{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2948", "width": "1986", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class r3 S2^\\nBook I H 3\\nGlpgMJJ\\nCQFSKIGHT DEPOSUl", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "HISTORY\\nOF THE\\nDISCOVERY\\nOF THE\\nVALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\n^H*\\nBY\\nADOLPHUS M. HART.\\nGaint Conia, \u00c2\u00a3iXo.:\\nPUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY A. M. HART.\\n1852.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, mtne year 1852, by\\nA. M. HART,\\nin the Clerks office of the District Court of Missouri.\\nSTEKEOTYPED AT THE ST. LOUIS STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY\\nBY A. P. LADEW CO.\\nPrinted by T. W. Ustick.\\nCtf^", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "PREFICE.\\nThere being no work of the same compass, in the Eng-\\nlish language, devoted to this interesting branch of History,\\nand it being especially intended for the use of Academies\\nand schools, the author might have dispensed viriththe ne-\\ncessity of furnishing a preface to make the general reader\\nacquainted with the character and object of the publication.\\nHe deems it necessary, however, to remark, that the fol-\\nlowing pages comprise an abstract of all that has been writ-\\nten in the books and manuscripts that are extant, relating\\nto the early history of this part of the American Continent.\\nThe subject is one, which will no doubt be hereafter more\\nfully developed, as the works of other writers are brought\\nto light. In the mean time he has been obliged to rely\\nchiefly on those sources of information, which are found in\\nthe scarce French works, that have been published on this\\nsubject, as well as in a few of the manuscripts of the ear-\\nly discoverers of the valley of the Missisippi, to which he\\nhas been permitted to have access.\\nSt. Louis, February, 1852.\\nAdolpiius M. Haet.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "HISTORY\\nOF THE\\nISCOVERY\\nOF THE\\nVALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI:", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "HISTORY\\nOF THE\\nDISCOVEEY OF THE\\nVALLEY OE THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nThere are many historical associations, which cluster\\naround the ancient denizens of Canada, in their efforts\\nto colonize this section of the American Continent, and\\nto rescue it from the savage tribes, who wandered in its\\npathless deserts. Canada was the gateway, through\\n\\\\vhich the pioneers of civilization entered, to disclose to\\nthe world the rich and exhaustless treasures of the West,\\nor rather it may be likened to the portal of a mansion,\\nthrough which admission was gained to the inner cham-\\nbers, ornamented with every production of nature, and\\ndisclosing to the view, in their gaudy array, pictures,\\nwhich had never been dreamt of, in the wildest efforts of\\nthe human imagination. The poor and ignoble Colonist,\\nwho emigrated in the seventeenth century, from the\\nhills and valleys of his native country, with his axe in\\n7", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nhis hand, and his gun on his shoulder, to clear the forest\\nand drive away the red-man from those paths, which\\nhad been familiar to him from his infancy, exhibits to the\\nview of the philanthropist of the present day, an exam-\\nple of courage and energy, of fortitude amidst danger,\\nand of heroism in his trials, which marks not the course\\nof the modern adventurer. Changeable as are the cir-\\ncumstances of human life, the Canadian colonist remains\\nat the present day, as unchanged as ever. No longer is\\nhe required to wage an exterminating warfare, against\\nthe aboriginal tribes of the country, no longer does he\\nhunt the wild beast fi om his lair, but now w^ith his\\nbible in one hand and his axe in the other, religion goes\\nhand in hand with civilization, and wherever one sees\\nthe boundaries of the primeval forest receding from his\\nview^, there he observes the glittering spires of the Parish\\nChurch, reflecting the rays of the sun in the firmament\\nof heaven, and betokening the soothing influence of re-\\nligion, over a moral and an industrious people.\\nNor can we withhold our meed of praise from those\\nFrench missionaries, who took their departure from Que-\\nbec, and travelled amongst all the Indian tribes, from\\nHudson s Bay, on the one hand, to the countries along\\nthe shores of the Mississippi, on the other. History has\\ncommemorated in bright and glowing colors, whatever", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 9\\nevents transpired, during the march of the Crusaders to\\nrescue the Holy land from the power of the Saracen, and\\nhere the valiant v^arrior and hero was accompanied by\\narmed hosts, bent on achieving their object and having\\nthe means to do so but with the missionary who stepped\\nbeyond the bounds of civilization, and wandered through\\ntrackless deserts, (his only compass, the blazeed bark of\\nthe pine-tree his only food, the fortuitous product of\\nthe chase,) history has not done justice to the noble\\nphilanthropy, by which they were animated, nor to their\\nardent devotion for the progress of science and religion,\\namongst the benighted nations of the earth. The Cross\\nwas the emblem of both the Crusader and the mission-\\nary, but there must have been something sad and touch-\\ning, in the effect, which this religious emblem produced\\non the minds of the Savages, in the midst of the sombre\\nand silent forests of the New World, when it could dis-\\narm their fierce heart-s and render them sensible to the\\nliveliest feelings of emotion. There must be something\\nsoothing in rehgion, when it could mollify the wild pas-\\nsions of man, in the savage state, and make him succumb\\nto its influences. It was owing to the existence of these\\nfeelings, that the French missionary was able to estab-\\nlish those friendly relations, which were afterwards en-\\ntertained towards him, by the denizens of the forest.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nThe religious doctrines which he inculcated, contributed\\nto draw closer the ties, which connected him wdth his\\nneophytes. Hence the facilities, which he had to pene-\\ntrate from one cabin to another, from one nation to ano-\\nther, even in countries the most distant. Whether w^e\\nregard their efforts, as connected Vv-ith the cause of sci-\\nence or religion, or as tending to develope to the inhabi-\\ntants of Europe an example of energy and activity in\\nthe cause of human civilization, the French missionary\\nof the seventeenth century will always be an object of in-\\nterest to the student of American history, and will al-\\nways be considered, as having contributed his share in\\nthe regeneration of the aboriginal tribes of this Conti-\\nnent, from the galling chains of superstition and igno-\\nrance, by which they were surrounded. The warriors\\nand statesmen of the reign of Louis the Fourteenth fiule\\ninto insignificance, when put in comparison, with what\\nthe genius of a Colbert and a Talon planned, or what\\nthe energy and activity of an Allouez and a Marquette\\naccomplished. Do you not know, said the interpreter\\nof an Indian tribe to these missionaries, do you not\\nknow, said he, that these distant nations never spare\\nstrangers, that the wars, which they carry on, infest\\ntheir frontiers with hordes of robbers that the grand\\nriver (meaning the Mississippi,) abounds in monsters,", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 11\\nwho devour men and animals, and that the excessive\\nheat there causes death. We know that, said they,\\nwe know all, but by the decree of Providence, we\\nhave been appointed, as humble missionaries, in the ser-\\nvice of God, to disseminate His Holy doctrines, amongst\\ncountless tribes, in the deserts of America, and with His\\nwill, we shall do our duly.\\nLong before what is now known, as the West was dis-\\ncovered, several mis^ionaries had penetrated beyond the\\nhunting grounds of the Ottawas and the Abenakies, and\\nhad established themselves, along the borders of Lake\\nHuron. The Fathers Breboeuf, Daniel, Jogues, Raim-\\nbault and several other members of their order, had es-\\ntablished villages along the shores of that Lake, amongst\\nothers. Saint Joseph, Saint Michael, Saint Ignace and\\nSainte Marie. The latter, placed at the outlet of Lake\\nHuron into Lake Erie, was for a long time, the central\\npoint of the various missions, in that distant part of the\\ncountry. Later, in the year 1671, the scattered tribes\\nof the Hurons, fatigued of wandering from country to\\ncountry, fixed themselves at Machilimackinac,* a place\\nThe name of this locality is derived from a small Island form-\\nerly celebrated in those Countries, from the heio;ht of its banks,\\nwhich might be seen, at a distance of twelve miles. It is situated\\nat the jimction of Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 HISTORY OF THE VAL2.EY\\nsituated on the shores of Lake Superior. This was the\\nfirst establishment, founded by an European, in the State\\nof Michigan. The Indians who were found therej re-\\nceived from the French, the name of Sauteurs, or\\nLeapers, on account of their proximity to the Falls\\nof Sainte Marie, known as the Sault Sainte Marie J\\nThese Indians belonged to the Algonquin Tribe.\\nIn the space of thirteen years, (from 1634 to 1647,)\\nthis extensive territory was visited by eighteen French\\nmissionaries, besides others attached to their ministry,\\nwho, animated by zeal in the cause of civilization, lent\\ntheir services to their clerical brethren, in order to reclaim\\nthese savages from the depths of ignorance and supersti-\\ntion into which they had cast themselves. The Five\\nNations, comprising the Iroquois, one of the fiercest\\ntribes that inhabited those countries, were located to the\\nnorth of Cataraqui, between the River Ottawa and Lake\\nOntario, but nearer the latter, and the travellei^ had to\\npursue their route across that part of the country, which\\nwas watered by the tributaries of the Ottawa, the river\\nAkuanagusin, marked on the old charts, being one of\\nthose tributaries. At that period, the South of Lake\\nErie, beyond Buffalo was almost unknown to either the\\nvoyageurs or the missionaries. It might be interesting\\nto particularize those sections, on the borders of Lake", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 13\\nErie or Oswego, (as it is marked on an old chart, in the\\npossession of the writer,) which were then inhabited by\\nthe Indian tribes, but the geographers of those days in\\nEurope do not seem to be very remarkable for accuracy\\nin fixing the localities of Indian settlements. Fort San-\\ndoski, (Sandusky) now the harbour, where is the termi-\\nnation of the Railroad, connecting Lake Erie with the\\nOhio, is marked on this map, and the euphonious appel-\\nlations of Tuscarora, Mingos, Kittawing, Schohorage,\\nFort Mohican and the Cross of Holfway, need only be\\nmentioned, as indicating those parts of the Western States,\\nnow teeming with millions of human beings, devoted to\\nthe arts of agriculture and commerce, and supplying the\\nworld with the products of a soil, which a bounteous\\nProvidence has given them, to promote the prosperity\\nand happiness of their fellow-men. In the year 1640,\\nthe Fathers Chaumonot and Breboeuf, completed the\\nsurvey of the valley of the Saint Lawrence, from the foot\\nof Lake Superior to the Ocean. About this period the\\ntwo missionaries Charles Raimbault and Isaac Jogues\\nleft Canada, to visit Lake Huron, and after a pleasant\\nvoyage, in which they were struck with the picturesque-\\nness of the scenery along the shores, and amongst the\\nislands of Lake Huron, they arrived in seventeen days\\nat Sault Sainte Marie, where they met with a friendly\\n2", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nreception from about two thousand Indians, assembled\\nthere. As they advanced on their journey, the bounda-\\nries of the American Continent seemed to recede from\\nthem, and they learnt the names of numerous Indian\\ntribes, who, it was said, inhabited the South and West,\\nand amongst others, the Sioux, whose hunting grounds\\nwere situated at a distance of several leagues from Lake\\nSuperior. They heard also, of several tribes of warri-\\nors, who lived by the products of the soil, but whose\\nrace and languages were unknown to them. Thus,\\nobserves an American author, from the religious zeal\\nof the French, a cross was erected on the borders of\\nSault Ste Marie, and on the confines of Lake Superior,\\nfrom whence they saw the lands of the Sioux, in the\\nvalley of the Mississippi, five years, before Elliott of\\nNew England had addressed even a single word to the\\nIndians, who were but six miles from the harbor of\\nBoston.\\nIt may be said, that at this period (1646), the safety\\nof the French possessions in America, depended chiefly\\non the efforts of the missionaries to preserve peace,\\nwhich they succeeded in doing with all the neighboring\\nIndian tribes, with the exception of the Iroquois. The\\nsmall French Colony, on the banks of the Saint Law-\\nrence, situated at such an immense distance from the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 15\\nmother country, with limited resources, and scarcely food\\nto eat would have been annihilated, had it not have been\\nfor the friendly alliance, which these missionaries had\\nbeen able to contract with the native tribes. The Five\\nNations had already boasted, that they would soon drive\\nMontmagny^ and the French to the sea, from whence\\nthey came. But the bravery and the courage of these\\nmen, who, with the breviary hanging around their necks,\\nand the Cross in their hands, penetrated the innermost\\nrecesses of the forest, gave these people a lofty idea of\\nthe power and the resources of the nation, to which\\nthey belonged. There they w^ere, from the shores of\\nHudson s Bay, to the gulf of Saint Lawrence and the\\nforests of Michigan, engaged day and night, in the ac-\\ncomplishment of their high and lofty purposes, anima-\\nting, encouraging and rewarding those, who were dis-\\nposed to be friendly with them, and intimidating those,\\nwhose hostility they were menaced with. Brought up\\nto a life of strict austerity, accustomed to that self-de-\\nnial, which was enjoined by the sect, to which they be-\\nlonged, the terrors of a violent death, at the hands of\\nruthless savages could not deter them from fulfilling the\\nsolemn trust, whiqh had devolved upon them, and that\\nGovernor of New France or Canada.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 HISTORY OP THE VALLEV\\nvery confidence which they had in the holiness of their\\ncause, enabled them the more readily to accomplish their\\nduty. Providence smiled benignantly on their efforts,\\nfor had it not been that the tribes, whose alliance was\\ncourted by the French, feared the hostility of the Iro-\\nquois, in all probability they would have rejected the\\novertures of the missionaries and preferred war to peace.\\nIn the year 1659, (as is related in the narrative of the\\nMissionaries), two young voyageurs, or travellers, led\\nby curiosity and the spirit of adventure, joined an Al-\\ngonquin tribe, and spent the winter on the shores of\\nLake Superior. With their eyes fixed on the immense\\nsolitudes of the West, and wondering what people in-\\nhabited those forests, they heard with avidity the glow-\\ning accounts^ by the Huron tribe, of those Sioux war-\\nriors and they resolved to visit them. They met on\\ntheir route with scattered tribes, w^ho had been dispersed\\nby the Iroquois, and they at length arrived in the coun-\\ntry of the Sioux, who, to their surprise, tendered to\\nthem the hand of fellowship. They were a numerous\\ntribe, being divided into forty companies, and their man-\\nners, whilst they were unlike those of the Algonquins\\nand Hurons, were calculated to impress the minds of the\\ntravellers with a favorable opinion of them. The\\nHistorian of New France, states, that they had an", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 17\\nexcellent disposition, treated their prisoners with less\\ncruelty than other nations, and had some knowledge of\\nthe existence of a Divinity, These two intrepid ad-\\nventurers returned to Quebec, in 1660, escorted by sixty\\nAlgonquin canoes and Canadian boats, laden with furs\\nand peltries. They confirmed the accounts which two\\nother Frenchmen, who had gone four years before, as\\nfar as Lake Michigan, brought back with them, of the\\nnumerous tribes, who wandered in those parts, and of\\nthe Kristinos, whose cabins were raised high ^nougli\\nto enable them to see the Great Lakes.\\nIn the year 1660, Father Mesnard went with the Al-\\ngonquins to preach the Gospel to the Ottawas and other\\ntribes, on the shores of Lake Superior. He remained\\nabout eight months, in a bay which he called Sainte The-\\nresa, probably the bay of Kiwina, on the south side of\\nthe Lake, where he subsisted for some time, on acorns\\nand the fruit of wild plants. Invited hence by the Hu-\\nrons, he took his departure for the bay of Cha-gouia-\\nmigong or Saint Esprit, on the western side of the Lake,\\nwhither the Iroquois did not resort, on account of the\\ndistance and the scarcity of provisions. Whilst Mes-\\nnard s compagnon de voyage, (fellow-traveller,) was oc-\\ncupied in repairing the canoe, he went into the woods;\\nand aevjer xe-appeared. This Priest had a great reputa?-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\ntion amongst the savages, for the sanctity of his clerical\\noffice, and a few years afterwards, his soutane (a gar-\\nment worn by Priests,) and his breviary were found\\namongst the Sioux, who preserved them as relics,\\nand held them in great veneration. The Indians gener-\\nally were remarkable for their carefulness in preserving\\nwhatever belonged to these faithful missionaries, for four\\nor five years after the death of the Fathers Breboeuf\\nand Gamier, whom the Iroquois assassinated, a mission-\\nary found in the possession of those barbarians a testa-\\nment and a prayer-book, which had belonged to them.\\nThe old chroniclers, such as Charlevoix, Champlain\\nand others, do not mention, that they preserved any other\\narticles, belonging to the persons they murdered, but the\\nbooks they had with them. These untutored savages\\nregarded these books in the light of their better spirits,\\nby whose directions these missionaries had been led on-\\nwards, in the paths of usefulness they were following.\\nWe have thus far traced the early discoveries in the\\nWest, which did not at the period we mentioned (1660)\\nextend beyond the hunting grounds of the Sioux.\\nBut vague suspicions were then entertained of the ex-\\ntent of the country, or the existence of a great River to\\nthe West, and the accounts which they received from\\nthe Sioux were so uncertain, that there w^as little in-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 19\\nducement for renewed exertions. However, we are\\nabout reaching a period (1665) when the spirit of adven-\\nture was again in the ascendant, amongst the old French\\nColonists of America, and when their progress in making\\ndiscoveries in the West is to be regarded with increased\\ninterest. Hitherto we have been narrating the attempts\\nof a few voyageurs and missionaries, to penetrate the\\ndepths of the American forest, and when we consider\\nthe almost insurmountable obstacles, which they encoun-\\ntered and the melancholy fate which many of them met\\nwith, at the hands of their ruthless enemies, we cannot\\nwithhold from them, our meed of praise at the magna-\\nnimity they displayed and the heroism they manifested.\\nBut at this period, it pleased Divine Providence to bring\\nother actors on the scenes, other men, who with all the\\nself-devotion and courage, which were found in those\\nwho had preceded them, combined qualities, which suited\\nthem better for the task they had to perform. Previ-\\nously to the year 1665, it was religious zeal, which\\nprompted men to risk their lives, in exploring the wild-\\nerness, the propagation of their faith, and the know-\\nledge of God, were surely objects holy enough, to engage\\ntheir attention, but now, to these powerful motives was\\njoined the love of science and the desire to enlighten\\nEuropeans, as to the extent of the American Continent", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nand the resources and capabilities of this extensive\\ncountry. It was in this year, that Father Allouez, a\\nman who may be justly regarded as the pioneer amongst\\nthe discoverers of the West, combining great mental en-\\nergy, with a steadfastness of purpose, for which he was\\nremarkable, was sent from Canada to explore the regions\\nabout Lake Superior. As he approached that vast In-\\nland Sea, and observed the Islands, which dotted its\\nsurface, the fertility of its shores, and the gorgeousness\\nand picturesqueness of its scenery, there was something\\nin it dazzling to his imagination. He gazed with won-\\nder at the numerous objects, which struck his attention,\\nand to a mind bent on the pursuits of science, they were\\ndoubly interesting to him. To his zeal for religion, and\\nuntiring exertions in the cause of human civilization,\\nare we indebted for the first Christian Chapel, which\\nwas erected in the solitudes of the West. After a short\\nsojourn at Sainte Theresa, he arrived at Cha-gouia-mi-\\ngong, or Saint Esprit, which had been visited by Father\\nMesnard in 1660. Here, in what is now known as the\\nnorthern part of Wisconsin, at a spot, which was not\\nfar from the source of the Mississippi, was raised the\\nfirst Temple in the Western wilderness, in which prayers\\nwere offered up, by the humble missionaries of God, to\\ngive them strength and confidence in their holy under-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 21\\ntakings, and to vouchsafe to them His protection in the\\nnumerous trials they had to undergo.\\nFather Allouez preached in the Algonquin language\\nto twelve or fifteen tribes, who understood that idiom.\\nHis reputation spread abroad, and the warriors of differ-\\nent nations left their hunting grounds to visit the white-\\nman. The Pouteouatamis, from the borders of Lake\\nMichigan, the Outagamis and the Sakis from the deserts\\nof the East, the Sioux from the West, the Kristinos\\nfrom the swampy forests of the North, and the Illinois\\nof the Prairies, all vied with each other in their eager-\\nness to see and hear the white-man, to learn his dis-\\ncourse and admire his eloquence. It was on one of these\\noccasions, that the Sioux informed Father Allouez, that\\nthey protected themselves from the inclemency of the\\nweather, by covering their huts with the skins of wild\\nanimals, and that they inhabited vast prairies on the bor-\\nders of a great river, which they called the Missis-\\nsippi. It was thus, that the French had the first idea\\nof the existence of a great river, the discovery of which\\nwas to immortalize Joliet and his companion.\\nDuring the sojourn of Allouez in the country, he pur-\\nsued his researches amongst the Indian tribes, towards\\nthe North, where he discovered the Nipissings, whom\\nthe fear of the Iroquois, had driven to that distant re-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\ngion. He entered into friendly communications with\\nthem, and after having travelled two thousand miles, in\\nthese extensive forests, suffering hunger, want and fa-\\ntigue, he directed his steps homewards, overjoyed with\\nthe result of his expedition. To his discoveries, and\\nthe information, which he imparted to the French Gov-\\nernment, was the world indebted for the origin of that\\nexpedition, in which a French Priest and a Canadian\\nmerchant disclosed to the inhabitants of Europe the ex-\\nistence of a river, which to geographers had been hith-\\nerto unknown, and which flowing to the ocean, was\\ndestined to bear on its waters the products of a country,\\nunequalled on the face of the globe, for its richness and\\nfertility, and affording to the people of the old world, a\\nhome and an asylum, where they could end their days\\nin peace and happiness.\\nHistorians of modern times have done justice to the\\nenergy and activity of Joliet and Marquette, and the\\npeople of these Western States have erected monuments\\nto their memory, and named towns and villages, in honor\\nof them, but do we not see the hand of Divine Provi-\\ndence pointing to the spot, where was to be consumma-\\nted the regeneration of the human race, directing these\\nhardy adventurers, as instruments in its service, to avail\\nthemselves of the time, and the occasion, which were", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 23\\nmost favorable for the accomplishment of its wise pur-\\nposes never before, had the Indian tribes been brought\\nto such a state of submission to their European neigh-\\nbours, as they were at that period. Even the Iroquois,\\nthe fiercest of all the tribes, that wandered about the\\nAmerican forests, were on friendly terms with the neigh-\\nbouring savages, and peace and unanimity seemed to reign\\nin their councils. This was a most auspicious period\\nfor making further discoveries, and the French Govern-\\nment took advantage of it.\\nAllouez, Marquette and Dablon made themselves\\nmore celebrated for their scientific discoveries, than for\\ntheir services, in the cause of religion. The latter was\\nthe originator of an expedition in search of the Missis-\\nsippi his curiosity had been excited by the glowing de-\\nscriptions he had heard of the magnificence of the coun-\\ntry, bordering on its waters, and in 1669, he resolved to\\nundertake the journey. But his apostolical labors hav-\\ning interfered with the execution of his design, we hear\\nnothing of the result of this expedition, excepting that\\nhe reached a tract of country, which was not far off,\\nfrom the source of the river.\\nBetween 1670 and 1672, Allouez and Dablon pursued\\ntheir journey as far as Wisconsin and the northern part\\nof the State of Illinois, visiting the Mascoutins, (sup-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nposed to be fire worshippers,) the Kickapous, and the\\nOutagamis, on the border of Fox river, (riviere aux\\nRenards) which takes its source to the East of the Mis-\\nsissippi. The brave and intrepid Dablon had resolved\\nto penetrate, if possible, as far as the ocean, and endea-\\nvour to seek out a passage to the countries beyond it.\\nHitherto, Canada had been governed by officers appoint-\\ned by the French government, under the name of Gover-\\nnors and Intendants, some of whom had accepted the office,\\nmore from considerations of pecuniary interest, arising out\\nof the profitable nature of the fur-trade, than from any\\nother motive, but at this period such men as Colbert and\\nTalon ruled the destinies of the New World, they were\\nmen whose minds imbued from their infancy, with a\\nlove of science and a desire for the progress of the hu-\\nman race, who saw at once the advantages which would\\narise, if the discoveries in the West were pushed for-\\nward with energy. There were few men like Talon\\nfor enterprise and activity of mind. Shrewd, calcula-\\nting, and a close observer of what was occurring around\\nhim, he grasped at the idea of the glory, which awaited\\nhim, should he succeed in his endeavours. His adminis-\\ntration of the government of the French Colonies in\\nAmerica would be crowned with success, if, whilst he\\nwas at the head of it, the wealth and commerce of his", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 2^\\ncountry could be increased by the discovery of the Mis-\\nsissippi. These were objects dear to his heart, but\\nthere were others which were dearer to him. It was\\nthe desire to extend the bounds of civilization, to aid in\\nthe development of the resources of this vast country,\\nto forward navigation and promote the scientific know-\\nledge of his fellow country-men. Under his administra-\\ntion, commerce had revived, emigration had increased,\\nand the Indian tribes had learned to respect the power\\nand authority of the French government.\\nSuch was the character of the French Governor, un-\\nder whose auspices the first expedition started from\\nQuebec, which was successful in discovering the Missis-\\nsippi. Some writers say, that Marquette was the origi-\\nnator of the project, others attribute it to the genius and\\nforesight of Talon, however that may be, Talon selec-\\nted Joliet, a merchant residing in Quebec, who had pre-\\nviously travelled amongst the Ottawas, and a man of\\ngreat experience, energy and activity, to accompany the\\nFrench missionary in his voyage of discovery. They\\nleft Quebec in the year 1673, and reached Fox river in\\nsafety. They remained some time at Sainte Theresa,\\nwhere they were received with every mark of distinction.\\nThey asked for two guides, and their request was read-\\nily granted. No other European had ever Avandered hi", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORY OP TKE. Ti5 LLEY\\nthat direction, beyond the precincts of the village. On\\nthe 10th June, 1673, they took their departure from\\nSainte Theresa, accompanied by live other Frenchmen\\nand the two Indians, who acted as guides. They carried\\ntheir bark canoes on their shouklers, to make the short\\nPortage (a word in the French language, which sig-\\nnifies a carrying place,) which separates- the source of\\nFox river from the river Wisconsin, which flows to\\nthe West. It was at this point, that the two guides,\\nbecoming alarmed at the danger of the enterprise, aban-\\ndoned their fellow-travellers and left them in an un-\\nknow^n country, in the hands of Providence, floating\\ndown a river, in the midst of the profound solitude,\\nwhich surrounded them. At the expiration of seven\\ndays, they entered the Mississippi, of which they had\\nheard so much, and such w^as their joy at the dis-\\ncovery, that they fell down on their knees and thanked\\nGod, that he had brought them to their point of des-\\ntination. A feeling of awe and solemnity came over\\nthem, as they sailed down that majestic river, and every\\nstep they took, they were struck Vrith the magnificence\\nof the objects, which surrounded them. In the midst\\nof the silent forests of the New World, with buoyant\\nhopes, and hearts untrammelled by the cares and sorrows\\nof more busy life, they proceeded on their journey, in", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 27\\nthe expectation of soon finding an outlet to the ocean.\\nNor were they greeted at the commencement of their\\nvoyage, with the sight of a human being there was no\\nsign of any habitation, nothing to indicate the probabil-\\nity of their vicinity to the abodes of man save the aqua-\\ntic birds, that dipped their beaks in the waters, and the\\nhowl of some ferocious animal prowling for food, there\\nwas no indication of animal life. They had proceeded\\nabout sixty leagues, without meeting with any person,\\nwhen all at once, they observed some footsteps on the\\nsand, on the right bank of the riyer^ and afterwards, a\\nfootpath, leading to a prairie. Tkey paused, ere they\\nincurred the risk of meeting with an unknown tribe, ia\\nthe midst of the forest. Yet they had a mission to ful-\\nfil, an object to accomplish. The pause was of short\\nduration. Joliet and Marquette hazarded the interview.\\nTaking the foot-path, they walked six miles, when they\\nreached a settlement on the river Moingona, or tke river\\ndes Moines of the French. They halted ;and cried ou,t\\nwith a loud voice. Four old men came forth from the\\nvillage, bringing with them the calumet of peace they\\nreceived the sti angers with distinction, We are Illi-\\nnois, said they, we are men, be welcome to our ca-\\nbins. In the language of one of our most favored his-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "^8 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\ntorians, it was the first time that the soil of Iowa\\n^was trodden by the feet of white men.\\nThe Indians, who had heard of the French, had long\\ndesired their alliance, as they knew, they were the ene-\\nmies of the Iroquois, who were about making predatory\\nexcursions in their own country. The latter had in-\\nspired such a degree of ^terror in the breasts of all the\\nIndian tribes, that the Illinois, like the others, courted\\nthe alliance of the French, who had been able to resist\\ntheir aggressions and thwart their efforts to subdue the\\nneighbouring tribes. Joliet and Marquette, with their\\ncompanions having remained a few days the guests of\\nthis friendly people, and having accepted a grand feast,\\nwhich had been prepared for them, took their departure\\nvery much to the regret of their new allies. The chief\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of the tribe, followed by several hundred warriors, ac-\\ncompanied them to the river-side, and as a memorial of\\ntheir friendship, presented Marquette Avith a calumet, or-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2namented with feathers of different colours, w^hich they\\n.assured him would be a safe passport among all the\\nneighbouring nations.\\nOur hardy adventurers proceeded on their journey,\\nand arrived in a short time at the junction of the Mis-\\nsouri (marked on the old charts Pe/aYcTiom with", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 29\\nthe Mississippi they passed the Ohio, or la belle riviere,\\nas it was afterwards called by the French, the borders of\\nw^hich were then peopled by the Chouanons, or Chaunis.\\nThe aspect of the country was ^changed,; instead Q-f. ex-\\ntensive prairies, they saw nothing but dense forests.\\nThey found also another race of men, whose language\\nthey were unacquainted with they had left the lands of\\nthe great Huron and Algonquin famihes, bounded by the\\nOhio to the north, and were now entering the huntincr\\ngrounds of the Mobilien tribe, of whom the Chickasas\\nformed part. The Dahcotas, or the Sioux, inhabited\\nthe western borders of the Mississippi. Thus, the\\nFrench required interpreters on both sides of the river,\\nwhere two languages were spoken, differing from tho e\\nof the Hurons and Algonquins, with w:hose dialects they\\nwere acquainted.\\nThey continued to descend the Mississippi, until they\\nreached Arkansas river, near the 33d degree of latitude,\\na tract of country, which, it is said, had been visited by\\nthe celebrated Spanish traveller, De Soto, The calumet,\\nwhich had been presented to Joliet and Marquette, was\\nvery serviceable to them, as it was readily received by\\nthis barbarous people as an emblem of peace, and en-\\nsured to our travellers a favorable reception wherever\\nthev went. The Indians sent ten men to escort them tp\\n3*", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "so HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nthe village of Arkansas, situated near the mouth of the\\nriver, where they were met by the Chief and other war-\\nriors, who gave them shelter and food. What struck\\nthe attention of Joliet, was, that they appeared to be a\\nricher tribe than the others they had encountered, and\\nthat they had with -them several implements amongst\\nothers, steel axes, which they must have obtained in\\ntheir forays irtto other settlements. He concluded they\\ncould not be at a very great distance from the Spaniards\\nand the Bay of Mexico. The heat of the climate af-\\nforded additional evidence of their being far to .the\\nSouthward they were in a country, where abundant\\nrains supplied the want of snow, found in more noi^thern\\nlatitudes. Joliet and Marquette having discovered that\\nthe river Mississippi did not discharge itself into the Pa-\\ncific, but took a Southerly course, and having been dis-\\nappointed in not finding an outlet to the ocean, their\\nprovisions being scanty and with few persons to prose-\\ncute their voyage, they resolved on returning and com-\\nmunicating to the Government the result of their dis-\\ncoveries.\\nThey journeyed homewards by the Illinois river, and\\narrived safely at an Indian settlement, now the site of\\nChicago. In passing through this territory, now one of\\nthe most populous and thriving States in the West, they", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 31\\nwere struck with its great natural advantages, with the\\nfertiUty of its soil, the beauty of its scenery, and even\\nwith the plumage of its wild birds. Marquette, in his\\njournal, w^hich has been preserved, says they discov-\\nered the most fertile country in the world, watered by\\nfine rivers, woods, filled with the choicest vinos and\\napple trees, extensive prairies, covered with the buffalo,\\nthe deer, w-ild fowl ofievery description, and eve?! parrots\\nof a particular kind.^ Such w^as the rhapsody in\\nwhich this discoverer of the Mississippi indulged, in his\\ndescription of a country, which at the present day seems\\ndestined to occupy the proud position of being the gran-\\nary of America, which, for its agricultural capabilities\\nand other resources, is the hav^en of .hope to thousands\\nof the bonded slaves of the old world, and where are the\\nhomes and fire-sides of some of the best citizens that\\nAmerica possesses.\\nAll this country was ;then inhabited by the Miamis,\\nthe Mascouteas, or fire worshippers, the Pouteouato-\\nmies and the Kikapous. Allouez and Dablon had al-\\nready visited a portion of it. On his return from the\\nMississippi, Marquette remained with the Miamis, to\\nthe north of the river Illinois. Joliet proceeded imme-\\ndiately to Quebec, to communicate the intelligence of\\nthe discovery to Talon, who, he found, had gone to", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nFrance. Marquette remained two years amongst the\\nMiamis, and in the year 1675 took his departure for\\nMackina, at the head of Lake Michigan. On the jour-\\nney, he disembarked from his canoe at the outlet of a\\nsmall river, on the Eastern side of the Lake, for the pur-\\npose of raising an altar and celebrating mass, after\\nwhich, having requested his companions to wait for him\\na few minutes, they retired to a place at a short distance\\nfrom him, and on their return they found him dead.\\nLike Mesnard and others who had preceded him, the\\ndiscoverer of the Mississippi found his grave in the wilds\\nof the West. He was buried in silence at the outskirts\\nof a forest, near to the spot where he met with his death.\\nHistory does not mention that France rewarded the\\nexertions of its adventurous colonists by any signal\\nmark of distinction. Joliet and his companions were\\nsuffered to remain in obscurity, but if their own coun-\\ntry neglected its faithful servants, the people of America\\nhave erected monuments to their memory in the magnifi-\\ncent cities, towns and villages, which they have dotted\\nover the surface of the country they discovered. Their\\nworks of art and their progress in science will forever\\ndistinguish that section of America, the early discovery\\nof which was owing to the zeal of a French missionary\\nand the intrepidity of a Canadian merchant.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 33\\nThe news of the discovery of the Mississippi created\\na great sensation in the Colony. The boundaries of the\\nAmerican continent, comprising such a vast extent of\\ncountry were then known to extend towards the sea,\\nand although they were satisfied as to the course which\\nthe Mississippi took, they did not doubt that they should\\nfind the ocean to the westward of the territories they\\nhad discovered. These researches had contributed to\\nthe glory of France, they had added lustre to the events\\nof the reign of Louis the Fourteenth, the cause of sci-\\nence had been greatly promoted by the exertions of its\\nnavigators, further scope had been afforded to the\\nstudies of its geographers and naturalists, yet the dis-\\ncoveries were not complete. Until they had traced the\\ncourse of the Mississippi, and had re-commenced the voy-\\nage at the point w%ere Joliet and Marquette abandoned\\nit, and were satisfied that the Mississippi flowed into the\\nGulf of Mexico, it could not be said that they had com-\\npleted their task, in the exploration of the great Ameri-\\ncan continent.\\nIn the year 1667, there emigrated from France to\\nCanada, a young man by the name of Robert Cavalier\\nde La Salle ambitious, intrepid and daring, he came to\\nNew France with a two-fold object in view, that of\\nmaking a fortune and acquiring a brilliant reputation.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nHe had been educated by the Jesuits, under whose care\\nhe had been placed from his infancy. Brought up to\\nthat hfe of austerity and self-denial which was practiced\\nby that religious order, having all the enthusiasm and\\ncourageousness for which they were remarkable, he\\nwanted only the opportunity to distinguish himself and\\nto prove to the world the indomitable courage with\\nwhich he was possessed. With a cultivated mind and\\nenlarged ideas, having a perfect knowledge of human\\nnature, and being acquainted with the character, object\\nand pursuits of the Indian tribes in alliance with France,\\nLa Salle was well qualified for the performance of the\\nmost arduous duty. He listened with attention to Jo-\\nliet s account of his expedition to the Mississippi, his\\nmind was entranced at the glowing descriptions of that\\ntraveller, his heart rebounded with joy at the prospect of\\nthe glory which awaited him, with the glance of au\\neye, he observed the immense field which should occupy\\nhis future labours, his plans were already formed, that\\nproject, on the success of which, he based his ideas of\\nfortune and future reputation, and which he pursued\\nw4th such indomitable energy and such incredible perse-\\nverance, even to the day of his death.\\nHe had come to Canada with the intention of making\\ndiscoveries in the North or West, and epdeavouring to", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\n35\\nfind out a passage to Japan or China, but being poor,\\nand this enterprise requiring considerable means to ena-\\nble any person to undertake it, he remained for several\\nyears in a state of obscurity. At length his talents and\\nenergy struck the attention of the Count de Frontenac,\\nand a new era was dawning upon him.\\nEncouraged by Courcelles and Talon, on his arrival\\nin Canada, he had established a small office [comptoir),\\nwhere he dealt with the Indians, at a place situated\\nabout eight miles from Montreal, to which, it is supposed,\\nthe name of La Chine was given, in satirical allusion to\\nthe folly of his undertaking,, to discover a north-west\\npassage to China. When the news of the discovery of\\nthe Mississippi reached Canada, La Salle was, as before\\nmentioned, at Quebec. Availing himself of the excited\\nstate of the public mind, caused by this event, he com-\\nmunicated his plans to the Count de Frontenac. He\\nflattered himself, that in proceeding towards the source\\nof the newly-discovered river, he might find a passage\\nto the ocean at all events, the discovery of the outlet\\nof the Mississippi would not be attended without glory\\nand advantage to him. Desirous of availing himself, at\\nthe same time, of the opportunity it would afford him to\\nextend his commercial engagements, he wished to be-\\ncome possessed of Fort Frontenac, an important place", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nof business in carrying on the fur trade. Strongly-\\nrecommended by his protector, the Count de Frontenac,\\nhe went to France the Marquis de Seignelay, who had\\nreplaced his father, the great Colbert, as Minister of the\\nMarine, received him well, and granted him all that he\\ndesired. The King of France conferred on him a patent\\nof nobility, conceded to him Fort Frontenac, on con-\\ndition that he should rebuild it in stone, and gave him\\npermission to carry on his commercial pursuits, and con-\\ntinue the discoveries, w^hich had been already commenced.\\nThis concession was equivalent to an exclusive grant to\\ntrade with the Five Nations, and it was highlv advanta-\\ngeous to La Salle.\\nOn the 14th July, 1678, La Salle, animated with\\nlively hopes, and his heart filled with joy, took his de-\\nparture from Rochelle, in France, bringing with him\\nthirty men, mariners and workmen, anchors, sails and\\nother equipments for the vessels, which he intended to\\nbuild, to navigate the Lakes. On his arrival at Quebec,\\nhe left without loss of time for Cataraqui (now Kingston,\\nin Canada West), taking goods with him to traffick with\\nthe Indians. He displayed his usual energy in preparing\\nhis outfit. As early as the 18th November, but four\\nmonths since his departure from France, the first sloop\\nwhich was ever seen on Lake Ontario sailed out of the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 37\\nharbour of Cataraqui, with its sails spread to the breeze,\\nladen with merchandize and the necessary materials to\\nconstruct a fort and a vessel of larger size at Niagara,\\nwhere he intended to establish another trading post for\\ntrafficking with the Indians.\\nThis first voyage on the waters of Lake Ontario was\\nattended with success. When they arrived at the head\\nof the Lake, the Indians were struck with astonishment\\nat the appearance of the vessel, they gazed with admi-\\nration at its structure, its equipments, and the skilful\\nmanner in which it was navigated. Great as was their\\nastonishment, it did not surpass that of the Europeans at\\nthe sight of the stupendous Cataract of Niagara they\\nhad heard from a distance the sound of its waters, rush-\\ning over a precipice of one hundred and sixty feet in\\nheight, and as they approached the Falls, they realized\\nwhat they had never pictured in their imagination,\\nthey gazed with wonder at the sight of a river, rushing\\nover such a precipice into the foaming abyss below, and\\nthey were startled at the view of this new feature in\\nthe scenery of the great Western World.\\nLa Salle caused the cargo of the sloop to be disem-\\nbarked and transported to the head of Lake Erie, where\\nhe commenced the construction of a fort and a vessel\\nBut v/hilst the savages observed the progress of the fort\\n4", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\ntowards its completion, they began to fear and to mur-\\nmur. In order not to excite the hatred of these barba-\\nrians, La Salle contented himself with converting it into\\na dwelling, surrounded by simple palisades, w^hich he\\nintended to use for a store. In the winter, a workhouse\\nwas erected at some distance above the Falls, for the\\npurpose of enabling him to complete the vessel of sixty\\ntons, which he was about building. This work w^as ex-\\necuted under the immediate superintendence of the Che-\\nvalier de Tonti, and as this nobleman was the first ar-\\nchitect of a vessel to ply on the waters of Lake Erie,\\nhis name and services should not be forgotten. He had\\nbeen recommended to La Salle by the Prince de Condi\\nan Italian by birth, he had in his youth engaged in the\\nSicilian w^ars, and had the misfortune to lose one of his\\nhands from the bursting of a shell, Avhich he supplied\\nby an iron hand, which he usually covered with a glove.\\nFrom this circumstance, the savages feared him a great\\ndeal, and gave him the appellation of the iron-arm M\\nDe Tonti. He ^vas very useful to La Salle, to w^hom\\nhe was always sincerely attached. There was a w^ork\\npublished under his name, on the History of Louisiana,\\nwhich he afterwards disavowed.\\nThe activity of La Salle increased as the realization\\nof his designs became the more probable. In the win-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 39\\nter, he sent De Tonti and the Franciscan Hennepin, since\\ncelebrated for the publication of his travels in America,\\nas an embassy to the Iroquois, whom he wished to enlist\\nin favor of his enterprise he himself afterwards visited\\nthem, as w^ell as many other nations, wdth whom he\\nwashed to establish commercial relations.\\nLa Salle was the first European who founded Nia-\\ngara, and built a vessel on Lake Erie. He called it the\\nGriffon, after the name of a ravenous wild bird,\\ncommon in that country. The vessel was launched in\\nthe river Niagara, in the year 1679, in the midst of gen-\\neral rejoicings amongst the French, the discharge of ar-\\ntillery, and the singing of the Te Deum, not how^ever\\nwithout the expression of the superstitious belief of the\\nsavages, who, on seeing the vessel sailing on the w^ater\\nexclaimed Otkon^^ Otkon^ significant of their as-\\ntonishment at what the French could do, and implying\\nthat they were extraordinary spirits.\\nOn the seventh of August of the same year, the\\nGriffon, armed wdth seven pieces of artillery, laden with\\narms, food and merchandize, and carrying thirty-two\\nmen and two missionaries, entered Lake Erie, in the\\nmidst of the thunder of the artillery and musketry, the\\nsound of w^hich w^as re-echoed back from the long\\nranges of forest, on the borders of the Lake. La Salle,", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\ntriumphing over the envy of his enemies and the almost\\ninsurmountable obstacles to his enterprise, arrived safely,\\nafter a few days passage, at Detroit, the sight of which\\nwas pleasing to his companions. They were delighted\\nwith the appearance of the country, and stood for hours\\nadmiring the beauty of the scenery, in this favorite lo-\\ncality. Those, says Hennepin, who will have the\\nhappiness to possess at a future day, the lands of this\\nagreeable and fertile country, will be under lasting obli-\\ngations to those travellers, who first showed them the\\nway and crossed over Lake Erie, after a hundred leagues\\nof dangerous navigation. The words of this intelli-\\ngent traveller have become true, the people of America\\nowe a debt of the deepest gratitude to all, who were\\ninstrumental in discovering this fertile country, and res-\\ncuing it from the aboriginal tribes, who first occupied it.\\nThe normal occupiers of the soil were at first repulsed\\nby the genius and the energy of their French invaders,\\nit was afterwards left to the valour and achievements of\\nAmerican soldiers to expel them from their strongholds,\\nin order to make way for that progressive civilization,\\nwhich Providence had ordained should take place in the\\nwilds of the West.\\nOn the 23d of August, La Salle after passing through\\na small Lake, opposite Detroit, to which he gave the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 41\\nname of St. Clair, entered Lake Huron and arrived in\\nfive days at Michilimackinac, having been exposed to a\\nviolent hurricane, on the voyage. On his arrival at this\\ntrading-post, the Indians ran away from fright, on see-\\ning the vessel on the water, carrying its large white\\nsails, and approaching towards them when they heard\\nthe noise of the cannon, it was with difficulty they could\\nbe restrained from launching forth into the most violent\\nexpressions of terror and consternation.\\nThe French Chief, dressed in a scarlet mantle, orna-\\nmented with gold lace, and followed by a guard of armed\\nmen, disembarked from the Griifon, to hear h ^b mass\\ncelebrated in the chapel of the Ottawas; he was re-\\nceived with every mark of distinction, and the Indians,\\nin a short time, became reconciled to the strangers and\\njoined in rendering them homage.\\nThe Griffon proceeded on its voyage, and in the early\\npart of the month of September, cast anchor in the Bay\\ndes Puans, on the western shore of Lake Michigan.\\nThis was the destination of the travellers, so far as they\\ncould proceed by water, and make use of their vessel.\\nLa Salle had come to this trading post, to collect the\\nfurs, which had been brought here from the interior, and\\nhaving laden the Griffon with them, he despatched her\\nfor Niagara, with the richest cargo that had yet been\\n4*", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nborne, on the waters of Lake Erie. The Griffon sailed\\non the 18th of September and was never afterwards\\nheard of. The loss amounted to not less than fifty or\\nsixty thousand francs, and was seriously felt by La\\nSalle, who had intended to dispose of these furs and dis-\\ncharge his pecuniary obligations in Canada.\\nLa Salle, after the departure of his vessel, continued\\nhis route as far as the village of Saint Joseph, on the\\nborders of Lake Michigan, whither, according to his di-\\nrections, the Griffon was to return, after its arrival from\\nNiagara. He was accompanied by several men of dif-\\nferent trades, with arms and merchandize. Having\\nreached this village, he erected a house and fort in its\\nneighbourhood, for the safety of his effects, and also to\\nserve as a retreat for his men. He gave it the name of\\nFort Miami. This fortification was raised on the sum-\\nmit of a hill in the form of a triangle, watered on two\\nsides by a river known as the Miami,* and defended on\\nthe other, by a deep ravine. He carefully surveyed the\\nentry of the river, in the expectation of the return of\\nhis vessel, on the safety of which, depended in a great\\nmeasure, the success of his enterprise and the probability\\nThere were several small streams, marked on the old Charts, to\\nwhich the name of Miami was given. The writer believes this to have\\nbeen the river Chicago.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 43\\nof his speedily entering on the prosecution of his dis-\\ncoveries. He sent two experienced men to Machilimack-\\ninac to pilot it up the Lake, but having waited a con-\\nsiderable time, and hearing no accounts, he began to\\nappi ehend that some accident had happened to her.\\nAlthough he was disconcerted at this unexpected delay,\\nthe winter being near at hand, he resolved on making\\nan excursion amongst the Illinois, and leaving ten men\\nto guard the fort, he left, accompanied by De Tonti,\\nHennepin, with two missionaries and about thirty fol-\\nlowers. He followed the course of the river known\\nthen as the Miami, and after considerable fatigue and\\ndanger, arrived towards the end of December, in an In-\\ndian village, situated on the borders of the river Illinois,\\nin that section of the country, which at the present day,\\nbears that name. The tribe was absent on the hison\\nchase, and the village completely deserted.\\nThe French descended the river and did not meet with\\nthe Illinois Indians, until they arrived at Lake Peoria,\\ncalled Pimiteoni by Hennepin, where there was a nu-\\nmerous assemblage of them. These savages, being of\\na quiet and peaceable disposition, received them with\\ngenerous hospitality and rubbed their legs, (according\\nto the custom of the tribe, with strangers, who had", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\ncome from a distance) with bear s grease and the grease\\nof wild bulls, which they considered had a wonderful\\neffect in restoring activity to limbs that had become tor-\\npid, from a long march in the forest. La Salle made\\nthem presents and contracted a friendly alliance with\\nthem. It was, with great pleasure, that that nation un-\\nderstood, that the French had come to establish colonies\\nin their territory. Like the Hurons, they were exposed\\nto the invasions of the Iroquois the French would there-\\nfore be powerful allies, to resist with them the encroach-\\nments of their artful and relentless enemies, whilst in\\ntheir turn. La Salle could reckon on them, as his best\\nand most faithful friends. Thus an alliance was pro-\\nposed and accepted between these untutored savages and\\ntheir European brethren, which had the most salutary\\nconsequences, and was as lasting, as any which they\\nwere able to contract with these roving savages, in the\\nAmerican forest. The Illinois made their cabins in a\\npeculiar manner, they were constructed of the bark of\\ntrees, doubled and sewed together to make them more\\ndurable. They were of large stature, strong, robust,\\nskilful in the use of the bow and arrow, but some\\nFrench wTiters represent them as a wandering, idle\\npeople, having no courage, guided by no moral re-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 45\\nstraints, and without any respect for their Chiefs. They\\nwere not acquainted with the use of fire-arms, when the\\nFrench first came amongst them.\\nAlready, La Salle s men began to murmur and said,\\nthat as they had heard no news of the Griffon, that\\nvessel must have been lost, many of them became dis-\\ncouraged and six deserted during the night. His under-\\ntaking, which at the commencement was begun under\\nsuch favorable auspices, was now threatened with an un-\\ntoward result. What was he to do For some time he\\nhad met with almost insurmountable obstacles, his men\\nwere deserting him, and others who remained were only\\ninduced to do so, by the promise of their return to Can-\\nada in the spring, should circumstances not be more fa-\\nvorable to them. In this emergency, and in order to\\noccupy the minds of the men and arouse them from the\\nstate of lethargy, into which they had thrown them-\\nselves, he resolved on employing them, in the erection\\nof a Fort, on a height of land, which he found at a\\nshort distance from the Lake, and which he named Fort\\nCrevecoeur, or the Fort of the Broken-heart, to in-\\ndicate his evil destiny and the anguish and remorse, un-\\nder which his mind laboured. There is a spot, w^hich\\nbears also this name in the State of Missouri, it may\\nhave probably been the scene of other disasters to some", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nof these hardy adventurers, for if they did not leave\\ntheir bones to bleach on the sands of the forest, at least\\nmany of them returned broken-hearted to their homes,\\nafter having endured all the pangs of want and misery,\\nwithin the recesses of this newly-discovered country.\\nLa Salle gave orders for the construction of a boat\\nto descend the Mississippi, and whilst the men were oc-\\ncupied in completing these works, becoming impatient\\nat hearing no news of the Griffon, and being in want of\\nmaterials to construct his boat, he adopted the almost\\ndesperate resolution of returning on foot to Fort Fron-\\ntenac, a distance of twelve or fifteen hundred miles, in\\norder to procure the means of prosecuting his voyage.\\nBefore his departure, he instructed Hennepin when he\\nreached the Mississippi, to ascend that river, as high as\\npossible, towards its source, and examine the tract of\\ncountry to the North, and after having given the com-\\nmand of the Fort to De Tonti, he himself commenced\\nhis long journey for Cataraqui, on the second of March,\\n1680, armed with a musket, and accompanied by four\\nFrenchmen and an Indian.*\\nCharlevoix, in following the description given under the name of\\nDe Tonti, has fallen into several errors, respecting La Salle s expedi-\\ntion to the River Illinois, which may be easily detected. Hennepin,\\nan ocular witness, is the best authority in these matters, corroborated", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 47\\nHennepin had left Fort Crevecoeur, on the 29th of\\nFebruary he descended the Illinois river, as far as the\\nMississippi, travelled about the country, and afterwards\\nascended the river, as high as the Falls of Saint An*\\nthony, and fell into the hands of the Sioux. During\\nhis captivity, these barbarians amused themselves, in\\nmaking him write several words of their language,\\nwhich he had begun to study. They said it was only\\nputting black upon white, and when they saw him con-\\nsult the vocabulary, which he had written of the terms\\nof their peculiar language, they remarked amongst them-\\nselves, that white thing must be a spirit, as it teaches\\nhim to understand all that we say. It is a singular\\nfact, but one, which we see recorded on the pages of al-\\nmost every work, on the aboriginal tribes of America,\\nthat whatever appeared to them, as out of the ordinary\\ncourse of things, they immediately attributed it to the\\nagency of a spirit, thus testifying to their belief in su-\\nas many of his statements are, by the Letters and relations of Father\\nZenobe Mambre. See his Premier etablissement de la For,\\nDANS LA NouvELLE FRANCE. Many English writers, who follow\\nCharlevoix, have been incorrect in their descriptions of this voyage.\\nThe description as given in the text, approaches nearest towards the\\ncorrect one.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\npernatural agency, and possibly, as some may suppose,\\nin the existence of a Divinity.\\nAt the expiration of several months, the savages per-\\nmitted the three French captives to return amongst\\ntheir companions, after exacting a promise from them,\\nthat they should come back the following year. One\\nof the chiefs traced the route, which they should follow\\non a piece of bark, and this map, says Hennepin, was\\nas useful to them, as if they had had a compass to guide\\nthem in their travels. They reached the mission at\\nLake Michigan by the river Wisconsin, which flows into\\nthe Mississippi and Fox river, which runs to the East-\\nward.\\nSuch was the expedition of Hennepin, who was the\\nfirst traveller, who ventured as high up the river, as the\\nFalls of Saint Anthony, and was the first to discover\\nthat the Missouri was a large river, running through\\nthat tract of country which now bears its name. On\\nhis return, as he approached the river Wisconsin, where\\nit joins the Mississippi, he was astonished to meet with\\na number of traders, conducted by a man of the name\\nof De Luth, who had been travelling for some time, in\\nthat distant region.\\nWhilst Hennepin was exploring the Upper Mississippi,", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 49\\nLa Salle s affairs grew worse at Crevecoeur, where De\\nTonti was in command. But in order to understand the\\nnature of the difficulties which surrounded him^ and the\\nalmost insurmountable obstacles he had to contend with,\\nwe must take a glance at his position in Canada, where\\nhis enemies were at work to undermine his projects.\\nSome English writers, in describing La Salle s charac-\\nter, have been guilty of imputing the most sordid mo-\\ntives to him, in prosecuting his discoveries, but cotem-\\nporaneous French writers have done justice to him, in\\nbelieving, that he was actuated by a love of science and\\na desire to promote the amelioration of his race. On\\nhis arrival in Canada, as I have already remarked,\\nwithout fortune, but with great ambition and the strong-\\nest recommendations to persons in authority, whose\\nfriendship he cultivated, he very soon became an object\\nof special favour with many who were acquainted with\\nhim, whilst his projects, connected with the discovery\\nand colonization of the country, being looked upon\\nwith disfavor by others, and especially by the traders,\\n(fraitans,) excited their envy and jealousy. They\\nthought, that the exclusive grant, which La Salle had\\nobtained from the Count de Frontenac, would interfere\\nwith their business and prevent them from trading in\\nfurs, in the West, and they availed themselves of every\\n5", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "so HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\noccasion that presented itself, to thwart his projects.\\nThere were two classes of persons, whose enmity he had\\nincurred, the merchants and the coureurs de bois, or\\nsmall traders, who travelled in the woods, to deal with\\nthe Indians. Whilst he was at Crevecoeur, on the\\nIllinois, awaiting news of the safe arrival of the Grif-\\nfon, his creditors in Cataraqui seized every thing he had\\nleft behind him, in payment of his debts, and thus in-\\njured his credit with those persons, who might have been\\nof service to him, and on the other hand, the coureurs\\nde hoisy or small traders, were doing every thing in their\\npowder to predispose the savages against him, and to in-\\nduce his men to desert from his employment, so that his\\nenterprise might fail.* They excited the Iroquois and\\nMiamis to take up arms against the Illinois, his allies,\\nand lost no opportunity to injure him in the estimation of\\nFrom the works of Le Clerc and Zenobe Mambre, two French\\nauthors of that period.\\nThis enterprise, which ought to have been sustained by all those\\npersons, who were inclined to act for the Glory of God and the ser-\\nvice of the King, was almost frustrated by the bad feelings which\\nthey had created in the minds of the Hurons,the Ottawa s of the Isles,\\nand neighbouring nations, with whom La Salle had dealings. He found\\nthe fifteen men, whom he had sent in the Spring of 1679, to Crevecoeur,\\npredisposed against him and seduced from his service a part of his\\nproperty was dissipated, and De Tonti, far from being able to deal", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 51\\nthe other tribes. Nothing could equal the activity of\\nthese traders; they hated La Salle in consequence of the\\nmonopoly of the fur trade, which the Count de Fronte-\\nnac had granted to him, and were determined, if possible\\nto drive him out of the country. They w^ere constantly\\nat his heels, or to use the language of the old French\\nwriters, Us le suivaient a la piste, they secretly insinu-\\nated to the savages the most serious charges against him,\\nand interposed every obstacle against the accomplishment\\nof his designs. To this opposition in the interior of the\\ncountry, were united the intrigues of the English, who\\nwere beginning to regard with a jealous eye, the discov-\\neries and spirit of aggrandizement of the French, in the\\nWest they therefore sent secret embassies to encourage\\nthe Iroquois to declare war against their French allies,\\nin the valley of the Mississippi.\\nSuch were the disadvantages under which LaSalle la-\\nboured, and it is not surprising that having to contend\\nagainst such numerous and powerful foes, he was unable\\nto execute but a part of the plans, he had at first contem-\\nsatisf actorily with the neighbouring tribes, was very much inclined to\\ndoubt their fidelity.\\nOther writers give different versions of De Tonti s conduct, but how-\\never their statements may differ, there can be no do ibt, that La Salle s\\naffairs at Crevecoeur, were at this period, far from being in a satisfac-\\ntory condition.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nplated it was quite enough to be obliged to overcome\\nthe obstacles^ which everywhere surrounded him in push-\\ning his discoveries in the West, he w^as totally unpre-\\npared for the opposition he met with in a quarter, where\\nhe least expected it.\\nHowever, De Tonti, who had been placed in charge\\nof Fort Crevecoeur, lost no time in visiting the encamp-\\nment of the Illinois and assuring himself of their friendly\\nassistance. Having been informed, that the Iroquois\\nwished to join the Miamis in an attack on them, he has-\\ntened to instruct his new allies, in the use of fire-arms,\\nso that they might be on a footing of equality with these\\nnations, amongst whom musketry had been lately intro-\\nduced. He also show^ed them the manner of fortifying\\ntheir position, by erecting palisades, and built a Fort, on\\na rock, two hundred feet in height, protected by a river at\\nits base. H-e was occupied with these labors, w^hen nearly\\nall the men, whom he had left at Fort Crevecoeur, be-\\ncomins: disheartened at the unfavorable turn which mat-\\nters had taken, robbed the ammunitions and stores and\\ndeserted.\\nThere was no longer room for doubt, La Salle s en-\\nemies had succeeded inarming the five nations, who ap-\\npeared on a sudden, in the month of September 1680,\\nin the territory occupied by the Illinois and threw that", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 53\\nweak and peaceable people into the greatest consternation.\\nThis invasion exposed the French to eonsitlerable danger.\\nDe Tonti hastened to interfere, and a truce was effected,\\nbut the Iroquois, observing the fear into which tliey had\\nthrown the Illinois, did not allow it to be of long dura-\\ntion they committed the most frightful ravages, dug up\\ntheir dead, devastated their fields, and destroyed their\\nhabitations. The Illinois retreated beyond the Missis-\\nsippi, roamed over the forest in scattered bands, in order\\nto evade the vigilance of the Iroquois, and left the French,\\nin the midst of their enemies. De Tonti, havinof with\\nhim but five men rmd two Recollets,* resolved to aban-\\ndon the country. The remnants of this small colony left\\nFort Crevecoeur, in a bark canoe, without provisions and\\ndepending on the chase for food, during their journey\\nhomewards.\\nWhilst they were descending the north side of Lake\\nMichigan, La Salle was proceeding along the south shore,\\nwith a reinforcement of men, and materials for the con-\\nstruction of his vessel. He^ therefore, found no person at\\nthe Fort, which he had established on the river Illinois.\\nThis made him lose another year, which he spent in trav-\\nelling amongst the neighbouring tribes he visited a great\\nAn order of Priesthood.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nnumber of the savages, amongst others, the Outagamis,\\nand the Miamis, whom he succeeded in drawmg away\\nfrom their alliance wuth the five nations, who, it seems,\\nafter the departure of De Tonti, had driven a part of the\\nIllinois Indians, amongst the Osage tribe, heyond the\\nMississippi. He afterwards returned .to Cataraqui and\\nMontreal, to put his aifairs in order, which needed all\\nhis attention. He had suffered considerable losses.\\nHowever, he succeeded in maMno- a settlement with his\\ncreditors, to w^hom he gave permission to carry on trade\\nin those immense possessions which had been granted to\\nhim by the Count de Frontenac, and received from them\\nA vessel laden with twenty two theusand livres worth of goods\\nBufFered shipwreck, in the gulf of Saint Lawrence-; several bark ca-\\nnees ascending the Saint Lawrence, from Montreal to Fort Frontenac\\nv^ve losl in the rapids. He said, that with the exception of the Count\\nde Frontenac, it seemed to him, that all Canada had conspired against\\nhis enterprise;; that they had seduced his men, whom he had brought\\nwith him from France, of whom part had run away from him with\\nhis goods, through New Holland, and that with regard to theCanadians,\\nwho had come with him, that they had found means to disgust them,\\nand detach them from his service. In all his misfortunes, says a\\nmissionary, I have never remarked in him the slightest change, al-\\nways appearing perfectly calm and self-possessed, and I observed, he\\nwas more resolved than ever, to continue his work and prosecute his\\ndiscoveries.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 55\\nin return, further advances to prosecute his discoveries.\\nHe abandoned the extensive plan he had projected, of es-\\ntablishing forts and colonies, at the different points on his\\nroute, towards the sea. Apprehensive of further embar-\\nrassments, he even gave up the idea of constructing a ves-\\nsel and availed himself of the Indian bark canoes, to pro-\\nceed on his voyage.\\nHe took his departure accompanied by De Tonti, and\\nFather Mambre, twenty-four Frenchmen, and eighteen\\nsavages of the Wolf and Abenaquis tribes, the bravest in\\nAmerica, and reached the Mississippi, on the 6th of Feb-\\nruary 1682.\\nLike Marquette, he followed the course of the great\\nriver, without stopping to survey the adjoining country.\\nHe was enchanted with the mildness of the climate and\\nthe beauty of the scenery along the shores of the Missis-\\nsippi, that feeling of sadness which had before subdued\\nhim, gradually wore off, and as his prospects became\\nbrighter, his ideas of fortune and future greatness again\\nreturned to him. He saw the Arkansas and other tribes,\\nvisited by Marquette and as he drew near the South,\\nmet with a number of other nations, such as the Chica-\\nsas, the Taensas, the Chactas, and the Natchez, rendered\\nso celebrated by the writings of Chateaubriand, and other\\ntravellers. Being obliged to stop several times, he did", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nnot arrive at the outlet of the river, until the ninth of\\nApril, when he first saw the Ocean, spreading its w^ide\\nwaters around that beautifjil country, rendered so pleas-\\ning by its warm, tropical climate. Like Marquette, and\\nthe other travellers, who had preceded him, he gave vent\\nto the liveliest feelings of emotion, a cry of enthusiasm\\nand of triumph was wrung from his heart, at length he\\nhad reached the point of his destination, the object of his\\nmost anxious desires for years had been attained, he stood\\non that soil, w^hich he claimed as a noble conquest for\\nhis country. He solemnly took possession of that part\\nof the valley of the Mississippi for France, and gave it\\nthe name of Louisiana, in honor of Louis the Fourteenth,\\nof which New Orleans, the capital, w^as founded by one\\nof the countrymen of La Salle.\\nThus the discovery of the Mississippi was completed\\nby the French, from the Falls of Saint Anthony to the\\nsea, a distance of more than eighteen hundred miles.\\nLa Salle then retraced his steps and despatched Mam-\\nbre to France, to render an account to the King of the\\nresult of the voyage. This Franciscan monk embarked\\non board of a vessel, w hich had been sent from France\\nto Canada to brino; back the Count de Frontenac, and\\nwhich sailed from Quebec, on the seventeenth of Novem-\\nber. La Salle himself remained the following summer,", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 57\\nand winter, amongst the Illinois, and in the vicinity of\\nLake Michicran to form new establishments and trade\\nwith the Indians. Having afterwards heard of the evil\\ndisposition towards him of the new Governor M. de la\\nBarre, he resolved to go to France, to counteract the ef-\\nfects of the report which that functionary had sent to the\\nGovernment, relatively to his discoveries in the West.\\nDe la Barre had written to the Ministry, that it was ow-\\ning to the imprudence of La Salle, that war had been de-\\nclared by the Five nations against the French, and that\\nthe Colony might be attacked, before he had time to\\nplace it in a state of defence he wrote again after the\\ndiscovery of the outlet of the Mississippi, that Mambre,\\nwho had just arrived in Quebec, to go to Europe, would\\nnot communicate anything to him about La Salle s ex-\\npedition, that he did not believe, that much faith could\\nbe attached to what the Franciscan said, and that La\\nSalle himself appeared to have ulterior designs in view,\\nwhich could not meet with their approval, that he was\\nin the vicinity of the Bay of Lake Michigan, with about\\ntwenty vagabonds, French and savages, where he set his\\nSovereign at defiance, pillaged and robbed the people of\\nhis nation, exposed them to the incursions of the Iroquois,\\nand made use of all this violence, under the pretext, that", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "SB\\nHISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nhe alone was entitled to the right to trade with the In-\\ndians, in the countries, which he had discovered.\\nFrom these false representations, made by the Gover-\\nnor to the French Ministry, followed by the seizure of\\nForts Frontenac and St. Louis in Illinois, La Salle left\\nQuebec, in the month of November 1683, to repair to\\nFrance, for the purpose of laying his case before the\\nFrench Ministry and proving his fidelity to the Crown.\\nLa Salle s arrival in France was most opportune. It\\nwas at the period, when Louis the Fourteenth, was at the\\nheight of his glory, and was acknowledged as the most\\npowerful Prince in Christendom. The Conqueror of com-\\nbined Europe, he had dictated terms to the vanquished,\\nat the Congress of Nimegue, in 1678. Everything seem-\\ned to favor the designs of this ambitious monarch. The\\ndiscovery of the Mississippi lent additional interest to the\\nevents of his reign, and whilst he rejoiced at the glory,\\nwhich he had acquired in arms, he was not insensible to\\nthat, which he had gained, as being the Monarch, under\\nwhose reign, La Salle had been able to do so much for the\\npromotion of science. It was not, therefore, surprising,\\nthat La Salle s enemies were thwarted in their designs to\\ninjure him, and that he himself was received with great fa-\\nvor, by his sovereign, as being the discoverer of the out-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "OF TIIZ MISSISSIPPI. 59\\nlet of the Mississippi, and the one, who had procured\\nfor him this new acquisition of territory.\\nAlthough Colbert had descended to the grave, the im-\\npulse which he had given to commerce, to industry and\\ncolonization had survived him, and the French people\\nlearnt with a feeling of pride, of the extension of territory\\nin the interior of America. M. de Seignelai, (Colbert s\\nsuccessor) after having held a conference with our trav-\\neller, whom he had with a great deal of interest\\nperceived, that M. de la Barre had been led into error.\\nHe could refuse nothing to La Salle, who had en-\\ndowed France with one of the finest countries in the\\nworld, and the King as w^ell as the Minister, gave him\\npermission to establish colonies in America. Apprecia-\\nting these marks of favor, on the part of his Sovereign,\\nand sensible, how much they w^ould tend to dispel the\\nprejudice, existing against him elsewhere, he set about\\nmaking preparations for a new enterprise, in which he\\nhad already secured the favourable co-operation of Gov-\\nernment.\\nFerdinand de Soto, the associate of Pizarro, whose\\nname has become renowned in the History of Spain, had\\ndone nothing more in lo39 and 40 than travel over the\\ninterior of the country from Florida to Arkansas. The\\nobject of his expedition was to ascertain, whether there", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nexisted any gold or silver mines, in that section of Ameri-\\nca, and having failed to discover any, he was about re-\\nturning, when he met with his death at Red river in the\\nyear 1542. Moscosa, his Lieutenant, replaced him and\\nmarched with three hundred and fifty men, towards the\\nWest, but on his reaching the mountains, he changed his\\ncourse to the South and embarked on board of a vessel\\nto return to his country. Neither De Soto nor Moscosa\\nhad visited the country, with a view to its colonization,\\nand there is nothing but vague traditions existing of\\ntheir travels, in the southern part of this continent.\\nThere is a work in the Spanish language, written by\\nGarcilasso de la Vega, of which a translation has been\\nmade b^ P. Richelet, entitled History of the Conquest\\nof Florida, by Ferdinand de Soto, but it contains no\\ninformation of the existence of any Colony, established\\nby the Spaniards, in the valley of the Mississippi.*\\nWe have seen the favorable reception, which Louis\\nthe Fourteenth gave La Salle, when in 1683, he informed\\nI\\nThis work was in the Library of the Legislative Assembly in Can-\\nada, which was destroyed by fire, in the month of April 1849. With\\nthe exception of Zenobe Mambre s work, all the works herein men-\\ntioned were found in that collection. The destruction of thai library\\nunequalled by any on this Continent, and as regards its Avorks, on\\nAmerican History, by any throughout the World, was an event which", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\n61\\nhim, that he had lately acquired such a vast accession of\\nterritory, on the American Continent. There were no\\nfavors, which that proud and ambitious monarch did not\\nlavish on the discoverer of the outlet of the Mississippi.\\nHe was received at Court, with all the honors paid to\\nthe princes and nobles of the land, his name was on eve-\\nry one s lips and there was no praise, which he did not\\nreceive. It must have been gratifying to La Salle, when\\nhe remembered the misfortunes of his early days, and\\nall the trials he had gone through, and when he recalled\\nto mind the aspersions of his enemies, to lind himself\\nthe recipient of Royal favors, and the object of the be-\\nnevolence of that monarch, under whose auspices, he had\\nfirst commenced his undertaking. He proposed to Louis\\nthe Fourteenth, to unite Canada with the country, on\\nthe borders of the Gulf of Mexico, and to extend his sov-\\nreignty from the shores of the Saint Lawrence to the\\noutlet of the Mississippi. This project was readily\\ncountenanced by the King, and he gave La Salle instruc-\\ntions to proceed immediately to colonize Louisiana.\\nFour vessels were placed at his disposal the Jolly car-\\nwill forever be deplored. The collector of the works, a gentleman of\\ndistinguished literary attainments, had visited every book-mart in Eu-\\nrope, to attain the object, he had in view.\\n6", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62 HISTORY O? THE VALLEY\\nTying thirty-six cannons, the Belle six cannons, the\\nJlimahle, a vessel of three hundred tons and a transport.\\nTwo hundred and eighty persons embarked on board\\nthese vessels, amongst whom, there were a hundred sol-\\ndiers, mechanics, volunteers, and eight missionaries.\\nOn the 24th July 16S4, this little squadron, under the\\ncommand of M. de Beaujeu, left Rochelle, in France, on\\nits voyage of discovery. Scarcely had they set sail,\\nwhen a mis-understanding arose between de Beaujeu\\nand La Salle. This gave rise, as it would appear, to a\\nlengthened controversy, in w^hich both parties appealed\\nto the French Ministry. Mr. Sparks, in the 11th vol-\\nume of his valuable work, on American Biography, has\\ngiven the substance of De Beaujeu s letter to the au-\\nthorities in France, but as the details of this quarrel\\nwould be uninteresting, they are here passed over.\\nIn consequence of these misunderstandings, it seems,\\nthey committed an error in navigating the vessels and\\nwen4 out of the proper course instead of being at the\\neast, they were far to the west of the outlet of the\\nMississippi, and on the 14th of February 168o, landed\\nin St. Benard s bay, now called Matagorda, in Texas,\\nat a distance of a hundred and tw^enty leagues from the\\nriver, they were in search of. To add to La Salle s dif-\\nficulties, the commander of the Aimable, on entering the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 63\\nbay, struck his vessel on a rock, some authors say de-\\nsignedly,* others accidentally. However this may be,\\nthe JlimahU was shipwrecked and the whole cargo was\\nlost, and La Salle w^as deprived of the use of nearly\\nall his munitions of war, mechanical implements and\\nother articles, which were necessary to commence ope-\\nrations, for the establishment of a colony, in an unculti-\\nvated and distant country. De Beaujeu, instead of pun^\\nishing the Commander, received him on board of his\\nship, to protect him from La Salle s vengeance. There\\nseemed to be a fatality, attending this enterprise from\\nits commencement to its termination. De la Barre s 0|\\nposition to it, followed by the confiscation of La Salle s\\nproperty, the aspersions cast on his character, and the\\ninjury, that was attempted to be done to him in France\\nall was discouraging to him, and when to this was added,\\nthe conduct of jD,e Beaujeu towards him, it certainly ap-\\npeared,, as if the fdies were against the successful com-\\npletion of his projects. Pe Beaujeu endeavored to ag-\\ngravate the hardships of J^a Salle s condition he refused\\nhim all succor or assistance, he would not give him any\\nof the materials, that were on board his vessel to re-\\nplace those, which had been lost, and on the 14th March\\nJoutel JOURNAL HISTORIQUE DU DERNIER VOYAGE PE FEU M. Dj;\\nJLA Salle IN 12mo., paris, 1713.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\n1685, finally abandoned the young Colony, consisting of\\none hundred and eighty persons, on an inhospitable\\nshore, in a distant country, surrounded by savages and\\nexposed to the most imminent danger.\\nThey immediately began to cultivate the ground and\\nto erect a fort, to protect them against the incursions of\\nthe Indians. When it was nearly completed, La Salle\\nascended the Riviere aux Vaches, to a distance of about\\ntwo leagues from the Bay, where he commenced the\\nerection of another Fort, which he called Saint Louis,\\nin honor of the King, who had bestowed on him so\\nmany favors. Placed on a height of land, the view\\nfrom the Fort extended over the whole surroundingr\\ncountry. However, when the buildings were almost fin-\\nished, the people began to complain the grain, which\\nthey had sown became parched from the intensity of the\\nheat, or was destroyed by wild animals from the adjoin-\\ning forest, the mechanics knew but little of their trades,\\nand the works were suspended from the want of men to\\ncomplete them, the people grew exasperated from the\\nevils they suffered and broke out into open mutiny,\\nwhich was only allayed by the interference of Joutel,\\nthe author of the best account, we have, of this unfor-\\ntunate expedition. Some of the men w^ere seized with\\nsickness and died, whilst others^ threatened with a hos-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 6S\\ntile attack from the Indians, complained that La Salle\\ndid not bring them out of the country. He alone of all\\nthe colonists, concealed his fears and never lost that\\nequanimity, for Avhich he was remarkable; in the midst of\\nall his difficulties, he preserved a calm and serene coun-\\ntenance, he never gave vent to a thought, which might\\nhave the effect of discouraging his men, but on the con-\\ntrary, applied himself with assiduity to the completion\\nof the work and was himself foremost in carrying it on.\\nThe resources of his genius seemed to increase with the\\nobstacles he had to surmount, his temper naturally kind\\nto his inferiors, became severe, as it was necessary to\\nrepress their insubordination and he punished the slight-\\nest faults with the greatest rigour. There hardly ever\\nescaped a word of kindness or consolation from his lips,\\ntowards those, who were suffering with the greatest pa-\\ntience. A deep sadness came over the spirits of th,e\\ncolonists. They felt indifferent at every thing that oc-\\ncurred, and disease having again spread its ravages\\namongst them, about thirty of them surrendered life,\\nwithout even a feeling of sorrow. The character of\\nLa Salle contributed greatly to his misfortunes. His\\npride disdained any interference with him. Any other\\nperson less capable, perhaps less just than him, but more\\ninsinuating, might have succeeded where he failed.\\n6*", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\n111 that part of the country, where this colony was\\nestablished (now Texas) the climate was warm, but sal-\\nubriou^, the air pure, the sky serene, and it scarcely\\never rained, extensive plains were seen, divided here and\\nthere, by rivers, lakes, and the most charming rural re-\\ntreats, the palm tree grew in the forests, which were\\nfilled with a species of leopards and tigers, the rivers\\nwere full of crocodiles, twenty feet in length, which\\nchased away the fish, the hissing serpent was concealed\\nbeneath the grass, in the prairies strewed with flow-\\ners, which attracted the attention of the French, and\\na multitude of savage tribes were roving through the\\nforests thus, in the midst of all the allurements of this\\nfine tropical climate, beguiled by the charming prospect\\naround them, they had but to wander from the precincts\\nof their habitations, and they were doomed to meet\\nwith death, where they had hoped to enjoy life.\\nLa Salle resolved to make further exertions, for the\\ndiscovery of the outlet of the Mississippi. He made a\\nvoyage to the Colorado, in which he lost several men,\\nwho were massacred by the Indians or who perished\\nin the shipwreck of the Belle, the only vessel be-\\nlonging to him, which was left after the departure of\\nDe Beaujeu. He made another excursion among the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 67\\nCenis* a tribe in the interior, which was not more suc-\\ncessful, and out of twenty men, who went with him, he\\nbrought back but eight. Owing to sickness, and the\\naccidents, which happened to them, there were also\\nfrightful ravages, amongst his other companions. La\\nSalle proposed to ask for assistance from the inhabit-\\nants of the West India Islands, and to travel about the\\ngulf of Mexico, until he found the Mississippi, but the\\nloss of the Belle frustrated all his plans his resources\\nfailing him every day, and being distant two thousand\\nmiles from the habitations of civilized man, there re-\\nmained no other recourse, but to demand assistance\\nfrom France, by the way of Canada.\\nHe decided to go himself to Illinois, a step which\\nwould certainly have been unadvisable, had not his\\npresence been necessary in Canada, to silence his oppo-\\nnents, who were always ready to cast aspersions on his\\nconduct, whenever success did not attend him. He left\\non the twelfth of January 1687, taking with him seven-\\nteen persons, and leaving twenty at Fort Saint Louis,\\nincluding men, women and children. Thus, at this peri-\\nod, the number of colonists was reduced from one hun-\\nCharlevoix mentions, that the Clamccets were the names of the\\nsavages, who lived on the borders of the sea, whilst the Cenis occu-\\npied the interior.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\ndred and eighty to thirty-seven. A Canadian of the\\nname of Le Barbier was left in command of the Fort.\\nWe separated, says Joutel, one from another, with\\nsuch sorrow and sadness, that it appeared as if we all\\nhad a secret presentiment, we should never see each\\nother again.\\nThe journey was slow and painful. On the sixteenth\\nof March, whilst they were yet, on, one of the tributa-\\nries of Trinity river, a sanguinary tragedy occurred,\\nwhich seemed to complete the misfortunes, which had\\nalready befallen this ill-fated expedition. Some of the\\nmen who accompanied La Salle, at the head of whom\\nwas Duhaut, being separated from the rest, had a quar-\\nrel with La Salle s nephe\\\\v., named Moragnet dishear-\\ntened at their losses and privations, and incensed at the\\ninsolence of this man, they determined to kill him, and\\nto dispatch at the same time his two companions, in case\\nthey should disclose their participation in the offence.\\nBut they had no sooner committed this triple assassina-\\ntion, than fearing the justice of La Salle, and carried\\naway by their propensity to commit crime, they thought\\ntheir vengeance would not be satisfied, as long as that\\nChief lived his death was therefore resolved upon.\\nIn the mean time, La Salle, finding that his nephew did\\nnot return, a suspicion flitted across his mind, that", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 69\\nsomething wrong had occurred to him, and he asked, if\\nhe had not had some difficulty with Duhaut. He left\\nimmediately to go and meet him. The conspirators\\nhaving ohserved him coming at a distance, loaded their\\nguns, crossed the river, and concealed themselves in the\\nbrushwood, lying in wait for him. The latter, on ap-\\nproaching their place of concealment, observed two ea-\\ngles, flying over his head, as if they were in the neigh-\\nborhood of some prey he fired his gun. One of the\\nconspirators came forth from his hiding place and on\\nLa Salle s approaching him, he asked him w^here was\\nhis nephew Whilst he was giving a vague reply, a\\nball struck La Salle in the head, and he fell mortally\\nwounded, without saying a word. The missionary An-\\nastasc who was near him, feared that he w^ould undergo\\nthe same fate. La Salle lived about an hour after he\\nhad been wounded, and in shaking hands with Anastase,\\n\\\\vho was on his knees near him, indicated to him, that\\nhe understood the words, which that pious missionary\\nwas addressing to him. He was buried on the spot,\\nwhere he was killed, in the midst of the forest, by that\\ngood Priest, who planted a cross over his grave, in mem-\\nory of one, who had been to him a good friend and a\\nkind companion. Mr. Sparks places the scene of this\\nbloody drama, on the borders of one of the tributaries", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nof the river Brazos, whilst other writers say, it occur-\\nred in the vicinity of Trinity river.\\nThe murderers laid hold of everything they could\\nfind and proceeded on their journey some of their\\ncompanions with their hearts overburdened with grief,\\nothers with the deepest remorse and disquietude. The\\nassassins soon became disunited, and in a quarrel, which\\nthey had, respecting the division of the property, Du-\\nhaut and the Surgeon Liotot, the two chief conspirators,\\nmet with their death from a pistol shot, fired at them by\\ntheir companions. The savages looked with terror on\\nthese sanguinary scenes, perpetrated in the depths of the\\nforest, by those very men, who had come amongst\\nthem to inculcate peaceful doctrines, and to teach\\nthem, how sinful it was to imbrue their hands in hu-\\nman blood. Soon after the commission of this last\\ncrime, they separated. All those who were compromis-\\ned in the murder, remained amongst the Indians, whilst\\nthe others to the number of seven, viz Joutel, Anas-\\ntase, the Cavaliers, uncle and nephew, and three others,\\ncontinued their journey, as far as Illinois, where they\\narrived at Fort Saint Louis, on the fourteenth of Sep-\\ntember 1687.\\nHowever sad was the fate of La Salle and his com-\\npanions, the small colony, that had remained, at Saint", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 71\\nBernard s Bay, met with even more dreadful disasters.\\nA few days after La Salle left, the savages suddenly at-\\ntacked the fort, and massacred all the inhabitants, with\\nthe exception of five. They had suffered all the pangs\\nof want and hunger, they had been exposed to the at-\\ntacks of hordes of ruthless savages, and gladly welcom-\\ned death, as the means of averting their misery. The\\nfive persons, who escaped, fell into the hands of the\\nSpaniards two or three of them were sent to the mines\\nof Mexico and the others, young men named Talon,\\nwere taken under the protection of the Vice-Roy of that\\ncountry, and treated by him, with every mark of kind-\\nness. When they arrived at the age of manhood, they\\nwere placed in the Spanish Navy, and after several en-\\ngagements, in which they distinguished themselves, re-\\nturned to France, their native country.\\nSuch was the unfortunate issue of an expedition\\nwhich had inspired the greatest hopes, and which would\\nhave probably succeeded, had they confined themselves\\nto promoting the objects they had in view at the estab-\\nlishment, where they were at first located, without di-\\nrecting their attention elsewhere. Texas is one of the\\nfinest and most fertile Countries in the world, but La Salle\\nhere committed the same error he had fallen into, in Cana-\\nda, that of being accompanied by too many persons, in his", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nexpeditions. The ruin of St. Louis, was- the necessary\\nconsequence of the disasters, which befel this party.\\nIn order to promote its success. La Salle ought to have\\nremained in his young Colony and given encouragement\\nto settlements and the arts of agriculture. Some authors\\nreproach him for having lost sight of his first designs,\\nin order to attempt the discovery of the fabulous mines\\nof Sainte Barbe but there is nothing in Joutel, nor in\\nZenobe Mambre,* which would justify this assertion.!\\nIt would appear, that the genius of this celebrated\\ntraveller was more adapted to establish a great commer-\\ncial empire in those distant countries, than to found an\\nagricultural colony. There was something grand and\\nmajestic in his ideas, and the plans, which he submitted\\nto Louis the Fourteenth, were based on exact and\\nChristian Le Clere First establishment of the Faith in New\\nFrance.\\nf On the contrary, instead of approaching the Spaniards, he went\\nfarther from them. We read in Zenobe Mambre s work, It was\\nhere, that La Salle changed his route from the North-East to the\\nEast, for reasons, which he does not give us, and which we have nev-\\ner been able to penetrate. The Mississippi was to the East of him.\\nThere must be some error in this account from Zenobe Mambre, the\\nwords from North East to the East, ought perhaps to be read\\nFrom North East to the West. His error consisted in not going\\nto the East, where he would have discovered the outlet of the river.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 73\\nprofound calculations he was the precursor of Du-\\npleix.\\nI have enlarged more on the result of this unfortu-\\nnate expedition, because it serves as a prelude to that,\\nwhich was afterwards undertaken in Louisiana. The\\nstudent of American history owes a tribute of respect to\\nthe memory of a man, who sacrificed his fortune and\\nhis life, in the cause of French colonization in America,\\nfor if he did not establish, he at least greatly accelera-\\nted the establishment of Louisiana, now the abode of so\\nmany of his countrymen, and one of the most flourish-\\ning parts of the Union. Every day adds also to the in-\\nterest which is taken in the history of the fathers of the\\nNew World. As this Continent becomes more inhabit-\\ned, as these ancient colonies, once so poor, so humble in\\ntheir origin, are changed into States, into independent\\nRepublics, the names of their founders acquire increased\\ncelebrity, and their actions may be regarded as the land-\\nmarks of history, behind which there is so much to\\ninterest the student in his researches for information,\\nconcerning the early discovery of this part of America.\\nThe foundation of a Colony in Louisiana, like that of\\nCanada, and the other French possessions in America\\nwas doomed to be accompanied by many vicissitudes\\nand misfortunes. The experience of a century had not", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nchanged the policy of the government, the large and\\ncomprehensive principles of Colbert were forgotten,\\neven at the time, when it was first contemplated to found\\nthis establishment, and the penury of a nearly exhaus-\\nted treasury induced the creating of a monopoly, where\\nthe enterprise ought to have received the attention, for\\nit needed the undivided energies of the Government.\\nFrance, at the present day is attempting to establish a\\nmilitary empire in Africa it might learn a lesson, from\\nits experience in the colonization of this Continent.\\nThere were none of the elements of durability in either\\nthe policy she pursued or the institutions she established\\nin the New World. She placed her foot on American\\nsoil, in the hope of realizing money from the adventure,\\nher objects were to promote commerce and increase her\\nwealth, she thought but little of the means of ensuring\\nhappiness to her children on this Continent. By encour-\\naging the arts of agriculture, she would be giving hope\\nto the Colonists, that they would find a permanent home,\\nin the wilds of America, and this would thwart her\\nschemes for aggrandizing herself, by the monopoly of\\nthe commerce of the New World. She would not give\\nthem liberty, but preferred transplanting to this Conti-\\nnent the germs of that despotism, that was crushing the\\nenergies of her people at home. Hence, her want of", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 75\\nsuccess, in making the Colonists feel a permanent inter-\\nest in the soil, hence, from their love of liberty and\\nfear of despotism they yielded, under the combined influ-\\nence of American valor and patriotism. From the plains\\nof Abraham, in the frigid regions of Canada, to the rice\\nand sugar plantations of Louisiana, there was not an\\ninch of territory, which she was not finally obliged to\\nabandon, although she was the first to enter on the\\nwork of colonization and to obtain a temporary foot-\\nhold in the country.\\nThe war, which was terminated by the Peace of Ris-\\nwick, had engrossed so much of the attention of the\\nFrench, that they did not make any further attempt to\\ncolonize either Texas or Louisiana but several French\\nCanadians, attracted by the beauty and fertility of the\\ncountry, had established themselves during this period,\\nalong the shores of the Atlantic and the Mississippi, and\\nwere the ancestors of many of those wealthy planters\\nand merchants, who are now settled in the City of New\\nOrleans and the surrounding country. They had foun-\\nded establishments in that part of Louisiana, and at Mo-\\nbile, in order to be as near as possible to the French West\\nIndia Islands, whither they resorted for purposes of com-\\nmerce.* But as soon as peace was re-established on a\\nLe Page Dupratz work on America, published in Paris in 1758,", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "76 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nsolid and permanent basis, the French Court bestowed\\nks attention on the affairs of the New World. The\\nSpaniards, who at all times looked upon America, as\\ntheir exclusive patrimony, had regarded La Salle s en-\\nterprise with much envy, and they learned the news of\\nhis death and the dispersion of his companions, without\\nmanifesting any emotion. They knew, it would afford\\nthem the opportunity of taking quiet possession of the\\ncountry and driving away the French for ever. After\\nhaving visited different parts of the coast, for the pur-\\npose of selecting a convenient locality for a settlement,\\nthey established themselves at Pensacola, at the western\\nextremity of Florida, where they had remained for a\\nshort period, before D Iberville arrived.\\nOn his return from Hudson s Bay in 1697, this cele-\\nbrated traveller proposed to the French Ministry, to re-\\nsume the projects, which they had some years before\\ncontemplated, with respect to Louisiana. M. de Pont-\\ncharlrain readily accepted his offer, and gave him two\\nvessels, with which he set sail from Rochefort in France,\\nin the month of October of the following year, and\\nmore successful than La Salle^ he found the outlet\\nof the Mississippi, the search after which had occupied\\na part of the life-time of his predecessor^ Having, on\\nliis return, been named Governor General of that ex-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 77\\ntensive country, he went there in the year 1699, with a\\nnumber of Colonists. He presented himself before Fort\\nPensacola and asked permission to disembark, which the\\nSpaniards refused. He continued his route towards the\\nWest, and in March 1699, entered the mouth of the\\nMississippi, which he ascended to the settlement of the\\nOutmas, a tribe established above the place, now known\\nas Donaldsonville, who delivered to him a letter from\\nDe Tonti, addressed to La Salle, whom he had wished\\nto meet in the fall of 1685.\\nD Iberville returned and disembarked his small colo-\\nny, in the Bay of Biloxi, situated between the river and\\nPensacola. Here, they suffered much from the heat of\\nthe climate, and there was nothing in the appearance of\\nthe country to attract their attention its dry and arid\\nsoil they judged unfit for agriculture and they conclu-\\nded, that D Iberville selected the locality, as being so\\nwell adapted to establish co-mmercial relations with the\\nneighbouring Indians, the Spaniards, the French West\\nIndia Islands and with Europe.\\nOn his return from France, in the year 1700, D Iber-\\nville was apprised that the English, coming from the\\nsea, had appeared in the Mississippi, whilst others com-\\ning by land from Carolina, had advanced as far as the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nterritory of the Chickasas, on the river Yazous.* The\\nattention of this nation was attracted towards Louisiana,\\nby the treasonable conduct of Father Hennepin,! who\\nin dedicating a new edition of his travels in America,\\nto King William the Third, wherein he described La\\nSalle s discoveries as his own, invited that Protestant\\nMonarch to take possession of the country and to prop-\\nagate the Gospel amongst the Indians. J William,\\ntherefore despatched three vessels, laden with Huguenots\\nto commence the colonization of the Mississippi, but\\nD lberville was before-hand with them. They then\\nwent to the Province of Panuca, to concert measures\\nwith the Soaniards to drive awav the French from Bi-\\nloxi. This proceeding was however ineffectual. They\\nmet with hardly any opposition on the part of the Span-\\nThe Carolinas North and South are marked on the old French\\ncharts, as having the Mississippi for their western boundary.\\nt The King of France issued orders to arrest this Monk, if he pre-\\nsented himself in Canada. (Documens de Paris.)\\nThere is a curious passage in the abstract of a Memorial to King\\nWilliam, presenting the claims of the English to a part of the valley\\nof the Mississippi, (to be found in the appendix to Coxe s Coralr.-\\nna, page, 86,) in w^hich the New Englanders claimed a rigjht to the\\nterritory, on the ground of discovery, in the year 1678. Coxe s Cora-\\nlana was published in 1722.\\nUniversal History, XI., 278.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 79\\niards, and from the friendly relations, which subsisted\\nbetween these nations, at the commencement of the cen-\\ntury, the English were foiled in their efforts to bring\\nabo-ut a state of hostility between them.\\nAfter the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, a large\\nnumber of Huguenots had established themselves in Vir-\\nginia an 1 a^ong the coast of America. They had ac-\\nquired considerable property in Carolina, and Massachu-\\nsetts had given them the right of representation in the\\nLegislature, They established many towns, which are\\nnow in a flourishing state. These unfortunate exiles,\\nwho could never forget their native country, had peti-\\ntioned Louis the Fourteenth for permission to settle un-\\nder his protection in Louisiana they assured him that\\nthey would ever be faithful subjects and would demand\\nnothing more than liberty of conscience. They said,\\nthat if he acceded to their wishes, they would leave in\\nconsiderable numbers and aid in developing the resources\\nof that flourishing country. Louis the XIV, who be-\\ncame more religious, as his years advanced, refused\\ntheir prayer, The King, says Pontchartrain, did\\nnot expel the Protestants from his Kingdom, to erect a\\nRepublic in America. They renewed their demand,\\nunder the regency of the Duke of Orleans, but that li-\\ncentious Prince gave them the same answer as his pred-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\necessor. In speaking of the Huguenots, the circum-\\nstance of their arrival in America, may be mentioned,\\nin connection with the discovery of the West. They\\nwere a hardy and energetic race of men suffering from\\nreligious persecution and escaping from the flames of\\nreligious warfare, which were kindling in their native\\ncountry, they emigrated to America, appreciating the\\nvalue of civil and religious liberty. Foremost in every\\nwork for the advancement and amelioration of their\\nrace, they prosecuted science for the blessings it would\\nconfer on mankind and thus contributed in no slight de-\\ngree to facilitate the labors of those, who were making\\nresearches in America. Nor were they behind-hand in\\nthe struggles, which their adopted Country was after-\\nwards engaged in, with the parent State. They volun-\\ntarily came forward and rendered essential service to\\nAmerica, when she stood most in need of it. The re-\\nmembrance, says an American writer,* of the distin-\\nguished services, which their descendants rendered to\\nour country, and to the cause of civil and religious lib-\\nMemoir of the French Protestants, who settled at Oxford, Mas-\\nsachusetts A. D. 1686, with a sketch of the entire History of the\\nProtestants of France by A. Holmes, D. D. Corresponding Secreta-\\nry. Collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Vo. 2nd\\nof the 3d series.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 81\\nerty, ought to increase our respect for the French emi-\\ngrants and our interest in their history. Mr. Gabriel\\nManigault of South Carolina gave the country, which\\nhad offered an asylum to his ancestors, two hundred and\\ntwenty thousand dollars, to carry on the war of Inde-\\npendance. He rendered this service, at the commence-\\nment of the contest, when no one could say, whether it\\nwould terminate in a revolution or a revolt. Of the\\nnine chairmen of the old Congress, who directed the\\naffairs of the United States, during the war of the Rev-\\nolution, three w^ere descendants of French Protestant\\nrefugees, viz Henry Laurens of South Carolina, John\\nJay of New York, and Elias Boudinot of New Jersey.\\nWe left D Iberville ^engaged in establishing his small\\nColony in the Bay of Biloxi, near Pensacola. He un-\\ndertook a short voyage up the Mississippi, as far as the\\nNatchez, where he contemplated fixing the site of a\\ntown, but he returned to Biloxi, where he established\\nhis head quarters. M. de Sauvolle was named the\\ncommandant of this Fort. D Iberville w^ote to the\\nFrench Ministry, that men of experience in the affairs\\nof America were of opinion, that Louisiana would nev-\\ner become important in a commercial point of view, un-\\nless they established free trade wdth the merchants of\\nthe Kingdom. The Government restricted commerce", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nvith Louisiana, as it was generally believed at that pe-\\nriod, that great value was to be attached to the pearl\\nfisheries, and the skins of the bisons and other wild ani-\\nmals, and that the trade in these articles would greatly\\nenrich the public treasury. The rumors that prevailed\\nin France, respecting the existence of gold and silver\\nmines, to the west of the Mississippi, led the Govern-\\nment to indulge in the most sanguine hopes, that the\\ncountry would prove the richest portion of the French\\ndomains. This, therefore, induced the Ministry to cre-\\nate monopolies, w^hich they could at all times regulate,\\nrather than throw open the commerce of Louisiana to\\nthe enterprise and industry of its people. D Iberville\\nsent M. Leseur, his relative, to take possession of a\\ncopper mine, on Green river, to the North West of the\\nFalls of Saint Anthony. This undertaking was soon\\nabandoned, on account of its being carried on so far in\\nthe interior. With regard to the pretended mines of\\ngold and silver, which excited much more attention in\\nEurope, than in America, they were so many idle delu-\\nsions, which seized hold of the public mind for the mo-\\nment, but which vanished, as soon as the uncertainty of\\ntheir existence became known. Not that there were no\\nmines to the west of the Mississippi, but they had not\\nthen been discovered. With many, the search after", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 83\\ngold was the only object they had m view, in coming to\\nthe New World, but their hopes were doomed to be\\ndisappointed and their labours resulted in shame and\\nruin. Such were the frequent attempts, made by a Por-\\ntuguese fugitive, named Antoine, who had escaped from\\nthe mines of Mexico, and w^ho had made several fruit-\\nless searches, in the soil of Louisiana. They resulted\\nin nothing else, than to bring the French hunters after\\ngold, nearer and nearer to the sources of the rivers,\\nemptying themselves into the Mississippi, and which\\ntook their rise in the neighbourhood of the Rocky Moun-\\ntains. In their wanderings, they had traversed the coun-\\ntry, bordering on the banks of the Red river, the Ark-\\nansas, and the Missouri, and the coveted riches, which\\nthey idly fancied, were embowelled in the earth, fled be-\\nfore them, as so many mirages of the desert.\\nTo what reflections do these unsuccessful attempts of\\nthe French give rise Had they discovered the exis-\\ntence of the gold, which is now known to be, to the\\nwest of the Mississippi had they the most distant\\nidea of the existence of that wealth, which is now within\\nthe limits of our Government, w^hat an impetus would it\\nhave given to the cause of French colonization in Ameri-\\nca Thousands would have left their native country\\nand settled themselves on this Continent, attracted by", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nthat golden meteor, which they saw in the distance and\\nwhich they were so eagerly in search of. Instead of\\nshedding their blood, on the battle fields of Duquesne and\\nMonongahela, in the hope of sustaining a feeble sov-\\nereignty in the New World, they would have fought\\nw^ith desperation, knowing the value of the prize, they\\nwere surrendering. But the French was not the nation,\\nwhich Providence had ordained, should become the in-\\nheritors and the possessors of this soil. The glorious\\ndeeds of our ancestors, in ejecting the French from\\nAmerica, w^ere began amongst the mountain passes of\\nthe AUeghanies. They were consummated in the war\\nfor Independence. Divine Providence, in rewarding\\nthose, who were not engaged in a search after gold, but\\nwho were battling in the cause of human liberty and\\ncivilization, on the plains of Cerro Gordo and Buena\\nVista, opened to their view those objects, which the\\nFrench had searched for in vain, those mines of gold,\\nwhich they had so long coveted, but which they never\\ncould obtain.\\nIn the year 1701, D Iberville commenced an establish-\\nment on the river Mobile, and M. de Bienville, his\\nbrother, since in command of the colony, after the death\\nof De Sauvolle, removed the inhabitants from the sandy\\nplains of Biloxi, to this more favored locality. The", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 85\\nriver was only navigable for boats of light draught, and\\nthe soil which it watered, was only adapted for the cul-\\ntivation of tobacco, but, according to the system, that\\nthen, prevailed of fixing the colony near the mouth of\\na river, they wished to be within a short distance of\\nthe Island of Dauphine, or the Massacre, as it was\\ncalled, in order that they might have the advantage of\\na harbour, from whence, as at Biloxi, they might trade\\nwith the Spaniards, the French West India Islands and\\nwith Europe. Mobile soon became the chief place of\\nresidence, {chef-lieu,) of the French. On his fourth\\nvoyage to Louisiana, in the following year, D Iberville\\ncaused barracks and stores to be constructed, and under\\nthe management of its first founder, the Colony advanc-\\ned by degrees in population and resources, until the\\ndeath of D Iberville, which occurred in the year 1706.\\nD Iberville expired, with the reputation of being one\\nof the bravest and most skilful officers, in the French\\nNavy. Born in Canada, of an ancient Norman family,\\nhe had enlisted, almost from his boyhood, in the service\\nof his country. He had passed his apprenticeship in\\narms, in the wars, which the French carried on against\\nhostile Indian tribes, in which the most essential qualifi-\\ncations in the French officer was the possession of ex-\\ntraordinary physical force, and the most daring intre-\\n8", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "86 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\npidity, and in which the officer, as the soldier was ahke\\naccustomed to lengthy marches in the thickest forests,\\nat all seasons of the year. Depending on the chase for\\nfood, and handling his gun, as he would his axe, and his\\npaddle as his sword, he was brought up to a life of the\\nseverest privations not to fear a ball, if it should\\nstrike him in the midst of the forest, nor to attack the\\nmost savage Indians, in an ambuscade, nor to storm a\\nFort, by a sharp escalade, and without artillery. D\\nIberville excelled in this difficult and sanguinary mode\\nof warfare. He was no less distinguished as a mariner,\\nand had he remained in France, would have reached the\\nhighest grades in his profession. He engaged in a num-\\nber of combats on the sea, sometimes against superior\\nforces, and he was always victorious. He tv. ice carried\\non a most desolating w^ar, against the English posses-\\nsions in New Foundland, and took its capital he con-\\nquered Pemaquid in Acadia, subdued the territory around\\nHudson s Bav, founded Louisiana, and terminated a\\nmost glorious career, before Havana in 1706, then ser-\\nving, as the Commander in Chief of the French Squad-\\nron.* Having been attacked with the yellow fever,\\nhis health for the last three or four years of his eventful\\nThe work of Le Page Dupratz.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 87\\nlife, had become seriously impaired. The colonies,\\n(says Bancroft,) and the French Nav^ iost in him a hero,\\nworthy of their regret. He was a man whom nature\\nhad endowed with the necessary qualifications to go\\nthrough the difficult duties he had to perform. The\\nMarquis of Denonville, who appreciated his talents, had\\nrecommended him to the French Court. In 1702, Louis\\nthe Fourteenth, who encouraged the young French no-\\nbility in Canada, raised him from the grade of a Cap-\\ntain of a Frigate to that of Commander of a man of\\nwar.* His death was a loss for Louisiana, for it is to\\nbe presumed, that had he lived longer, the colony would\\nhave made considerable progress but that illustrious\\nmariner, whose authority was so great, being dead, a\\nlong period elapsed, before a new Governor arrived from\\nFrance.\\nTwo years after the death of D Iberville, M. Diron\\nd Artaguette came to Louisiana, in the capacity of Com-\\nGazette of France of the 15th July, 1702. Historical notes and\\nmanuscripts of M. A. Berthelot, Esquire. The historical manuscripts\\nin the possession of the family of the late Amable Berthelot, Esqr.,\\nMember of the Canadian Parliament are of considerable interest and\\nhave not yet been published. Jacques Viger, Esqr., late Mayor of\\nthe City of Montreal, Canada, is also in possession of manuscripts\\nof great value relating to the early history of America.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nmissaire-ordonnafeur, an office, which corresponded with\\nthat of Intendant in the old French Colonies, investing\\nhim with civil and military authority. Some authors\\nmention, that D Artaguette was named Governor, but\\nthis is an error. This new functionary worked with\\nlittle success to put the Colony in a better condition,\\nand the inhabitants had long complained of the hard-\\nships, they had to undergo. Neither the soil nor the\\nclimate was adapted for agricultural or industrial pursuits,\\nand they wished to return to their native country.\\nHowever, they entertained quite a contrary opinion in\\nEurope of the capability and resources of Louisiana,\\nand notwithstanding France was then engaged in a\\nmost disastrous war, her possessions in America contin-\\nued to attract a great deal of attention. In the course\\nof this war the Island of Dauphine suffered much from\\nthe depredations of corsairs and pirates, and in the year\\n1711, they caused a damage to the Colonists, which was\\nestimated at eighty thousand francs. D Artaguette was\\nnot the man, who ought to have been chosen to direct\\nthe affairs of the Colony, at that critical period. He\\nwas weak-minded and vaclilating, and his conduct was\\nin striking contrast with that of D Iberville, who infus-\\ned a spirit of energy and determination amongst the peo-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 89\\npie. A Colony (says Raynal founded on such an\\nuncertain basis, could never prosper. The death of\\nD Iberville had spread consternation amongst them and\\nhaving lost their leader, they vv^ere thrown into a state\\nof despair. The Colonists thought, they were about\\nbeing totally abandoned by France, and sought other lo-\\ncalities, where they hoped to find better means of liv-\\ning. Towards the end of the year 1711, there were\\nbut twenty-eight families remaining, and these w\u00c2\u00a3r\u00c2\u00a3 re-\\nduced to a state of the greatest misery.\\nThe French possessions in America were in the state\\nin which they are herein described, wh^n in the year\\n1712, Crozat demanded and obtained from the King of\\nFrance the monopoly of the commerce of Louisiana,\\nfor a period of sixteen years.\\nIt is however necessary, that we should direct our at-\\ntention to what was occurring in the North Western\\nThe Abbe Raynal whose work on the History of the two Indies,\\nicxcited such attention at the time of its publication and increased his\\nreputation, as an author and a statesman. His Essay on the Amer-\\nican Revolution, is justly esteemed as a master-piece of fine writing\\nand pure philosophy. This work contributed much to enlighten the\\npublic mind in Europe, as to the true character of the contest, be-\\ntween the Colonies and England. Many passages in it are truly elo-\\nquent.\\n8*", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "90 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nportion of the Continent, before we refer to any other\\nmatters, connected with the colonization of the south-\\nern part of America.\\nMr. Bancroft says,* that before 1693, the Reverend\\nFather Gravier began a mission among the IlUnois, and\\nbecame the founder of Kaskaskia, though it is not\\nknown in what year it was estabhshed. This presump-\\ntion is founded on the contents of a letter, written by\\nthe Reverend Gabriel Marest, dated Jlux Kaskaskias,\\nautrement dit P hnmaculee Co7iception de la Sainte Vi-\\nerge, le 9 J^ovemhre, 1712, in which mention is made of\\nthere having been for some years/ an establishment at\\nthis point. He further states, that soon after the foun-\\nding of Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria were establish-\\ned. These statements are repeated in Perkins An-\\nnals of the West,! and the authority, on which they\\nare based, seems to be taken from a work, published in\\nParis in 1781, Lettres edijiantes, 328, 339, 375. I\\nhave not seen any account, in the French histories, of\\nthe establishment of any place as a permanent settlement\\nbefore that of the Forts Miami and Crevecoeur, and in\\nan old map in my possession^ which was pubhshed in\\nI\\nBancroft vol. 3d, 195.\\nf Perkins Annals of the Weit., page 55.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\n91\\nFrance after the year 1738, descriptive of America,\\nwhilst in the occupation of the Indian tribes, I observe a\\nriver, marked on this chart, as running in a South West-\\nerly direction from Detroit, and named the River St.\\nJerome, by which the Canadians come from Quebec,\\n(Riviere St. Jerome par ou les Canadiens viennent de Que-\\nbec.) The outlet of this river is at a place, called Fort\\nStaquado, on the Ohio, which if it be the Wabash, as I\\nam inclined to believe, this Fort must have occupied the\\nsite, at the junction of that river with the Ohio. The\\nCanadians generally followed the course of the rivers, and\\nthe geographer, by indicating the river St. Jerome, as the\\ncourse which they took, it is rather singular if it be the\\nWabash, that they should not have established them-\\nselves, along the shores of that river and the Ohio, and\\nthe Southern branch of the Mississippi, before they as-\\ncended as high up the river as the present sites of Kas-\\nkaskia and Cahokia. These latter settlements are not\\nmarked on this old chart, and although the geographers\\nof that period may not have been very remarkable for\\naccuracy in describing the country, nevertheless I am\\ninclined to entertain doubts, whether other places were\\nnot established before the Canadians had settled either\\nin Kaskaskia or Cahokia, In my opinion, Fort Creve-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "92 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nccEur,* near Peoria, Illinois, might claim the honor of\\nbeing the first permanent settlement of the white men\\nin the West, for as we are informed, it was founded by\\nLa Salle, its claims to precedence in this respect are bet-\\nter, than those of either of the places w^hich have been\\nnamed. The matter is not of much importance, but as\\na historical fact, is worthy of further inquiry.\\nThe historian Hennepin had said, that those who\\nwould have the happiness, at some future period, to pos-\\nsess the lands of this agreeable and fertile country, w^ould\\nbe under lasting obligations to those travellers, who show-\\ned them the way, and crossed Lake Erie, after a hun-\\ndred leagues of difficult navigation. These w^ordshad\\nSome writers, amongst others Coxe s Coralana, at page 32 of\\nhis work, says, that Fort Crevecosur was built on the south east\\nBANK of the River Illinois, others locate it differently. In the histor-\\nical view of Peoria^ published lately by S. Dewitt Drown, there is a plan\\nof the Fort, which is located by the writer, at two or three miles\\nEast of Peoria. Like other matters of historical inquiry, relating to\\ndiscoveries in the West such as the dates of the establishments of\\nTowns, villages, c., nothing can be stated with certainty. In Mr.\\nDrown s work, and the Rev. Mr. Peck s able sketches, which w^ere\\nconcluded in the Republican of this City, on the 17th of August last\\nmay be found much useful and valuable information. Judge Breeze s\\nlabours on this subject and Mr. Primm s able address are too wdl\\n.known to need any reference to them.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 93\\nhardly been pronounced, when in June 1700, M. de la\\nMotte Cadillac, arrived at Detroit, with a hundred Ca-\\nnadians and a Missionary, to form an establishment.\\nThe colonists were delighted with the beauty of the\\ncountry and the mildness of the climate. In the lan-\\nguage of the writers of that period, Nature spread its\\ncharms over the face of that delightful country. With\\nits surface slightly undulated by picturesque elevations,\\nits green prairies, its forests of oak, and of maple, in-\\ntermingled here and there with specimens of the wild\\nacacia, its running streams, and the beautiful small\\nislands, dotted over the surface of its lakes, there was\\nevery thing to attract the attention and enrapture the\\nimaginations of the newly arrived Colonists, particularly\\nafter leaving the bleak hills and snowy vales of Canada,\\ntheir native country. Even at the present day, the Ca-\\nnadians, in the midst of their more enterprising breth-\\nren, still linger around the old homesteads of their an-\\ncestors, in that section of Michigan, and in the markets\\nof Detroit, the old Canadian vehicles are to be found,\\nin striking contrast with the more novel inventions of\\ntheir industrious neighbours.\\nAbout this period, 1701, the English Colonists in\\nAmerica w^ere beginning to be alarmed at the important\\nposition the French were assuming, in relation to the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\naffairs of this Continent. The latter power being in\\npossession of Canada and the country bordering on the\\nGreat Lakes, was the rival of England, whose Colonies,\\nwere situated, near the seaboard. The policy of the\\nFrench Government was to extend their sovereignty in\\nthe interior of America, and they could only do so, by\\ncultivating the friendly feelings of the powerful Indian\\ntribes, who wandered over the country. It was a vast\\nand gigantic plan, which the ministers of Louis the Four-\\nteenth had formed for the subjugation of this continent.\\nThey contemplated the establishment of a chain of forts,\\nextending from Canada, on the one hand, to Louisiana,\\non the other, and with the Mississippi as their western\\nboundary, they thought, it would not be difficult to\\ndrive away the English and obtain exclusive possession\\nof the country. At that period, the British Colonies\\ndid not exceed two hundred and twenty-five thousand in\\npopulation they were scattered over an immense tract\\nof country, from Massachusetts on the one hand, to the\\nCarolinas on the other, and there was no concerted\\nplan of action between them. The New England\\nStates did not comprise much more than one hundred\\nthousand men, many of whom were engaged in agricultu-\\nral pursuits, whenever their enemies, (the Indians) ceased\\nfrom carrying on their predatory excursions, and afforded\\nI\\nI", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 95\\nan opportunity of employing themselves, in rural labour.\\nThe Jibenakis were then a powerful tribe, whose strong-\\nholds were situated on their Northern frontier and they\\ngave the Colonists quite sufficient trouble, in resisting\\ntheir encroachments, without interfermg in the contests,\\nwhich were carried on, between the French and the\\nother tribes, in the interior.\\nThis led to that passive state, in which the British\\nColonists remained, up to the period of the Treaty of\\nAix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, when from their increased\\nnumbers and powerful influence, they were commencing\\nto give another direction to affairs, on this Continent.\\nBut four years had elapsed, since the settlement of\\nDetroit, when the flames of war were again kindled and it\\nrequired all the energy and activity of the Marquis de\\nVaudreuil, the Governor General of Canada, to quell\\nthe turbulent spirit of the Iroquoise confederation. The\\nlatter were the complete masters of the country, and\\ntheir alliance was courted by both the French and the\\nEnglish. During this period and for a number of years,\\nthe cause of colonization was greatly impeded by these\\nunremitting hostilities on the part of the Indian tribes.\\nThe history of this period is replete with accounts of\\nthe encroachments of the Indian tribes, on the French\\npossessions in the West, and of the measures which they", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "96 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nadopted to repel them. The slightest cause was imme-\\ndiately seized hold of, to declare war between these nu-\\nmerous and powerful tribes and their weak enemies, the\\nFrench. Several voyageurs from Canada travelled\\nthrough the Western country for purposes of trade, but\\nwe read of no further settlements in the West for a num-\\nber of years. The historical records of this period, re-\\nlating to the discovery of the West, are very incomplete,\\nand it is only of late years that any attention has been\\nbestowed on the subject. These records consist almost\\nexclusively of the Relations of the Jesuits, several\\nof whose works have only been lately discovered.*\\nFrom the year 1714 to 1728, there v/as nothing inter-\\nesting in the annals of military warfare, in the West.\\nIn this year, however, the Canadians were again called\\nto arms, and equipped an expedition, which is worthy\\nDr. O Callaghan, author of the History of New Netherlands\\nand the compiler of several valuable State papers, relating to the His-\\ntory of New York, has lately published a list of the works, which the\\nJesuits wrote, on the early history of this country. This small pub-\\nlication has since been translated into French, by Jacques Viger, Es-\\nquire, of Montreal, with several notes and corrections. It is a valu-\\nable compendium of the works of these writers.\\nWe have also lately heard of the discovery of other Relations or\\naccounts of their voyages in the West, in one of the J.ibraries, in\\nRome.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 97\\nof being mentioned, in the long contests, which ensu-\\ned between the Iroquoise confederation and the French,\\nthere is nothing remarkable, excepting that the history\\nof this period is replete with accounts of most sanguin-\\nary battles, of these being followed by truces, which,\\nalmost as soon as they were entered into, were again\\nbroken and gave rise to scenes of the wildest disorder.\\nPredatory excursions were made by roving Indians in\\nthe forest, into the settlements of the French at Detroit\\nand Illinois, and it was difficult to exercise summary\\npunishment on those offenders, who took refuge within\\nthe recesses of the forest. But in the beginning of the\\nyear 1728, the Outagamis, whose strongholds were sit-\\nuated on the shores of Lake Michigan, caused great an-\\nnoyance to the French, by their frequent depredations\\nand attacks on the settlement, at Detroit. This nation\\nwas distinguished for its peculiar mode of warfare and\\nhad become the object of the hatred of all the other\\ntribes in the West. They were ferocious, cunning and\\ncruel, they had resisted all attempts at overtures, on the\\npart of the French, to enter into friendly relations with\\nthem, and although they suffered many defeats, no soon-\\ner were they dispersed, than they again appeared in in-\\ncreased numbers and committed great havoc and plun-\\nder. A military expedition was fitted out, to reduCQ\\n9", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nthem to submission. It was placed under the command\\nof M. de Ligneris and consisted of four hundred and\\nfifty Canadians, and seven or eight hundred Indians,\\nThey left Montreal, in the commencement of June, and\\nproceeded by a Northwardly course, to the point of their\\ndestination. They arrived at Michilimackmac, on the\\nfirst of August, and at the head of Lake Michigan on\\nthe fourteenth of that month, after two months and\\nnine days travelling. After a few engagements with a\\ntribe, called Les Malhomines or Folles-avoines, in\\nwhich they were successful, they proceeded to the villa-\\nges and hunting grounds of the Outagamis, which they\\nfound deserted, and after wandering about in those lo-\\ncalities, for a short time, they retraced their steps and\\nreturned home. It was during this expedition, that the\\nFrench directed their attention more particularly to fur-\\nther discoveries in the North West. They had succeed-\\ned in tracing the course of the tw^o great rivers and of\\nall the great Lakes, in the Northern part of the Conti-\\nnent, they had ascended the tributaries of the Missis-\\nsippi, which take their sources in the Rocky Mountains,\\nthey had even attempted to find a North Western pas-\\nsage to the Pacific, but in this they did not succeed, al-\\nthough we read in the works of Lepage Dupratz, that\\nan Indian of the name of Yazou had accomplished the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 99\\njourney. The French had tried on several occasions to\\nfind a passage across the mountains to the Ocean, but\\nI do not find it recorded in any work, to which I have\\nhad access, that they were successful in attaining their\\nobject. About this period (1729) the attention of the\\nFrench Government was directed to the prosecution of\\nfurther discoveries in America, and for a few years they\\nmade several fruitless attempts to engage navigators and\\ntraders to direct their steps North westerly, in the\\nhope of finding the Ocean. But few were found to under-\\ngo the dangers and perils of the journey, and it was only\\nin the year 1738, that an expedition was formed, under\\nthe auspices of M. de Beauharnais, the Governor, the\\nobject of which was to make further discoveries, in the\\nNorth west. M. de Maurepas was foremost in setting\\nthis enterprise on foot, he was the Minister of France,\\nat that period, and was evidently a man of great genius\\nand learning, full of enterprise, and resolved to carry\\non with vigor the great work of exploration, on this\\nContinent. He chose M. de la Verandrve to be the\\nChief of the expedition. This man had neither the en-\\nergy nor the ambition of Perrot or La Salle, but he had\\nsome experience in travelling in the forests and a satis-\\nfactory result might have been expected from his la-\\nbours. He left Canada in the year 1738, with orders to", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "100 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\ntake possession of all the countries he might discover,\\nin the name of the French King, and to examine atten-\\ntively, what advantages might be obtained from estab-\\nlishino; a communication between Canada or Louisiana\\nand the Pacific ocean. The Government contemplated\\nthe extension of trading posts to the North West as far\\nas the ocean, and the acquisition of great wealth from\\nthe peltries and other products, furnished by the Indians.\\nAt that period, the attention of Europeans began to be\\ndirected towards the countries, in the North Western\\npart of America, and although their researches had not\\nas yet proved very successful, they thought, they would\\nat no distant day realize the advantages, which would\\narise from the discovery of this Continent, and the\\nunbounded wealth, which they fondly imagined, was\\ncontained within the limits of the Western Hemisphere.\\nThey knew not to what point, the boundaries of Amer-\\nica extended, and as their bold and fearless adventurers\\nhad advanced within the recesses of the forest, they\\nfound there was no limit, no end to their journey they\\nwere always proceeding in a Westerly course, and yet\\nthey did not meet with the Ocean it seemed to them,\\nas if this long looked for object receded as they advanc-\\ned, that it was a mere dream of the imagination. Many\\nof them returned disheartened to their country, and", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 101\\nabandoned the project, as one, which was fraught with\\ndanger and difficulties of no ordinary character, and\\nwhich even if they succeeded in accomplishing, would\\nbe attended with little benefit to them. M. de la Ver-\\nandrye passed Lake Superior, advanced towards the foot\\nof Lake Winnepeg and then ascending the River Assin-\\nniboil, approached the Rocky Mountains, which he did\\nnot however reach, having become engaged in a war\\nwith the Indians, in which he lost several of his men\\nand becoming disconcerted at the difficulties, which sur-\\nrounded him, he abandoned the enterprise and returned\\nto Canada. This traveller mentioned to the learned\\nSwedish historian Kalm, whom he afterwards met in the\\nyear 1749, that he discovered in the territory, to the\\nNorth West, at a distance of nine hundred leagues from\\nMontreal, massive stone columns of great height and\\ndurability, in some instances, one placed over the other,\\nforming a kind of wall, and in others, consisting of one\\nlarge block only he does not mention, that there were\\nany superscriptions or words, marked on these stones,\\nwith the exception of one of the size of about one foot\\nin length, by about four or five inches in breadth, on\\nboth sides of which were some unknown marks, resem-\\nbling letters, the meaning of which they did not under-\\nstand. This small stone was afterwards sent to the Sec-\\n9*", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "102 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nretary of State, in Paris. Many of the missionaries,\\nwhom Kalm saw in Canada, assured him, that the let-\\nters, which were engraved on it, resembled very much\\nthose, which were in use amongst the Tartars, and from\\nthis circumstance and others, which w^ere afterwards\\nmentioned by other travellers, must have originated the\\nbelief, w^hich was very generally entertained, in the\\ncommencement of the eighteenth century, of the exis-\\ntence of a great Asiatic emigration of tribes from Tar-\\ntary, the progenitors of at least a part of the Indian\\ntribes, wandering over the Continent. The late discov-\\neries in Central America would also tend to fortify this\\nhypothesis.* However it may be, it gave rise to some\\nvery learned disquisitions, amongst the French and Span-\\nish savanSy to account for the origin of our Indian tribes.\\nThe voluminous and elaborate works of De Pauw and\\nBailli d Engel, may be enumerated amongst the former,\\nwhilst the work of Gregorio Garcias, in folio Origen\\nde los Indios de el JVuovo Mundo et Indios Occiden-\\ntales published in Madrid, in the year 1729, may be\\nmentioned amongst the latter. There has been no ques-\\nP. F. Cabrera, Description of an Ancient City, discovered in the\\nKingdom of Guatemala, London quarto, 1822.\\nf Stephen s Travels in Central America.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 103\\ntion, even in modern times, on which such a vast amount\\nof learning has been expended, as that, respecting the\\norigin of the savage tribes of this Continent, and\\nalthouo-h volumes have been written on this abstruse\\nsubject, we are yet as much in the dark, as ever, as to\\nthe manner, in which this Continent first became inhabi-\\nted.\\nThe French gave the name of the Country of the\\nWestern Ocean, Pays de la mer de POuesf to the\\nterritory, discovered by M. de la Verandrye, because\\nthey thought, it was not far from the sea they estab-\\nlished a chain of small trading posts, to keep the Indi-\\nans under subjection, and to carry on their commerce in\\npeltries. The post which was at the greatest distance\\nfrom any settlement of the French, was called Queens\\nPost it was situated at about a hundred leagues, to\\nthe West of Lake Winnepeg, on the Assinniboil river.\\nThree other forts or posts were afterwards erected to the\\nWest of Queen s Post, the farthest one being called\\nPascoyac, after the river of that name.\\nUnder the administration of M. de la Jonquiere,\\nanother expedition was set on foot, having the same ob-\\nject in view. The French Intendant Bigot was then in\\nCanada for the purpose of trading with the Indians, as\\nwell as to make discoveries, he formed an association,", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "104 HIStO Y O^ \u00c2\u00a5HE VALLEY\\nwhich consisted of the Governor and himself, M. Breard,\\nComptroller of the Marine, Legardeur de St. Pierre, an\\nofficer, distinguished for his bravery and well liked by\\nthe Indians, and De Marin, a Sea-Captain, held in great\\nfear by the Savages, for the cruelty of his disposition.\\nTo the two latter, was assigned the accomplishment of\\nthe objects of the Association. Marin was to ascend\\nthe Missouri, in order to discover if there were another\\nriver flowing to the Ocean, whilst St, Pierre was to take\\nthe direction of Queen s Post, and endeavor to meet his\\nfellow-traveller, at some point, which was designated\\nby them. The object, which they had in view to make\\nscientific discoveries in the West, appeared however to\\nbe subordinate to that of amassing wealth from their\\nvoyage, for they returned, after a short journey, bring-\\ning back with them a large quantity of peltries, the\\nvalue of which was immense and served to swell the\\ncoffers of the Association.\\nWe read of no further discoveries, in the North\\nWestern part of this Continent, which are worthy of\\nbeing mentioned, unless it be those made by American\\ntravellers, at a much later period, whose efforts in the\\ncause of the colonization of the West yield only in in-\\nterest to what the early pioneers accomplished in the\\ndiscovery of the Valley of the Mississippi.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 105\\nIn the year 1735, the tocsin of war was again heard\\nand although, hostilities did not commence until several\\nyears after, preparations were being made by the two\\ngreat antagonistic nations, on this Continent, in their\\nstruggle for ascendency. In this year (1735) M. de\\nVan Ransaeller, Patroon or Lord of the Manor, in Al-\\nbany, New York, paid a visit to the Governor in Cana-\\nda, and informed him, that there was a more favorable\\nfeeling existing between the people of that Colony, and\\nthose on the other side of the frontier, and deprecating\\n(even if war should break out,) any hostile proceedings,\\nbetween the Fi ench and the English settlers, in that\\nColony. In 1740, war between England and France,\\nappeared to be more imminent than ever, and M. de\\nBeauharnais, under orders from the French Court, put\\nthe fortresses of Chambly, St. Frederick and Niagara, in\\na state of defence. He also courted the alliance of the\\nIndian tribes, whose assistance would greatly contribute\\nto the success of his cause. Their assistance was very\\ndesirable, in as much, as at that period (1741) there\\nwere upwards of fifteen thousand able-bodied men, who\\nwere reckoned as warriors, amongst the Indian tribes,\\nfrom the territory occupied by the Abenaquis to the\\nNorth, to the Mobiliens and Choctaws to the South.\\nWe shall now recur to what was passing in the South", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "106 HIStORY OP THfi VALlEY\\nWestern portion of America, but before we conclude\\nthis part of our subject, we cannot but express our re-\\ngret, that the historical records, contained in the ac-\\ncounts of the Missionaries, relating to the discoveries\\nin the North West are so unsatisfactory and incomplete,\\nthat it is almost impossible to enter more extensively\\ninto the narration of facts, bearing on this interesting\\nsubject of inquiry. With further developments, made\\nin the works of the early missionaries (some in manu-\\nscript) which are, now and then, being discovered in\\nthe libraries on the Continent of Europe, no doubt,\\nmost important information will be obtained and the la-\\nbours of the student of the history of this period will\\nbe greatly facilitated.*\\nWe haVe already mentioned, that in the year 1712,\\nCrozat obtained, from the French Government, the ex-\\nclusive privilege of trading with Louisiana, for a period\\nof sixteen years. The Crown of France was then en-\\ngaged in hostile preparations, for the part it vras taking\\nWe read in the Public Journals, a short time ago, of the discov*-\\nery of several old manuscripts of the Missionaries, in a library, be-\\nlonging to the Dominican Friars, in Rome. It would be worth while\\nfor any one, to make further researches in the libraries in Continen-\\ntal Europe. He would no doubt, obtain a mass of information,which\\nwould be of great interest to the American reader.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 107\\nin the affairs of the Spanish succession, and but little\\nattention was directed to the colonization of its territo-\\nries in the southern part of this Continent. Govern-\\nment relied more on the energies of private associations\\nor individual enterprise, to carry out its plans, for the\\ndevelopment of the resources of this country, and it\\nwas with this view, that it delegated a part of its au-\\nthority to a French merchant, who had acquired a large\\nfortune in his commercial undertakings, and who had\\nalready been of great service to the Government, in\\nbringing into France a considerable quantity of the\\nprecious metals, when her finances were being nearly\\nexhausted and she stood greatly in need of such assist-\\nance. This merchant was Crozat. He had been named\\nSecretary and Counsellor of the Royal household and\\nheld an important place, in the department of finances.\\nTo the exclusive grant, with which he had been invest-\\ned of trading with the Colony, was added the privilege\\nof exploring and working whatever mines might be\\nfound and Crozat set about the performance of his task,\\nwith his mind intent on the great advantages, which\\nwould spring from the enterprise.\\nLouis the Fourteenth, named M. de la Motte Cadillac,\\nGovernor in place of M. de Muys, who died on his way\\nto America. M. Duclos had the office of Cominissaire", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "108 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nordonnafeur (a Commissioner with extended authority,\\nbut subordinate to that of the Governor) in the place\\nof M. d Artaguette, who had returned to France, and a\\nSuperior Council was established, for three years, com-\\nposed of these two functionaries, and a Clerk, with\\npower to add to their number. This Council was a\\ngeneral tribunal for civil and criminal matters, with an\\nunlimited jurisdiction, as to the amount involved, or the\\nnature of the offence. Their proceedings were to be\\nregulated by the Customs of Paris.* M. de la Motte\\nCadillac disembarked in Louisiana, in the year 1713,\\nand in order to give him an interest in the commerce of the\\nColony, Crozat had associated him, as a partner in the\\nconcern. At that period, Louisiana was only looked\\nupon, as a great entrepot for Commerce with the neigh-\\nboring countries, but little w^ealth was found within its\\nborders, and the people were in a depressed condition,\\narising out of the difficulty of fmding a market, for\\nThe customs of Paris, were certain traditionary regulations, which\\nfrom their antiquity had obtained the force of law, within the pre-\\nvoTE or vicoMTE of the City of Paris, and were. I believe, reduced\\nto writing under the reign of Charles the Seventh of France. They\\nare to this day in force in the Province of Lower Canada, and form\\nthe whole of the municipal law of that country. They are justly es-\\nteemed, as an excellent legal Code, by both French and English law-\\nyers.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 109\\ntheir small surplus products. Crozat and Cadillac were\\nalive to the emergency they loaded a vessel with differ-\\nent products for Vera Cruz, but the Vice Roy of Mexi-\\nco, acting under that exclusive commercial policy, which\\nwas then in full vigor, issued an order to prevent the\\ndisembarkation of the cargo, and directed that the vessel\\nshould withdraw from the harbour. Notwithstanding the\\nresult of this first attempt, Cadillac was not discouraged\\nand resolved to make a trial by land. He chose M. Juche-\\nreau de St. Denis, an intrepid Canadian voyageur, who\\nhad been in Louisiana for about fourteen years.* This\\ntraveller made two voyages in Mexico, and after having\\nencountered several adventures of a rather romantic\\ncharacter, he returned from his second journey, in April,\\n1719, having accomplished but little during the excur-\\nsion. Whilst the Governor of Louisiana was seekinor\\nfor a market for the surplus products of the Colony, or\\nthe goods, which he had brought with him from France,\\nhe also sent emissaries to trade with the Natchez and\\nother tribes on the Mississippi, amongst whom they\\nfound several Englishmen from Virginia, who were es-\\ntablished in that quarter, and w^ho had as much difficulty\\nin quellijig the turbulent spirit of the Chickasas as their\\nLe Page Dupratz work.\\n10", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "110 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nown countrymen had in their previous relations, with\\nthe Iroquois or Five Nations. The same contest, which\\nhad been so frequently witnessed between rival tribes in\\nthe North, was now being carried on in the South, and\\nwhilst some were friendly and actuated by proper mo-\\ntives, in their relations with the Europeans, others were\\nfound, who were inclined to pursue a contrary course,\\nand to visit the aggressions of their neighbours, wath un-\\nrelenting fury. On the one hand, we find, about this\\ntime, (1720) several tribes with the Alabamous and the\\nChactas making excursions into the Carolinas, and com-\\nmitting the most frightful ravages, whilst on the other\\nthe Natchez contemplated the destruction of their\\nFrench neighbours, which was only prevented by the\\nenergy and promptitude, with which the Governor acted.\\nIt was on this occasion, that the Natchez found them-\\nselves compelled to make amends for their conduct, for\\nwith the force, which De Bienville, who was in com-\\nmand in this campaign, had with him, he made these\\nsavages erect a Fort, in the very midst of their village,\\nto serve as a protection for those, whom they had intend-\\ned to destroy. It was the first act of humiliation, to\\nwhich the Chief of the Natchez was obliged to submit,\\nand it must have wounded his pride, to find himself re-\\nduced to such subjection, especially for one, who pre-\\nII", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. Ill\\ntended to be descended from the Sun, and who bore the\\nname, as a mark of his superiority amongst the tribes,\\nand as a reflection of the light of that great luminary,\\namongst the benighted nations of America. This Fori,\\nat Natchez on the Mississippi, was built on an eminence\\nof two hundred feet in height and was called RosaL e,\\nafter the name of Madame de Pontchartrain, whor.e\\nhusband being a Minister of State, was the guardian\\nand protector of the Lemoine family, from which D j\\nBienville sprung. It was in the following year (1715)\\nthat M. de Tisne founded Natchitoches, now a rich and\\nflourishing city, on Red river in Louisiana.\\nNotwithstanding this success against the Indian tribes,\\nCrozat s prospects in Louisiana were becoming every\\nday more desperate he had hardly been there four\\nyears, when he observed the little commerce^ that he\\nfound on his arrival in a languishing state. The mon-\\nopoly with which the French King had invested him,\\nseemed to crush all spirit of enterprise, amongst the\\npeople, for before his arrival, the inhabitants of Mobile,\\nand of the Island of Dauphiny exported provisions,\\ntimber and furs to Pensacola, the Islands of Martinique,\\nSt. Domingo, and to France, and received back in ex-\\nchange, the merchandise and other articles, which they\\nrequired to trade with the Indians, but Crozat had no", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "112 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nsooner exercised the exclusive privileges granted to him\\nby the French Government, than they were obliged to\\nabandon this, their only source of trade, and hence,\\ntheir depressed condition, a few years after his arrival\\namongst them. There were no longer to be seen any\\nvessels, arriving from or sailing to the West India\\nIslands, and Crozat prohibited all commerce with the\\nSpaniards at Pensacola, so that they were restricted in\\nthe use of specie, which they obtained in the trade with\\nthem, and they were not allowed to traffic, excepting\\nwith Crozat s agents, and at prices which were fixed by\\nthem. The price of furs, was fixed so low, that they\\ndirected their attention to dealing with the Canadian\\ntraders, who gave them higher prices, and this hitherto\\nprofitable branch of Colonial commerce, which had en-\\nriched the people of Louisiana now sought other chan-\\nnels, in which more remunerating prices could be obtain-\\ned for these products. Crozat could not fail to perceive\\nthe altered state of affairs in the Colony and he ad-\\ndressed several remonstrances to the French Govern-\\nment, which met with no attention whatsoever. Having\\nmade heavy advances to promote the prosperity of the\\ncountry and finding all his endeavours to carry on a profit-\\nable trade with Mexico, had failed, disconcerted at the\\nstate of apathy, which seemed to exist, amongst the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 113\\nColonists, and alarmed at his future prospects, Crozat\\nadopted the resolution of surrendering to the French\\nGovernment all the privileges, which were granted to\\nhim, by the Royal Charter, which he accordingly did,\\nand thus this monopoly ceased, which was certainly\\nattended with very disastrous results to the Colony.\\nNo sooner was this monopoly surrendered into the\\nhands of the French Government, than another and a\\nmore exclusive one was established, certainly not more\\nfortunate in its results, but exercising a more immediate\\nand important bearing on the prospects and fortunes of\\nthe French Colonists, in America. The establishment\\nof the great Western Company, which was to im-\\nmortalize the name of John Law and to connect it with\\nschemes, involving the ruin of many a family, was the\\nnext measure which was adopted by the French Govern-\\nment, with a view to promote the colonization of Louis-\\niana. How far this was adapted to forward the objects\\nfor which it was established, has become matter of general\\nhistory, and the failure of the scheme, whilst it was felt\\nmore seriously in Europe, operated greatly to retard the\\nadvancement of the French Colonies, in America. The\\ngreat Mississippi bubble as it was called, was a plain,\\npalpable failure, but as it had a wonderful effect, in di-\\nrecting public attention to the affairs of the New\\n10*", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "114 HISTORY OP THE VALLEY\\nWorld, its plan and ultimate operation are worthy of\\nbeing mentioned.\\nA Scotch adventurer, by the name of John Law,\\nbeing desirous of attracting public attention by some\\ngrand scheme, in which he was to take a prominent part,\\navailed himself of the deplorable state of the French\\nfinances, to attain the object, which he had in view.\\nNaturally of an ardent temperament and great genius,\\nhe had applied himself to the study of the science of\\npolitical economy and in the depressed state of financial\\naffairs in France, he conceived, that that country was the\\nfittest scene, to commence his labours. Accordingly,\\nhither he repaired and with the sanction of the then\\nRegent, he began the establishment of a Bank, in the\\nyear 1716, consisting of a capital formed of twelve\\nhundred shares, at a thousand crowns, (^ecus) each.\\nWith the knowledge he had obtained from his previous\\nstudies in a science, which had not then been dignified\\nby the application of such minds, as Turgot and Smith,\\nhe appeared before the reigning monarch in France, as a\\nperson, who could retrieve the country from all its em-\\nbarrassments, and his schemes, plausible at first, were\\nreceived with great favof by the Government. What\\nan unexpected and almost infallible remedy his project\\nappeared to be, to sink the national debt of France,", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 115\\nwhich had increased to such an enormous sum, that the\\nGovernment was on the verge of bankruptcy, and the\\nconfidence of the people in its stability was all but lost?\\nThe paper money, and the imaginary gold and silver\\nmines of Louisiana were to be the grand panacea for\\nall the evils, under which France laboured. We can\\nonly account for the readiness, with which these schemes\\nwere adopted and so favorably received at the time, by\\nthe deplorable state, to which France was reduced, and\\nthese illusions, which would have vanished at any other\\nperiod, as so many idle dreams of the imagination, were\\neagerly seized upon by the King, the Ministers and peo-\\nple, and even spread abroad, amongst neighbouring\\nnations. They only show how credulous is the human\\nmind in moments of difficulty and danger, and how\\neasily the most hopeless project is adopted to afford\\nrelief to temporary evils. Such was Law s system, and\\nsuch it turned out to be. Alluring in its prospects, and\\nholding out hopes of the acquisition of enormous wealth\\nfrom the existence of fabulous mines of the precious\\nmetals, along the shores of the Mississippi, thousands\\nwere found, who readily embarked in the undertaking,\\nand thousands met with a disastrous fate, involving their\\nfamilies and themselves in ruin. To the acute and pene-\\ntrating qualities of Law s mind, he saw at once, that", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nhe might work on the foundation, which had been laid\\nby other travellers and writers in America, and the\\nsuperstructure, which he raised, on which the too credu-\\nlous people gazed with admiration, and which they\\nthought would be enduring, was nevertheless doomed to\\nfall to the ground, with a crash, which w^ould involve\\nall in its ruins.\\nPonce de Leon had no sooner reached the shores of\\nFlorida in 1512, than he spread a report abroad, that\\nthe country was filled with precious metals. Neither\\nPhilippe de Narvaez, nor Ferdinand de Soto had discov-\\nered any gold mines, although they had been for years\\nin search of them. The French and the Spaniards had\\nmade many unsuccessful attempts to seek for riches in\\nthe bowels of the earth, and at this period, but vague\\nsuspicions were entertained in America even amongst\\nthose, who were most sanguine at first, of the existence\\nof mines in Louisiana or the colonies adjacent thereunto,\\nbut in Europe a contrary opinion had always prevailed\\nthey fancied in tbeir imaginations, that some day or\\nother, the earth would yield up its wealth, and the peo-\\nple of Europe would be enriched by the enormous quan-\\ntity of the precious metals, which would be brought\\nfrom America. How idle the hope how fatal the delu-\\nsion I yet John Law found in the very existence of that", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 117\\nbelief all the success, which he expected from his vis-\\nionary schemes.\\nThe new banking institution, which he established\\nserved as a means to prop up for a time the public\\ncredit, and it certainly did some good, in meeting its\\nobligations, and was a source of great convenience, but\\nits operations were necessarily limited, and the thoughts\\nof its projector were directed more than ever to the\\ngold mines of Louisiana, and the wealth he expected in\\nthat quarter. In the year 1717, the Western Com-\\npany, (Compagnie (F Occident) was again re-establish-\\ned, with Law for its director, and Louisiana was ceded\\nto the Company, with other privileges, including the\\ntobacco trade and the commerce with Senegal. From\\nthe unlimited terms of the charter, it was intended, as at\\nfirst, in Crozat s case, to be a monopoly and it is impos-\\nsible to say, whether it was attended with advantage or\\ndisadvantage, in the then state of the Colony. In Cro-\\nzat s case, it had certainly proved unsuccessful, but the\\nColony had become so reduced, that nothing could\\nhardly render the condition of the people worse.\\nHowever it might be, the shares of the Western\\nCompany were paid for in State notes, Qnllets d Etat,)\\nwhich were taken at par, although they were not worth\\nmore than fifty per cent, in commerce. In a moment.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "118 History op the valley\\nthe capital of a hundred millions was taken up, each\\nbeing anxious to be the holder of paper scrip, which\\nthey expected would be shortly paid in gold and\\nsilver, from the mines of Louisiana. The creditors of\\nthe Government, who thought they were ruined by the\\nenormous depreciation of the national finances, eagerly\\nlaid hold of this speculation, as their only means of\\nsafety. Rich men embarked nearly all their property in\\nthe undertaking, and men of all classes and ranks in\\nsociety united in availing themselves of its probable ad-\\nvantages. Not satisfied with holding shares, in this\\ngreat Mississippi bubble, they directed their attention to\\nacquiring landed estates in the South, and the people of\\nFrance, Switzerland and England vied with each other\\nto send the greatest number of emigrants to the land of\\npromise, where after three years service, to defray the\\nexpenses of the voyage, hopes were held out to them,\\nthat they would become proprietors and have a perma-\\nnent interest in the soil.\\nIn the mean time, the Governor and chief Commis-\\nsioner of Louisiana had been removed from office, and\\nM. de I Espinay succeeded M. de la Motte Cadillac and\\nM. Hubert took Duclos place some time after M. de\\nBienville was appointed Commander in Chief of all\\nLouisiana. The French then occupied Biloxi, the Island", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 119\\nof Dauphine, Mobile, Natchez, and Natchitoches on\\nRed river. They had also commenced establishments in\\nother parts of the country. Biloxi had become the\\nchief pLice of business, and the Port of Isle Dauphine\\nwas abandoned for the more convenient location at Ves-\\nsel Island, (^Isle aux Vaisseaux.) All these places were\\nsituated on or near the sea-shore, thus showing, that the\\nearly settlers placed more dependence on the arts of\\ncommerce, than on agricultural pursuits, the country\\nnear Biloxi and the sea being unfit for such a purpose.\\nAt this period (1717,) the attention of the Colonists was\\ndirected to the choice of a location for a City, on the\\nbanks of the Mississippi, and they selected a spot, on\\nthe left shore, about thirty leagues from the Sea, which\\nDe Bienville had before surveyed and which he thought,\\nwas the most favorable location for a great commercial\\nemporium. In that year, this military officer with a\\nfew poor carpenters and other artisans went there, and\\nlaid the foundations of a City, which even to the present\\nday, is the chief commercial metropolis of the South,\\nand which he named New Orleans, in honor of the\\nDuke of Orleans, then Regent of France. M. de Pail-\\nloux was named Governor of the place, and it was only\\nin the following year (1718,) that the first vessel arrived\\nin the Port of New Orleans, where they were surprised", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nto find Sixteen feet of water in the shallowest part of\\nthe Mississippi. It was not then generally believed,\\nthat the river was navigable so high up for vessels of a\\nlarge class. It was only in the year, seventeen hundred\\nand twenty-two, that the seat of Government was\\ntransferred to New Orleans, a delay, which was partly\\nattributable to the reluctance of the Colonists to lose\\nsight of the sea, and to go into the interior of the\\ncountry.\\nThe Western Company was no sooner in posses-\\nsion of Louisiana, than they began to organise a regular\\ngovernment and to encourage an extensive system of\\nemigration, for the purpose of settling the country and\\nworking those mines, the produce of w^hich, they expect-\\ned would liquidate the national debt of France, which\\nhad increased to such an immense sum, that fears were\\nentertained for the safety of the monarchy, and the sta-\\nbility of the empire. In the new administration, De\\nBienville was named Governor General, and chief di-\\nrector of the affairs of the Company, in America M.\\nde Pailloux was appointed Major General with M.\\nDugue de Boisbriand^ as Commander in Illinois, and M.\\nDiron, brother of the old Chief-commissioner, as Inspec-\\ntor General of the Military forces.\\nLouisiana was ceded to the Company in the year", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 121\\nseventeen hundred and seventeen, and in the following\\nspring eight hundred Colonists embarked at Rochelle,\\non board of three vessels for that country. There were\\nseveral gentlemen and old officers on board of these ves-\\nsels, amongst whom was M. Lepage Dupratz, whose in-\\nteresting memoirs of the history of the South and West\\nhave already been mentioned in this work. These emi-\\ngrants were dispersed in different sections of the Colony.\\nThe gentfemen and officers had left their native Country\\nin the hope of obtaining large concessions of land,\\nwherein they wished to establish the feudal tenure, and\\nto live as noblemen and lords of the manor, a system of\\nseigniorial tenure, which had been before introduced into\\nCanada. Law himself showed the example, he obtain-\\ned a land of four square leagues, in Arkansas, which\\nwas erected into a Dutchy, and he assembled fifteen hun-\\ndred men, Germans and French, from the Provinces to\\ninhabit the territory he intended also sending six thou-\\nsand Germans from the Palatinate, to serve as vassals,\\nunder this new tenure. But it was at this period, (1720,)\\nthat the edifice, which he had erected with such care,\\nfell to the ground, the vast schemes he had formed for\\nameliorating the financial condition of France proved\\nabortive, and there arose a storm in that country, and\\nits colonies in America, which, as a whirlwind, swept\\n11", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "122 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\neverything before it, and involved the rich and the poor,\\nthe high and the low, the Metropolitan and the Colo-\\nnist, in one common ruin, and shook the foundations of\\npublic and private fortunes, in the Old and the New\\nWorlds. Its disasters fell heavily on Louisiana. The\\nWestern Company was still sending an immense number\\nof emigrants to America, and many were on their jour-\\nney, when the celebrated Mississippi bubble burst\\nand of course, they were left without means to provide\\nfor their wants, on their arrival in this new Country.\\nThey were disembarked on the sterile shores of Biloxi,\\nafter having suffered the fatigue of a long sea voyage,\\nand here they were left unprovided for, and without be-\\ning able to obtain a livelihood. Never before the year\\n1721, when this occurred, were the Colonists so numer-\\nous, there were not sufficient vessels at Biloxi to send\\nthem up the Mississippi, provisions failed, numbers were\\nwithout food to eat, and more than five hundred died of\\nstarvation, of whom two hundred belonged to Law s\\nestablishment. Fear and melancholy operated on the\\nminds of the Colonists, disunion and discord followed\\nin their train, and companies were formed, (a Swiss\\ncompany in particular,) who with their officers at their\\nhead left the colony in disgust and went over to Carolina.*\\nCharlevoix, Journal historique.\\nI", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 123\\nIt was in consequence of these disasters, that the\\nColonists made up their minds to abandon Biloxi,\\nwhere they had met with nothing but misfortunes, and\\nto select New Orleans, as their place of residence. In\\na short time, they became more reconciled to their em-\\nbarrassments and privations and set about looking for\\nfavorable locations, where they might depend for a\\nwhile, on the pursuits of agriculture and the chase for\\nsubsistence. It was in this manner, that several settle-\\nments, now flourishing, were at first established. Had\\nit not have been for the disasters at Biloxi, many j-ears\\nmight have elapsed before the Colonists w^ould have\\nemigrated to the shores of the Mississippi, and as it\\nturned out, these new settlements progressively advanc-\\ned, until they became permanent places for business,\\nand the centres of a large commercial and agricultural\\npopulation. The historian of the Indies, the celebrated\\nAbbe Raynal, who regards emigration on an extensive\\nscale, as the worst means for making a country thrive,\\nviews these gradual and progressive movements, as the\\ncertain indications of a well-founded prosperity, and of\\nthe rapid improvement of a new country. Besides the\\nfour or five principal towns, established at different peri-\\nods by the French, they laid the foundations of settle-\\nments, at Yazou, Baton-rouge, Bayou-goula, Scores-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "1-24 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nblancs, at Pointe-coupee, Black river, Paska-ogoula, and\\neven as far as lilinois. Most of these places continue\\nto thrive and are now important locations for business.\\nLaw s scheme had failed and the political economists\\nof Europe were engaged in disputes, as to the wisdom\\nof the plan he had formed, for ameliorating the finan-\\ncial condition of France, amongst whom Raynal and\\nBarbe Marbois, took opposite sides. The discussion\\nwas attended with very little benefit, inasmuch as the\\nevils, which sprung from the system, were felt by the\\npeople, and were the best arguments to convince them\\nof the utter absurdity of the project. At this crisis, in\\nthe history of the New World, events were transpiring\\nin Europe, which had an important bearing on the\\naffairs of America, and to these, it will be necessary to\\ndirect our attention.\\nIn the month of August 1718, the celebrated Quad-\\nruple alliance had been formed between the four great\\npowers of Europe. The peace of Europe had been\\nestablished, as it was supposed, on a solid and perma-\\nnent basis, wdien through the intrigues of the celebrated\\nMonk of Parma, Alberoni, the minister of Philip V,\\nthe flames of war were again illumined on the Europe-\\nan Continent and France prepared for the contest with\\nSpain. The circumstances which gave rise to this war.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 125\\npartook somewhat of a romantic interest, and are de-\\ntailed at length, in the histories of that period. The\\nambitious designs of Alberoni had been frustrated by\\nthe discovery of secret dispatches in the possession of\\nthe Abbe of Porto- Carrero, who had been intercepted\\non his way through the mountain passes of the Sierra-\\nMorena, to confer w^ith the Spanish minister. England\\nhad also taken mnbrage at the proffered support, which\\nAlberoni had promised to the young pretender, Prince\\nCharles, and under colour of being a party to the alliance,\\nwillingly united with France, to crush the ambitious\\nprojects of the Cardinal-minister of Spain. M. de\\nSerigny was sent to America, with three vessels, to take\\npossession of Pensacola, a Spanish port, which was\\nmuch needed by France, on account of its proximity to\\nLouisiana, and its being so easily accessible, for purposes\\nof trade with the West India Islands. Don John Peter\\nMatamoras was in command of the garrison. The\\nplace being attacked by land, by seven hundred Canadi-\\nans, French and Indians, under the orders of M. de\\nChateauguay and by sea, by M. de Serigny, surrender-\\ned, (1719,) after a slight resistance and the garrison\\nand part of the inhabitants embarked on board of two\\nFrench vessels, for Havana. On their journey thither,\\nthey fell in with the Spanish fleet, which took posses-\\nIP", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nsion of them, and carried them as prizes into the port,\\nwhich they had expected to enter as conquerors.\\nThe news of the surrender of Pensacola created a\\ngreat sensation in New Spain and Mexico. The Vice\\nRoy, the Marquis of Valero despatched a squadron,\\nconsisting of twelve vessels of war and carrying eight\\nhundred and fifty men, under the command of Don Al-\\nphonso Carrascosa to invest the Town. At the sight\\nof the Spanish fleet, a part of the garrison deserted to\\nthe enemy, whilst M. de Chateauguay was also obliged\\nto capitulate. Some of those who had surrendered\\nwere enlisted in the Spanish service, and a number of\\nthe deserters were treated with great severity by Car-\\nrascosa, who confined them for a length of time, in the\\nholds of the vessels. Don Matamoras was re-estabhsh-\\ned in command of the garrison at Pensacola, with suffi-\\ncient troops, to defend the town, in case of another\\nattack.\\nAfter this victory, the Spanish Vice Roy resolved to\\ndrive away the Frencti from their possessions in Ameri-\\nca, and despatched Don Carnejo with a sufficient force\\nto effect this object. Don Carrascosa was sent round to\\nthe Island of Dauphiny and Mobile, with a similar pur-\\npose in view, but bofh these expeditions were unsuccess-\\nful, and the Spaniards suffered nothing but disasters.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 127\\nA detachment of 4;roops, forming part of Carrascosa s\\ncommand was completely routed by M. de Vilinville, at\\nMobile, whilst Carrascosa himself was repulsed at Guil-\\nlory, a small Island near the Isle Dauphiny, around\\nwhich he had been reconnoitering, to attempt to gain a\\nfavorable opportunity to attack the French. The brave\\nSerigny was his competitor on this occasion, and with\\nnearly equal forces compelled the Spanish General to\\ndepart from the Island-\\nThe French having been successful in their hostile\\nmeasures against the Spaiiiards, now became in their\\nturn the aggressors. Be Bienville again invested Pensa-\\ncola by land, and the brave Count de Champmelin\\nattacked it by sea. The combat was of short duration\\nCarrascosa had attempted to blockade the entry of\\nthe Port with his fleet, and prepared for the contest.\\nThe French vessels poured a brisk cannonade into the\\nsides of the Spanish frigates and in a short time, their\\nflags w^ere lowered, and the French were the conquer-\\nors. De Bienville continued firing upon the town, du-\\nring the whole of the night, and on the following mor-\\nning it surrendered to the enemy. There were twelve\\nto fifteen hundred men, made prisoners of war, amongst\\nwhom were several ofiicers. The French dismantled a", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\npart of the fortifications, and left a small garrison, in\\ncharge of the remainder.\\nIt was after the termination of this war, that Louis\\nXV., thought fit to commend in praiseworthy terms the\\nconduct of those Canadians, who had served in Louis-\\niana. Whilst the Colonists, who had emigrated from\\nFrance were always discontented at the state of things\\nexisting in that country, and were daily deserting to\\njoin the English, in the neighbouring colonies, the Ca-\\nnadians remained faithful adherents to the French crown\\nin America, and w^ere those, on whom chief reliance was\\nplaced, whenever it becam-e necessary to assume a hos-\\ntile attitude either against internal or external foes.\\nDe Bienville, De Serigny, De St. Denis, De Yilinville\\nand De Chateauguay wer-e Canadians by birth or by de-\\nscent, and as it has alr-eady been shown, distinguished\\nthemselves on several occasions at very critical periods,\\nin the French Colonial history of America, and were en-\\ntrusted by the French Government, with high and com-\\nmanding offices. Mr. Bancroft has paid them a well\\ndeserved compliment in his work on the History of the\\nUnited States, and other writers have united, in giving\\nthem credit for the bravery they evinced, on several\\nvery trying occasions and for the intrepidity and daring,", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 129\\nthey manifested, either as pioneers in clearing the forest,\\nor as warriors on the field of battle, De Serigny was\\nnamed Captain of a French frigate St. Denis was\\nmade a member of the order of St. Louis, and De Chat-\\neauguay was placed in command of a garrison at St.\\nLouis of Mobile.\\nThe contest was over the war between France and\\nSpain was brought to a termination. Alberoni, dis-\\ngraced, was escorted by French troops to the confines of\\nItaly^ where he ended his days in obscurity, after having\\nembroiled Europe in all the horrors of war. Peace was\\ndeclared on the 17th of February 1720, and the con-\\ntending parties laid down their arms, in the Eastern and\\nWestern hemispheres, having abandoned all that each had\\nacquired in the latter, during the war, including Pensa-\\ncola, for the possession of which, such sanguinary con-\\ntests had been waged, in the early periods of the cam-\\npaign. Pensacola again became part of the Spanish\\ndomains, in America.\\nThis treaty of peace was soon followed by one with\\nthe Chickasas and the Natchez, who had taken advan-\\ntage of the war to commit hostilities against Louisiana.\\nThe Colony was in a state of tranquillity, which it had\\nnot enjoyed for several years, when the people were\\nagain exposed to heavy disasters, arising from the effects", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nof a terrific storm, which laid desolate many of the\\ntowns, and several habitations in different parts of the\\nColony. This occurred on the 12th of September 1722,\\nand its effects were more seriously felt by the inhabit-\\nants of New Orleans and Biloxi, than elsewhere. They\\nwere obliged to re-build these Cities, which suffered so\\nmuch, that scarcely a house was left standing.\\nThe year 1726 was the last one of De Bienville s ad-\\nministration, which had been rendered so difficult in\\nconsequence of the errors committed by Crozat, and the\\nfailure of Law s scheme. Notwithstanding these disad-\\nvantages the Colonists had been able to contend success-\\nfully against the aggressions of Spain and to preserve\\ntheir possessions in America. De Bienville returned to\\nFrance and was succeeded in the administration of the\\nGovernment, by M. de Perrien At this period, there\\nwas a regular government organised in Louisiana, and\\nit does not fall within the scope of this w^ork to detail\\nminutely the events, that occurred during each success-\\nive administration. What had a direct tendency to pro-\\nmote the cause of European colonization, along the\\nshores of that river, (the history of the discovery of\\nwhich was alone the object of this work) has been no-\\nticed, but it would occupy more space, than could be as-\\nsigned within the limits of this publication to give an\\ni\\\\", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 131\\naccount, however succinct or brief it might be, of what\\nfollowed, after the establishment of a regular govern-\\nment in Louisiana.\\nThere is, however, an event of some importance,\\nwhich occurred during this period (1729,) which it\\nw^ould not be right to pass over in silence. I allude to\\nthe Natchez massacre.\\nThe Western Company had given place to the\\nCompany of the Indies, which was established in\\n1723, and of which the Duke of Orleans was made\\nGovernor. Their charter granted privileges, which ex-\\ntended over different European possessions, in Asia,\\nAfrica and America, and whilst they exercised tempora-\\nry sovereignty, in various parts of the world, their la-\\nbours in America seem, by all accounts, to have been\\nproductive of but little benefit to the Colonists. Indeed\\nthe little good, which the Western Company had been\\nable to do, as far as the cause of colonization was con-\\ncerned, might compare favorably with what appears to\\nhave been effected by the establishment of the Company\\nof the Indies, in Louisiana. In the collisions, which\\nfrequently occurred, arising out of the division of the\\npowers of government, the local administration of\\naffairs in Louisiana, was considerably weakened, and\\nthe Indian tribes took advantage of it.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "132 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nNotwithstanding the Colonists thought that they had\\nreduced the savages to a state of complete subjection,\\nfrom the length of time, they had been at peace with\\neach other, they were astonished to find, that a plot had\\nbeen for some time in existence, either to exterminate\\nthem or drive them away from the Colony. Whilst we\\ncannot but admire the efforts, which the aboriginal\\ninhabitants of this Continent have made to preserve\\ntheir sovereignty, w^hich was destined to fall before the\\nmarch of progressive civilization, and w^hilst doubts\\nmight well be entertained as to the right of Europeans\\nto dispossess them of the soil, without adequately re-\\nmunerating them, or giving them other hunting grounds,\\nwhereon to gain a precarious subsistence, nevertheless,\\nthis Natchez massacre may be regarded as such an\\nact of perfidy and cruelty towards their French neigh-\\nbours, as to entirely deprive them of sympathy. The\\nblow was to be struck simultaneously throughout the\\nColony, and for the wrongs w^iich they thought they\\nendured, their vengeance knew no limits. Every man,\\nwoman and child, were doomed to utter destruction,\\ntheir habitations were to be razed to the ground, and\\nnot a vestige was to be left of French sovereignty in\\nAmerica. The French had always been on good terms\\nwith most of the Indian tribes, as the Illinois, the Ar-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 133\\nkansas, and the Tonicas but the Iroquois and Chick-\\nasas tribes had been their inveterate enemies. It has\\nbeen said, by some writers, that the English Colonists\\nin Carolina, and along the shores of the Atlantic, had\\nsent secret emissaries amongst these tribes, to excite\\nthem to acts of hostility against the French, but I am\\ninclined to doubt this assertion. The English, no doubt\\nviewed with a jealous eye, the occupation of this coun-\\ntry by the French, from the shores of the Ohio, to the\\nGulf of Mexico, and it might have been their policy to\\ngive the Indian tribes, an unfavorable opinion of their\\nFrench neighbours. But England was not then at war\\nwith France, and the English Colonists feared too much\\nthe hostile incursions of the Abenaquis, the Hurons and\\nother tribes, in the neighbourhood of the French pos-\\nsessions in the North, to excite the savages to pursue\\nthe same course, against the French Colonists, in the\\nSouth.\\nWhilst preparations were being made for the indis-\\ncriminate massacre of the Europeans in Louisiana, the\\nlatter were, for some time, not aware of the extent of\\nthe conspiracy against them. They had heard of the\\nexistence of the plot, but they feigned, that they were\\nentirely ignorant of it. The day was approaching, when\\nthe axe was to be raised and the fatal tomahawk to be\\n12", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "134 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nused, to remove the scalps of so many of their country-\\nmen. M. de Chepar was in command at Natchez. Al-\\nthough that officer had had a few quarrels with the Indi-\\nans^ they so far concealed their enmity, and acted with\\nsuch dissimulation, that they made him believe, they\\nw^ere his friends, and De Chepar was so anxious to\\navoid giving them the least cause for apprehension, of\\na chano^e of his sentiments towards them, that he ac-\\ntually imprisoned seven Frenchmen, who wished to arm\\nthemselves, to be protected against surprise. He ap-\\npeared to be actuated by such blind fatality, as to allow\\nsixty savages to enter the Fort, and to permit others to\\nlodge with the Colonists, and even received some of\\nthem in his own house. This would hardly be believ-\\ned, w^ere it not that Charlevoix, a cotemporary historian\\npositively asserts it.\\nThe conspirators were ready for action the day and\\nthe hour had been fixed, when the massacre was to be\\ncommenced, but the savages, who had now so far suc-\\nceeded, as to enter the Fort, and be in the midst of the\\nColonists, had their cupidity so much excited, by the\\narrival of barges, laden with rich merchandise, for the\\ngarrison, that they resolved to strike the blow at that\\nmoment, and not to await the expiration of the time,\\nwhich had been fixed for the general massacre through-", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. l35\\nout the country. This precipitation, whilst it was fatal\\nto those Colonists, who were at Natchez, was the\\nmeans of saving others in the West and South of Ameri-\\nca, from partial if not from total annihilation.\\nIn order that the conspirators at Natchez might get\\npossession of fire-arms to effect their purpose, they\\nfeigned, that they were preparing for a hunting expedi-\\ntion, to furnish game for ;the Commandant to treat his\\nnewly arrived guests. They obtained guns, and other\\nmunitions in the Fort, and on the 28th of November\\n1729, they scattered themselves abroad, in the different\\nhouses of the inhabitants, taking care always to be in\\ngreater numbers than their victims, and remarking that\\nthey were going to hunt. They carried their dissimula-\\ntion to such an extent, that they actually chanted a\\nhymn in praise of M. de Chepar, when all at once\\nthere was silence, three shots of musketry were fired,\\nwhich were the signals for a general onslaught. The\\nsavages rushed furiously on the French, and in this\\ndreadful massacre, two hundred of them fell victims to\\nthe treachery and dissimulation of their perfidious ene-\\nmies. But about twenty were saved, and one hundred\\nand fifty children, and sixty women were made prison-\\ners. In this frightful encounter, there were instances of\\nbravery, amongst the French, which Charlevoix has not", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "136 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nfailed to mention. M. de la Loire des Ursins killed four\\nIndians by his own hand, and the clerks in his store\\nbravely defended themselves, until the last man was\\nkilled. The Natchez lost only twelve men, in this\\naffair, so well were all the preparations made for the\\ngeneral massacre.\\nDuring the engagement, the Sun, or the Chief of\\nthe Natchez was seated near a tobacco-warehouse,* be-\\nlonging to the Company of the Indies, awaiting patient-\\nly the termination of this tragedy. At intervals, the\\nheads of those who had fallen, were brought and placed\\nat his feet, amongst others, that of M. de Chepar, the\\nperson in command of the garrison. The bodies of the\\nvictims were suffered to remain without burial, and be-\\ncame the prey of vultures and dogs, whilst the women\\nand children who had been taken prisoners, were exposed\\nto the cruelty of these ferocious savages, and having\\nsuffered every indignity, were finally sent into the interi-\\nor, to become the slaves of neighbouring tribes.\\nSuch was the massacre of the French, of the 28th of\\nNovember 1729. The Abbe Raynal, gives a rather\\ndifferent account of this massacre, from that of Charle-\\nvoix both however agree in the main facts, but I pre-\\nfer the latter, for the reason, I have already assigned.\\nSome authors say, on the roof of the tobacco warehouse.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 137\\nOf course, De Perrier exercised summary vengeance\\nagainst the perpetrators of this horrid butchery. He\\nnotified the people, at the different French settlements\\nto be on their guard, and sent an expedition against the\\nNatchez, whom he compelled to surrender, and who\\nwith their Chief, the Sun,^^ were sent into captivity.\\nWe have thus detailed, as we believe, almost every\\nleading evont in the history of the discovery of the\\nvalley of the Mississippi, up to the passing of the Treaty\\nof Aix la Chapelle in the year 1748.\\nShortly after this period, the leading events on this\\nContinent have been mentioned, in connection with the\\nname and services of our ancestors, the Anglo Ameri-\\ncans, on the shores of the Atlantic. To their achieve-\\nments is the world indebted for the progress of that\\ncivilization, which is daily extending throughout the\\nlength and breadth of this Continent. To the heroic\\nconduct and intrepid bearing of those men, who followed\\nColonel Pepperel to the gates of Louisbourg, was the\\nAnglo Saxon of America, partly indebted for the expul-\\nsion of the French from their strong-holds in this West-\\nern hemisphere, and to the still nobler conduct and glo-\\nrious career of the Father of his Country, was he\\nindebted for their expulsion from the Valley of the\\nMississippi. Whilst the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle\\n12*", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\ncommemorates the achievements of the one, that of\\nFontainebleau, sheds glory and lustre on the actions of\\nthe other. Their memories will forever he cherished in\\nthe hearts of their countrymen, and their images, like\\nthose of the warriors of old, will be placed in the vesti-\\nbule of the domestic sanctuary, there to remain, as me-\\nmorials of the past, and as an encouragement for the\\nfuture.\\n4", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE FIRST INHABITANTS\\nOF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE.\\nPrior to our arrival at Marietta, we met one of these\\nsettlers, an inhabitant of the environs of Wheehng, who\\naccompanied us down the Ohio, and with whom we\\ntravelled for two days, alone in a canoe from eighteen to\\ntwenty feet long, and from twelve to fifteen inches broad,\\nhe was going to survey the borders of the Missouri, for\\na hundred and fifty miles beyond its embouchure. The\\nexcellent quality of the land, that is reckoned to be\\nmore fertile there, than that on the borders of the Ohio,\\nand which the Spanish Government, at that time, order-\\ned to be distributed gratis, the quantity of bears, elks,\\nand more especially bisons, were the motives that in-\\nduced him to emigrate into this remote part of the\\ncountry, whence, after having determined on a suitable\\nspot to settle there with his family, he was returning to\\nfetch them from the borders of the Ohio, which obliged\\nhim to take a journey of fourteen or fifteen hundred\\nmiles his costume like that of all the American sports-\\nmen, consisted of a waistcoat with sleeves, a pair of\\npantaloons, and a large red and yellow worsted sash, a\\n139", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\ncarbine, a tomahawk or little axe, which the Indians\\nmake use of to cut wood and to terminate the existence\\nof their enemies, two beaver snares and a large knife,\\nsuspended at his side, constituted his sporting dress. A\\nrug comprised the whole of his baggage. Every evening\\nhe encamped on the banks of the river, where after hav-\\ning made a fire, he passed the night and whenever he\\nconceived the place favorable for the chase, he remainad\\nin the woods for several days together, and with the\\nproduce of his sport, he gained the means of subsistence,\\nand new ammunition, with the skins of the animals that\\nhe had killed.\\nSuch were the first inhabitants of Kentucky and\\nTennessee, of whom there are now remaining but very\\nfew. It was they, who began to clear those fertile\\ncountries, and wrested them from the savages, who\\nferociously disputed their right it was they, in short,\\nwho made themselves masters of the possessions, after\\nfive or six years bloody war; but the habit of a wander-\\ning and idle life has prevented their enjoying the fruit\\nof their labours, and profiting by the very price, to\\nwhich these lands have risen in so short a time. They\\nhave emigrated to more remote parts of the country and\\nformed new settlements. It will be the same with most\\nof those, who inhabit the borders of the Ohio. The", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 141\\nsame inclination that led them there, will induce them\\nto emigrate from it. To the latter will succeed fresh\\nemigrants, coming also from the Atlantic States, who\\nw^ill desert their possessions to go in quest of a milder\\nclimate and a more fertile soil. The money, that they\\nwill get for them will suffice to pay for their new acqui-\\nsitions, the security of which will be assured by a nu-\\nmerous population. The last comers instead of log\\nhouses, with which the present inhabitants are content-\\ned, will build wooden ones, clear a greater quantity of\\nthe land, and be as industrious and persevering in the\\namelioration of their new possessions, as the former\\nwere indolent of every thing, being so fond of hunting.\\nTo the culture of Indian corn, they will add that of\\nother grain, hemp and tobacco; rich pasturages wall\\nnourish innumerable flocks, and an advantageous sale of\\nall the country s produce will be assured them, through\\nthe channel of the Ohio.\\nThe happy situation of this river entitles it to be\\nlooked upon as the centre of commercial activity be-\\ntween the Eastern and Western States. By it, the\\nlatter receive the manufactured goods, which Europe,\\nIndia and the Caribbees supply the former and it is the\\nonly open communication with the ocean, for the expor-\\ntation of provisions from the immense and fertile parts", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI,\\nof the United States, comprised between the Alleghany\\nmountains, the lakes and the left banks of the Missis-\\nsippi.\\nAll these advantages, blended wdth the salubrity of\\nthe climate and the beauty of the landscapes, enlivened\\nin the spring by a group of boats, which the current\\nwhirls along with astonishing rapidity, and the uncom-\\nmon number of sailing vessels, that from the bosom of\\nthis vast continent go directly to the Caribbees all\\nthese advantages, I say, make me think, that the banks\\nof the Ohio from Pittsburg to Louisville inclusively,\\nwill in the course of twenty years, be the most popu-\\nlous and commercial part of the United States, and\\nwhere I should settle, in preference to any other.\\n(F. A. Michaud, Travels on the Ohio, etc, 8 vo. Lon-\\ndon, 1805.)\\nII", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "AN AMERICAN BACKWOODSMAN,\\nDURING THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.\\nThroughout all this country, and in every back\\nsettlement, in America, the roads and paths are first\\nmarked out by blazees on the trees, cut alternately on\\neach side of the way, every thirty or forty yards these\\nare removed every time the roads are repaired. A blazee\\nis a large chip sliced off the side of a tree with an axe\\nit is above twelve inches in length, cut through the bark\\nand some of the sap wood, and by its white appearance\\nand brightness when fresh made, serves to direct the\\nway in the night as well as in the day.\\nThe miles are chiefly computed and are ascertained by\\nnotches, chopped in the nearest tree a notch for every\\nmile. The first blazeed paths originated in this manner,\\nwhen any person went from one place to another through\\nthe woods, where it would have been difficult if not im-\\npossible, to return upon his track, he fell upon this\\nmethod of blazing each side of the trees, at certain dis-\\ntances, as he passed on, and thereby retraced his way\\nin returning without the least trouble.\\n143", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "144 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nThe convenience and simplicity of this mode has ren-\\ndered it universal, throughout the whole back country.\\nIt became the more readily adopted as all who travel\\nbeyond the roads and beaten tracks, always have a\\ntomahawk to their belts which in such situations and\\ncircumstances, are more useful than anything, except\\nthe rifle-barrelled firelocks, both of which all the male\\ninhabitants habituate themselves constantly to carry\\nalong with them everywhere.\\nTheir whole dress is also very singular, and not very\\nmaterially different from that of the Indians being a\\nhunting shirt, somewhat resembling a wagoner s frock,\\nornamented with a great many fringes, tied round the\\nmiddle with a broad belt, much decorated also, in which\\nis fastened a tomahawk, an instrument, that serves every\\npurpose of defence and convenience being a hammer at\\none side, and a sharp hatchet at the other the shot bag\\nand powder horn, carved with a variety of whimsical\\nfigures and devices, hang from their necks over one\\nshoulder and on their heads, a flapped hat, of a red-\\nish hue, proceeding from the intensely hot beams of the\\nsun.\\nSometimes they wear leather breeches, made of Indian\\ndressed elk, or deer skins, but more frequently thin trow-\\nsers. On their legs, thev have Indian boots or leggings,\\n1\\nI\\nI", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 145\\nmade of coarse woollen cloth, that are either wrapped\\nround loosely and tied with garters, or are laced upon the\\nout-side, and always come better than half way up the\\nthigh these are a great defence and preservative, not\\nonly against the bite of serpents and poisonous insects\\nbut likewise against the scratches of thorns, briars,\\nscrubby bushes and underwood, with which this whole\\ncountry is infested and overspread. On their feet, they\\nsometimes wear light shoes of their own manufacture,\\nbut generally Indian moccasins of their own construc-\\ntion alsO; which are made of strong elk s or buckskins,\\ndressed soft as for gloves or breeches, drawn together\\nin regular plaits over the toe, and lacing from thence\\nround to the fore -part of the middle of the ancle, with-\\nout a seam in them, yet fitting close to the feet, and\\nare indeed perfectly easy and pliant.\\nThus habited and accoutred, with his rifle upon his\\nshoulder or in his hand, a backwoodsman is completely\\nequipped for visiting, courting, travelling, hunting or\\nwar. And according to the number and variety of the\\nfringes on his hunting shirt, and the decorations on his\\npowder horn, belt and rifle, he estimates his finery, and\\nabsolutely conceives himself of equal consequence, more\\ncivilized, polite and more elegantly dressed, than the\\nmost brilliant Peer at the Court of St. James in a\\n13", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "146 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nsplendid and expensive birth-day suit, of the first fash-\\nion and taste and most costly materials. Their hunting\\nor rifle shirts, they have also dyed in a variety of colors,\\nsome yellow, others red, some brown and many wear\\nthem quite white.\\nThus attired and accoutred, as already described,\\nset him in the midst of a boundless forest, a thousand\\nmiles from an inhabitant, he is by no means at a loss,\\nnor in the smallest degree dismayed. With his rifle, he\\nprocures his subsistence with his tomahawk he erects\\nhis shelter, his wigwam his house, or whatever habita-\\ntion, he may choose to reside in he drinks at the\\nchrystal spring or the nearest brook his wants are all\\neasily supplied, he is contented, he is happy For felici-\\nty beyond doubt, consists in a great measure, in the\\nattainment and gratification of our desires, and the ac-\\ncomplishment of the utmost bounds of our wishes.\\n(J. F. D. Smyth, Tour in the United States, etc.\\n2 vols. 12 mo. Dublin, 1784.)\\nI", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "FIRST SETTLEMENT\\nOF THE\\nSTATE OF OHIO.\\nThe first purchase of land in the State of Ohio,\\nafter the Indian title was extinguishedj was made by the\\nOhio company. On the 27th of November, 1787, Con-\\ngress made and executed a contract with the agents of\\nthe Ohio company, for the sale of one million and a half\\nof acres, at the price of one million of dollars, to be\\npaid for in final settlement securities. This tract, was\\nbounded on the east by a line called the seventh range\\nwhich had been previously run southerly on the Ohio\\nriver westerly on the seventeenth range of townships,\\nand to extend so far north, that a line running east to\\nthe first boundary, should contain, exclusive of the res-\\nervations, the quantity of land contracted for.\\nThe first regular settlement of this State commenced\\nin the year 1789. A party of about sixty men from\\nNew-England, under the superintendence of General\\nRufus Putnam, and hired and paid by the company, ar-\\nrived at the mouth of the Muskingum on the 7th of\\nApril, and immediately began to clear the land on the\\neastern side of the river. In the month of August,\\n147", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\neight families had arrived, who inhabited the temporary\\nbuildings, erected for their accommodation, on that pleas-\\nant and commanding situation, where the beautiful and\\nthriving town of Marietta now stands. In the course\\nof the autumn more arrived, so that, at the beginning\\nof June, 1790, there w^ere twenty families on the\\nground.\\nIt was the intention of this company, among whom\\nwere many of the officers of the revolutionary army, to\\nhave made a rapid settlement, but the Indians beginning\\nto commit depredations, checked the emigration from\\nthe Atlantic States. In the winter of 1791, several\\npersons in the out settlements were killed, and others\\ntaken prisoners. The people w^ere obliged to erect\\nposts of defence at Bellepre and at Wolf Creek. Ma-\\nrietta was strongly stockaded, and the inhabitants lived\\nin a garrison state, until after the victory gained by\\nGeneral Wayne, on the 20th of August, 1794,\\nSoon after the Ohio company had made this purchase,\\nanother contract was made with Congress by Col. John\\nC. Symmes, for a tract of land supposed to contain\\nabout one million of acres, lying within the following\\nlimits beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami\\nriver, and thence running up the Ohio to the mouth of\\nthe Little Miami river thence up the main stream of\\nI", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 149\\nthe Little Miami to the place where a due west line, to\\nbe continued from the western termination of the north-\\nern boundary line of the grant made to the Ohio com-\\npany, shall intersect the said Little Miami river thence\\ndue west, continuing the said western line to the Great\\nMiami river thence down the Great Miami to the place\\nof beginning.\\nSettlements commenced in the autumn of 1789, on\\nthis tract, under the direction of Col. Sy mines, princi-\\npally by emigrations from the State of New Jersey.\\nBut the settlers here were subjected to embarrassment\\nsimilar to those of the Ohio company, in consequence\\nof the Indian war. The settlement made little proo-ress\\nuntil after the conquest of General Wayne, and the\\ntreaty with the Indians, in the succeeding year.\\nNot long after the commencement of these settle-\\nments, another of considerable magnitude was begun, on\\na tract of land, called the Connecticut Reservation,\\nsituated on the north-east corner of the State, and boun-\\nded east by the Pennsylvania line, on the north by Lake\\nErie, and extending westward as far as Sandusky lake.\\nThese settlers came principally from the State of Con-\\nnecticut.\\nThese were the first settlements undertaken on a large\\nscale, within the limits of the State of Ohio, but made\\n13*", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "150 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\nlittle progress until after the close of the Indian\\nwar.\\nAnother very considerable settlement commenced, in\\n1796, on a tract of land, called the Virginia Reserva-\\ntion, situated between the Scioto and Little Miami riv-\\ners. This land was located by army warrants, granted\\noriginally to the troops of the Virginia line of the revo-\\nlutionary army. A part of the settlers w^ere from Vir-\\nginia, but far the greatest number from the State of\\nKentucky. The town of Chillicothe was began in the\\nautumn of this year (1796,) and so rapid was the in-\\ncrease of inhabitants that it was made an incorporate\\ntown in about five years. The Territorial Assembly of\\nthe representatives of the people convened in this town\\nfor several years, and it continued the seat of govern-\\nment until 1809, when, by an act of Assembly, it was\\nmoved to Zanesville on the river Muskingum.\\nOn the 13th of April, 1802, the people were author-\\nized, by an act of Congress, to form a constitution an I\\nState government, and were accordingly admitted into\\nthe Union upon the same footing with the original\\nStates. Bv the same act, the boundaries of the State\\nwere established on the following lines, viz Begin-\\nning on the east by the Pennsylvania line on the south\\nby the Ohio river to the mouth of the Great Miami", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 151\\nriver on the west by a line drawn due north from the\\nmouth of the Great Miami and on the north by an\\neast and west line drawn through the southerly extremes\\nof lake Michigan,, running east, after intersecting the\\ndue north line aforesaid, from the north of the Great\\nMiami, until it shall intersect lake Erie, or the territori-\\nal line, and thence with the same through lake Erie, to\\nthe Pennsylvania line aforesaid.\\nCINCINNATI AT THE COMMENCEMENT\\nOF THE\\nPRESENT CENTUKY.\\nCincinnati is handsomely situated on a first and\\nsecond bank of the Ohio, opposite Licking river. It is a\\nflourishing town, has a rich, level, and well settled\\ncountry around it. It contains about four hundred\\ndwellings, an elegant court house, jail, three market\\nhouses, a land office for the sale of Congress lands, two\\nprinting offices issuing weekly Gazettes, thirty mercan-\\ntile stores, and the various branches of mechanism are", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "152 HISTORY OP THE VALLEY\\ncarried on with spirit. Industry of every kind being\\nduly encouraged by the citizens, Cincinnati is likely to\\nbecome a considerable manufacturing place. It is eigh-\\nty-two miles north by east from Frankfort, and about\\nthree hundred and eighty by land south southwest from\\nPittsburgh, north latitude thirty-nine degrees, five min-\\nutes, fifty-four seconds, according to Mr. Ellicot, and\\nwest longitude eighty-five degrees, forty-four minutes.\\nIt is the principal town in what is called Symmes s pur-\\nchase, and is the seat of justice for what is called Ham-\\nilton county, Ohio. It has a bank issuing notes under\\nthe authority of the State, called The Miami Exporting\\ncompany. The healthiness and salubrity of the cli-\\nmate the levelness and luxuriance of the soil the pu-\\nrity and excellence of the waters, added to the blessings\\nattendant on the judicious administration of mild and\\nequitable laws the great security in the land titles all\\nseem to centre in a favourable point of expectation, that\\nCincinnati and the country around it, must one day be-\\ncome rich and very populous, equal perhaps, if not su-\\nperior to any other place of an interior in the United\\nStates. The site of Fort Washington is near the centre\\nof the town. It was a principal frontier post it is\\nnow laid out in town lots. A considerable trade is\\ncarried on between Cincinnati and New Orleans in keel", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 153\\nboats, which return laden with foreign goods. The\\npassage of a boat of forty tons down to New Orleans\\nis computed at about twenty -five, and its return to Cin-\\ncinnati at about sixty-five days.\\n(Topographical description of the Ohio, c., anony-\\nmous, 12 mo. 1812.)\\nSAINT LOUIS\\nAT THE COMMENCEMENT\\nOF THE PRESENT CENTURY.\\nFifteen miles below the mouth of the Missouri, is\\nSaint Louis, delightfully situated on elevated ground,\\nupon the bank of the Mississippi. It is considered to\\nbe the most healthy and pleasant situation known in\\nthis part of the country. The settlement of this vil-\\nlage was began by a few French people, who came over\\nfrom the east side of the river, about the year 1765.\\nIt became the residence of the Spanish Commandant,\\nand of the principal Indian traders. The trade of the\\nIndians on the Missouri, part of the Mississippi, and\\nIllinois, was chiefly drawn to this village. Before the", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY\\npurchase of Louisiana by the United States, it contained\\none hundred and twenty houses, mostly built of stone,\\nbut large and commodious dwellings. It contained\\nabout eight hundred inhabitants, who were mostly\\nFrench. Since this purchase was made, numbers have\\nemigrated to this village from different parts of the\\nUnited States. There are now more than two hundred\\nhouses, a post office, and a printing office, issuing a\\nWeekly Gazette. There are many mercantile stores,\\nand a flourishing trade in furs and peltry. It is made\\nthe seat of territorial government for Upper Louisiana.\\n3\\nNATCHEZ AT THE COMMENCEMENT\\nOF THE\\nThe city of Natchez is about one hundred and\\ntwenty miles below the Walnut hills. It is situated on\\nan extremely elevated bank, which recedes from the\\nriver, with a very moderate descent. Fronting the\\nriver, the blulF is nearly perpendicular, and two hundred", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "155 HISTORY OF THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nfeet in height, from the surface of the water. Between\\nthe base of the bluff and the river, is a space which is\\nlevel, about six hundred feet wide it is used for land-\\ning and is spread over with dwellings, trading houses\\nand shops. From this little village a road is dug out,\\nin a zigzag form, to the summit of the bank. The city\\nis built at some distance from the edge of the precipice,\\nleaving a space for a handsome common. It contains\\nmore than three hundred houses, mostly frame, and one\\nstory high. Some of those more recently erected are\\ntwo story and in a handsome style. The houses generally\\nare commodiously constructed for transacting busi-\\nness, and the free admission of air in the hot season.\\nThe prospect from the city is delightful commanding\\nan extensive view of the river in both directions. There\\nare two printing offices, issuing weekly papers a post\\noffice, receiving a mail once a week several mercantile\\nhouses, and a large number of smaller stores and shops.\\nGreat quantities of cotton, indigo, tobacco, and other\\ncommodities, are annually shipped from this city, where\\nthe accumulation of wealth is pursued with industry and\\nardour. It is a port of entry, and ships of four hundred\\ntons can come up from New Orleans, which is about\\nthree hundred miles, without any other obstruction than\\nthe strength of the current.\\nEND.", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "*1\\nli", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2968", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "historyofdiscove00hart_0164.jp2"}}