career of\\na lawyer s life, liis heart in liis hand his natare in\\nfull and free sympathy with that of the masses al-\\nways true to freedom and justice, and no respecter\\nof persons enforcing as occasion served that perilous\\nduty of the emancipation of the negro race serving\\na Avrit for the keej)er of a dram-shop, upon a distin-\\nguished lawyer, for drinks and liquor unpaid for, and\\nso securing the undying hostility of an influential\\nman. At one bound, he springs into the foremost\\nrank of the legal talent of the day. He is little\\nlearned in books he has not moved even in the\\ngraceful society of his own native Yirginia it must\\nbe the movements of the trees bending in the wind\\nthat have taught him his grace and dignity of attitude\\nand gesture. He has spent little time over the great\\nworks of Greek and Eoman orators it is his own\\nearnest convictions, his piercing intelligence, his true\\nsympathies and keen perceptions and instincts, that\\nreveal to him what are the thoughts required, and\\nthe words in which they should be clothed. Thus\\nprofoundly true, and wondrously adapted to that\\ncommunity, he becomes the master of the intellect\\nof the West. Stepping by a transition so natural and\\ncommon, from law into politics, he enters the United\\nStates Senate, and either there or in the House\\nbecomes the head of the party who advocated the\\nlast war with Great Britain and boldly and deter", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 425\\nminedly leads the van in upholding the government,\\nin the face of many bitter adversaries and with many\\nfaint friends, and against the whole embodied opposi-\\ntion of ]S^ew England. Sent to Europe as commis-\\nsioner to conclude the treaty of Ghent, together with\\nAdams, Bayard, Gallatin, and Russell, he is a\\ncontrolling spirit in the negotiations and Lord\\nCastlereagh, one of the most polished and finished\\nof the courtiers of Europe, from youth familiar with\\nthe most refined and aristocratic society of the old\\nworld, pronounces this untutored child of the wilder-\\nness the most elegant and accomplished gentleman\\nhe had ever seen. Eeturning home, he passes from\\none post of honor and distinction to another, receiv-\\ning almost every office in the gift of the people\\nexcept the highest and links his name, together\\nwith one or two others, to every great event and\\nepoch in our history from that date almost to the\\npresent. 1820, 1832, 1850, found Clay and Webster\\nstanding side by side foremost in withstanding\\nevery storm. Against each onset, they stood, like\\nsome colossal monumental forms, breasting the full\\ntempest and malignity of its fury, sometimes so\\nutterly hidden in the darkness and rage of the ele-\\nments, that they seem to be tottering and falling, to\\nbe ground to atoms far below. But they not only\\noutlast, but govern the wild elements that assault\\nthem: they ride the whirlwind and direct the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "426 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nstorm. And as tliey thus stood so often, so shall\\nstand for hundreds of years to come the names of the\\ntwo great men, one from the West and one from the\\nISTorth the graceful Ash of Kentucky, and the massive\\nGranite Block of IS^ew Hampshire.\\nHenry Clay had not the culture, the profound legal\\nlore, the thoroughly disciplined logical faculty, of\\nWebster nor his broad and dome-like brow, or the\\ndeep and cavernous eyes from which flashed forth\\nsuch profound and mighty fires when he stood before\\nBench or Senate. But Henry Clay, graceful, agile,\\ndextrous, full of fire and passion, yet with a will\\nfixed as fate, a born commander of men ^the joy\\nand light of every social circle he entered loved by\\nwomen as no man on this continent has ever been\\nand for whose defeat in ISM I suppose more women s\\ntears were shed than for any single event before\\nstands before us as the illustrious type and represen-\\ntative of the eloquence of the western country. And,\\ntake him for all in all, as man of the people and\\norator of the people, whatever his short-comings or\\nfailings, it will be many a long year before we look\\nupon his like again\\nI cannot conclude without a brief reference to\\na few writers whose works embody most of the pecu-\\nliar traits and oddities, fun, humor and wit, of the\\nsouthwestern United States. These are. Col. T. B.\\nTliorpe, now of New York, Johnson Hooper of Ala-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 427\\nbama, and Judge Longstreet of Mississippi. Thorpe s\\nBee-Hunter is an unrivalled sketcli of the times\\nof the first pioneers in Arkansas. Judge Longstreet,\\nwhom I am half sorry, half glad, to own as a fellow\\nMethodist preacher, is the author of Georgia\\nScenes and Johnson Hooper wrote that famous and\\nmost characteristic book, The Adventures of Simon\\nSuggs. These, and other works of these three\\ngentlemen, contain the fullest and most characteristic\\ndelineations of the ways of thinking, acting and\\nspeaking in those distant regions, anywhere to be\\nfound in print.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "Lecture X.\\nTHE GREAT YALLEY;\\nITS PAST, ITS PRESENT, AND ITS FUTURE.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT YALLEY\\nITS PASr, ITS PRESENT, AND ITS FUTURE.\\nI HAVE now, in a series of isolated pictures,\\nsketclied the history of the Mississippi Yallejjby a\\nsuccessive portraiture of its representative men and\\nperiods, during three centuries from the first voyages\\nof the hardy Spanish discoverers who skirted its coasts,\\nand their bold and ill-fated endeavors to penetrate\\nthe hostile xealms of its far interior, so long believed\\nto blaze with unimaginable wealth of gold so\\nfearfully revealed as a fatal forest wilderness swarm-\\ning with desperate and warlike defenders down to\\nthat strange enterprise of Aaron Burr, which in so\\nmany points of wild and hopeless absurdity, of vision-\\nary hardihood, of unscrupulous, conscienceless wicked-\\nness, and disregard of rights human or divine,\\nresembles the early inroads of the Spaniard and\\ndown to those other crusades, longer in continuance,\\nscarcely less perilous for hardship and danger, and\\nimmeasurably loftier in spirit and in aim, the wan-\\ndering self-denying missionary lives of the pioneer\\npreachers the worthy successors of Marquette, of\\nBreboeuf and of Jaques.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "432 PIONEERS, PliEACHERS AlTD PEOPLE\\nIt remains, in the concluding lecture, to sum up\\nthe whole in such a manner as may group into one\\nsingle picture, the figures, the light and shade, the\\ndistance and the foreground of these several sketches\\nto treat what I will call the nation of the Great Yal-\\nlej, as one to follow its history from the end of the\\nseries of delineations I have given, down to the pre-\\nsent and to essay the far more venturesome task of\\ntracing some outline, or I should rather say of\\nindulging in some dream of its unknown future.\\nIn thus attempting to fix the collective traits and\\ntotal significance of the Yalley and its people, let\\nme ask the reader first to observe what that people\\nis what manner of race of men is that of the Yal-\\nley. We have already studied them by classes, and\\nby thought but what are they historically etlino-\\nlogically\\nIt is a most ancient practice, to begin every his-\\ntory at the Creation a practice honored by great\\nvotaries, from the times of the antique chroniclers of\\nGermany, and the monkish Latin historians of the\\nmiddle ages, down to that eminent authority, Herr\\nProfessor von Poddingkopf, so delightfully cited by\\nthe most eminent and the latest departed of all the\\nAmerican prose writers, the genial and beloved\\nIrving. But I shall not go back so far not quite\\nback to the flood.\\nIn Africa and in Asia, and in America too, there", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 433\\nhave existed civilizations more or less exalted iii\\ngrade, and lasting in endurance. But the works of\\nthe mound-builders of the West for our cycle of\\nallusions may begin at the very point whither it is\\nat last to bring us and the Aztecs of the south, the\\nEgyptians and Ethopians, the Assyrians, Persians,\\nHindoos, Chinese all the monuments of their arts\\nand arms, their codes of laws and systems of thought,\\nhave passed either into utter oblivion, complete de-\\nstruction, a stiff immovable catalepsy not deserving\\nthe name of life, or a suj^erannuated and decrepit\\nage.\\nBut that race, whatever its earlier designations,\\nwhich was the parent of the various European\\nfamilies of men, possessed higher qualities. It may\\nnot have been superior to others in stature, or strength,\\nor beauty, in force or acuteness of intellect, perha]3S\\nnot always in purity of morals or in religious truth.\\nBut in one thing it has demonstrated itself superior:\\nin the capacity of unlimited and universal improve-\\nment. Through the vicissitudes of ages, under num-\\nberless phases of development, and despite many\\nperiods of torpidity and even of retrogression, one\\npeople has as it were evolved from within itself ano-\\nther, and always a better.\\nThe genius of civilization, having done his utmost\\nwith Egyptains and Assyrians, led the Greeks and\\nthe Eomans to far higher summits of intellectual\\n19", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "434 PIONEERS, PKEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nachievement and of etliical knowledge. Tlien Cliris-\\ntianity, in like manner, after experiment and failure\\nin Asia, transferred the centres of her dominion\\nto European soil. From the Christian Era, the\\nhistory of Europe is the history of human progress.\\nAmong the nations of Europe, the Germanic civiliza-\\ntion has been of a higher moral tone and a more\\ndeeply formed institutional character, than the Latin.\\nAnd of the Germanic nations, that branch which\\nbecame the Anglo-Saxon and then the English,\\nstands this day foremost of all. And now at last\\nreturning to this continent the Anglo-American\\nnation, a new nation, is evolved as it were from\\nwithin the bosom of the English nation, by that\\nstrange process wdiich, a long array of precedents\\nassures us, places every such latest-born people upon\\na higher level of existence than that of its parent\\nthere to exemplify some still greater principle,\\nto teach some still loftier lesson of destiny and of\\nprogress. Last of all, there has arisen within this\\nmighty Yalley, streaming over the bordering Alle-\\nghanies, pushing westward by the side of the great\\nnorthern Lakes, disembarking on the sandy shore of\\nthe Gulf, or struggling up the yellow fiood of the\\nMississippi, yet one more nation within a nation;\\nand now in the basin of the Great Kiver is abiding\\nand increasing a multitude already numerous enough\\nto wield tlie political destinies of our land, and in", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 435\\npossession of opportunities never before in reacli of\\nany human community on this eartli, for aehieving\\neminence in all that humanity desires of happiness,\\nnobility and goodness.\\nIn historic descent these are the foremost children\\nof men the youngest sons, the Eenjamins of old\\nmother earth and truly they are planted in a heri-\\ntage well worthy of a parent s or a brother s partial\\nfondness. As Benjamin s mess was five times that of\\nany of his brethren, so is the vast and fair domain of\\nthe Mississippi Yalley including as it naturally does\\nthe Gulf States three times as extensive as the At-\\nlantic slope, and somewhat less than twice as exten-\\nsive as the third great natural division of our terri-\\ntory, the Pacific slope. I need not compare its\\nw^ealth of soil and climate and rivers and metals, to\\ntheirs.\\nGod reserved this goodly land for those who hold\\nit now. Many were the bold voyagers of antiquity\\nbut none until Columbus was directed across the\\nwestern sea to America. Enough there were of hardy\\nexplorers among the sons of Spain, and enough of\\nwise and strong men, able to found and to govern\\nnew kingdoms but none of them were to establish\\nthemseh es here. The traders and the soldiery of\\nFrance were many and hardy and brave, and her\\nJesuits and Franciscans, with all the zeal that the\\nlove of souls and the desire of martyrdom coulil", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "436 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ninspire, labored for years among the forest tribes;\\nand the pliant genius and dextrous skill of her set-\\ntlers almost fused the civilized and savage nations\\ninto one. But this splendid domain was not for\\nFrance. E or was it even to become a colony of the\\nBritish empire a possession of the resolute Anglo-\\nSaxon men, who, if any of the European kingdoms,\\nwere fitted to hold and to govern it. All these\\nclaimants, one after another, sought to establish a\\ntitle but each and every claim was disallowed by\\nhim who ruleth both the affairs of the children of\\nmen and the armies of heaven. This land was not a\\nland for Spain, nor France nor England. A separate\\nrace had been elected and consecrated to the sublime\\ntask of redeeming its vast expanse from solitude and\\nbarbarism; of conquering it for a cultivated hu-\\nmanity of making it the home of happy multi-\\ntudes a broad foundation for God s church a new\\nfield for the solution of man s threefold problem, his\\nrelations to God, to the earth, and to his neighbor.\\nNeither the spirit of effete feudalism, nor the stron-\\nger spirit of a ceremonial church neither the des-\\npotic power of a monarchy ruling under the civil\\nlaw, nor the irresponsible destructive sway of any\\nband of greedy traders, was to possess the new realm\\nbut that strong off-shoot of the noble old Anglo-\\nSaxon stem, which has well been called the Anglo-\\nAmerican, was to have and to rule it; and a long", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 437\\nand severe discipline was that wliicli had prepared it.\\nThe people of England, rising slowly and stubbornly\\nupward from the slavery of the Norman conquest\\nhelped unconsciously and unintentionally by the\\nextorted gift of the Great Charter beginning to con-\\ntrol even the brutal bull-dog strength of the Tudor\\nmonarch s then rising and slaying a senselessly\\noppressive king a people taught by the sweet\\nsounds of old Chaucer around whose path had been\\nthrown the strange and mystic imaginings of Spenser\\nwho had listened to the native wood-notes wild, of\\nShakspeare; and who had found even a nobler poet,\\nand a fearless and mighty defender, in John Milton\\nwho had learned wisdom of Francis Bacon whose\\nimao:inations and consciences were at once entranced\\nand convinced by the wondrous spiritual dream of\\nBunyan and whose reason had been instructed by\\nthe clear understanding and acute philosophy of\\nLocke this people had here and there ripened to the\\npoint of capacity and desire for self-government,\\nunder the double and opposite stimulus of the lasting\\nPuritan leaven which the Heformation had diffused\\nin England, and of the grinding and intensifying\\ntyranny of the Tudors and Stuarts.\\nThus it came to pass that there went out from Eng-\\nland that small body of strong men, who builded\\nwiser than they knew, and founded this nation.\\nWell trained in cool self-reliance, iron courage,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "438 PI0NEEE8, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nimpregnable perseverance strong and ready of hand\\nand of lieart, wise in tlionglit, learned in tliat plii-\\nlosopliy wliicli is most readily transmuted into right\\nand efficient action, and above all, clothed and pene-\\ntrated and borne onward by a strength incredible to\\nthose not of them, the strength of Faith in God they\\nsailed away across the sea. With all these high and\\nnoble traits, unconsciously the greatest statesmen on\\nearth, having prepared the iron pillars of their little\\nnation of a hundred men in their ship, they landed in\\nAmerica, with the fabric of their church and State\\nall ready prej^ared for erection.\\nAnd as in after years the posterity of these small\\ncolonies entered within the vast inland realm of\\nwhich I am speaking as the hostile savages faded\\naway, and the forests began to fall, and the sunlight\\nto work its wondrous chemistries upon the wealthy\\nsoil beneath, and bountiful mother Earth bared her\\nbosom to the plough and hoe how marvellously did\\nthat Providence which had planted them there, provide\\none aid after another, coordinate with the increasing\\nneeds of the increasing nation\\nSmall centres of inhabitants, feeble, unconnected,\\nisolated, mere points of crystallization u]3on the vast\\nexpanse, lie like distant dots along the great rivers, or\\nin the wide woods. It is intercourse that consoli-\\ndates a nation. Life blood must circulate. A huge\\ninert overgrown body dies of mere magnitude. Bat", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 489\\nhow shall this indispensable need be supplied?\\nAntiquity hath no answer to the problem, or the\\nKoman empire might have held together. Modern\\nscience has no suggestion to make horses and men\\nare the swiftest and strongest messengers, except the.\\ninconstant, treacherous winds. But James Watt\\nstudied the boiling of a teakettle, and as in the\\noriental tale there rose up from the thin vapor of a\\nsealed jug a mighty giant, so did the genius of the\\nScotch mechanician evolve from the vapors of that\\nmean vessel the superhuman* might of the steam\\nengine. Then one of our own countrymen, laying in\\nturn his modifying hand upon the volatile essence of\\nfire and water, constrains its giant strength into the\\nservice of the steamboat and the wants of the nation\\nof the valley are supplied! Again, as population\\nthickens and wealth increases, and men begin more\\nand more, after the mysterious word of the prophet,\\nto go to and fro in the earth, Kobert Stephenson\\ninvents the locomotive and straightway the hurry-\\ning millions of the Yalley, no longer confined to the\\nchannels of the rivers, flit over the mountains or\\nthrough them and across the plain, on that stronger\\nand closer network of civilization, and of interwoven\\ncivic strength, the railroad. And last of all, within\\nthese last years we have the electric telegraph, which\\nmay fitly be likened to that great system called the\\nsympathetic nerve, which flashes hither and thither", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "440 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nthrougli the body the constant sustaining streanas\\nof nnconscions life which maintains the health and\\naction of all the wondrous processes, and keeps all\\nalive, but which the imperial, central, conscious will\\ncannot reach. For so does the little telegraphic wire,\\nflashing endless communication hither and thither all\\nover the land, hold us, mind with mind, in a compre-\\nhensive, indissoluble unitary life. Ah, it is in such\\npecuniary enterprises as these, set up in the fervent\\nworship of Mammon, that we shall find a power, all\\nquiet and unrecognized, but with all the unimaginable\\nstrength of a truly Divine messenger, infinitely more\\npotent against the rising yells of that infernal army\\nof Disunion, this day thickening around us, than in\\nany such old world fancies as patriotism and humanity,\\njustice and forbearance\\nNor has less wisdom or kindness been shown in\\nproviding for the needs of the intellectual and reli-\\ngious faculties. I have already referred to the zeal\\nand intrepid j)erseverance of the ancient Catholic\\nmissionaries, whose not unworthy successoi^. Father\\nDe Smet, Bishop Elanchet and their brethren are still\\nfaithfully and efiiciently laboring among the fierce\\ntribes of the distant ISTorthwest^ I have also spoken\\nof the Protestant missionaries who quickly followed\\non over the mountains, to look after their small flocks\\nin the wilderness. Tlie minister and the schoolmas-\\nter were provided, as the rising generation began to", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 441\\nneed their aid. The fierce stern exigencies of their\\nperilons life in tlie wilderness trained them in quick-\\nness of eje and readiness of hand, in prompt and\\nloftj courage, in fruitfulness of resource and a hardy\\nself-reliant perseverance that never yielded. While\\nthus the hard school of necessity trained them, by\\nrude, incessant, inevitable lessons, into a rough but\\nnoble strength, it was the duty of the teacher and of\\nthe missionary, not so much to excite the forces of\\nnerve and soul for that external stimulus so com-\\nmonly needed elsewhere had here been supplied by\\nnature and the wilderness and the savage, and mind\\nand soul were here all awake, full of force and acti-\\nvity but to direct, to moderate, to restrain. The\\nwork is prosperously in progress. The school-houses,\\nlog-built and humble though they were, have yet\\nbeen the centres of a continual and increasing diffu-\\nsion of knowledge and of goodness. In those\\nobscure edifices, all the week, the teacher led his\\nyouthful charge in the paths of learning and on the\\nseventh day, the same lowly building became the\\nsanctuary of the Most High, and the backwoods\\npreacher expounded to the same children and to\\ntheir parents also, the message of God, preparing\\nthem both for this life and for that which is to come.\\nBut in thus seeking to sketch the characteristic\\nelements of the people of the Great Yalley, I must\\nnot omit to allude to one important feature, viz., the\\n19*", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "442 PIONEERS, PKEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nmingled ciirrents of its blood. The main stock is\\nAnglo-Saxon. Important infusions of Scotcli and\\nIrish blood were in the veins of very many of its\\nbest and bravest men. There has always been some\\nsmall admixture from amongst the French of Illinois\\nand Louisiana. Scarce a tinge of Spanish blood can\\nbe traced. On one of the outskirts or appendages\\nof the Yalley the peninsula of Florida a colony\\nof fifteen hundred Greeks was once j^lanted, whose\\nblood still runs in the veins of some of the best fami-\\nlies of St. Augustine. A somewhat more diffused\\nintermixture may be followed, from those Huguenot\\nFrench who settled along the Atlantic coast from\\nBoston to Charleston. Great numbers of Germans\\nhave long contributed toward this miscellaneous\\nnational stock the solid or the graceful traits of the\\nold Teutonic character. In the JSTorth may be traced\\ncolonies of Norwegians, of Dutch, a few Swedes and\\nDanes. There has been no perceptible addition of\\nItalian blood nor of that of the Aborigines for\\nthe border intercourse of centuries has been bloody\\nand murderous, with a strange, sad uniformity. No\\nmodification is yet visible, and let us hope that none\\nwill be, from the last strange immigration of brutal\\nChinamen to our distant Pacific coast.\\nAnd thus we find the western people to-day, not\\none of those pure races whose uniform destiny seems\\nto be to disappear, but a community of bloods rather", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 443\\nthan a race, one of those homogeneous mixtures of\\ncharacter not found except in these latter days of his-\\ntory, whose Talue and power amongst the great\\nrepublic of nations no precedents enable us to ascer-\\ntain, but for whom there are many reasons to antici-\\npate a grand and noble future.\\nHaving thus endeavored to represent the original\\nand added constituents of the People of the Great Yal-\\nley, let us next observe them and their landed common-\\nwealths, at the point to which they have now attained.\\nImagine, therefore, a spectator yourself, if you\\nwill with an ideal vision broad and keen enough to\\nembrace and discern so much, and lifted high up in\\nair, even so that you may look far abroad over all the\\nGreat Yalley, and those adjuncts or appendixes which\\nnaturally and politically belong with it, namely the\\nGulf States and Michigan. And observe, being in\\nspirit with this visionary beholder of mine, the mul-\\ntiplied features of power and grandeur presented to\\nyour eye. From the white and sunny sands of Flo-\\nridian Cape Sable and the sea-washed little Wreck\\nCity of Key West, to the cold remote northwestern\\nvillage of wintry log-built forest-circled Pembina\\nand the improvised mining towns of Aurora and\\nDenver, raised as it were in a night by the strong\\nsorcery of Mammon on barren hill-sides all treeless\\nand forlorn from smoke-canopied Pittsburg, grimy\\ndwelling of forges and mills, on the antique site of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "4:4:4: PIONEERS, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nvanished Fort Du Quesne, to the struggling semi\\nprosperous frontier town of Brownsville, where\\nTexans look with faces sour and contemptuous, yet\\neager and expectant, to the wide territories of Mexico,\\nand where there seems to prevail a chronic border\\nwarfare, the frictional irritation between chafing\\nraces from the skirting AUeghanies on the east to\\nthe interrupted but sufficient ramparts of the Rocky\\nMountains in the West, and from the warm blue of\\nthe salt Gulf to the cooler waters and hues of the\\ngreat northern chain of fresh-water seas: over all\\nthis vast domain, grown up to its present level of\\nmagnificent power within three-quarters of a century\\n^the lifetime of one man how wonderful, how\\nmighty, how complicated, are the masses and forms\\nand movements of human life and labor\\nTwelve millions of souls are fulfilling their desti-\\nnies within the space of this great panorama\\nbelonging to sixteen sovereign States, and five\\nyounger sisters ^Territories, some of them already\\nimpatiently knocking at the doors of Congress for\\nadmission into the Union of their elder sisters and\\nif I do not add to this number that of their brethren\\nbeyond the western mountains, the half-million and\\nmore of California, and the thousands of Utah, and\\nOregon and Washington Territory, it is for the\\nsake of geographical rather than logical correctness,\\nfor those Pacific States are most properly out-", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 4:45\\nskirts, suburbs, advanced posts of the great bive of\\nmen in the Yalley.\\nAmid this vast and busy tbrong of men whose\\nmultiplied labors have already done so much to\\nchange the dark unbroken forest, and silent open\\nprairie into a garden of God, are efficiently operating\\nthe manifold engineries of civilized life. To and fro,\\nalong the thousands of miles of the vast river system,\\nare rushing a thousand steamers, from eleven hundred\\ntons burden downward, in place of the little awk-\\nward Orleans, of a hundred tons, launched by Fulton\\nand Livingston at Pittsburg, in 1812. The lake fieet,\\nover and above this, is of twelve hundred vessels and\\nmore; and from the great southern marts of the\\nYalley, another vast auxiliary ocean fleet brings in\\nor bears away an annual mass of imports and exports\\nof a hundred and twenty-five millions of dollars.\\nThe network of railroads has but barely begun to\\nknit itself through and over a few portions of the\\nYalley but this beginning is a giant one. Over\\nthirteen thousand miles of railroad, the more eager\\nspirits of the Yalley fly hither and thither on errands\\nof business, or affection, or pleasure.\\nIn 1776, -the Baptist John Hickman first began to\\nlabor as a Protestant minister west of the Alleghanies.\\nISTow, in seventeen thousand churcl^s, of twenty sects,\\nthe Word of God is statedly dispensed to an average\\nof something like five millions of regular hearers.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "4:4:6 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nWhen or where the first log school-house was\\nerected, and the first little platoon of recruits of\\nlearning\\nDischarged their a-b ab s against the dame,\\nor master, I cannot say, except that it was within\\nthe last eighty years. But now, a hundred and fifty\\ncolleges crown woody heights, or shelter themselves\\nin retired valleys and in these, and in fifty thousand\\npublic and private schools, nearly two millions of\\nyouth are receiving a moral and intellectual train-\\ning whose depth, and breadth, and thoroughness is\\nyearly greater, and w^hich yearly better prepares its\\ngraduates to plunge out into the great battle of life\\nto perform wisely and well his or her single duty as\\na citizen oi a wife.\\nOnce more let me repeat a few similar statistics\\ndry kernels, but, to a reflective mind, nevertheless,\\nthe seeds of infinite conceptions of grandeur and\\nbeauty relative to one section of the great domain\\nof the Yalley the ITorthwest. This is the tract\\nbetween the Ohio, the Lakes, and the Mississippi,\\nwhich contains two hundred and sixty thousand\\nsquare miles, and which Washington, who early\\nowned lands within it, called a western worldP\\nA hundred years ago in 1751 it contained five\\nlittle French towns, with about one thousand inhabi-\\ntants, all nestled down together, like a little group of", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 447\\ntimid lambs, withiu a hidden valley in the southwest\\nof Illinois and no other European settlements. The\\nfirst State admitted into the Union from it was Ohio,\\nin 1802. The earliest English settlements within\\nOhio were made in 1774, but none was of any im-\\nportance imtil the settlement of Marietta, in 1788,\\nwhen tiie English inhabitants may have numbered\\nfive thousand. Little more than three-quarters of a\\ncentury has passed, and into what gigantic propor-\\ntions has this section of the great Yalley already\\ngrown Five great States occupy its territory not\\nless than seven millions of p eople inhabit it every\\nyear its farms produce not far from three hundi-ed\\nmillions of dallars in value its mines, eighty mil-\\nlions its lumber, seventy millions its twenty thou-\\nsand and more of manufactories, a hundred and thirty\\nmillions; its fisheries, three millions. It has nine\\nthousand miles and more of railroads fourteen hun-\\ndred miles of canals seven thousand miles of tele-\\ngraph. It contains two hundred banks, with twenty\\nmillions of capital. Its whole material extent, real\\nand personal property together, is reckoned to be\\nworth more than one and three-quarters hillions of\\ndollars.\\nBut this startling expansion is not to be reckoned\\nby business and statistics alone. The Northwest has\\nbuilt eight thousand churches, which will hold four\\nmillions of people fifty colleges, and twenty-five", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "448 PIONEERS, PKEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nthousand schools, where are studying a million and a\\nhalf of pupils and it supports a thousand news-\\npapers, twelve hundred libraries more or less public,\\nand scientific and literary societies innumerable.\\nAgain, a yet more wondrous exemplification of\\nthe exuberant, gigantic vital strength of this great\\ninland realm is aflorded by the growth of its cities.\\nIn former ages of the world, many enormous cities\\nwere raised up by despotic jDOwer, or increased during\\ncenturies by a slow process of accretion. But in our\\ngreat Yalley it is as if the strong, rich soil gave birth\\nto the sudden vastness of the marts, that rise almost\\nlike exhalations on lake-side and river-bank. A\\nproud and glorious instance do they furnish of the\\nsuperiority of the power of a free and enterprising\\npeople, over the spiritless, slavish obedience of Asiatic\\nsubjects, or of monarchical conservatisms.\\nAcross the northei n portion of the great Yalley, if\\nyou glance upon the map, you can easily trace two\\ngreat lines of cities dotting, like great jewels, the\\nchain of trade and intercourse between East and\\nWest. The northern line, from Bufi alo by Cleveland\\nand Detroit, ends at Chicago the southern line\\nbegins with Pittsburg, and extends, by Cincinnati\\nand Louisville, to St. Louis. The nine cities of the\\nfirst have increased their total population, during the\\nlast ten years, from 159,000 to 454,000 and the nine\\nof tlie second line, during the same period, from", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 449\\n335,000 to 600,000. The most wondrous of them all,\\nChicago, which in 1840 had 4,800 inhabitants\\nwhich in 1830 had 70 inhabitants ^had last year\\n125,000.\\nIn what other way could I set before you what the\\nMississippi Yalley now is Mere statistics, you wilL\\nsay uninteresting figures dry bones of information.\\nBut, as I said before, it is these very figures which\\nare, if rightly viewed, instinct with whatever is gi and\\nand marvellous. Within this brief period for one\\nhuman life, long though it may be, is brief enough\\ncompared with the age of this world within this\\nbrief period, the Nation of the Yalley has grown up\\nwith such a portentous speed and strength as reminds\\nus of that gigantic fountain which pours suddenly a\\nfull-grown river from the unknown caverns of the\\nlower earth from nothing, to myriads of souls from\\nnothing, to millions of money from nothing, to an\\ninfinity of strength and power, and to a high grade\\nof culture and excellence. Thus I state the summary,\\nby comparisons, in general terms. But it is the\\nscries of arithmetical numbers that affords the most\\ntangible basis for thought the firmest and clearest,\\nand, indeed, the only valuable conceptions, upon\\nsuch a point as this.\\nAnd now I have passed over two parts of this sum-\\nming up. I have examined this western race, and\\ninquired what is it by blood and by constituent parts;", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "150 PIONEEES, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\nand I have sought to indicate, by dint of some mathe-\\nmatical totals, some general idea of what it is now, in\\nnumber, strength, and attainment. And it remains\\nto essay a more dangerous task to speak of its\\nfuture. I am no prophet, either, to promise good\\nthings, or to threaten evil nor do I pretend to any\\nwonderful measure, even of merely human prescience.\\nAll that I venture to attempt is, to state obvious\\nmeanings of visible phenomena of those indications\\nwhich the great Master of Life has given to us on\\npurpose that we might reason on them and conclude\\nfrom them.\\nThe Yalley is to be, as it has been, a great harbor\\nof refuge for the poor and oppressed of other lands.\\nIt is the rightful glory of our Anglo-American race\\nto have opened welcoming arms to the refugees of\\nevery nation. No thought of selfish isolation ever\\nentered the hearts of the men that inhabit the\\nunparalleled region of the West. They justly felt\\nthat union and cooperation, not isolation and exclu-\\nsiveness, is the principle of human progress. Tlie\\nGentile Tyrian, ever under the stern and uncom-\\npromising polity of the Jewish theocracy, brought his\\ntribute of skill and of splendid gifts to the great\\ntemple of Solomon Ophir sent its gold, the far Indies\\ntheir precious stones; and Candace, queen of\\nEthiopia, from the furthest ends of the earth, came\\non an acceptable pilgrimage to the shrine of the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 451\\nHebrews God and the throne of the Hebrew king.\\nAll commerce, all agriculture, all art, laid their con-\\ntributions upon the hallowed mount where God s\\nhome was builded of old. And thus to-day, in this\\nvaster and immeasurably more wondrous temple\\nthis great edifice of free civil and religious polity\\ntlie strength and beauty of the wealthy Yalley shall\\nall people and all tongues worship, and ofifer upon\\nits altars their various offerings, of all the good gifts\\nwith which God has endowed them. Principally,\\nthese thronging thousands contribute of their physical\\nstrength. Canals are to be digged railroads to be\\nbuilded all that mass of material improvements to\\nbe perfected, which is the dream of the practical\\nstatesmanship of our Union. These are needed\\nbefore our land shall attain its ideal condition of a\\ntotality of natural gifts and forces, modified bj\\nhuman skill ere it will yield the greatest possible\\namount of fruits to its people. And thus have long\\nbeen pouring in the legions of a great industrial army,\\nfrom Ireland, Germany, ]!!Torway, Sweden, Denmark,\\nHolland the men whose strong arms and laborious\\nhabits render them competent to execute precisely\\nthose masses of mere detail and drudgery so neces-\\nsary to the broad schemes of the Anglo-American\\nbrain, but so distasteful to his preferences for mental\\nlabor, for organizing, for directing for thinking, in\\nshort, that others may do. It is this long succession", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "452 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nof imn. Igrants wliicli most singularly marks the wis-\\ndom of that mighty Hand which guides the fates of\\nthe Yalley. The first generation furnishes laborers.\\nBut their children, half-children of the soil, and\\nreceiving the powerful impress of the invigorating\\nnew world, and of its active minds, at once rise\\nupward and become farmers or mechanics; while\\nthe cohorts of the railroad and the scattered ranks of\\nhired laborers are recruited from new arrivals.\\nYet, again, the same over-ruling wisdom provided\\nthat this innumerable host of people, of strange man-\\nners and religion, would not find the portals of the\\nYalley thrown open to them until the great pillars\\nof its commonwealth its religious and political\\nforms were powerfully and permanently adjusted.\\nJSTot until the proper and distinctive Anglo-American\\nforms of worship and of society were already received\\nand vigorously in operation, did the foreign bands find\\nroom for the soles of their feet. Then, after the new\\npeople had grown large enough and strong enough\\nfor the action of the peculiar power of absorption and\\nintegration with itself which marks the Anglo-Saxon\\nrace, came the gradual influx of the strangers, pour-\\ning steadily in, fusing and disappearing within the\\nranks of the host already there.\\nNearly four-fifths of the foreign population of our\\ncountry has arrived upon our shores since 1830 and\\nmore than half of its total of three millions, since", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 453\\n18^0 Yet how few are those who apprehend any\\ndangi J! to our nation or to its valuable traits or pri-\\nvileg from this great transfusion of new blood\\nWho needs to doubt or to fear for our future Many,\\nat different times, have been terrified at the ruin sup-\\nposed to await the land from the spread of Eomanism\\nand of its attendant civil despotisms among us. But\\nhow groundless an apprehension VThen Jesuitism\\nhad the land all to itself, it was unable to keep it.\\nEome, unopposed, backed by the throne of France,\\naided by the subtlest dij)lomacy, the greatest generals,\\nthe wisest statesmen, long endeavored to retain her\\nhold upon the soil but in vain. And when she thus\\nfailed, is it for a moment to be supposed that she\\niOAild succeed now Instead of the scattered super-\\nstitious barbarians, herded into the x^riestly fold by\\nthe Catholic missionaries, and with but little more\\nconsciousness of why it was done than so many cat-\\ntle would have had, they must now encounter a\\npopulation ten thousand fold greater, intelligent,\\nacute, trained in beliefs and what is much more\\nin feelings, instincts and modes of thought and action\\nexpressly opposed or utterly foreign to them large,\\nbroad modes of mental action which their little hier-\\narchic formulas can neither contain nor cope with\\nthe vivid force of that shrewd circumspect self-relf-\\nance which has been nurtured by the strong youth\\nand toilsome adventurous manhood of the West the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "454 PIONEERS, PREACHEES AITD PEOPLE\\nunwearied, incessant, increasing flow of knowledge^\\nof goodness, of pnritj, of intellectual force, supplied\\nfrom so many thousands of fountains, in school-house,\\ncollege, and church. Is it to be feared that such\\nmen as the Romanists will reduce the West beneath\\nthe sway of the Papacy? Shall we not rather\\ningulf and assimilate them, priests, churches, com-\\nmunicants and all Can the Homan Bishop rule the\\nhuge and rapid waves of this great ocean of human\\nlife? It was only Christ whose word made the\\nwinds to cease and the sea to be calm even the\\napostle, essaying to j)ass to his Master, would have\\nsunk for lack of faith; and surely, surely these\\ndeceived apostles of a mistaken faith will quickly\\ndisa]3pear beneath the swelling flood.\\nFor my own part, I have no fear. It is true that\\nonce I spoke in the usual glowing terms, of the great\\nbattle of Armageddon that was to be fought in the\\nYalley of the Mississippi, and of the dangers to\\nwhich freedom was then to be exposed from the on-\\nslaughts and invasions of foreigners and Eomanists.\\nBut study and observation have convinced me to the\\ncontrary. How frequent is the remark, even among\\nRomanists themselves, that their church only keeps\\nthe immigrating generation The first comers may\\nthemselves ever remain faithful and subservient sons\\nof the church. But the attachment of their children\\nis feeble and wavering; the grandchildren almost", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 455\\nalways lapse from their connection with it, and the\\nfourth generation are commonly embosomed within\\nsome Protestant organization. Iso Eomanists will\\nnever change ns. We shall assimilate them, and\\nshall do good both to them and to ourselves in the\\nprocess. The religions formulas of Europe can no\\nmore be established upon the soil of this country\\nthan could the structure of one of its mediaeval des-\\npotisms be transported hither and maintained among\\nus. Facts forbid such a belief; reason, forbids it;\\nFaith, Hope, and Charity, all three, forbid it.\\nLet them come, therefore there is room for them\\nall, and we need them all. They will not defile or\\nlower us we shall purify and elevate them. They\\ncome into a purer atmosphere, upon a higher plane of\\nlife their necessary and unavoidable movement will\\nbe upward. Even Mormonism, which occupies one\\nof the outlying suburbs of the Yalley of the Miss-\\nissippi Mormonism, one of the greatest if not the\\nmost important fact of our age and country dark,\\ndebasing and fearful as its politics and morality may\\nbe I believe to be a real step in advance for most of\\nthose who remove to its desert home. And it seems\\nto me that few will fail to reach the same conclusion,\\nwho shall carefully consider whence these people\\ncome, what their characteristics and qualities are, what\\nthe new circumstances are in which they find them-\\nselves placed, and the fact that for the first time in", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "466 PIONEEES, PEEACHEES AND PEOPLE\\ntlieir history or that of their ancestors, they arc here\\nbrought into ai^proximately true, healthy and legi-\\ntimate relations with the earth and labor. For God s\\ngreat earthly instrument for elevating man in the\\nscale of social being is labor. Men must set out\\nfrom earth, to reach heaven. He is the true son of\\nEarth the true Antseus he gains new and ever\\ngreater strength by being dashed into rude forcible\\ncontact with her rugged bosom, and every rebound\\ncarries him fm-ther upward. And these Mormons,\\nho-svever isolated from our institutions, from the aids\\nof our social, intellectual, religious influences, are at\\nleast starting from the right point. They are with\\nfew exceptions an industrious and even laborious peo-\\nple, frugal and honest and honorable within the\\nimportant range of the minor practical ethics. ITow\\nGod leaves none of his children alone and thus we\\nare in duty bound to hope and believe that in pro-\\ncess of time old mother Earth, and their labor and\\nindustry and economy in dealing with her, will little\\nby little lift them upw^ard until at last they will\\ncome to the full and perfect stature of American\\nChristian citizens. Therefore it is that I have not the\\nleast objection to have hundreds, thousands, and\\ntens of thousands, flocking to the Great Salt Lake.\\nThrough whatever ill-favored or perilous phases, the\\nmovement must and will result in good.\\nOf all the various races whose blood minofles in the", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 457\\nGreat Yalley, or whose members inhabit it, one only\\nremains hopelesly mitamed, imtamable, savage. -Tlie\\nIndian alone defies the operation of the great princi-\\nciple of interfusion of bloods. Amidst the comitless\\nthousands of whites, or rather, just before their\\nadvancing, line, he remains an isolated, solitary being.\\nHe stalks across the stage of thought or of history\\nalone. Indian file, we say and it is singly, as we\\nthns describe single physical movements, that we ever\\nthink of him, either in jom-neying, in character, or\\naction. The Indian can never be civilized. He has\\nnot the faculties by which civilization lays hold npon\\na man to modify and to cultivate him. For w^e im-\\nprove, through persistent patient labor, and through\\nthe affections. Were it not for the power and the\\nhabit of constant industry, were it not for the sweet\\nfetters of love and duty to parents, family, children,\\nfriends, what would make you and me stronger or\\nwiser, or better, or more useful if we are so from\\nyear to year? Scarcely would the united strength of\\nreligious obligation and of self-love avail to accom-\\nplish it without these balancing encircling forces.\\nThese supply us with the quiet incessant stimulus\\nwhich holds us steadily, though with unperceived\\nstrength, to our destined line of labor. But these\\nthe solitary Indian scarcely feels at all and, there-\\nfore, the Indian must perish. We cannot absorb him,\\ncannot render him an integral part of our own\\n20", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "458 PIONEERS, PREACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nsociety. We drive him further westward, fight him,\\nmurder him with whisky. Our missionaries labor\\namongst his decreasing bands with praiseworthy per-\\nseverance, but with an utterly hopeless prospect.\\nGod s law is against him. He cannot enter into our\\nlaborious civilization, he cannot live amongst it and\\nhe must needs disappear.\\nI need scarcely refer to the outlandish barbarism\\nand self-sufficient binitality of the strange incursion\\nof Chinamen into California. That distant State is\\nno part nor outgrowth of the Yalley of the Missis-\\nsippi, except in a very indirect and distant sense and\\nif it were otherwise I could only say that perhaps\\nthis Chinese race has the least good and the most\\nevil in it of any which might endeavor to unite with\\nour own. But it is entirely improbable, and scarce\\npossible that such a union should happen, in any mea-\\nsure whatever.\\nIn thus recapitulating the admixture of races in the\\nWest, I must not omit to refer to the mingling of the\\neastern and southern Anglo-Americans with each\\nother there, and with those of the northern half of\\nthe West. A quarter, almost, of the whole popula-\\ntion of ]^ew England, has been drained out of it into\\nnew settlements. Her sons and daughters are ever\\nmoving westward, insomuch that whole villages may\\nbe found left with a strange over-proportion of elderly\\npeople in them. Over the mountains they go,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 459\\nteaching or trading, farming or preaching. The\\njoiing maidens intermarry with the southerners or\\nwesterners, and the young men take to themselves\\nwives of the daughters of the land. And thus\\nare fused together the comparatively stiff and formal,\\nthough strong, practical, straightforward, acute and\\nresolute qualities of the I^ew Englander, with the\\nfiery, impulsive generosity, the passionate fervor, the\\nindolence, the semi-tropical ease, of the far South,\\nor the broad, strong, open, hearty geniality, some-\\ntimes coarse, but always kind, of the more northern\\npart of the West.\\nTo speculate on future numerical totals would be\\nlost time. There is no arithmetic of the future. Let\\nus glance at data of a sort from which we can reason\\nforward. Observe the material and physiological\\nconditions for an improvable race, which are possessed\\nby the people of the Yalley.\\nA territory all but boundless a climate and a soil\\nexuberant beyond all measure, in geniality and rich-\\nness a means of internal communication unprece-\\ndented and unequalled in human history resources\\nfor material wealth utterly incalculable a freedom\\nalmost ideal, of thought, expression and action a\\npredominant hereditary blood the best in the world\\na national training adapted to develop all the strong-\\nest and best powers of humanity a gradual afflux of\\nother races, so ordered and adjusted that the genial", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "160 PIONEERS, PEEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\ncheerfulness of one, the stern morality and strength\\nof principle and shrewd practical energy of another,\\nthe gaiety and tireless industry of another, the lofty\\nhonor and daring bravery of another, shall all mingle\\ntogether in the formation of one vast homogeneous\\nrace, a compound of many various human qualities\\nand thus form the truest representative man on\\nearth. Look, lastly, at the various instrumentalities\\nand institutions which human experience has elabo-\\nrated or Divine wisdom has ordained, as best for\\ncommunicating and increasing and diffusing know-\\nledge, and goodness, and culture. Observe all this,\\nand then say whether the nation of the great valley\\nis not destined so far as human foresight can deter-\\nmine to become a controlling force in our own great\\ncommonwealth, a wise, and just, and strong, and\\ngood community, happy at home, honored by all,\\nsanctified and blessed by God the foremost and high-\\nest.among the sons of men, the latest, noblest expo-\\nsition of the magnificent symmetry and beauty and\\nstrength of a rightly cultured humanity?\\nNo doubt the careful searcher may discern faults\\nin the western character eccentricity, extravagance,\\nmaterialism, recklessness, insubordination. But\\nthese errors may be shown to be the necessary logical\\nconclusions of the long series of actual premises of\\nthe wild and dangerous training of this people,\\nreceived while, as a people, yet in their early youth.", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 461\\nThey are faults very like those of a great, overgrown\\nboy a creature often awkward, uncomfortable, even\\nridiculous, but who will speedily spread and harden\\ninto a stately and powerful man faults of strongly\\ngrowing and vigorous youth, such as will often, by a\\nsingularly small modification, become the main vir-\\ntues of manhood. They need not discourage the\\nadmirer of the western character, any more thau\\nshould the dust of the race-course on the garment of\\nthe victor distress his congratulating friends. It is\\nnot on this earth, it is true, that anything can be per-\\nfect, or can escape the small objections of the dilet-\\ntante traveller, or come up to the rigid unpractical\\nstandard of that peculiarly ignorant man the theo-\\nretical moralist. Nor can the Great Yalley nor its\\npeople. But when the circumstances are considered\\nwhich have attended the growth of that people, and\\nthe results which it has achieved within these few\\nyears, the philanthropist, the statesman, the patriot\\nwill find very much greater cause to rejoice and be\\nglad, than to lament and to fear.\\nSo far as human foresight can discern, a future of\\nmarvellous grandeur and power awaits the iN ation of\\nthe Yalley. Its thronging, busy millions, masters of\\na wealth beyond counting, a nation well and w^isely\\ntrained, pouring abroad, over all the world, by many\\nchannels, fabulous masses of rich products, and\\ngathering in the various wealth of all the world in", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "4:62 PIONEERS, PKEACHERS AND PEOPLE\\nreturn, may well look forward to tlie day wlien tliey\\nshall rule the destinies of all the nation nay, it may\\nbe, of all the continent. And while it is thus the\\nseat of a vast political dominion, it may likewise,\\nwith no less reason, aspire to stand among the nations,\\na beautiful and noble monument of richly-cultured\\nintellect of strong, deep love of true and lovely\\nChristian goodness. It may justly and hopefully\\naspire to become the first, loftiest, grandest example\\nin all the long panorama of human history, of that\\ngrand and shapely thing which God would have\\nevery nation become: a fabric of beauty, strength\\nand grace, far beyond any of the fanciful Utopias of\\nphilosophic schemers, or heathen or unchristian legis-\\nlators in truth and soberness, the crown and glory\\nof the whole earth.\\nWhat dispensations the mysterious Governor of\\nnations may have reserved for it, we know not.\\nWe must wait for, and submit to the decrees of\\nGod; even should he have determined that the\\nwhole vast Yalley, like that dimly-fabled island\\nof Atlantis, of which ancient geographers seem to\\nspeak, shall sink suddenly away, and give place to\\nthe dreary, barren fields of the ocean. Of this we\\nknow not of such things we cannot reason. There\\nseems to be but one single event whose form we can\\nimagine to see within the dim shadows of the com-\\ning years; but one single occurrence of which we", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 463\\nmay speak in anticipation, and to which we need to\\nlook with any fears, either for its own ngly linea-\\nments, or the baleful blight which it may possibly be\\nfated to cast over the future fortunes of the multitudes\\nin the Yalley.\\nThis is that hateful thing, whose name is to-day\\nunfilially and impiously heard ever and anon, mut-\\ntered in secret treason, or howled in the frenzy of\\npublic treason, by fools or traitors, North and South\\nthe vile name of disunion. Let this Union be dis-\\nsolved, and farewell to all those fair dreams which\\nmy feeble words have so imperfectly and briefly\\nstriven to paint. If the Union is dissolved, no human\\npower will ever reconstruct it; farewell to these\\nUnited States, and, with them, to our grand pos-\\nsessions of patriotic memories to the hard-fought\\nRevolution to the wise counsels of Washington the\\ninspiring oratory of so many heaven-gifted speakers\\nto the warlike fame of so many glorious soldiers to\\nthe undying wisdom of Jefferson and of Hamilton,\\nand so many more statesmen and legislators to all\\nthe historic treasures of the nation. For, I pray you,\\nwhich of the mobs of little, feeble, squabbling States\\nSovereign States, forsooth! would own them\\nall Or by what rule should a dividend of them be\\nmade? or what distribution would be consented to?\\nIs it indeed true that our nation cannot last one\\ncentury Is our cohesive power already destroyed i", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "464 PIONEERS, PEEACUERS AND PEOPLE\\nAre we already rotten? Are our forbearance, our\\nkindness, our brotherly love, so soon exhausted?\\nHave we so quickly squandered our inheritance of\\ntraditions, of common blood, of common suffering\\nand labor, of common interest, of common glory and\\nprosperity, and must we so soon be scattered into a\\ncontemptible cliaos of amorphous, disintegrated,\\nstrengthless, political atoms\\nI cannot believe it. I have heard I still hear\\nall the miserable outcries of the villain horde that\\nwould do this devil s work. 1 have not patience,\\nnor is it necessary to recite them here. But I still\\nhave faith unshaken in the trustworthiness of tlie\\nAmerican people in their ability, with God s hel}),\\nto govern themselves. I still believe that they sec\\nand feel the unimaginable grandeur and beauty of\\nthe great and holy office which God has set them to\\nfill the office of demonstrating the excellency of\\nintelligent and sanctified freedom in a nation that\\nthey recognize and contemn the paltry selfishness of\\nthe dogs that yelp against the fair edifice of our\\nrepublic; and that they will speedily send them\\nhowling to their dens, or disappointed to their\\ngraves.\\nThere may be many perils along our path much\\nsuffering in store for us. Perhaps the seal must be\\ndipped in blood that is still to be set to the record of\\nour final and assured prosperity as a nation. But", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 465\\neven though it be thus, shall we for that turn shame-\\nfully back from the great work that is set before us\\nto do Shall we ignobly refuse to do the office to\\nwhich God has set us apart, in the sight of all the\\nworld I say, no. I am yet to be forced to believe\\nthat our people are so fallen backward toward a dark\\nbarbarism as to acquiesce in such an abject abnega-\\ntion and I am yet to be forced to believe that the God\\nof our fathers has so utterly rejected us that in his hot\\nanger he will thus cast us out and leave us a jest and\\na scoff among the crowned tyrants of the earth. I\\nbelieve better things. I believe that he will still\\nlead us, as he has thus far led us, along the path\\ntoward the glorious object of our natural life; I\\nbelieve that better days will come and that in the\\nsunshine of prosperity, and our good God still leading\\nus, we shall in future years rise still higher and\\nmore gloriously in the scale of being that the voice\\nof our glory and our rejoicing shall, in louder and\\nstill louder tones, announce its wondrous lesson to\\nthe nations, proclaiming liberty throughout all the\\nland, even unto all the inhabitants thereof.\\nTHE END,", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3368", "width": "2006", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3368", "width": "2006", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "pioneerspreacher00mi_0476.jp2"}}