{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "r: c\\nvCCC C c c\\nc^^ -C\\n7 .^L\\nIlIBMRY OF CONGRESS.!\\nI /.a/.. E3..5.I\\nJ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.^", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "cscr^\\n15= c\\n.Cc\\nr^\\nr c\\ncXf-\\n\u00c2\u00ab1,\\nd c O\\n2i t\\n^E^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0c: c,\\n^^IT\\nc: CM. z\\nc: o r\\n(^^f;\\n:\u00c2\u00abr^\\nC C I\\ncgcc;:\\n^c:.\\nC C ZL i\\n/Ci d\\n\u00c2\u00abc:~\\nc C\\n_\\nc ;of r\\nccf c ccc\\nCL cc.\u00c2\u00ab:c\\nr ccc c c\\nX c c c c\\ncs: .f CC c\\nS t CC c c\\n\u00c2\u00abX cCCC C c\\nCL CCC c, c\\nCC c: c:\\ncr. cc_: c\\n^f^\\nc:c\\n\u00c2\u00abCC\\n3f\u00c2\u00bb:: csccc;\\nI:3iC_^^ 2:,ccc.\\n3is:c dice\\n\u00c2\u00abr cccc cr\\nC^-C ^c\\nCC\\ncVcr ff^:c\\nr \u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abac:cc\\nc c\\nc: CC\\nC Cr x\\nC *Cu tc\\ncc t. c_,t.^5\\nc s::c\\n^*Cc ^_\\nc- S.: c\\ncere c\u00c2\u00ab_ i^\\nc\u00c2\u00ab:i. e\\n^u c c\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2CZli^C^ c\\n3 C/ Zl^\\n*0-c. c\\nr. ^rC S \u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abC:c\\nc ;c X -C\\nc w; \u00e2\u0096\u00a05$5^\\nt: Ctv \u00e2\u0096\u00a0GC o\\nt;^ ccci: c c:\\nc c CT^:!\\nt C rCt", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "t/\\nHistorical Address\\n.r^\\nBY O. 0. PARRY, M. D.\\nLATE BOTANIST OP AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C.\\nDelivered in Davenport, Iowa, January 21st, 1873.\\nDavenport^ loioa\\nDay, Egbert, Fidlar.\\n1873.", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "(|e ^{is$i$$ippi 1|}aIJeg,\\nHE country we now occupy on this western\\nbank of the Mississippi, and of which, as Amer-\\nican citizens, we are justly proud, has not de-\\nscended to us as a rich inheritance from a vener-\\nable and time-honored ancestry. By an historic movement\\ngrander than that of the Jewish Exodus, and an irruption\\nthat throws into the shade the Norman conquest, we are\\nthe present possessors of a land unknown to our fathers.\\nEven during the present century, and within the memory\\nof living men, this Trans-Mississippi region has borne the\\nname of a French, monarch and acknowledged the sover-\\neignty of a Spanish king. Through what series of changes\\nthe present state of things, as now passing before our eyes,\\nhas been brought about, would seem not altogether devoid\\nof interest to us, the now living actors, and will be of not less\\ninterest to those who shall come after us. Desirous to con-\\ntribute something, however meagre, to this historic fund,\\nI have endeavored to bring together, in chronological order,\\nsome of the principal events in the early exploration and\\nsettlement of the Mississippi Valley, and to weave into my\\nnarrative such incidents as I have been able to gather up\\nfrom the limited sources at my command, having any direct\\nreference to our local history.\\nIt is a matter of regret though perhaps in the nature of\\nthings unavoidable that, in the bustle and excitement of\\nfrontier life, the most favorable conditions are not attbrded\\nfor a calm and dispassionate view of the true character and", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\ndistinctive features of our aboriginal Indian population.\\nBeing regarded mainly as obstacles in the way of advancing\\ncivilization, or, commercially, as a source of immediate\\ngain, neither the settler, the trader, or even the missionary,\\nare qualified to give us an unbiased view of the original\\npossessors of the soil we now occupy. Hence, the materials\\nfor a correct history have to be laboriously exhumed out of\\none-sided military reports, prolix missionary narratives,\\nfragmentary newspaper sketches, and fugitive correspondence\\naccidentally preserved. As yet, no historical Agassiz or Hitch-\\ncock has appeared to reconstruct these dim tracks into liv-\\ning history. Hence, in our attitude as simple inquirers, we\\ncan hardly do better- than to take the advice of a western\\nwriter, who, in alluding to the obscure subject of Indian\\nantiquities, remarks We are standing in the midst of\\nmonuments that are dumb let us keejj questioning they may\\nhereafter speak to us.\\nViewed only from the present standpoint, the past history\\nof the aboriginal races on this continent presents no attract-\\nive features it is but a record of continued, persistent, and\\nrelentless destruction. Except in the pages of romance, its\\nwhole history may well be written in blood. Even the\\nprecious seed of the Gospel, heroically sown and carefully\\nnurtured, has fallen upon an unfruitful soil, save here and\\nthere a few scattered sheaves worthy to be gathered into the\\nheavenly garner all else presents a scene of moral waste\\nand desolation, more repulsive and less hopeful than that\\nwhich externally characterizes the most barren of our inte-\\nrior desert wastes. Turn we from this dark picture.\\nIn the eai ly civilized history of this continent, three great\\nEuropean powers occupied almost exclusively the domain\\nof history. Spain, France, and England, extended their\\nwars, their rivalries, and their enterprises, from the old\\nworld to the new, and in the midst of their incessant and\\nvaried contests, the cradle of American civilization was", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS.\\nrudely rocked. Spaio, in the fiist period of American dis-\\ncovery the most enterprising, contined her attention mainly\\nto the southern countries, and stretched her bloody and vic-\\ntorious arm over the weak and luxurious natives of torrid\\nclimes. Most of her northern expeditions proved complete\\nand disastrous failures, and De Soto, the tirst discoverer of\\nthe Mississippi, three hundred and thirty years ago, found\\nonly an unhonored grave beneath its vraters. France, fol-\\nlowing later in the track of her enterprising fishermen,\\ngained her tirst permanent foothold on the noithern Amer-\\nican coasts and islands thence penetrating, by the naviga-\\nble route of the St. Lawrence and the chain of northern\\nlakes, to the interior districts, from whence the Up[)er Mis-\\nsissippi was eventually reached. English colonies at tirst\\noccupying the intermediate country along the Atlantic sea-\\nboard, eventually as the result of fierce and continued wars\\ndispossessed the other European powers, and extended her\\ndominion over the greater part of eastern North America.\\nTo French enterprise solely is due the credit of the earli-\\nest exploration, and the first permanent settlements along\\nthe whole course of the Mississippi Valley, Fortunately,\\nthe record of this first discovery is full and complete, as we\\nnow proceed to note.\\nNearly two hundred years ago on the 17th of June,\\n1673 two bark canoes, containing barely eight persons,\\nentered the Mississippi river. Their route was by an almost\\ncontinuous water passage, by way of Green Bay, on Lake\\nMichigan, ascending the Fox river, of Wisconsin, to its\\nupper marshes, where, by a short portage, the canoes were\\ntransferred to the waters of the Wisconsin, thence, by an\\neasy descent, reaching the Mississippi river. The chief\\nmember of this exploring ps^rty, though not its actual lead-\\ner, was Father James Marquette, a Catholic priest, who,\\nwith self-denying zeal, had devoted his life to missionary\\nlabor among the western aboriginal tribes. His associate,", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\nand the official head of the expedition, was Sieur JoUiet, a\\nnative of Canada, a man of enterprise and tact, well qual-\\nified for the position to which he had been assigned, at\\npresent geographically commemoraled by the thriving Illi-\\nnc is town which bears his name. On the swelling tide of\\nthe June rise, these adventurous travelers pursued their\\njourney down the course of this majestic stream, to which\\nthe present name, under a slightly changed orthography\\n{Michisipi), was then applied. The peculiar features of the\\ncountry on either hand drew their earnest attention, while\\nthey were oppressed by the death-like silence that brooded\\nover its unpeopled shores. By the third or fourth day they\\nmust have passed Rock Island, of which, however, no\\nspecial mention is made. The rapids being then covered\\nup by the swollen waters, also seem not to have attracted\\nattention.\\nAt some point not far below the present town of Keo-\\nkuk, on the 25th of June, an Indian trail is noticed on\\nthe western shore, leading from the river bank across the\\nnarrow neck of land between the Mississippi and Des Moines\\nrivers. Intent on acquiring some knowledge of tlie inhabi-\\ntants adjoining this wonderful but apparently deserted\\nstream, the two adventurers left their canoes in charge of\\ntheir attendants, and followed the track six miles, to an In-\\ndian village on the banks of the Des Moines. Here their\\nhazardous enterprise was rewarded by being kindly re-\\nceived and hospitably entertained by the no less wondering\\nnatives. After a prolonged stay of six days, during which\\nFather Marquette improved the opportunity to speak to\\nthem by ex] ressive signs both of the French king, and the\\nGreat Heavenly Masti-r, they again started on their voy-\\nage, being escorted back to their canoes by a large retinue\\nof warriors. On their final parting, they received as a gift\\nan ornamented peace-pipe, to be used as a sacred calumet\\nagainst the foes and dangers to which they nnght be ex-\\nposed on their route.", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS.\\nThe voyage continues mthout hindrance or mishap, pass-\\ning the mouth of the Missouri, noted in the map accompa-\\nn3dng Marquette s narrative as Pekitanoui, or the Muddy\\nWater. They glide on the swift and now turhid cur-\\nrent past the then unoccupied site of the present metropolis\\nof the Mississippi Valley St. Louis along the great\\nAmerican Bottom, soon after to receive the first permanent\\nFrench settlers. Farther on, the mouth of the Ohio is\\npassed, and beyond the sightly bhifts on which Memphis is\\nnow located. Then comes the monotonous, densely-wooded\\nshores, and the interminable cane-brakes, where oppressive\\nheat and tormenting insects add their discomforts to the\\nunattractive scenery. After passing below the mouth ^of\\nthe Arkansas, and encountering different races of Indians,\\nnot altogether friendly, and being fully satisfied that the\\ncourse of the river was to the Gulf of Mexico, and not as\\nrepresented into the South Sea, or the Pacitic Ocean\\nthey considered that the chief object of their journey was\\naccomplished. In order, therefore, not* to expose the re-\\nsults of their journey to unnecessary risk, they concluded\\nto return, and, retracing their course up the Mississippi as\\nfar as the mouth of the Illinois, theyVere guided by a still\\nmore direct water communication up that stream to the\\nhead of Lake Michigan and, having accomplished a trav-\\neled distance of over twenty-five hundred miles, reached\\ntheir starting-point at Green Buy in September, after an\\nabsence of just four months.\\nOn his return voyage to Quebec, Jolliet w^as so unfortunate\\nas to lose the notes of his journey, barely escaping with\\nhis life, by the wreck of his boat in crossing the rapids of\\nthe St. Lawrence. This disaster served to give additional\\nvalue to the narrative of Marquette, which, having been duly\\ntransmitted to his ecclesiastical superiors, on the month fol-\\nlowing his return, was subsequently forwarded to the French\\nauthorities. France, however, was not at this time in a con-", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\ndition to avail herself of the advantages thus offered by her\\nenterprising sons to extend her dominions over the Mississ-\\nippi valley, and accordingly no official action was taken to\\nperfect the discovery. But among those occupying the\\nfrontier settlements along the line of the Great Lakes, to\\nwhom this discovery was communicated, was Robert Cava-\\nlier de La Salle, then living at Fort Froutenac, (now King-\\nston), Canada. This man, possessed of indomitable natural\\nenergy, and ambitious of securing wealth and distinction,\\nconceived the idea of securing these ends, by colonizing this\\nnew region, and planting the standard of France in this\\nmagnificent valley. Full of these schemes, in the year 1678\\nhe went to France, where, in presenting his plans before the\\nFrench government, he had no difficulty in procuring a royal\\ncommission with full powers and privileges for carrying out\\nhis designs. On returning to this country he immediately\\nset about his preparations, and in 1679 launched the first\\nsail vessel on Lake Erie. On August 7th, of the same year,\\nhe set sail on his advfniturous journey. On reaching the\\nextreme settlements of Green Bay, he concluded to send\\nback his vessel loaded with furs, for additional supplies,\\nwhile he continued his journey in bark canoes along the\\neast shore of Lake Michigan, as far as St. Joseph river, to\\nwhich point he had given directions for his vessel to return.\\nWhile waiting here impatiently this expected arrival, the\\ncold season was rapidly advancing, and the severities of an\\napproaching winter awakened anxious fear and solicitude.\\nUnable longer to bear this intolerable suspense, this resolute\\ncommander resolved to push forward with the slender means\\nat his command, in the direction of his proposed exploration\\nAccordingly, on the 3d of December, 1679, he proceeded\\nwith his party by the return route of Marquette, six years\\npreviously, passing up the St. Joseph river in Michigan\\ncrossing by a portage to the Kankakee, branch of the Illi-\\nnois, and down the latter stream. He found the ^llinois", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS.\\nvalley then, as in the time of Marquette, occupied by various\\nbands of the Illinois tribe of Indians. Here his superior\\ntact and abilities were brought into active requisition to\\nconciliate the friendship and good-will of this powerful\\ntribe, and succeeding in this, he located his winter quarters\\nin their midst, at some point not far from the present site\\nof the town of Peoria. As an expression of his bitter dis-\\nappointment in the present fiilure of his plans, he gave the\\nname of Creve-caair (or broken heart), to the tirst civilized\\nsettlement in the now nourishing state of Illinois.\\nThe details of this gloomy and disheartening winter can\\nbe better imagined than described, but nothing could daunt\\nthe resolute spirit of La Salle having given up all hopes\\nof the safety of his vessel, on which he was dependent for\\nthe means of continuing his explorations, he organized a\\npart} under Father Louis Hennepin, the missionary priest, to\\nascend the upper Mississippi. This Reverend Father, who,\\nsubsequently, by his false and contradictory statements, re-\\nceived the not very dignified title of The Great Liar, so\\nfar successfully carried out the plans of his commander\\n(whom he never afterwards met alive), as to ascend the\\nMississippi in the following season, 1680, as far as the falls\\nof St. Anthony, so named by him. After making all due\\nallowances for the subsequently proved unreliable character\\nof the man, his published narative of what he actually did\\nsee, cannot properly be overlooked in what purports to give\\na true history of the early explorations of the Mississippi\\nvalley.\\nAfter completing these arrangements and making the\\nbest provision possible under the circumstances for his par-\\nty. La Salle, on the 2d of March, 1680, accompanied by\\nfour Frenchmen and an Indian guide, started overland en-\\nroute to Canada, for necessary supplies. This arduous jour-\\nney, performed on foot and in the most disagreeable season\\nof the year, was successfully accomplished, though no de-", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10\\nTHE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY:\\ntailed record has been published of the difficulties and hard-\\nships of the trip. On reaching Fort Frontenac, La Salle\\nlost no time in pushing forward his enterprise. Another\\nvessel was built, and abundant supplies furnished, this oc-\\ncupying the greater part of the year 1680. By the close of\\nthe year he again reached the Illinois country, to find his\\nfort abandoned, and his party broken up. The winter and\\npart of the following spring of 1681 was spent in conciliat-\\ning the good-will of the various Indian tribes, in which be-\\ning successful, he again returned to Canada to reorganize\\nhis exploring party, and returned at the close of the season\\nfully equipped for his long-delayed undertaking. Finally\\non the 6th of February, 1682, he reached the mouth of the\\nIllinois, and thence following down the Mississippi beyond\\nthe explorations of Marquette, he crowned his ambitious\\nhopes by planting the banner of France at the outlet of this\\nmajestic stream, with appropriate imposing ceremonies, on\\nthe 9th of April, 1682, the adjoining country then for the\\nfirst time receiving the name of Louisiana. Thus by his\\npersevering efforts, continued in spite of disheartening dis-\\nasters, for four years, was accomplished a complete exam-\\nination of the entire navigable waters of the Mississippi,\\nfrom the falls of St. Anthony to its mouth, one hundred\\nand ninety years ago.\\nAfter his return an interval of two years elapsed, during\\nwhich time La Salle returned to France with the news of\\nhis discoveries, and organized a large colonizing expedition,\\ndesigned to reach this country by sea.\\nIn July, 1684, the fleet, composed of four vessels, set sail\\nfrom France. This expedition, taking a southern route,\\nlanded at San Domingo. Here occurred the misfortune of\\nthe loss of one of the vessels loaded with goods and supplies,\\nbeing captured by a Spanish force. The three; remaining\\nships having laid in a store of provisions, and taking on\\nboard a number of domestic animals designed to stock their", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 11\\ncolony, weighed anchor JTovember 25th, 1684, and proceed-\\ned on their voyage toward the mouth of the Mississippi.\\nAfter safely rounding the western cape of Cuba, they made\\nland to the north, but by some misunderstanding missed\\nthe mouth of the Mississippi, and following westward in\\nsearch of it, along the gulf coast, reached Metagorda Bay,\\nTexas. Here, on attempting a landing, La Salle s store ship\\nwas wrecked and went to pieces; discouraged by this loss,\\none of the other two remaining vessels abandoned the ex-\\npedition, thus leaving La Salle with but one, short of sup-\\nplies, to prosecute his enterprise. Subsequently, by mis-\\nmanagement of the pilot, this last ship was also wrecked on\\nthe Texan coast, and La Salle was left, with a remnant of\\nhis disheartened party, to make his way by land to the Illi-\\nnois country. In this journey La Salle was killed by a mu-\\ntineer of his party, on the 17th of March, 1687, and event-\\nually only a few forlorn individuals of the original expedition\\nreached the banks of the Mississippi. Thus closes the\\neventful history of La Salle, the explorer of the Mississippi\\nvalley.\\nThe disastrous result of this well devised and energetic\\nenterprise for the settlement of the Mississippi valley might\\nhave been supposed to dampen the ardor of French civili-\\nzation; but it proved far otherwise. Every new country\\nseems to require a certain amount of pioneer blood to fer-\\ntilize its soil, and thus prepare it for the vigorous growth\\nof the seeds of a higher civilization. The knowledge thus\\nacquired of this magnificent country, with its broad avenues\\nof trade, its prolific soil, and varied climate, could not fail\\nto excite new enterprises, and from this time forward suc-\\nceeding the death of La Salle in 1687, up to the close ^of the\\nseventeenth century, permanent French settlements were\\nestablished in the Illinois country, of which the present\\ntowns of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Peoria are the true lin-\\neal descendents. On the 2d of March, 1699, D Iberville, the", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\ndaring arctic explorer of Hudson Bay, and afterwards the\\nfirst regularly appointed French governor of Louisiana, en-\\ntered the mouth of the Mississippi from the Gulf, this being\\nthe first authentic record of a regular sailing vessel reaching\\nlower Louisiana by this route.\\nWith the close of the seventeenth century, and the ush-\\nering in of the 3 ear 1700, we leave behind the romance of\\ndiscovery and adventure, and enter upon the more common-\\nplace details of civilized history. The Mississippi river is\\nno longer a mythical stream, affording, it may be, an outlet\\nto the South Sea and the Indies. Its navigable waters have\\nbeen accurately traced, and its principal tributaries have\\nbeen laid doAvn in published maps. The nature of the\\ncountry through which it Hows, and the aboriginal tribes\\nthat occupj* its banks have been described in more or less\\ndetail, though it must be admitted, too often clothed with\\nexaggerated features. It is a wilderness to be redeemed\\nfrom heathenism to Christianity, and where to all appear-\\nances French civilization will establish a permanent foot-\\nhold in the new world. The men to accomplish this great\\nwork were being educated in the cloisters of the Catholic\\nchurch, or trained to endurance in the rude school of Can-\\nadian frontier life. It would be difiicult to find elements\\nmore promising for attaining grand results; every thing\\nseemed to point to French supremacy. Spain was absorbed\\nin her rich southern dependencies, and English colonies\\nwere but slowly struggling hito permanent settlement along\\nthe Atlantic seaboard. In the west, Franco was without\\na rival; her policy of ingratiating the good will of the abo-\\nriginal tribes, by generous treatment, and securing their re-\\nspect b^ the imposing ceremonies of a religion addressed\\nlargely to the senses, preserved the early French settlers\\nfrom many of the dangers to which Spanish cruelty, and\\nEnglish overbearance, exposed their respective colonies.\\nHence, we find little to record in the matter of Indian wars", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "AN HISTOKICAL ADDRESS. 13\\nand bloody massacres of defenceless settlements. vStill the\\ncountry was difficult to reach, and means of conveyance\\nwere expensive and hazardous, rendering the progress of\\nsettlement slow and uncertain. It was under these circum-\\nstances that the French government, desirous of promoting\\na more rapid growth, in accordance with the views then\\nprevalent, granted a monopoly of the trade of the country\\nfor fifteen years, to a successful and wealthy merchant, M.\\nCrozat, this grant bearing date September 14th, 1712. Af-\\nter an unsuccessful experience of five years, during which\\nCrozat, instead of realizing immense wealth, only dimin-\\nished his private fortunes, and failed to add to the growth\\nand prosperity of the country, he surrendered his grant,\\nwhich passed into the hands of an organization known as\\nthe Mississippi Company, under the management of a cele-\\nbrated financial schemer, John Law, a visionary Scotchman.\\nThe ostensible plan of this company was to enrich every\\nbody connected with it by a gigantic system of credit, based\\non undeveloped mineral wealth and agricultural resources\\nyet unrealized. The first eftect of this scheme was greatly\\nto encourage emigration glowing prospects were held out\\nto the settler of sudden wealth attained without labor, and\\nindependent of capital. Hence, at this period we note the\\nlocation of some of the principal towns of Lower Louisiana,\\nincluding New Orleans, dating from 1720, Natchez, as early\\nas 1716. Upper Louisiana was too far removed to share to\\nany considerable extent in these enterprises, though mining\\nschemes were extensively projected in the lead regions of\\nMissouri and the Upper Mississippi valley. The final col-\\nlapse of this bubble, which, after a nominal existences of\\nbarely fifteen years, finally exploded, though necessarily dis-\\nastrous to those directly engaged, who had at the com-\\nmencement anything to loose, nevertheless, to the country\\nat large, left some permanent benefits, among -which we\\nmay enumerate a manifest increase of population, more at-", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\nterition given to agriculture, as well as the addition of such\\nstaple articles of production as rice, sugar, and tobacco in\\nthe south, and wheat in the Illinois country. As one of\\nthe darkest shades upon this bright side of the picture, we\\nare also compelled to note the first introduction of negro\\nslaves into Louisiana, under the auspices of the Mississippi\\nCompany in 1719. It was during this period of time also,\\nthat Spanish jealousy made itself conspicuous by encroach-\\nments on the French colonies, both on the east and west,\\nfrom Florida and Mexico. The year 1729 was memorable\\nfor the massacre of the French colony at Natchez, by the\\nNatchez Indians, who were provoked to this act by repeated\\ninsults and injuries received from the French military au-\\nthorities. In the following year this flourishing tribe was\\nin its turn almost completely extirpated, only a miserable\\nremnant of survivors being sent to end their days as slaves\\nin San Domingo. Subsequent to the failure of the Mississ-\\nippi scheme, the country gradually increased in population\\nand wealth. The period of time from 1732 to 1754, being\\nregarded as the palmy days of French settlement in the Ill-\\ninois country. Hereis what a French writer, Vivier, writes\\nof Illinois, in a letter dated June 8th, 1750 (Annals of West,\\npage 38)\\nWe have here whites, negroes, and Indians, to say noth-\\ning of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and\\nthree villages of the natives within a space of twenty-one\\nleagues, situated between the Mississippi and a village\\ncalled the Karkadiad (Kaskaskias). In the five French vil-\\nlages are perhaps eleven hundred whites, three hundred\\nblacks, and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three\\nIllinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls,\\nall told. Most of the French till the soil, they raise wheat,\\ncattle, pigs, and horses, and live like princes. Three times\\nas much is produced as can be consumed, and great quanti-\\nties of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans.", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 15\\nAt this latter period commencing with the year 1754, the\\nhistory of the western country becomes involved in the bit-\\nter and relentless wars between France and England for\\nAmerican supremacy. France at the first, occupying the\\nmost advantageous ground, became the successful aggressor,\\nand was then engaged in carrying out the grand military de-\\nsign of maintaining a continuous line of forts from Canada\\nto the Mexican Gulf, including the head of navigation on\\nthe Ohio. It was at this time occured the memorable de-\\nfeat of Braddock, in attempting the capture of Fort Du\\nQuesne, July 9th, 1755. It was in managing the retreat\\nfrom this disaster, that the military genius of Washington\\nwas first brought into notice. A few years later, in 1757,\\noccurred the massacre of Fort William Henry, on Lake\\nGeorge, a survivor of which, Captain Jonathan Carver, as\\nwe shall presently have occasion to note, made an early ex-\\nploration of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and published a\\nvery full and accurate account of its geography and natural\\nresources.\\nFollowing these early successes however, the French were\\ndoomed to a continued series of most disastrous defeats,\\nculminating in the treaty of Paris, of 1763, by which France\\nsurrendered to Great Britain all her North American pos-\\nsessions east of the Mississippi, including the whole of Can-\\nada, with the exception of some small fishing islands ofi: the\\nGulf of St. Lawrence, still held by France, which together\\nwith certain ^West India possessions, comprises all that this\\ngreat European power now controls in the western hemis-\\nphere. Cotemporary with this important event in the his-\\ntory of the Mississippi Valley, we have to note an addi-\\ntional secret treaty, concluded between France and Spain,\\nthe year previous, November 3rd, 1762, by which the for-\\nmer ceded to Spain all her possessions west of the Mississ-\\nippi, including the country we now occupy, and the Island\\nof Orleans, this controling the outlet of the Mississippi river.", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\nThe exact terms of the treaty (which Nicolet characterizes\\nas the everlasting shameful one were never published,\\nand the fact was first made known to the inhabitants of\\nLower Louisiana, in October, 1764. It was not till the year\\n1770, that Spanish authority was definitely established in\\nUpper Louisiana,\\nThe mortification of the French settlers on the eastern\\nbank of the Mississippi, including the Illinois country, in be-\\ning thus unceremoniously transferred to the rule of their old\\nhistoric enemies, the English, had a manifest efl:ect in hin-\\ndering the progress of settlement, and whole communities\\nleft their homes, to seek others more congenial in Lower\\nLouisiana, or on the west bank of the Mississippi, soon to\\npass under the less detested rule of Spain.\\nOn account of the isolated situation of the country, and\\nespecially the active opposition of the Indian tribes, who in\\ncherishing kind regards to the French, extended a no less\\ncordial hatred to their aggressive enemies, the English,\\nmilitary occupation of the country was delayed till July 17th,\\n1765. It was at this period that the celebrated Indian war-\\nrior, Pontiac, with his confederated Indian tribes, waged a\\nbloody and exterminating war through all the English set-\\ntlements west of the AUeghenies. St. Louis, the present me-\\ntropolis of the Upper Mississippi valley, also had its origin\\nin these unsettled times, having been selected by a Mr. La-\\nclede, as the headquarters of a French fur trading establish-\\nment, its first actual occupation dating back to February\\n15th, 1764. A very interesting account of the early history\\nof St. Louis is contained in Nicolet s report on the Upper\\nMississippi valley, published by Congress, in 1845. Thus\\nhave we traced a brief outline of the history of French oc-\\ncupation of the Mississippi valley, covering a period of\\nninety years, from the discovery of Marquette, in 1673, to\\nthe treaty of Paris, of 1763. It may be briefly summed up\\nin the sparse and widely separated line of settlement in the", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 17\\nimmediate valley of the Mississippi, including New Orleans,\\nNatchez, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Ft. Chartres, and the trading\\npost of Prairie du Chien.\\nJOINT SPANISH AND ENGLISH OCCUPATION OF THE\\nMISSISSIPPI VALLEY.\\nWe now come to note the era of Spanish and English\\noccupation of the Mississippi Valley, continuing in the lat-\\nter only to the close of the revolutionary war in 1783, while\\nSpanish rule extended to the date of the re-transference\\nof Louisiana from Spain to France, and its purchase soon\\nafter by the United States, in 1803.\\nWith the accession of British authority and the introduc-\\ntion of an English-speaking people, soon to merge into the\\ngreat American Republic, we are put in possession of au-\\nthentic narratives and descriptions of the country, by which\\nthe thread of historical events may be most conveniently\\ntraced. It must be admitted that previous accounts by\\nFrench writers are, as a general rule, tinctured by their ex-\\nclusive national or political views, and indicate not unfre-\\nquently a disposition to conceal the true state of things, and\\nthus keep from other rival nationalities an exact knowledge\\nof the actual resources and capabilities of the country they\\naim to monopolize. Hence some of the early French maps\\nare purposely inexact, and many of the published narratives\\nwere nothing but wholesale fictions. Furthermore, it is not\\nto be wondered at that the French, in surrendering the\\nfruits of their dearly earned discoveries to the possession\\nand control of their old and hereditary enemies, should de-\\ncline to conmiunicate the knowledge thus obtained, or even\\nto mislead by positive untruths. Such at least are the un-\\ncontradicted statements of cotemporary Enghsh writers and\\ntravelers.\\n3", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\nAmong the narratives especially worthy of attention in\\nthe way of authentic information of this part of the country,\\nincluding especially the upper Mississippi, is that of Capt.\\nJonathan Carver, an officer in the American provincial\\narmy in the French war, and one of the survivors of the\\nterrible Indian massacre of Fort Wm. Henry, in 1757.\\nWith the close of the war this enterprising traveler under-\\ntook a journey of exploration to these remote western\\nregions, prompted by the following laudable motives, as\\nstated in the introduction to his published narrative, from\\nwhich I quote\\nNo sooner was the war with France concluded, and\\npeace established by the treaty of Versailles, in the year\\n1763, than I began to consider (having rendered my country\\nsome services during the war) how I might continue still\\nserviceable, and contribute as much as lay in my power to\\nmake that vast acquisition of territory gained by Great\\nBritain in North America, advantageous to it. It appeared\\nto me indispensably needful that government should be\\nacquainted in the first place with the new dominions they\\nwere now become possessed of. To this purpose I determin-\\ned, as the next proof of my zeal, to explore the most unknown\\nparts of them, and to spare no trouble or expense in acquir-\\ning a knowledge that promised to be advantageous to my\\ncountrymen, etc., etc.\\nThe narrative following this frank and straight-forward\\nintroduction, considering the time in which it was written,\\n(over one hundred years ago), is certainly worthy of more\\ncredit than it has generally received. In his statements of the\\ngeneral features of the country, its scenery, and natural\\nproductions, there is even less of exaggeration than in many\\nof the books of the present day. The principal localities\\nthere referred to can be readily located, and the exactness\\nof description fully verified. It is in this view of credibility,\\nas applied to the general aspects of the country, that especial", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 19\\nvalue attaches to bis accounts of the Indian tribes of that\\nregion, some of which had hardly before been visited by\\ncivilized men. His views moreover of the future of this\\ncountry were far in advance of his time, and sound in a\\nmeasure almost prophetic, as may be seen from the follow-\\ning extract (Introduction, p. 28):\\nTo what power or authority this new world will become\\ndependent after it has arisen from its present uncultivated\\nstate, time alone can discover. But as the seat of empire\\nfrom time immemorial has been gradually progressing to-\\nwards the west, there is no doubt but that at some future\\nperiod mighty kingdoms will emerge from these wilder-\\nnesses, and stately palaces, and solemn temples with gilded\\nspires reaching the skies, supplant the Indian huts whose\\nonly decorations are the barbarous trophies of their van-\\nquished enemies.\\nFrom the body of the narrative, we learn that in the year\\n1766, the route of Marquette in 1673, by way of Green Bay\\nand the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, had already become a\\nwell-known avenue of trade with the Indian tribes of the\\nnorthwest. That Prairie du Chien, so named by French\\ntraders, was then occupied as a central point for supplies,\\nand a sreneral rendezvous for meetino; the various Indian\\ntribes occupying the upper Mississippi, whose navigable\\nwaters, no longer silent and deserted as at the time of Mar-\\nquette s discovery, afibrded a ready means of conveyance\\nboth north and south. In pursuing his journey to the north-\\nwest, Capt. Carver passed up the Mississippi from Prairie\\ndu Chien, by the same mode of conveyance as that used by\\nHennepin in 1680 bark canoes, and reached the Falls of\\nSt. Anthony late in the fall of 1766. Early in December of\\nthat year, he followed up the St. Peters river, and spent\\nthat winter with some bands of the Sioux Indians occupy-\\ning winter quarters north of the great bend of this river.\\nHere, according to his narrative, he was engaged in observ-", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY:\\ning the customs of these Indians, learning their language,\\nand acquiring such geographical knowledge of the region\\nof country to the west as might he available in the prosecu-\\ntion of his great scheme of penetrating to the Pacific Ocean.\\nHis published map, made up from these various sources of\\ninformation, was in point of accuracy far in advance of any\\nbefore published, though necessarily defective in reference\\nto the remote districts, in regard to which he had to depend\\nupon the exaggerated statements of Indians, whose infor-\\nmation was conveyed by means of rough maps, traced with\\ncharcoal on sheets of bark.\\nIn the following season, not succeeding in his design of\\nprocuring the necessary outfit and goods for prosecuting his\\njourney across the continent, he returned to Prairie du\\nChien, and from there again ascended the Mississippi as far\\nas the Chippewa river, followed up the latter stream, and by\\na succession of portages reached Lake Superior, where\\nmost of the summer and fall months of 1767 were spent in\\nexploring its northern shores.\\nIt was in the course of these various journeys, that Capt.\\nCarver, who, with genuine Yankee sagacity seemed to have\\nbeen particularly attracted by the picturesque region on the\\neast bank of the Mississippi, lying between the Falls of St.\\nAnthony and that beautiful expansion of the Mississippi\\nknown as Lake Pepin, secured from the Indian chiefs occu-\\npying this district, a grant of land, included in the above\\nlinuts, and extending eastward four da^^s journey, reckoned\\nin round numbers at one hundred and twenty miles, thus\\nincluding a large portion of the present states of Wisconsin\\nand Minnesota. This large grant, dul}^ attested and signed,\\nonly needed the confirmation of the British Crown to secure\\nto its possessor a lordly domain, in extent and value equal-\\ning the broad patent of Charles II. to William Penn. To\\nsecure this rich prize, Carver, on the completion of his jour-\\nney in 1769, sailed for England and laid his papers and", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 21\\npetition before Cleorge III, Unfortunately for tlie success\\nof this scheme, the difficulties which eventuated in the war\\nof American Independence interposed delays and subse-\\nquent failure, and Carver, unable to secure his claim or to\\nreceive any compensation for his services from the British\\nCrown, died in actual poverty in 1780, in London, soon\\nafter the publication of his travels.\\nThis so-called Carver s grant was afterward transferred\\nto various parties, and was brought before the United States\\nCongress with a view to the ratitication of Carver s claim,\\nbut for want of sufficient evidence, was reported against\\nand the claim disallowed. A very full and condensed doc-\\numentary history of this claim is contained in Vol. VI. of\\nWisconsin state historical collections, lately published. The\\nwar of American Independence, which so seriously inter-\\nfered with Capt. Carver s land speculation in the northwest,\\nproduced little outward effect in the S[\u00c2\u00bbarse and remote set-\\ntlements of the Mississippi Valley, except doubtless in\\nchecking emigration.\\nThere was at this time little to encourage military occu-\\npation among the peaceful French settlers of Illinois, while\\nat the same time the outlet of the Mississippi and its west-\\nern bank was under the military rule of Spain, then in hos-\\ntility with Great Britain. In this condition of affidrs, Eng-\\nland was content with holding a menancing attitude to-\\nwards the northwest from her strong-hold at Mackinaw,\\nand the possession of Detroit, which v^ as maintained through\\nthe war.\\nOnly two prominent events directly connected with the\\nhistory of this region need arrest our attention during this\\neventful period, viz: The successful attack on St. Louis, by\\nBritish and Indian forces, in 1780, and the military occupa-\\ntion of Illinois, by Col. George H. Clark, of Virginia. The\\nattack on St. Louis, then, of course, under Spanish rule,\\nwas directly instigated as a matter of retaliation for the part", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22\\nTHE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY:\\ntaken by Spain in favor of the independence of the United\\nStates; the friendship of Spain in this instance, being due\\nmore to hatred and jealousy of England, than any sincere\\nlove for the struggling American republic. The attack\\nwas planned as a surprise, and was so far successful in find-\\ning the inefficient military forces unprepared for defence.\\nThe date of the attack as given by Nicolet was May 6th,\\n1780. The Spanish garrison consisting of not more than\\nsixty men, did little or nothing in the way of defence, which\\nwas resolutely made by the inhabitants of the place, includ-\\ning both men and women. The number of the assailants\\nwas estimated at nearly one thousand. The resistance was\\nso vigorously conducted that the attacking force was obliged\\nto retreat, and in so doing, wreaked their vengeance on the\\nunprotected outside settlements, when not less than sixty\\npersons were killed, and thirteen taken prisoners. This de-\\nfence of St. Louis, which if the attack has been successful,\\nwould have involved according to the experience of those\\ntimes an indiscriminate slaughter of its inhabitants, has\\nbeen partly ascribed to an active interferance by American\\ntroops, then in possession of the British forts on the east\\nbank of the river, but according to Mr. Nicolet, there is no\\nreliable evidence in support of this statement, though doubt-\\nless, Americans, in their private capacity as citizens of St.\\nLouis, took a prominent part in resisting the attack.\\nThe capture and retention of the British forts in the Illi\\nnois country, and on the Wabash, was a military enterprise,\\nplanned and successfully carried out by Col. George R, Clark,\\nof Virginia, under written instructions from Patrick Henry,\\nthe eloquent orator, then governor of that state. Fort\\nKaskaskia was taken l)y surprise, on the 4th day of July,\\n1778, and on the 24th of February following, 1779, the\\nBritish fort at Vincennes was also captured, thus effectually\\nputting an end to British military occupation in this portion\\nof the west. An interesting detailed account of this adven-", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 23\\nturons expedition of Col. Clark, is contained in the Annals\\nof the West, covering the period of 1778 and 1779.\\nWith the acknowledgment ot American independence bj\\nthe treaty of 1783, the east bank of the Mississippi valley, as\\nfar south as 31\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude, became an integral part of\\nthe United States territory, while Spain still retained her\\npossession of the west bank, including the navigable outlet\\nof this valley. This ill-defined boundry, especially object-\\nionable in the control thus given to Spain, over the free nav-\\nigation of the Mississippi, was the cause of much disagree-\\nment, naturally increasing with the progressive advance of\\nsettlement in the upper country. Spain, from the first, jeiil-\\nous of the progress of the new republic, established on her\\nvery borders, whose institutions were so at variance with all\\nher policy and national exclusiveness, used her position to\\ncheck this growth, and if possible, break up the federal\\nunion. In this view, she placed obstructions on commerce,\\ndenied the right before guaranteed of free navigation of the\\nMississippi, and insidiously fostered, and directly encour-\\naged plans for the secession of the southwest. Nothing but\\nthe weakness of the federal union prevented actual hostil-\\nities, which, on several occasions, nearly reached a crisis.\\nIn fact, near the close of the elder Adams s administration\\nin 1800, a United States military organization was fitted out\\nfor the capture of New Orleans, and the executiot of this\\nmilitary movement was only prevented by the accession of\\na new administration under Jefferson. Under these uncer-\\ntain and discouraging circumstances extending to the close\\nof the eighteenth century, the interests of the entire Miss-\\nissippi valley were seriously injured, but with the opening\\nof the present century, the complication of European poli-\\ntics again opened up the way for the extension of American\\nauthority over the entire Mississippi valley. Spain, fearing\\nthe loss of her extensive colonial possessions to the south,\\nby a secret treaty with France, dated in 1802, transferred to", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\nthat power, then under the military rule of Bonaparte, her\\nentire possessions in the Mississippi valley, including Upper\\nand Lower Louisiana. By this treaty, the soil we now oc-\\ncupy, after an interval of about forty years of Spanish rule,\\nagain passed under the control of France. Napoleon, at\\nthis time, absorbed in his gigantic schemes for establishing\\nthe French empire and controling the policj- of Europe,\\nfound little opportunity to attend to the interests of a dis-\\ntant colony, and thus, fortunately for the cause of iVmeriean\\nrepublicanism, the formidable (coalition of the European\\npowers obliged this ambitious military ruler to concen-\\ntrate all his etFort on European soil. Hence, after little\\nmore than a year s nominal jurisdiction, he disposed of this\\nnewly acquired territory of Upper and Lower Louisiana\\nto the United States for |15,000,000.\\nThe date of December 20th, 1803, by which the final\\ntransfer was made by France to the United States of this\\ntrans-Mississippi region, marks an event which may\\nworthily occup}^ the first page of a history which in the suv^\\nceeding seventy years progress, has astonished the world.\\nJetferson, the master spirit in bringing about this new\\nacquisition, was not only a far-seeing statesman, but an em-\\ninently practical man, and to his wise policy we are mainly\\nindebted for the series of government explorations inaugur-\\niitoA l)y him for determining the actual character and re-\\nsoui ces of tlii^! western region. It would l)e but a just com-\\nmemoration of the early services of this great statesman, to\\na tix t le namo of Jeff -rsou to some well d\u00c2\u00ab fined stat to be\\ncarved out of these rapidly developing western territories,\\nto include, if possible, under natural boundaries, the head\\nsources of the grand rivers flowing east and west from the\\ngreat continental water-shed.\\nWith the era of western explorations commencing with\\nth\u00c2\u00ab adventurous journey of Lewis and Clark, in 1804-5-6,\\nto the Pacific ocean by way of the head waters of the Miss-", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 25\\nouri and the Columbia rivers, we come to notice as directly\\nconnected with the progress of settlement in the Mississippi\\nValley, the expedition of Lt. Pike, in 1805-6, from St. Louis\\nto the supposed head waters of the Mississippi.\\nIn this succinct and quaintly written narrative, we get a\\nclear and connected view of the natural aspects and civil-\\nized development of this region, after a lapse of one hundred\\nand thirty -two years from its first discovery by Marquette.\\nSt. Louis, then, as now, recognized as the metropolis of this\\nUpper Mississippi Valley, having thrown off the shackles of\\nSpanish exclusiveness, had commenced its permanent\\ngrowth as an American city. From this point (while Lewis\\nand Clarke s expedition was still in progress) Lieut. Pike\\nstarted on his journey up the Mississippi river on the 9th\\nof August, 1805. His outfit occupying a single-keel boat,\\ncomprised a party of twenty men and provisions for four\\nmonths. The journey, necessarily slow and laborious ex-\\ncept when aided by a favorable wind, allowed frequent\\nshore excursions by hunting parties, generally accompanied\\nby Pike himself. Thus the character of the adjoining coun-\\ntry came under the careful inspection of this in-^.elligent ex-\\nplorer. The map accompanying his report lays down, with\\nconsiderable accuracy, the main features of the region thus\\npassed over, including river tributaries, high points of land,\\nopen prairies, Indian villages, c., c. The distances are\\nalso carefully noted in the daily journal, interspersed with\\noccasional remarks and suggestions, serving to give a life-\\nlike character to the narrative. By an unforeseen accident,\\ntwo men of the party, making their way by land along the\\nIowa shore, just below the island formed by the Muscatine\\nslough, were cut off from the main river channel, and thus\\nseparated from the boat party. In this dilemma they did\\nnot succeed in joining their comrades till they were picked\\nup by some trading parties, and brought as far as Prairie du\\nChien. These two men, whose names are not given in the\\n4", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY:\\nnarrative, may therefore claim the credit of being the first\\nsettlers on Iowa soil.\\nOn the 27th of August the mouth of Rock river is\\nreached, and a camp made about four miles above on the\\nwest bank, which must have brought them in the vicinity\\nof Davenport, probably on the land at present owned by\\nMr. Hall, or Judge Cook. In the account of this day s\\njourney there is a note made of passing a pole on a prairie\\non which five dogs were suspended in preparation for an\\nIndian dog feast. Such feasts, on a still more extensive\\nscale, might at this day be enjoyed not far from the site of\\nDavenport, without much cause for regret to the majority of\\nits civilized inhabitants.\\nEarly on the morning of August 28th Lieut. Pike reaches\\nthe foot of the rapids, where he encountered a 3fr. Aird, a\\nMississippi fur trader, and accepts an invitation to a late\\nbreakfast. Mr. Aird is here delayed, waiting for his loaded\\nboats to be piloted over the rapids, and thus (fortunately for\\nPike) the brief interval of the morning meal is improved to\\nobtain all the information possible from this enterprising\\ntrader. Under these circumstances, it is to be feared that\\nthis first recorded Davenport breakfast was not up to the\\ntimes of the Grand Central Hotel, being more of an intel-\\nlectual than a substantial repast. But the wind is now fair\\nfor an ascent of the rapids, and Pike, after a cordial parting,\\nspreads his blanket to the breeze, and sails up the rapids\\nwithout delay or hindrance. At the head of the rapids is\\nlocated a village of the Reynard Fox Indians. From this\\non, over the beautiful stretches of river scenery so familiar\\nto all of us, including the rocky blufis below Dubuque, and\\nthe ever-varied scenery above, Prairie du Chien is reached,\\non September 4th, this being the first permanent settle-\\nment on the entire route above St. Louis and this less\\nthan seventy years ago On the high rocky bluft on the\\nIowa shore, not far from the present site of the town of Mc-", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 27\\nGregor, Pike selected the site of a military post, which,\\nhowever, was uever occupied as such.\\nOn September 21st, the mouth of the St. Peters is\\nreached, and after some time spent in that vicinity, nego-\\ntiating with the Indian tribes, and securing the site for a\\nmilitary post, sinc^^ known as Fort Snelling, he com-\\nmences the arduous trip above the Falls of St. Anthony,\\nencountering all the vicissitudes of a winter campaign in\\nthat inclement region, the details of which would occupy\\ntoo much time. Suffice it to say, that the supposed source\\nof the Mississippi was reached, its course mapped out, and\\nthe character of the extensive lakes and marshes of this\\ndistrict fully made known. Pike s return voyage was com-\\npleted on the 30th of April, 1806, after an absence of nearly\\nnine months.\\nNot many years succeeding Pike s expedition occurred\\nthe second war with England, generally known as The\\nwar of 1812. Among other causes leading to this renewed\\nhostility between the two countries was a most flagrant in-\\nterference by British traders with the Indian tribes of the\\nnorthwest, then under the jurisdiction of the United States.\\nIn fact, not only the English fur traders, whose business was\\nlikely to be curtailed by the active competition of American\\ncitizens, but the British frontier military authorities used all\\ntheir influence to promote hostility between the various In-\\ndian tribes and the enterprising settlers then pushing their\\nway into the inviting northwestern country. Nor was this\\ninterference confined to misrepresentation of the character\\nand designs of the United States government, but to the\\nactual furnishing of arms, ammunition, and supplies for\\nprosecuting their murderous attacks on the feeble settle-\\nments of the west. Thus the Indian rifle, whose startling\\npeals woke the forest solitudes, bringing dismay and death\\nto many a hardy frontiersman, and the tomahawk, crushing\\nthrough the brain of defenceless victims, were manufactured", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY:\\nin English shops, and formed a not inconsiderable item in\\nthe ordinary supplies for the Indian trade. Under these\\ncircumstances, the war of 1812, generally regarded in his-\\ntorical annals as a maratime coniest, presented far other\\nfeatures^ to the enterprising settlers of the west. To them\\nitlmplied a fearful aggravation of the difficulties and dan-\\ngers by which they had been constantly surrounded, as well\\nas the liability to open attack from those whose hostilities\\nhad been confined to more underhanded measures, in insti-\\ngating others. JSTor had they to wait long for these open\\nmanifestations. Mackinaw, the key to the northwest, then\\noccupied by a weak garrison of barely fifty-seven men, was\\ncaptured by a British force on July 17th, 1812, before the\\nnews of an actual declaration of Avar had reached that re-\\nmote station. In less than a month after (August 16th),\\nDetroit was also disgracefully surrendered by its incompe-\\ntent commander. General Hull. Still more disastrous was\\nthe retreat and massacre at Ft. Dearborn (Chicago), occur-\\nring on the 15th of August of that same year. In this re-\\ntreat, fully equalling in barbarity the massacre of Ft. Wm.\\nHenry in 1757, nearly two-thirds of the retreating party\\nwere killed by the Indians and the scene of this terrible\\ncatastrophe along the lake shore soutlieast of Chicago was,\\nfor years, marked by the ghastly trophies of Indian bar-\\nbarity.\\nHad there been sufficient inducements in the way of\\nplunder, no doubt the Upper Mississippi, then at the mercy\\nof the ^British forces, backed by their savage allies, would\\nhave presented a repetition of these scenes of war and\\nmassacre. But the settlements were sparse, and difficult of\\naccess, besides offering little substantial results for the dan-\\ngers to be incurred. St. Louis, then the military headquar-\\nters of the United States forces, was far distant and too\\nstrongly manned to justify an attack by the limited means\\nat the command of the British outposts. Hence, with the", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 29\\nexception of occasional Indian skirmishes in the vicinity of\\nthe settlements above and below St. Louis in which the\\nwell-known warrior, Black Ilawk, took a prominent part\\nwe have little to note in the way of historical incident per-\\ntaining to this immediate section of country till the year\\n1814. At this time, the success which had attended the\\nAmerican arms in the defeat of the Indians under Tecum-\\nseh, Perry s victory on Lake Erie, and the retaking of De-\\ntroit, induced the United States military authorities at St.\\nLouis to give some attention to securing the important mil-\\nitary position at Prairie du Chien, then threatened by the\\nBritish forces at Mackinaw. Accordingly, in the spring of\\n1814, some gunboats were sent up with a view to protect\\nthe feeble garrison then engaged in enlarging their means\\nof defence. But before these arrangements could be prop-\\nerly carried out, a British military expedition, composed\\nlargely of Indian traders, clerks, and employes in the inter-\\nest of the English fur-trading companies, with the usual\\ncomplement of Indian savages^ the whole being under com-\\nmand of Col. McKay, left Mackinaw, and by the usual trav-\\neled route made their appearance unexpectedly before the\\nfeeble Fort, and demanded its surrender. According to the\\nmost reliable authorities, this attack occurred on July 17th.\\nLieut. Perkins, the American olhcer in command of the\\nFort, at first declined to surrender, but after several days\\nskirmishing, the supply of ammunition being nearly exhaust-\\ned, and especially fears of a general Indian massacre in case\\nof a successful assault, induced a capitulation on the fourth\\nday. As soon after as practicable the Ameriean troops\\nwere sent down the river to St. Louis, being escorted as far\\nas Rock river by a small company of British soldiers, to\\nprevent them from Indian assault in their defenceless con-\\ndition.\\nBefore the fact of this capture was made known to the\\nmilitary authorities at St. Louis, Lieut. Campbell had been", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30\\nTHE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\nsent with men and supplies to reinforce the feeble garrison.\\nHe had proceeded as far as Rock Island, where he had an\\ninterview with Black Hawk, who then claimed to be neu-\\ntral, though unquestionably secretly espousing the cause of\\nthe British. Just after this interview, the news of the\\ncapture of Prairie du Chien was received by Black Hawk\\nfrom an Indian runner, and deeming this a favorable op-\\nportunity to throw otf his assumed neutrality, a party under\\nthe leadership of this celebrated chieftain started in pursuit\\nof Campbell s party. They were overtaken while carelessly\\npreparing for a noon repast, in the narrow channel separat-\\ning Campbell s Island from the Illinois shore, one boat\\nbeing fastened to the main bank, while another was an-\\nchored a short distance out in the stream. The attack was\\nmade by rapid firing- from a concealed ambuscade, with a\\nview to cut off and destroy the party in the shore boat. By\\ngreat risk and exposure the boat in the current was tarned\\ntoward the shore, and the threatened land party transferred\\nto it, when the shore boat was abandoned, and left to be\\nplundered and burned by these treacherous savages. Lieut.\\nCampbell, himself severely wounded in the encounter, as\\nwell as several of his men, finally made good their retreat,\\nand returned to St. Louis to report the ill result of their ex-\\npedition. This unfortunate commander has inadvertently\\nsecured permanent recognition of his disaster, by having\\nhis name affixed to what is still known as Campbell s\\nIsland.\\nDoubtless from the representations made by Lt. Camp-\\nbell on his return to St. Louis, as well as from other evi-\\ndences of hostility on the part of the Indians on Rock\\nriver, a militar}- expedition was fitted out in August, with\\na view to punish them, and if possible bring them to terms.\\nThe command of this expedition was confided to a no less\\nimj,)ortant personage than Major Zachary Taylor, since\\npresident of the United States.", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 31\\nMajor Taylor, with his well-manned fleet, anticipating of\\ncourse an easy victory over the poorly equipped Indian\\nwarriors of Rock river, reached the scene of his operations\\njust in front of the present city of Davenport, on a bright\\nmorning in August. Here he was considerably dismayed\\nto find Indians dressed in British uniform on the Rock Is-\\nland shore, manning two formidable pieces of artillery, set\\nin a line with other paiyited guna, looking equally formidable\\nat a distance It would seem that Col. McKay, the capturer\\nof Prairie du Chien, had anticipated this expedition, and\\naccordingly taken measures to prevent any advances that\\nmight subsequently weaken his position at Prairie du Chien.\\nHence the first salute that Major Taylor received was a\\nwell-aimed shot, which struck without disabling the advance\\nboat, which he himself occupied a second shot took away\\nthe rudder of another boat, the painted guns, so far as we\\ncan learn, not doing much execution. The disabled boat\\nwas fast drifting toward the Iowa shore, where large par-\\nties of Indians were seen lurking in expectation of securing\\nan easy prey.\\nIn this critical juncture it was necessar}^ for some one to\\ncast a rope from the disabled boat in order that it might be\\ntaken in tow, and thus removed from imminent danger of\\ncapture by the Indians. This was courageously done by\\na young soldier named Paul Harpole, who, not satisfied\\nwith this proof of his bravery, stood up exposed to the fire\\nof the Indians on the shore, and as loaded guns were\\nhanded to him, fired fourteen times into the crowd, doing\\nevident execution; after the fourteenth fire, Harpole him-\\nself was shot in the forehead, and falling overboard, drifted\\nto the shore, where the men on the retreating boats saw his\\nbody inhumanly cut to pieces. In the monument which\\nScott county, Iowa, proposes to erect to her fallen heroes\\nduring the late war, the name of Paul Harpole, and the\\ndate of August, 1814 should properly head the list, as com-", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY:\\nmemorating the first American soldier that fell in the ser-\\nvice of his country, on our Iowa soil. This retreat of Ma-\\njor Taylor (thirty-two years later the hero of Buena Vista,)\\ncan hardly be considered under the circumstances as any\\nreflection on his military character; evidently it was not the\\npainted guns that frightened him. We only learn further\\nfrom one of the participants in this expedition that Major\\nTaylor stopped for repairs on the Illinois shore, three miles\\nbelow the mouth of Rock river, from which point he re-\\nturned to St. Louis. It is hardly necessary to state that\\nthe account of this affair contained in Davenport Past and\\nPresent is in almost every item incorrect.\\nNo doubt the circumstances attending this expedition, as\\nwell as the location of the populous Indian villages on Rock\\nriver, called attention to the position of Rock Island as a\\ndesirable point for the establishment of a frontier military\\npost. Accordingly after the war, in 1816, Fort Armstrong\\nwas built and occupied, being so named after Gen. John\\nArmstrong, the efficient secretary of war, under Madison s\\nadministration.\\nIn the year 1823, Major Long s expedition to the sources\\nof the St. Peters and the Red River of the North was car-\\nried out. The report of this exploration, published in Lon-\\ndon in 1825, gives an interesting view of the country along\\nthe line of travel, and is particularly full in its account of\\nthe Indian tribes of the northwest. The notice there given\\nof Chicago fifty years ago does not compare very well with\\nthe accomplished result of half a century, and would excite\\nthe risibilities of a Chicagoan of 1873. It may be worth\\nwhile to quote a few remarks here on this head as showing\\nhow scientific men may be often greatly deceived in their\\nestimates. I quote from pp. 164-5-6, viz\\nWe were much disappointed at Chicago and its vicinity.\\nWe found in it nothing to justify the great eulogium lav-\\nished upon the place by a late traveler (Schoolcraft), who", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 33\\nobserves that it is the most fertile and beautiful that can\\nbe imagined. As a farming country, says he, it unites\\nthe fertile soil of the finest lowland prairies with an eleva-\\ntion which exempts it from the inlluence of stagnant waters,\\nand a summer climate of delightful serenity. The best\\ncomment upon this description of the climate and soil is the\\nfact that with the utmost vigilance on the part of the oificers,\\nit was impossible for the garrison, consisting of from seventv\\nto ninety men, to subsist upon the grain raised in the coun-\\ntry, although much of their time was devoted to agricultu-\\nral pursuits. The difHculties which the agriculturist\\nmeets with are numerous; they arise from the shallowness\\nof the soil, from its humidity, and from its exp(tsure to the\\ncold damp winds which blow from the lake, with great\\nforce during most of the year. The grain is frequently de-\\nstroyed by swarms of insects. There are also a number of\\ndestructive birds, of which it was impossible for the garri-\\nson to avoid the baneful inlluence, except by keeping, as\\nwas practiced at Ft. Dearborn, a party of soldiers constant-\\nly engaged in shooting at the crows and black-birds, that\\ncommitted depredations upon the corn planted by them.\\nBut even with all these exertions, the maize seldom has time\\nto ripen, owing to the shortness and coldness of the season.\\nThe provisions of the garrison were for the most part con-\\nveyed from Mackinaw in a schooner, and sometimes they\\nwere brought from St. Louis, a distance of three hundred\\nand eighty-six miles, up the Illinois and Des Plaines rivers.\\nThe appearance of the country near Chicago offers but\\nfew features upon which the eye of the traveler can dwell\\nwith pleasure. There is too much uniformity in the scen-\\nery; the extensive water prospect is a waste, uncheckered\\nby islands, unenlivened by the spreading canvass, and the\\nfatiguing monotony of which is increased by the equally\\nundiversified prospect of the land scenery, which affords no\\nrelief to the sight, as it consists merely of a plain, in which\\n5", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY:\\nbut tew patches of thin and scrubby woods are observed\\nscattered liere and there.\\nThe village presents no cheering prospect, as notwith-\\nstanding its antiquity, it c ^nsist8 of but few huts, inhabited\\nby a miserable race of men, scarcely equal to the Indians,\\nfrom whom tliey are descended. Tlieir log or bark houses\\nare lovy, tilthy, and disgusting, displaying not the least trace\\nof comfort. C^hicago is perhaps one of the oldest settlements\\nin the Indian country; its name, derived from the Pottawat-\\ntamie lano-uaffc, sio-uiiies either a skunk or wild onion, and\\neach of these significations has been occasionally given for\\nit. A fort is said to have formerly existed there. Mention\\nis made of the place as having been visited by Perrot, who\\nfound Chigogau to be the residence of a powerful chief\\nof the Miamis. The number of trails centering all at this\\nspot, and their apparent antiquity, indicate that this was\\nfor a long time the site of a large Indian village. As a\\nplace of business, it oiFers no inducement to the settler; for\\nthe whole amount of trade on the lake did not exceed the\\ncargo of five or six schooners, even at the time when the\\ngarrison received its supplies from Mackinaw.\\nIt is not impossible that at some distant day when the\\nbanks of the Illinois shall have been covered with a dense\\npopulation, and when the low prairies which extend be-\\ntween that river and Fort Wayne shall haye acquired a pop-\\nulation proportionate to the produce they can yield, that\\nChicago may become one of the points in the direct line of\\ncommunication between the northern lakes and the Mississ-\\nippi; but even the intercourse which will be carried on\\nthrough this communication, will, we think, at all times be\\na limited one. The dangers attending on the navigation of\\nthe lake, and the scarcity of harbors along the shores, must\\never prove a serious obstacle to the increase of the commer-\\ncial importance of C-hicago, The extent of the sand banks\\nw^hich are formed on the eastern and southern shore, by", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS.\\n35\\nthe prevailing north and northwest winds, will likewise pre-\\nvent any important works from being undertaken to im-\\nprove the post of Chicago.\\nCould the writer of this sketch, now after the lapse of less\\nthan fifty years, see the Chicago of the present day, the\\nQueen City of the Lakes, he would be inclined to materially\\nmodify his view^s.\\nOn this same expedition an examination was made of the\\nnatural water communication between the lake at Chicago\\nand the head-waters of the Illinois leading to the Mississip-\\npi. In this examination and report we have the first inti-\\nmation of the feasibility of an enterprise, as yet only par-\\ntially realized, of direct water communication between\\nLake Michigan and the Mississippi river. I say parfiaUi/,\\nfor the present Illinois and Michigan canal is not on the\\nmost direct route, and its capacity is limited to a single\\nclass of boats, not fitted either for river or lake traffic. But\\nthe problem itself, on which the producing interests of the\\nUpper Mississippi Valley are so intimately dependent, was\\nsubstantially solved when, on the 15th of July, 1871, by the\\ndeep cut of the summit level, the waters of Lake Michigan\\nwere cause to tiow up the slimy bed of Chicago river, and\\npour their tribute on the Mississippi slope. With this grand\\nfeeder virtually drawing on the entire basin of the great\\nlakes, what is there to prevent a direct water route of any\\ncapacity desired between the lakes and the Mississippi\\nTime and vwney (and, it is to be hoped, not too much of the\\nformer) is all that is now requisite to accomplish this im-\\nportant result.\\nBut I have already far exceeded the limits originally de-\\nsigned for a brief address, though the subject itself, to do\\nproper justice, would require volumes.\\nThus, to conclude, from the fragmentary materials at\\nmy command, I have endeavored, at least, with honest zeal,\\nto commemorate the deeds and labors of those early pio-", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY\\nneers who have, for our benefit, planted the seeds of a better\\ncivilization in this magnificent valley. I have brought down\\nmy historic sketch within the memory of living men, and\\nthere leave it for other and abler hands to complete. The\\nforms of those lately passed and now passing away, are too\\npalpable they touch too nearly the clashing interests of\\nto-day they need the softening hand of Time to develop\\nthe permanent value of their works. They, and we, must\\nwait.", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "BHce, 2o Cents,\\nHistorical Address\\nattlfi ^^^P ^i ^to antl i^ttleineiit d i\\\\t\\n^1\\ni$$i$$ippi\\nBY O. O. PARRY, M. 1).\\nI.ATE BOTANIST OF AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT, WASHINOTON. D. C.\\nDelivered in Davenport, Iowa, January 21st, 1873.\\nDavenport, loiva\\nDay, Egbert, Fidlar.\\n1873.", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "_J\\n5:\\n^-_\\nD-J T ^3\u00c2\u00bb\\n7\\n^X\u00c2\u00bb\\nr\\n.^i Q\\nr^^\\n3\\ny\\n7\u00c2\u00bb J I X\\nr\\njc\u00c2\u00bb xTS\\n7\\n3^\\nV z x:\\n7 t j;^\\ns^^=^\\n7\\n_:\u00c2\u00bb\\n7\\nz:\\nJ!3*\\nz ;:3r::\\n5\u00c2\u00bb\\n3\u00c2\u00bb\\ny _:\\n7 y:\\n7 .7\\n7\\n7\\n7\u00c2\u00bbli\\nZ .5i\u00c2\u00bb ^751 0\\n7: ^7x\u00c2\u00bb =ci\\nT 5\\n7 _7 .7 y 1 735 Z\\n--;^L-^\\n7 7 Ti-- J^ S\\n7\u00c2\u00bb T\\n7 x\\n7)^\\n77 ,J ^^7\\n7:s :5\u00c2\u00bb\\n7\\nmi\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^\u00e2\u0096\u00a07\\n5^\\nX 7\\n7i 7\\n7 -o\\n7 7\\n7\\n7\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a07 7\\n7\\n7 7\\np 5\\nJ :3\u00c2\u00bb7\\n!\u00c2\u00bb7 2 7\\n0\u00c2\u00bb -3r\u00c2\u00bb 7* 3\\n7 7 7\u00c2\u00bb7\\n7", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "*J\\nJ)\\nyj -^T, 5r ___^\\n3\\nJ\\nJ\u00c2\u00bb 5 VS.\\n_ 3^ 1 ?D\\no 3 s yjz\\nz\u00c2\u00bb\\noi\\n_ V)\\nv: yv\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "3290", "width": "2090", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n014 497 351 3", "height": "3386", "width": "2143", "jp2-path": "historicaladdres00parr_0050.jp2"}}